1838 in science
# 1838 in science

The year 1838 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

## Astronomy

* Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel makes the first accurate measurement of distance to a star, 61 Cygni, using parallax. Thomas Henderson (Alpha Centauri) and Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve (Vega) announce their measurements using parallax shortly afterwards.
* Claude Servais Mathias Pouillet makes the first quantitative measurements of the heat emitted by the Sun.
* Peter Andreas Hansen publishes a revision of the lunar theory, Fundamenta nova investigationis orbitae verae quam luna perlustrat.

## Biology

* May 9 – Royal Agricultural Society of England established.
* Proteins discovered by Gerardus Johannes Mulder and named by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.
* Matthias Schleiden discovers that all living plant tissue is composed of cells.
* Andrew Smith begins publication of Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa.

## Chemistry

* Bulat steel alloy developed by Pavel Petrovich Anosov.
* Electrotyping is invented by Moritz von Jacobi in Russia.

## Exploration

* August 18 – The United States Exploring Expedition under U.S. Navy Lieutenant Charles Wilkes sets sail for a four-year circumnavigation westabout.
* In Australia, Charles Sturt proves that the Hume and Murray are the same river.

## Mathematics

* Augustus De Morgan introduces the term 'mathematical induction'.
* S. D. Poisson publishes Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile, containing his work on probability theory and introducing Poisson distribution.

## Medicine

* Jean Esquirol publishes Des maladies mentales considerées sous le rapport médicale, hygiènique et médico-legal in Paris. This includes the first description of what will later become known as Down syndrome.
* John Gorrie experiments with cooling the hospital wards of malarial patients in Apalachicola, Florida.

## Technology

* January 6 – Samuel Morse first publicly demonstrates the electrical telegraph.
* April 4–22 – The paddle steamer SS Sirius (1837) makes the Transatlantic Crossing to New York from Cork, Ireland, in eighteen days, though not using steam continuously.
* April 8–23 – Isambard Kingdom Brunel's paddle steamer SS Great Western (1838) makes the Transatlantic Crossing to New York from Avonmouth, England, in fifteen days, inaugurating a regular steamship service.
* Liverpool-built barque Ironsides becomes the first large ocean-going iron ship.
* William Barnett obtains a United Kingdom patent for an internal combustion engine, the first with compression of the gas/air mixture in the cylinder.
* David Bruce, Jr., invents the Pivotal Typecaster, which replaces hand typecasting in printing.
* The first screw-pile lighthouse is built by Alexander Mitchell on Maplin Sands in the Thames Estuary.
* Charles Wheatstone originates the stereoscope.

## Events

* A statue of English chemist and physicist John Dalton (in marble by Sir Francis Chantrey) is erected in Manchester during the scientist's lifetime.

## Awards

* Copley Medal: Carl Friedrich Gauss; Michael Faraday
* Wollaston Medal: Richard Owen

## Births

* January 5 – Camille Jordan (died 1922), French mathematician.
* January 29 – Edward W. Morley (died 1923), American chemist.
* February 18 – Ernst Mach (died 1916), Austrian physicist.
* March 3 – George William Hill (died 1914), American astronomer.
* March 12 – William H. Perkin (died 1907), English chemist.
* March 15 – Alice Cunningham Fletcher (died 1923), Cuban-born American ethnologist, anthropologist and social scientist.
* April 8 – Ferdinand von Zeppelin (died 1917), German founder of the Zeppelin airship company.
* April 16 – Ernest Solvay (died 1922), Belgian chemist.
* April 18 – Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (died 1912), French chemist.
* April 21 – John Muir (died 1914), Scottish-born American naturalist.
* May 6 – Alexandra Smirnoff (died 1913), Finnish pomologist.
* June 4 – John Grigg (died 1920), New Zealand astronomer.
* July 19 – Joel Asaph Allen (died 1921), American zoologist.
* August 6 – George James Symons (died 1900), English meteorologist.
* December 12 – Sherburne Wesley Burnham (died 1921), American astronomer.

## Deaths

* March 16 – Nathaniel Bowditch (born 1773), American mathematician.
* April 6 – José Bonifácio de Andrada (born 1763), Brazilian statesman and mineralogist.
* May 11 – Thomas Andrew Knight (born 1759), English horticulturalist.
* July 5 – Jean Marc Gaspard Itard (born 1774), French otorhinolaryngologist.
* August 21 – Adelbert von Chamisso (born 1781), German botanist.
* September 1 – William Clark (born 1770), American explorer.
* September 27 – Bernard Courtois (born 1777), French chemist.
* October 1 – Charles Tennant (born 1768), Scottish chemist and industrialist.
