Southdown sheep
# Southdown sheep

The Southdown is a British breed of domestic $sheep,^{:918}$ the smallest of the British $breeds.^{:23}$ It is a shortwool breed, and the basis of the whole Down group of breeds. It was originally bred by John Ellman of Glynde, near Lewes in East Sussex, in about $1800.^{:23}$ It has been exported to many countries; it has been of particular importance in New Zealand, where it was used in the breeding of Canterbury lamb. In the twenty-first century it is kept principally as a terminal $sire.^{:282}$

It is listed by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust among the UK native breeds; it was formerly listed as "priority" or "at risk".

## History

From Mediaeval times, small grey-faced polled sheep were kept on the chalk uplands of the South Downs of the counties of Kent and Sussex in south-east $England.^{:492}$ From about 1780 John Ellman, of Glynde, near Lewes in East Sussex, began selectively breeding them to improve their productive $qualities;^{:23}$ there are no records of how this breeding was carried $out.^{:492}$ By the end of the century the breed had become well known, its reputation rivalling that of the Dishley Leicester bred by Robert $Bakewell.^{:125}$ In the nineteenth century further selective breeding was carried out by Jonas Webb, of Babraham in Cambridgeshire, with such success that the breed was at times known as the $Cambridgeshire.^{:492}$

This sheep was involved with crossbreeding to develop other breeds:

* with the Wiltshire Horn and the Berkshire Nott, the Hampshire,
* via the Hampshire and the Cotswold sheep, the Oxford Down
* with the Norfolk Horn, the Suffolk.

## Use

The Southdown was traditionally reared for meat and wool. During the day the sheep pastured freely on the downs, and at night they were close-folded in the arable fields of the farmers, where they helped to increase soil fertility.

Fleece weights (greasy) are about 2–3.5 kg for ewes, 3.5–5.5 kg for rams. Staple length is some 50–60 mm, and fibre diameter about 23–25 μm (equivalent to a Bradford count of $58/60s).^{:15}$

In California and New Zealand, they are placed in vineyards to graze weeds because they are too short to reach the grapes on the vines.

