Kʼchò language
# Kʼchò language

Kʼchò (IPA: /ʔkxɔ̀:/), or Mün, is a Kuki-Chin language of Myanmar. After a survey conducted in 2005 in Southern Chin State, Mang estimated the K’chò Region to be Mindat Township /mìndàt/, Kanpetlet Township /kanpètlèt/ and one village in Matupi /màtupi/ or /bàtǔ/.

## Names

Kʼchò /ʔkxɔ̀:/ is the native term for the people and the language. Alternate names have included Cho, K’cho, 'Cho, K’cho Chin, Mindat, Mün/Müün, Ng'men/Ng'meen.

* Kʼchò is thought to be related to other native terms for Chin tribes, such as Zo, Kkhyou, Laizo, Asho and Hyow (Mang 2006: 4, So-Hartmann 2009:19).
* Müün is reported to be the group named after a mountain in the Hlet Lòng area. The form Ng'Müün is used by So-Hartmann (2009: 20, 25), but is not known by the K'cho people (Mang 2006:2).
* Ng'mèèn is said to be a K'hngì Yung term referring to those north of their river area in what is now Mìndàt (including further north of it). It is not clear whether the term Ng'mèèn includes Nìtŭ and Hlet Lòng or not (Mang 2016).
* The British initially adopted the name Chinbok (Burmese: ချင်းပုတ်), but this turned out to be a derogatory name applied to other close languages, and it has been abandoned for those reasons.

## Dialects

After a sociolinguistics survey in the K'cho speaking area in 2005, Kee Shein Mang, a linguist and a native speaker of Kʼchò (Hmǒng-kcha dialect group) recognised the following dialects (Mang 2006:1-4, and Mang and Nolan 2010b:35)

* Hmǒng-K'cha, Mang’s term (2006:4, 2016) spoken between the Hmǒng Lòng and K'cha Lòng rivers
* Nìtŭ is north of there, along the Hlet Lòng stream
* K'hngì Yung is spoken along southern bank of the K'hngì Güng stream
* Ng'gah is south of the K'hngì Güng River, closely related to K'hngì Yung.

The languages most closely related to Kʼchò are Kaang and Daai (So-Hartmann 1988:102).

## Linguistic studies

The initial description of the language is in a privately published manuscript by the Catholic missionary:

* Marc Jordan (1969), Chin Dictionary and Grammar. Privately Published.

It was based upon years of life and work among the people, and included around 7,000 words, and an initial grammar description based on European models. The dialect described there is what Mang calls Hmǒng-k'cha and has several thousand vocabulary items and a sizeable grammar description.

Here are some of the works on the language since then:

* F. K. Lehman, 1963, wrote an anthropological work on Chin society, which includes some information about what appears to be the Nìtŭ dialect.
* Kee Shein Mang and Stephen Nolan (2010) published a three way (English-Burmese-Kʼchò) dictionary of over 4,500 words of the Hmǒng-k'cha dialect as well. It was designed to be used in conjunction with the Kʼchò-English Jordan dictionary. It includes the semantic categories included, tone on all items, and all stem II (and III) of verbs discovered to date.
* Kee Shein Mang (2006) wrote a Masters thesis describing the stem alternation seen in the Hmǒng-k'cha dialect of Kʼchò.
* Ng'Thang Ngai Om. (2000) wrote a history of the Kʼchò spelling system.

Other papers include a large number written by George Bedell (grammar description, analysis, comparative work) and some by Stephen Nolan (dictionary, tone system description). See below for details.

## Translations

The bible is available in several translations: The New Testament was translated by Sayar Ng'Thang Ngai Om in the Nìtŭ dialect (print and bible app)

* The Bible Society of Myanmar. 1999. Caciim K'thai. Cho (Chin) New Testament. The Bible Society of Myanmar (Translated by Ng'Thang Ngai Om).

The Catholic K'cho Old and New Testaments were translated by Sayar John Ng'Ling Ghùng and are in Hmong-K'cha dialect.

* Ghùng, John Ng'lìng. Old Testament Translation. Manuscript. Privately Published. Mindat.
* K'khaanpùghĭ àh K'chü K'thài (The New Word of God). 2002 Catholic Translation of the New Testament.
