Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council relating to ozone in ambient air
C 56 E/40 EN Official Journal of the European Communities 29. 2. 2000 Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council relating to ozone in ambient air (2000/C 56 E/11) (Text with EEA relevance) COM(1999) 125 final - 1999/0068(COD) (Submitted by the Commission on 14 July 1999) THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, advances in metrology with a view to re-examining the elements on which such thresholds are based. Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 175(1) thereof, Having regard to the proposal from the Commission, Having regard to the opinion of Committee, the Economic and Social Having regard to the opinion of the Committee of the Regions, Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 251 of the Treaty, Whereas: (5) Directive 96/62/EC requires limit and/or target values to be set for ozone. In view of the transboundary nature of ozone, target values should be set for the protection of human health and for the protection of vegetation. Those should relate to the interim objectives target values derived from the Community to combat tropospheric ozone. strategy (6) Directive 96/62/EC requires action to be taken in respect of zones and agglomerations within which ozone concen- trations exceed target values in order to ensure that target values are met as far as possible by the date specified. to a large extent Such action will to control in accordance with implemented to be measures relevant Community legislation. refer the the Governments of (1) On the basis of principles enshrined in Article 174 of the Fifth Environmental Action Programme Treaty, the Council and the approved by the Resolution of Representatives of the Member States meeting within the Council of 1 February 1993 on a European Commnity programme of policy and action in relation to the environment and sustainable development (1) envisages in particular amendments to existing said air programme recommends the establishment of long-term air quality objectives. pollutants. legislation The on (2) Pursuant to Article 4(5) of Council Directive 96/62/EC of 27 September 1996 on ambient air quality assessment and management (2), the Council is to adopt the legis- lation provided for in paragraph 1 and the provisions laid down in paragraphs 3 and 4 of the same Article. (3) It is important to ensure effective protection against effects on human health from exposure to ozone. The adverse effects of ozone on vegetation, ecosystems and the environment as a whole should be reduced, as far as possible. The transboundary nature of ozone requires action to be taken at Community level. (4) Directive 96/62/EC provides that numerical thresholds are to be based on the findings of work carried out by inter- field. The national Commission is recent and scientific environmental fields concerned and of the most recent the most epidemiological to take account of scientific groups research data in the in the active (1) OJ C 318, 17. 5. 1993, p. 1. (2) OJ L 296, 21. 11. 1996, p. 55. local measures (7) Specific local circumstances will in some cases require the additional target values are to be met. Local measures should not be required where examination of benefits and costs shows them to be disproportionate. to be implemented if (8) Long-term objectives should be set with the aim of providing effective protection of human health and the environment. Long-term objectives should relate to the ozone strategy and its aim of closing the gap between current ozone levels and the long-term objective as far as possible. (9) Measurements should be mandatory in zones with exceedances of the long-term objectives. Supplementary means of assessment and collocated measurements of nitrogen dioxide may reduce the required number of sampling points. (10) An alert threshold for ozone should be set the protection of the general population. An information threshold should be set as an alert threshold to protect sensitive sectors of the population. Up-to-date information on concentrations of ozone in ambient air should be readily available to the public. for (11) Short-term action plans should be drawn up where the risk of exceedances of the alert threshold can be reduced significantly. The potential reducing the number, duration and severity of exceedances should be inves- tigated and assessed. for 29. 2. 2000 EN Official Journal of the European Communities C 56 E/41 (12) The transboundary nature of ozone pollution may require certain coordination between neighbouring Member States in drawing up and implementing action plans and in informing the public. (b) to ensure that common methods and criteria are used to assess concentrations of ozone and, as appropriate, ozone percursors (oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds) in ambient air in the Member States; (13) As a basis for regular reports, information on measured concentrations should be submitted to the Commission. (c) to ensure that adequate information is obtained on ambient levels of ozone and that it is made available to the public; (14) The Commission should review the provisions of recent the most this Directive in the light of scientific research concerning in particular the effects of ozone on human health and the environment. Such review should be part of an integrated air quality strategy designed to review and if necessary revise Community including those for acidification air quality objectives, and include That eutrophication. measures to reduce emissions across all sources, taking feasibility and cost-effectiveness, into account in order to ensure achievement of those objectives. For ozone, the review should aim if possible at achieving the long-term objectives within a foreseeable time period. technical strategy should (15) Member States should lay down rules on penalties applicable to infringements of this Directive and ensure that they are implemented. Those penalties must be effective, proportionate and dissuasive. the provisions of (16) In accordance with the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty, the the proposed measure, ensuring effective objectives of protection against effects on human health from ozone measure, ensuring effective protection against effects on human health from ozone and reducing the adverse effect of ozone on vegetation, ecosystems and the environment as a whole, cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States because of the transboundary nature of ozone and can therefore be better achieved by the Community; this Directive confines itself to the minimum requiered in to achieve those objectives and does not go order beyond what is necessary for that purpose. (17) Council Directive 92/72/EEC of 21 September 1992 on air pollution by ozone (1) should therefore be repealed, HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE: Article 1 Objectives The purpose of this Directive is: (a) to establish long-term objectives, target values, an alert threshold and an information threshold for concentrations of ozone in ambient air in the Community, designed to avoid, prevent or reduce harmful effects on human health and the environment as a whole; (1) OJ L 297, 13. 10. 1992, p. 1. (d) to ensure that, with respect to ozone, ambient air quality is maintained where it is good, and improved in other cases. Article 2 Definitions For the purposes of this Directive: 1. áambient airí means outdoor air excluding work places; in the troposphere, 2. ápollutantí means any substance introduced directly or indi- rectly by man into the ambient air and likely to have harmful effects on human health and/or the environment as a whole; 3. álevelí means the concentration of a pollutant in ambient air or the deposition thereof on surfaces in a given time; 4. áassessmentí means any method used to measure, calculate, predict or estimate the level of a pollutant in the ambient air; 5. áfixed measurementsí means measurements accordance with Article 6(5) of Directive 96/62/EC; taken in 6. ázoneí means part of Member States; their territory delimited by the 7. 8. 9. áagglomerationí means a zone with a population concen- tration in excess of 250 000 inhabitants or, where the population concentration is 250 000 inhabitants or less, a population density per km2 which for the Member State justifies the need for ambient air quality to be assessed and managed; átarget valueí means a level fixed with the aim in the long term of avoiding harmful effects on human health and/or to be attained as far as the environment as a whole, possible within a given period; álong-term objectiveí means an ozone concentration in the atmosphere below which, according to current scientific knowledge, direct adverse effects on human health and/or the environment as a whole are unlikely, to be attained as far as possible in the long term with the aim of providing effective protection of human health and the environment; 10. áalert thresholdí means a level beyond which there is a risk to human health in the general population from brief exposure and at which immediate steps must be taken by the Member States as laid down in this Directive; C 56 E/42 EN Official Journal of the European Communities 29. 2. 2000 11. áinformation thresholdí means an alert sensitive sections of the population; threshold for 12. Volatile organic compoundsí (VOC) means all organic compounds capable of producing photochemical oxidants by reaction with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight. Article 3 Target values The target values to be achieved by 2010 in respect of in 1. ozone concentrations in ambient air are those set out Section II of Annex I. 2. Member States shall draw up a list of zones and agglom- erations in which the levels of ozone in ambient air, as assessed in accordance with Article 9, are higher than the target values referred to in paragraph 1. 3. In the zones and agglomerations referred to in paragraph 2, Member States shall take steps to ensure that a plan or programme is prepared and implemented for attaining as far as possible the target value as from the date specified in Section II of Annex I. Where, in accordance with Article 8(3) of Directive 96/62/EC, plans or programmes must be prepared or implemented in respect of other pollutants, Member States shall prepare and implement integrated plans or programmes covering all the pollutants concerned. Those plans or programmes shall incor- porate at least the information listed in Annex IV to Directive 96/62/EC and shall be made available to the public and to appropriate organisations such as environmental organisations, consumer the interests of sensitive population groups and other relevant health care bodies. organisations, organisations representing Article 4 Long-term objectives The long-term objectives for ozone concentrations in 1. ambient air are those set out in Section III of Annex I. 2. Member States shall draw up a list of the zones and agglomerations in which the levels of ozone in ambient air, as assessed in accordance with Article 9, are higher than the long-term objectives referred to in paragraph 1 but below or equal to the target values set out in Section II of Annex I. Within such zones and allomerations Member States shall implement measures with the aim of achieving the long-term objectives as far as possible. Article 5 Requirements in zones and agglomerations where ozone levels meet the long-term objectives Member States shall draw up a list of zones and agglomerations in which ozone levels meet the long-term objectives. They shall maintain the levels of ozone in those zones and agglomerations below the long-term objectives and shall endeavour to preserve the best ambient air quality compatible with sustainable devel- opment. Article 6 Dissemination of up-date information, information thresholds and alert thresholds 1. Member States shall take appropriate steps to disseminate up-to-date information on ambient concentrations of ozone to the public as well as to appropriate organisations representing the interests of sensitive population groups and other relevant health care bodies, by means, for example, of the broadcasting media, the press, information screens or computer network services. This shall include information on relevant precursor substances in so far as these are not covered by existing Community legislation. This informaton shall be updated on at least a daily basis and, wherever appropriate and practicable, on an hourly basis. Such information shall at indicate all exceedances of least concentrations in the long-term objectives, target values and information and alert thresholds and, where appropriate, the reference levels given in Section III of Annex II, for the relevant averaging period. It shall also provide a short assessment in relation to the long-term objectives and the information and alert thresholds, and appropriate information regarding effects on health. 2. The information threshold and the alert threshold for concentrations of ozone in ambient air are given in Section I of Annex II. Details supplied to the public in accordance with Article 10 of Directive 96/62/EC when either threshold is exceeded shall include as a minimum the items listed in Section II of Annex II. Member States shall where practicable also take steps to supply such information when an exceedance of the information threshold or alert threshold is predicted. Information supplied under paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be 3. clear, comprehensible and accessible. Article 7 Short-term action plans In accordance with Article 7(3) of Directive 96/62/EC, Member States shall draw up action plans indicating measures to be taken in the short term where there is a risk of exceedances of the alert threshold and where there is likely to be significant potential for reducing that risk or for reducing the duration and severity of any exceedance. For this purpose, Member States shall investigate and assess the reduction potential of those short-term measures, taking into account the criteria specified in the guidance referred to in Article 12. Member States shall also have regard to that guidance when developing and implementing the short-term action plans. 29. 2. 2000 EN Official Journal of the European Communities C 56 E/43 Article 8 Transboundary pollution 1. Where ozone concentrations exceeding target values or long-term objectives are due largely to precursor emissions in other Member States, the Member States concerned shall coop- erate, where appropriate, in drawing up joint plans and programmes in order to attain the target values or long-term objectives as far as possible. The Commission may assist in those efforts. In carrying out its obligations under Article 11, the Commission shall consider whether further action should be taken at Community level in order to reduce precursor emissions responsible for such transboundary ozone pollution. if shall, States appropriate, prepare and 2. Member short-term action plans under Article 7 implement joint in different Member States. covering neighbouring zones in Member States different Member States which have developed short-term action plans receive all appropriate information. shall ensure that neighbouring zones 3. Where exceedances of the information threshold or alert threshold occur in zones close to national borders, information should be provided as soon as possible to the competent auth- orities in the neighbouring Member States concerned in order to facilitate the provision of information to the public in those States. Article 9 Assessment of concentrations of ozone and precursor substances in ambient air 1. Measurements are mandatory in zones where exceedance of a long-term objective for ozone has occurred during the previous five years of measurements. Where fewer than five to determine years’ data are available Member States may, short exceedances, duration at times and locations likely to be typical of the highest pollution levels with results obtained from emission inventories and modelling. combine measurement campaigns of 2. Annex IV sets out criteria for determining the location of sampling points for the measurement of ozone and relevant precursor substances. modelling, random sampling and indicative measurement, the total number of sampling points specified in Section I of Annex V may be reduced by one-third. The number of stations remaining shall be sufficient to enable assessment within the accuracy limits specified in Annex VII, and at least one sampling point must be retained in each zone or agglomeration. shall be measured at all such remaining sampling points except at rural background stations. case nitrogen dioxide In this 6. Measurements shall also be made in zones where concen- trations are below the long-term objectives. In this case the number of continous measurement stations shall be determined in accordance with Section II of Annex V. least one 7. Each Member State shall ensure that at the measuring station to supply data on concentrations of is installed ozone precursor substances listed in Annex VI and operated in its territory. Each Member State shall choose the number and siting of the stations at which ozone precursor substances are to be measured, taking into account the objec- tives, methods and recommendations laid down in the said Annex. As part of the guidance developed under Article 12, guidelines for an appropriate strategy to measure ozone precursor taking into account existing substances shall be developed, in Community legislation and the EMEP (1) requirements programme. 8. Reference methods for analysis of ozone are set out in Section I of Annex VIII. Section II of Annex VIII sets out reference techniques for air quality modelling and objective estimation. Any amendments necessary to adapt this Article and 9. Annexes IV to VIII to scientific and technical progress shall be adopted in acordance with the procedure set out in Article 12 of Directive 96/62/EC. Article 10 Transmission of information and reports 1. When forwarding information to the Commission under Article 11 of Directive 96/62/EC, Member States shall also: 3. Section I of Annex V sets out the minimum number of fixed sampling points for continuous measurement of ozone in each zone or agglomeration within which measurement mandatory, if measurement is the sole source of information for assessing air quality. (a) send to the Commission annually and no later than nine months following the end of each calendar year the lists of zones and agglomerations referred to in Article 3(2), Article 4(2) and Article 5 of this Directive; 4. In zones and agglomerations within which measurements of ozone are mandatory, continous measurements of nitrogen dioxide shall also be made at a minimum of 50 % of the ozone sampling points to be located in each zone or agglomeration in accordance with Section I of Annex V. For zones and agglomerations within which information 5. from fixed measurement by stations information from other sources such as objective estimation, supplemented is (b) send to the Commission the plans or programmes referred to in Article 3(3) of this Directive no later than two years after the end of the year during which exceedances of the target values for ozone were observed; (c) inform the Commission every three years of the progress of any such plan or programme. (1) The cooperative programme for monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollution in Europe. C 56 E/44 EN Official Journal of the European Communities 29. 2. 2000 2. Member States shall also: 96/62/EC shall be 18 months after the entry into force of this Directive. (a) for each month from April to September each year, send to the Commission, on a provisional basis, by no later than the end of the following month, the information specified in Annex III to this Directive; (b) for each year, send to the Commission by no later than the validated the following calendar year 1 July of information specified in Annex III; (c) within nine months of Commission the annual average concentration for year of Annex VI; the end of each year, send the that specified in the ozone precursor substances Article 11 Review and reporting 1. The Commission shall submit to the European Parliament and the Council by 31 December 2004 at the latest a report based on experience of the application of this Directive, and in particular on the findings of the most recent scientific research into the effects on human health and the environment of exposure to ozone, and on technological developments, including progress achieved in methods of measuring and otherwise assessing concentrations. (d) forward to the Commission every three years within the framework of the sectoral report referred to in Article 4 of Council Directive 91/692/EEC (1) and no later than 9 months after the end of each three-year period: 2. The report shall include a review of the provisions of this Directive in the light of the most recent scientific research concerning in particular the effects of ozone on human health and the environment. (i) information reviewing the levels of ozone observed or in the zones and agglomer- assessed, as appropriate, ations referred to in Article 3(2), Article 4(2) and Article 5 of this Directive; The report shall be presented as an integral part of an air 3. quality strategy designed to review and propose Community air quality objectives and develop implementing strategies to ensure achievement of those objectives. (ii) information on any measures taken or planned under Article 4(2) of this Directive; The strategy shall take into account: (iii) information regarding decisions on short-term action plans and concerning the design of any such plans prepared in accordance with Article 7 of this Directive. 3. The Commission shall: (a) publish annually a list of the zones and agglomerations submitted pursuant to paragraph 1(a) and, by the end of October each year, a report on the ozone situation during the current summer and the preceding calendar year; (b) check the implementation of the plans or programmes submitted pursuant to paragraph 1(b) by examining their progress and the trends in air pollution; (c) take the into account information provided under paragraph 1 and 2 in preparing three-yearly reports on ambient air quality in accordance with Article 11(2) of Directive 96/62/EC; (d) arrange exchange appropriate and forwarded in accordance with paragraph regarding the design and implementation of information of experience 2(d)(iii) short-term action plans. 4. The Commission will, as necessary, call upon the expertise available in the European Environment Agency in drafting the reports referred to in paragraph 3(a) and (c). The date by which Member States shall inform the 5. Commission of the preliminary the methods used for assessment of air quality under Article 11(1)(d) of Directive (1) OJ L 377, 31. 12. 1991, p. 48. (a) the implementation of existing requirements relating to air quality, acidification and eutrophication, including progress in implementing limit values and target values established in accordance with Article 4 of Directive 96/62/EC, in particular the information received from Member States regarding plans and programmes developed and imple- this mented in accordance with Articles 3 and 4 of Directive, experience in implementing short-term action plans under Article 7 of this Directive and the conditions under which air quality measurement has been carried out; (b) transport of pollution across national boundaries; (c) the need for new or revised objectives relating to air quality, acidification and eutrophication; (d) current air quality, and trends up to and beyond the year 2010; (e) the broad scope for making further reductions in polluting emissions across all relevant sources, taking account of technical feasibility and cost-effectiveness; (f) relationships between pollutants, and opportunities combined strategies and related objectives; for to achieve Community air quality (g) the experience acquired in the application of this Directive in Member States including, in particular, the conditions as laid down in Annex IV under which measurement has been carried out; 29. 2. 2000 EN Official Journal of the European Communities C 56 E/45 (h) current and future requirements for informing the public information between Member and for the exchange of States and the Commission; (i) with specific regard to ozone, the potential to achieve the long-term objective, based on the guidelines of the WHO, within a foreseeable time period. The report shall be accompanied as appropriate by 4. proposals to amend this Directive. Article 12 Guidance The Commission 1. for shall implementing the provisions of this Directive. In so doing, it will call upon the expertise available in the Member States, the European Environment Agency and other expert bodies, as appropriate. guidance develop Article 14 Transposition 1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive and shall apply those provisions from 1 January 2001. They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof. When Member States adopt those provisions, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such a reference on the occasion of their official publication. Member States shall determine how such reference is to be made. 2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive. Article 15 Repeal 2. The guidance shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 12(2) of Directive 96/62/EC. Such guidance shall not have the effect of modifying the target values, threshold or information threshold either directly or indirectly. long-term objectives, alert Directive 92/72/EC shall be repealed from (date in Article 14). Article 16 Entry into force Article 13 Penalties This Directive shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities. Member States shall lay down the rules on penalties applicable to infringements of the national provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive and shall take all measures necessary to ensure that they are implemented. The penalties provided for must be effective, proportionate and dissuasive. Article 17 Addressees This Directive is addressed to the Member States. C 56 E/46 EN Official Journal of the European Communities 29. 2. 2000 DEFINITIONS, TARGET VALUES AND LONG-TERM OBJECTIVES FOR OZONE ANNEX I I. Definitions All values are to be expressed in ìg/m3. The volume must be standardised at the following conditions of temperature and pressure: 293 K and 101. 3 kPa. The time is to be specified in Central European Time. AOT40 means the sum of the difference between hourly concentrations greater than 80 ìg/m3 (= 40 parts per billion) and 80 ìg/m3 over a given period using only the 1 hour values measured between 8 a. m. and 8 p. m. Central European Time each day. In order to be valid, the annual data on exceedances used to check compliance with the target values and long-term objectives below must meet the criteria laid down in Section II of Annex III. II. Target values for ozone Parameter Target value Year by which the target value must be attained as far as possible (1) 1. Target value for the protection of human health Highest 8-hour mean within one day, calculated from hourly running 8-hour averages 2. Target value for the protection of vegetation AOT40, calculated from 1h values from May to July 120 ìg/m3 not to be exceeded on more than 20 days per calendar year averaged over three years (2) 17 000 ìg/m3 h averaged over five years (2) 2010 2010 (1) Compliance with target values will be assessed as of this date. This is, 2010 will be the first year the data for which is used in calculating compliance over the following three or five years, as appropriate. (2) If the three or five year averages cannot be determined on the basis of a full and consecutive set of annual data, the minimum annual data required for checking compliance with the target values will be as follows: - for the target value for the protection of human health: valid data for one year - for the target value for the protection of vegetation: valid data for three years. III. Long-term objectives for ozone Parameter Long-term objective not to be exceeded 1. Long-term objective for protection of human health the 8-hour mean within Highest a calendar year, calculated from hourly running 8-hour averages 2. Long-term objective for the protection of vegetation AOT40, calculated from 1h values from May to July 120 ìg/m3 6 000 ìg/m3 h 29. 2. 2000 EN Official Journal of the European Communities C 56 E/47 INFORMATION AND ALERT THRESHOLDS; ADDITIONAL REFERENCE LEVELS FOR INFORMING THE PUBLIC ANNEX II I. Information and alert thresholds for ozone Information threshold Alert threshold Parameter 1h average 1h average Threshold 180 ìg/m3 240 ìg/m3 II. Minimum details to be supplied to the public when the information or alert threshold is exceeded or exceedance is predicted Details to be supplied to the public on a sufficiently large scale as soon as possible should include as a minimum: 1. Information on observed exceedance(s): - Location or area of the exceedance: - Type of threshold exceeded (information or alert); - Time and duration of the exceedance; - Highest 1-hour and 8-hour mean concentration. 2. Forecast for the following afternoon/day(s): - Time period and geographical area of expected exceedances of information and/or alert threshold; - Predicted 1h maximum concentration or range of concentration; - Expected change in pollution (improvement, stabilisation, or deterioration); - Reason for occurrence and/or expected change in the situation. 3. Information on type of population concerned, possible health effects and recommended conduct: - Information on population groups at risk; - Description of likely symptoms; - Recommended precautions to be taken by the population concerned; - Where to find further information. 4. Information on preventive action to reduce pollution: Indication of main source sectors; recommendations for action to reduce emissions. III. Reference levels relating to damage to materials and forests, and visible damage to crops Target Reference level Averaging/accumulation time Type of station Recommended frequency of publication Visible damage to crops AOT40 = 400 ìg/m3 h and AOT40 = 1 000 ìg/m3 h Daily running period of 5 days; consecutive maximum value Station targeted at protection of vegetation Monthly, yearly Damage to materials 40 ìg/m3 Yearly mean Any Damage to forests AOT40 = 20 000 ìg/m3 h April-September Station targeted at protection of vegetation Yearly Yearly C 56 E/48 EN Official Journal of the European Communities 29. 2. 2000 INFORMATION SUBMITTED BY MEMBER STATES TO THE COMMISSION AND CRITERIA FOR AGGRE- GATING DATA AND CALCULATING STATISTICAL PARAMETERS ANNEX III I. Information to be submitted to the Commission The following table stipulates the type and amount of data Member States are to submit to the Commission: Target Type of station Reference level Averaging/accumu- lation time Reports for each month from April to September Report for each year Information threshold Any 180 ìg/m3 1h Alert threshold Any 240 ìg/m3 1h each - for day exceed- with ance(s): date, total hours of exceedance, maximum ozone related values; - monthly 1h and NO2 1h max. ozone - for each day exceed- with ance(s): date, total hours of exceedance, maximum ozone related values; 1h and NO2 - for each day exceed- with ance(s): date, total hours of exceedance, maximum ozone related values; 1h and NO2 - for each day exceed- with ance(s): date, total hours of exceedance, maximum ozone related values; 1h and NO2 Health protection Any 120 ìg/m3 8 hour for each day with exceedance(s): date, 8h max for each day with exceedance(s): date, 8h max Vegetation protection Suburban, rural, rural background AOT40 (1) = 6 000 ìg/m3 h 1h, accumulated from May-July Once in September Value Short-term vegetation, protection Suburban, rural rural, background AOT40 (1) = 400 ìg/m3 h and AOT40 (1) = 1 000 ìg/m3 h 1h, accumulated five-day over period - 98 %, Max. value daily AOT40 values 50 % from the running Forest protection Suburban, rural, rural background AOT40 (1) = 20 000 ìg/m3 h acumulated 1h, from April-Sep- tember Materials Any 40 ìg/m3 Year - - Value Value (1) sum of the difference between hourly concentrations greater than 80 ìg/m3 and 80 ìg/m3 using the values measured between 8. 00 and 20. 00 Central European Time each day. 29. 2. 2000 EN Official Journal of the European Communities C 56 E/49 As part of the yearly reporting, the following must also be provided: - for ozone and the sum of ozone and nitrogen dioxide (expressed in ìg/m3), the maximum, 99. 9th, 98th, 50th percentile and number of valid data from hourly series, - the maximum, 98th, and 50th percentile from the series of daily 8-hour maxima, - the annual average of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxide (1) (NOx). The information specified in Annex II of Council Decision 97/101/EC (2) concerning new stations is to be submitted together with the first data submission, if it has not already been delivered under the framework of the said Council Decision. Data submitted in the monthly reports are considered provisional and are to be updated, if necessary, in subsequent submissions. II. Criteria for aggregating data and calculating statistical parameters Percentiles are to be calculated using the method specified in Council Decision 97/101/EC The following criteria are to be used for checking validity when aggregating data and calculating statistical param- eters: Parameter Required proportion of valid data 1h values 8h values AOT 40 Annual mean 75 % (i. e. 45 minutes) 75 % of 1h values (i. e. 6 hours) 90 % of the 1h values over the time period defined for calculating the AOT40 value 75 % of the 1h values over summer (April-September) and winter (January- March, October-December) seasons separately) Number of exceedances and maximum values per month 90 % of the daily maximum 8h mean values (23 available daily values per month) 90 % of the 1h values between 8. 00 and 20. 00 Central European Time Number of exceedances and maximum values per year five out of six months over the summer season (April-September) (1) Sum of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide added as parts per billion and expressed as nitrogen dioxide in ìg/m3. (2) OJ L 35, 5. 2. 1997, p. 14. C 56 E/50 EN Official Journal of the European Communities 29. 2. 2000 CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFYING AND LOCATING SAMPLING POINTS FOR ASSESSMENTS OF OZONE CONCENTRATIONS ANNEX IV The following considerations apply to fixed measurements: I. Macroscale siting Type of station Objectives of measurement Representativeness Macroscale siting criteria Urban A few km2 Protection of human health: to assess the exposure of the urban population to ozone, i. e. where population density and ozone concentration are relatively high Away from the such emissions stations, etc. ; influence of as traffic, local petrol Vented locations where well mixed levels can be measured; such as residential and Locations commercial areas of cities, parks (away from the trees), big streets or squares with very little or no traffic, open areas educational, characteristic sports or recreation facilities of Suburban Protection of human health and vegetation: to determine the exposure of the population and vegetation located in the outskirts of the agglomeration, where ozone levels tend to be highest. Some tens of km2 At a certain distance from the area of maximum downwind emissions, following the main wind direction/di- rections during conditions favourable to ozone formation; Where population, sensitive crops or natural in the outer fringe of an agglomeration are exposed to high ozone levels; ecosystems located some appropriate, Where stations also upwind of maximum emissions, determine the levels of ozone. suburban the area of to order regional background in Rural Protection of human health and vegetation: to determine the exposure of population, crops and natural ecosystems scale ozone to sub-regional concentrations Sub-regional (a few 100 km2) levels can be Stations in small settlements and/or areas with natural ecosystems, forests or crops; located Representative for ozone away from the influence of immediate local emissions such as and roads; At open area sites, but not on higher mountain tops. installations industrial Rural back- ground Protection of vegetation and human health: to assess the exposure of crops and natural ecosystems to regional-scale ozone concentrations as well as exposure of the population Regional/national/ continental levels (1 000 to 10 000 km2) Station located in areas with lower population density, e. g. with natural ecosystems, forests, far removed from urban and industrial areas and away from local emissions; to Avoid locations which are subject locally of ground-near inversion conditions, also summits of higher mountains; formation enhanced Coastal sites with pronounced diurnal wind cycles of local character are not recommended. For rural and rural background stations, consideration should be given, where appropriate, to coordination with the monitoring requirements of Commission Regulation (EC) No 1091/94 concerning protection of the Community’s forests against atmospheric pollution (1). (1) OJ L 125, 18. 5. 1994, p. 1. 29. 2. 2000 EN Official Journal of the European Communities C 56 E/51 II. Microscale siting The following guidelines should be followed, as far as practicable: 1. The flow around the inlet sampling probe should be unrestricted (free in an arc if at least 270°) without any obstructions affecting the air flow in the vicinity of the sampler, i. e. away from buildings, balconies, trees, and other obstacles by more than twice the height the obstacle protrudes above the sampler. 2. In general, the inlet sampling point should be between 1,5 m (the breathing zone) and 4 m above the ground. Higher positions are possible for urban stations in some circumstances and in wooded areas. 3. The inlet probe should be positioned well away from such sources as furnaces and incineration flues and more than 10 m from the nearest road, with distance increasing as a function of traffic intensity. 4. The sampler’s exhaust outlet should be positioned so as to avoid re-circulation of exhaust air to the sampler inlet. The following factors may also be taken into account: 1. interfering sources; 2. security; 3. access; 4. availability of electrical power and telephone communications; 5. visibility of the site in relation to its surroundings; 6. safety of public and operators; 7. the desirability of collocating sampling points for different pollutants; 8. planning requirements. III. Documentation and review of site selection Site selection procedures should be fully documented at the classification stage by such means as compass point photographs of the surroundings and a detailed map. Sites should be reviewed at regular intervals with repeated documentation to ensure that selection criteria are still being met. This requires proper screening and interpretation of the monitoring data in the context of the meteorological and photochemical processes affecting the ozone concentrations measured at the respective site. C 56 E/52 EN Official Journal of the European Communities 29. 2. 2000 ANNEX V CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF SAMPLING POINTS FOR FIXED MEASUREMENT OF CONCENTRATIONS OF OZONE AND RELEVANT PRECURSOR SUBSTANCES I. Minimum number of sampling points for fixed continuous measurements to assess compliance with the target values, long-term objectives and information and alert thresholds where continuous measurement is the sole source of information rural background 1 station/ 50 000 (1) km2 as an average density over all zones per country Population (× 1 000) < 250 < 500 < 1 000 < 1 500 < 2 000 < 2 750 < 3 750 > 3 750 Agglomerations Other zones urban suburban suburban rural 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 4 1 additional station per 2 million inhabitants 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 7 1 additional station per 0,5 million inhabitants (1) 1 station per 25 000 km2 for complex terrain in regions below 55° N latitude. II. Minimum number of sampling points for fixed measurements for zones and agglomerations attaining the long-term objectives The number of sampling points for ozone must, in combination with other means of supplementary assessment such as air quality modelling and collocated nitrogen dioxide measurements, be sufficient to examine the trend of ozone pollution and check compliance with the long-term objectives. The number of stations located in suburban areas of agglomerations and in rural areas around agglomerations may be reduced to one-third of the number specified in Section I. If the result of this is that a zone has no remaining station, coordination with the number of stations in neighbouring zones must ensure adequate assessment of ozone concentrations against long-term objectives. The number of rural background stations should be 1 per 100 000 km2. 29. 2. 2000 EN Official Journal of the European Communities C 56 E/53 ANNEX VI MEASUREMENTS OF OZONE PRECURSOR SUBSTANCES Objectives The main objectives of such measurements are to analyse any trend in ozone precursors, to check the efficiency of emission reduction strategies, to check the consistency of emission inventories and to help attribute emission sources to pollution concentration. An additional aim is to support the understanding of ozone formation and precursor dispersion processes, as well as the application of photochemical models. Substances Measurement of ozone precursor substances must include at least nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and appropriate volatile organic compounds (VOC). A list of volatile organic compounds recommended for measurement is given below. Methane Ethane Ethylene Acetylene Propane Propene n-Butane i-Butane 1-Butene trans-2-Butene cis-2-Butene 1,3-Butadiene n-Pentane i-Pentane 1-Pentene 2-Pentene Isoprene n-Hexane i-Hexene n-Heptane n-Octane i-Octane Benzene Toluene Ethyl benzene m+p-Xylene o-Xylene 1,2,4-Trimeth. Benzene 1,2,3-Trimeth. Benzene 1,3,5-Trimeth. Benzene Fomaldehyde Total non-methane Hydro- carbons Reference methods The reference method specified in Directive 85/203/EEC or in subsequent Community legislation will apply for nitrogen oxides. The method to be specified in future legislation pursuant to Directive 96/62/EC is to be used for carbon monoxide once it has entered into force. Each Member State must inform the Commission of the methods it uses to sample and measure VOC. The Commission must carry out intercomparison exercises as soon as possible and investigate the potential for defining reference to improve the comparability and precision of methods measurements for the review of this Directive in accordance with Article 11. sampling and measurement for precursor in order Siting Measurements should be taken in particular in urban and suburban areas at any monitoring site set up in accordance with the requirements of Directive 96/62/EC and considered appropriate with regard to the above monitoring objec- tives. C 56 E/54 EN Official Journal of the European Communities 29. 2. 2000 ANNEX VII DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES AND COMPILATION OF THE RESULTS OF AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT I. Data quality objectives The following data quality objectives are proposed to ensure the requisite accuracy assessment methods: Continuous measurement Accuracy of individual measurements 15 % For ozone, NO and NO2 Minimum data capture Indicative measurement Accuracy of individual measurements Minimum data capture Minimum time coverage Modelling Accuracy 1 h averages (daytime) 8 h daily maximum Objective estimation Accuracy 90 % during summer 75 % during winter 30 % 90 % > 10 % during summer period 50 % 50 % 75 % Accuracy of measurement has the definition given in the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty of Measurementsí (ISO 1993), or in ISO 5725-1 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and resultsí (1994). The percentages in the table are given for individual measurements, averaged over the period for calculating target values and long-term objectives, for a 95 % confidence interval. The accuracy for continuous measurements should be interpreted as being applicable in the region of the concentration used for the appropriate threshold. The accuracy for modelling and objective estimation is defined as the maximum deviation of the measured and calculated concentration levels, over the period for calculating the appropriate threshold, without taking into account the timing of the events. Time coverage is defined as the percentage of the time considered for setting the threshold value during which the pollutant is measured. Data capture is defined as the percentage of the time of measurement during which the instrument produced valid data. The requirements for minimum data capture and time coverage do not include losses of data due to the regular calibration or normal maintenance of the instrumentation. II. Results of air quality assessment The following information should be compiled for zones or agglomerations within which sources other than measurement are employed to supplement information from measurement: - A description of the assessment activities carried out; - Specific methods used, with references to descriptions of the method; - Sources of data and information; - A description of results, including accuracies and, in particular, the extent of any area within the zone or agglomeration over which concentrations exceed long-term objectives of target values; - For long-term objectives or target values whose object is the protection of human health, the population potentially exposed to concentrations in excess of the threshold. 29. 2. 2000 EN Official Journal of the European Communities C 56 E/55 Where possible, Member States should compile maps showing concentration distributions within each zone and agglomeration. III. Standardisation For ozone the volume must be standardised at the following conditions of temperature and pressure: 293 K, 101. 3 kPa. For nitrogen oxides in subsequent Community legislation will apply. the standardisation specified in Directive 85/203/EEC or REFERENCE METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF OZONE AND CALIBRATION OF OZONE INSTRUMENTS ANNEX VIII I. Reference method for analysis of ozone and calibration of ozone instruments - Analysis method: UV photometric method (ISO FDIS 13964) - Calibration method: Reference UV-photometer (ISO FDIS 13964, VDI 2468, Bl. 6) This method is being standardised by the CEN (1). Once the latter has published the relevant standard, the method and techniques described therein will constitute the reference and calibration method in this Directive. Member States may use any other method for analysing ozone which they can demonstrate as giving equivalent results to the above method. II. Reference modelling technique for ozone Reference modelling techniques cannot be specified at present. Any amendments to adapt this point to scientific and technical progress will be adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 12(2) of Directive 96/62/EC. (1) European Committee for Standardisation