Macanal Formation
# Macanal Formation

The Macanal Formation or Macanal Shale (Spanish: (Formación) Lutitas de Macanal, Kilm, K1m) is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and Tenza Valley in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The predominantly organic shale formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Berriasian to Valanginian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 2,935 metres (9,629 ft). The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances. Bivalves, ammonites and fossil flora have been found in the formation.

The formation is a source rock for oil and gas in the Eastern Cordillera Basin and adjacent Llanos Basin foothills and provides emeralds in the vicinity of Macanal, after which the formation is named.

## Etymology

The formation was defined and named in 1979 by Rodríguez and Ulloa after Macanal, Cundinamarca. The name Macanal is either derived from the Muysccubun word Macana, meaning garrote, or from the Macana palm tree.

## Description

### Lithologies

The Macanal Formation has a maximum thickness of 2,935 metres (9,629 ft), and is characterised by a sequence of micaceous organic shales, with calcite veins and gypsum occurrences intercalated in the formation. The Macanal Formation contains high values of TOC. In the Eastern Cordillera Basin and the adjacent foothills of the Llanos Basin, the Macanal Formation is a source rock for oil and gas. In the vicinity of Macanal, the formation provides emeralds.

### Stratigraphy and depositional environment

The Macanal Formation, a unit of the Cáqueza Group, concordantly overlies the Guavio, Santa Rosa, Ubalá, Chivor and Batá Formations, and is concordantly overlain by the Las Juntas Formation. The age has been estimated to be Berriasian to Valanginian. Stratigraphically, the formation is time equivalent with the Mercedes, Tambor, Rosablanca, Murca and La Naveta Formations. The formation has been deposited in a shallow marine environment in an enclosed basin, with as provenance areas the Santander High and the Guiana Shield. The Macanal Formation is part of the syn-rift sequence of eastern Colombia.

### Fossil content

The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances. Bivalves, ammonites and flora have been found in the formation. Ammonites of Substeueroceras cf. mutabile, Sarasinella cf. hondana, Subalpinites sp., Berriasela sp., Neocomites cf. wichmanni, Olcostephanus sp., Olcostephanus cf. atherstoni, Favrella cf. colombiana, Acanthodiscus sp. have been registered in the formation, as well as bivalves of Corbis (Sphaera) cf. corrugata, Trigonia cf. hondana, Trigonia (Buchotrigonia) cf. abrupta, Trigonia (Notoscabrotrigonia) cf. tocaimaana, and Exogyra cf. boussingaulti. Analysis of the deformation registered in ammonite fossils has helped in understanding the tectonic history of the Llanos foothills of the Eastern Ranges.

## Outcrops

The Macanal Formation is apart from its type locality in the Batá River canyon, found in the Cravo Sur anticline, east of the Ocetá Páramo, in the Desespero Synclinal in the southern and northern parts of Labranzagrande, around Páez and Campohermoso, in the eastern part of Gama, bordering the Guavio Reservoir, and in the Servitá Synclinal, west of Villavicencio. The Macanal Formation crops out along the road between Bogotá and Villavicencio and is there heavily fractured and folded. The Macanal Formation is the most extensive formation around Cáqueza, and Gachalá, Cundinamarca.

The Pajarito Fault thrusts the Macanal Formation on top of the Fómeque Formation to the east of Lake Tota, and the Chámeza Fault thrusts the Macanal Formation on top of the overlying Las Juntas Formation around Chámeza, Casanare. The Ubaque Fault forms the contact between the Fómeque Formation and the Macanal Formation, while the Las Mercedes Fault puts the Quetame Group in contact with the Macanal Formation near Quetame, as does the San Juanito Fault. The Servitá Fault forms the contact between the Guatiquía Redbeds and the Macanal Formation, and the Upín Fault, part of the same system puts the Macanal Formation in contact with the Tertiary Palmichal Group. At this contact, brines are extracted from the formation.

## Regional correlations

Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central Colombian Eastern Ranges :

| Age | VMM | Guaduas-Vélez | Guaduas-Vélez | W Emerald Belt | W Emerald Belt | Villeta anticlinal | Villeta anticlinal | Chiquinquirá- Arcabuco | Tunja- Duitama | Altiplano Cundiboyacense | Altiplano Cundiboyacense | El Cocuy |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Maastrichtian | Umir | Córdoba | Córdoba | Seca | Seca | eroded | eroded | Guaduas | Guaduas | Guaduas | Guaduas | Colón-Mito Juan |
| Maastrichtian | Umir | Córdoba | Córdoba | Umir | Umir | eroded | eroded | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | | | | Colón-Mito Juan |
| Campanian | Umir | Córdoba | Córdoba | Córdoba | Córdoba | | eroded | eroded | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | Colón-Mito Juan |
| Colón-Mito Juan ||
| Santonian | La Luna | Cimarrona - La Tabla | Cimarrona - La Tabla | Oliní | Oliní | eroded | eroded | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | La Luna |
| Coniacian | La Luna | Oliní | Oliní | Oliní | Oliní | Villeta | Conejo | Conejo | Chipaque | Chipaque | Chipaque | | | La Luna |
| Coniacian | La Luna | Güagüaquí | Loma Gorda | undefined | undefined | Villeta | La Frontera | La Frontera | | Chipaque | Chipaque | Chipaque | La Luna |
| Turonian | La Luna | Güagüaquí | Hondita | La Frontera | Otanche | Villeta | La Frontera | La Frontera | Chipaque | Chipaque | Chipaque | La Luna |
| Cenomanian | Simití | hiatus | hiatus | La Corona | Otanche | Villeta | Simijaca | Simijaca | Chipaque | Chipaque | Chipaque | Capacho |
| Cenomanian | Simití | hiatus | hiatus | Pacho Fm. | Otanche | Villeta | Hiló - Pacho | Churuvita | Une | Une | Une | Aguardiente |
| Albian | Simití | hiatus | hiatus | Hiló | Otanche | Villeta | Hiló - Pacho | Chiquinquirá | Tibasosa | Une | Une | | Aguardiente |
| Albian | Tablazo | hiatus | hiatus | Tablazo | Tablazo | Villeta | Capotes - La Palma - Simití | Simití | Tibasosa | Une | Une | Tibú-Mercedes |
| Aptian | Tablazo | hiatus | hiatus | Capotes | Capotes | Villeta | Socotá - El Peñón | Paja | Tibasosa | Fómeque | Fómeque | | Tibú-Mercedes |
| Aptian | Paja | hiatus | hiatus | Paja | El Peñón | Villeta | Trincheras | Paja | Tibasosa | Fómeque | Fómeque | Río Negro |
| Río Negro ||
| Barremian | Paja | hiatus | hiatus | Paja | El Peñón | La Naveta | La Naveta | Paja | Tibasosa | Fómeque | Fómeque | Río Negro |
| Hauterivian | Paja | hiatus | hiatus | Paja | Muzo | La Naveta | La Naveta | Paja | Tibasosa | Cáqueza | Las Juntas | Río Negro |
| Hauterivian | Rosablanca | hiatus | hiatus | Paja | Muzo | La Naveta | La Naveta | Ritoque | Tibasosa | Cáqueza | Las Juntas | Río Negro |
| Valanginian | Rosablanca | hiatus | hiatus | Ritoque | Furatena | Útica - Murca | Útica - Murca | Rosablanca | hiatus | Cáqueza | Macanal | Río Negro |
| Valanginian | Rosablanca | hiatus | hiatus | Rosablanca | Furatena | Útica - Murca | Útica - Murca | Rosablanca | hiatus | Cáqueza | Macanal | Río Negro |
| Berriasian | Cumbre | hiatus | hiatus | Cumbre | Cumbre | Útica - Murca | Útica - Murca | Los Medios | hiatus | Cáqueza | Guavio | Río Negro |
| Berriasian | Tambor | hiatus | hiatus | Arcabuco | Arcabuco | Útica - Murca | Útica - Murca | Cumbre | hiatus | Cáqueza | Guavio | Río Negro |
| Sources ||||||||||||||

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces :

| Ma | Age | Regional events | Catatumbo | Cordillera | proximal Llanos | distal Llanos | Putumayo | VSM | Environments | Maximum thickness | Petroleum geology | Notes |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 0.01 | Holocene | Holocene volcanism Seismic activity | alluvium | alluvium | alluvium | alluvium | alluvium | alluvium | alluvium | | Overburden | |
| 1 | Pleistocene | Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations | Guayabo | Soatá Sabana | Necesidad | Guayabo | Gigante Neiva | Gigante Neiva | Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) | 550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo) | Overburden | |
| 2.6 | Pliocene | Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI | Guayabo | Subachoque | Necesidad | Guayabo | Gigante Neiva | Gigante Neiva | Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) | 550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo) | Overburden | |
| 5.3 | Messinian | Andean orogeny 3 Foreland | Guayabo | Marichuela | Necesidad | Guayabo | Caimán | Honda | Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo) | 550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo) | Overburden | |
| 13.5 | Langhian | Regional flooding | León | hiatus | Caja | León | Caimán | Honda | Lacustrine (León) | 400 m (1,300 ft) (León) | Seal | |
| 16.2 | Burdigalian | Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2 | C1 | hiatus | Carbonera C1 | Carbonera C1 | Ospina | Honda | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) | 850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera) | Reservoir | |
| 17.3 | Burdigalian | Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2 | C2 | hiatus | Carbonera C2 | Carbonera C2 | Ospina | Honda | Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) | 850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera) | Seal | |
| 19 | Burdigalian | Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2 | C3 | hiatus | Carbonera C3 | Carbonera C3 | Ospina | Honda | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) | 850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera) | Reservoir | |
| 21 | Early Miocene | Pebas wetlands | C4 | hiatus | Carbonera C4 | Carbonera C4 | Ospina | Barzalosa | Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) | 850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera) | Seal | |
| 23 | Late Oligocene | Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep | C5 | hiatus | Carbonera C5 | Carbonera C5 | Orito | Orito | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) | 850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera) | Reservoir | |
| 25 | Late Oligocene | Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep | C6 | hiatus | Carbonera C6 | Carbonera C6 | Orito | Orito | Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) | 850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera) | Seal | |
| 28 | Early Oligocene | Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep | C7 | hiatus | C7 | | Pepino | Gualanday | Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) | 850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera) | Reservoir | |
| 32 | Oligo-Eocene | Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep | C8 | Usme | C8 | onlap | Pepino | Gualanday | Marine-deltaic (C8) | 850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera) | Seal Source | |
| 35 | Late Eocene | Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep | Mirador | Usme | Mirador | Mirador | Pepino | Gualanday | Coastal (Mirador) | 240 m (790 ft) (Mirador) | Reservoir | |
| 40 | Middle Eocene | Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep | Mirador | Regadera | Mirador | Mirador | Pepino | hiatus | Coastal (Mirador) | 240 m (790 ft) (Mirador) | Reservoir | |
| 45 | Middle Eocene | Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep | Mirador | Regadera | Mirador | Mirador | Pepino | hiatus | Coastal (Mirador) | 240 m (790 ft) (Mirador) | Reservoir | |
| 50 | Early Eocene | Andean orogeny 1 Foredeep | Socha | Regadera | Los Cuervos | Los Cuervos | Pepino | hiatus | Deltaic (Los Cuervos) | 260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos) | Seal Source | |
| 55 | Late Paleocene | PETM 2000 ppm $CO_2$ | Los Cuervos | Bogotá | Los Cuervos | Los Cuervos | Pepino | Gualanday | Deltaic (Los Cuervos) | 260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos) | Seal Source | |
| 60 | Early Paleocene | SALMA | Barco | Guaduas | Barco | Barco | Rumiyaco | Gualanday | Fluvial (Barco) | 225 m (738 ft) (Barco) | Reservoir | |
| 65 | Maastrichtian | KT extinction | Catatumbo | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | Rumiyaco | Monserrate | Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) | 750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe) | Reservoir | |
| 72 | Campanian | End of rifting | Colón-Mito Juan | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | Rumiyaco | Monserrate | Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) | 750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe) | Reservoir | |
| 83 | Santonian | End of rifting | Colón-Mito Juan | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | Villeta/Güagüaquí | Villeta/Güagüaquí | Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) | 750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe) | Reservoir | |
| 86 | Coniacian | End of rifting | Colón-Mito Juan | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | Guadalupe | Villeta/Güagüaquí | Villeta/Güagüaquí | Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) | 750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe) | Reservoir | |
| 89 | Turonian | Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event | La Luna | Chipaque | Gachetá | hiatus | Villeta/Güagüaquí | Villeta/Güagüaquí | Restricted marine (all) | 500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá) | Source | |
| 93 | Cenomanian | Rift 2 | La Luna | Chipaque | Gachetá | hiatus | Villeta/Güagüaquí | Villeta/Güagüaquí | Restricted marine (all) | 500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá) | Source | |
| 100 | Albian | Rift 2 | La Luna | Une | Une | hiatus | Caballos | Caballos | Deltaic (Une) | 500 m (1,600 ft) (Une) | Reservoir | |
| 113 | Aptian | Rift 2 | Capacho | Fómeque | Une | hiatus | Motema | Yaví | Open marine (Fómeque) | 800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque) | Source (Fóm) | |
| 125 | Barremian | High biodiversity | Aguardiente | Paja | Une | hiatus | Motema | Yaví | Shallow to open marine (Paja) | 940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja) | Reservoir | |
| 129 | Hauterivian | Rift 1 | Tibú- Mercedes | Las Juntas | hiatus | hiatus | Motema | Yaví | Deltaic (Las Juntas) | 910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas) | Reservoir (LJun) | |
| 133 | Valanginian | Rift 1 | Río Negro | Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca | hiatus | hiatus | Motema | Yaví | Restricted marine (Macanal) | 2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal) | Source (Mac) | |
| 140 | Berriasian | Rift 1 | Girón | Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca | hiatus | hiatus | Motema | Yaví | Restricted marine (Macanal) | 2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal) | Source (Mac) | |
| 145 | Tithonian | Break-up of Pangea | Jordán | Arcabuco | Buenavista Batá | hiatus | Saldaña | Saldaña | Alluvial, fluvial (Buenavista) | 110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista) | "Jurassic" | |
| 150 | Early-Mid Jurassic | Passive margin 2 | La Quinta | Montebel Noreán | hiatus | hiatus | Saldaña | Saldaña | Coastal tuff (La Quinta) | 100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta) | "Jurassic" | |
| 201 | Late Triassic | Passive margin 2 | Mucuchachi | Montebel Noreán | hiatus | hiatus | Payandé | Payandé | | | "Jurassic" | |
| 235 | Early Triassic | Pangea | | hiatus | hiatus | hiatus | | | | | "Paleozoic" | |
| 250 | Permian | Pangea | | hiatus | hiatus | hiatus | | | | | "Paleozoic" | |
| 300 | Late Carboniferous | Famatinian orogeny | | hiatus | hiatus | hiatus | | Cerro Neiva | | | "Paleozoic" | |
| 340 | Early Carboniferous | Fossil fish Romer's gap | | Cuche (355-385) | Farallones | hiatus | | Cerro Neiva | | Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) | "Paleozoic" | 900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche) |
| 360 | Late Devonian | Passive margin 1 | Río Cachirí (360-419) | Cuche (355-385) | Farallones | | | Ambicá | Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones) | 2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones) | "Paleozoic" | |
| 390 | Early Devonian | High biodiversity | Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet | Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet | | | | Ambicá | Shallow marine (Floresta) | 600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta) | "Paleozoic" | |
| 410 | Late Silurian | Silurian mystery | Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet | Floresta (387-400) El Tíbet | | | | | | | "Paleozoic" | |
| 425 | Early Silurian | Silurian mystery | hiatus | hiatus | hiatus | hiatus | hiatus | hiatus | | | "Paleozoic" | |
| 440 | Late Ordovician | Rich fauna in Bolivia | San Pedro (450-490) | | Duda | | | | | | "Paleozoic" | |
| 470 | Early Ordovician | First fossils | San Pedro (450-490) | Busbanzá (>470±22) ChuscalesOtengá | Guape | | Río Nevado | HígadoAgua Blanca Venado (470-475) | | | "Paleozoic" | |
| 488 | Late Cambrian | Regional intrusions | Chicamocha (490-515) | Quetame | Ariarí | | SJ del Guaviare (490-590) | San Isidro | | | "Paleozoic" | |
| 515 | Early Cambrian | Cambrian explosion | | Quetame | | | SJ del Guaviare (490-590) | San Isidro | | | "Paleozoic" | |
| 542 | Ediacaran | Break-up of Rodinia | | pre-Quetame | | post-Parguaza | SJ del Guaviare (490-590) | El Barro | Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) | | Basement | |
| 600 | Neoproterozoic | Cariri Velhos orogeny | Bucaramanga (600-1400) | pre-Quetame | | post-Parguaza | pre-Guaviare | El Barro | Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) | | Basement | |
| 800 | Neoproterozoic | Snowball Earth | Bucaramanga (600-1400) | pre-Quetame | | post-Parguaza | pre-Guaviare | El Barro | Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) | | Basement | |
| 1000 | Mesoproterozoic | Sunsás orogeny | Bucaramanga (600-1400) | pre-Quetame | Ariarí (1000) | post-Parguaza | pre-Guaviare | La Urraca (1030-1100) | Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) | | Basement | |
| 1300 | Mesoproterozoic | Rondônia-Juruá orogeny | Bucaramanga (600-1400) | pre-Quetame | pre-Ariarí | Parguaza (1300-1400) | pre-Guaviare | Garzón (1180-1550) | Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) | | Basement | |
| 1400 | Mesoproterozoic | Rondônia-Juruá orogeny | pre-Bucaramanga | pre-Quetame | pre-Ariarí | | pre-Guaviare | Garzón (1180-1550) | Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) | | Basement | |
| 1600 | Paleoproterozoic | Rondônia-Juruá orogeny | pre-Bucaramanga | pre-Quetame | pre-Ariarí | Maimachi (1500-1700) | pre-Guaviare | pre-Garzón | Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) | | Basement | |
| 1800 | Paleoproterozoic | Tapajós orogeny | pre-Bucaramanga | pre-Quetame | pre-Ariarí | Mitú (1800) | pre-Guaviare | pre-Garzón | Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) | | Basement | |
| 1950 | Paleoproterozoic | Transamazonic orogeny | pre-Bucaramanga | pre-Quetame | pre-Ariarí | pre-Mitú | pre-Guaviare | pre-Garzón | Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) | | Basement | |
| 2200 | Paleoproterozoic | Columbia | pre-Bucaramanga | pre-Quetame | pre-Ariarí | pre-Mitú | pre-Guaviare | pre-Garzón | Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) | | Basement | |
| 2530 | Archean | Carajas-Imataca orogeny | pre-Bucaramanga | pre-Quetame | pre-Ariarí | pre-Mitú | pre-Guaviare | pre-Garzón | Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) | | Basement | |
| 3100 | Archean | Kenorland | pre-Bucaramanga | pre-Quetame | pre-Ariarí | pre-Mitú | pre-Guaviare | pre-Garzón | Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) | | Basement | |
| Sources ||||||||||||||

### Legend

* group
* important formation
* fossiliferous formation
* minor formation
* (age in Ma)
* proximal Llanos (Medina)
* distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)
