Inland Gulf languages
# Inland Gulf languages

The Inland Gulf languages are a family of Trans–New Guinea languages in the classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and Malcolm Ross (2005). The unity of the languages was established by K. Franklin in 1969. Although the family as a whole is clearly valid, Ipiko is quite distinct from the other languages.

## Languages

* Inland Gulf family
   * Ipiko language
   * Minanibai branch: Minanibai (Foia Foia), Mubami (Tao), Ukusi-Koparamio Hoia Hoia – Matakaia Hoia Hoia

Karami was once included, due to a large number of loanwords from Minanibai, but is best left unclassified for now.

Mahigi is also included by Pawley and Hammarström (2018).

## Phonemes

Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:

    *m*n *p*t*k *b*d*g *ɸ*s *w[*ɾ]*j*ɣ̃

Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.

## Pronouns

The pronouns are:

    sgpl 1 *no*ni 2 *ɣ̃o*jo 3m *ete*eti 3f *etu

## Evolution

Inland Gulf reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:

* Hoia Hoia, Mubami, Ipiko de ‘tree’ < *inda
* Hoia Hoia mo’noto, Ipiko manoto ‘mouth’ < *maŋgat[a] ‘mouth, teeth’
* Mubami mo’moʔo, Hoiahoia mo’mo:ko ‘seed’ < *maŋgV
