Real analytic Eisenstein series
# Real analytic Eisenstein series

In mathematics, the simplest real analytic Eisenstein series is a special function of two variables. It is used in the representation theory of SL(2,R) and in analytic number theory. It is closely related to the Epstein zeta function.

There are many generalizations associated to more complicated groups.

## Definition

The Eisenstein series E(z, s) for z = x + iy in the upper half-plane is defined by

    $E(z,s)={1 \over 2}\sum _{(m,n)=1}{y^{s} \over |mz+n|^{2s}}$

for Re(s) > 1, and by analytic continuation for other values of the complex number s. The sum is over all pairs of coprime integers.

Warning: there are several other slightly different definitions. Some authors omit the factor of ½, and some sum over all pairs of integers that are not both zero; which changes the function by a factor of ζ(2s).

## Properties

### As a function on z

Viewed as a function of z, E(z,s) is a real-analytic eigenfunction of the Laplace operator on H with the eigenvalue s(s-1). In other words, it satisfies the elliptic partial differential equation

    $-y^{2}\left({\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}+{\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial y^{2}}}\right)E(z,s)=s(1-s)E(z,s),$    where $z=x+yi.$

The function E(z, s) is invariant under the action of SL(2,Z) on z in the upper half plane by fractional linear transformations. Together with the previous property, this means that the Eisenstein series is a Maass form, a real-analytic analogue of a classical elliptic modular function.

Warning: E(z, s) is not a square-integrable function of z with respect to the invariant Riemannian metric on H.

### As a function on s

The Eisenstein series converges for Re(s)>1, but can be analytically continued to a meromorphic function of s on the entire complex plane, with in the half-plane Re(s) $\geq$ 1/2 a unique pole of residue 3/π at s = 1 (for all z in H) and infinitely many poles in the strip 0 < Re(s) < 1/2 at $\rho /2$ where $\rho$ corresponds to a non-trivial zero of the Riemann zeta-function. The constant term of the pole at s = 1 is described by the Kronecker limit formula.

The modified function

    $E^{*}(z,s)=\pi ^{-s}\Gamma (s)\zeta (2s)E(z,s)\$

satisfies the functional equation

    $E^{*}(z,s)=E^{*}(z,1-s)\$

analogous to the functional equation for the Riemann zeta function ζ(s).

Scalar product of two different Eisenstein series E(z, s) and E(z, t) is given by the Maass-Selberg relations.

### Fourier expansion

The above properties of the real analytic Eisenstein series, i.e. the functional equation for E(z,s) and $E^*(z,s)$ using Laplacian on H, are shown from the fact that E(z,s) has a Fourier expansion: $E(z,s)=y^{s}+{\frac {{\hat {\zeta }}(2s-1)}{{\hat {\zeta }}(2s)}}y^{1-s}+{\frac {4}{{\hat {\zeta }}(2s)}}\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }m^{s-1/2}\sigma _{1-2s}(m){\sqrt {y}}K_{s-1/2}(2\pi my)\cos(2\pi mx)\ ,$

where

    ${\hat {\zeta }}(s)=\pi ^{-s/2}\Gamma {\biggl{\frac {s}{2}}{\biggr )}\zeta (s)\ ,$
    $\sigma _{s}(m)=\sum _{d|m}d^{s}\ ,$

and modified Bessel functions

    ${\begin{aligned}K_{s}(z)&={\frac {1}{2}}\int _{0}^{\infty }\exp {\biggl-{\frac {z}{2}}(u+{\frac {1}{u}}){\biggr )}\cdot u^{s-1}du\\&\sim {\sqrt {\frac {\pi }{2z}}}e^{-z}\ .\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ (z\rightarrow \infty )\end{aligned}}$

## Epstein zeta function

The Epstein zeta function $ζ_Q(s)$ (Epstein 1903) for a positive definite integral quadratic form Q(m, n) = $cm^2$ + bmn $+an^2$ is defined by

    $\zeta _{Q}(s)=\sum _{(m,n)\neq (0,0)}{1 \over Q(m,n)^{s}}.\$

It is essentially a special case of the real analytic Eisenstein series for a special value of z, since

    $Q(m,n)=a|mz-n|^{2}\$

for

    $z=-{\frac {b}{2a}}+{\frac {i{\sqrt {-b^{2}+4ac}}}{2a}}.$

This zeta function was named after Paul Epstein.

## Generalizations

The real analytic Eisenstein series E(z, s) is really the Eisenstein series associated to the discrete subgroup SL(2,Z) of SL(2,R). Selberg described generalizations to other discrete subgroups Γ of SL(2,R), and used these to study the representation of SL(2,R) on $L^2(SL(2,R)/Γ).$ Langlands extended Selberg's work to higher dimensional groups; his notoriously difficult proofs were later simplified by Joseph Bernstein.

