Timeline of German idealism
# Timeline of German idealism

The following is a list of the major events in the history of German idealism, along with related historical events.

## Events

### Background

* 1623 Jakob Böhme, The Way to Christ (see: Behmenism)
* 1641 René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy (see: Modern Rationalism, Cartesianism)
* 1677 Spinoza, Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata (see: Spinozism, Philosophy of Spinoza)
* 1686 Leibniz, Discourse on Metaphysics
* 1687 Newton, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy")
* 1690 Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (see: British Empiricism)
* 1710 Berkeley, Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (see: Subjective idealism)
* 1732 Wolff, Elementa matheseos universae (influenced Kant)
* 1748 Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
* 1759 Hamann, Socratic Memorabilia (see: Counter-Enlightenment)
* 1762 Rousseau, Emile, or On Education (see: Age of Enlightenment)

### 1770-1800

* 1770 Kant, inaugural dissertation
* 1781
   * Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (see: Transcendental idealism)
   * Death of Lessing
* 1783 Kant, Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
* 1784 Kant, "Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?"
* 1785
   * Jacobi, Letters on the Teachings of Spinoza
      * includes unauthorized publication of Goethe's poem "Prometheus". (see: Pantheism controversy, Sturm und Drang)
   * Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
* 1786 Reinhold, Letters on the Kantian Philosophy
* 1787
   * Second edition of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
   * Jacobi, David Hume on Faith, or Idealism and Realism
   * Goethe, Iphigenia in Tauris (see: Weimar Classicism)
* 1788 Kant, Critique of Practical Reason
* 1789
   * French Revolution begins
   * Second, expanded edition of Jacobi's Letters on the Teachings of Spinoza
* 1790
   * Kant, Critique of Judgment
   * Maimon, "Essay on Transcendental Philosophy"
   * Goethe, Metamorphosis of Plants
* 1792
   * Fichte, Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation
   * Schulze, Aenesidemus
* 1793 Kant, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone
* 1794 Fichte, Aenesidemus Review and Foundations of the Science of Knowledge
* 1795 Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man
* 1797
   * Fichte, Foundations of Natural Right
   * Kant, Metaphysics of Morals
   * "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism" (unsigned and unpublished essay written by Hegel, Schelling, and/or Hölderlin.)
   * Schelling, Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature (see: Naturphilosophie)
* 1798 Schelling, On the World Soul
* 1799
   * Napoleon overthrows the French Directory
   * Jacobi, Letter to Fichte (see: Atheism dispute)
   * Schleiermacher, On Religion (see: German Romanticism, Hermeneutics)
   * Schelling, First Plan of a System of the Philosophy of Nature

### 1800-1830

* 1800
   * Schelling, System of Transcendental Idealism
   * Fichte, The Vocation of Man
* 1801 Hegel, The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy
* 1804 Death of Kant
* 1807 Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit (see: Absolute idealism)
* 1808 Goethe, Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy
* 1809 Schelling, Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom
* 1810 Goethe, Theory of Colours
* 1811 Jacobi, Of Divine Things and Their Revelation (criticized Schelling)
* 1812 Hegel, Science of Logic part one ('The Objective Logic', part 1)
* 1813 Hegel, Science of Logic part two ('The Objective Logic', part 2)
* 1814
   * Death of Fichte
   * Defeat of Napoleon; Bourbon Restoration
* 1815 Schelling, On the Divinities of Samothrace (see: Winged Victory of Samothrace)
* 1816 Hegel, Science of Logic part three ('The Subjective Logic')
* 1817
   * Hegel, Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences
   * Coleridge, Biographia Literaria (discusses Kant, Fichte, Schelling in English)
* 1818 Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation
* 1820 Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right
* 1825 Herbart, Psychology as Science

### 1830s-1860s

* 1830 Revolutions of 1830
* 1831 Death of Hegel
* 1832
   * Goethe, Faust: The Second Part of the Tragedy
   * Death of Goethe
* 1833 Karl Daub, The Dogmatic Theology of the Present Time (see: Right Hegelians)
* 1834
   * Carlyle, Sartor Resartus (English novel which parodied German idealism)
   * Schelling's first public critique of Hegel is published in an introduction to a work by Victor Cousin
* 1835
   * Strauss, The Life of Jesus (see: Young Hegelians)
   * Heine, On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany
   * Hegel's posthumously published Lectures on Aesthetics
* 1837
   * Schopenhauer, On the Basis of Morality
   * Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of History
* 1839 Schopenhauer, On the Freedom of the Will
* 1841
   * Schelling's Berlin lectures are attended by Søren Kierkegaard, Mikhail Bakunin, Jacob Burckhardt, Alexander von Humboldt, and Friedrich Engels
   * Kierkegaard, On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates (critiques Fichte, Schlegel, and Hegel)
   * Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity
* 1842 Bruno Bauer, Hegel's Teachings on Religion and Art
* 1843
   * Trendelenburg, The Logical Question in Hegel's System
   * Marx, Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right (unpublished until after Marx's death)
   * Lotze, Logic
* 1844
   * Second expanded edition of Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation
   * Marx and Engels, The Holy Family criticized the Young Hegelians
* 1846 Marx and Engels, The German Ideology (unpublished until 1932) criticized the Young Hegelians
* 1848 Revolutions of 1848
* 1851 Schopenhauer, Parerga and Paralipomena
* 1854 Death of Schelling

### Later

* 1860 Death of Schopenhauer
* 1865
   * Stirling, The Secret of Hegel: Being the Hegelian System in Origin Principle, Form and Matter (see: British idealism)
   * Lange, History of Materialism and Critique of its Present Importance (neo-Kantian work)
* 1874 Nietzsche, Schopenhauer as Educator
* 1885 Josiah Royce, The Religious Aspect of Philosophy (see: Objective idealism)
* 1903 G. E. Moore, "The Refutation of Idealism" (see: Analytic philosophy)
* 1907 Benedetto Croce, What is Living and What is Dead in the Philosophy of Hegel
* 1912 Paul Tillich, Mysticism and Guilt-Consciousness in Schelling's Philosophical Development (see: Christian existentialism)
* 1916 Giovanni Gentile, The Theory of Mind as Pure Act (Developed a version of idealism which is amenable to fascism. see: Actual idealism)
* 1917 Franz Rosenzweig "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism" (first publication of lost 1797 unsigned document)
* 1929 Heidegger, Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics
* 1936 Heidegger, Schelling's Treatise: On the Essence of Human Freedom
* 1945 Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies (criticized Hegel's historicism as totalitarian)
* 1947
   * Jean Hyppolite, The Genesis and Structure of the Phenomenology of Spirit
   * Alexandre Kojève, Introduction to the Reading of Hegel: Lectures on Phenomenology of Spirit
* 1948 Lukács, The Young Hegel
* 1955 Walter Kaufmann, Hegel: A Reinterpretation
* 1963 Adorno, Hegel: Three Studies (see: Frankfurt School)
* 1966 P.F. Strawson, The Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (see: Ordinary language philosophy)
* 1974 Derrida, Glas (see: Deconstruction, Post-structuralism)
* 1975 Charles Taylor, Hegel
* 1992 Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man
