Philip Oliver (British politician)
# Philip Oliver (British politician)

Philip Milner Oliver CBE (20 August 1884 – 12 April 1954) was a radical British Liberal Party politician in the United Kingdom who served for two short terms as Member of Parliament (MP) for Manchester Blackley.

## Background

He was born in Manchester, the son of J. R. Oliver. He was educated at Bowdon College, Manchester Grammar School and Corpus Christi College, Oxford where he received a Bachelor of Arts. He qualified as a Barrister-at-law.

## Career

In 1909 he was called to the Bar by Lincoln's Inn and practised on the Northern Circuit. In 1914, at the age of 30, he was selected as Liberal party prospective parliamentary candidate for the Knutsford division of Cheshire. This was a Unionist seat that the Liberal had only ever won once, in 1906. The outbreak of war postponed the general election. During the war he served as Honorary County Secretary of the East Lancashire Branch of the British Red Cross Society. He was Liberal candidate for the newly created constituency of Manchester Blackley at the 1918 General Election. He expressed support for David Lloyd George and his Coalition Government, as did his Unionist opponent. As a result, the Coalition Government partners agreed not to jointly endorse either candidate. He came third, behind the Labour candidate;

General election 1918: Manchester Blackley Electorate 24,857 :

| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| | Unionist | William James Harold Briggs | 7,997 | 54.6 | n/a |
| | Labour | Arnold Ernest Townend | 3,659 | 25.0 | n/a |
| | Liberal | Philip Milner Oliver | 2,986 | 20.4 | n/a |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 4,338 | 29.6 | n/a |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 58.9 | n/a |
| | Unionist win | Unionist win | Unionist win | Unionist win | Unionist win |

In a special Honours list of 1920 he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for his wartime work with the British Red Cross Society, in 1918 he had been made an Officer of the Order (OBE). Oliver served as Honorary Secretary of the Manchester Liberal Federation. Oliver, along with the overwhelming majority of Manchester Liberals decided to oppose the Coalition Government that had become more dominated by Unionists. He was retained as Liberal candidate for the 1922 General Election, at which he overtook the Labour candidate to finish second;

General election 1922: Manchester Blackley Electorate 25,585 :

| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| | Unionist | William James Harold Briggs | 9,023 | 43.3 | -11.3 |
| | Liberal | Philip Milner Oliver | 6,219 | 29.9 | +9.5 |
| | Labour | Arnold Ernest Townend | 5,580 | 26.8 | +1.8 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 2,804 | 13.4 | -16.2 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | | |
| | Unionist hold | Unionist hold | Swing | -10.4 | |

In 1923 he had published Whatsoever Things, Fugitive Essays on the Foundations of Democracy. When Stanley Baldwin became Unionist Prime Minister in 1923, he decided to call an election to be fought on the issue of his desire to introduce taxes on imports. Manchester was an area which was known to oppose such measures in its support for Free Trade. Both of Manchester's free trade parties, Liberal and Labour, sought electoral co-operation. As a result, no Labour candidate stood at Blackley, helping Oliver to gain the seat;

General election 1923: Manchester Blackley Electorate 25,927 :

| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| | Liberal | Philip Milner Oliver | 12,235 | 62.6 | +32.7 |
| | Unionist | William James Harold Briggs | 7,313 | 37.4 | -5.9 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 4,922 | 25.2 | 38.6 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 75.4 | |
| | Liberal gain from Unionist | Liberal gain from Unionist | Swing | +19.3 | |

By 1924, with a Labour government in office the political climate had changed and Labour fielded a candidate against Oliver at the general election. This helped ensure the Unionist regained the seat;

General election 1924: Manchester Blackley Electorate 26,374 :

| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| | Unionist | William James Harold Briggs | 9,737 | 43.2 | +10.5 |
| | Liberal | Philip Milner Oliver | 6,609 | 29.3 | -33.3 |
| | Labour | Wilfrid Andrew Burke | 6,195 | 27.5 | n/a |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 3,128 | 13.9 | 43.8 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 85.5 | +10.1 |
| | Unionist gain from Liberal | Unionist gain from Liberal | Swing | +21.9 | |

By the time of the 1929 General Election, Oliver and the Manchester Liberals were at the forefront of the party's radical platform, and despite the presence of a Labour candidate, he was able to re-gain his Blackley seat from the Unionist;

General election 1929: Manchester Blackley Electorate 36,590 :

| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| | Liberal | Philip Milner Oliver | 11,006 | 36.4 | +5.7 |
| | Unionist | William James Harold Briggs | 10,118 | 33.5 | -9.7 |
| | Labour | Wilfrid Andrew Burke | 9,091 | 30.1 | +2.6 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 888 | 2.9 | 15.4 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 82.6 | |
| | Liberal gain from Unionist | Liberal gain from Unionist | Swing | +7.7 | |

In 1931, following the financial crisis that resulted in the Labour government being replaced by an all-party National Government, Oliver supported the leadership of Sir Herbert Samuel, who had led the Liberal party into the National Government. At the following general election, the Conservatives in Manchester chose to split the National Government vote by standing against sitting Liberal MPs. One of the main issues of the election was Free trade v Import tariffs, as had been the case in 1923. However, unlike then, the Labour party in Manchester chose to split the free trade vote and Oliver thus found himself in a three-way contest and lost his seat;

General election 1931: Manchester Blackley Electorate :

| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| | Conservative | John Lees-Jones | 15,717 | 46.4 | +12.9 |
| | Liberal | Philip Milner Oliver | 11,382 | 33.6 | -2.8 |
| | Labour | Wilfrid Andrew Burke | 6,752 | 20.0 | -10.1 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 4,335 | 12.8 | 15.7 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 33,851 | 84.1 | +1.5 |
| | Conservative gain from Liberal | Conservative gain from Liberal | Swing | +7.8 | |

In 1933 he was parachuted in to be the Liberal candidate at the 1933 Altrincham by-election. This was a Conservative seat that the Liberals had last won in 1923. At the 1931 General Election the Altrincham Liberals had decided not to split the National Government vote and the Conservative was returned unopposed. Nationally, the Liberals had resigned their offices in the National Government but continued to sit on the government benches. At a difficult time for the party, Oliver was able to retain the party position and share of the vote when compared to the 1929 election figures;

Altrincham by-election, 14th June 1933 Electorate 78,244 :

| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| | Conservative | Sir Edward Grigg | 25,392 | 51.2 | +0.5 |
| | Liberal | Philip Milner Oliver | 15,892 | 32.0 | -0.9 |
| | Labour | James Hindle Hudson | 8,333 | 16.8 | +0.4 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 9,500 | 19.2 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 63.4 | |
| | Conservative hold | Conservative hold | Swing | +0.7 | |

In 1933 he had published Genesis to Geneva, an essay. By 1935, the Liberal party had moved into opposition to the National Government and Oliver fought the election in direct opposition to his Conservative opponent. However, the Labour party again chose to stand, splitting the anti-government vote and allowing the Conservative to win again;

General election 1935: Manchester Blackley Electorate 44,314 :

| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| | Conservative | John Lees-Jones | 15,355 | 44.3 | -2.1 |
| | Liberal | Philip Milner Oliver | 9,893 | 28.6 | -5.0 |
| | Labour | WE Davies | 9,370 | 27.1 | +7.1 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 5,462 | 15.7 | +2.9 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 34,618 | 78.1 | |
| | Conservative hold | Conservative hold | Swing | +1.4 | |

In 1936 he was elected to serve on the Liberal Party Council. In 1939 Oliver had been re-selected as Liberal prospective parliamentary candidate for Blackley. A general election was expected to take place sometime in 1939 and there was some support in the Labour party, not to oppose Liberal candidates who were better placed to defeat Conservative candidates. This feeling was in line with Sir Stafford Cripps advocating a Popular Front to defeat the National Government. In 1939, the Blackley Labour party had no candidate in place. Thus Oliver would have been particularly confident of making a return to parliament. However, the outbreak of war postponed the elections until 1945. In 1944 he had published Back to Balfour on the subject of a Jewish state as promised in the Balfour Declaration. In 1945 Oliver, now 60 years old, was again the Liberal candidate for Blackley, but the political climate had changed and Labour swept to victory both locally and nationally;

General election 1945: Manchester Blackley Electorate 58,437 :

| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| | Labour | John Diamond | 19,561 | 44.7 | +17.6 |
| | Conservative | John Lees-Jones | 14,747 | 33.7 | -10.6 |
| | Liberal | Philip Milner Oliver | 9,480 | 21.7 | -6.9 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 4,814 | 11.0 | n/a |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 43,788 | 74.8 | -3.3 |
| | Labour gain from Conservative | Labour gain from Conservative | Swing | +14.1 | |

Oliver did not stand for parliament again. He died in 1954 aged 69.

## External links to publications

* Genesis to Geneva: https://books.google.com/books?id=eabEHAAACAAJ&q=genesis+to+Geneva+oliver
* Whatsoever Things: https://books.google.com/books?id=WJgfMwEACAAJ
* Back to Balfour:https://books.google.com/books?id=a5kunQEACAAJ&dq=inauthor:%22Philip+Milner+Oliver%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rG_mUte0KIWe7Aa54oDYDQ&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ
