Swimming at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle
# Swimming at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle

The men's 100 metre freestyle event at the 1960 Olympic Games took place between August 26 and 27. There were 51 competitors from 34 nations. Nations were limited to two swimmers each, down from three in previous Games. The event was won by John Devitt of Australia over Lance Larson of the United States in a controversial, disputed finish that resulted in a push for electronic timing. It was Australia's second consecutive victory in the event, third-most all-time behind the United States' 7 gold medals and Hungary's 3. Devitt, silver medalist four years earlier, was the fifth man to win multiple medals in the event. Manuel dos Santos earned Brazil's first medal in the men's 100 metre freestyle with his bronze.

## Controversy

Results were decided by finish judges who relied on their eyes and did not use replays. Three judges were assigned to each finishing position. There were three official timers in 1960 for each lane and swimmer, all timing by hand. All three timers for Devitt, in lane three, timed him in 55.2 seconds. The three timers for lane four timed Lance Larson in 55.0, 55.1, and 55.1 seconds.

Former Olympic swimmer and FINA co-founder Max Ritter inspected the judge's scorecards. Two of the three first-place judges found that Devitt had finished first and the third found for Larson. Of the three-second-place judges, two found that Devitt finished second and one found that Larson was second. Ritter pointed out to chief judge Henry Runströmer of Sweden that the scorecards indicated a tie. Runstrümer cast the deciding vote and declared Devitt the winner. However, the rules at that time did not provide for the chief judge to have a vote or give him the right to break ties. Ties were supposed to be broken by referring to the timing machine. The official results placed Devitt first and Larson second, both with the identical time of 55.2 seconds. The United States team appealed, bolstered by videotaped footage of the finish that appeared to show Larson the winner. The appeal jury, headed by Jan de Vries, also the President of FINA in 1960, rejected the appeal, keeping Devitt the winner. This controversy would pave the way for electronic touchpads to be included in swimming events to determine finish and accurate timing.

## Background

This was the 13th appearance of the men's 100 metre freestyle. The event has been held at every Summer Olympics except 1900 (when the shortest freestyle was the 200 metres), though the 1904 version was measured in yards rather than metres.

Two of the eight finalists from the 1956 Games returned: gold medalist Jon Henricks and silver medalist John Devitt, both of Australia. The reduction in the limit of swimmers per nation from three to two made an Australian sweep repeat impossible.

Jeff Farrell was the favorite coming into the year, but an emergency appendectomy a week before the U.S. trials resulted in him finishing fourth and not making the team for the individual event (though he did get a place on the relay team). The two Australian veterans would have been strong competition for him, with Devitt (the world record holder) having a slight edge over Henricks since the last Olympics; however, with Farrell out and Henricks falling ill in Rome (still competing but clearly not at full strength), Devitt became the strong favorite. American swimmers were always dangerous, with Lance Larson and Bruce Hunter the United States pair this Games.

Malaya (later Malaysia), Malta, and Turkey each made their debut in the event. The United States made its 13th appearance, having competed at each edition of the event to date.

## Competition format

The competition used a three-round (heats, semifinals, final) format. The advancement rule followed the format introduced in 1952. A swimmer's place in the heat was not used to determine advancement; instead, the fastest times from across all heats in a round were used. There were 7 heats of between 6 and 8 swimmers each. The top 24 swimmers advanced to the semifinals. There were 3 semifinals of 8 swimmers each. The top 8 swimmers advanced to the final. Swim-offs were used as necessary to break ties.

This swimming event used freestyle swimming, which means that the method of the stroke is not regulated (unlike backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly events). Nearly all swimmers use the front crawl or a variant of that stroke. Because an Olympic size swimming pool is 50 metres long, this race consisted of two lengths of the pool.

## Records

These were the standing world and Olympic records (in seconds) prior to the 1960 Summer Olympics.

| World record | John Devitt (AUS) | 54.6 | Brisbane, Australia | 28 January 1957 |
| - | - | - | - | - |
| Olympic record | Jon Henricks (AUS) | 55.4 | Melbourne, Australia | 30 November 1956 |

John Devitt and Lance Larson both had official times of 55.2 in the final, breaking the Olympic record.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| - | - | - |
| Friday, 26 August 1960 | 8:30 20:30 | Heats Semifinals |
| Saturday, 27 August 1960 | 21:05 | Final |

## Results

### Heats

Seven heats were held; the swimmers with the fastest 24 times advanced to the semifinals. This round took place on August 26.

| Rank | Heat | Swimmer | Nation | Time | Notes |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1 | 7 | Lance Larson | United States | 55.7 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | John Devitt | Australia | 56.0 | Q |
| 3 | 7 | Aubrey Bürer | South Africa | 56.3 | Q |
| 3 | 3 | Manuel dos Santos | Brazil | 56.3 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Alain Gottvallès | France | 56.3 | Q |
| 6 | 4 | Gyula Dobay | Hungary | 56.5 | Q |
| 6 | 3 | Andrzej Salamon | Poland | 56.5 | Q |
| 8 | 6 | Bruce Hunter | United States | 56.6 | Q |
| 9 | 6 | Dick Pound | Canada | 56.7 | Q |
| 10 | 1 | Karri Käyhkö | Finland | 56.8 | Q |
| 11 | 5 | Jon Henricks | Australia | 56.9 | Q |
| 12 | 5 | Per-Ola Lindberg | Sweden | 57.1 | Q |
| 13 | 1 | Keigo Shimizu | Japan | 57.3 | Q |
| 14 | 5 | László Lantos | Hungary | 57.4 | Q |
| 15 | 7 | Katsuki Ishihara | Japan | 57.5 | Q |
| 16 | 3 | Jorge Escalante | Mexico | 57.6 | Q |
| 16 | 3 | Cam Grout | Canada | 57.6 | Q |
| 18 | 3 | Ron Kroon | Netherlands | 57.7 | Q |
| 19 | 7 | Bernard Aluchna | Poland | 57.9 | Q |
| 19 | 2 | Uwe Jacobsen | United Team of Germany | 57.9 | Q |
| 19 | 2 | Igor Luzhkovsky | Soviet Union | 57.9 | Q |
| 22 | 7 | Paul Voell | United Team of Germany | 58.0 | Q |
| 23 | 1 | Ezio Della Savia | Italy | 58.2 | Q |
| 23 | 4 | Vitaly Sorokin | Soviet Union | 58.2 | Q |
| 25 | 1 | Gert Kölli | Austria | 58.3 | |
| 25 | 6 | Rubén Roca | Cuba | 58.3 | |
| 27 | 4 | Bengt Nordwall | Sweden | 58.5 | |
| 28 | 6 | Janez Kocmur | Yugoslavia | 58.7 | |
| 29 | 4 | Jan Bouwman | Netherlands | 58.8 | |
| 30 | 6 | Giorgio Perondini | Italy | 58.9 | |
| 31 | 5 | Stanley Clarke | Great Britain | 59.1 | |
| 31 | 2 | Achmad Dimyati | Indonesia | 59.1 | |
| 33 | 7 | William O'Donnell | Great Britain | 59.2 | |
| 34 | 3 | Gérard Gropaiz | France | 59.3 | |
| 35 | 4 | Amiram Trauber | Israel | 59.7 | |
| 36 | 5 | Fernando de Abreu | Brazil | 1:00.1 | |
| 37 | 2 | Luis Nicolao | Argentina | 1:00.2 | |
| 37 | 1 | Herlander Ribeiro | Portugal | 1:00.2 | |
| 39 | 7 | Gojko Arneri | Yugoslavia | 1:00.5 | |
| 40 | 1 | Leopoldo Rodés | Spain | 1:00.7 | |
| 41 | 5 | Guðmundur Gíslason | Iceland | 1:00.8 | |
| 42 | 7 | Itzhak Luria | Israel | 1:00.9 | |
| 43 | 4 | Cheung Kin Man | Hong Kong | 1:01.1 | |
| 44 | 6 | Phan Hữu Dong | Vietnam | 1:01.3 | |
| 45 | 3 | Peter Bärtschi | Switzerland | 1:02.9 | |
| 46 | 5 | Freddie Elizalde | Philippines | 1:03.0 | |
| 46 | 6 | Ünsal Fikirci | Turkey | 1:03.0 | |
| 48 | 2 | Fong Seow Jit | Malaya | 1:03.4 | |
| 49 | 1 | René Wagner | Luxembourg | 1:04.3 | |
| 50 | 2 | Alfred Grixti | Malta | 1:07.8 | |
| 51 | 5 | Christopher Dowling | Malta | 1:08.9 | |

### Semifinals

Three semifinal races were held; the fastest eight swimmers advanced to the final. The semifinals were held on August 26.

| Rank | Heat | Swimmer | Nation | Time | Notes |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1 | 1 | Lance Larson | United States | 55.5 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Bruce Hunter | United States | 55.7 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | John Devitt | Australia | 55.8 | Q |
| 4 | 3 | Gyula Dobay | Hungary | 56.3 | Q |
| 4 | 3 | Manuel dos Santos | Brazil | 56.3 | Q |
| 6 | 3 | Per-Ola Lindberg | Sweden | 56.4 | Q |
| 7 | 1 | Aubrey Bürer | South Africa | 56.5 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | Dick Pound | Canada | 56.5 | Q |
| 9 | 3 | Karri Käyhkö | Finland | 56.6 | |
| 10 | 2 | Andrzej Salamon | Poland | 56.9 | |
| 11 | 1 | Keigo Shimizu | Japan | 57.1 | |
| 12 | 2 | Jon Henricks | Australia | 57.2 | |
| 13 | 2 | Uwe Jacobsen | United Team of Germany | 57.4 | |
| 14 | 1 | Igor Luzhkovsky | Soviet Union | 57.5 | |
| 15 | 3 | Bernard Aluchna | Poland | 57.8 | |
| 15 | 3 | Katsuki Ishihara | Japan | 57.8 | |
| 17 | 3 | Ron Kroon | Netherlands | 57.9 | |
| 18 | 1 | Cam Grout | Canada | 58.0 | |
| 18 | 2 | László Lantos | Hungary | 58.0 | |
| 20 | 3 | Ezio Della Savia | Italy | 58.4 | |
| 20 | 1 | Paul Voell | United Team of Germany | 58.4 | |
| 22 | 1 | Alain Gottvallès | France | 58.5 | |
| 23 | 2 | Vitaly Sorokin | Soviet Union | 58.7 | |
| 24 | 2 | Jorge Escalante | Mexico | 59.0 | |

### Final

The final was held on August 27.

| Rank | Swimmer | Nation | Time | Notes |
| - | - | - | - | - |
| | John Devitt | Australia | 55.2 | OR |
| | Lance Larson | United States | 55.2 | OR |
| | Manuel dos Santos | Brazil | 55.4 | |
| 4 | Bruce Hunter | United States | 55.6 | |
| 5 | Gyula Dobay | Hungary | 56.3 | |
| 6 | Dick Pound | Canada | 56.3 | |
| 7 | Aubrey Bürer | South Africa | 56.3 | |
| 8 | Per-Ola Lindberg | Sweden | 57.1 | |
