Constitutional Court of Croatia
# Constitutional Court of Croatia

The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske) is an institution that acts as the interpreter and guardian of the Croatian Constitution and which monitors the conformity of laws with the Constitution as well as protection of human rights and freedoms of citizens that are guaranteed by the Constitution. It is considered to be de facto the highest judicial authority because it can overturn Supreme Court decisions on the basis of constitutional breaches. It is not considered as being part of the judicial branch of government, but rather a court sui generis, and it is therefore often colloquially referred to as a "fourth branch of government", alongside the traditional model of tripartite separation of powers into the executive (Government/President of the Republic), legislative (Parliament) and judicial (Supreme Court) branches.

## Powers and responsibilities

According to the Articles 126-132 of the Croatian Constitution, Constitutional Court shall:

* decide upon the compliance of laws with the Constitution,
* decide upon the compliance of other regulations with the Constitution and laws,
* decide on the constitutionality of laws and the constitutionality and legality of other regulations which are no longer valid, provided that less than one year has elapsed from the moment of such cessation until the filing of a request or a proposal to institute proceedings,
* decide on constitutional petitions against individual decisions taken by governmental agencies, bodies of local and regional self-government and legal persons vested with public authority where such decisions violate human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as the right to local and regional self-government guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia,
* monitor compliance with the Constitution and laws and shall report to the Croatian Parliament on detected violations thereof,
* decide upon jurisdictional disputes between the legislative, executive and judicial branches,
* decide, in conformity with the Constitution, on the impeachment of the President of the Republic,
* supervise compliance of the platforms and activities of political parties with the Constitution and may, in compliance with the Constitution, ban non-compliant parties,
* monitor whether elections and referendums are conducted in compliance with the Constitution and laws and shall resolve electoral disputes falling outside the jurisdiction of the courts,
* first notify the Government what it finds that a competent body charged with enacting a regulation needed for the application of the Constitution, law or other regulation has failed to do so, and shall notify the Croatian Parliament when the Government has been charged with enacting such regulation and failed to do so,
* repeal a law or annul any other regulation if it finds it to be unconstitutional or illegal,
* perform other duties specified by the Constitution.

## Recent influence

### Right to free gathering

Act of Supplements and Alterations to the Law on Public Gathering stipulated that no public gatherings could be held within 100 meters of buildings in which the Croatian Parliament, President of Republic, the Croatian Government or the Constitutional Court are located or are in session (the Parliament, Government and the Court are all located at St. Mark's Square) On July 6, 2011, Constitutional Court ruled that this law, which restricts a Constitutional liberty - the right to free gathering, was not passed by the majority necessary to override the Constitution on that matter. The Court's decision was that the law shall be put out of effect at a date specified by the Court. The Court also provided Parliament with the necessary number of representatives which must confirm the Act to make it legitimate.

### 2013 referendum and same-sex unions

On November 14, 2013, Constitutional Court in a 13–0 statement sent to the State Election Commission stated that there is no constitutional obstacle to hold a 2013 referendum on defining marriage as a union between men and a woman, in the same time pointing out that the referendum revealed numerous problems in the Referendum law and opened a number of legal questions that required answers. Nevertheless, the Court stressed that decision on the referendum was passed by a majority of 104 MPs and that since it was made with more votes than the majority needed to even change the Constitution itself, the referendum should be held. In addition, the Court asked Croatian Parliament to "provide a stable regulatory framework of the referendum process that meets the standards of a democratic society as soon as possible". The Court also decided that "any amendments to the Constitution which would define marriage as being union between a man and a woman should not have any effect on the further development of the legal framework of the institution of same-sex unions in accordance with the constitutional requirement that everyone in Croatia has the right to be respected and right of legal protection of their personal and family life and human dignity". The Court pointed out that it had never received any request or proposal to review the constitutionality of the provisions of the Family Law that regulated marriage as a union between a man and woman, or provisions of the Law on Same-Sex Unions. The Court therefore considered that the referendum on the definition of marriage is not a referendum on the right to respect for family life, because it is constitutionally guaranteed to all persons, regardless of sex and gender, and is under the direct protection of both, the Constitutional Court itself and the European Court of Human Rights. In conclusion, the Court warned that "incorporation of legal institutes in the constitution shouldn't become a systemic phenomenon" and that exceptional individual cases must be justified by being connected, for example, with deep-rooted social and cultural characteristics of the society.

### Abortion

On February 21, 2017, Constitutional Court announced that it held in a 12–1 decision that it won't accept constitutional complaints submitted by the conservative NGO's Croatian Movement for Life and Family (in 1991) and In the Name of the Family (in 2010) to review conformity of the 1978 Law on Health Measures for the Realization of the Right to Freely Decide on Childbirth with the Constitution. While presenting the decision, Chief Justice Miroslav Šeparović stated that abortion was a controversial and a deep moral, philosophical, legal and medical issue about which there was no consensus and which therefore causes serious divisions in many societies, adding that the question on when life begins was not for the Court since it can only answer questions of legislation. According to Court's decision, it recognized constitutionally guaranteed value of unborn being and not its right to life but rather public interest of the state to protect it. The Court considered that abortion as a constitutional or a human right doesn't exist. According to the Court, the right of privacy of women, which includes the right of freedom, dignity and the protection of family and private life, exists, which gives woman autonomy to a certain period (in Croatia 10 weeks after conception) during which woman can freely decide whether she wants to give birth or not, but after that period of time birth becomes public interest which protects the right to life of the unborn. With this decision, the Court obligated the Croatian Parliament to enact new law within two years and has warned it to take into account the fact that existing law contains certain institutions that no longer exist in the Croatian constitutional order (since the Law is based on the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution) and that the adoption of the 1990 Croatian Constitution built a brand new legal and institutional framework of health, social, scientific and educational system. New law should determine the educational and preventive measures "so that abortion should be an exception". In sole dissenting opinion, Judge Miroslav Šumanović, among other things, stated that the 1978 Law should be formally and substantially aligned with the Constitution, abolished with a deferment effect, that the new one should be enacted, and that it is the duty of the state to protect the right to live of the unborn being. Following Court's decision, the Croatian Parliament is permanently banned from enacting a law which would effectively ban abortion.

## Composition

The Constitutional Court consists of thirteen judges elected by the Croatian Parliament with qualified majority (101 out of 151) for a term of eight years from among notable jurists, especially judges, public prosecutors, lawyers and university professors of law. The Court elects its own President for a term of four years. Before they take the office, judges must take an oath in front of the President of the Republic.

### Current composition

Following table contains names of sitting justices as of 11 October 2017 when the last appointments occurred.

| In office since | Full name | Position | Term due to end |
| - | - | - | - |
| 14 April 2009 | Miroslav Šeparović | President | 11 October 2025 |
| 7 December 2007 | Snježana Bagić | Vice-President | 7 December 2023 |
| 7 June 2016 | Ingrid Antičević-Marinović | Justice | 7 June 2024 |
| 21 July 2009 | Mato Arlović | Justice | 11 October 2025 |
| 7 June 2016 | Branko Brkić | Justice | 7 June 2024 |
| 27 May 2008 | Mario Jelušić | Justice | 27 May 2024 |
| 7 June 2016 | Lovorka Kušan | Justice | 7 June 2024 |
| 7 June 2016 | Josip Leko | Justice | 7 June 2024 |
| 7 June 2016 | Davorin Mlakar | Justice | 7 June 2024 |
| 7 June 2016 | Rajko Mlinarić | Justice | 7 June 2024 |
| 11 October 2017 | Goran Selanec | Justice | 11 October 2025 |
| 7 June 2016 | Andrej Abramović | Justice | 7 June 2024 |
| 7 June 2016 | Miroslav Šumanović | Justice | 7 June 2024 |

### Presidents of the Court

| No. | Full name | Term began | Term ended | Notes |
| - | - | - | - | - |
| 1. | Jadranko Crnić | 7 December 1991 | 6 December 1999 | *First term (1991-1995). *Second term (1995-1999). *Justice of the Constitutional Court (1991-1999). |
| 2. | Smiljko Sokol | 7 December 1999 | 6 December 2003 | *Served one full term (1999-2003). *Justice of the Constitutional Court (1999-2007). |
| 3. | Petar Klarić | 7 December 2003 | 6 December 2007 | *Served one full term (2003-2007). *Justice of the Constitutional Court (1999-2007). |
| - | Željko Potočnjak | 7 December 2007 | 12 June 2008 | *Interim Presiding Justice of the Constitutional Court. *Justice of the Constitutional Court (2001-2009) |
| 4. | Jasna Omejec | 12 June 2008 | 7 June 2016 | *First term (2008-2012). *Second term (2012-2016). *First female President of the Constitutional Court. *Justice of the Constitutional Court (1999-2016). |
| 5. | Miroslav Šeparović | 13 June 2016 | Incumbent | *Serving first term as President. *Justice of the Constitutional Court (since 2009). |

### Former justices

* Zdravko Bartovčak (1991-1999)
* dr.sc. Velimir Belajec (1994-2001)
* dr.sc. Nikola Filipović (1991-1999)
* Marijan Hranjski (1999-2007)
* Ante Jelavić Mitrović (1991-1999)
* Mario Kos (2001-2009)
* mr.sc. Vojislav Kučeković (1991-1999)
* Jurica Malčić (1994-2002)
* mr.sc. Hrvoje Momčinović (1991-1999)
* Ivan Mrkonjić (1999-2007)
* dr.sc. Željko Potočnjak (2001-2009)
* Agata Račan (2001-2009)
* Emilija Rajić(1999-2007)
* Ivan Marijan Severinac (1991-1999)
* mr.sc. Nevenka Šernhorst (2002-2011)
* Vice Vukojević (1999-2007)
* Milan Vuković (1991-1992/1995-1997/1999-2007)
* Mladen Žuvela (1991-1999)
* dr. sc. Marko Babić (2007-2016)
* Slavica Banić (2008-2016)
* akademik Davor Krapac (2007-2016)
* Ivan Matija (1999-2007/2007-2016)
* dr. sc. Aldo Radolović (2007-2016)
* dr. sc. Duška Šarin (2008-2016)
* Antun Palarić (2009-2017)
