Binandere language
# Binandere language

Binandere is a Papuan language spoken in the "tail" of Papua New Guinea.

## Phonology

Binandere has 11 consonants: voiced and voiceless bilabials, alveolars, and velars; voiced labial and alveolar nasals; the flap /ɾ/; the voiced bilabial fricative /β/ and the palatal approximant /j/.

Consonants of Binandere :

| | Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
| - | - | - | - | - |
| Plosive | p b | t d | | k ɡ |
| Nasal | m | n | | |
| Non-sibilant fricative | β | | | |
| Approximant | | | j | |
| Tap/flap | | ɾ | | |

Binandere also has the 5 common vowels /ɑ e i o u / and their five nasal counterparts.

Vowels of Binandere :

| | Front (Unrounded) | Back (Unrounded) | Back (Rounded) |
| - | - | - | - |
| High | i ĩ | | u ũ |
| Mid | e ẽ | | o õ |
| Low | | ɑ ɑ̃ | |

These vowels can be combined to form up to 11 possible diphthongs:

* Oral: /iu/ /ei/ /eo/ /eu/ /ɑi/ /ɑe/ /ɑo/ /ɑu/ /oi/ /oe/ /ou/
* Nasal: /ẽĩ/ /ɑ̃ĩ/ /ɑ̃õ/ /õũ/

## Evolution

Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012):

| proto-Trans-New Guinea | Binandere |
| - | - |
| *m(i,u)ndu ‘nose’ | mendo |
| *m(o,u)k ‘milk, sap, breast’ | mu ‘sap’ |
| *mundun ‘internal organs’ | mundu ‘kidney, testicles’ |
| *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | (gisi)-moka ‘eye’ |
| *mV ‘taro’ | (Suena ma ‘taro’) |
| *mV- ‘give’ | (Korafe mut- ‘give’) |
| *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ | biriga ‘lightning’ |
| *am(a,i) ‘mother’ | ai (*m lost before i), (Suena mia) |
| *amu ‘breast’ | ami |
| *k(i,u)tuma ‘night, morning’ | tumba ‘darkness’ |
| *na ‘1SG’ | na |
| *na- ‘eat’ | na- ‘eat, drink’ |
| *n[e]i ‘bird’ | ni |
| *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | (Korafe niŋg- ‘hear, understand’) |
| pMadang-Binandere *nu[k] ‘3SG free pronoun’ | nu |
| *ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ | ganuma (Korafe ghamana ‘stone’) |
| *mundun ‘internal organs’ | mundu ‘kidney, testicles’, (Korafe munju ‘egg’) |
| *mbalaŋ ‘flame’ | (?) beriberi ‘be alight’ |
| *mbalaŋ ‘flame’ | beri-beri ‘be alight’ |
| *mbulikV ‘turn (oneself)’ | (Guhu-Samane burisi eetaqu ‘turn over, turn s.th. around’) |
| *mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’, ‘widow and child’ | (Suena boga masa ‘destitute widow and child’) |
| *pu + verb ‘to blow’ | Binandere put- ‘blow’ |
| *ambi ‘man’ | embo (Guhu-Samane abi ‘man’) |
| *kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ | kopuru |
| *[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’ | tupo |
| *kambu(s,t)(a,u) ‘smoke’ | (?) imbosi |
| *apa ‘father’ | afa (Korafe afa) |
| *ndaŋgi/ndiŋga ‘tie’ | (Suena di ‘tie’) |
| *m(i,u)ndu ‘nose’ | mendo |
| *mundun ‘internal organs’ | mundu ‘kidney, testicles’, etc.’) |
| *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | (Yega kari ‘ear’) |
| *inda ‘tree’ | izi (cf. Notu ri) |
| *[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’ | tupo |
| *k(i,u)tuma ‘night, morning’ | Binandere tumba ‘darkness’, ‘night’) |
| *kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ | kopuru |
| *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | gisi moka |
| *at(i,u) ‘netbag’ | asi (Suena ati ‘netbag’) |
| *si[si] ‘urine’ | pBinandere *susu (Korafe soso) |
| *titi ‘tooth’ | ji |
| *asi ‘string, rope’ | asi ‘vine, string, rope’) |
| *kasipa ‘to spit’ | kosiwa ‘spittle’ |
| *mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’ | (Suena boga masa ‘destitute’) ‘widow and child’ |
| *kanjipa ‘sun’ | (?) kariga ‘moon’ |
| *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | gisi-(moka) |
| *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | (gisi)-moka (Korafe móko ‘core, centre’) |
| *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | (pBinandere *niŋg- ‘hear’, Korafe niŋg- ‘hear, understand’) |
| *mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’ | (Suena boga-masa ‘destitute’) ‘widow and child’ |
| *kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ | kopuru |
| *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | (Yega kari) |
| *kasipa ‘to spit’ | kosiwa ‘spittle’, kosiwa ari ‘to spit’ |
| *ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ | ganuma (metath.) (Korafe ɣamana) |
| *ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ | ganuma (metath.) (Korafe ɣamana ‘stone’) |
| *k(o,u)ndVC ‘bone’ | (?) undoru ‘bones’ |
| *kumV- ‘die’ | (?) abu-bugari ‘dead people’, (pBin *ambu- ‘wither, be sick, dying’) |
| *kambu(s,t)(a,u) ‘smoke’ | (?) imbosi |
| *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | (Yega kari) |
| *la(ŋg,k)a ‘ashes’ | (aßa)-raka ‘fire’ |
| *sikal/*sakil ‘hand, claw’ | (?) siŋgu ‘finger’, finger’) |
| *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ | biriga ‘lightning’ |
| *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ | birigi |
