Dorcus titanus
# Dorcus titanus

Dorcus titanus is a beetle of the family Lucanidae. It was described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1835. Huang and Chen (2013) separated Serognathus from Dorcus by representing morphological characters and DNA analysis.

## Description

Males measure 32.0–111.3 millimetres (1.26–4.38 in) including mandibles; females 36.5–54 millimetres (1.44–2.13 in). It has an elongated, somewhat flat body dull black with blackish antennae and legs. Male's antler-like jaws have small teeth along inner edge and a pair of big teeth toward the bottom, and are forked at end. The head of a large male reaches nearly the length of its prothorax and abdomen combined.

## Life cycle

Adults can be seen from May to August. They feed on tree juice, especially of Quercus species. Females lay eggs on the underground part of fallen oaks. The eggs hatch in about a month and the larvae feed on rotten wood. The larval period lasts about one year. The complete life cycle can last approximately from 1 to 2 years.

## Distribution

This species is widely distributed in Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, India, Japan, China, Taiwan and Korea.

## Habitat

It mainly inhabits tropical rainforests and temperate forests from lowland to mountains.

## Human uses

This beetle has some commercial value and export from some regions is criminalized. There are some Asian cultures that assign aphrodisiac properties to this insect. However, most are imported for sport, decorative show, or to be kept as an exotic pet. This stag beetle is also popular pet in Asia and Europe.

## Gallery

* Male
* Larva
* Museum specimen
* Mounted specimen from Sulawesi (Celebes)

## List of subspecies (after 2010)

Hiroshi Fujita, a Japanese collector belonged to Mushi-sha insect shop, described over 20 new subspecies of D. titanus in his book "The Lucanid Beetles of the World". His subspecies included 11 subspecies in Japan alone. Also, he divided D. titanus titanus in the Malay Archipelago into D. titanus yasuokai, D. titanus typhon, D. titanus nobuyukii and others. Fujita's subspecies are in dispute and not widely accepted.

Currently 23 subspecies are extant:

* Dorcus titanus castanicolor - Japan (Tsushima), Korea (Korean Peninsula and Jeju-do), Mainland China
* Dorcus titanus daitoensis - Japan (Daitō Islands)
* Dorcus titanus elegans - Japan
* Dorcus titanus fafner - Vietnam
* Dorcus titanus hachijoensis - Japan
* Dorcus titanus imperialis - Philippines
* Dorcus titanus karasuyamai - Japan
* Dorcus titanus mindanaoensis - Mindanao
* Dorcus titanus nobuyukii - Malaysia
* Dorcus titanus okinawanus - Okinawa
* Dorcus titanus okinoerabuensis - Japan
* Dorcus titanus palawanicus - Philippines (Palawan Island)
* Dorcus titanus pilifer - Japan
* Dorcus titanus platymelus - Mainland China
* Dorcus titanus sakishimanus - Japan (Sakishima Islands)
* Dorcus titanus sika - Taiwan
* Dorcus titanus titanus - Indonesia
* Dorcus titanus takaraensis - Japan (Takara Islands)
* Dorcus titanus tatsutai - Japan
* Dorcus titanus tokunoshimaensis - Japan
* Dorcus titanus typhon - Philippines
* Dorcus titanus typhoniformis - China (Yunnan)
* Dorcus titanus westermanni - India, Bhutan, Bangladesh
* Dorcus titanus yasuokai - Indonesia (Sumatra)
