List of birds of Christmas Island
# List of birds of Christmas Island

The birds of Christmas Island form a heterogeneous group of 162 species. There is a core group of four endemics that evolved on the remote island in the eastern Indian Ocean for thousands of years; there are also regular migrants, opportunists and occasional visitors. Christmas Island was not occupied by humans until the late 19th century and is some 200km from the nearest land, Java. It is now an Australian territory. The natural vegetation of most of the 140km2 island is rainforest, to which the endemic landbirds are adapted, while the seabirds have taken advantage of a breeding location which had no major natural predators.

This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Christmas Island.

After over a century of human exploitation of the phosphate deposits covering much of the island, two thirds of the rainforest cover remains and is now protected as a national park. However, gaps where the forest has been cleared, and the introduction of exotic fauna, continue to destabilise the island's biological diversity. The endemic Abbott's booby is threatened when nesting by wind turbulence caused by past forest clearance. However, the biggest immediate threat is the introduction and spread of yellow crazy ants, through both direct predation and ecosystem collapse. This has led to all the island's endemic bird species and subspecies being classified as Critically Endangered.

Meanwhile, the number of species recorded from Christmas Island continues to increase as birders, especially from Australia, attracted by the island's endemics, record a variety of vagrants previously unnoticed. Some of these may in time, as with the white-breasted waterhen, establish breeding populations. Christmas Island is now seen as a birding 'hot spot', not only for its endemics but also for the chance of recording new species for the Australian bird list, something reflected in the frequency of submissions of sightings to the Birds Australia Rarities Committee.

The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories.

* (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Christmas Island
* (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Christmas Island as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
* (E) Endemic - a species that is native only to Christmas Island

## Ducks, geese, and waterfowl

Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae

Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.

* Garganey, Spatula querquedula (A)
* Pacific black duck, Anas superciliosa
* Gray teal, Anas gracilis
* Hardhead, Aythya australis (A)

## Pheasants, grouse, and allies

Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae

The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.

* Red junglefowl, Gallus gallus (I)

## Flamingos

Order: Phoenicopteriformes Family: Phoenicopteridae

Flamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 m) tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down.

* Greater flamingo, Phoenicopterus roseus (A)

## Pigeons and doves

Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae

Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.

* Rock pigeon, Columba livia
* Red collared-dove, Streptopelia tranquebarica
* Asian emerald dove, Chalcophaps indica
* Pacific emerald dove, Chalcophaps longirostris
* Christmas Island imperial-pigeon, Ducula whartoni (E)
* Torresian imperial-pigeon, Ducula spilorrhoa

## Cuckoos

Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae

The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.

* Asian koel, Eudynamys scolopaceus (A)
* Pacific koel, Eudynamys orientalis
* Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo, Chrysococcyx basalis (A)
* Black-eared cuckoo, Chrysococcyx osculans (A)
* Pallid cuckoo, Cacomantis pallidus (A)
* Large hawk-cuckoo, Hierococcyx sparverioides (A)
* Oriental cuckoo, Cuculus saturatus (A)

## Nightjars and allies

Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae

Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.

* Gray nightjar, Caprimulgus jotaka (A)
* Savanna nightjar, Caprimulgus affinis (A)

## Swifts

Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae

Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.

* White-throated needletail, Hirundapus caudacutus (A)
* Christmas Island swiftlet, Collocalia natalis (E)
* Mossy-nest swiftlet, Aerodramus salangana (A)
* Pacific swift, Apus pacificus
* House swift, Apus nipalensis (A)

## Rails, gallinules, and coots

Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae

Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.

* Black-tailed nativehen, Tribonyx ventralis (A)
* Eurasian coot, Fulica atra (A)
* Watercock, Gallicrex cinerea (A)
* White-breasted waterhen, Amaurornis phoenicurus
* Ruddy-breasted crake, Zapornia fusca (A)
* Baillon's crake, Zapornia pusilla (A)

## Stilts and avocets

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Recurvirostridae

Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.

* Pied stilt, Himantopus leucocephalus (A)

## Oystercatchers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae

The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.

* Sooty oystercatcher, Haematopus fuliginosus (A)

## Plovers and lapwings

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae

The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.

* Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola (A)
* Pacific golden-plover, Pluvialis fulva
* Masked lapwing, Vanellus miles (A)
* Lesser sand-plover, Charadrius mongolus (A)
* Greater sand-plover, Charadrius leschenaultii (A)
* Kentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus (A)
* Little ringed plover, Charadrius dubius (A)
* Oriental plover, Charadrius veredus (A)

## Sandpipers and allies

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae

Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.

* Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus (A)
* Little curlew, Numenius minutus (A)
* Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica (A)
* Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres
* Great knot, Calidris tenuirostris (A)
* Sharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata (A)
* Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea (A)
* Long-toed stint, Calidris subminuta (A)
* Red-necked stint, Calidris ruficollis (A)
* Sanderling, Calidris alba (A)
* Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos
* Pin-tailed snipe, Gallinago stenura (A)
* Swinhoe's snipe, Gallinago megala (A)
* Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus (A)
* Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus (A)
* Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos
* Gray-tailed tattler, Tringa brevipes (A)
* Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia (A)
* Marsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis (A)
* Wood sandpiper, Tringa glareola (A)
* Common redshank, Tringa totanus (A)

## Pratincoles and coursers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Glareolidae

Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.

* Australian pratincole, Stiltia isabella (A)
* Oriental pratincole, Glareola maldivarum (A)

## Skuas and jaegers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae

The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.

* Brown skua, Stercorarius antarcticus (A)
* Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus (A)

## Gulls, terns, and skimmers

Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae

Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.

* Common gull, Larus canus (A)
* Brown noddy, Anous stolidus
* Lesser noddy, Anous tenuirostris (A)
* White tern, Gygis alba
* Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus (A)
* Bridled tern, Onychoprion anaethetus (A)
* Little tern, Sternula albifrons (A)
* Gull-billed tern, Gelochelidon nilotica (A)
* White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus (A)
* Whiskered tern, Chlidonias hybrida (A)
* Common tern, Sterna hirundo (A)
* Great crested tern, Thalasseus bergii (A)
* Lesser crested tern, Thalasseus bengalensis (A)

## Tropicbirds

Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae

Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.

* White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus
* Red-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon rubricauda

## Southern storm-petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae

The southern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.

* Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus
* White-faced storm-petrel, Pelagodroma marina (A)
* Black-bellied storm-petrel, Fregetta tropica

## Northern storm-petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae

Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.

* Matsudaira's storm-petrel, Hydrobates matsudairae

## Shearwaters and petrels

Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae

The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.

* Cape petrel, Daption capense (A)
* Herald petrel, Pterodroma heraldica (A)
* Barau's petrel, Pterodroma baraui (A)
* Antarctic prion, Pachyptila desolata (A)
* Bulwer's petrel, Bulweria bulwerii
* Wedge-tailed shearwater, Ardenna pacificus
* Tropical shearwater, Puffinus bailloni (A)

## Frigatebirds

Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae

Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.

* Lesser frigatebird, Fregata ariel
* Christmas Island frigatebird, Fregata andrewsi
* Great frigatebird, Fregata minor

## Boobies and gannets

Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae

The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.

* Brown booby, Sula leucogaster
* Red-footed booby, Sula sula
* Abbott's booby, Papasula abbotti

## Cormorants and shags

Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae

Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.

* Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo (A)
* Little black cormorant, Phalacrocorax sulcirostris (A)

## Pelicans

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae

Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.

* Australian pelican, Pelecanus conspicillatus (A)

## Herons, egrets, and bitterns

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae

The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.

* Yellow bittern, Ixobrychus sinensis (A)
* Schrenck's bittern, Ixobrychus eurhythmus (A)
* Cinnamon bittern, Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (A)
* Black bittern, Ixobrychus flavicollis (A)
* Purple heron, Ardea purpurea (A)
* Great egret, Ardea alba
* Intermediate egret, Ardea intermedia (A)
* White-faced heron, Ardea novaehollandiae
* Little egret, Egretta garzetta (A)
* Pacific reef-heron, Egretta sacra
* Pied heron, Egretta picata (A)
* Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis (A)
* Chinese pond-heron, Ardeola bacchus (A)
* Javan pond-heron, Ardeola speciosa (A)
* Striated heron, Butorides striatus (A)
* Nankeen night-heron, Nycticorax caledonicus (A)
* Japanese night-heron, Gorsachius goisagi (A)
* Malayan night-heron, Gorsachius melanolophus (A)

## Ibises and spoonbills

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae

Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.

* Glossy ibis, Plegadis falcinellus (A)

## Hawks, eagles, and kites

Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae

Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.

* Oriental honey-buzzard, Pernis ptilorhynchus (A)
* Chinese sparrowhawk, Accipiter soloensis (A)
* Gray goshawk, Accipiter novaehollandiae
* Brown goshawk, Accipiter fasciatus (A)
* Japanese sparrowhawk, Accipiter gularis (A)
* White-bellied sea-eagle, Haliaeetus leucogaster (A)

## Owls

Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae

The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.

* Northern boobook, Ninox japonica (A)
* Christmas Island boobook, Ninox natalis (E)

## Kingfishers

Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae

Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.

* Common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis (A)
* Sacred kingfisher, Todiramphus sanctus (A)
* Collared kingfisher, Todiramphus chloris

## Rollers

Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae

Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.

* Dollarbird, Eurystomus orientalis (A)

## Falcons and caracaras

Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.

* Nankeen kestrel, Falco cenchroides
* Eurasian hobby, Falco subbuteo (A)
* Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus

## Pittas

Order: Passeriformes Family: Pittidae

Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards and are stocky, with fairly long, strong legs, short tails and stout bills. Many are brightly coloured. They spend the majority of their time on wet forest floors, eating snails, insects and similar invertebrates.

* Blue-winged pitta, Pitta moluccensis (A)
* Fairy pitta, Pitta nympha (A)

## Shrikes

Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae

Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.

* Tiger shrike, Lanius tigrinus (A)
* Brown shrike, Lanius cristatus (A)

## Reed warblers and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae

The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.

* Oriental reed warbler, Acrocephalus orientalis (A)

## Grassbirds and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Locustellidae

Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.

* Pallas's grasshopper warbler, Helopsaltes certhiola

## Swallows

Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae

The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.

* Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica
* Red-rumped swallow, Cecropis daurica (A)
* Tree martin, Petrochelidon nigricans (A)
* Asian house-martin, Delichon dasypus (A)

## Leaf warblers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Phylloscopidae

Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours.

* Dusky warbler, Phylloscopus fuscatus (A)

## White-eyes, yuhinas, and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Zosteropidae

The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.

* Christmas Island white-eye, Zosterops natalis (E)

## Starlings

Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae

Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.

* Rosy starling, Pastor roseus (A)
* Daurian starling, Agropsar sturninus (A)

## Thrushes and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae

The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.

* Island thrush, Turdus poliocephalus

## Old World flycatchers

Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae

Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.

* Dark-sided flycatcher, Muscicapa sibirica (A)
* Blue-and-white flycatcher, Cyanoptila cyanomelana (A)

## Waxbills and allies

Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae

The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.

* Java sparrow, Padda oryzivora (I)

## Old World sparrows

Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae

Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.

* House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I)
* Eurasian tree sparrow, Passer montanus (I)

## Wagtails and pipits

Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae

Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.

* Forest wagtail, Dendronanthus indicus (A)
* Gray wagtail, Motacilla cinerea (A)
* Eastern yellow wagtail, Motacilla tschutschensis
* Citrine wagtail, Motacilla citreola (A)
* White wagtail, Motacilla alba (A)
* Red-throated pipit, Anthus cervinus (A)
