List of countries by public debt
# List of countries by public debt

Below is a list of countries and territories by public debt (also called government debt or sovereign debt). Gross government debt is government financial liabilities that are debt $instruments.^{:81}$ A debt instrument is a financial claim that requires payment of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor in the future. Examples include debt securities (such as bonds and bills), loans, and government employee pension $obligations.^{:207}$ Net debt equals gross debt minus financial assets that are debt $instruments.^{:208,s7.243}$ Net debt estimates are not always available since some government assets are difficult to value, such as loans made at concessional $rates.^{:208–209,s7.246}$

Changes in government debt over time reflect primarily borrowing due to past government deficits. A deficit occurs when a government's expenditures exceed revenues. $^{:79–82}$

In the list below, government debt is measured for the general government sector because the level of government responsible for programs (for example, health care) differs across countries, and the general government comprises central, state, provincial, regional, and local governments, and social security $funds.^{:18,s2.58,s2.59}$

To make the numbers comparable across countries of different size, government debt is measured as a percentage of a country's gross domestic product (GDP). For context on the magnitude of the debt numbers, European Union member countries have an agreement, the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP), to maintain a general government gross debt of no more than 60% of GDP. The aim of the SGP is to prevent excessive debt burdens.

## Government debt as a percentage of GDP in 2021

Source: International Monetary Fund: World Economic Outlook Database.

When data for 2021 is not available, numbers are IMF staff estimates.

| Country | General government gross debt (Percent of GDP) | General government net debt (Percent of GDP) |
| - | - | - |
| Afghanistan | n/a | |
| Albania | 73.9 | 64.1 |
| Algeria | 63.0 | 51.9 |
| Andorra | 48.5 | |
| Angola | 86.4 | |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 101.4 | |
| Argentina | 80.9 | |
| Armenia | 60.2 | |
| Aruba | 101.8 | |
| Australia | 58.4 | 34.6 |
| Austria | 82.9 | 60.6 |
| Azerbaijan | 26.4 | |
| Bahamas | 103.3 | |
| Bahrain | 128.5 | |
| Bangladesh | 35.5 | |
| Barbados | 135.4 | 134.3 |
| Belarus | 41.2 | |
| Belgium | 108.4 | 93.7 |
| Belize | 82.2 | |
| Benin | 49.9 | |
| Bhutan | 132.4 | |
| Bolivia | 80.5 | 70.6 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 35.4 | 22.0 |
| Botswana | 19.5 | 14.2 |
| Brazil | 93.0 | 57.2 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 2.5 | |
| Bulgaria | 23.8 | 13.7 |
| Burkina Faso | 52.4 | |
| Burundi | 66.6 | |
| Cabo Verde (Cape Verde) | 142.3 | 130.5 |
| Cambodia | 36.3 | |
| Cameroon | 45.5 | 44.1 |
| Canada | 112.9 | 31.6 |
| Central African Republic | 47.6 | |
| Chad | 56.0 | |
| Chile | 36.3 | 20.1 |
| China | 71.5 | |
| Colombia | 64.6 | 56.8 |
| Comoros | 26.0 | |
| Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo) | 16.1 | |
| Congo (Republic of Congo) | 103.6 | |
| Costa Rica | 68.2 | |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 52.1 | |
| Croatia | 79.8 | |
| Cuba | | |
| Cyprus | 103.6 | 51.0 |
| Czech Republic | 42.0 | 26.4 |
| Denmark | 36.6 | 11.0 |
| Djibouti | 46.0 | 45.8 |
| Dominica | 102.7 | |
| Dominican Republic | 63.1 | 49.3 |
| Ecuador | 62.2 | |
| Egypt | 89.2 | 84.5 |
| El Salvador | 82.4 | |
| Equatorial Guinea | 42.8 | 29.7 |
| Eritrea | 176.3 | |
| Estonia | 17.6 | 4.4 |
| Eswatini | 45.0 | 38.0 |
| Ethiopia | 53.0 | 49.6 |
| Fiji | 83.0 | 82.2 |
| Finland | 66.2 | 34.1 |
| France | 112.6 | 101.1 |
| Gabon | 65.8 | |
| Gambia | 83.8 | |
| Georgia | 49.5 | |
| Germany | 69.6 | 47.0 |
| Ghana | 82.1 | 77.3 |
| Greece | 199.4 | |
| Grenada | 70.3 | |
| Guatemala | 30.8 | |
| Guinea | 42.5 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | 78.5 | |
| Guyana | 42.9 | 38.4 |
| Haiti | 24.2 | |
| Honduras | 50.2 | |
| Hong Kong SAR | 2.1 | |
| Hungary | 76.8 | 69.8 |
| Iceland | 74.6 | 59.5 |
| India | 84.2 | |
| Indonesia | 41.2 | 37.9 |
| Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran) | 42.4 | 36.1 |
| Iraq | 59.1 | |
| Ireland | 55.3 | 50.4 |
| Israel | 68.0 | 65.1 |
| Italy | 150.9 | 138.3 |
| Jamaica | 92.3 | |
| Japan | 262.5 | 168.1 |
| Jordan | 91.9 | 91.8 |
| Kazakhstan | 25.1 | -3.3 |
| Kenya | 67.8 | 62.6 |
| Kiribati | 17.6 | |
| Korea | 51.3 | 20.9 |
| Korea (North Korea) | | |
| Kosovo | 22.4 | |
| Kuwait | 8.7 | |
| Kyrgyz Republic | 61.1 | |
| Lao P.D.R. | 93.5 | |
| Latvia | 45.7 | 34.5 |
| Lebanon | | |
| Lesotho | 53.5 | 17.5 |
| Liberia | 53.2 | 48.6 |
| Libya | | |
| Lithuania | 44.7 | 39.8 |
| Luxembourg | 24.3 | -10.8 |
| Macao SAR | 0.0 | |
| Madagascar | 53.1 | |
| Malawi | 63.9 | |
| Malaysia | 69.0 | |
| Maldives | 124.8 | |
| Mali | 51.9 | 44.8 |
| Malta | 56.4 | 46.2 |
| Marshall Islands | 19.8 | |
| Mauritania | 51.7 | 48.6 |
| Mauritius | 93.6 | |
| Mexico | 57.6 | 49.9 |
| Micronesia | 15.0 | |
| Moldova | 33.1 | |
| Mongolia | 79.8 | |
| Montenegro | 86.6 | |
| Morocco | 68.9 | 68.4 |
| Mozambique | 106.4 | |
| Myanmar | 62.3 | |
| Namibia | 72.0 | 70.8 |
| Nauru | 27.1 | |
| Nepal | 45.8 | |
| Netherlands | 52.3 | 42.8 |
| New Zealand | 50.8 | 14.5 |
| Nicaragua | 49.4 | |
| Niger | 51.2 | 45.0 |
| Nigeria | 36.6 | 36.2 |
| North Macedonia | 53.2 | 52.3 |
| Norway | 43.4 | -86.7 |
| Oman | 62.9 | 25.5 |
| Pakistan | 74.9 | 67.4 |
| Palau | | |
| Panama | 58.4 | 40.8 |
| Papua New Guinea | 50.9 | |
| Paraguay | 37.7 | 33.4 |
| Peru | 36.4 | 19.2 |
| Philippines | 57.0 | |
| Poland | 53.8 | 40.8 |
| Portugal | 127.4 | 120.1 |
| Puerto Rico | 47.9 | |
| Qatar | 58.4 | |
| Romania | 51.4 | 42.3 |
| Russia | 17.0 | |
| Rwanda | 66.6 | |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 63.4 | |
| Saint Lucia | 92.2 | |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 88.4 | |
| Samoa | 46.3 | |
| San Marino | 89.2 | |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | 72.4 | |
| Saudi Arabia | 30.0 | 17.7 |
| Senegal | 73.2 | |
| Serbia | 57.9 | 52.6 |
| Seychelles | 72.9 | 62.4 |
| Sierra Leone | 79.3 | |
| Singapore | 159.9 | |
| Slovak Republic | 63.1 | 51.3 |
| Slovenia | 74.4 | 49.5 |
| Solomon Islands | 16.5 | 7.3 |
| Somalia | | |
| South Africa | 69.0 | 63.2 |
| South Sudan | 64.7 | 64.6 |
| Spain | 118.6 | 102.8 |
| Sri Lanka | 103.1 | |
| Sudan | 182.0 | |
| Suriname | 125.7 | |
| Sweden | 36.8 | 8.5 |
| Switzerland | 42.1 | 21.6 |
| Syria | n/a | n/a |
| Taiwan | 28.4 | 26.5 |
| Tajikistan | 44.4 | |
| Tanzania | 40.7 | |
| Thailand | 58.4 | |
| Timor-Leste | 10.0 | |
| Togo | 63.7 | |
| Tonga | 47.5 | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 60.6 | 11.5 |
| Tunisia | 81.8 | |
| Turkey | 41.8 | 33.8 |
| Turkmenistan | 11.1 | |
| Tuvalu | 6.0 | |
| Uganda | 51.8 | |
| Ukraine | 47.6 | |
| United Arab Emirates | 34.7 | |
| United Kingdom | 95.3 | 84.3 |
| United States | 128.1 | 99.6 |
| Uruguay | 65.1 | 54.7 |
| Uzbekistan | 35.8 | |
| Vanuatu | 48.2 | |
| Venezuela | 240.5 | |
| Vietnam | 39.7 | |
| West Bank and Gaza | 50.4 | |
| Yemen | 69.7 | 69.3 |
| Zambia | 119.1 | 117.5 |
| Zimbabwe | 66.9 | |

## Public debt per capita

The figures here are represented per capita.

* indicates a link to the article "Public debt of country/territory" or "Economy of country/territory."

Public debt per capita by country, in USD :

| Country | (PPP) | (Forex) | Year |
| - | - | - | - |
| Japan * | $102,503 | $91,768 | 2017 |
| Singapore * | $97,852 | $60,016 | 2017 |
| Qatar * | $77,278 | $37,990 | 2017 |
| Greece * | $50,562 | $33,905 | 2017 |
| Italy * | $49,060 | $41,056 | 2017 |
| Ireland * | $47,822 | $44,871 | 2017 |
| Belgium * | $47,291 | $44,119 | 2017 |
| United States * | $46,645 | $46,645 | 2017 |
| Canada * | $44,348 | $41,323 | 2017 |
| Bahrain * | $43,659 | $21,673 | 2017 |
| France * | $41,040 | $37,189 | 2017 |
| Austria * | $39,419 | $37,310 | 2017 |
| United Kingdom * | $39,311 | $35,320 | 2017 |
| Portugal * | $38,127 | $26,462 | 2017 |
| Bermuda * | $37,015 | $37,015 | 2016 |
| Spain * | $35,466 | $26,210 | 2017 |
| Germany * | $33,349 | $29,394 | 2017 |
| Aruba * | $30,674 | $19,918 | 2016 |
| Netherlands * | $30,452 | $27,415 | 2017 |
| Barbados * | $28,001 | $26,777 | 2017 |
| Finland * | $27,111 | $27,986 | 2017 |
| Switzerland * | $26,367 | $34,225 | 2017 |
| Norway * | $25,900 | $27,095 | 2017 |
| Cyprus * | $25,047 | $17,103 | 2017 |
| Slovenia * | $24,939 | $17,110 | 2017 |
| Luxembourg * | $23,582 | $23,742 | 2017 |
| Israel * | $22,922 | $25,351 | 2017 |
| Malta * | $21,746 | $14,204 | 2017 |
| Antigua and Barbuda * | $21,709 | $13,796 | 2017 |
| Australia * | $21,695 | $23,990 | 2017 |
| Hungary * | $21,693 | $10,427 | 2017 |
| Lebanon * | $21,238 | $13,039 | 2017 |
| Iceland * | $21,169 | $28,505 | 2017 |
| Sweden * | $21,048 | $21,763 | 2017 |
| Kuwait * | $20,462 | $8,525 | 2017 |
| Puerto Rico * | $20,360 | $16,320 | 2017 |
| Bahamas * | $19,796 | $19,960 | 2017 |
| Oman * | $19,326 | $7,196 | 2017 |
| U.S. Virgin Islands * | $19,292 | $25,819 | 2017 |
| Croatia * | $18,601 | $9,976 | 2017 |
| Seychelles * | $18,482 | $10,068 | 2017 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis * | $18,363 | $11,420 | 2017 |
| Taiwan * | $18,027 | $8,682 | 2017 |
| Denmark * | $17,487 | $19,784 | 2017 |
| Slovakia * | $16,798 | $8,970 | 2017 |
| Andorra * | $15,915 | $12,973 | 2016 |
| Malaysia * | $15,873 | $5,313 | 2017 |
| South Korea * | $15,633 | $11,830 | 2017 |
| Uruguay * | $15,241 | $11,540 | 2017 |
| Poland * | $14,829 | $6,912 | 2017 |
| Equatorial Guinea * | $14,783 | $5,858 | 2017 |
| Trinidad and Tobago * | $14,735 | $7,834 | 2017 |
| San Marino * | $14,726 | $11,722 | 2017 |
| United Arab Emirates * | $14,133 | $7,769 | 2017 |
| Faroe Islands * | $13,728 | $18,969 | 2015 |
| Mauritius * | $13,262 | $6,253 | 2017 |
| New Zealand * | $13,180 | $14,045 | 2017 |
| Brazil * | $13,064 | $8,265 | 2017 |
| Lithuania * | $13,000 | $6,717 | 2017 |
| Egypt * | $12,474 | $2,450 | 2017 |
| Czech Republic * | $12,206 | $7,007 | 2017 |
| Montenegro * | $12,122 | $5,234 | 2017 |
| Argentina * | $11,884 | $8,217 | 2017 |
| Mongolia * | $11,701 | $3,281 | 2017 |
| Maldives * | $11,236 | $7,335 | 2017 |
| Saint Lucia * | $10,859 | $7,202 | 2017 |
| Gabon * | $10,847 | $4,418 | 2017 |
| Mexico * | $10,618 | $4,962 | 2017 |
| Panama * | $10,353 | $6,150 | 2017 |
| Grenada * | $10,252 | $7,021 | 2017 |
| Nauru * | $10,235 | $7,293 | 2017 |
| Latvia * | $10,194 | $5,724 | 2017 |
| Suriname * | $10,069 | $3,963 | 2017 |
| Belarus * | $10,055 | $3,051 | 2017 |
| Bhutan * | $9,993 | $3,336 | 2017 |
| Sri Lanka * | $9,663 | $3,060 | 2017 |
| Iraq * | $9,644 | $2,858 | 2017 |
| Jamaica * | $9,360 | $5,305 | 2017 |
| Serbia * | $9,333 | $3,658 | 2017 |
| Azerbaijan * | $9,273 | $2,190 | 2017 |
| Saudi Arabia * | $9,226 | $3,569 | 2017 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * | $9,167 | $5,688 | 2017 |
| Dominica * | $8,747 | $6,223 | 2017 |
| Albania * | $8,457 | $3,070 | 2017 |
| Tunisia * | $8,406 | $2,439 | 2017 |
| Cape Verde * | $8,360 | $3,931 | 2017 |
| Romania * | $8,291 | $3,634 | 2017 |
| Belize * | $8,257 | $4,757 | 2017 |
| Costa Rica * | $8,230 | $5,713 | 2017 |
| Jordan * | $8,161 | $3,680 | 2017 |
| China * | $7,878 | $4,077 | 2017 |
| Iran * | $7,802 | $2,049 | 2017 |
| Guam * | $7,631 | $7,631 | 2017 |
| Turkey * | $7,613 | $2,966 | 2017 |
| Congo * | $7,594 | $2,253 | 2017 |
| Thailand * | $7,548 | $2,781 | 2017 |
| South Africa * | $7,342 | $3,343 | 2017 |
| Colombia * | $7,298 | $3,225 | 2017 |
| Curaçao * | $6,912 | $12,375 | 2014 |
| Dominican Republic * | $6,249 | $2,748 | 2017 |
| Ukraine * | $5,970 | $1,811 | 2017 |
| Chile * | $5,952 | $3,647 | 2017 |
| Cuba * | $5,879 | $4,024 | 2017 |
| North Macedonia * | $5,755 | $2,109 | 2017 |
| Morocco * | $5,665 | $2,074 | 2017 |
| El Salvador * | $5,615 | $2,723 | 2017 |
| Turkmenistan * | $5,519 | $2,019 | 2017 |
| Greenland * | $5,437 | $5,005 | 2016 |
| Ecuador * | $5,311 | $2,870 | 2017 |
| Kazakhstan * | $5,311 | $1,769 | 2017 |
| Gibraltar * | $5,203 | $5,203 | 2014 |
| India * | $5,202 | $1,429 | 2017 |
| Bulgaria * | $5,198 | $1,928 | 2017 |
| Sudan * | $5,003 | $1,292 | 2017 |
| Armenia * | $4,990 | $2,032 | 2017 |
| Venezuela * | $4,684 | $2,579 | 2017 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina * | $4,600 | $1,864 | 2017 |
| Fiji * | $4,555 | $2,582 | 2017 |
| Guyana * | $4,441 | $2,510 | 2017 |
| Russia * | $4,380 | $1,721 | 2017 |
| Mauritania * | $4,347 | $1,241 | 2017 |
| Laos * | $4,338 | $1,492 | 2017 |
| Namibia * | $4,337 | $2,159 | 2017 |
| Algeria * | $4,159 | $1,106 | 2017 |
| Angola * | $4,145 | $2,709 | 2017 |
| Vietnam * | $3,911 | $1,329 | 2017 |
| Georgia * | $3,632 | $1,382 | 2017 |
| Bolivia * | $3,628 | $1,637 | 2017 |
| Indonesia * | $3,562 | $1,112 | 2017 |
| Peru * | $3,488 | $1,737 | 2017 |
| Ghana * | $3,424 | $1,201 | 2017 |
| Pakistan * | $3,420 | $983 | 2017 |
| Philippines * | $3,305 | $1,182 | 2017 |
| Eswatini * | $3,030 | $1,154 | 2017 |
| Estonia * | $3,013 | $1,878 | 2017 |
| São Tomé and Príncipe * | $2,966 | $1,699 | 2017 |
| Palau * | $2,957 | $3,271 | 2017 |
| Samoa * | $2,773 | $2,051 | 2017 |
| Tonga * | $2,666 | $2,053 | 2017 |
| Zambia * | $2,645 | $986 | 2017 |
| Paraguay * | $2,468 | $1,081 | 2017 |
| Syria * | $2,450 | $1,199 | 2016 |
| Botswana * | $2,428 | $1,082 | 2017 |
| Gambia * | $2,336 | $623 | 2017 |
| Kyrgyzstan * | $2,216 | $724 | 2017 |
| Kosovo * | $2,178 | $788 | 2017 |
| Moldova * | $2,173 | $876 | 2017 |
| Brunei * | $2,105 | $754 | 2017 |
| Eritrea * | $2,066 | $1,277 | 2017 |
| Guatemala * | $2,057 | $1,126 | 2017 |
| Anguilla * | $2,024 | $2,024 | 2013 |
| Zimbabwe * | $2,010 | $1,035 | 2017 |
| Burma * | $1,992 | $406 | 2017 |
| Nicaragua * | $1,992 | $756 | 2017 |
| Honduras * | $1,992 | $988 | 2017 |
| Yemen * | $1,913 | $813 | 2017 |
| West Bank | $1,850 | $857 | 2015 |
| Kenya * | $1,833 | $887 | 2017 |
| Uzbekistan * | $1,805 | $395 | 2017 |
| Senegal * | $1,762 | $679 | 2017 |
| Ivory Coast * | $1,739 | $724 | 2017 |
| Northern Mariana Islands * | $1,696 | $1,696 | 2017 |
| Tajikistan * | $1,665 | $418 | 2017 |
| Papua New Guinea * | $1,585 | $1,041 | 2017 |
| American Samoa * | $1,579 | $1,579 | 2017 |
| Bangladesh * | $1,433 | $543 | 2017 |
| Tuvalu * | $1,394 | $1,328 | 2017 |
| Somalia * | $1,392 | $480 | 2017 |
| Mozambique * | $1,391 | $472 | 2017 |
| Djibouti * | $1,309 | $730 | 2017 |
| Vanuatu * | $1,297 | $1,462 | 2017 |
| Cameroon * | $1,289 | $504 | 2017 |
| South Sudan * | $1,229 | $188 | 2017 |
| Benin * | $1,222 | $445 | 2017 |
| Nigeria * | $1,201 | $403 | 2017 |
| Togo * | $1,201 | $441 | 2017 |
| Cambodia * | $1,187 | $408 | 2017 |
| Sierra Leone * | $1,169 | $366 | 2017 |
| Lesotho * | $1,143 | $472 | 2017 |
| Tanzania * | $1,084 | $345 | 2017 |
| Ethiopia * | $1,003 | $404 | 2017 |
| Chad * | $949 | $327 | 2017 |
| Guinea-Bissau * | $932 | $397 | 2017 |
| Guinea * | $894 | $328 | 2017 |
| Uganda * | $873 | $261 | 2017 |
| Micronesia * | $823 | $775 | 2017 |
| Rwanda * | $820 | $304 | 2017 |
| Mali * | $792 | $295 | 2017 |
| Nepal * | $703 | $221 | 2017 |
| Burkina Faso * | $692 | $243 | 2017 |
| Malawi * | $669 | $186 | 2017 |
| Marshall Islands * | $660 | $748 | 2017 |
| Haiti * | $576 | $248 | 2017 |
| Madagascar * | $559 | $161 | 2017 |
| Kiribati * | $546 | $474 | 2017 |
| Comoros * | $520 | $257 | 2017 |
| Niger * | $498 | $188 | 2017 |
| Liberia * | $437 | $235 | 2017 |
| Libya * | $431 | $213 | 2017 |
| Burundi * | $349 | $148 | 2017 |
| Central African Republic * | $312 | $178 | 2017 |
| East Timor * | $213 | $80 | 2017 |
| Solomon Islands * | $189 | $185 | 2017 |
| DR Congo * | $146 | $88 | 2017 |
| Afghanistan * | $139 | $41 | 2017 |
| Hong Kong * | $63 | $47 | 2017 |
| Falkland Islands * | $0 | $0 | 2015 |
| Macau * | $0 | $0 | 2017 |
