List of rulers of the Netherlands
# List of rulers of the Netherlands

History of the Low Countries :

| Frisii | | | Belgae | Belgae | Belgae | Belgae | Belgae | Belgae |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| | Cana- nefates | Chamavi, Tubantes | Chamavi, Tubantes | Gallia Belgica (55 BC – 5th c. AD) Germania Inferior (83 – 5th c.) | Gallia Belgica (55 BC – 5th c. AD) Germania Inferior (83 – 5th c.) | Gallia Belgica (55 BC – 5th c. AD) Germania Inferior (83 – 5th c.) | Gallia Belgica (55 BC – 5th c. AD) Germania Inferior (83 – 5th c.) | Gallia Belgica (55 BC – 5th c. AD) Germania Inferior (83 – 5th c.) |
| | Cana- nefates | Salian Franks | | Batavi | Batavi | | | |
| unpopulated (4th–5th c.) | unpopulated (4th–5th c.) | Saxons | Salian Franks (4th–5th c.) | Salian Franks (4th–5th c.) | Salian Franks (4th–5th c.) | | | |
| Frisian Kingdom (6th c.–734) | Frisian Kingdom (6th c.–734) | | Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843) | Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843) | Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843) | Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843) | Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843) | Frankish Kingdom (481–843)—Carolingian Empire (800–843) |
| Austrasia (511–687) |||||||
| Middle Francia (843–855) | Middle Francia (843–855) | Middle Francia (843–855) | Middle Francia (843–855) | Middle Francia (843–855) | West Francia (843–) | | | |
| Kingdom of Lotharingia (855– 959) Duchy of Lower Lorraine (959–) | Kingdom of Lotharingia (855– 959) Duchy of Lower Lorraine (959–) | Kingdom of Lotharingia (855– 959) Duchy of Lower Lorraine (959–) | Kingdom of Lotharingia (855– 959) Duchy of Lower Lorraine (959–) | Kingdom of Lotharingia (855– 959) Duchy of Lower Lorraine (959–) | West Francia (843–) | | | |
| Frisia | Frisia | Frisia | | | | | | |
| Frisian Freedom (11–16th century) | County of Holland (880–1432) | Bishopric of Utrecht (695–1456) | Duchy of Brabant (1183–1430) Duchy of Guelders (1046–1543) | Duchy of Brabant (1183–1430) Duchy of Guelders (1046–1543) | County of Flanders (862–1384) | County of Hainaut (1071–1432) County of Namur (981–1421) | P.-Bish. of Liège (980–1794) | Duchy of Luxem- bourg (1059–1443) |
| | Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) | Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) | Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) | Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) | Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) | Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482) | | |
| | Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795) (Seventeen Provinces after 1543) | Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795) (Seventeen Provinces after 1543) | Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795) (Seventeen Provinces after 1543) | Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795) (Seventeen Provinces after 1543) | Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795) (Seventeen Provinces after 1543) | Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795) (Seventeen Provinces after 1543) | | |
| Dutch Republic (1581–1795) | Dutch Republic (1581–1795) | Dutch Republic (1581–1795) | Dutch Republic (1581–1795) | Spanish Netherlands (1556–1714) | Spanish Netherlands (1556–1714) | Spanish Netherlands (1556–1714) | | |
| | | | | Austrian Netherlands (1714–1795) | Austrian Netherlands (1714–1795) | Austrian Netherlands (1714–1795) | | |
| | | | | United States of Belgium (1790) | United States of Belgium (1790) | United States of Belgium (1790) | R. Liège (1789–'91) | |
| Batavian Republic (1795–1806) Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) | Batavian Republic (1795–1806) Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) | Batavian Republic (1795–1806) Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) | Batavian Republic (1795–1806) Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) | associated with French First Republic (1795–1804) part of First French Empire (1804–1815) | associated with French First Republic (1795–1804) part of First French Empire (1804–1815) | associated with French First Republic (1795–1804) part of First French Empire (1804–1815) | associated with French First Republic (1795–1804) part of First French Empire (1804–1815) | associated with French First Republic (1795–1804) part of First French Empire (1804–1815) |
| Princip. of the Netherlands (1813–1815) | Princip. of the Netherlands (1813–1815) | Princip. of the Netherlands (1813–1815) | Princip. of the Netherlands (1813–1815) | | | | | |
| United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830) | Gr D. L. (1815–) |
| Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–) | Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–) | Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–) | Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–) | Kingdom of Belgium (1830–) | Kingdom of Belgium (1830–) | Kingdom of Belgium (1830–) | Kingdom of Belgium (1830–) | | Gr D. L. (1815–) |
| | | | | | | | | Gr D. of Luxem- bourg (1890–) |

The Netherlands, or Low Countries, possessed clearly delineated boundaries only after 1500. Still in many respects they demonstrated common traits and underwent similar development that differentiated them from surrounding countries. The social, economic and political similarities evident throughout most of the region stem from the High Middle Ages, when the Scheldt, Maas and Rhine delta area became an important center of trade. Next to Northern Italy, the Low Countries became the most urbanised and prosperous region in Europe.

Its political system exhibited, from relatively early on, a degree of representative government that differed from the more feudal arrangements then existent in much of Europe. Internationally, the region served both as a mediator for and a buffer to the surrounding great powers, France, England, and Germany.

## Leaders of Frisii, Belgae, Canninefates and Batavi (before 400)

What little is known of the Frisii is provided by a few Roman accounts, whose province Germania Inferior shared a border with the Frisii. Frisii had elected chieftains who led by example rather than by authority. Two Frisii kings, Malorix and Verritus, visited Rome to meet Nero. The Frisii were bordered on the south by Germanic tribes living on Roman territory, and that would later coalesce into the Frankish confederation in the 3rd century, like the Batavi and the Cananefates. Tacitus mentions Gaius Julius Civilis as leader of the Batavi, and Brinno as leader of Cananefates. The coastal lands of the Frisii, Romans, Batavi and Cananefates were abandoned by c. 400 due to flooding caused by a marine transgression and lay empty for a century.

The Salii (Salian Franks) are one of the peoples who formed the foundation for early (both Northern- and Southern) Dutch culture, society and language since the fall of the Roman empire. After settling within the Roman territories, first in Germania Inferior and later in Gallia Belgica, they developed an organised society that developed the agriculture in regions that had become underpopulated. Merovech (d. 453/457) and Childeric I (c. 440 – 481/482) were Sallian chieftains before Clovis I (c. 466 – c. 511) united all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler. With the Roman Empire as an example, he replaced the form of leadership from a group of royal chieftains to a single king. He moved his court from Tournai in present-day Belgium, to Paris, and created the Frankish Kingdom.

## Kings of Frisia (600–775)

After the Migration Period, the Frisian Kingdom emerged around 600 AD, north of the Frankish Kingdom. The Frisians consisted of tribes with loose bonds, and were not the same Frisii from Roman times. Under Redbad the Frisian kingship reached its maximum geographic development, covering most of the area of what is now the Netherlands and the coast in northern Germany. In 722 the Frisian land west of the Vlie (what is now Holland, Utrecht and Zeeland came in Frankish hands. In 734, in the Battle of the Boarn, the area west of the Lauwers (nowadays Friesland) resulted in a Frankisch victory and the end of the Frisian kingdom. Only the Frisians east of the Lauwers (Groningen and East Frisia) remained independent. In 772 they lost their independence as well.

| Name | Reign start | Reign end | Notes |
| - | - | - | - |
| Finn Folcwalding | ca. 500 | | semi-legendary prince of Magna Frisia |
| AudulfAdolf | ca. 600 | 627 | known from coins |
| Adgillis IAdalgisAldegisel I | 650/78 | | |
| Redbad IRadbod | 679/89 | 718/19 | son of Adgillus I |
| PoppoBubo, Bobba | 719 | 734 | son of Redbad I; last king of the Frisians |

## Counts of Frisia (775–885)

In 775, Charles the Great made Frisia officially part of the Frankish Kingdom. The wars ended with the last uprising of the Frisians in 793 and the pacification of them. Counts were appointed by the Frankish rulers. However, Danish Vikings raided Frisia in the end of the 9th century and established Viking rule. After the division of the Frankish Kingdom in West Francia and East Francia, they gained more autonomy.

See also:

* Middle Francia (843–855)
* List of rulers of Lorraine
* Lower Lorraine (959–1190)

| Name | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| - | - | - | - | - |
| AlfbadAbba, Boppa | 749 | 775/786 | possibly son of Redbad | Frisia |
| Nordalah | 786? | 806? | son of Alfbad | Frisia |
| Dirk | 806? | 810? | | Frisia |
| Godfrey | 807/08 | 839? | invader | Danish |
| Rorik | ca. 841 | ca. 873 | cousin of Godfrey; invader | Danish |
| Gerulf IGerulf the ElderGerolf de Oude | before 839 | after 855 | son of Dirk or Nordalah?; reeve of the Frisians between Vlie and the river Weser | Frisia |

## Counts of Holland and West-Frisia (885–1433)

While the Frisian kingdom had comprised most of the present day Netherlands, the later province of Friesland in the Netherlands was much reduced. Already in the early Middle Ages West-Frisia (Frisia west of the Vlie) was not considered to be a part of Frisia anymore, and came to be known as Holland (present day provinces North and South Holland and Zeeland). Floris II was the first count who restyled his name from count of "West-Frisia", in count of "Holland".

Frisia Proper in medieval time therefore only included the middle and eastern part. The middle part (corresponding to the present day Dutch province of Friesland) was populated by free peasants who successfully resisted all attempts by feudal lords to subdue them, mainly the counts of Holland and the bishops of Utrecht. In the eastern part, local chieftains created their own states (within the Holy Roman Empire) in the late Middle Ages. They became a county after 1446 until 1744, after which it was incorporated within Prussia and later Germany.

The counts of West-Frisia ruled locally in the name of the archbishop of Utrecht, but over time, the counts of Holland came to dominate the bishopric of Utrecht. The archbishop of Utrecht governed the area on behalf of the Holy Roman Emperor, who saw is power diminished by the feudal system in which the counts and dukes ruled almost as sovereigns.

The counts of Holland tried frequently to increase their territory but apart from the acquisition of Zeeland during the 14th century they had no lasting success. Instead it became a part of the mighty medieval dynasties possessions, first Wittelsbach then Valois and thereafter Habsburg.

| Name | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| - | - | - | - | - |
| Gerulf II | ca. 885 | 895/896 | son or grandson of Gerulf I of Frisia, or the same Gerulf | Holland |
| Dirk I | 896 | ca. 931 | son of Gerolf? | Holland |
| Dirk I bis | ca. 931 | 939 | son of Dirk I; count of Frisia | Holland |
| Dirk II | 939 | 988 | son of Dirk I bis; count of Frisia | Holland |
| Arnulf | 988 | 993 | son of Dirk II; count of Frisia | Holland |
| Dirk IIIHierosolymita (the Jerusalemite)Dirk III de Jeruzalemganger | 993 | 1039 | son of Arnulf; count of Frisia | Holland |
| Dirk IV | 1039 | 1049 | son of Dirk III Hierosolymita; count of Frisia | Holland |
| Floris I | 1049 | 1061 | brother of Dirk IV; regents: Gertrude of Saxony (widow of Floris I), Robert the Frisian (second husband of Gertrude) and Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke of Lower Lorraine; count of Frisia | Holland |
| Name | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| Dirk VDirk V | 1061 | 1091 | son of Floris I; count of Frisia | Holland |
| Floris IIthe FatFloris II de Dikke | 1091 | 1121 | son of Dirk V; first count who named himself count of 'Holland' | Holland |
| Dirk VIDirk VI | 1121 | 1157 | son of Floris II | Holland |
| Floris IIIFloris III | 1157 | 1190 | son of Dirk VI | Holland |
| Dirk VIIDirk VII | 1190 | 1203 | son of Floris III | Holland |
| AdaAda | 1203 | 1207 | daughter of Dirk VII; ruled together with Louis I; no issues | Holland |
| William IWillem I | 1203 | 1222 | son of Floris III | Holland |
| Floris IVFloris IV | 1222 | 1234 | son of William I | Holland |
| William IIWillem II | 1235 | 1256 | son of Floris IV | Holland |
| Floris VFloris V, der keerlen god | 1256 | 1296 | son of William II; Floris de Voogd regent and guardian for Floris V (1256–1258) | Holland |
| John IJan I | 1296 | 1299 | son of Floris V; John III, Lord of Renesse regent for John I (1296-1299); John II, Count of Hainaut inherited the county after John I's death | Holland |
| Name | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| John IIJan II | 1299 | 1304 | son of John I of Avesnes | Avesnes |
| William IIIWillem III | 1304 | 1337 | son of John II | Avesnes |
| William IVWillem IV | 1337 | 1345 | son of William III | Avesnes |
| Margaret IMargaretha | 1345 | 1354 | daughter of William III; a.k.a. Margaret II of Avesnes, countess Margaret II of Hainaut | Avesnes |
| Name | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| William VWillem V, Willem van Beieren | 1349 | 1389 | son of Margaret I; a.k.a. duke William I of Bavaria, count William III of Hainaut, count William IV of Zeeland | Wittelsbach |
| AlbertAlbrecht van Beieren | 1389 | 1404 | son of Margaret of Holland; count of Holland, Hainaut, and Zeeland | Wittelsbach |
| William VIWillem VI, Willem van Oostervant | 1404 | 1417 | son of Margaret of Brieg; a.k.a. duke William II of Bavaria-Straubing, count William IV of Hainaut, count William V of Zeeland | Wittelsbach |
| JacquelineJacoba van Beieren | 1417 | 1433 | countess of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut; a.k.a. duchess Jacqueline of Bavaria-Straubing; no heir; With Jacqueline's remarriage to the English Henry of Gloucester, title passes to the dukes of Burgundy | Wittelsbach |

## Counts of Burgundian and Habsburg Netherlands (1433–1581)

Burgundian dukes acquired a continuous territory covering most of modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands. By establishing the States General, Philip the Good centralised power, thereby laying the basis for the Netherlands as a single country with a common interest. The Burgundian dukes - and later the monarchs of Habsburg Spain - appointed stadtholders (place holders or deputies) in each one of its estates in the Netherlands.

In 1506, at the death of Philip the Handsome, the title "Lord of the Netherlands" or "Lord of Flanders" was given to his son and Duke of Burgundy Charles of Ghent (later Charles I in Spain and Charles V in the Holy Roman Empire). With the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549, Charles completed the process of consolidation by becoming the sole feudal overlord of the Seventeen Provinces. In 1556, the Spanish Netherlands were established under the control of Philip II of Spain. In this political union, the stadtholders served under a governor-general, limiting their power and of the estates.

| Name | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| - | - | - | - | - |
| Philip IPhilip the GoodFilips de Goede | 1433 | 1467 | a.k.a. Philip III of Burgundy | Valois-Burgundy |
| Charles ICharles the BoldKarel de Stoute | 1467 | 1477 | a.k.a. duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Limburg, Guelder and Luxembourg, count of Flanders, Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, Zutphen | Valois-Burgundy |
| MaryMary the RichMaria de Rijke | 1477 | 1482 | daughter of Charles I | Valois-Burgundy |
| Name | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| Maximilian IMaximiliaan van Oostenrijk | 1482 | 1494 | a.k.a. Holy Roman Emperor | Habsburg |
| Philip IIPhilip the HandsomeFilips de Schone | 1494 | 1506 | a.k.a. king Philip I of Castile; son of Maximilian I | Habsburg |
| Charles IIKarel II | 1506 | 1555 | son of Philip the Handsome; introduced title Lord of the Netherlands; a.k.a. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and king Charles I of Spain; regent: Maximilian I (1506 to 1515); governors-general: William de Croÿ (1504-1507), Margaret of Austria (1507-1530) and Mary of Austria (1531-1555) | Habsburg |
| Philip IIIFilips III | 1555 | 1581 | Lord of the Netherlands; a.k.a. king Philip II of Spain; son of Charles I of Spain; governors-general: Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy (1555-1559) and Margaret of Parma (1559-1567) | Habsburg |

## The Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795)

Unhappy with the centralisation of political power to Habsburg Spain, seven northern provinces seceded into the Dutch Republic: Groningen, Frisia, Overijssel, Guelders, Utrecht, Holland and Zeeland. They kept parts of Limburg, Brabant and Flanders during and after the Eighty Years' War as Generality Lands.

Military control was given to a stadtholder who in theory was elected by the States-General of the Netherlands of the now independent Dutch Republic. The function was de facto hereditary in Holland and Zeeland, and held by the Prince of Orange. Drawn from a side branch of the House of Orange, Frisia and Groningen had a different stadtholder, until 1711. The following centuries saw the republic being co-ruled by the grand pensionary of the states-general and the stadtholders, with continuous power struggle between the offices.

### Stadtholderate under the House of Orange-Nassau

| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| William Ithe SilentWillem I | (1533-04-24)24 April 1533 – 10 July 1584(1584-07-10) (aged 51) | 26 July 1581 | 10 July 1584 | Stadtholder | Orange-Nassau |
| MauriceMaurits | (1567-11-14)14 November 1567 – 23 April 1625(1625-04-23) (aged 57) | 14 November 1585 | 23 April 1625 | Stadtholder, son of William I | Orange-Nassau |
| Frederick HenryFrederik Hendrik | (1584-01-29)29 January 1584 – 14 March 1647(1647-03-14) (aged 63) | 23 April 1625 | 14 March 1647 | Stadtholder, son of William I | Orange-Nassau |
| William IIWillem II | (1626-05-27)27 May 1626 – 6 November 1650(1650-11-06) (aged 24) | 14 March 1647 | 6 November 1650 | Stadtholder, son of Frederick Henry | Orange-Nassau |
| William IIIWillem III | (1650-11-04)4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702(1702-03-08) (aged 51) | 4 July 1672 | 8 March 1702 | Stadtholder, son of William II also King of England, Scotland and Ireland | Orange-Nassau |
| William IVWillem IV | (1711-09-01)1 September 1711 – 22 October 1751(1751-10-22) (aged 40) | 4 May 1747 | 22 October 1751 | First formally hereditary Stadtholder of the United Netherlands, son of John William Friso | Orange-Nassau |
| William VWillem V | (1748-03-08)8 March 1748 – 9 April 1806(1806-04-09) (aged 58) | 22 October 1751 | 19 January 1795 | Hereditary Stadtholder of the United Netherlands, son of William IV, deposed by the Batavian Revolution | Orange-Nassau |

When William III died childless, the patrilineal ancestry of Orange-Nassau became extinct. In contrast to other provinces of the Dutch Republic, Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe had mostly drawn its stadtholders from the House of Nassau, that starting with John VI, the brother of William of Orange, and comprises in addition a matrilineal ancestry with the house of Orange-Nassau.

### Stadtholderate under the House of Nassau

| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| John VIthe ElderJan VI | (1536-11-22)22 November 1536 – 8 October 1606(1606-10-08) (aged 69) | 1578 | 1581 | Stadtholder, brother of William I | Nassau |
| William LouisOur FatherWillem Lodewijk | (1560-03-13)13 March 1560 – 31 May 1620(1620-05-31) (aged 60) | 1584 | 1620 | Stadtholder, son of John VI | Nassau |
| Ernest Casimir IErnst Casimir I | (1573-12-22)22 December 1573 – 2 June 1632(1632-06-02) (aged 58) | 1620 | 1632 | Stadtholder, son of John VI | Nassau |
| Henry Casimir IHendrik Casimir I | (1612-01-21)21 January 1612 – 13 July 1640(1640-07-13) (aged 28) | 1632 | 1640 | Stadtholder, son of Ernest Casimir I | Nassau |
| William FrederickWillem Frederik | (1613-08-07)7 August 1613 – 31 October 1664(1664-10-31) (aged 51) | 1640 | 1664 | Stadtholder, son of Ernest Casimir I | Nassau |
| Henry Casimir IIHendrik Casimir II | (1657-01-18)18 January 1657 – 25 March 1696(1696-03-25) (aged 39) | 18 January 1664 | 25 March 1696 | Hereditary Stadtholder, son of William Frederick and maternal grandson of Frederick Henry | Nassau |
| John William FrisoJohan Willem Friso | (1687-08-04)4 August 1687 – 14 July 1711(1711-07-14) (aged 23) | 25 March 1696 | 14 July 1711 | Hereditary Stadtholder, son of Henry Casimir II, succeeded by his son William IV of Orange-Nassau, Hereditary Stadtholder of the United Netherlands | Nassau |

### Grand Pensionaries of the Dutch Republic

Holland formally adopted the Act of Abjuration in 1581 to become a province in the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. Grand Pensionaries of the province of Holland during the time of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands:

| Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Term of office |
| - | - | - |
| Paulus Buys (1531–1594) | 1572 | 16 March 1584 |
| Johan van Oldenbarnevelt (1547–1619) | 16 March 1586 | 12 May 1619 |
| Andries de Witt (1573–1637) | 12 May 1619 | 1621 |
| Anthonie Duyck (1560–1629) | 1621 | 1629 |
| Jacob Cats (1577–1660) | 1629 | 1631 |
| Adriaan Pauw (1585–1653) | 1631 | 1636 |
| Jacob Cats (1577–1660) | 1636 | 1651 |
| Adriaan Pauw (1585–1653) | 1651 | 30 July 1653 |
| Johan de Witt (1625–1672) | 30 July 1653 | 4 August 1672 |
| Gaspar Fagel (1634–1688) | 20 August 1672 | 5 December 1688 |
| Michiel ten Hove (1640–1689) | 5 December 1688 | 24 March 1689 |
| Anthonie Heinsius (1641–1720) | 27 May 1689 | 3 August 1720 |
| Isaac van Hoornbeek (1655–1727) | 12 September 1720 | 17 June 1727 |
| Simon van Slingelandt (1664–1736) | 17 July 1727 | 1 December 1736 |
| Anthonie van der Heim (1693–1746) | 4 April 1737 | 7 July 1746 |
| Willem Buys (1661–1749) | 7 July 1746 | 23 September 1746 |
| Jacob Gilles (1691–1765) | 23 September 1746 | 18 June 1749 |
| Pieter Steyn (1706–1772) | 18 June 1749 | 5 November 1772 |
| Pieter van Bleiswijk (1724–1790) | 18 June 1772 | 5 November 1787 |
| Laurens Pieter van de Spiegel (1736–1800) | 9 November 1787 | 9 February 1795 |

## Rulers during the French period (1795–1813)

In the Northern Netherlands, the stadtholdership developed into a hereditary system, with increasing power accumulating to the stadtholder. Dutch Patriots sought a more democratic form of government. With French help they proclaimed the Batavian Republic (1795-1806). In 1806, Napoleon Bonaparte overturned the Batavian Republic. Napoleon established a client Kingdom of Holland with his brother as king (1806-1810). The Netherlands were subsequently annexed into the First French Empire (1810-1813). Stadtholder William V went in exile. The Southern Netherlands (Austrian Netherlands) including Prince-Bishopric of Liège were annexed into the French First Republic (1795–1804) and the First French Empire (1804–1815).

### Batavian Republic (1795–1806)

Executive Governments of the Batavian Republic

| Name | Term of office | Term of office |
| - | - | - |
| Revolutionary Committee | 17 January 1795 | 6 February 1795 |
| States General of the Batavian Republic | 30 March 1795 | 1 March 1796 |
| National Assembly | 1 March 1796 | 25 January 1798 |
| Uitvoerend Bewind | 25 January 1798 | 17 October 1801 |
| Staatsbewind | 17 October 1801 | 29 April 1805 |

Grand Pensionaries of the Batavian Republic:

| Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Term of office | Faction |
| - | - | - | - | - |
| | Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (1761–1825) | 15 May 1805 | 4 June 1806 | Moderate |
| | Carel de Vos van Steenwijk (1759–1830) | 4 June 1806 | 18 June 1806 | Federalist |

### Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810)

| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Louis Ithe GoodLodewijk I de Goede | (1778-09-02)2 September 1778 – 25 July 1846(1846-07-25) (aged 67) | 5 June 1806 (office established) | 1 July 1810 | Napoleon Bonaparte restyled the Netherlands into the Kingdom of Holland, putting his brother Louis I on the throne | Bonaparte | |
| Louis IILodewijk II | (1804-10-11)11 October 1804 – 17 March 1831(1831-03-17) (aged 26) | 1 July 1810 | 9 July 1810 (office abolished | son of Louis I | Bonaparte | |

## Rulers of the Netherlands (1813–present)

After the First French Empire collapsed, the crown was offered to sovereign prince William VI, son of stadtholder William V. The Congress of Vienna reunited the Northern Netherlands with the Southern Netherlands into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands of which William became king. The newly appointed kings originally had extensive powers. Constitutional reforms in 1848 transformed the Netherlands into a constitutional monarchy under the rule of law, ending the factual rule of the monarchs.

The Belgian Revolution led to the secession of the southern part into the Kingdom of Belgium.

The non-French speaking part of Luxembourg remained in a personal union with the Netherlands, until William III died, leaving only his daughter Wilhelmina as an heir. Luxembourg allowed inheritance of the crown by males only, hence breaking the personal union.

| Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| William IWillem I | (1772-08-24)24 August 1772 – 12 December 1843(1843-12-12) (aged 71) | 6 December 1813 | 7 October 1840 | Son of the last Stadtholder William V Abdicated | Orange-Nassau |
| William IIWillem II | (1792-12-06)6 December 1792 – 17 March 1849(1849-03-17) (aged 56) | 7 October 1840 | 17 March 1849 | Son of William I | Orange-Nassau |
| William IIIWillem III | (1817-02-19)19 February 1817 – 23 November 1890(1890-11-23) (aged 73) | 17 March 1849 | 23 November 1890 | Son of William II | Orange-Nassau |
| Wilhelmina | (1880-08-31)31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962(1962-11-28) (aged 82) | 23 November 1890 | 4 September 1948 | Daughter of William III Abdicated | Orange-Nassau |
| Juliana | (1909-04-30)30 April 1909 – 20 March 2004(2004-03-20) (aged 94) | 4 September 1948 | 30 April 1980 | Daughter of Wilhelmina Abdicated | Orange-Nassau (Mecklenburg) |
| Beatrix | (1938-01-31) 31 January 1938 (age 85) | 30 April 1980 | 30 April 2013 | Daughter of Juliana Abdicated | Orange-Nassau (Lippe) |
| William-AlexanderWillem-Alexander | (1967-04-27) 27 April 1967 (age 55) | 30 April 2013 | Incumbent | Son of Beatrix | Orange-Nassau (Amsberg) |
