Kapteyn b
# Kapteyn b

Kapteyn b is a candidate exoplanet that orbits within the estimated habitable zone of the red subdwarf Kapteyn's Star, located approximately 12.8 light-years (3.92 parsecs) from Earth. It was the closest potentially habitable exoplanet to the Solar System other than Tau Ceti e up until 2016, when Proxima Centauri b at 4.22 light-years was confirmed. It was pushed into fourth when Ross 128 b was confirmed in 2017.

Subsequent research cast doubt on the existence of Kapteyn b, suggesting the signal is more consistent with stellar activity rather than a planet. This concern was refuted by the original discovery team, only to reappear in stronger form in 2021. The system itself is estimated to be 11 billion years old, substantially older than the Solar System.

## Characteristics

### Mass, radius, and temperature

The proposed Kapteyn b is a super-Earth, a planet that has a radius and mass bigger than that of Earth, but smaller than that of the ice giants Uranus and Neptune. It has a surface temperature of 205 K (−68 °C; −91 °F). It has a mass greater than or equal to 4.8 $M_{Earth}$ and a radius less than or equal to around 1.6 $R_{Earth},$ depending on its composition, making it a likely rocky world.

### Host star

The candidate planet orbits a red subdwarf star named Kapteyn's Star. The star has a mass of 0.27 $M_☉,$ a radius of 0.29 $R_☉$ and has about 1.2% of the Sun's luminosity. It has a surface temperature of 3,550 K and is roughly 11 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has a surface temperature of 5,778 K.

The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 8.85. It is too dim to be seen with the naked eye, but can be seen with good binoculars.

### Orbit

Kapteyn b purportedly makes a complete orbit around its parent star about every 48.62 days at a distance of 0.17 AU (compared to Mercury, which orbits at a distance of around 0.39 AU). It has an eccentricity of 0.21, meaning its orbit is mildly elliptical.

## Habitability

The candidate exoplanet was announced to be orbiting in the habitable zone of its parent star, the region where, with the correct conditions and atmospheric properties, liquid water may exist on the surface of the planet. Kapteyn b has a radius range of 1.2–1.6 $R_{Earth},$ so it is likely rocky. Its host star is a red subdwarf, with a little more than a quarter as much mass than the Sun does. As a result, stars like Kapteyn's Star have the ability to live up to 100–200 billion years, ten to twenty times longer than the Sun will live.

Another crucial factor in habitability is temperature and atmospheric properties. The estimated equilibrium temperature for Kapteyn b is around 205 K (−68 °C; −91 °F), too cold to support liquid water on the surface. Without the proper greenhouse gases in its atmosphere (if it has one), it is likely to be a planet covered in ice. However, if it has enough $CO_2$ in its atmosphere, the surface temperature may rise enough to have water exist in its liquid form on the surface.

## Discovery

The planet was first discovered by the HARPS spectrometer which is housed at the European Southern Observatory's La Silla Observatory in Chile. Further confirmations of the planetary detection were made at the Keck Observatory in Hawaii and at the PFS Observatory, also in Chile. The method of discovery involved observing and recording tiny wobbles in the star caused by the gravitational tug of its planets, using Doppler spectroscopy.

## Additional planet

One other planet has been detected within the same planetary system. It is designated "Kapteyn c" and orbits further out from the star, beyond the outer edge of the habitable zone. It is considered to be too cold for stellar-light-based life.

