she passed definitely into the hands OF
n n
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the Counts or savoy


At this epoch, great social transform
alton was in progress throughout Eu-
rope. The communes of France had en-
fianchised themselves in the eleventh CEN
tury in the twelfth, the cities of Lom-
hardy had formed themselves into re-
publics; at the commencement of the
fourteenth, the cantons of Switz, Uri and
Underwalden escaped from the dominion
of the empire, and laid the basis of that
confederation that was, one day, to unite
all Helyetia. s luf


Geneva, placed in the centre of this
triangle Of democracy, felt in turn, the
fire that liberty waited toward her from
all sides. In 1919, she contracted an al
lance with Fribourg, and soon after uni
ted herself to Berne. Children were
born to her who became great men. A.
postles appeared, who preached liberty
in the midst of sufferings and privations
BoNNIvAR was for six wears chained to
pillar in the dungeons of Chillon.
PEcoLAT, on the rack, bit off his own
tongue and spit it in the face of his execu-
toner, who babe him denounce his ac-
complices And BERTHIELIER, when led
to the scaffold, on the place de l'Isle, and
hesought to ask pardon Of the Duke, re-
replied,


1t is for criminals and guilty men to
ask pardon: let the Duke ask pardon from
God for assassinating me !''-and he laid
his head on the block.


The Refomalion-which obliged the
nations to take so large stride that, wea-
ried by that stride, they have rested ev-
er since-entered Geneva, after havig O.
verspread great art of Germany and
Switzerland. 1t was powerful auxili-
ary to the spirit of liberty; for it added
religious animosity to political hatred.
The Bishop, Pierre de la Beaume, left
Geneva in 1885, never to return, and
the republic was proclaimed.


In 1886, Calvin established himselfin
Geneva, when the council offered him
the appointment Of Professor of Theolo-
gy. The austereness of his habits, the
severity Of his eloquence, and the inflex-
ibiIify of his principles, gave him an in
fluence over his fellow citizens that e.
ven his persecution of Servetas could
not destroy: and when he died, in 554,
he left the little city of Geneva the cap
ital of new religious world-the Rome
of Professionalism.


The Duke Charles Emanuel, of Sa-
voy, IN 1902, made a last but unsuccess-
ful effort to regain possession of Geneva.
The event is known in the Genevese an
nails as the Escalade, because the Duke
commanded the walls to be scaled by a
chosen band at midnight. He was repuls-
ed by the half naked and half armed inha-
Z ants. The anniversary of this victory
on the part of the citizens is still celebra-
ted by a national fete. The seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries were periods
of repose for Geneva; and during this
time her commerce so increased that
now, industry is all to her, while terri
torial property is nothing. If each in
habitant of the canton should claim an
equal portion of the soil, the dividend
would amount TO some ten feet square.


Napoleon found Geneva united to
France, and for twelve years wore It as
. golden embroidery around the hem