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In the October issue of the Journal of Contemporary History, Molly Loberg writes about the phenomenon of fortified shops in Weimar Berlin: 'By 1931, in the context of a general breakdown in public security, the police promoted a fortified shop as the best means for crime prevention. In contrast to ‘invisible’ security measures invented by department stores to deter crime without inhibiting consumption, these measures made explicit a defensive posture of the shop toward the street.'