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 9. Sky MapsSky Maps are a projection of the visible sky at a single point in space onto a onto a half-dome, who's center is at the point of study. In the case of a 2D-projection, the dome is projected a second time onto a disc, who's circle matches the point of origin.Sky Maps work in a similar fashion as Ray Casting : as rays are sent from a point of origin, they either reach the sky vault or they don’t : Sky maps only take into account the rays that do reach the sky.9.1. 3D Sky Maps¶See also3D Sky Maps and Building FacadesRay Casting : an Introduction to Visibility Studies9.1.1. What’s a 3D Sky Map ?¶Let’s imagine for starters that we’re at a point on a completely flat surface, without anything blocking our view. Our result would be something like this :Of course in an urban setting, some of our rays would be blocked, and the associated dome faces would not appear :9.1.2. How do I create 3D Sky Maps?¶You can place 3D Isovists through the point-and-click method by clicking t4su &#62; Sky views &#62; 3D Sky Map, or through a BatchProcess if you already have your locations set out.See alsoBatch Processing9.1.3. What Can I Use Them For?¶On their own and at a first glance, theses domes help you assess the openness of an area, the local skyline and roughly estimate the sky view factor. But they hold much more interesting information when used, for example, to assess solar radiation. As we’ve seen, we have methods to calculate the Sun View Factor after having drawn SunPaths.What happens when we reproduce this procedure on our 3D Sky Maps ? To try this out, first create your domes, then click t4su &#62; Edit &#62; AutomaticReverseFaces because half of your dome’s faces are facing inwards. Then proceed to draw your Sun Paths and calculate your Sun View Factor over the layer containing your 3D Sky Maps. Finally, use ColorFaces to depict the differences in energy received by each face :See alsoSun View FactorsDrawing Sun Paths3D Sky Maps Created by Point-And-Click, Colored by Direct Solar Irradiation ValueWe can see a lot more information at particular points in space than when doing a regular `SunViewFactor over a tesselated area:We can see what parts of the sky contribute most (and least) to our direct solar irradiation. Naturally, North-facing faces receive the least sunlight, and Southern faces at a roughly 45° vertical angle receive the most. We can thus find which sections of the sky contribute most to the points’ solar energy gains.&#160;9.2. 3D Sky Maps and Building Facades¶3D Sky Maps and Building Facades both start from a half-dome, at the center of which is the point of interest. Rays start from the center point, pass through the center of each dome face and continue on, either hitting a facade or not.A combination of SkyMap 3d (clear blue) and BuildingFacade (grey) at the same point in spaceSee alsoRunning Times and Geometrical PrecisionWhilst Building Facades will only show the dome faces who’s rays have hit an obstacle, 3D Sky Maps will only show those that have not : They show complementary information. So when is one or the other more appropriate?Sky maps are much more useful in showing which parts of the sky are visible at a certain point. They hold an advantage over 2D Sky Maps,in that the sky is not projected over a 2D surface: they are not deformed by any necessary spherical projection.See alsoCalculating the Sky View FactorSky-Map 3D over an intersectionThe BuildingFacade module works great for street-level visibility : it highlights the skyline, the openings in the urban space represented by “dips” in the dome formation, allowing you to assess the relative confinement of urban space.Typical BuildingFacade profile for a narrow streetOnce built, the dome faces also hold an attribute, “dist_to_facade”(float). This feature expresses the distance between the point of interest and the obstacle represented by the dome face.Ruby console showing attributes when using PickUpEntityYou can view it by clicking View &#62; ColorFaces and choosing the dist_to_facade attribute.ColorFaces Command BoxOriginally, the faces all turn inwards: the results may be more visible if the faces where reverted. This can be easily achieved by selecting Edit &#62; AutomaticReverseFaces, and selecting your BuildingFacade layer. Sometimes, intersecting faces are not automatically reversed. For an optimal result, render your building layer invisible before reversing your BuildingFacade layer.&#160;9.3. 2D Sky Maps and Vegetation Modelization¶As we have seen, we can easily cover large areas by multiplying a single object, such as a person to make a crowd or a tree to make a forest. There are more than 1400 trees to choose fromin the 3D Warehouse, you really have a large choice. So are all SketchUp trees the same? What types are there and how do they affect the results of our visibility studies? Let’s take two concrete examples.9.3.1. First Tree : the FaceMe Tree¶If you’re familiar with Sketchup, you may know about the faceMe technique. Basically, a 2D Object is set to automatically turn to always face your camera, no matter which way you look at it (unless you look from above).9.3.2. Second Tree : the Carboard Cutout¶The Cardboard Cutout also uses the faceMe method for it’s vertical face, but also has an added horizontal face.9.3.3. Comparison :¶Let’s now compare the impact these two different trees would have on our visibility studies. For starters, are the sky maps the same? If they’re not, what else would that change? To find out, import both types of trees into different layers, and place them at identical spots. To make sure we compare the same points in space, we can create a path, sample it and project the sampling points over our terrain. We can then launch a 2D Sky Map Batchprocess over our sampled path twice ; once for each tree layer type.Sky view Factor with Tree 1.Sky view Factor with Tree 2.Comparison of Both Sky View Factors.Clearly, trees composed of only a vertical face allow for a much greater sky view factor. In this particular case, a greater sky view also means greater direct solar radiation.See alsoSampling A PathBatch Processing9.3.4. Conclusion:¶Choosing the correct type of tree is very important : they’re part of every urban setting and need to be taken into account when analyzing urban energy balances. Vegetation’s correct integration in such simulations is still at its premise, mainly because their modelization induces calculating variable opacity over many complex shapes. Comparatively, this SketchUp method may not be as precise as other microclimatic models, but it’s definitely much faster. In any case, it’s vital to know what type of geometries we’re working with and anticipate the types of problems that could be encountered, whether it be a 2D, 2D+ or 3D tree model.9.4. Sunny Sky Maps¶We can project given sun paths onto our 2d sky map. This allows us to quickly understand buildings’ impact on solar availability at a point in space, over different periods of time.First, create the sun paths you wish to have on your sky view graph.See alsoDrawing Sun PathsIn this example, we will be using the sun paths of Winter and Summer solstices, as well as an equinox, at a latitude of 47°. This allows us to see the range over an entire year.Sun Paths during the Solstices in Nantes, France.Next, click on Extensions &#62; Sun views &#62; SunnySkyMap2D :Reaching SunnySkyMapIn the following command box, first select the layer containing your sun path:SunnySkyMap Command Box Enter the number of rays used for the calculation, ie: its precision in finding the contours of the surrounding buildings Set the visual range : this is the size of your graph. This depends your project and your personal preferences : the amount of space you have available to plot the graph, how far out you would like to zoom and still read it...  Select the height at which you would like to calculate your sky view factor (z0). If you would like to visualize projections at ground floor, 0.0 or 0.1 are an acceptable inputs. Select your unit of length. Be sure to always keep the same units throughout the entirety of the project! Next, select the type of projection you would like to use. If you’re not sure which one fits your needs best, check this page for more ample information. Finally, you can change the color of the building projections.Once you hit OK, you can start clicking anywhere on your project to insert an graph at that location.From left to right : Stereographic, Orthogonal and Isoaire (Equal-Area) projections at the same location.Reading such graphs are relatively simple. The disc represents a 360-view of the sky: the ground floor is projected at the circumference, whereas the center of the disk is the point in the sky directly above it (what happens in between depends on your type of projection). The filled-in parts of the graph represent parts of the sky that are blocked off by obstacles.If a point of the Sun Path is contained in the filled in areas of the graph, it means that at that specific time and place the point you are studying is in the shade. Conversely, a sun path point that is not superimposed over a filled in area of the graph means there is direct sunlight at that specific time and place.