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Significantconsequences within the restructuring of migration processes in Europe haveresulted from multiple crises. Southern European countries experience specificdynamics: first we observe a rise in emigration rates and a consistentreduction of labour in-migration, as well as changes in mobility trajectoriesfor these populations due to economic recession; we also must consider howincreasingly restrictive national and European migration policies have resultedin a large population of irregular migrants and refugees who are met withprecarious modes of reception as well as the living and working conditions. Oneof primary landing points for these new population flows, Italy feels strongmigratory pressure coupled with growing social tensions. A dynamic ofrestructuring for social and spatial mobility has clearly resulted from thesemultiple crises, often orienting migrants in rural and marginal areas. In thepast, asylum seekers and refugees were concentrated in capital cities andsurrounding areas; but policies aimed at a geographic dispersal of refugeessince the ’90s by governments in Northern Europe, and more recently Italy, haveresulted in peripheral and rural areas hosting many asylum seekers andrefugees. More specifically, three main arguments have been advanced atthe European level since 2015, which promote the accommodation of refugees inrural areas with declining populations. First,  we must “share the burden” on national andEuropean levels; second, the integration of migrants within a new socialcontext is easier and more successful in rural areas ; third, refugees can beimportant agents of innovation and revitalisation for declining rural areas.In relationto these dynamics of mobility and control, diversified patterns of agri-fooddevelopment have emerged at national level. Considering these dynamics, we canobserve different models of agriculture and different forms of participation andinvolvement by social actors. What is remarkable is the new role of rural areasand especially agriculture in dealing with migration, social inclusion andlabor issues. Bur questions rise about the sustainability on the long term ofthese projects, depending on participation, collective support, empowerment andautonomization of migrants and refugees. The contribution builds on theanalysis of relevant literature and case studies analysis carried out between2010-2017 through participatory observation, attending public events orassemblies, and with semi- and unstructured interviews with diverse actors. 