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Peter Adamson, Professor of Philosophy at the LMU in Munich and at King's College London, is the author several books, including The Arabic Plotinus (2002) and Great Medieval Thinkers: al-Kindi (2007) and Philosophy in the Islamic World (2016), and hosts the History of Philosophy podcast.Muḥammad 'Abduh and Muḥammad Iqbal challenge colonialism and the traditional religious scholars of Islam.Further ReadingM. Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (London: 1934).U. Günther, “Mohammed Arkoun: Towards a Radical Tethinking of Islamic Thought,” S. Taji-Farouki (ed.), Modern Muslim Intellectuals and the Qur’an (London: 2004), 125-67.C. Hillier and B. Koshul (eds), Muhammad Iqbal: Essays on the Reconstruction of Modern Muslim Thought (Edinburgh: 2015).M.H. Kerr, Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muḥammad ʿAbduh and Rashīd Rıḍā (Berkeley: 1966).H. Malik (ed.), Iqbal the Poet-Philosopher of Pakistan (New York: 1971).A. Schimmel, Gabriel’s Wing: a Study into the Religious Ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal (Leiden: 1963).M. Sedgwick, Muhammad Abduh (Oxford: 2010).I.S. Sevea, The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal (Cambridge: 2012).R. Zakaria, Iqbal: The Poet and Politician (New Delhi: 1994).