{"word_count": 338, "character_count": 2163}
Enemish is defined by two innnovations:1. *enem 'six', displacing earlier additive and multiplicative forms. The reflexes of the innovated word are very variable and irregular: the reconstruction *enem, is projected back from MP, and only works for a subset of available forms, some of which have a geminated initial or medial, while others have a non-nasal initial. The following data are drawn from Ogawa's comparative vocabulary (Li &#38; Toyoshima 2006).   Non-nasal initial: PAN medial *n is almost universally reflected as [n] in Formosan languages. Yet instead of medial -n-, some words for 'six' have a liquid—lateral or rhotic—which can only reflect&#160; *N or *l: Tsou #38a lomu; Saaroa #47a rumu, urumu, #48 urumu; Rukai #63 ulum; Paiwan #59a, 62a urum; Kavalan #108, 108 arum; Basay #106-107-108&#160;arum, rarum;&#160; Papora #129b rum; Hoanya #138 alim, ilim, #142b.2 rom. It is not clear at all which, of *n or a liquid, was innovated. Forms with liquids are quite common on the west coast (Siraya, Hoanya, Papora), suggesting a non)nasal initial is the more ancient.   Some forms exhibit a geminate consonant: Siraya #143 annim, annum, nnum, ninnum, ninnim; Paiwan #71, 72 unnum; Amis #82c1, 82d, 83cd, 83k.2 nnum; Kavalan #88b, 92a, 92b nnum; #92c unnum, innim; #101 innoom; Basay 102b nnum; remarkably, only [n] is ever geminated, there are no forms with -ll- or -rr-. 2. *CawiN 'year' (Siraya, Bunun, Rukai-Tsouic and Paiwan). This word neatly displaces PAN *kawaS, the main word for 'year' north of Siraya on the west coast of Taiwan (Pazeh, Atayal, Sediq, Thao). In PAN *kawaS cumulated the leanings of 'year' and 'sky'. The underlying notion was perhaps that of 'open space', in both the temporal and spatial domains. Thus Pazeh babaw kawas 'the space above; the sky'. After Proto-Enemish, *kawaS survives in secondary meanings, as in Amis kawas 'god, deity, spirit'.ReferencesLi, Jen-kuei and Masayuki Toyoshima (eds). 2006. Comparative vocabulary of Formosan languages and dialects, by Naoyoshi Ogawa. Asian and African lexicon series 49. Institute for Languages and cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.[cite]