{"word_count": 478, "character_count": 2969}
In Sagart (2019 here) I reconstructed a new PAN consonantal ending : *X [χ]. This is one source of the Kra-Dai tone B. In the same paper I showed that at the end of Austronesian words, two previously reconstructed h-type sounds: *H1 and *H2, evolved to different tones in Kra-Dai: *H1 to tone C and *H2 to tone A. In Table 7 of that paper I further assigned my *X to two words having no Kra-Dai cognates: *qeCaX 'chaff' and *duRiX 'thorn'.&#160; The reason for claiming these words ended in *X was that, while there was evidence in each case for a final voiceless fricative (Amis ʔtah 'chaff', Aklanon dugih 'thorn'), that fricative could neither be *H1 nor *H2, as shown by the combination of&#160; cited Saisiyat, Amis and Bunun forms: only *X was consistent with all the evidence.Favorlang, an extinct Austronesian language of the Formosan west coast, recorded by Dutch missionaries in the mid-17th century brings additional evidence. I rely on Happart's Favorlang vocabulary of 1650, as published in Campbell (1896).Favorlang regularly loses the PAN endings *H1 and *H2:*-H1: bao ‘new’ &#60; baqeRuH1; bagg’ (o chau) ‘a live coal’ &#60; baRaH1; ema &#60; *qumaH1 ‘a field’,  atshia ‘a salting’ &#60; qasiRaH1.*-H2: torro ‘three’ (in manna-torro-us ‘three times’) &#60; tuluH2; manna-pida ‘to be often repeated’ &#60; *pijaH2;  charina ‘ear’ &#60; CangilaH2; abo &#60; qabuH2 ‘ash’; kairi ‘left’ &#60; ka-wiRiH2; bato ‘stone’ &#60; batuH2.Yet *qeCaX 'chaff' is reflected in Favorlang with a final back-of-the mouth fricative, as chach or chagh 'the powder of ground seed; the refuse of bruised corn' (understand 'the by-product of pounding grain: chaff'). PAN *q is regularly lost in Favorlang, and PAN *C evolves regularly to ch. Dutch orthographic ch writes [x] and gh writes [x] or [ɣ] : this may have been close to the value of the fricatives in chach/chagh: [xax], [xaɣ] or similar. The first ch- reflects PAN *C; the last consonant: -ch or -gh, my *X. It cannot reflect *H1 or *H2, since as shown above both go to zero in Favorlang.  The behaviour of final *-X in Favorlang is parallel to that of final -h in the Amis cognate 'tah 'chaff': this -h cannot reflect *H2, as final *H2 goes to zero in Amis. It could reflect *H1, since Amis reflects final *H1 as -h, but *H1 is contra-indicated by Saisiyat kæ-ʔsæʔ  'chaff'—expect ʔsæh if PAN was *qeCaH1. Thus geographically distant Amis and Favorlang agree in have in 'chaff' a final back-of-the-mouth fricative that can neither reflect *H1 nor *H2. ReferencesHappart, Gilbertus (1650 [1896]) Woordboek der Favorlangsche Taal. Published in English translation as Happart's Favorlang vocabulary in W. Campbell (ed.) The articles of Christian Instruction in Favorlang-Formosan Dutch and English. London,  Kegan Paul, Trench and Trübner, 1896, pp. 122-199. Sagart, Laurent. 2019. A model of the origin of Kra-Dai tones. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale, 2019, 48 (1), pp.1-29. ⟨10.1163/19606028-04801004⟩[cite]