{"word_count": 430, "character_count": 3050}
This is the 'Puluqish' master post. Links to all sub-posts can be found in the text. You may also&#160; jump to the next superordinate level: Eastern Walu-Siwaish (EWS) (here).Puluqish (Sagart 2008) is an Austronesian subgroup defined by the innovative numeral *puluq 'ten'. It includes three languages of southern and southeastern Taiwan: Amis, Puyuma, and Paiwan, plus Malayo-Polynesian and Kra-Dai.A second innovation of Puluqish has now been identified: the use of prefixes *paka- and *maka- to indicate abilitative meaning (here).Critics of Puluqish had underlined the lack of an etymology for *puluq (e.g. Winter 2010: 284): this apparent opacity seemed to indicate that *puluq is as ancient as the lower Austronesian numerals *isa 'one', *duSa 'two' etc.&#160; The etymology of *puluq has now been determined (here).The new etymology implies that the original Puluqish word for '10' was actually *sa-puluq (one-puluq) rather than just *puluq. The *sa- component was lost in Amis and Puyuma but preserved in Paiwan, Malayo-Polynesian and Kra-Dai. The irregular phonetic shape of one word for 'nine' in Puyuma confirms the loss (here).The internal structure of Puluqish has been clarified: lexical evidence that Amis and Puyuma form a subgroup within Puluqish has been described (here).Similarly, lexical evidence has been presented (here) that Malayo-Polynesian and Kra-Dai form a subgroup: Southern Austronesian (SA).Puluqish clashes with Blust's East Formosan (Blust 1999) and with Ross's Nuclear Austronesian (Ross 2009; now abandoned by him). See my criticisms of these constructs here and here.ReferencesBlust, Robert A. 1999. Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics. In: Elizabeth Zeitoun and Paul Jen-kuei Li (eds.) Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian linguistics, 31-94. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics (preparatory office).Ross, Malcolm D. 2009. Proto Austronesian verbal morphology: a reappraisal. Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history. A festschrift for Robert Blust, ed. by Alexander Adelaar and Andrew K. Pawley (eds), 285-316. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Sagart, L. (2008) the expansion of setaria farmers in East Asia: a linguistic and archaeological model. In Sanchez-Mazas A, Blench R, Ross M, Peiros I, Lin M, eds. Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics, 133-157. Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia, London: Routledge.Sagart, L. 2014. In Defense of the Numeral-based Model of Austronesian Phylogeny, and of Tsouic. Language and Linguistics 15(6) 859–882.Sagart, L. 2015. East Formosan and the PAN palatals. Paper presented at the 13th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Taipei, July 18-22, 2015.Sagart, Laurent.2014. In Defense of the Numeral-based Model of Austronesian Phylogeny, and of Tsouic. Language and Linguistics 15(6) 859–882.Winter, Bodo. 2010. A note on the higher phylogeny of Austronesian. Oceanic Linguistics 49:282‒87.[cite]