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By Sally OsbornOne interesting aspect of manuscript recipe books is the frequency of recipes for ersatz or substitution products. This was perhaps understandable in an age when access to ingredients might be haphazard or require travelling a considerable distance. However, it also possibly reflects the desire to do what today we would call 'keeping up with the Joneses', particularly in offering suitable dishes at table.One example is a number of ways of preparing a replacement for the German dry-cured and smoked Westphalia ham, which often appears on bills of fare of the period. The title of the recipe is frequently along the lines of 'To make an artificial Westfalia ham', as in the one below, although one manuscript is refreshingly honest in naming it 'To Counterfeit Westfalia Bacon' (Wellcome Collection, MS 7851). The process was far from quick, as you will see, although the desired smoky flavour would presumably have resulted:Image © Wellcome CollectionRub a leg of Pork with four ounces of salt peter &#38; pint of bay salt &#38; as much white let it lay 3 weekes in salt, adding more salt every week, then dry it with a cloth &#38; rub it over with lam black, hang it up in a chimney for 8 weeks at least, where they burn wood, when you boyle put hay in your pot with it.Other food replacements were made, including artificial sturgeon (which was a 'royal fish' and thus the property of the crown), made from pickled turbot, and artificial venison, as in this example from the Heppington receipts:Image © Wellcome CollectionArtificiall Venison for a PastyBone a Sirloin of beef, and a Loyn of Mutton beat itt with a Rowling Pin, and season itt with Pepper, Salt itt then Lay itt 24 Howers in Sheeps Blood or Clarrett, then dry itt with a Cloath and season itt a Little more and itt is fit to fill your PastyWhat to me is more intriguing, though, are the recipes for artificial asses' milk. The health benefits of such milk were widely touted, as in this appeal in an undated letter from Eliza Pierce of around 1751:I wish I could give you a good [account] of my Aunt but she has been excessive ill ever since you left us and has at last been prevailed on to send for Dr Glass who had her blooded to day and advises her to drink Asses Milk and we not knowing who to apply to better then your self have taken the Liberty to send to you for one. It will be a great satisfaction to us all if you can supply us as by that means my Aunt will be able to begin imediately to drink it. My Uncle desires his compliments and he begs you to send one with a foal not above a Month or six weeks old if you have one of that Age if not as young as you can. Other sources recommend asses' milk be drunk for a cough and other disorders. We now know that it contains less fat and more lactose than cows' milk and is the closest to human breast milk, and of course its cosmetic properties have been lauded since Egyptian times. However, if you found yourself without a convenient donkey to milk, would you really want to replace it with something like this?A most excellent receipt for Mock Asses Milk sent me by Lady Betty Cicel, when I was ill at NesdenTake two ounces of pearle barley, wash &#38; scald it, put that water away – then take two quarts of fresh water, boil the barley in it with half an ounce of hartshorn shavings, half an ounce of eringo root, 8 or 10 shell snails rub’d clean &#38; bruis’d, boil those to gether till half is consum’d, then drain it, &#38; have a pint of Milk just boil’d, &#38; when both are cold, mix them together, keep it for now &#38; when you take it sweeten it with brown sugar. (British Library, Hamilton and Greville Papers, Add MS 40715)A Mrs Hawkins suggested a slightly more palatable alternative, recorded in Penelope Humphreys' recipe book:[caption id="attachment_477" align="alignnone" width="383"] Image © Wellcome Collection[/caption]take 2 ounces of pearl barly one ounce of Eringer Root one ounce of shavings of hartshorn, one ounce of Conserve of Red roses then put to these things 3 quarts of Water let it boyl tea it is halfe wasted then strain it, and drink a quarter of a pint of this liquor with the sam quantity of new Milk every morning fasting and at 4 a clock in the after noon. (Wellcome Collection, MS 7851)Perhaps more than anything else, this speaks volumes about the power of suggestion in early modern medical care!&#160;