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by Tillmann TaapeIn my last post, I introduced Hieronymus Brunschwig's Small book of distillation and considered how it presented medical knowledge. Here, I explore how Brunschwig's reading of alchemical ideas shaped his concept of distilled remedies.Like anyone living in medieval or early modern times, Brunschwig knew that the world was strictly divided into two separate realms: heaven and earth. While the celestial spheres were perfect and unchanging, revolving in harmonious circles with clockwork precision, the sublunar world was rather different.  All earthly matter was made up of the four elements: fire, air, earth, and water. Unless their qualities were perfectly balanced, they were volatile, prone to haphazard permutations. This was why everything in nature was thought to be constantly changing or decomposing, posing a major health threat to the human body which was also made of earthly matter. In fact, it was governed by bodily humours which corresponded to the four elements, and were just as difficult to balance.Seeking to keep physical corruption at bay, it is not surprising that Brunschwig turned to alchemy, especially distillation. As he wrote in his Small book, this was a powerful way of transforming and purifying matter (see, for example, Jonathan Cey's post on alchemy and fecal matter). While Brunschwig did not get much more specific in this particular work, we can look to the Large book of distillation which he published in 1512 for more detailed insights into his alchemical worldview. Numerous references and quotations suggest that the fourteenth-century alchemical writings of the Franciscan John of Rupescissa had a particularly important influence on his concept of distillation.Haunted by apocalyptic visions, Rupescissa was convinced that the coming of Antichrist was near. In order to prevail in the final battle, evangelical men needed to search for the panacea, a universal medicine which cures all illnesses by adjusting any imbalance of the four humours. According to Rupescissa, the only substance fitting the bill was "quintessence of wine"– alcohol distilled many times over, the stronger the better.This marvellous liquid was not, like all other earthly things, imbued with the qualities of the four sublunar elements and thus doomed to decay. Instead, it was perfectly balanced, much like the fifth element which made up the heavenly spheres, and therefore incorruptible. Rupescissa also called it "man's heaven", indicating that while it did not actually amount to a swig of celestial matter, it could confer the incorruptibility of the heavenly spheres to the human body to keep it healthy. This miraculous substance was hard-won through demanding alchemical processes. Multiple distillation at different carefully-regulated temperatures was followed by "circulation" of the substance in specially made glass vessels to remove any remaining traces of the corruptible elemental qualities. Distillation thus emerges as a process capable of profoundly changing physical matter.From the many quotations in Brunschwig's Large book, we can see that Rupescissa's ideas about distillation and quintessence were central to Brunschwig's medicine-making. Bearing this in mind, the distilled remedies in the Small book appear in a new light. Like Rupescissa, Brunschwig thought of distillation as a process with some cosmological significance which made sublunary matter "incorruptible" and more "like a heavenly thing" [1].It is important to note though, that he never referred to the remedies described in the Small book as "quintessences", and the techniques for their production were mostly quite straightforward. They certainly didn't appear to be geared towards anything as complex and esoteric as Rupescissa's celestial panacea. They did not remove all elemental qualities from Brunschwig's distilled waters, although they did separate the plant's healing virtues from its material dross, and thus produced more standardised remedies with a predictable effect on the human body and its humours.Far from Rupescissa's ideal of incorruptibility, the shelf life of Brunschwig's waters was clearly limited, and most of them went off after three years. Even before their use-by date, the power of distilled remedies declined over time. This, however, occurred at a highly predictable rate: some, like water of mandrake or water lily, were initially so powerful that they should only be applied externally, but after one year their power was tempered sufficiently to be taken internally. This suggests that, although Brunschwig's Small book aimed considerably lower than "man's heaven", Rupescissa's concept of distillation was at work here. It did not go all the way to yield the perfect balance and incorruptibility of heaven, but it channelled some of heaven's clockwork regularity and thus made Brunschwig's remedies more reliable. The remedies would have a well-defined effect on the patient's humoural balance, and even though their power would decay over time, it did so at a predictable rate, allowing the practitioner to keep track of its current state.[1] "unzerstörlichen" and "gleich dem hymelischen". Hieronymus Brunschwig, Liber de arte distillandi de simplicibus (Strasbourg: Johann Grüninger, 1509).