{"word_count": 111, "character_count": 808}
African demand and supply chains for fresh water are changing exponentially, and in opposite trajectories under different drivers. Water crises in Africa are expected to multiply as climate change unfolds, often with increasingly unpredictable stochastic events.1 Shortages in supply, uncertain changes in replenishment rates for surface water and groundwater, and deterioration of quality that reduces both usability and health safety issues are expected to soar.2,3 This is likely to constrict economic growth and hamper measures for the timely delivery of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG). In addition, as consumption increases under burgeoning population, the insecurity of water will directly affect livelihoods and socioeconomic development and threaten peaceful coexistence. [...]