{"word_count": 395, "character_count": 2736}
la prochaine séance de l'Atelier méthodologique HESS (Histoire - Economie - Sciences Sociales) aura lieu mercredi 11 mars 2015 à 14h,  à l'université Toulouse 1 Capitole (Arsenal) Bât. J, salle J323 (3eme étage, laboratoire CRM) sur le thème :Economic history and small business/Histoire économique et petites entreprisesavec- Steven ZDATNYVisiting Scholar, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, ParisUniversity of Vermont, USAPetite Entreprise in the History of Modern France, Where is it?Neither the engine of industrial capitalism nor the site of heroic class struggle, petty enterprise has largely failed to attract the attention of historians.  This neglect has left a considerable hole in the economic and social history of Modern France--particularly because, even as it modernized in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the French economy continued to comprise a very large proportion of petits entreprises.  This talk will outline the evolving place of shopkeepers and artisans in the French economy in the twentieth century, along with their influence on the politics of the Third and Fourth Republics—what I have called “the politics of survival”--which was much greater than their impact on GDP.  It will then take a deeper look at one part of this sector, Hairdressing, as a case study of the difficulty of doing business and earning a living, as an employer or an employee, in the harsh world of petits établissements.&#160;- Jean-Marc OLIVIERProfesseur d’histoire contemporaine, Université Toulouse - Jean-JaurèsSmall Entrepreneurs and Soft Industrialization in the Jura Mountains during the 19th CenturyNineteenth-century industrialization did not always mean a transformation of the landscape. In addition to English industrial cities, with big brick buildings and smoking chimneys, there were also invisible industrialized spaces. Between France and Switzerland, the Jura Mountains offer a beautiful example of this "soft industrialization", based on clockmaking, watchmaking and spectaclemaking.All these industries were "invisible", largely because they produce small things in very small towns or in the countryside. Nevertheless, it ought to be recognized that these rural industries created the same amount of wealth per capita as the English or German factories did. However, this form of soft industrialization did so in a different and less traumatic way. Soft industrialisation protected and preserved peasant farms, the large rural population, and traditional production of high quality, labour-intensive goods. Many historians have underestimated these independent rural industries because they were invisible in the landscape and in the archives, but their importance should not be undervalued.