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ArgumentLeiden Institute for Religious StudiesThe Second Council of Lyon (1274) and the Council of Ferrara-Florence (1439) constitute two crucial, yet ultimately unsuccessful, attempts to establish new unity between the Roman and the Eastern Churches. In between these two assemblies, intellectual and religious confrontations between East and West produced original results. With Seljuk and Mamluk Turks increasing military pressure, threatening the Mediterranean, the Apostolic See did not cease implementing new strategies to bring Eastern Christian communities into Latin obedience. These multi-faceted interventions included diplomacy, missions, and theological and cultural exchange, resulting in a consistent flow of people, texts, and ideas across the Mediterranean.This international symposium brings together scholars from different backgrounds to discuss intellectual relations and cultural interactions between the Papal curia and Christian communities and Churches of the Greek, Armenian, and Syriac East between 1274-1439. Fresh empirical analysis will provide new insights into this phase of East-West relations, offering a major laboratory to explore the actors, mechanisms, tools, ideas, and purposes of overseas cultural contacts.Particular attention will be paid to:&#183; the actual knowledge and intellectual reception of Eastern lands, cultures, and religions within the papal entourage;&#183; the flow of people, texts and ideas across cultural, religious, and linguistic boundaries and the corresponding need for cultural adaptation;&#183; doctrinal and ecclesiological debates, including discussions over the authority of the pope and mutual accusations of heresy;&#183; the specifics of the Eastern policies of the Holy See after the move to Avignon and during the Great Schism, between the decline of the Mongols and the rise of the Ottoman Empire.As a result, new light will be shed on the cultural processes through which, at the end of the medieval era, the Papal curia attempted to react to the crisis of universalism by confronting the Christian &#8216;other&#8217;.Programme9.30&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Opening and introduction, Irene Bueno (Leiden University/EHESS Paris)Chair: Heleen Murre-van den Berg (Leiden University)Claudine Delacroix-Besnier (Universit&#233; de Picardie), John Kantakuzenos and Rome (1355-1375). Papal letters revisitedClaude Mutafian (Universit&#233; de Paris Nord), The Armenian Church and the Papacy during the last century of Cilician Armenia (1275-1375).&#160;Benjamin Weber (Universit&#233; de Toulouse), Integrating Ethiopia into the Orbis Christianus: Relations, knowledge and misunderstandings between the Papacy and Ethiopia, 13th-15th century.11.15&#160;Coffee break11.30&#160;&#160; &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Chair: Ernestine van der Wall (Leiden University)Herman Teule (University of Nijmegen/University of Louvain), The Papacy and the oriental Churches: different expectations due to different theological positions.Irene Bueno (Leiden University/ EHESS Paris), The &#8220;heresies&#8221; of Greeks, Jacobites, and Armenians in Guy Terrena&#8217;s &#8216;Summa de haeresibus et earum confutationibus&#8217; (1338-1342).12.30&#160;Lunch14.00&#160;&#160;&#160;Chair: Benjamin Weber (Universit&#233; de Toulouse)Marco Bais (Pontificio Istituto Orientale, Rome), The Armenians in &#8216;La flor des estoires de la terre d&#8217;Orient&#8217;.Camille Rouxpetel (Universit&#233; Paris 4), Riccoldo da Monte Croce&#8217;s mission towards the Nestorians and the Jacobites (c.1288-1300): defining heresy and inventing the relationship with the Other. From theory to missionary experience.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Kenneth Parker (Royal Holloway, London/Gutenberg Universit&#228;t, Mainz), The Mendicant Orders and the Oriental Christians, ca. 1328-136515.45 Coffee break16.15&#160;&#160; &#160;&#160;Chair: Herman Teule (University of Nijmegen/University of Louvain)Chris Schabel (University of Cyprus), Church Councils and the Filioque in Western Theology, 1274-1439William Duba (Freiburg University), From Emanations to Energies: The Divine Essence from Paris to the Peloponnese via the PapacyConcluding remarks, Heleen Murre-van den Berg (Leiden University)