Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg
# Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg

Part of a series on :

Lutheranism :

Background

Christianity

Start of the Reformation

Reformation

Protestantism :

Doctrine and theology

Bible

Old Testament

New Testament

Creeds

Apostles' Creed

Nicene Creed

Athanasian Creed

Book of Concord

Augsburg Confession

Apology of the Augsburg Confession

Luther's Small / Large Catechism

Smalcald Articles

Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope

Formula of Concord

Distinctive theological concepts

Theology of Martin Luther

Justification

Law and Gospel

Sola gratia

Sola scriptura

Christology

Sanctification

Two kingdoms

catholicity

Two states of the Church

Priesthood of all believers

Divine Providence

Marian theology

Theology of the Cross

Sacramental Union

Other relevant topics

Homosexuality :

Sacraments and worship

Baptism

Eucharist

Confession

Confirmation

Matrimony

Anointing of the Sick

Holy Orders

Divine Service

Matins

Vespers

Liturgical calendar

Calendar of saints

Lutheran hymn

Lutheran hymnwriters

Normative principle

Lutheran art :

Organization

Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference

Global Confessional & Missional Lutheran Forum

International Lutheran Council

Lutheran World Federation

Denominations

Lutheranism by region :

Movements

History of Lutheranism

Crypto-Lutherans

Gnesio-Lutherans

Lutheran orthodoxy

Pietists

Radical Pietism

Haugeans

Laestadians

Finnish Awakening

Old Lutherans

Neo-Lutherans

High church Lutherans

Confessional Lutheranism :

Missionaries

John Campanius

Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg

Hans Egede

Johann Heinrich Callenberg

Johann Phillip Fabricius

Paul Henkel

John Christian Frederick Heyer

Karl Graul

Martti Rautanen

Wilhelm Sihler

F. C. D. Wyneken

Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder

Lars Olsen Skrefsrud

Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen

Onesimos Nesib

Paul Olaf Bodding

Johann Flierl

Christian Keyser

Jens Christensen :

Bible translators

Martin Luther

Casiodoro de Reina

Kjell Magne Yri

Onesimos Nesib

Aster Ganno

Kristian Osvald Viderø

Jákup Dahl

Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg

Johann Phillip Fabricius

William Tyndale

John Rogers

George Constantine

Jozef Roháček

Johannes Avetaranian

Guðbrandur Þorláksson

Ludvig Olsen Fossum

Hans Egede / Paul Egede

Otto Fabricius

Nils Vibe Stockfleth

Olaus Petri / Laurentius Petri

Martti Rautanen

Primož Trubar

Jurij Dalmatin

Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen

Sebastian Krelj

Mikael Agricola

Norwegian Bible Society

Swedish Bible Society

Samuel Ludwik Zasadius

Stanislovas Rapolionis

Laurentius Andreae

Hans Tausen

Olaf M. Norlie

Jonas Bretkūnas

Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder

Antonio Brucioli

Mikołaj Jakubica

Matthias Bel

Johann Ernst Glück

William F. Beck :

Theologians

Martin Luther / Katharina von Bora

Philip Melanchthon

Johannes Bugenhagen

Johannes Brenz

Justus Jonas

Hans Tausen

Laurentius Petri

Olaus Petri

Mikael Agricola

Matthias Flacius

Martin Chemnitz

Johann Gerhard

Abraham Calovius

Johannes Andreas Quenstedt

Johann Wilhelm Baier

Philipp Spener

David Hollaz

August Hermann Francke

Henry Muhlenberg

Lars Levi Laestadius

Charles Porterfield Krauth

C. F. W. Walther

Søren Kierkegaard

Albrecht Ritschl

Wilhelm Herrmann

F. W. Stellhorn

Rudolf Otto

Ernst Troeltsch

Rudolf Bultmann

Paul Tillich

Hermann Sasse

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Wolfhart Pannenberg :

vte :

Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg (17 November 1753 – 23 May 1815) was an American clergyman and botanist.

## Biography

The son of Heinrich Melchior Muhlenberg, he was born in Trappe, Pennsylvania. He was educated at Franckesche Stiftungen in Halle starting in 1763 and in 1769 at the University of Halle. He returned to Pennsylvania in September 1770 and was ordained as a Lutheran minister. He served first in Pennsylvania and then as a pastor in New Jersey. He received a Doctor of Divinity degree from Princeton University.

He married Mary Catherine Hall in 1774, with whom he would go on to have eight children. Despite his family beginning to take root in Philadelphia, Muhlenberg found he had no choice but to flee Philadelphia upon the outbreak of Revolutionary War hostilities in the region. Returning to his hometown of Trappe, he took up the study of botany.

He served as the pastor of Holy Trinity Church in Lancaster, Pennsylvania from 1780 through 1815. In 1785, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society. In 1787, he was also made the first president of Franklin College. In 1779 he retired and devoted himself to the study of botany. He is best known as a botanist. Muhlenbergia, a well-known genus of grasses, was named in his honor. His chief works are Catalogus Plantarum Americae Septentrionalis (1813) and Descriptio Uberior Graminum et Plantarum Calamariarum Americae Septentrionalis Indiginarum et Cicurum (1817).

Muhlenberg discovered and identified the bog turtle while conducting a survey of plants in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. In 1801 the turtle was named Clemmys muhlenbergii in his honor, (with a common name of Muhlenberg's tortoise). However, the species' common name was changed to bog turtle in 1956, as the practice of naming an organism's common name after individuals became less popular.

In 1815, he suffered a paralytic stroke which hindered his activities. Helped by his daughter, however, Muhlenberg continued his correspondences until the sudden recess of his paralysis. Despite his condition seemingly reversing itself, a final series of strokes took his life not long after.

Muhlenberg is buried in Woodward Hill Cemetery in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

## Family

Muhlenberg was the brother of Frederick and Peter Muhlenberg, father of Henry A. P. Muhlenberg and Frederick Augustus Hall Muhlenberg, a physician, who was the father of Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, the first president of Muhlenberg College.

