Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale
# Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale

Historic Palermo Ratings (these objects have since dropped below −2) :

| Asteroid | Palermo rating | Background risk |
| - | - | - |
| 99942 Apophis | 1.10 | 12.6x greater |
| (89959) 2002 NT7 | 0.18 | 1.51x greater |
| (29075) 1950 DA | 0.17 | 1.48x greater |
| background risk | 0 | equal |
| (144898) 2004 VD17 | −0.25 | 1.78x less |
| (410777) 2009 FD | −0.44 | 2.75x less |
| 2022 AE1 | −0.66 | 4.57x less |
| 2023 GQ2 | −0.70 | 5.01x less |
| 2013 TV135 | −0.73 | 5.37x less |
| (367789) 2011 AG5 | −1.00 | 10x less |

The Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale is a logarithmic scale used by astronomers to rate the potential hazard of impact of a near-Earth object (NEO). It combines two types of data—probability of impact and estimated kinetic yield—into a single "hazard" value. A rating of 0 means the hazard is equivalent to the background hazard (defined as the average risk posed by objects of the same size or larger over the years until the date of the potential impact). A rating of +2 would indicate the hazard is 100 times as great as a random background event. Scale values less than −2 reflect events for which there are no likely consequences, while Palermo Scale values between −2 and 0 indicate situations that merit careful monitoring. A similar but less complex scale is the Torino Scale, which is used for simpler descriptions in the non-scientific media.

As of June 2023, one asteroid has a cumulative Palermo Scale value above −2: 101955 Bennu (−1.41). Seven have cumulative Palermo Scale values between −2 and −3: (29075) 1950 DA (−2.05), 1979 XB (−2.72), 2021 EU (−2.74), 2000 SG344 (−2.79), 2007 FT3 (−2.83), 2008 JL3 (−2.98), and 2010 RF12 (−2.98). Of those that have a cumulative Palermo Scale value between −3 and −4, one was discovered in 2023: 2023 DO (−3.60).

## Scale

The scale compares the likelihood of the detected potential impact with the average risk posed by objects of the same size or larger over the years until the date of the potential impact. This average risk from random impacts is known as the background risk. The Palermo Scale value, P, is defined by the equation:

    $P\equiv \log _{10}{\frac {p_{i}}{f_{B}T}}$

where

   * $p_i$ is the impact probability

   * T is the time interval over which $p_i$ is considered

   * $f_B$ is the background impact frequency

The background impact frequency is defined for this purpose as:

    $f_{B}=0.03\,E^{-{\frac {4}{5}}}{\text{ yr}}^{-1}\;$

where the energy threshold E is measured in megatons, and yr is the unit of T divided by one year.

## Positive rating

In 2002 the near-Earth object (89959) 2002 NT7 reached a positive rating on the scale of 0.18, indicating a higher-than-background threat. The value was subsequently lowered after more measurements were taken. 2002 $NT_7$ is no longer considered to pose any risk and was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 1 August 2002.

In September 2002, the highest Palermo rating was that of asteroid (29075) 1950 DA, with a value of 0.17 for a possible collision in the year 2880. By March 2022, the rating had been reduced to −2.0.

For a brief period in late December 2004, with an observation arc of 190 days, asteroid 99942 Apophis (then known only by its provisional designation 2004 $MN_4)$ held the record for the highest Palermo scale value, with a value of 1.10 for a possible collision in the year 2029. The 1.10 value indicated that a collision with this object was considered to be almost 12.6 times as likely as a random background event: 1 in 37 instead of 1 in 472. With further observation through 2021 there is no risk from Apophis for the next 100+ years.

