Pantaleon
# Pantaleon

Pantaleon, also known as Panteleimon, (Greek: Πανταλέων) was a Greek king who reigned some time between 190–180 BC in Bactria and India. He was a younger contemporary or successor of the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius, and is sometimes believed to have been his brother and/or subking.

The scarcity of his coinage indicates a short reign. Known evidence suggests that he was replaced by his (probable) brother or son Agathocles, by whom he was commemorated on a "pedigree" coin.

## Copper-Nickel coinage

Some of his coins (as well as those of Agathocles and Euthydemus II) have another surprising characteristic: they are made of copper-nickel alloy, a technology that would not be developed in the West until the 18th century, but was known by the Chinese at the time. This suggests that exchanges of the metallic alloy or technicians happened between China and the region of Bactria.

## Bilingual Indian-standard coinage

He was the first Greek king to strike Indian coins, peculiar irregular bronzes representing a lion with a dancing Indian woman, probably the goddess Lakshmi (a type also known in the Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara), which suggests he had his base in Arachosia and Gandhara and wanted support from the native population.

* Pantaleon coin with dancing woman (Lakshmi?) and lion. Obverse: Brahmi legend "Rajane Patalevasa" ("King Pantaleon").
* Dancing woman, possibly Lakshmi, on a coin of Pantaleon.

vteGreco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kings, territories and chronology :

Based on Bopearachchi (1991) :

Greco-Bactrian kings

Indo-Greek kings

Territories/ datesWest BactriaEast BactriaParopamisade ArachosiaGandharaWestern PunjabEastern PunjabMathura

326-325 BCE

Campaigns of Alexander the Great in India

Nanda Empire

312 BCE

Creation of the Seleucid Empire

Creation of the Maurya Empire

305 BCE

Seleucid Empire after Mauryan war

Maurya Empire

280 BCE

Foundation of Ai-Khanoum

255–239 BCE

Independence of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom Diodotus I

Emperor Ashoka (268-232)

239–223 BCE

Diodotus II

230–200 BCE

Euthydemus I

200–190 BCE

Demetrius I

Sunga Empire

190-185 BCE

Euthydemus II

190–180 BCE

Agathocles

Pantaleon

185–170 BCE

Antimachus I

180–160 BCE

Apollodotus I

175–170 BCE

Demetrius II

160–155 BCE

Antimachus II

170–145 BCE

Eucratides I

155–130 BCE

Yuezhi occupation, loss of Ai-Khanoum

Eucratides II Plato Heliocles I

Menander I

130–120 BCE

Yuezhi occupation

Zoilus I

Agathoclea

Yavanarajya inscription

120–110 BCE

Lysias

Strato I

110–100 BCE

Antialcidas

Heliocles II

100 BCE

Polyxenus

Demetrius III

100–95 BCE

Philoxenus

95–90 BCE

Diomedes

Amyntas

Epander

90 BCE

Theophilus

Peucolaus

Thraso

90–85 BCE

Nicias

Menander II

Artemidorus

90–70 BCE

Hermaeus

Archebius

Yuezhi occupation

Maues (Indo-Scythian)

75–70 BCE

Vonones

Telephus

Apollodotus II

65–55 BCE

Spalirises

Hippostratus

Dionysius

55–35 BCE

Azes I (Indo-Scythians)

Zoilus II

55–35 BCE

Vijayamitra/ Azilises

Apollophanes

25 BCE – 10 CE

Gondophares

Zeionises

Kharahostes

Strato II Strato III

Gondophares (Indo-Parthian)

Rajuvula (Indo-Scythian)

Kujula Kadphises (Kushan Empire)

Bhadayasa (Indo-Scythian)

Sodasa (Indo-Scythian)

↑ O. Bopearachchi, "Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques, Catalogue raisonné", Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 1991, p.453↑ Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2 April 2019). "History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE". BRILL – via Google Books. :

