James E. Grunig
# James E. Grunig

James E. Grunig (born April 18, 1942) is a public relations theorist, Professor Emeritus for the Department of Communication at the University of Maryland.

## Biography

Grunig was born on April 18, 1942. He received a B.S. from Iowa State University, 1964 in Agricultural Journalism and a MS from the University of Wisconsin, 1966 in Agricultural Economics. He then received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1968 with a thesis "Information, entrepreneurship, and economic development: A study of the decision making processes of Colombian latifundistas" He is married to Larissa A. Grunig,

He was Assistant Professor, Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin, 1968–69, and then Assistant Professor(1969–72). Associate Professor (1972-78) and Full Professor (1978–99), all at the College of Journalism, University of Maryland. From 1999 until his retirement in 2005 he was Professor in the Department of Communication, University of Maryland; following that, he has been Emeritus Professor in that department.

## Work

His theories including the four models of Public Relations:

| Model Name | Type of Communication | Model Characteristics |
| - | - | - |
| Press agentry/publicity | One-way communication | Uses persuasion and manipulation to influence audiences to behave as the organization desires |
| Public information model | One-way communication | Uses press releases and other one-way communication techniques to distribute organizational information. The public relations practitioner is often referred to as the in-house journalist |
| Two-way asymmetrical model | Two-way communication (imbalanced) | Uses persuasion and manipulation to influence audiences to behave as the organization desires. Differs from the press agentry model through the use of research to find out how best to persuade stakeholders |
| Two-way symmetrical model | Two-way communication | Uses communication to negotiate with the public, resolve conflict and promote mutual understanding and respect between the organization and its stakeholders |

Grunig has published 250 articles, books, chapters, papers, and reports on public relations. He has received awards and honors from the Public Relations Society of America and the Institute for Public Relations Research. A Festschrift, "The future of excellence in public relations and communication management: challenges for the next generation" was published to mark his retirement in 2005

From July through August 2004, he was Wee Kim Wee Professor, School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; from 2000 through 2004 he was Honorary Visiting Professor, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, China.

