Pulmonic consonant
# Pulmonic consonant

A pulmonic consonant is a consonant produced by air pressure from the lungs, as opposed to ejective, implosive and click consonants.

Most languages have only pulmonic consonants. Ian Maddieson, in his survey of 566 languages, found that only 152 had ejectives, implosives, or clicks (or two or three of these types) – that is, 73% of the world's extant languages have only pulmonic consonants. See glottalic consonants and click consonants for more information on the distribution of nonpulmonic consonants.

## Chart

IPA: Pulmonic consonants :

| Place → | Labial | Labial | Labial | Labial | Labial | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Coronal | Dorsal | Dorsal | Dorsal | Dorsal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | Laryngeal | Laryngeal | Laryngeal |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Manner ↓ | Bi­labial | Bi­labial | Labio­dental | Labio­dental | Linguo­labial | Linguo­labial | Dental | Dental | Alveolar | Alveolar | Post­alveolar | Post­alveolar | Retro­flex | Retro­flex | Palatal | Palatal | Velar | Velar | Uvular | Uvular | Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal | Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal | Glottal | Glottal |
| Nasal | m̥ | m | | ɱ | | n̼ | | | n̥ | n | | | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | | ɴ | | | | |
| Plosive | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̼ | d̼ | | | t | d | | | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | | ʔ | |
| Sibilant affricate | | | | | | | | | ts | dz | t̠ʃ | d̠ʒ | tʂ | dʐ | tɕ | dʑ | | | | | | | | |
| Non-sibilant affricate | pɸ | bβ | p̪f | b̪v | | | t̪θ | d̪ð | tɹ̝̊ | dɹ̝ | t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | d̠ɹ̠˔ | | | cç | ɟʝ | kx | ɡɣ | qχ | ɢʁ | ʡʜ | ʡʢ | ʔh | |
| Sibilant fricative | | | | | | | | | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | | | | | | | | |
| Non-sibilant fricative | ɸ | β | f | v | θ̼ | ð̼ | θ | ð | θ̠ | ð̠ | ɹ̠̊˔ | ɹ̠˔ | ɻ̊˔ | ɻ˔ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ |
| Approximant | | | | ʋ | | | | | | ɹ | | | | ɻ | | j | | ɰ | | | | | | ʔ̞ |
| Tap/flap | | ⱱ̟ | | ⱱ | | ɾ̼ | | | ɾ̥ | ɾ | | | ɽ̊ | ɽ | | | | | | ɢ̆ | | ʡ̆ | | |
| Trill | ʙ̥ | ʙ | | | | | | | r̥ | r | | | ɽ̊r̥ | ɽr | | | | | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ | | |
| Lateral affricate | | | | | | | | | tɬ | dɮ | | | tꞎ | d𝼅 | c𝼆 | ɟʎ̝ | k𝼄 | ɡʟ̝ | | | | | | |
| Lateral fricative | | | | | | | | | ɬ | ɮ | | | ꞎ | 𝼅 | 𝼆 | ʎ̝ | 𝼄 | ʟ̝ | | | | | | |
| Lateral approximant | | | | | | | | | | l | | | | ɭ | | ʎ | | ʟ | | ʟ̠ | | | | |
| Lateral tap/flap | | | | | | | | | ɺ̥ | ɺ | | | 𝼈̥ | 𝼈 | | ʎ̆ | | ʟ̆ | | | | | | |

IPA help

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full chart

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Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. :

