Ottoman Serbs
# Ottoman Serbs

Ottoman Serbs (Turkish: Osmanlı Sırpları) were ethnic Serbs who lived in the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). Ottoman Serbs, who were Serbian Orthodox Christian, belonged to the Rum Millet (millet-i Rûm, "Roman Nation"). Although a separate Serbian millet (Sırp Milleti) was not officially recognized during Ottoman rule, the Serbian Church was the legally confirmed representative organization of the Serbs in the Ottoman Empire.

## History

### Early modern period

The Serbs had taken an active part in the wars fought in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire, and also organized uprisings. Because of this, they suffered persecution and their territories were devastated. Major migrations from Serbia into Habsburg territory ensued.

In early 1594, the Serbs in Banat rose up against the Ottomans. The rebels had, in the character of a holy war, carried war flags with the icon of Saint Sava. After suppressing the uprising, the Ottomans publicly incinerated the relics of Saint Sava at the Vračar plateau on April 27, 1595. The incineration of Sava's relics provoked the Serbs, and empowered the Serb liberation movement. From 1596, the center of anti-Ottoman activity in Herzegovina was the Tvrdoš Monastery in Trebinje. An uprising broke out in 1596, but the rebels were defeated at the field of Gacko in 1597, and were forced to capitulate due to the lack of foreign support.

After allied Christian forces had captured Buda from the Ottoman Empire in 1686 during the Great Turkish War, Serbs from Pannonian Plain (present-day Hungary, Slavonia region in present-day Croatia, Bačka and Banat regions in present-day Serbia) joined the troops of the Habsburg Monarchy as separate units known as Serbian Militia. Serbs, as volunteers, massively joined the Austrian side. In 1688, the Habsburg army took Belgrade and entered the territory of present-day Central Serbia. Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden called Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Čarnojević to raise arms against the Turks; the Patriarch accepted and returned to the liberated Peć. As Serbia fell under Habsburg control, Leopold I granted Arsenije nobility and the title of duke. After the ensuing Ottoman victory, a large migration of Serbs to Habsburg lands was undertaken by Patriarch Arsenije III. The large community of Serbs concentrated in Banat, southern Hungary and the Military Frontier included merchants and craftsmen in the cities, but mainly refugees that were peasants. Serbia remained under Ottoman control until the early 19th century, with the eruption of the Serbian Revolution in 1804.

### 1900s

The Serb Democratic League was an Ottoman Serb political organisation established on August 13, 1908, at the First Serb Conference (August 10–13), immediately after the Young Turk Revolution. It included the Serb elite of Old Raška, Kosovo and Metohija, and Vardar Macedonia and Aegean Macedonia.

## Serbian Patriarchate of Peć

The Serbian Orthodox Church was re-established in 1557, as the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć. The Patriarchate was abolished in 1766.

## Nationality status

In 1826, an addendum to the Akkerman Convention mentioned the Serb Millet. Since given autonomy in 1830, the Principality of Serbia urged the Ottoman government to recognize the Serb nation outside the principality, in Ottoman territories.

In 1906, the Ottoman government recognized the Serb Millet in Macedonia. This decision was made independently from the Serbian government.

## Notable people

After the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire acquired a significant Serb community. Among notable people in the Ottoman government of fully or partial Serb ancestry were several viziers and sultans (Suleiman II and Osman III).

### Serb community

* Marko Mrnjavčević, Serbian provincial lord, Ottoman vassal
* Mihailo Anđelović, Serbian Despotate
* Stanislav Sočivica (1715–1777), Serbian rebel leader, active in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro.
* For Serbian Revolutionaries, see this list.

### Ottoman government

* Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1565 to 1579
* Aşub Sultan, originally Katarina, consort of Sultan Ibrahim I and mother of Sultan Suleiman II.
* Şehsuvar Sultan, originally Maria, consort of Sultan Mustafa II (r. 1695–1703) and mother of Sultan Osman III (r. 1754–1757).
* Olivera Despina, daughter of Prince Lazar, consort of Sultan Bayezid I.
* Veli Mahmud Pasha, Grand Vizier 1456–68 and 1472–74. Serbian-Byzantine from Novo Brdo.
* Zagan Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1453 to 1456
* Deli Husrev Pasha, Ottoman statesman and second vizier
* Hadım Ali Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1501 to 1503 and 1506 to 1511
* Lala Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier in 1580
* Semiz Ali Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1561 to 1565
* Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1604 to 1606
* Boşnak Derviş Mehmed Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier during 1606
* Nevesinli Salih Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1645 to 1647
* Kara Musa Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier during 1647
* Sarı Süleyman Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1685 to 1687
* Daltaban Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1702 to 1703
* Damat Melek Mehmed Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1792 to 1794
* Ivaz Mehmed Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier from 1739 to 1740
* Yavuz Ali Pasha, Ottoman Governor of Egypt from 1601 to 1603
* Meylişah Hatun, Consort to Sultan Osman II
* George Berovich, Governor-General of Crete and Prince of Samos.
* Gedik Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier 1474–77. Serbian from Vranje.
* Omar Pasha (Serbian: Mihajlo Latas; 1806–1871), general, convert
* Mara Branković, wife of Murad II, very influential in imperial affairs, ambassador to Venice
* Osman Aga of Temesvar (1670–1725), Ottoman commander
* Skenderbeg Crnojević
* George Berovich
* Aganlija
* Kučuk-Alija
* Sali Aga
* Sinan-paša Sijerčić, Ottoman Bosnian general. Bosnian Serb origin.
* Malkoçoğlu family, one of four leading akinci families. Serbian origin.
