Maban languages
# Maban languages

The Maban languages are a small family of languages which have been included in the proposed Nilo-Saharan family. Maban languages are spoken in eastern Chad, the Central African Republic and western Sudan (Darfur).

## Languages

The Maban branch includes the following languages:

* Mimi of Nachtigal
* Kenjeje (Yaali, Faranga)
* Masalit: Surbakhal, Masalit
* Aiki (Runga and Kibet, sometimes considered separate languages)
* Mabang: Karanga, Marfa, Maba

The languages attested in two word lists labelled "Mimi", collected by Decorse (Mimi-D) and Nachtigal (Mimi-N), have also been classified as Maban, though this has been contested. Mimi-N appears to have been remotely related to Maban proper, while Mimi-D appears to have not been Maban at all, with the similarities due to language contact with locally dominant Maba.

Blench (2021) gives the following classification:

* Proto-Maban
   * ? Mimi of Nachtigal
   * Aiki-Kibet
      * Aiki (= Runga)
      * Kibet
   * core branch
      * Kendeje
      * Masalit, Surbakhal
      * Maban (= Mabang)
         * Karanga
         * Marfa
         * Maba

## External relationships

Based on morphological evidence such as tripartite number marking on nominals, Roger Blench (2021) suggests that closest relatives of the Maban languages may be the Eastern Sudanic languages, especially the Taman languages, which form a branch within Northern Eastern Sudanic. Maban also shares lexical similarities with the Fur languages, Saharan languages, and even Songhay languages, but generally has more lexical matches with Eastern Sudanic languages.

## Comparative vocabulary

Blench (2021) posits the following consonants for proto-Maban:

| (p) b | t d | tʃ | | k ɡ |
| - | - | - | - | - |
| | s (z) | ʃ | | (h) |
| m | n | | ɲ | ŋ |
| w | l r | | j | |

Vowels likely were ATR pairs, with at least *a *ɛ *e *i *ɔ *o *u and possibly *ɪ *ʊ, plus length.

There were likely two register tones plus the possibility of contour tones on long vowels.

Sample basic vocabulary for Maban languages:

| Language | eye | ear | nose | tooth | tongue | mouth | blood | bone | tree | water | eat | name |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Proto-Maban | *kàSì-k | | *dúrmì | *sati-k; *sàdí-k / *sadi-ɲi | *delemi-k | | *fàrí-ŋ | | | *ta-k / *ta-si | *-aɲɔ- | *mílí-ik |
| Maba | kàʃì-k/-ñi | koi-k | boiñ | sati-k | delmi-k | kan-a/-tu | àríi | kàñjí-k | soŋgo-k | inji | -añ- | mílí-i/-síi |
| Masalit | kóo-gí/-sí | kwóyɛ̀ | dúrmì | kácìŋgi | gélmèdì | kánà | fàríŋ | kónjì | síŋgì | sá | -iny- | mirsi/-ldiŋ |
| Aiki | kàs-`k/-ò | kàsá | mùndú | sàdí | àdìyím | yù-k | pày/-ó; fáai | jìŋg`r/jùŋgɔ̀rɔ̀ | rí-k | tà-k | -ñɔ̀- | mèek-í/-ú |
| Kibet | kàs/-u | kàsá | mùndù | sàdí | àd`lɛ́m | yù-k | fal/-u; ari | njekedi/njùkùdú | ri-k | ta | -ñɔ̀- | m lk-i/-udɔ |
| Mimi of Nachtigal | kal | kuyi | hur | ziːk | | mil | ari | kadʒi | | sun (< Fur?) | | |
| Mimi of Decorse | dyo | feɾ | fir | ɲain | | ɲyo | | | su | engi | ɲyam | |

### Numerals

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:

| Classification | Language | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Maba | Maba | tɛ́ɡ, tɔ́ː | mbàːr, mbíːr, mbùl | kùŋàːl, káyáŋ | àssàːl, ássíː | tùːr, túːr | sit̀tàːl, síttíː < Arabic sitta | mɛ́ndrìː | íyyáː | ɔ̀ddɔ̀yí | ɔ̀ttúɡ |
| Masalit | Masalit (1) | tíyóŋ | mbárá | káaŋ | áás | tóór | ít̪í | màrí | àd̪á | àyi | ùt̪úk |
| Masalit | Masalit (2) | tîyom (without noun), tîle (with n.) | mbara | kaŋ | as | tur | iti | mâri | aya | adey | ûtuk |
| Masalit | Masalit (3) | tyǒm (without noun), tíiilò (with n.) | mbárá | káaŋ | ás | túr | ítí | màrí | àyá | àdɛ́i | ùtúk |
| Runga-Kibet | Kibet | doˈwai | mbaʀ | kʰasaŋˈɡal | ʔaːtal | tor | ʔiˈsal | mɪndɪrˈsɪʔ | mbaːkʰl | kʰaˈdɛijə | juˈtʊk̚ |
| Runga-Kibet | Runga | kʰanˈda | mba | kʰazaŋɡa | attɛi | tur | izɛi | mɪnˈdirsi | mbɑkadeli | kʰaddɛl | jtuk̚ |
