45th G7 summit
# 45th G7 summit

The 45th G7 summit was held on 24–26 August 2019, in Biarritz, France. In March 2014, the G7 declared that a meaningful discussion was currently not possible with Russia in the context of the G8. Since then, meetings have continued within the G7 process. However, according to a senior Trump administration official, US President Donald Trump and French President Emmanuel Macron had agreed that Russia should be invited to the next G7 Summit to be held in 2020.

## Concluding communique

Five points were agreed at the issue of the summit, about:

* the World Trade Organization, "with regard to intellectual property protection, to settle disputes more swiftly and to eliminate unfair trade practices"
* the "G7 commits to reaching an agreement in 2020 to simplify regulatory barriers and modernize international taxation within the framework of the OECD"
* the G7 shares objectives on Iran: "to ensure that Iran never acquires nuclear weapons and to foster peace and stability in the region."
* on Libya: "We support a truce in Libya that will lead to a long-term ceasefire. We believe that only a political solution can ensure Libya’s stability. We call for a well-prepared international conference to bring together all the stakeholders and regional actors relevant to this conflict. We support in this regard the work of the United Nations and the African Union to set up an inter-Libyan conference."
* in an opaque reference to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine, "France and Germany will organize a Normandy format summit in the coming weeks to achieve tangible results."
* in light of the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests, "The G7 reaffirms the existence and the importance of the 1984 Sino-British agreement on Hong Kong and calls for avoiding violence."

## Final press conference

In the final press conference, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson said "Iran should never be allowed to get a nuclear weapon", and Trump spoke about Iran in a joint news conference with Macron. Whereas the European powers sought to appease Iran, Trump said in apparent reference to combative rhetoric by the Iranian government about its ability to attack US interests:

   They can't do what they were saying they were going to do because if they do that, they will be met with really very violent force.

## Host

France, as the host of the 2019 G7 summit, held it at the Hôtel du Palais in Biarritz.

## Leaders at the summit

Attendees included leaders of the G7 member states plus representatives of the European Union. The President of the European Commission has been a permanent participant at all meetings since 1981, but current President Jean-Claude Juncker did not attend due to medical problems. The President of the European Council has been the EU's co-representative since the 36th G8 summit hosted by Canada in 2010.

The 45th G7 summit was the first summit for British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and the last summit for European Council President Donald Tusk. It was also the final summit for Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe, U.S. President Donald Trump, and Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, as the planned 46th G7 summit was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Abe handed over power to Yoshihide Suga on September 16, 2020; Trump handed over power to Joe Biden on January 20, 2021; and Conte handed over power to Mario Draghi on February 13, 2021.

For this summit, Abe had prepared to discuss about the situation in Hong Kong, where China is imposing a new security law.

Macron invited the Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison, the Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez, and the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi to attend the outreach session of the summit as special invitees.

### Participants

Core G7 members Host state and leader are shown in bold text. :

| Member | Member | Represented by | Title |
| - | - | - | - |
| | Canada | Justin Trudeau | Prime Minister |
| | France | Emmanuel Macron | President |
| | Germany | Angela Merkel | Chancellor |
| | Italy | Giuseppe Conte | Prime Minister |
| | Japan | Shinzō Abe | Prime Minister |
| | United Kingdom | Boris Johnson | Prime Minister |
| | United States | Donald Trump | President |
| | European Union | Donald Tusk | Council President |
| Invitees ||||
| Guest | Guest | Represented by | Title |
| | Australia | Scott Morrison | Prime Minister |
| | Burkina Faso | Roch Marc Christian Kaboré | President |
| | Chile | Sebastián Piñera | President |
| | Egypt | Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | President |
| | India | Narendra Modi | Prime Minister |
| | Rwanda | Paul Kagame | President |
| | Senegal | Macky Sall | President |
| | South Africa | Cyril Ramaphosa | President |
| | Spain | Pedro Sánchez | Acting President of the Government |

## Gallery of participating leaders

* Canada Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister
* France Emmanuel Macron, President (Host)
* Germany Angela Merkel, Chancellor
* Italy Giuseppe Conte, Prime Minister
* Japan Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister
* United Kingdom Boris Johnson, Prime Minister
* United States Donald Trump, President
* European Union Donald Tusk, Council President

### Invited guests

**Presidents and Heads of government**

The following leaders were invited to the Outreach Session of the G7 Summit.

* Australia Scott Morrison, Prime Minister
* Burkina Faso Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, President
* Chile Sebastián Piñera, President
* Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, President
* India Narendra Modi, Prime Minister
* Rwanda Paul Kagame, President
* Senegal Macky Sall, President
* South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa, President
* Spain Pedro Sánchez, President of the Government

**Heads of international organisations**

* OECD José Ángel Gurría, Secretary-General
* United Nations António Guterres, Secretary-General
* World Bank Group David Malpass, President
* African Union Commission Moussa Faki, Chair
* African Development Bank Akinwumi Adesina, President
* International Monetary Fund David Lipton, Acting Managing Director
* World Trade Organization Roberto Azevêdo, Director-General
* International Labour Organization Guy Ryder, Director-General
* United Nations Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka
* Angélique Kidjo, Beninese-American singer-songwriter

### Participation

The Prime Ministers of Italy and Spain, Conte and Sanchez, took part in the summit as caretaker Prime Ministers. Juncker of the European Commission did not attend due to bad health.

In a surprise move, Macron invited to attend on the margins Javad Zarif, who flew in on an Iranian government plane. Macron, who "attempted a high-risk diplomatic gambit", thought that the Foreign Minister of Iran might be able to defuse the tense situation over the Iranian nuclear programme in spite of the recent uptick in tensions between the Islamic Republic and the United States and Britain. A highly placed French political source said that

   It doesn’t mean that Mr Trump is actively supporting the talks, only that he is allowing them to happen. If there are advances, he can welcome them and perhaps share the credit. If nothing comes of it, he won’t have to disown it because it was a French initiative. If it does succeed in reducing tension, it will be a huge diplomatic coup for Mr Macron.

## Topics

Topics discussed included global trade, global warming, and taxing technology companies. Tusk said leaders at the summit should discuss the Iran nuclear deal, which was at risk due to the U.S. government's decision to pull out.

On August 23, Macron urged the G7 to lead the summit discussions with the 2019 Amazon wildfires, which he described as an "international crisis". He said, "Our house is burning. Literally", adding that the Amazon rainforest produces 20% of the world's oxygen. Trump offered to take the position of the Brazilian government to the meeting, and said that the US government did not agree to discuss the issue without Brazil's presence. The United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, Spain, and Chile also support Brazil. During the meeting, it was reported that there were "sharp differences" among the participants.

On a request from the Macron, François-Henri Pinault, Chairman and CEO of the luxury group Kering, presented the Fashion Pact during the summit, an initiative signed by 32 fashion firms committing to concrete measures to reduce their environmental impact. By 2020, 60 firms had joined the Fashion Pact.

## Protests and counter-summit

More than 13,000 police were required for security. The French government wished to avoid anti-globalization movements. The protesters of the summit had several motivations, such as anti extractivism and anti-globalization. Protesters included human rights groups and climate change activists.

A number of small French and Basque organizations joined to organize a "Contre G7" summit, over the same days as the G7, in the south of the French Basque country.

