Venedic language
# Venedic language

Venedic is a naturalistic constructed language, created by the Dutch translator Jan van Steenbergen (who also co-created the international auxiliary language Interslavic). It is used in the fictional Republic of the Two Crowns, based on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the alternate timeline of Ill Bethisad. Officially, Venedic is a descendant of Vulgar Latin with a strong Slavic admixture, based on the premise that the Roman Empire incorporated the ancestors of the Poles in their territory. Less officially, it tries to show what Polish would have looked like if it had been a Romance instead of a Slavic language. On the Internet, it is well-recognized as an example of the altlang genre, much like Brithenig and Breathanach.

The idea for the language was inspired by such languages as Brithenig and Breathanach, languages that bear a similar relationship to the Celtic languages as Venedic does to Polish. The language itself is based entirely on (Vulgar) Latin and Polish: all phonological, morphological, and syntactic changes that made Polish develop from Common Slavic are applied to Vulgar Latin. As a result, vocabulary and morphology are predominantly Romance in nature, whereas phonology, orthography and syntax are essentially the same as in Polish. Venedic uses the modern standard Polish orthography, including (for instance) ⟨w⟩ for /v/ and ⟨ł⟩ for /w/.

Venedic plays a role in the alternate history of Ill Bethisad, where it is one of the official languages of the Republic of the Two Crowns. In 2005 Venedic underwent a major revision due to a better understanding of Latin and Slavic sound and grammar changes. In the process, the author was assisted by the Polish linguist Grzegorz Jagodziński.

The dictionary on the WWW page linked below contains over 4000 entries.

The language has acquired some media attention in Poland, including several online news articles and an article in the monthly Knowledge and Life [pl].

## Spelling and pronunciation

Venedic uses the Polish alphabet, which consists of the following 32 letters :

    A Ą B C Ć D E Ę F G H I J K L Ł M N Ń O Ó P R S Ś T U W Y Z Ź Ż

Also, there are seven digraphs, representing five phonemes (ch being identical with h, and rz with ż):

    Ch Cz Dz Dź Dż Rz Sz

Pronunciation is exactly as in Polish. Stress almost always falls on the penultimate syllable. A preposition and a pronoun are generally treated as one word, and therefore, when the pronoun has only one syllable, the preposition is stressed.

(In theory, the construction of Venedic enables relatively easy construction of other "Slavo-Romance" languages. The Romance "mirror" for Czech, for example, is called "Šležan"; another for Slovak, although somewhat looser than the other two as it uses a partially Hungarian orthography, is called "Slevan". )

## Nominals

Venedic does not have articles. This is a feature that distinguishes Venedic from all natural Romance languages. The reason for this is that Vulgar Latin showed only a rudimentary tendency toward the formation of articles, and they are absent in Polish and most other Slavic languages.

Nouns, pronouns and adjectives can have three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), two numbers (singular, plural), and three cases:

* the direct case: used for both the subject and the direct object of a sentence. In the sentence: Miej poterz leże libier "My father reads a book", Miej poterz "my father" and libier "a book" are both in the direct case.
* the genitive case: used to indicate possession, for example: siedź potrze "my father's chair", rzejna Anglie "the queen of England".
* the dative case: used to indicate the indirect object of a sentence, for example: Da mi ił libier "Give me that book", Da mi łu "Give it to me".

Venedic also has a vocative case. In most cases it has the same form as the direct case, but there are exceptions: O potrze! "Oh father!" In earlier version of Venedic, it used to have nominative and accusative cases, but later merged to form the direct case.

Nouns can be subdivided into four declensions. They are similar to the declension system in Latin:

* The first declension are all words on -a, the vast majority of which are feminine;
* the second declension are mostly masculine and neuter words ending with a consonant. It is a mixture of the second and fourth declension in Latin;
* the third declension are mostly feminine words ending with a soft consonant;
* the fourth declension are words on -ej, it matches the Latin fifth declension. However, the author treated the nouns with the 4th declension ending as irregular, see also the sections below.

### Declension endings

| Declension class | Declension class | I | I | I | I | II | II | II | II | III | III | III | III |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Declension class | Declension class | f | f | m | m | m | m | n | n | f | f | n | n |
| Declension class | Declension class | hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft |
| Singular | Direct | -a | -a | -a | -a | -∅ | -∅ | -∅ | -∅ | -∅ | -∅ | -∅ | -∅ |
| Singular | Genitive | -ie | -ie | -ie | -ie | -u | -ie | -u | -ie | -ie | -ie | -ie | -ie |
| Singular | Dative | -ie | -ie | -ie | -ie | -ia | -ia | -ia | -ia | -ia | -ia | -ia | -ia |
| Plural | Direct | -ie | -ie | -i, $-ie^1$ | -i, $-ie^1$ | -i, $-ie^1$ | -i, $-ie^1$ | -ia | -ia | -ie | -ie | -ia | -ia |
| Plural | Genitive | -ar | -ar | -ór | -ór | -ór | -ór | -ór | -ór | $-i^2$ | $-i^2$ | $-i^2$ | $-i^2$ |
| Plural | Dative | -iew | -iew | -iew | -iew | -iew | -iew | -iew | -iew | -iew | -iew | -iew | -iew |

* The ending -i is used for male persons, while -ie is used for objects or animals instead.
* In some cases, -iar is used in the place of -i, and sometimes both endings is used.

Hard and soft in this context are suffixes that are decided by final consonants, either hard (remaining consonants, like -n, -c, or -d) or soft (postalveolars or palatal-like sounds, like -l, -ń, or -rz). Endings in -ia-, -ie-, and -i- are always affected by regular changes below:

| Final consonant | Result | Result | Result |
| - | - | - | - |
| Final consonant | + -ia- | + -ie- | + -i- |
| c | ca | ce | cy |
| ch | sza | sze | szy |
| cz | cza | cze | czy |
| ć | cia | cie | ci |
| d | dzia | dzie | dzi |
| dz | dza | dze | dzy |
| g | ża | że | ży |
| k | cza | cze | czy |
| j | ja | je | i |
| ł | la | le | li |
| ń | nia | nie | ni |
| r | rza | rze | rzy |
| sk | szcza | szcze | szczy |
| sz | sza | sze | szy |
| t | cia | cie | ci |
| ż | ża | że | ży |
| ź | zia | zie | zi |

An example of noun declension: moszkieł "man" (2nd decl.) :

| | Singular | Plural |
| - | - | - |
| Direct | moszkieł /ˈmɔʂkʲɛw/ | moszkli /ˈmɔʂklʲi/ |
| Genitive | moszkłu /ˈmɔʂkwu/ | moszkłór /ˈmɔʂkwur/ |
| Dative | moszkli /ˈmɔʂklʲi/ | moszklew /ˈmɔʂklɛf/ |

### Irregular nouns

There is a number of irregular nouns. Not just completely irregular nouns on the table below, some nouns have less predictable oblique stems (the rest stem other than nominative singular), as in above moszkieł, gen. moszklu. However, nouns with the last vowel ó regularly shorten to o (sórz, sorze).

| | numię $"name"^1$ | numię $"name"^1$ | ciępu $"time"^1$ | ciępu $"time"^1$ | fołgr $"lightning"^1$ | fołgr $"lightning"^1$ |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Direct | numię | numna | ciępu | cięprze | fołgr | fołgra |
| Genitive | numien | numnie | cięprze | ciępr | fołgrze | fołgr |
| Dative | numni | numniew | cięprzy | cięprzew | fołgrzy | fołgrzew |
| | dziew "god" | dziew "god" | womień $"person"^2$ | womień $"person"^2$ | kap "head" | kap "head" |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Direct | dziew | dziei | womień | ludzie | kap | kapta |
| Genitive | dzieju | dziejór | womnie | ludzi | kapcie | kaptór |
| Dative | dziei | dziejew | womni | ludziew | kapci | kapciew |
| | rzej "head" | rzej "head" | dzej "day" | dzej "day" | Jezus "Jesus" | |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | |
| Direct | rzej | rzeje | dzej | dzeje | Jezus | |
| Genitive | rzei | rzejar | dzei | dzejór | Jezu | |
| Dative | rzei | rzejew | dzei | dzejew | Jezui | |

* There are some other nouns that follow these irregular nouns' patterns (krzymię "crime" < numię, fiodu "treaty" < ciępu, marmr "marble" < fołgr). Some treat these nouns are separate patterns of the third declension, while others consider them irregular.
* Like the plural suppletion of "person" in many Slavic languages, the plural form ludzie is suppletive and it is borrowed from Proto-Slavic ľudьje.

### Adjectives

Adjectives always agree in gender, number and case with the noun they modify. They can be placed both before and after it. Unlike nouns, the adjective declension are always consistent and there is no distinctions in declension classes.

| | | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| | | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine |
| Hard ||||||||
| Direct | Non-personal | -y | -y | -a | -ie | -ie | -ie |
| Direct | Personal | -y | -y | -a | -i | -ie | -ie |
| Genitive | Genitive | -u | -u | -iej | -ór | -ór | -ar |
| Dative | Dative | -i | -i | -iej | -iew | -iew | -iew |
| Soft ||||||||
| Direct | Non-personal | -i | -i | -ia | -ie | -ie | -ie |
| Direct | Personal | -i | -i | -ia | -i | -ie | -ie |
| Genitive | Genitive | -iu | -iu | -iej | -iór | -iór | -iar |
| Dative | Dative | -i | -i | -iej | -iew | -iew | -iew |

**Further derivatives of adjectives**

The comparatives and superlatives are formed by the suffixes -ierzy and -ieśmy, respectively, to the adjective's stem. However, the adjectives below have irregular comparative (second row) and superlative (third row) forms:

* bony "good", mielerzy, oćmy
* mały "bad", piejerzy, pieśmy
* grędzy "big", mojerzy, mośmy
* łonięcy "far", łonierzy, łonieśmy
* pieskły "small", mnierzy, mnieśmy
* wiekły "old", wieszczerzy, wieszcześmy
* jałty "high", sprzerzy, sprześmy
* mołt "many/much", pły "more", płerześmy "most"

Adverbial forms are either done by removing the -y/-i from the root or adding the suffix -mięć into the root (kłary, kłar/kłaramięć "warmly"). There are no rules which forms are preferred, but the latter usually expresses how something is done.

For the longer form, -amięć is used after hard consonants while -iemięć used after soft consonants. Adjectives in -ły use the suffix -lemięć (i.e. -ł- + -iemięć), except for the adjectives biały, mały, miły, siegły which are always suffixed with the former (biały → białamieć). The adjective bony "good" has an irregular adverbial derivation: bień. The comparatives and superlatives can also have adverbial forms, by substituting -ierzy and -ieśmy with -iu and -ieśmie. Verbal participles always remove their last vowels.

The predicative forms are the same as masculine and neuter direct singular forms, except that sometimes the suffix -y/-i is removed, but this predicative forming is somewhat archaic and the resulting forms should not be confused with adverbs.

### Pronouns

Unlike nouns, adjectives and other pronouns, personal pronouns do not use the direct case, but preserve the distinction between the nominative and accusative instead. They are displayed in the following chart:

Pronouns :

| | singular | singular | singular | singular | singular | plural | plural | plural | plural | plural |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| | first person | second person | third person | third person | third person | first person | second person | third person | third person | third person |
| | first person | second person | masculine | feminine | neuter | first person | second person | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| Nom. Acc. Gen. Dat. | jo mie miej mi | ty cie ciej ci | ił łu łu li | ła łą lej lej | łu łu łu li | nu nosz nosz nów | wu wosz wosz wów | li łosz łór lew | le łasz łar lew | le le łór lew |
| English | I me mine to me | thou, you thee, you thine, yours to thee, to you | he him his to him | she her hers to her | it it its to it | we us ours to us | you you yours to you | they them theirs to them | they them theirs to them | they them theirs to them |

## Verbs

Verbs are inflected for person, number, mood and tense. Because Latin and Proto-Slavonic had virtually identical person/number inflections, Venedic and Polish do also.

Venedic verbs have the following moods and tenses:

    infinitive – jemar "to love"
    present tense – jemu "I love, I am loving"
    imperfect – jemawa "I loved"
    perfect – jemie " I have loved"
    future tense (imperfective) – joru jemar "I will love, I will be loving"
    future tense (perfective) – jemaru "I will have loved"
    conditional mood – jemarsi "I would love, I would have loved"
    imperative mood – jem "love!"
    present active participle – jemęć "loving"
    perfect passive participle – jematy "beloved"

### Regular verbs

Present tense :

| Person ↓ | Person ↓ | Classes | Classes | Classes | Classes |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Person ↓ | Person ↓ | I | II—VI | VII | VIII |
| Singular | 1st | -u | -je | -u | -sku |
| Singular | 2nd | -asz | -esz | -esz | -szczesz |
| Singular | 2nd | -a | -e | -e | -szcze |
| Plural | 1st | -amy | -iemy | -my | -szczemy |
| Plural | 2nd | -acie | -ecie | -cie | -szczecie |
| Plural | 3rd | -ą | -ję | -ę | -ską |

## Word list

Venedic vocabulary as published on the internet consists of over 4000 words. Because of how it was developed from Vulgar Latin, Venedic words are closest to Italian, but with phonologic differences from Italian which may be compared to those distinguishing Portuguese from Spanish. The following charts of 30 shows what Venedic looks like in comparison to a number of other Romance languages; note that unlike Brithenig, where one-quarter of the words resembled Welsh words, only four Venedic words (not counting szkoła, borrowed into Polish from Latin) resemble Polish words, due to the Slavic languages' greater distance from the Romance languages compared to the Celtic languages:

Venedic compared to Latin, Italian, Polish, and Romanian :

| Term | Latin | Italian | Wenedyk | Romanian | Polish |
| - | - | - | - | - | - |
| arm | brachium | braccio | brocz | braţ | ramię |
| black | nĭger, nĭgrum | nero | niegry | negru | czarny |
| city, town | cīvĭtās, cīvĭtātem | città | czytać | oraş, [cetate] | miasto |
| death | mŏrs, mŏrtem | morte | mroć | moarte | śmierć |
| dog | canis | cane | kań | câine | pies |
| ear | auris, aurĭcŭla | orecchio | urzykła | ureche | ucho |
| egg | ovum | uovo | ów | ou | jajko |
| eye | ŏcŭlus | occhio | okieł | ochi | oko |
| father | pater, patrem | padre | poterz | tată | ojciec |
| fire | ignis, fŏcus | fuoco | fok | foc | ogień |
| fish | pĭscis | pesce | pieszcz | peşte | ryba |
| foot | pĕs, pĕdem | piede | piedź | picior, [piez] | stopa |
| friend | amīcus | amico | omik | prieten, amic | przyjaciel |
| green | vĭrĭdis | verde | wierdzi | verde | zielony |
| horse | ĕquus, cabăllus | cavallo | kawał | cal | koń |
| I | ĕgo | io | jo | eu | ja |
| island | īnsŭla | isola | izła | insulă | wyspa |
| language, tongue | lĭngua | lingua | lęgwa | limbă | język |
| life | vīta | vita | wita | viaţă, [vită] | życie |
| milk | lac, lactis | latte | łoc | lapte | mleko |
| name | nōmen | nome | numię | nume | imię |
| night | nŏx, nŏctis | notte | noc | noapte | noc |
| old | vĕtus, vetulus | vecchio | wiekły | vechi | stary |
| school | schŏla | scuola | szkoła | şcoală | szkoła |
| sky | caelum | cielo | czał | cer | niebo |
| star | stēlla | stella | ścioła | stea | gwiazda |
| tooth | dĕns, dĕntem | dente | dzięć | dinte | ząb |
| voice | vōx, vōcem | voce | wucz | voce, [boace], glas | głos |
| water | aqua | acqua | jekwa | apă | woda |
| wind | vĕntus | vento | więt | vânt | wiatr |

Wenedyk compared to other Romance languages :

| Term | Portuguese | Spanish | Catalan | Occitan | French | Romansh | Wenedyk | Brithenig |
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| arm | braço | brazo | braç | braç | bras | bratsch | brocz | breich |
| black | negro | negro | negre | negre | noir | nair | niegry | nîr |
| city, town | cidade | ciudad | ciutat | ciutat | cité | citad | czytać | ciwdad |
| death | morte | muerte | mort | mòrt | mort | mort | mroć | morth |
| dog | cão | perro | gos | gos, can | chien | chaun | kań | can |
| ear | orelha | oreja | orella | aurelha | oreille | ureglia | urzykła | origl |
| egg | ovo | huevo | ou | uòu | œuf | ov | ów | ew |
| eye | olho | ojo | ull | uèlh | œil | egl | okieł | ogl |
| father | pai | padre | pare | paire | père | bab | poterz | padr |
| fire | fogo | fuego | foc | fuòc | feu | fieu | fok | ffog |
| fish | peixe | pez | peix | peis | poisson | pesch | pieszcz | pisc |
| foot | pé | pie | peu | pè | pied | pe | piedź | pedd |
| friend | amigo | amigo | amic | amic | ami | ami | omik | efig |
| green | verde | verde | verd | verd | vert | verd | wierdzi | gwirdd |
| horse | cavalo | caballo | cavall | caval | cheval | chaval | kawał | cafall |
| I | eu | yo | jo | ieu | je | jau | jo | eo |
| island | ilha | isla | illa | illa | île | insla | izła | ysl |
| language, tongue | língua | lengua | llengua | lenga | langue | linguatg, lieunga | lęgwa | llinghedig, llingw |
| life | vida | vida | vida | vida | vie | vita | wita | gwid |
| milk | leite | leche | llet | lach | lait | latg | łoc | llaeth |
| name | nome | nombre | nom | nom | nom | num | numię | nôn |
| night | noite | noche | nit | nuèch | nuit | notg | noc | noeth |
| old | velho | viejo | vell | vièlh | vieux | vegl | wiekły | gwegl |
| school | escola | escuela | escola | escòla | école | scola | szkoła | yscol |
| sky | céu | cielo | cel | cèl | ciel | tschiel | czał | cel |
| star | estrela | estrella | estrella | estela | étoile | staila | ścioła | ystuil |
| tooth | dente | diente | dent | dent | dent | dent | dzięć | dent |
| voice | voz | voz | veu | votz | voix | vusch | wucz | gwg |
| water | água | agua | aigua | aiga | eau | aua | jekwa | ag |
| wind | vento | viento | vent | vent | vent | vent | więt | gwent |

## Sample text

The Lord's Prayer in Venedic:

Potrze nostry, kwały jesz en czałór, sąciewkaty si twej numię. Owień twej rzeń. Foca si twa włątać, komód en czału szyk i sur cierze. Da nów odzej nostry pań kocidzany. I dziemieć nów nostrze dziewta, komód i nu dziemiećmy swór dziewtorzór. I nie endycz nosz en ciętaceń, uta liwra nosz dzie mału. Nąk twie są rzeń i pociestać i głurza, o siąprz. Amen.

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Venedic:

    Tuci ludzie noszczę sie liwrzy i jekwali z rześpiece świej dzińtacie i swór drzecór. Li są dotaci ku rocenie i koszczęce i dziewię ocar piara wyniałtru en jenie frotrzeńtacie.

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:

    All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

## Similar languages

In the Ill Bethisad universe, there are two other languages which are related to Venedic: Slevan, which is spoken in that universe's counterpart of Slovakia; and Šležan, or Silesian, spoken in Silesia. Šležan mirrors Czech in much the same way Venedic does Polish, whereas Slevan, despite being located in Slovakia, is more similar to Hungarian and Croatian in its orthography. (The Romance "mirror" of Slovak is a dialect of Slevan spoken in Moravia called Moravľaňec.) (As if in compensation, Croatian in Ill Bethisad is forced to be noticeably different from Serbian by being made to resemble the now-virtually-missing Czech and Slovak. )

Additionally, in the famous The Adventures of Tintin series, the fictional language Syldavian may be thought of as the Germanic counterpart of Venedic, showing what Polish might have looked like if it were a Germanic and not a Slavic language. The nearly extinct Wymysorys language provides another real-life example of this. Ill Bethisad also has such a "Slavo-Germanic" language: Bohemian, spoken in that universe's Czech Republic, developed by amateur Czech linguist Jan Havliš.

