1883 in science
# 1883 in science

The year 1883 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

## Chemistry

* Svante Arrhenius develops ion theory to explain conductivity in electrolytes.
* The Claus process is first patented by German chemist Carl Friedrich Claus.
* The Schotten–Baumann reaction is first described by chemists Carl Schotten and Eugen Baumann.

## Earth sciences

* August 26 – Krakatoa begins its final phase of eruptions at 1:06 pm local time. These produce a number of tsunami, mainly in the early hours of the next day, which result in about 36,000 deaths on the islands of Sumatra and Java. The final explosion at 10:02 am on August 27 destroys the island of Krakatoa itself and is heard up to 3000 miles away.
* Vasily Dokuchaev publishes Russian Chernozem.

## Genetics

* The concept and term Eugenics are formulated by Francis Galton.

## Medicine

* German psychiatrist Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum identifies a disorder characterized by recurring mood cycles which he and his student Ewald Hecker name cyclothymia.
* Thomas Clouston publishes Clinical Lectures on Mental Diseases.
* Emil Kraepelin publishes Compendium der Psychiatrie.
* Journal of the American Medical Association first published under this title.

## Microbiology

* Robert Koch isolates Vibrio cholerae, the cholera bacillus.

## Physics

* Osborne Reynolds popularizes use of the Reynolds number in fluid mechanics.

## Technology

* May 24 – Brooklyn Bridge opens to traffic in New York. Designed by John A. Roebling with project management assisted by his wife Emily, its main suspension span of 1,595 feet 6 inches (486.31 m) exceeds the previous record by 330 feet (100 m), and will not be surpassed for twenty years.
* Charles Fritts constructs the first solar cell using the semiconductor selenium on a thin layer of gold to form a device giving less than 1% efficiency.

## Zoology

* August 12 – The last quagga dies at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam.

## Awards

* Copley Medal: William Thomson, Lord Kelvin
* Wollaston Medal for Geology: William Thomas Blanford

## Births

* January 4 – Johanna Westerdijk (died 1961), Dutch plant pathologist.
* February 10 – Edith Clarke (died 1959), American electrical engineer, inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
* March 4 – Julius Fromm (died 1945), German businessman, inventor known for the Condom machine
* May 5 – Anna Johnson Pell Wheeler (died 1966), American mathematician.
* May 13 – Georgios Papanikolaou (died 1962), Greek-born cytopathologist, inventor of the Pap smear.
* June 24 – Victor Francis Hess (died 1964), American physicist.
* July 15 – Orii Hyōjirō (died 1970), Japanese animal specimen collector.
* August 6 – Constance Georgina Adams (died 1968), South African botanist.
* October 2 – Karl von Terzaghi (died 1963), Austrian "father of soil mechanics".
* October 8 – Otto Heinrich Warburg (died 1970), German physiologist, winner of the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

## Deaths

* January 23 – George Miller Beard (born 1839), American neurologist.
* April 10 - Maurice Krishaber (born 1836), naturalised French Hungarian otorhinolaryngologist.
* April 14 – William Farr (born 1807), English epidemiologist.
* April 28 – Rev. John Russell (born 1795), English dog breeder.
* May 13 – James Young (born 1811), Scottish chemist.
* June 18 – John Waterston (born 1811), Scottish physicist and civil engineer (drowned).
* June 26 – General Sir Edward Sabine (born 1788), Anglo-Irish physicist, astronomer and explorer.
* September 15 – Joseph Plateau (born 1801), Belgian physicist.
* December 8 – François Lenormant (born 1837), French assyriologist and numismatist.
* December 13 – John Stringfellow (born 1799), English pioneer of heavier-than-air flight.
