declaration of Independence.


In CosGREss, July 4, 1776.
UNANIMOUS DECLARATION
f,he Thirteen United States Of


AMERICA.
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nth
ho laws Of Nature and Of Natures God enitle
hsn. a decent respect to the opinions OF man
sa requires that they should declare the causes
l,, impel them to the separations.


". hold these truths TO be sell evident ;
~, all men are created equal, that they are en-
lnwed by their Creator with certain u!aliehabic
INNS that among these are life, liberty, and
,n. nursuit ofhappincss. That to secure these
,rta,s. governments are Instituted among men,
netryor their lust powers from the consent OF
.hs royerned that whenever any form oigov-
e-,n,cnt becomes destructive OF these ends, II
hc right of the people to alter or to abolish 1t,
and to Institute new government laying ITS foun-
Jltiun on such principles, and organizing us
,owers in such form as to them shall seem most
likely to effect their safety and happiness. Pru-
,ence, indeed, will dictate, that governments
onr established should not be changed tor hight
and transient causes and accordingly all expe-
aencc hath shown, that mankind are more dis
,Osed to suffer while evils are suflerable, than
b right themselves BY abolisiing the forms to
ghch they are accustoincd-but when al long
train Of abuses and us'lrpatiDns, pursuing lnvatia-
tly the same oblcc', csinces design TO reduce
item under absolute de1poism, II IS Their right,
is their duty 70 thraw oil such government,
ana to provd. ncw guards for their future sccu-
rty. Such has been the patient sil'ierance Of
Aese colonies and such is now the necessity
which constrains thcln to alter their former sys.
tens of government. The history Of the pres.
cit king of Great Britain, is a history Of repeated
INJURIES and usurn ,tions, all having in direct OBJ
yct the establishment Of an absolute tyranny
aver these states. To prove this let facts be
Submitted to a candid world.
. He has rcf cd hi, assent 10 laws the most
wholesome and necessary for the pubic good.
a N taty nj
immediate and pressing importance, unless sn'-
pended in their operation, ill his assent shonll
"a obtained. and when SO suspended, nc has Mt
,arly neglected to attend to them. He has re-
used to pass other laws for the accommodation
large districts Of people, unless those people
youli rclnqiish the right of representation i'll the
egislature-a right incstlmaLlc to them, and for
uidable to tyran,s only.


He has called together legislative bodies at
places unusual uncomfortable, and distant from
tie repository OF their public records, for the
:olc purpose Of fatiguing them into compliance
with his measures.


lie has dis, ulved representative houses re-
peatedly, for opposing with manly frmness,
bis invSsions on the rights Of the people.


lie has refused, for long time after such
dssolutons, to cause others to be elected !,
whereby the legislative powers, incapable ofan-
Inhalation, have returned to the people at large,
for their exercise, the state remaining, in the
mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invx-
sion from without, and convulsions within.
He has cndeavored to prevent the population
ofthese States; for that purpose obstructng the
laws for naturalization Of foreigners; refusing to
pass others, to encourage their migration hither,
and raising the conditions Of new approp prations
Ct lands


He has obstructed the administration Of Justice,
BY refusing his assent to laws for establishing ju-
dietary powers.


He has made judges dependent on his viii
alone, for the tenure of their Offices and the a.
mount and payment Of their salaries.


lie has erected multitude of new Offices. and
sent hher swarms OF officers, to harass our peo.
pie, and eat out their substance.


He has kept among us, IN times of peace
sanding armies without the consent OF our legis-
htures.


He has affected to render the military indie.
pendent of, and superior to, the civil power.


lie has combined with Others to subject us tc
alursdiction foreign to Our constitution, and un
acknowledged by our laws; giving his assent tc
their acts of pretended legislation


For quartering large bodies of armed troop.
among us


tFor protecting them, by mock trial, from pun
hhment for any murders which they should com
nit on the inhabitants of these states.


For cutting off our trade with all parts of the
world,


For imposing taxes on us without Our consent


For dcprlying us, i'll many cases, OF the bene
ts of'rlal by jury;


For transporting us beyond seas to be tried fol
pretended otfences


For abolishing the free system of English
Jaws in neighboring province, establishing there
~ an arbitrary government, and enlargng it:
boundaries, so as to render it at once an exam
pc and tit itinsrument for introducing the same
sosoute rule into these colonies:


tor taking away our charters, abolshing our
most valuable laws and altering fundamentally
Ne forms Of our governments


for slspending our own legislatures, and de-
.Isflns themselves invested with power to leg
Sate for us in all cases whatsoever.


lie has abdicated government here, by de
caring us out Of his protection, and waging
Warasainst us.


Ournt our towns, and destroyed the lives Of Tho
people.


lie eisat this time transporting large armies o
mnteisn mercenaries to complete the works o
assse', desolaton, and tyranny, already begun
@''h circumstances of cruelty and pertidy, scarce


psfaileled in the most barbarous ages, ane
"Ialy unworthy the head Of civilized nation


ne ne mas constrained our fellow citizens, taker
tpuVe on the high seas; to bear arms agains
,hs sn country, to become the eXecutioners o
hn =, friends and brethren, or to fall themselve.
W their hands.


:, ne has excited domestic instructions amongs,
hnC =.