This pdf is a digital offprint of your contribution in M. Vinzent (ed.), Studia Patristica XCVI: Papers presented at the Seventeenth International Conference on Patristic Studies held in Oxford 2015. Volume 22: The Second Half of the Fourth Century; From the Fifth Century Onwards (Greek Writers); Gregory Palamas' Epistula III, ISBN 978-90-429-3592-1. The copyright on this publication belongs to Peeters Publishers. As author you are licensed to make printed copies of the pdf or to send the unaltered pdf file to up to 50 relations. You may not publish this pdf on the World Wide Web – including websites such as academia.edu and open-access repositories – until three years after publication. Please ensure that anyone receiving an offprint from you observes these rules as well. If you wish to publish your article immediately on openaccess sites, please contact the publisher with regard to the payment of the article processing fee. For queries about offprints, copyright and republication of your article, please contact the publisher via peeters@peeters-leuven.be PEETERS LEUVEN – PARIS – BRISTOL, CT 2017 STUDIA PATRISTICA VOL. XCVI Papers presented at the Seventeenth International Conference on Patristic Studies held in Oxford 2015 Edited by MARKUS VINZENT Volume 22: The Second Half of the Fourth Century From the Fifth Century Onwards (Greek Writers) Gregory Palamas' Epistula III Table of Contents THE SECOND HALF OF THE FOURTH CENTURY Kelley Spoerl Epiphanius on Jesus' Digestion ........................................................... 3 Young Richard Kim Nicaea is Not Enough: The Second Creed of Epiphanius' Ancoratus 11 John Voelker Marius Victorinus' Use of a Gnostic Commentary ............................ 21 Tomasz Stępień Action of Will and Generation of the Son in Extant Works of Eunomius ..................................................................................................... 29 Alberto J. Quiroga puertas 'In the Gardens of Adonis'. Religious Disputations in Julian's Caesars 37 Ariane Magny Porphyry and Julian on Christians ..................................................... 47 Jeannette Kreijkes The Impact of Theological Concepts on Calvin's Reception of Chrysostom's Exegesis of Galatians 4:21-6 ............................................... 57 Hellen Dayton John Chrysostom on katanuxis as the Source of Spiritual Healing .. 65 Michaela Durst The Epistle to the Hebrews in the 7th Oration of John Chrysostom's Orationes Adversus Judaeos ............................................................... 71 Paschalis Gkortsilas The Lives of Others: Pagan and Christian Role Models in John Chrysostom's Thought ......................................................................... 83 Malouine de dieuleveult L'exégèse de la faute de David (2Règnes 11-12) : Jean Chrysostome et Théodoret de Cyr ............................................................................ 95 VI Table of Contents Matteo Caruso Hagiographic Style of the Vita Spyridonis between Rhetoric and Exegetical Tradition: Analogies between John Chrysostom's Homilies and the Work of Theodore of Paphos ................................................. 103 Paul C. Boles Method and Meaning in Chrysostom's Homily 7 and Origen's Homily 1 on Genesis ........................................................................... 111 Susan B. Griffith Apostolic Authority and the 'Incident at Antioch': Chrysostom on Gal. 2:11-4 ........................................................................................... 117 James D. Cook Therapeutic Preaching: The Use of Medical Imagery in the Sermons of John Chrysostom ............................................................................. 127 Demetrios Bathrellos Sola gratia? Sola fide? Law, Grace, Faith, and Works in John Chrysostom's Commentary on Romans........................................................ 133 Marie-Eve Geiger Les homélies de Jean Chrysostome In principium Actorum : le titre pris comme principe exégétique ......................................................... 147 Pierre Augustin Quelques sources Parisiennes du Chrysostome de Sir Henry Savile . 157 Thomas Brauch The Emperor Theodosius I and the Nicene Faith: A Brief History .. 175 Sergey Kim Severian of Gabala as a Witness to Life at the Imperial Court in Fifth-Century Constantinople ............................................................. 189 FROM THE FIFTH CENTURY ONWARDS (GREEK WRITERS) Austin Dominic Litke The 'Organon Concept' in the Christology of Cyril of Alexandria .. 207 Barbara Villani Some Remarks on the Textual Tradition and the Literary Genre of Cyril of Alexandria's De adoratione et cultu in spiritu et veritate ... 215 Table of Contents VII Sandra leuenberger-Wenger All Cyrillians? Cyril of Alexandria as Norm of Orthodoxy at the Council of Chalcedon .......................................................................... 225 Hans van loon Virtue in Cyril of Alexandria's Festal Letters ................................... 237 George Kalantzis Passibility, Tentability, and the Divine Οὐσία in the Debate between Cyril and Nestorius ............................................................................. 249 James E. Goehring 'Talking Back' in Pachomian Hagiography: Theodore's Catechesis and the Letter of Ammon .................................................................... 257 James F. Wellington Let God Arise: The Divine Warrior Motif in Theodoret of Cyrrhus' Commentary on Psalm 67 ................................................................... 265 Agnès Lorrain Exégèse et argumentation scripturaire chez Théodoret de Cyr: l'In Romanos, écho des controverses trinitaires et christologiques des IVe et Ve siècles ................................................................................... 273 Kathryn kleinkopf A Landscape of Bodies: Exploring the Role of Ascetics in Theodoret's Historia Religiosa .................................................................... 283 Maya Goldberg New Syriac Edition and Translation of Theodore of Mopsuestia's Reconstructed Commentary on Paul's Minor Epistles: Fragments Collected from MS (olim) Diyarbakir 22 ........................................... 293 Georgiana Huian The Spiritual Experience in Diadochus of Photike ............................ 301 Eirini A. Artemi The Comparison of the Triadological Teaching of Isidore of Pelusium with Cyril of Alexandria's Teaching ................................................... 309 Madalina Toca Isidore of Pelusium's Letters to Didymus the Blind ........................... 325 Michael Muthreich Ein äthiopisches Fragment der dem Dionysius Areopagita zugeschriebenen Narratio de vita sua ................................................................. 333 VIII Table of Contents István Perczel Theodoret of Cyrrhus: The Main Source of Pseudo-Dionysius' Christology? ........................................................................................ 351 Panagiotis G. Pavlos Aptitude (Ἐπιτηδειότης) and the Foundations of Participation in the Philosophy of Dionysius the Areopagite ............................................ 377 Joost van rossum The Relationship between Dionysius the Areopagite and Maximus the Confessor: Revisiting the Problem ............................................... 397 Dimitrios A. Vasilakis Dionysius versus Proclus on Undefiled Providence and its Byzantine Echoes in Nicholas of Methone .......................................................... 407 José María nieva The Mystical Sense of the Aesthetic Experience in Dionysius the Areopagite ........................................................................................... 419 Ernesto Sergio Mainoldi Why Dionysius the Areopagite? The Invention of the First Father ... 425 Alexandru Prelipcean The Influence of Romanos the Melodist on the Great Canon of Saint Andrew of Crete: Some Remarks about Christological Typologies .. 441 Alexis Torrance 'Assuming our nature corrupted by sin': Revisiting Theodore the Studite on the Humanity of Christ .................................................................. 451 Scott Ables The Rhetoric of Persuasion in the Polemic of John of Damascus ..... 457 James A. Francis Ancient Seeing/Christian Seeing: The Old and the New in John of Damascus ............................................................................................. 469 Zachary Keith The Problem of ἐνυπόστατον in John Damascene: Why Is Jesus Not a Human Person? ................................................................................ 477 Nicholas Bamford Being, Christian Gnosis, and Deified Becoming in the 'Theoretikon' 485 Table of Contents IX Alexandros Chouliaras The Imago Trinitatis in St Symeon the New Theologian and Niketas Stethatos: Is this the Basic Source of St Gregory Palamas' own Approach? ............................................................................................ 493 GREGORY PALAMAS' EPISTULA III (edited by Katharina Heyden) Katharina Heyden Introduction: The Two Versions of Palamas' Epistula III to Akindynos 507 Katharina Heyden The Two Epistulae III of Palamas to Akindynos: The Small but Important Difference between Authenticity and Originality ............. 511 Theodoros Alexopoulos The Problem of the Distinction between Essence and Energies in the Hesychast Controversy. Saint Gregory Palamas' Epistula III: The Version Published by P. Chrestou in Light of Palamas' Other Works on the Divine Energies......................................................................... 521 Renate Burri The Textual Transmission of Palamas' Epistula III to Akindynos: The Case of Monac. gr. 223 ................................................................ 535 Dimitrios Moschos Reasons of Being versus Uncreated Energies – Neoplatonism and Mathematics as Means of Participating in God according to Nicephorus Gregoras ......................................................................................... 547 Aptitude (Ἐπιτηδειότης) and the Foundations of Participation in the Philosophy of Dionysius the Areopagite1 Panagiotis G. Pavlos, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway abstract That a certain principle pervades the whole of the Dionysian corpus has been commonly acknowledged by readers of the works of this intriguing author. The principle is that of participation, which frames the structure of Dionysian thinking in all its aspects, the Christological, the liturgical and ecclesiological as well as the ontological. Most scholarly studies of this Christian, nonetheless Neo platonic, figure mostly recognize the participatory character of his thinking. In his participatory metaphysical system there is a feature that seems to be crucial. Except for some sporadic remarks – few in relation to the huge number of relevant studies – and in spite of the influence exercised on the thought of Maximus the Confessor and Thomas Aquinas, this feature has not received the attention that its centrality merits. I refer to the concept of aptitude (ἐπιτηδειότης). In the present study I explore aptitude as a critical component of the Dionysian development of participation, with a view to the Neoplatonic background of the concept, especially as established by Plotinus and Proclus. My aim is to argue for a novelty consisting in the fact that the Areopagite regards aptitude as a fundamental element that sets forth the receptive capacity of beings as the regulatory principle for participation in the life of the divinity. Introduction A study of the concept of aptitude (ἐπιτηδειότης) is proposed herein as a way of going deeper into the roots of participation as Dionysius the Areopagite 1 I should extend my profound gratitude to several people who contributed with their original ideas and thinking, invaluable discussions, comments and suggestions in the development of this study: Vladimir Cvetković, Panos Dimas, fr. Vasileios Gontikakis, Thomas Kjeller Johansen, George Karamanolis, fr. Andrew Louth, Dominique O'Meara, George Pavlos, István Perczel, Øyvind Rabbås, Norman Russell, Carlos Steel, Markus Vinzent, Jon Wetlesen and Christian Wildberg. In particular, I feel indebted to my supervisors at the Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas in the University of Oslo, Torstein Theodor Tollefsen and Eyjólfur Kjalar Emilsson, for their intelligent guidance through the perplexities of Late Antique philosophical thought. It is only the author's inaptitude that is accountable for the imperfections throughout the present piece of research work. Studia Patristica XCVI, 377-396. © Peeters Publishers, 2017. 378 P.G. Pavlos conceives of them. In the texts of the Corpus Dionysiacum2 a certain interconnection occurs between participation and aptitude, culminating in the formulation aptitude for participation (ἐπιτηδειότης πρὸς μέθεξιν).3 These interrelated concepts are worth studying; aptitude appears as a significant component in the Dionysian instances of participation.4 It is very likely that the Areopagite grants aptitude a substantial role: that of becoming the regulatory principle of participation in the divine life for all beings and without discrimination. This point touches precisely upon a particular variation of the usage of aptitude in the formulation aptitude for deification (ἐπιτηδειότης πρὸς θέωσιν),5 the latter corresponding both to the corner-stone and to the end of his philosophy. In the following I include some preliminary remarks on the Dionysian development of participation, in both its historical and systematic aspects.6 There are certain motives prompting the disputed author of the CD to elaborate a concept of participation as a central pillar of his philosophy. These may be recognized through an overview of the preceding historical development of the idea and a consideration of the ways in which the concept emerges within his writings. I suggest distinguishing participation according to the Areopagite as 2 Hereafter, CD. 3 Corpus Dionysiacum I. De Divinis Nominibus, ed. Beate Regina Suchla, PTS 33 (Berlin, 1990), 148.12-8. 4 Ibid. 117.15, 118.1, 130.2, 147.15-8, 148.12-8, 166.1-4, 170.8-11, 210.3. 5 Corpus Dionysiacum II. De Ecclesiastica Hierarchia, ed. Gunter Heil and Adolf Martin Ritter, PTS 62 (Berlin, 2012), 70.7. See, also, 83, 108. 6 Considerable attention has already been paid to the topic. The following significant research pieces are indicative. In his late 60's philosophical inquiry into Dionysius' mystical thought, Spearritt offered an investigation of participation, where, among other things, he argued for the complexity of its reality and stressed the importance of regarding it in a balanced way in order to avoid both a polytheistic account and an understanding of participation within a Procline emanationist context, see Placid Spearritt, A Philosophical Inquiry into Dionysian Mysticism (Fribourg, 1968). A study of the Dionysian contribution to participation noting its substantial divergences from the relevant Neoplatonic developments, is offered in Eric Perl, Methexis: Creation, Incarnation, Deification in St. Maximus the Confessor (Yale, 1991). Perl introduces Dionysius as a thinker who establishes a phase transition between the understanding of participation as share of those intermediary entities that mediate between the ontological multitude and the One, as suggested by Proclus, and the suggestions of the participated-ness of divinity as introduced by Maximus the Confessor. Moreover, a thorough insight into Dionysius' participatory thinking is to be found in a book that is crucial for Dionysian studies, Ysabel de Andia, Henosis. L'union à Dieu chez Denys l'Areopagite (Leiden, 1996), 77-100. In addition, several illuminating, though sporadic, remarks are offered in Torstein Theodor Tollefsen's book, The Christocentric Cosmology of St. Maximus the Confessor (Oxford, 2008), 68, 162-3, 220. Tollefsen's main concern is to investigate the background of what he names a Christocentric cosmology of St. Maximus the Confessor. He devotes an entire chapter to arguing for a concept of participation in Maximus' thought, the foundations of which are likely to be found in the Areopagite. Tollefsen analyzes further the Dionysian influence on St. Maximus, in Torstein Theodor Tollefsen, Activity and Participation in Late Antique and Early Christian Thought (Oxford, 2012). Aptitude (Ἐπιτηδειότης) and the Foundations of Participation 379 either unconditional or conditional. I relate the unconditional aspect to what Dionysius calls essential participation (οὐσιώδης μέθεξις), an expression reminiscent of several formulations in Proclus' Elements of Theology that refer to the natural constitution of beings. Essential participation corresponds to what St. Maximus the Confessor acknowledged, in explicating Dionysius, as sharing in being (ὄν) and eternal being (ἀεὶ ὄν).7 By the term conditional, I refer to what the Areopagite regards as radical, universal, or complete participation (ὁλικὴ μέθεξις).8 This formulation and the idea behind it is a Dionysian novelty; it does not seem to have a match in Proclus' participatory language.9 7 In chapter 25 of the third century of Chapters on Charity (Capita de charitate III), St. Maximus discusses those four divine attributes by which God sustains, guards and preserves beings, and which He communicated because of his ultimate goodness when He brought the rational and intellectual substance into being; these are a) being, b) eternal being, c) goodness, and d) wisdom. He also indicated that the first two of them were provided as substantial idioms (τέσσερα τῶν θείων ἰδιωμάτων, συνεκτικὰ καὶ φρουρητικὰ καὶ διασωστικὰ τῶν ὄντων, δι  ἄκραν ἀγαθότητα ἐκοινοποίησεν ὁ Θεός, παραγαγὼν εἰς τὸ εἶναι τὴν λογικὴν καὶ νοερὰν οὐσίαν· τὸ ὄν, τὸ ἀεὶ ὄν, τὴν ἀγαθότητα καὶ σοφίαν. Τούτων τὰ μὲν δύο τῇ οὐσίᾳ παρέσχε), in Sancti Maximi Confessori. Capita de charitate III, PG 90, 25. 8 CD I. Div. Nom., 166. 9 In several places Proclus uses the adjective universal (ὁλικός) and its comparatives, e.g. in the form ὁλικώτερα, but he never uses it as predicating participation. Yet the specific Dionysian formulation appears in the second part of chapter 4 of the DN. That means that, if my claim concerning Dionysius' novelty were wrong, it should have been evident from the meticulous comparison of the views of Proclus and Dionysius on Evil made by Carlos Steel, 'Proclus et Denys: De l'Existence du Mal', in Ysabel de Andia (ed.), Denys l'Areopagite et sa posterité en Orient et en Occident (Paris, 1997), 89-116. But Steel does not show how this formulation could have been copied from Proclus (see especially on page 110 and the Appendix, on page 105). One cannot exclude the possibility of a similar formulation in any of the lost works of Proclus. In that case, I imagine that Steel would immediately think of the transmission of Proclus' lost Greek texts to us through the mediation of Isaac Sebastokrator, and he would probably advise us to check his texts. Indeed, the editorial work of the second among the three treatises attributed to Isaak Sebastokrator, Isaak Sebastokrator's Περὶ τῆς τῶν κακῶν ὑποστάσεως. De Malorum Subsistentia, ed. James John Rizzo, BKP 42 (Meisenheim, 1971), offers access to it: Dionysius' De Divinis Nominibus (DN, 166, 1-4) Εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἀναλόγως ἑκάστῳ τἀγαθὸν παρῆν, ἦν ἂν τὰ θειότατα καὶ πρεσβύτατα τὴν τῶν ἐσχάτων ἔχοντα τάξιν. Πῶς δὲ καὶ ἦν δυνατὸν μονοειδῶς πάντα μετέχειν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ μὴ πάντα ὄντα ταὐτῶς εἰς τὴν ὁλικὴν αὐτοῦ μέθεξιν ἐπιτήδεια; Isaak Sebastokrator's Περὶ τῆς τῶν κακῶν ὑποστάσεως (DMS, 4, 3, 28) εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἀναλόγως ἑκάστῳ τἀγαθὸν παρῆν, ἦν ἂν τὰ θειότατα καὶ τὰ πρεσβύτατα τὴν τῶν ἐσχάτων ἔχοντα τάξιν. πῶς δὲ καὶ ἦν δυνατὸν μονοειδῶς πάντα μετέχειν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ, μὴ πάντων ὄντων ταὐτῶς εἰς τὴν ὁλικὴν αὐτοῦ μέθεξιν ἐπιτηδείων; The parallel columns show not only a great similarity between the texts of the Areopagite and Sebastocrator, but also and more importantly that the latter had almost copied everything from the former. That the rest of the copied extract is not reminiscent of any Procline formulation, makes one assume that complete participation (ὁλικὴ μέθεξις) is introduced for the first time by Dionysius. At least, this is a safe assumption pending the recovery of Proclus' lost works. 380 P.G. Pavlos Given that no similar gradation of participation seems to appear in the CD, I think that by complete participation Dionysius intends to designate what in Maxi mus' account results in well-being (εὖ εἶναι) and eternal well-being (ἀεὶ εὖ εἶναι).10 This brings me to what is my principal concern here, namely the concept of aptitude and a preliminary examination of it in the Areopagite's thought.11 In contrast to other terms, Dionysius is not the inventor of epite deiotes, but rather an innovator of the concept that derives from it. Grounding this claim is effectively to speak of a novelty emerging in the way the Areopagite employs aptitude, as compared to its previous Neoplatonic usages. It is true that Dionysius invents several terminological formulations, which, although they seem at first to point to acknowledged Neoplatonic conceptual schemes, are in fact novel. Conceiving of this novelty presupposes that his constantly stated reliance upon Scripture finds receptive ears.12 Participation It is indisputable that participation plays an important role in Greek thought.13 This is remarkable both in its pagan and Christian form. Indeed, a study of participation would be helpful in clarifying what seems to be the most acute problem in Byzantine thinking, namely, the relation of the finite to the infinite, of the one to the many.14 These categories are fundamental to Greek philosophy. Within the Christian tradition the view of the world as creation out of nothing and the eschatological perspective of deification transform the problem into a question about the relation of the created cosmos to the uncreated God. Hence the foundations of cosmology develop as answers to the question of creation. It is true that in its non-Christian form the Greek philosophical tradition develops within a cosmological framework, a masterful account of which is given in Plato's Timaeus. But within its Christian development cosmology is related to a dimension essentially unknown previously and only intuitively outlined: the soteriological. Soteriology comes to the fore as a discourse deriving from the novel possibility of the deification (θέωσις) of the human being and the 10 De char. 3, 24. See also T.T. Tollefsen, Christocentric Cosmology (2008), 173. 11 The methodological considerations concerning participation apply equally to aptitude. 12 From this point of view, Perl is somewhat misleading when he is claiming that Dionysius conceives of divine transcendence and its radical immanence as Plotinus and Proclus do. See Eric Perl, Theophany. The Neoplatonic Philosophy of Dionysius the Areopagite (New York, 2007), 112. 13 T.T. Tollefsen, Christocentric Cosmology (2008), 192. 14 Polycarp Sherwood, 'Survey of Recent Works on St. Maximus the Confessor', Traditio 20 (1964), 435. Aptitude (Ἐπιτηδειότης) and the Foundations of Participation 381 redemption of the entire created cosmos.15 Such a possibility is introduced and acclaimed only with the Incarnation of Logos (καὶ ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο).16 Since then, Christian philosophy has put together the cosmological and soteriological dimensions. That means that the Christian philosophical mind of the Areopagite approaches the creature and conceives of it within the perspective of deification. For him creation is life within the horizon of deification. This is a fundamental condition that should be remembered in any attempt to interpret his philosophy by the aid of Neoplatonism. Equally, the affinity between cosmology and soteriology is a conditio sine qua non in examining aptitude with respect to participation. Participation pervades the whole of the Dionysian corpus and frames the ground upon which its dimensionality flourishes: the Christological,17 the Liturgical18 and the Ecclesiological,19 as well as the ontological aspects. It is conceived as a reality emerging from the beautiful and the good in such a way that there is no single being that does not have a share in them.20 This ontological claim has an epistemological equivalent, which is uttered in a way that promotes the centrality of the concept of participation and underlines the interconnected fullness of Dionysian thought. Dionysius asserts that any knowledge about divinity is possible only through participation (μετοχαῖς).21 The Areopagite introduces participation as a gift of Divine Goodness to Creation.22 His philosophy is essentially a hymn to Divine Goodness.23 He responds to the ultimate Platonic lesson on the idea of the Good24 with hymns, not because – as anyone who would acknowledge Neoplatonic influences in Dionysian mysticism would notice25 – singing (ὑμνεῖν) is a genuine Neoplatonic sacred activity, which, with roots in Homeric and Orphic practice, was performed and especially promoted by Proclus, but mainly because this was his normal approach through having been initiated by the Scriptural tradition into venerating the greatness of the Divine name of Goodness.26 Certainly, the scope of Proclus' hymns was the Good One and the constitutive and divinizing power and activity of the substances emanating from it, along with the reversion of 15 For an interpretative insight to the tradition on creation that Dionysius inherits and bequeaths to posterity, see especially the chapters III, V and VI, on creation, redemption and its dimensions in Georges Florovsky, Creation and Redemption (Massachusetts, 1976). 16 John 1:14. 17 CD II. Ep. 8, 173. 18 CD II. Eccl. Hier., 63 and 93. 19 CD II. Ep. 8, 176-7. 20 CD I. Div. Nom. IV, 152. 21 Ibid. 131. 22 CD I. Div. Nom., 128-9, CD II. Eccl. Hier., 79. 23 CD I. Div. Nom., 180. 24 Plato, Republic, 505b. 25 P. Spearritt, Philosophical Inquiry (1968), 37. 26 CD II. Eccl. Hier., 94. 382 P.G. Pavlos the human soul upon the divine world, as Van Den Berg shows in his excellent edition of Proclus' Hymns.27 And, certainly, Dionysius is an author who deliberately and for historical reasons relates to the mainstream of philosophical production of his times, yet hides under a Neoplatonic cloak and follows up the Platonic tradition of the unknowability of the Good. However, the Dionysian Good is beyond Plato's conceptions. The divine name of Goodness (ἀγαθωνυμία) is identified with the Godhead (θεαρχία) and remains unknown by being remote – not in terms of locality but of modality – from any earthly speculation.28 Yet, this suggestion of the modal remoteness of Divine Goodness as distinguishing Dionysian thinking from the Platonic tradition by no means renders divinity desperately inaccessible to the human being.29 Access is granted through participation. Thus, the Areopagitica can also be read as a hymn to the much highlighted, thoroughly developed and extensively employed reality of participation.30 This reality emerges mysteriously and is founded on a principal divergence distinguishing Christian from non-Christian Platonism. The mystery consists in the fact that participation occurs in a cosmos created out of nothing. Creatio ex nihilo is that central doctrinal truth and belief which, springing from the prophetic wisdom of Genesis, forms and pervades the thought of the Church Fathers in general, and of Dionysius the Areopagite in particular.31 27 Rudolphus Maria Van Den Berg, Proclus' Hymns (Leiden, 2001), 9-12. 28 CD II. Ep. 8, 180. 29 Ibid. 174. 30 Ibid. 84. This sentence should be read carefully in order not to attribute to Dionysius' thinking any notion of Neoplatonically conceived and performed theurgy. Dionysius does not adopt the idea of theurgy as it has been developed within Proclean Neoplatonism, as Sorabji remarks in Richard Sorabji (ed.), Aristotle Transformed. The Ancient Commentators and their Influence (London, 1990), 11-2. In other words, I do not imply that he suggests worshipping a mundane entity or activity; not at all! He distinguishes between divine and human activity: the former is to be hymned (ὑμνῆσαι) as theurgy (θεοῦ ἔργον), whereas the latter is to be praised (αἰνέσαι) as hierurgy (ἱερουργία), a work offered by holy men. For him theurgy corresponds to transmission (μετάδοσις) and hierurgy to partaking (μετάληψις). Indeed, the last two constitute the reality of participation, both in its particular sacramental aspect, and in the wider metaphysical contours. So, what I propose above is rather to read Dionysius as venerating the superabundant love that renders the substantially unparticipated benevolently and philanthropically participable. 31 One should not expect to find any explicit reference to creation in the CD. As Golitzin remarks, the word creation (κτίσις) and its derivatives appear in the Corpus only in direct quotations from Scripture: Alexander Golitzin, Mystagogy. A Monastic Reading of Dionysius Areopagita (Collegeville, 2013), 105-6. But he also argues that Dionysius' creaturely account ought to be read on the basis of his distinction between God's essence and powers, the act of creation being placed in the latter, ibid. 112. For a possibility of arguing for an Orthodox doctrine of creation in the Dionysian system and relevant reservations, see Torstein Theodor Tollefsen, 'The Doctrine of Creation in Dionysius the Areopagite', in Leena Pietila-Castren and Vesa Vahtikari (eds), Grapta Poikila II. Saints and Heroes (Helsinki, 2008), 75-89. One of the conditions Tollefsen points out to be crucial for affirming creation is to clarify whether a temporal beginning can be discerned in the CD. But it should be granted that there is no mention of 'time' when creation was not, as Golitzin comments. I would say that Tollefsen is right in finding an indication of time Aptitude (Ἐπιτηδειότης) and the Foundations of Participation 383 In his thought, participation emerges as exclusively dependent on Divine Goodness. The Dionysian Good itself is an inaccessible mystery. Therefore, the only way to speak of that which is incomprehensible to all minds and exceeds all frames of reasonable discourse is to resort equally to cataphatic and apophatic utterances.32 In the preface of St. Maximus the Confessor's Mystagogia, the Dionysian influence is obvious as Maximus interprets the rationale of negation and affirmation.33 Negation is introduced as the kind of utterance that is most appropriate to, and closest to him who transcends being (τὸ μὴ εἶναι μᾶλλον, διὰ τὸ ὑπερεῖναι ὡς οἰκειότερον ἐπ  αὐτοῦ λεγόμενον, προσιέμενος).34 On the other hand, Maximus affirms that God equals to negating being (θέσιν εἶναι τοῦ ὑπερόντος τὴν τῶν ὄντων ἀφαίρεσιν).35 The Confessor stresses the significance of equality, and simultaneity, so to speak, of a cataphatic and an apophatic discourse in uttering divinity and all relations with it. He sets forth a fundamental concern about negative theology: both affirmative and negative predications of being and non-being should be treated equally with regard to God, so that none of them imposes its principal role on the other (καὶ ἄμφω περὶ τὸν αὐτὸν εὐσεβῶς θεωρεῖσθαι τὰς προσηγορίας, καὶ μηδεμίαν κυρίως δύνασθαι, τὸ εἶναί φημι καὶ μὴ εἶναι).36 In Dionysius' philosophy the mystery of Divine Goodness renders the idea of participation as a mystery, too. For how else could one think of a share of being (ens creatum) in non-being (ens increatum)?37 Dionysius' philosophy has a somewhat paradoxical purpose: to exhaust the capabilities of philosophical reasoning in order to allow room for revelation.38 One might exclaim: 'But this is Plato!' alluding to Diotima's speech on gradual erotic ascent, which is unpredictably interrupted by the sudden vision of the eternal being.39 Following Plato's method of adopting everything good, no matter whence does it come,40 Dionysius adopts the Platonic start reflected in the famous adverb ἐξαίφνης and explicates it.41 Indeed, what solves the mystery is a new mystery: divinity reveals itself and it does so in a way proportional to the receptive capacity of lacking and I would suggest that such an inadequacy may be healed with the notion of production (παραγωγή) that frequently designates God's creative activity. Moreover, time should not be conceived of outside creation; it too is created. 32 For a thorough account of the presuppositions of Dionysian apophatic and cataphatic discourse, see Y. De Andia, Henosis (1996), 375-98. 33 Maximi Confessoris Mystagogia, ed. Christian Boudignon, CChr.SG 69 (Turnhout, 2011), 9-10. 34 Ibid. 9, 110-1. 35 Ibid. 9, 113-4. 36 Ibid. 9, 115-7. 37 T.T. Tollefsen, Christocentric Cosmology (2008), 190. 38 CD II. Eccl. Hier., 82. 39 Πλάτωνος Συμπόσιον, ed. Ioannis Sykoutris, AAEB 1 (Athens, 1990), 179. 40 Πλάτωνος Ἐπινομίς, in: Platonis Opera, ed. James Burnet, vol. 5 (Oxford, 1907), 987de. 41 CD II. Ep. 3, 159. 384 P.G. Pavlos the human mind.42 For Dionysius, revelation is the solid source of, and exclusive motivation for, any discourse on divinity and any sharing in it, the latter being spelled out not in terms of persuasive words deriving from human wisdom, but rather in terms of the demonstrative Spirit-moved power of those who have been granted the power of uttering a word concerning God.43 An account of participation in the Areopagite requires an awareness of the vocabulary he employs and its fine nuances.44 The general tendency in English literature on Late Antique thought is to render the terms μέθεξις and μετοχή by the word participation. Methexis is a frequently used term in all discussions of participation from the time of Plato up to the Byzantine philosophy of St. John of Damascus. In Dionysius' case, the richness of the semantics of the notion is reflected in a series of derivatives employed by him in a way reminiscent of Proclus' usage.45 Systematizing them may fruitfully give us an accurate outline of his account of participation.46 The syntactical structure of the vocabulary of participation in the CD includes four of the major parts of utterance, that is, nouns, adjectives, verbs (including infinitives) and participles. I list them in their principal form.47 Terms belonging to the first class are: μετοχή, μετουσία, μέθεξις (and its deprivative ἀμεθεξία), all of them usually rendered by participation (with ἀμεθεξία by imparticipability), μετάδοσις and μετάληψις, rendered by imparting and partaking of, respectively. The second class consists of adjectives, some of which appear with their opposites, μέτοχος – ἀμέτοχος (partaking – non-partaking), μετοχικός (able to participate), μεθεκτός – ἀμέθεκτος (participable – non-participable), μεταδότις (transmitter), μεταδοτικός (able to transmit). The third group contains three verbs: μετέχω, μεταδίδωμι, μεταλαμβάνω, rendered respectively by have a share in, give a share of / impart / communicate and partake of. Finally, when it comes to participles, the use of μετέχων (participant, most frequently in the inclinations of the plural number) is central. In discussing participation, a distinction between two specific parts is indispensable; without it any relevant discussion is fruitless. These are the participated 42 CD I. Div. Nom., 109. 43 Ibid. 108. 44 Such awareness is decisive in any successful reconstruction of his account. Unfortunately, the widespread use of the English term participation is not always helpful in depicting the distinctions occurring within several instantiations of participatory vocabulary. Thus, moving from the particular to the general on the basis of specific terminological instances might not always be fruitful. One has to proceed in a different way: first by considering the entire system of Dionysian thought, and then by drawing from it an understanding of specific terms. 45 Y. De Andia, Henosis (1996), 98. 46 It is impossible to refer in detail to each of the 273 instances of the vocabulary of participation in the CD. Only selective remarks can be made of what appear to me the most central cases. 47 With some exceptions, wherever I think it necessary, the translations of Greek terms are those offered in the corresponding entries by Geoffrey William Hugo Lampe, A Patristic Greek Lexicon (Oxford, 1961). Aptitude (Ἐπιτηδειότης) and the Foundations of Participation 385 (μεθεκτόν) and the participant (μετέχον). As Tollefsen explicates it, the first refers to something that is portioned out to be shared by receivers, while the second designates the receiver of the portion to be shared.48 As a notion of participation presupposes that which is about to be shared, it is obvious that without the participated there is no chance for any participation at all. So the relation between participated and participant is not equivalent. That means that, although an absence of the participant would render the idea of participation unimplemented, its lack is not as serious as that of the participated. For the possibility for participation still remains open, even without a participant. But an absence of the participated would result in the abolition of the idea of participation. In other words, so long as there is a participant participation is possible if a participated entity comes along. This detail is considered by Dionysius, who seems to regard the presence of the participated as unconditional. In the opening of Chapter 4 of his treatise On the Divine Names (Περὶ Θείων Ὀνομάτων) Dionysius adopts an attribution initially proclaimed by Scripture and ascribes the divine name of Goodness to the Supremely Divine Existence (τὴν θεαρχικὴν ὕπαρξιν ἀγαθότητα λέγοντες).49 The name of the Good is not merely an attribute of divinity but a substantial idiom of it (οὐσιώδες ἀγαθόν). It is tempting to think that divine Goodness and Substance are considered to be one and the same.50 One should be careful not to presume that Dionysius is suggesting that our awareness of the divine goodness renders us knowers of the divine substance. Rather, the only knowledge we may obtain of divinity is conveyed through divine goodness. But this is knowledge about a notion of divine substance and not about divine substance itself.51 For while divine goodness by being substantially good extends its goodness to all beings (καὶ ὅτι τῷ εἶναι τἀγαθὸν ὡς οὐσιώδες ἀγαθὸν εἰς πάντα τὰ ὄντα διατείνει τὴν ἀγαθότητα),52 it remains ultimately imparticipable (ὑπέρκειται ἡ τῆς θεότητος ἀμεθεξία), since it has neither substantial contact nor any commingled communion with the beings participating in it (τῷ μήτε ἐπαφὴν αὐτῆς εἶναι μήτε ἄλλην τινὰ πρὸς τὰ μετέχοντα συμμιγῆ κοινωνίαν).53 48 T.T. Tollefsen, Christocentric Cosmology (2008), 193. 49 CD I. Div. Nom., 143. 50 I am not claiming that Dionysius suggests comprehensibility of the divine substance. What I think is that if one takes what St. Luke says, that no one is Good, except for one, who is God (οὐδεὶς ἀγαθὸς εἰ μὴ εἷς, ὁ Θεός, in Luke 18:19), and if one remembers what the Areopagite states in the beginning of paragraph 7 of chapter 4 in the Divine Names – that the good is hymned by the holy theologians also as love (τοῦτο τἀγαθὸν ὑμνεῖται πρὸς τῶν ἱερῶν θεολόγων καὶ ὡς καλὸν καὶ ὡς κάλλος καὶ ὡς «ἀγάπη», in CD I. Div. Nom., 150) –, and if one recalls that God is love (ὅτι ὁ θεὸς ἀγάπη ἐστίν, in 1John 4:8), then, if one experiences divine goodness one should feel confident about knowing God himself. 51 See n. 7. 52 CD I. Div. Nom., 143-4. 53 CD I. Div. Nom., 129. 386 P.G. Pavlos Thus, the fact that divinity is introduced as substantially good entails that it never ceases to provide that which is participated. Dionysius explicates this quality of Divine Goodness by employing a favorite Platonic metaphor, originated in the Republic and elaborated by both Plotinus and Proclus.54 He asserts divine goodness as exceeding its faint impression, the sun (ὑπὲρ ἥλιον ὡς ὑπὲρ ἀμυδρὰν εἰκόνα), the rays of which unconditionally illuminate the whole. Un-conditionality here entails that the sun does not calculate or expand its rays in a deliberate manner: by simply being the sun it sheds its light without any discrimination on all that can have a share of the sunlight.55 This illustration can to some extent shed light upon how the Good superabundantly bestows the rays of its whole divinity on all beings, proportionally in accordance with their receptive capacity.56 I have argued above that the two components of participation, the participated and the participant, are not on equal level. My analysis has so far focused on the participated (μεθεκτόν). I still need to say something on the component of the participant (μετέχον). I suggested earlier that participation should be regarded as a mystery. It should also be regarded as a paradox. As so is Dionysius' paradoxical claim that divine Goodness, being the Source of Good, is present to all, but not all is present to it.57 As suggested earlier, it is plausible according to the Areopagite to argue for a distinction between unconditional and conditional participation. This distinction emerges from a consideration of the bi-dimensionality of the concept of participation, as becomes evident from the above analysis. What does that mean? On the one hand, participation designates that unique reality that exclusively renders human beings capable of discovering divinity and gaining an overview of divine goodness.58 This reality occurs when the two compulsory components, the participated and the participant are engaged and the participant receives what is transmitted by the participated. On the other hand, participation is introduced as potency, in the sense that it is not a necessarily reciprocal reality. Non-reciprocity can be understood in terms of what was stated earlier, namely, that an abolition of participation would be due not to the absence of the participated, but to the lack or incapacity of the participant. Certainly, the participated 54 For the position of the sun in the Neoplatonist thought of Plotinus and Proclus, see Radek Chlup, Proclus. An Introduction (Cambridge, 2012), 63, 100-1, 174 and 214. 55 CD I. Div. Nom., 144. 56 Ibid. 144. Dionysius' use of the metaphor of the sun should not be confused with Plotinus' depiction of the sun as a means of claiming that the ultimate metaphysical principle about the cosmos is indifferent. Dionysius' emphasis is not to stress the lack of interest, on the part of the One, for the reality that emanates from it, as Plotinus had suggested. What he wants to stress here is that divine goodness arranges the distribution of its goodness in such a natural way, that naturally, precisely like the sun, it cannot 'decide' not to shed its rays. 57 CD I. Div. Nom., 138. 58 CD I. Div. Nom., 109. Aptitude (Ἐπιτηδειότης) and the Foundations of Participation 387 does not cease to be participable. But the transmission of the participated not to be received by the participant remains possible. Such a condition, caused by the lack of reception on behalf of the participant, underlines what I would highlight as the conditional character of participation. This conditionality allows the possibility that the participation remains unfulfilled; that is acknowledged by Dionysius when he confirms that the Godhead is present to all, but not all are present to it (καὶ γὰρ αὐτὴ μὲν [ἡ ἀγαθαρχία] ἅπασι πάρεστι, οὐ πάντα δὲ αὐτῇ πάρεστι).59 The fulfillment of partaking, the reciprocity of participation, can only be established under one condition. This condition is summed up concisely as aptitude for participation (ἐπιτηδειότης πρὸς μέθεξιν). Aptitude My treatment of Dionysius' account of aptitude entails to include certain parameters and to respond to the following questions that shape the framework of my discussion.60 What does the term epitedeiotes designate? Where is aptitude 59 Ibid. 138. 60 In preparing the present study, I consulted several secondary works on Late Antique thought that discuss epitedeiotes. I list them chronologically below as a helpful bibliography on the topic. With regard to Dodds's comments on epitedeiotes, one should bear in mind that he was greatly influenced by Sambursky's remarks. Sambursky's contributions appear in the literature in 1962, but Dodds seems to have been already informed on the outcomes of the Oxford Conference in 1961, where Sambursky had a considerable discussion on his views with Owen. This is how he added a note on epitedeiotes in the 2nd edition of his epochal work on Proclus' Elements of Theology, in 1963, the same year that the aforementioned Oxford Conference Proceedings were published. Arthur Hilary Armstrong, The Architecture of the Intelligible Universe in the Philosophy of Plotinus. An Analytical and Historical Study (Cambridge, 1940); René Roques, L'Univers Dionysien. Structure hiérarchique du monde selon le Pseudo-Denys (Paris, 1954); Samuel Sambursky, 'Conceptual Developments and Modes of Explanation in later Greek Scientific Thought', in Alistair Cameron Crombie (ed.), Scientific Change. Historical Studies in the Intellectual, Social and Technical Conditions for Scientific Discovery and Technical Invention, from Antiquity to the Present (London, 1963), 61-78; Gwilym Ellis Lane Owen, 'Commentary', in A.C. Crombie (ed.), Scientific Change (1963), 93-102; Proclus. The Elements of Theology, ed. Eric Roberston Dodds (Oxford, 1963); David Balás, Μετουσία Θεοῦ. Man's Participation in God's Perfection according to Saint Gregory of Nyssa (Rome, 1966); Robert Bob Todd, 'Epitedeiotes in Philosophical Literature. Towards an Analysis', Acta Classica 15 (1972), 25-35; Stephen Gersh, From Iamblichus to Eriugena. An Investigation of the Prehistory and Evolution of the Pseudo-Dionysian Tradition (Leiden, 1978); Jonathan Scott Lee, 'The Doctrine of Reception According to the Capacity of the Recipient in Ennead VI. 4-5', Dionysius 3 (1979), 79-97; Dominique O'Meara, 'The Problem of Omnipresence in Plotinus Ennead VI, 4-5: A Reply', Dionysius 4 (1980), 61-73; George Berthold, Maximus Confessor. Selected Writings (New York, 1985); Proclus' Commentary on Plato's Parmenides, ed. Glenn R. Morrow and John M. Dillon (Princeton, 1987); Samuel Sambursky, The Physical World of Late Antiquity (London, 1987); Lucas Siorvanes, Proclus on the Elements and the Celestial Bodies. Physical Thought in Late Neoplatonism (London, 1989); A. Golitzin, Mystagogy (2013), initially published in 1994; Lars Thunberg, Microcosm and Mediator. The Theological Anthropology of Maximus the Confessor (Chicago, 1995); Y. de Andia, Henosis (1996); E. Perl, 388 P.G. Pavlos to be located and what is its source? Is it a self-sufficient concept or a complementary notion within the Dionysian system? Is there any specific role for aptitude in the participatory ontology of Dionysius, in other words, how does he relate it to participation? Furthermore, does it demonstrate any virtues that could introduce it as a regulatory principle of participation? Finally, given the extant uses of the term by Proclus, in what sense may one claim a Dionysian novelty exceeding its Neoplatonic contours? Dionysius does not provide any definition of aptitude;61 as I said at the beginning, he should be regarded not as the inventor of the term but as an innovator in the use of the concept. The twenty instances of the term throughout the CD provide evidence of its author's awareness of the background of the concept and its history.62 Indeed, one would expect a significant development to have taken place long before the beginning of the 6th century AD.63 The term had a long life in the evolution of Late Antique thought. It would be tempting to think Theophany (2007); T.T. Tollefsen, Christocentric Cosmology (2008); Proclus. Ten Problems Concerning Providence, ed. Jan Opsomer, Carlos Steel, Ancient Commentators on Aristotle (London, 2012); R. Chlup, Proclus (2012); Eric Perl, Thinking Being. Introduction to Metaphysics in the Classical Tradition (Leiden, 2014); and Plotinus. Ennead VI.4-5, ed. Eyjólfur Kjalar Emilsson, Steven Keith Strange (Las Vegas, 2015). 61 Although there are five English translations of the Dionysian writings, the options of rendering epitedeiotes they offer are four: a) aptitude, by John Parker, Dionysius the Areopagite. Works (London, 1897), and Clarence Eliot Rolt, Dionysius the Areopagite on the Divine Names and the Mystical Theology (London, 1920), and b) capacity, by The Shrine of Wisdom, The Divine Names by Dionysius the Areopagite (Surrey, 1957), c) receptivity and d) suitability, by Colm Luibheid, Pseudo-Dionysius. The Complete Works (New York, 1987). The fifth edition is John Jones, The Divine Names and Mystical Theology (Milwaukee, 1980), containing only periphrastic renditions. Although a combination of all of them would be ideal for a best possible approach to the demanding Dionysian authorship, Parker and Rolt seem to have had a valuable understanding of Dionysius' language. Certainly, since Parker, the only available complete translation of the CD is Luibheid's. However, the literature in the previous footnote seems to present no consensus in rendering the term. It employs another four, additional ones to the above renditions. The most often employed term is fitness, by Sambursky, Owen, Dodds, Todd, Gersh, Siorvanes, Perl, Tollefsen and Chlup (the last also uses capacity). Aptitude is used by Roques, Berthold, Thunberg, De Andia, Opsomer and Steel, while suitability by O'Meara and Siorvanes (the term is used as a second option by Sambursky and Gersh, as well, whereas Sambursky also employs appropriateness). Moreover, Morrow and Dillon, and Golitzin employ the term receptivity, to which Perl consents. The classic complex rendition receptive capacity, is chosen by Armstrong, Balás, Lee and Emilsson, while the last suggests the term adaptability, as well. I should note that Todd also maintains the Greek term with Latin characters, as epite deiotes. As is already evident, and after extensive discussions with my supervisors, Torstein Tollefsen and Eyjólfur Emilsson, I suggest agreement with those who render ἐπιτηδειό της as aptitude. This is a preferable rendition, as István Perczel and Christian Wildberg would admit. 62 CD I. Div. Nom., 117-8, 130, 138, 147-8, 166, 170, 210, 214, CD II. Ep. 8, 174, 180, 188, 197, CD II. Cel. Hier., 10, 45, and CD II. Eccl. Hier., 69-70, 83, 108. 63 There is nowadays a consensus on the dating of the Areopagitica. I do not mention any particular study, since the vast majority of writers on Dionysius hardly refrain from saying a word on the obscurity shrouding the identity of CD's author and, consequently, the difficulty of dating his work. Aptitude (Ἐπιτηδειότης) and the Foundations of Participation 389 that the philosophical development and the technical usages of aptitude by the Neoplatonists had been inspired by the Platonic conception of the receptacle (ὑποδοχή), that plays a central role in the cosmology of the Timaeus. After introducing the primary, immutable and invisible paradigm, which bears the qualities corresponding to the Plotinian One, and the secondary, visible and changeable model form, Plato wonders in Timaeus 49a what should be that third, obscure kind of form whose essential property is to be the receptacle, the matrix, for all becoming.64 Moreover, in a terminological connection closer to our concern, Plato often employs the related term ἐπιτήδευμα (pursuit), the adjective ἐπιτήδειος (capable, suitable) and the verb ἐπιτηδεύω (to pursue), as referring to the pursuits necessary for living and well being and to the human ability for such pursuits.65 Similarly, Aristotle employs the term ἐπιτηδεύματα in Politics VII, in his inquiry into the pursuits that are the means that lead human beings to goodness.66 When it comes to commentators on Aristotle before Plotinus, one finds extant uses of the term in Alexander of Aphrodisias' works. Alexander, influenced by the Timaean 'receptacle', develops the technical usage of the term as a means of explicating and interpreting Aristotle's insight into nature through his distinction between potency and actuality. In De anima he introduces an image that is firmly dependent on Plato's conception of the receptacle and helps us to understand the notion of aptitude. In distinguishing between the human intellect and its objects, the intelligible objects, he provides a detailed analysis of the functional mechanism that the human intellect follows in receiving the forms. This argument concludes that the material intellect is just a kind of aptitude for the reception of the forms (ἐπιτηδειότης τις ἄρα μόνον ἐστὶν ὁ ὑλικὸς νοῦς).67 64 Plato. Timaeus, ed. Robert Gregg Bury, LCL 234 (Massachusetts, 1929), 49a, 112. 65 That the Timaeus' uses of aptitude terms have influenced its Neoplatonic developments, may be concluded from the extensive analysis of the term ἐπιτήδευμα used by Plato in Timaeus 17cd in Proclus' Commentary on the Timaeus: Proclus Diadochus. In Platonis Timaeum Commentaria, ed. Ernestus Diehl, Bibliotheca Teubneriana (Lipsiae, 1903), 35. The same class of names is extensively used in the Republic and the Laws. Characteristic is the use of the terms in the Apology of Socrates (28b) in Plato's designation of the service Socrates provided to the city, which resulted in his risking his very life (Εἶτ' οὐκ αἰσχύνῃ, ὦ Σώκρατες, τοιοῦτον ἐπιτήδευμα ἐπιτηδεύσας ἐξ οὗ κινδυνεύεις νυνὶ ἀποθανεῖν). The likelihood that aptitude originated from the distribution of pursuits can be argued from Proclus' Commentary on the Parmenides as well. See: Procli in Platonis Parmenidem Commentaria. Procli philosophi Platonici Opera Inedita, ed. Victor Cousin (Paris, 1864), 651. The connection between ἐπιτήδευμα and ἐπιτηδειότης becomes even more comprehensible through an analogy Proclus uses in his Commentary on the Parmenides. As for any pursuit (ἐπιτήδευμα), a relevant preparation is necessary. Likewise, the ascent towards being requires a truthful and purified knowledge, which is guaranteed by the presence of aptitude (ἐπιτηδειότης), V. Cousin (1864), 927. 66 Aristotle. Politics, ed. Henry Rackham, LCL 264 (Massachusetts, 1967), 1333a15, 604. 67 Alexandri Aphrodisiensis. Praeter Commentaria Scripta Minora. Quaestiones. De Fato. De Mixtione, ed. Ivo Bruns, Supplementum Aristotelicum II.I Alexandri De Anima Cum Mantissa (Berlin, 1887), 84. 390 P.G. Pavlos As such, it resembles a tabula rasa, a blank tablet. Immediately, however, he corrects his metaphor by likening aptitude to the blankness of the plate. That aptitude is not something material is confirmed by the fact that while a plate apt for receiving writing is affected by the act of writing, aptitude is not suffering anything by leading to activity, since it is not subject to anything.68 Aphrodisias therefore conceives of aptitude as an intangible attribute of material beings, and distinguishable in any of them, designating an ever present, specific drive for directing a being from potency to actuality, irrespective of whether this direction will be implemented. As such, aptitude is introduced as mediating between potency and actuality. In the first book of De quaestionibus he develops an argument for the claim that the will of God would not be capable of preventing the corruptibility of the cosmos if the cosmos were perishable by nature. Alexander's setting is the following. The potential for being or becoming is mainly predicated of those beings that are contingent with respect both to being and becoming. Thus potentiality applies to anything that is not deprived of the possibility of being or of becoming what it is capable of. For potentiality is not predicated of becoming by all means, but merely of not preventing something from becoming. For potentiality still applies to what has not been prevented in some specific way from becoming what it is apt for, even though it may not actually become so.69 Another aspect of aptitude in Aphrodisias is evident within his scheme of causality. In the Proble mata he remarks that epitedeiotes is that condition of passive matter that is responsible for the diversity of effects caused by the same cause.70 This view is crucial for the later Procline view that aptitude is the ground for the diversified measures of being's return.71 Arguably, Aphrodisias' developments influenced Plotinus' thought on the matter. Porphyry confirms, in his Vita Plotini, that Alexander's commentaries were among the works of tradition respected by Plotinus, and read extensively by him in his school.72 The term is rather rarely present in the Enneads; but Plotinus alludes to the concept several times and aptitude becomes a central component of his thought about participation, as it develops especially in Enneads VI 4-5. Plotinus' thought constitutes a transition-point on the matter. For he is the one who, thanks to his detailed insights into the problem of participation, offers a significant contribution to the historical development of aptitude, so that he 68 Ibid. 85. 69 Alexandri Aphrodisiensis. Praeter Commentaria Scripta Minora. Quaestiones. De Fato. De Mixtione, ed. Ivo Bruns, Supplementum Aristotelicum II.II Alexandri Scripta Minora Reliqua (Berlin, 1892), 30. 70 Physici et medici Graeci minors. Alexander Aphrodisiensis. Problemata, ed. Julius Ludwig Ideler, vol. 1 (Berlin, 1841), 30, 89. 71 See E.R. Dodds, Proclus (1963), 39, 42. 72 Porphyry. The Life of Plotinus, ed. Arthur Hilary Armstrong, LCL 440 (Massachusetts, 1966), 14, 40. See, also, E.K. Emilsson, Plotinus (2015), 235-6. Aptitude (Ἐπιτηδειότης) and the Foundations of Participation 391 should be proclaimed as an innovator as well.73 To claim a Plotinian novelty on aptitude is another way of confirming Emilsson's remark that 'Plotinus is the author of the phrase "reception according to the capacity of the recipient" and he was the first to formulate such a doctrine'.74 Emilsson implies that Plotinus opens a new horizon to aptitude, going beyond its natural context. In speaking of natural context I simply refer to the usage of the term by the Commentators of Aristotle, in their attempt to designate the inherent capacity, as Dodds asserts, of nature in the process of transition from potentiality (δυνάμει) to actuality (ἐνεργείᾳ).75 In the Plotinian mind participation is introduced as deriving from the metaphysical hierarchy. Nature is located within the third hypostasis and its gradations, namely, the cosmic Soul and the natural souls. As such, it is consubstantial (ὁμοούσιος) with the primary hypostasis, the One, the Good, or God. The theory of emanation, the cornerstone of Plotinian cosmology, conceives of the overflow of the divine good substance – in other words, the internal activity of the One – as the external activity of the first hypostasis. This activity causes the constitution of the other hypostases, namely, the Intellect and the Soul. Thus, what emanates from the One is nothing other than the very substance of it, the only difference being that what is emanated is inferior to the One in terms of otherness. Therefore the Intellect, being something other than the One, is automatically a hypostasis inferior to it. The Plotinian distinction between the internal and external activities of the One is assumed by Dionysius and signified by the fundamental distinction between divine substance (ἀμέθεκτον) and divine activity (μεθεκτόν). Plotinus distinguishes between two states of a hypostasis, of the One: rest (μονή) and procession (πρόοδος). Both are states of activity. A hypostasis is introduced on the basis of an activity constitutive of the same and an activity constitutive of the other. That which is constitutive of the same activity constitutes the substance of the One. Hence, for Plotinus and all his Neoplatonic legacy the substance and the activity of the One are identical. Now the fact that the hypostases secondary to the One partake of the One is because, being emanated from it, they are not self-sufficient. Their being cannot be taken for granted; it should rather be considered as dependent on their participation in the One. 73 See especially, Ennead VI.4, 11 and 15. 74 E.K. Emilsson, Plotinus (2015), 28. Plotinus' doctrine had been initially recognized by A.H. Armstrong, The Architecture of the Intelligible (1940), 60. Armstrong's formulations of Plotinus' doctrine were followed up 35 years later by O'Meara who addressed and brought them to the forefront of research; see D. O'Meara, Structures hiérarchiques (1975); J.S. Lee, The Doctrine of Reception (1979); and D. O'Meara, The Problem of Omnipresence (1980). 75 E.R. Dodds, Proclus (1963), 344. 392 P.G. Pavlos The above outline intends to show that, from a Christian point of view, Plotinus does not conceive of any consubstantial personal otherness.76 Plotinian otherness is established in terms of hypostases demonstrating a partial otherness, or more precisely, an incomplete identity of substance. The degree of identity of substance is dependent on the grade of participation, which, in turn, is regulated by the receptive capacity, the aptitude for participation of the recipient. At the same time, and from Dionysius' point of view, Plotinus' theory of emanation obliges the consideration of the other hypostases, the Intellect and the Soul, not as consubstantial with, but as similarly-substantial (ὁμοιοούσιον or ὁμοιούσιον), or of like substance, to the One.77 By employing the term similarly-substantial, or of like substance, I wish to stress the fact that the logic of the Plotinian metaphysical hierarchy is founded on two principles. The first principle is the reality of participation. The second is the fact that Plotinian hierarchy develops in terms of a gradual mitigation of the substance of the One. The ultimate consequence of this impairment is the presence of a farthest, lowest, at the same time paradoxical level in the hierarchy, that is the level of Evil. Evil is nothing other than complete privation, perfect lack of substance, namely, as the very term indicates, deficiency and absence (ἀπ-οὐσία). I believe that, although not explicitly stated, Plotinus would agree with Dionysius that evil occurs as absolute inaptitude for anything. In this respect Dionysius considers the existence of evil not as any substantial quality but as that status of ultimate inaptitude that prevents beings from participating in divine matters and results in a closed, mundane way of being.78 The Areopagite explains aptitude by elaborating two metaphors used extensively in Neoplatonic circles, the images of the circle and the seal.79 He introduces the seal as a symbol of divinity, in order to remark that all beings participate in divinity entirely and as a whole, and that, in principle, there is no single being that participates only in a part of divinity. A unique seal is an archetype that delivers its impression to many items, so that the multiplicity of the seal's imprints partake of the archetypical seal. Although different, the impressions depict the whole of the archetypical figure; any one of the imprinted items bears completely the whole imprint of the one and the same seal. So no one could claim that in the one impression the archetype is not completely and totally present, or that in the impression the archetypical figure is present differently. There is no single imprint that bears just a part of the seal, because it is not 76 This parameter is important, because for Dionysius aptitude for deification develops on the basis of an encounter between persons that presupposes a consideration of being as a person with freedom of will (αὐτεξούσιον). 77 This term needs a separate study which cannot be undertaken here. 78 CD I. Div. Nom., 170. 79 I refer to paragraphs 5 and 6 from chapter 2 of DN. The analogy of the circle is elaborated by Plotinus in explicating the relation of the intelligible and sensible to the One, and occupies the whole of chapter 5 of Ennead VI.5. See also E.K. Emilsson, Plotinus (2015), 235-8. Aptitude (Ἐπιτηδειότης) and the Foundations of Participation 393 possible for the one and the same seal to leave different imprints in its several impressions.80 But immediately afterwards, and in contrast to what has been already discussed, he admits that the very same seal does not appear entirely identical in all its imprints. The reason for this should not be sought in the seal itself but rather in the differentiation of the items that participate dissimilarly in the wholeness and sameness of the original seal (ἀρχετυπία). What is the reason for the difference? If the wax (ἀπομόργματα) were soft (ἁπαλά) and impressionable (εὐτύπωτα) and smooth (λεία) and easily stamped (εὐχάρακτα), then it would sustain a clear (καθαρόν) and sharp (σαφή) and persistent imprint (ἐναπομένοντα τύπον). This cannot be so if the imprints are unimpressionable (ἀντίτυπα) and hard (σκληρά), fluent (εὐδιάχυτα) and unstable (ἀσύστατα).81 In a manner reminiscent of Aphrodisias' description of aptitude in De anima, the first group of wax' characteristics recapitulates what Dionysius regards as the effects of aptitude. Any lack of these qualities would due to inaptitude for participation, which, in turn, would result in the negation of participation (ἀμέθεκτον).82 The next major influence on Dionysius with regard to aptitude seems to have been the thought of Proclus. His awareness of Proclus' understanding can be traced through a formulation reminiscent of the Elements of Theology. In proposition 39 Proclus asserts that the measures of the reversion of beings is in accordance with their procession, arguing for a hierarchically ordered epistrophe, seen progressively as essential, vital and cognitive (πᾶν τὸ ὂν ἢ οὐσιωδῶς ἐπιστρέφει μόνον, ἢ ζωτικῶς, ἢ καὶ γνωστικῶς).83 The lowest entities maintain an appetition proper to their mere existing, which is identified as aptitude for participation in their causes (καὶ ἡ ὄρεξις οὖν τοῖς μέν ἐστι κατ  αὐτὸ τὸ εἶναι μόνον, ἐπιτηδειότης οὖσα πρὸς τὴν μέθεξιν τῶν αἰτίων).84 Although Proclus' sentence deserves a detailed treatment, I shall confine myself here to note the plurality of causes he speaks of as a crucial, as I will argue in detail. Following his favorite strategy, Dionysius emulates Proclus with a similar utterance. He refers to the production (παραγωγή) and sustenance (ὑπόστασις) of all, by asserting that it is that to which all entities aspire: the intellectual and the rational aspire cognitively, their subordinates (ὑφειμένα τούτων) do so through the senses, and all the rest through vital motion or essential and habitual aptitude (καὶ τὰ ἄλλα κατὰ ζωτικὴν κίνησιν ἢ οὐσιώδη καὶ ἑκτικὴν 80 CD I. Div. Nom., 129-30. 81 Ibid. 82 A distinction should be made between ἀμέθεκτον and ἀμεθεξία, in Dionysius: the first denotes the lack of participation that is due to the inaptitude for participation of the participant, while the second refers to the fundamental unknowability, and thus eternal imparticipability, of divine substance. 83 E.R. Dodds, Proclus (1963), 39, 40. 84 Ibid. 39, 42. 394 P.G. Pavlos ἐπιτηδειότητα).85 My intuition is that behind the apparent similarity of the above passages, some fundamental differences lie concealed. Allowing them to emerge can be fruitful in identifying whether there is any convergence or divergence between Proclus and Dionysius on this matter. Since beings have been created out of nothing and have been granted being as a result of their essential, unconditional participation, one would naturally think that aptitude itself is also a divine gift. Dionysius does not explicitly state this but it can be inferred from the context of a passage of the DN significant for the understanding of aptitude.86 All beings are entirely dependent on the Good, which is introduced in terms of the Pauline prepositional formula as source (ἐξ οὗ), ground and bond (ἐν ᾧ) and end (εἰς ὅ) of all (πάντα).87 Again, in a sentence reminiscent of Proclus' ET proposition 39, Dionysius regards aptitude as given by God in order for beings to fulfill their participation according to the grade of their being. Proclus was already conscious that aptitude is a providential divine gift, as expressed in his Commentary on the Parmenides. But, as it is consistent with Procline thought and in contrast to Dionysius, the gift of aptitude is not provided directly from the One but from the intermediary divine entities.88 Moreover, Proclus and earlier Neoplatonists employ aptitude without any further predication. Dionysius, however, proceeds to make a distinction that was not made before. He distinguishes between essential and habitual aptitude. For he sees that since God has created all beings ex nihilo, they have all in consequence been granted an aptitude regulating their essential participation. Indeed, it is their participation in divine activity that constitutes them as beings and perpetually secures their status of being. Aptitude for such participation is inherent in the nature of beings, since they are not granted any possibility for choosing between being and non-being. This, perhaps, is the reason why in the Neoplatonic context aptitude appears without distinction: being is eternal and particular beings eternally emanate from it. The second predication of Dionysian aptitude relates to habitus (ἕξις), and as such calls for further consideration. For it entails an aptitude that is not attached to the substance, so it is not an inherent capacity of nature. Predicating habitual aptitude makes sense in the Dionysian system, since what beings have been granted is the choice of performing those activities that are effective in leading them towards the reception of the divine attribute of goodness. Thus, although Dionysius does not provide an explanation of habitual aptitude, we are in a position to assume what its content is by positing a connection with the distinction made earlier between essential and complete participation. Thus 85 CD I. Div. Nom., 117-8. 86 Ibid. 148. 87 Col. 1:16-7. 88 V. Cousin, Procli in Parmenidem (1864), 690. Aptitude (Ἐπιτηδειότης) and the Foundations of Participation 395 an association of habitual aptitude for complete participation with that participation which is attainable is plausible. Indeed, goodness is an idiom, which although pertaining to divine substance, as mentioned earlier, is communicated so that human beings can exercise their will in receiving it. This account clearly suggests the dynamic character of aptitude, which points precisely at deification. Dionysius founds his concept of aptitude for deification on a crucial passage from the Gospel of John. John stresses the reciprocal character of aptitude for deification in stating that the gift of power (ἐξουσία) to become sons of God is offered to those who receive the incarnated Logos. This reception is a reforming of the human beings by mystically elevating them to the divine tribe.89 In establishing further how Dionysius conceives of deification, one may distinguish between the following. First there is Plotinus' conception. By interpreting likeness to God (ὁμοίωσις θεῷ) as suggested by Plato in Theaetetus 176ab, as a capacity for deification of the substance, Plotinus is led to highlight the third substantial activity of the hypostases (the One excluded) that completes the cycle of the Neoplatonic metaphysical circular motion, namely the conversion (ἐπιστροφή). Secondly there is what follows as a natural consequence from the assumption of a cosmos created out of nothing, which, as I explained earlier, results in the fundamental distinction between created and uncreated. Which means that while for Plotinus beings fall hierarchically into the ontological chain that stems from the One, for Dionysius they belong to the created cosmos. In this perspective, substance in general is created by God and as such it has no measure of comparison to the uncreated, the latter designating divinity, namely God himself. Dionysius' assertion that substance is created and not eternally existent entails delimiting of its capacity for deification, since nothing can overcome the restrictions arising from its nature. But if this is so, then what would deification consist in? What is the Dionysian equivalent of the Plotinian return? If nature cannot be deified because of its radical otherness to divine nature, then what pertains to deification? It has been said above that deification, according to the Areopagite, is attainable through participation in divinity. From the point of the participant, what facilitates partaking in divinity is the human will and gnome. As attributes of the human being, these properties are created and bear a personal character. As such, they presuppose the acceptance of a personal God, who proceeds freely to the creation of beings out of nothing. This perspective on deification has formed the ground for the further elaboration of the Neoplatonic concept of aptitude by the Areopagite and, later, by Maximus the Confessor. The latter comments fully on developments in the Dionysian use of aptitude and distinguishes between substantial and gnomic aptitude.90 It is within this framework that deification is conceived of as potency actualized through aptitude for deification, 89 CD II. Eccl. Hier., 70. 90 T.T. Tollefsen, Christocentric Cosmology (2008), 171. 396 P.G. Pavlos the latter designating the voluntary communion and participation of beings in the life of the incarnated Logos and the Divine activity. The significance of this theme is confirmed by the fact that it has considerably influenced the medieval metaphysical thought of Thomas Aquinas,91 who had been influenced by the works of Dionysius the Areopagite – thanks to the translations of Burgundius of Pisa and Grosseteste –, of Maximus the Confessor and of John of Damascus. Conclusions The appearances of epitedeiotes in the CD makes one argue for a notion that is designating relation. Aptitude is not a self-sufficient concept; it acquires its value as correlative to other concepts. As 'aptitude for something', it designates a movement towards an ontological fulfillment that is granted by sharing in divinity. It is precisely its usage in the Dionysian formulation of aptitude for participation that suggests aptitude to be the foundation of and the regulatory principle for participation. Dionysius acknowledges two kinds of aptitude, the essential and the habitual one, both being associated with essential and complete participation. Essential participation establishes the raison d'être of beings, the foundations of their constitution. Essential aptitude underlines the potentiality of beings within the natural restrictions of creation. As such, essential aptitude is created as well. Habitual aptitude, however, exceeds the restrictions of natural necessity; it regulates beings' complete participation in the life of Divinity and, thus, it crosses the boundaries of restrictions applying to creation. Such an aptitude for deification is uncreated: it is a divine gift granted to beings through the differentiated processions of God, that is, through the divine activity. 91 From the above it becomes clear that John Tomarchio's, 'Thomistic Axiomatics in an Age of Computers', HPQ 16 (1999), 249-75, 250, claim, that in spite of Aquinas' invocation of Pseudo-Dionysius, one searches in vain in Dionysius for an explicit formulation of the doctrine of receptivity, is, at least, questionable. Volume 1 STUDIA PATRISTICA LXXV STUDIA PATRISTICA Markus VINZENT Editing Studia!Patristica ..................................................................... 3 Frances YOUNG Studia!Patristica .................................................................................. 11 Mark EDWARDS The Use and Abuse of Patristics ......................................................... 15 PLATONISM AND THE FATHERS Christian H. BULL An Origenistic Reading of Plato in Nag Hammadi Codex VI ........... 31 Mark HUGGINS Comparing the Ethical Concerns of Plato and John Chrysostom ...... 41 Alexey FOKIN Act of Vision as an Analogy of the Proceeding of the Intellect from the One in Plotinus and of the Son and the Holy Spirit from the Father in Marius Victorinus and St. Augustine .................................. 55 Laela ZWOLLO Aflame in Love: St. Augustine's Doctrine of amor and Plotinus' Notion of eros ..................................................................................... 69 Lenka KARFÍKOVÁ Augustine on Recollection between Plato and Plotinus ..................... 81 Matthias SMALBRUGGE Augustine and Deification. A Neoplatonic Way of Thinking ............ 103 Douglas A. SHEPARDSON The Analogical Methodology of Plato's Republic and Augustine's De trinitate .......................................................................................... 109 2 Table of Contents MAXIMUS CONFESSOR Paul A. BRAZINSKI Maximus the Confessor and Constans II: A Punishment Fit for an Unruly Monk ....................................................................................... 119 Ian M. GERDON The Evagrian Roots of Maximus the Confessor's Liber!asceticus .... 129 Jonathan GREIG Proclus' Doctrine of Participation in Maximus the Confessor's Centuries!of!Theology!1.48-50 .................................................................. 137 Emma BROWN DEWHURST The 'Divisions of Nature' in Maximus' Ambiguum 41? ................... 149 Michael BAKKER Gethsemane Revisited: Maximos' Aporia of Christ's γνώμη and a 'Monarchic Psychology' of Deciding ................................................. 155 Christopher A. BEELEY Natural and Gnomic Willing in Maximus Confessor's Disputation! with!Pyrrhus ........................................................................................ 167 Jonathan TAYLOR A Three-Nativities Christology? Maximus on the Logos .................. 181 Eric LOPEZ Plagued by a Thousand Passions – Maximus the Confessor's Vision of Love in Light of Nationalism, Ethnocentrism, and Religious Persecution ................................................................................................ 189 Manuel MIRA The Priesthood in Maximus the Confessor ......................................... 201 Adam G. COOPER When Action Gives Way to Passion: The Paradoxical Structure of the Human Person according to Maximus the Confessor .................. 213 Jonathan BIELER Body and Soul Immovably Related: Considering an Aspect of Maximus the Confessor's Concept of Analogy .......................................... 223 Table of Contents 3 Luke STEVEN Deification and the Workings of the Body: The Logic of 'Proportion' in Maximus the Confessor .................................................................. 237 Paul M. BLOWERS Recontextualizations of Maximus the Confessor in Modern Christian Theology .............................................................................................. 251 Volume 2 STUDIA PATRISTICA LXXVI EL PLATONISMO EN LOS PADRES DE LA IGLESIA (ed. Rubén Pereto Rivas) Rubén PERETÓ RIVAS Introducción ......................................................................................... 1 Viviana Laura FÉLIX Platonismo y reflexión trinitaria en Justino ........................................ 3 Juan Carlos ALBY El trasfondo platónico del concepto de Lex! divina! en Ireneo de Lyon ..................................................................................................... 23 Patricia CINER La Herencia Espiritual: la doctrina de la preexistencia en Platón y Orígenes ............................................................................................... 37 Pedro Daniel FERNÁNDEZ Raíces platónicas del modelo pedagógico de Orígenes ...................... 49 Rubén PERETÓ RIVAS La eutonía en la dinámica psicológica de Evagrio Póntico ............... 59 Santiago Hernán VAZQUEZ El ensalmo curativo de Platón y la potencialidad terapeútica de la palabra en Evagrio Póntico ................................................................. 67 Oscar VELÁSQUEZ Las Confesiones en la perspectiva de la Caverna de Platón .............. 79 4 Table of Contents Gerald CRESTA Acerca de la belleza metafísica en Pseudo-Dionisio y Buenaventura ....................................................................................................... 91 Graciela L. RITACCO La perennidad del legado patrístico: Tiempo y eternidad.................. 103 Volume 3 STUDIA PATRISTICA LXXVII BECOMING CHRISTIAN IN THE LATE ANTIQUE WEST (3rd-6th CENTURIES) (ed. Ariane Bodin, Camille Gerzaguet and Matthieu Pignot) Ariane BODIN, Camille GERZAGUET & Matthieu PIGNOT Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Matthieu PIGNOT The Catechumenate in Anonymous Sermons from the Late Antique West ..................................................................................................... 11 Camille GERZAGUET Preaching to the ecclesia in Northern Italy: The Eastertide Sermons of Zeno of Verona and Gaudentius of Brescia ................................... 33 Adrian BRÄNDLI Imagined Kinship: Perpetua and the Paternity of God ...................... 45 Jarred MERCER Vox!infantis,!vox!Dei: The Spirituality of Children and Becoming Christian in Late Antiquity ................................................................. 59 Rafał TOCZKO The Shipwrecks and Philosophers: The Rhetoric of Aristocratic Conversion in the Late 4th and Early 5th Centuries ............................ 75 Ariane BODIN Identifying the Signs of Christianness in Late Antique Italy and Africa ................................................................................................... 91 Table of Contents 5 Hervé HUNTZINGER Becoming Christian, Becoming Roman: Conversion to Christianity and Ethnic Identification Process in Late Antiquity .......................... 103 Volume 4 STUDIA PATRISTICA LXXVIII LITERATURE, RHETORIC, AND EXEGESE IN SYRIAC VERSE (ed. Jeffrey Wickes and Kristian S. Heal) Jeffrey WICKES Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Sidney H. GRIFFITH The Poetics of Scriptural Reasoning: Syriac Mêmrê at Work ........... 5 Kristian S. HEAL Construal and Construction of Genesis in Early Syriac Sermons ...... 25 Carl GRIFFIN Vessel of Wrath: Judas Iscariot in Cyrillona and Early Syriac Tradition ....................................................................................................... 33 Susan ASHBROOK HARVEY The Poet's Prayer: Invocational Prayers in the Mêmrê of Jacob of Sarug .................................................................................................... 51 Andrew J. HAYES The Manuscripts and Themes of Jacob of Serugh's Mêmrâ 'On the Adultery of the Congregation' ............................................................ 61 Robert A. KITCHEN Three Young Men Redux: The Fiery Furnace in Jacob of Sarug and Narsai ................................................................................................... 73 Erin Galgay WALSH Holy Boldness: Narsai and Jacob of Serugh Preaching the Canaanite Woman ................................................................................................. 85 Scott Fitzgerald JOHNSON Biblical Historiography in Verse Exegesis: Jacob of Sarug on Elijah and Elisha ............................................................................................ 99 6 Table of Contents Volume 5 STUDIA PATRISTICA LXXIX CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA (ed. Piotr Ashwin-Siejkowski) Piotr ASHWIN-SIEJKOWSKI Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Judith L. KOVACS 'In order that we might follow him in all things': Interpretation of Gospel Texts in Excerpts!from!Theodotus 66-86 ............................... 7 Veronika ČERNUŠKOVÁ The!Eclogae!Propheticae on the Value of Suffering: A Copyist's Excerpts or Clement's Preparatory Notes? ........................................ 29 Piotr ASHWIN-SIEJKOWSKI Excerpta!ex!Theodoto – A Search for the Theological Matrix. An Examination of the Document in the Light of Some Coptic Treatises from the Nag Hammadi Library ......................................................... 55 Jana PLÁTOVÁ How Many Fragments of the Hypotyposes by Clement of Alexandria Do We Actually Have? ....................................................................... 71 Davide DAINESE Cassiodorus' Adumbrationes: Do They Belong to Clement's Hypotyposeis? .............................................................................................. 87 Joshua A. NOBLE Almsgiving or Training? Clement of Alexandria's Answer to Quis! dives!salvetur? .................................................................................... 101 Peter WIDDICOMBE Slave, Son, Friend, and Father in the Writings of Clement of Alexandria ....................................................................................................... 109 H. CLIFTON WARD We Hold These ἀρχαί To Be Self-Evident: Clement, ἐνάργεια, and the Search for Truth ............................................................................ 123 Annette BOURLAND HUIZENGA Clement's Use of Female Role Models as a Pedagogical Strategy ... 133 Table of Contents 7 Brice ROGERS 'Trampling on the Garment of Shame': Clement of Alexandria's Use of the Gospel!of!the!Egyptians in Anti-Gnostic Polemic ................... 145 Manabu AKIYAMA L'Unigenito Dio come «esegeta» (Gv. 1:18) secondo Clemente Alessandrino ........................................................................................ 153 Lisa RADAKOVICH HOLSBERG Of Gods and Men (and Music) in Clement of Alexandria's Protrepticus ...................................................................................................... 161 Joona SALMINEN Clement of Alexandria on Laughter ................................................... 171 Antoine PARIS La composition des Stromates comme subversion de la logique aristotélicienne ........................................................................................... 181 Volume 6 STUDIA PATRISTICA LXXX THE CLASSICAL OR CHRISTIAN LACTANTIUS (ed. Oliver Nicholson) Oliver NICHOLSON Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 John MCGUCKIN The Problem of Lactantius the Theologian ........................................ 17 Mattias GASSMAN Et!Deus!et!Homo:!The Soteriology of Lactantius .............................. 35 Gábor KENDEFFY More than a Cicero!Christianus.!Remarks on Lactantius' Dualistic System ................................................................................................. 43 Stefan FREUND When Romans Become Christians... The 'Romanisation' of Christian Doctrine in Lactantius' Divine!Institutes ............................................ 63 8 Table of Contents Blandine COLOT Lactantius and the Philosophy of Cicero: 'Romideologie' and Legitimization of Christianity ..................................................................... 79 Jackson BRYCE Lactantius' Poetry and Poetics ............................................................ 97 Oliver NICHOLSON The Christian Sallust: Lactantius on God, Man and History ............. 119 Elizabeth DEPALMA DIGESER Persecution and the Art of Reading: Lactantius, Porphyry and the Rules for Reading Sacred Texts .......................................................... 139 David RUTHERFORD The Manuscripts of Lactantius and His Early Renaissance Readers . 155 Carmen M. PALOMO PINEL The Survival of the Classical Idea of Justice in Lactantius' Work ... 173 Ralph KEEN Gilbert Burnet and Lactantius' De!mortibus!persecutorum ............... 183 Volume 7 STUDIA PATRISTICA LXXXI HEALTH, MEDICINE, AND CHRISTIANITY IN LATE ANTIQUITY (ed. Jared Secord, Heidi Marx-Wolf and Christoph Markschies) Jared SECORD Introduction: Medicine beyond Galen in the Roman Empire and Late Antiquity ...................................................................................... 1 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS Christoph MARKSCHIES Demons and Disease ........................................................................... 11 Ellen MUEHLBERGER Theological Anthropology and Medicine: Questions and Directions for Research ......................................................................................... 37 Table of Contents 9 CHRISTIANS, DOCTORS, AND MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE Jared SECORD Galen and the Theodotians: Embryology and Adoptionism in the Christian Schools of Rome ................................................................. 51 Róbert SOMOS Origen on the Kidneys ........................................................................ 65 Heidi MARX-WOLF The Good Physician: Imperial Doctors and Medical Professionalization in Late Antiquity .......................................................................... 79 Stefan HODGES-KLUCK Religious Education and the Health of the Soul according to Basil of Caesarea and the Emperor Julian ................................................... 91 Jessica WRIGHT John Chrysostom and the Rhetoric of Cerebral Vulnerability ........... 109 CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVES ON DEATH, DISABILITY, AND ILLNESS Helen RHEE Portrayal of Patients in Early Christian Writings ............................... 127 Meghan HENNING Metaphorical, Punitive, and Pedagogical Blindness in Hell .............. 139 Maria E. DOERFLER The Sense of an Ending: Childhood Death and Parental Benefit in Late Ancient Rhetoric ......................................................................... 153 Brenda Llewellyn IHSSEN 'Waiting to see and know': Disgust, Fear and Indifference in The! Miracles!of!St.!Artemios ...................................................................... 161 CONCEPTIONS OF VIRGINITY Michael ROSENBERG Physical Virginity in the Protevangelium!of!James, the Mishnah, and Late Antique Syriac Poetry ................................................................. 177 10 Table of Contents Julia Kelto LILLIS Who Opens the Womb? Fertility and Virginity in Patristic Texts .... 187 Caroline MUSGROVE Debating Virginity in the Late Alexandrian School of Medicine ...... 203 Volume 8 STUDIA PATRISTICA LXXXII DEMONS (ed. Sophie Lunn-Rockliffe) Sophie LUNN-ROCKLIFFE Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Gregory SMITH Augustine on Demons' Bodies ........................................................... 7 Sophie LUNN-ROCKLIFFE Chaotic Mob or Disciplined Army? Collective Bodies of Demons in Ascetic Literature ................................................................................ 33 Travis W. PROCTOR Dining with 'Inhuman' Demons: Greco-Roman Sacrifice, Demonic Ritual, and the Christian Body in Clement of Alexandria ................. 51 Gregory WIEBE Augustine on Diabolical Sacraments and the Devil's Body .............. 73 Katie HAGER CONROY 'A Kind of Lofty Tribunal': The Gathering of Demons for Judgment in Cassian's Conference!Eight ............................................................ 91 Volume 9 STUDIA PATRISTICA LXXXIII EMOTIONS (ed. Yannis Papadogiannakis) Yannis PAPADOGIANNAKIS Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Table of Contents 11 J. David WOODINGTON Fear and Love: The Emotions of the Household in Chrysostom ...... 19 Jonathan P. WILCOXSON The Machinery of Consolation in John Chrysostom's Letters to Olympias .............................................................................................. 37 Mark THERRIEN Just an Old-Fashioned Love Song: John Chrysostom's Exegesis of Ps. 41:1-2 ............................................................................................ 73 Christos SIMELIDIS Emotions in the Poetry of Gregory of Nazianzus .............................. 91 Yuliia ROZUMNA 'Be Angry and Do Not Sin'. Human Anger in Evagrius of Pontus and Gregory of Nyssa ......................................................................... 103 Mark ROOSIEN 'Emulate Their Mystical Order': Awe and Liturgy in John Chrysostom's Angelic πολιτεία ...................................................................... 115 Peter MOORE Deploying Emotional Intelligence: John Chrysostom's Relational Emotional Vocabulary in his Beatitude Homilies .............................. 131 Clair E. MESICK The Perils and Virtues of Laughter in the Works of John Chrysostom ....................................................................................................... 139 Andrew MELLAS Tears of Compunction in John Chrysostom's On!Eutropius ............. 159 Maria VERHOEFF Seeking Friendship with Saul: John Chrysostom's Portrayal of David ................................................................................................... 173 Blake LEYERLE Animal Passions. Chrysostom's Use of Animal Imagery .................. 185 Justus T. GHORMLEY Gratitude: A Panacea for the Passions in John Chrysostom's Commentary on the Psalms ........................................................................ 203 12 Table of Contents Brian DUNKLE John Chrysostom's Community of Anger Management .................... 217 Andrew CRISLIP The!Shepherd!of!Hermas and Early Christian Emotional Formation 231 Niki Kasumi CLEMENTS Emotions and Ascetic Formation in John Cassian's Collationes ....... 241 Margaret BLUME FREDDOSO The Value of Job's Grief in John Chrysostom's Commentary!on!Job: How John Blesses with Job's Tears ................................................... 271 Jesse SIRAGAN ARLEN 'Let Us Mourn Continuously': John Chrysostom and the Early Christian Transformation of Mourning ............................................... 289 Martin HINTERBERGER Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nazianzus Speaking about Anger and Envy: Some Remarks on the Fathers' Methodology of Treating Emotions and Modern Emotion Studies ............................................. 313 Volume 10 STUDIA PATRISTICA LXXXIV EVAGRIUS BETWEEN ORIGEN, THE CAPPADOCIANS, AND NEOPLATONISM (ed. Ilaria Ramelli, with the collaboration of Kevin Corrigan, Giulio Maspero and Monica Tobon) Ilaria RAMELLI Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Samuel FERNÁNDEZ The Pedagogical Structure of Origen's De!principiis and its Christology ....................................................................................................... 15 Martin C. WENZEL The Omnipotence of God as a Challenge for Theology in Origen and Gregory of Nyssa ................................................................................ 23 Table of Contents 13 Miguel BRUGAROLAS Theological Remarks on Gregory of Nyssa's Christological Language of 'Mixture' ......................................................................................... 39 Ilaria VIGORELLI Soul's Dance in Clement, Plotinus and Gregory of Nyssa ................ 59 Giulio MASPERO Isoangelia in Gregory of Nyssa and Origen on the Background of Plotinus ................................................................................................ 77 Ilaria RAMELLI Response to the Workshop, "Theology and Philosophy between Origen and Gregory of Nyssa" ........................................................... 101 Mark J. EDWARDS Dunamis and the Christian Trinity in the Fourth Century ................. 105 Kevin CORRIGAN Trauma before Trauma: Recognizing, Healing and Transforming the Wounds of Soul-Mind in the Works of Evagrius of Pontus .............. 123 Monica TOBON The Place of God: Stability and Apophasis in Evagrius ................... 137 Theo KOBUSCH Practical Knowledge in 'Christian Philosophy': A New Way to God ...................................................................................................... 157 Ilaria RAMELLI Gregory Nyssen's and Evagrius' Biographical and Theological Relations: Origen's Heritage and Neoplatonism ....................................... 165 Volume 11 STUDIA PATRISTICA LXXXV AMBROSE OF MILAN Isabella D'AURIA Polemiche antipagane: Ambrogio (epist. 10, 73, 8) e Prudenzio (c.!Symm.!2, 773-909) contro Simmaco (rel. 3, 10) ........................... 1 14 Table of Contents Victoria ZIMMERL-PANAGL Videtur!nobis! in!sermone!revivescere... Preparing a New Critical Edition of Ambrose's Orationes!funebres .......................................... 15 Andrew M. SELBY Ambrose's 'Inspired' Moderation of Tertullian's Christian Discipline 23 Sarah EMANUEL Virgin Heroes and Cross-Dressing Kings: Reading Ambrose's On! Virgins 2.4 as Carnivalesque ............................................................... 41 Francesco LUBIAN Ambrose's Disticha and John 'Reclining on Christ's Breast' (Ambr., Tituli II [21], 1) ................................................................................... 51 D.H. WILLIAMS Ambrose as an Apologist .................................................................... 65 Brendan A. HARRIS 'Where the Sanctification is One, the Nature is One': Pro-Nicene Pneumatology in Ambrose of Milan's Baptismal Theology .............. 77 David VOPŘADA Bonum!mihi!quod!humiliasti!me. Ambrose's Theology of Humility and Humiliation ................................................................................... 87 Paola Francesca MORETTI 'Competing' exempla in Ambrose's De!officiis ................................. 95 Metha HOKKE Scent as Metaphor for the Bonding of Christ and the Virgin in Ambrose's De!virginitate 11.60-12.68 ............................................... 107 J. WARREN SMITH Transcending Resentment: Ambrose, David, and Magnanimitas ...... 121 Andrew M. HARMON Aspects of Moral Perfection in Ambrose's De!officiis ...................... 133 Han-luen KANTZER KOMLINE From Building Blocks to Blueprints: Augustine's Reception of Ambrose's Commentary!on!Luke ........................................................ 153 Table of Contents 15 Hedwig SCHMALZGRUBER Biblical Epic as Scriptural Exegesis – Reception of Ambrose in the So-called Heptateuch Poet .................................................................. 167 Carmen Angela CVETKOVIĆ Episcopal Literary Networks in the Late Antique West: Niceta of Remesiana and Ambrose of Milan ...................................................... 177 Stephen COOPER Ambrose in Reformation Zürich: Heinrich Bullinger's Use of Ambrosiaster's Commentaries on Paul ............................................... 185 Volume 12 STUDIA PATRISTICA LXXXVI AUGUSTINE ON CONSCIENTIA (ed. Diana Stanciu) Diana STANCIU Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Allan FITZGERALD Augustine, Conscience and the Inner Teacher ................................... 3 Enrique A. EGUIARTE Conscientia (...) itineribus (...) in saptientiam .................................. 13 Matthew W. KNOTTS With Apologies to Jiminy Cricket. The Early Augustine's 'Sapiential' Account of conscientia ........................................................................ 21 Anne-Isabelle BOUTON-TOUBOULIC Conscientiae!requies (Conf. X, 30, 41): Sleep, Consciousness and Conscience in Augustine ..................................................................... 37 Andrea BIZZOZERO Beati!mundi!cordes (Mt 5:8). Coscienza, Conoscenza e Uisio!Dei in Agostino prima del 411 ....................................................................... 55 Josef LÖSSL How 'Bad' is Augustine's 'Bad Conscience' (mala!conscientia)? ... 89 16 Table of Contents Marianne DJUTH The Polemics of Moral Conscience in Augustine .............................. 97 Diana STANCIU Conscientia,!capax!Dei!and Salvation in Augustine: What Would Augustine Say on the 'Explanatory Gap'? ......................................... 111 Jeremy W. BERGSTROM Augustine on the Judgment of Conscience and the Glory of Man .... 119 Mark CLAVIER A Persuasive God: Conscience and the Rhetoric of Delight in Augustine's Interpretation of Romans 7 ............................................. 135 John COMSTOCK The Augustinian Conscientia: A New Approach ............................... 141 Jérôme LAGOUANÈRE Augustin, lecteur de Sénèque: le cas de la bona!uoluntas ................. 153 Gábor KENDEFFY Will and Moral Responsibility in Augustine's Works on Lying ....... 163 Volume 13 STUDIA PATRISTICA LXXXVII AUGUSTINE IN LATE MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY (ed. John T. Slotemaker and Jeffrey C. Witt) David C. FINK & John T. SLOTEMAKER In!Memoriam David C. Steinmetz ...................................................... 1 John T. SLOTEMAKER & Jeffrey C. WITT Introduction ......................................................................................... 3 John T. SLOTEMAKER The Reception of Augustine's Thought in the Later Middle Ages: A Historiographical Introduction ........................................................ 5 Peter EARDLEY Augustinian Science or Aristotelian Rhetoric? The Nature of Theology According to Giles of Rome ........................................................ 23 Table of Contents 17 Bernd GOEHRING Giles of Rome on Human Cognition: Aristotelian and Augustinian Principles ............................................................................................. 35 Christopher M. WOJTULEWICZ The Reception of Augustine in the Theology of Alexander de Sancto Elpidio ................................................................................................. 47 Graham MCALEER 1277 and the Sensations of the Damned: Peter John Olivi and the Augustinian Origins of Early Modern Angelism ............................... 59 Florian WÖLLER The Bible as Argument: Augustine in the Literal Exegesis of Peter Auriol (c. 1280-1322) and Nicholas of Lyra (c. 1270-1349) ............. 67 Severin V. KITANOV Richard FitzRalph on Whether Cognition and Volition are Really the Same: Solving an Augustinian Puzzle ................................................ 81 Simon NOLAN Augustine in Richard FitzRalph (c. 1300-1360) ................................ 95 Jack HARDING BELL Loving Justice: Cicero, Augustine, and the Nature of Politics in Robert Holcot's Wisdom!of!Solomon!Commentary ............................ 109 John T. SLOTEMAKER Peter Lombard's Inheritance: The Use of Augustine's De!Trinitate in Gregory of Rimini's Discussion of the Divine Processions .......... 123 John W. PECK Gregory of Rimini's Augustinian Defense of a World ab!aeterno .... 135 Jeffrey C. WITT Tradition, Authority, and the Grounds for Belief in Late FourteenthCentury Theology ................................................................................ 147 Pekka KÄRKKÄINEN Augustinian, Humanist or What? Martin Luther's Marginal Notes on Augustine ........................................................................................ 161 David C. FINK Bullshitting Augustine: Patristic Rhetoric and Theological Dialectic in Philipp Melanchthon's Apologia!for the Augsburg Confession .... 167 18 Table of Contents Ueli ZAHND The Early John Calvin and Augustine: Some Reconsiderations ....... 181 Volume 14 STUDIA PATRISTICA LXXXVIII LATREIA AND IDOLATRY: AUGUSTINE AND THE QUEST FOR RIGHT RELATIONSHIP (ed. Paul Camacho and Veronica Roberts) Veronica ROBERTS & Paul CAMACHO Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Michael T. CAMACHO 'Having nothing yet possessing all things': Worship as the Sacrifice of Being not our Own ......................................................................... 3 Erik J. VAN VERSENDAAL The Symbolism of Love: Use as Praise in St. Augustine's Doctrine of Creation ........................................................................................... 21 Paul CAMACHO Ours and Not Ours: Private and Common Goods in Augustine's Anthropology of Desire ....................................................................... 35 Christopher M. SEILER Non!sibi!arroget!minister!plus!quam!quod!ut!minister (S. 266.3): St. Augustine's Imperative for Ministerial Humility .......................... 49 Robert MCFADDEN Becoming Friends with Oneself: Cicero in the Cassiciacum Dialogues ................................................................................................... 57 Veronica ROBERTS Idolatry as the Source of Injustice in Augustine's De!ciuitate!Dei!... ! 69 Peter BUSCH Augustine's Limited Dialogue with the Philosophers in De!ciuitate! Dei!19 .................................................................................................. 79 Joshua NUNZIATO Negotiating a Good Return? St. Augustine on the Economics of Secular Sacrifice .................................................................................. 87 Table of Contents 19 Volume 15 STUDIA PATRISTICA LXXXIX THE FOUNTAIN AND THE FLOOD: MAXIMUS THE CONFESSOR AND PHILOSOPHICAL ENQUIRY (ed. Sotiris Mitralexis) Sotiris MITRALEXIS Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Dionysios SKLIRIS The Ontological Implications of Maximus the Confessor's Eschatology ....................................................................................................... 3 Nicholas LOUDOVIKOS Consubstantiality beyond Perichoresis: Personal Threeness, Intra-divine Relations, and Personal Consubstantiality in Augustine's, Thomas Aquinas' and Maximus the Confessor's Trinitarian Theologies ........ 33 Torstein Theodor TOLLEFSEN Whole and Part in the Philosophy of St Maximus the Confessor ..... 47 Sebastian MATEIESCU Counting Natures and Hypostases: St Maximus the Confessor on the Role of Number in Christology .......................................................... 63 David BRADSHAW St. Maximus on Time, Eternity, and Divine Knowledge ................... 79 Sotiris MITRALEXIS A Coherent Maximian Spatiotemporality: Attempting a Close Reading of Sections Thirty-six to Thirty-nine from the Tenth Ambiguum ...... 95 Vladimir CVETKOVIĆ The Concept of Delimitation of Creatures in Maximus the Confessor 117 Demetrios HARPER The Ontological Ethics of St. Maximus the Confessor and the Concept of Shame .............................................................................................. 129 Smilen MARKOV Maximus' Concept of Human Will through the Interpretation of Johannes Damascenus and Photius of Constantinople ....................... 143 20 Table of Contents John PANTELEIMON MANOUSSAKIS St. Augustine and St. Maximus the Confessor between the Beginning and the End .......................................................................................... 155 Volume 16 STUDIA PATRISTICA XC CHRIST AS ONTOLOGICAL PARADIGM IN EARLY BYZANTINE THOUGHT (ed. Marcin Podbielski) Anna ZHYRKOVA Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Sergey TROSTYANSKIY The Compresence of Opposites in Christ in St. Cyril of Alexandria's Oikonomia ........................................................................................... 3 Anna ZHYRKOVA From Christ to Human Individual: Christ as Ontological Paradigm in Early Byzantine Thought ................................................................ 25 Grzegorz KOTŁOWSKI A Philological Contribution to the Question of Dating Leontius of Jerusalem ............................................................................................. 49 Marcin PODBIELSKI A Picture in Need of a Theory: Hypostasis in Maximus the Confessor's Ambigua!ad!Thomam ................................................................. 57 Volume 17 STUDIA PATRISTICA XCI BIBLICA Camille LEPEIGNEUX L'éphod de David dansant devant l'arche (2S. 6:14): problèmes textuels et exégèse patristique .................................................................. 3 Stephen WAERS Isaiah 44-5 and Competing Conceptions of Monotheism in the 2nd and 3rd Centuries ................................................................................ 11 Table of Contents 21 Simon C. MIMOUNI Jésus de Nazareth et sa famille ont-ils appartenus à la tribu des prêtres ? Quelques remarques et réflexions pour une recherche nouvelle ........ 19 Joseph VERHEYDEN The So-Called Catena! in!Marcum of Victor of Antioch: Throwing Light on Mark with a Not-So-Little Help from Matthew and Luke .. 47 Miriam DECOCK The Good Shepherd of John 10: A Case Study of New Testament Exegesis in the Schools of Alexandria and Antioch .......................... 63 H.A.G. HOUGHTON The Layout of Early Latin Commentaries on the Pauline Epistles and their Oldest Manuscripts ..................................................................... 71 David M. REIS Mapping Exilic Imaginaries: Greco-Roman Discourses of Displacement and the Book of Revelation ....................................................... 113 Stephan WITETSCHEK Polycrates of Ephesus and the 'Canonical John' ................................ 127 Gregory Allen ROBBINS 'Many a Gaud and a Glittering Toy' (Sayers): Fourth-Century Gospel Books ................................................................................................... 135 PHILOSOPHICA, THEOLOGICA, ETHICA Frances YOUNG Riddles and Puzzles: God's Indirect Word in Patristic Hermeneutics . 149 Methody ZINKOVSKIY Hypostatic Characteristics of Notions of Thought, Knowledge and Cognition in the Greek Patristic Thought ........................................... 157 Elena Ene D-VASILESCU Early Christianity about the Notions of Time and the Redemption of the Soul ................................................................................................ 167 Jack BATES Theosis Kata!To!Ephikton: The History of a Pious Hedge-Phrase ... 183 22 Table of Contents James K. LEE The Church and the Holy Spirit: Ecclesiology and Pneumatology in Tertullian, Cyprian, and Augustine ..................................................... 189 Maria LISSEK In Search of the Roots. Reference to Patristic Christology in Gilbert Crispin's Disputation with a Jew ........................................................ 207 Pak-Wah LAI Comparing Patristic and Chinese Medical Anthropologies: Insights for Chinese Contextual Theology ....................................................... 213 HAGIOGRAPHICA Katherine MILCO Ad!Prodendam!Virtutis!Memoriam: Encomiastic Prefaces in Tacitus' Agricola and Latin Christian Hagiography ......................................... 227 Megan DEVORE Catechumeni, Not 'New Converts': Revisiting the Passio!Perpetuae! et!Felicitatis ......................................................................................... 237 Christoph BIRKNER Hagiography and Autobiography in Cyril of Scythopolis .................. 249 Flavia RUANI Preliminary Notes on Edifying Stories in Syriac Hagiographical Collections ................................................................................................. 257 Nathan D. HOWARD Sacred Spectacle in the Biographies of Gorgonia and Macrina ......... 267 Marta SZADA The Life of Balthild and the Rise of Aristocratic Sanctity ................ 275 Robert WIŚNIEWSKI Eastern, Western and Local Habits in the Early Cult of Relics ......... 283 ASCETICA Maria Giulia GENGHINI 'Go, sit in your cell, and your cell will teach you everything' (AP! Moses 6): How the Physical Environment Shaped the Spirituality of Early Egyptian Monasticism ............................................................... 299 Table of Contents 23 Rodrigo ÁLVAREZ GUTIÉRREZ El concepto de xénitéia en la hagiografía Monástica primitiva ......... 313 Sean MOBERG Examination of Conscience in the Apophthegmata!Patrum .............. 325 Daniel LEMENI The Fascination of the Desert: Aspects of Spiritual Guidance in the Apophthegmata!Patrum ....................................................................... 333 Janet TIMBIE 'Pay for Our Sins': A Shared Theme in the Pachomian Koinonia and the White Monastery Federation ......................................................... 347 Paula TUTTY The Political and Philanthropic Role of Monastic Figures and Monasteries as Revealed in Fourth-Century Coptic and Greek Correspondence .............................................................................................. 353 Marianne SÁGHY Monica, the Ascetic ............................................................................. 363 Gáspár PARLAGI The Letter Ad!filios!Dei of Saint Macarius the Egyptian – Questions and Hypotheses .................................................................................... 377 Becky LITTLECHILDS Notes on Ascetic 'Regression' in Asterius' Liber!ad!Renatum!Monachum ..................................................................................................... 385 Laura SOURELI The 'Prayer of the Heart' in the Philokalia: Questions and Caveats 391 Brouria BITTON-ASHKELONY Monastic Hybridity and Anti-Exegetical Discourse: From Philoxenus of Mabbug to Dadišo Qatraya ................................................................ 417 Volume 18 STUDIA PATRISTICA XCII LITURGICA AND TRACTATUS SYMBOLI Liuwe H. WESTRA Creating a Theological Difference: The Myth of Two Grammatical Constructions with Latin Credo .......................................................... 3 24 Table of Contents Tarmo TOOM Tractatus!symboli: A Brief Pre-Baptismal Explanation of the Creed .. 15 Joseph G. MUELLER The Trinitarian Doctrine of the Apostolic!Constitutions .................... 25 Gregory TUCKER 'O Day of Resurrection!': The Paschal Mystery in Hymns .............. 41 Maria MUNKHOLT CHRISTENSEN Witnessed by Angels: The Role of Angels in Relation to Prayer in Four Ante-Nicene Euchological Treatises .......................................... 49 Barry M. CRAIG He Lifted to You? Lost and Gained in Translation ........................... 57 Anna Adams PETRIN Reconsidering the 'Egyptian Connection' in the Anaphora of FourthCentury Jerusalem ............................................................................... 65 Anthony GELSTON The Post-Sanctus in the East Syrian Anaphoras ................................ 77 Graham FIELD Breaking Boundaries: The Cosmic Dimension of Worship .............. 83 George A. BEVAN The Sequence of the First Four Sessions of the Council of Chalcedon 91 ORIENTALIA Todd E. FRENCH Just Deserts: Origen's Lingering Influence on Divine Justice in the Hagiographies of John of Ephesus ...................................................... 105 Benedict M. GUEVIN Dialogue between Death and the Devil in Saint Ephrem the Syrian and Saint Romanos the Melodist ........................................................ 113 Paul M. PASQUESI Qnoma in Narsai: Anticipating Energeia ........................................... 119 Table of Contents 25 David G.K. TAYLOR Rufinus the Silver Merchant's Miaphysite Refutation of Leontius of Byzantium's Epaporemata (CPG 6814): A Rediscovered Syriac Text ...................................................................................................... 127 Valentina DUCA Pride in the Thought of Isaac of Nineveh .......................................... 137 Valentin VESA The Divine Vision in Isaac of Niniveh and the East Syriac Christology 149 Theresia HAINTHALER Colossians 1:15 in the Christological Reflection of East Syrian Authors ................................................................................................ 165 Michael PENN, Nicholas R. HOWE & Kaylynn CRAWFORD Automated Syriac Script Charts .......................................................... 175 Stephen J. DAVIS Cataloguing the Coptic and Arabic Manuscripts in the Monastery of the Syrians: A Preliminary Report ..................................................... 179 Damien LABADIE A Newly Attributed Coptic Encomium on Saint Stephen (BHO 1093) 187 Anahit AVAGYAN Die armenische Übersetzung der pseudo-athanasianischen Homilie De!passione!et!cruce!domini (CPG 2247) .......................................... 195 CRITICA ET PHILOLOGICA B.N. WOLFE The Gothic Palimpsest of Bologna ..................................................... 205 Meredith DANEZAN Proverbe (paroimia)!et cursus!spirituel : l'apport de l'Épitomé de la Chaîne de Procope ............................................................................... 209 Aaron PELTTARI Lector!inueniet: A Commonplace of Late Antiquity ......................... 215 Peter VAN NUFFELEN The Poetics of Christian History in Late Antiquity ........................... 227 26 Table of Contents Yuliya MINETS Languages of Christianity in Late Antiquity: Between Universalism and Cultural Superiority ...................................................................... 247 Peter F. SCHADLER Reading the Self by Reading the Other: A Hermeneutical Key to the Reading of Sacred Texts in Late Antiquity and Byzantium .............. 261 HISTORICA Peter GEMEINHARDT Teaching Religion in Late Antiquity: Divine and Human Agency ... 271 David WOODS Constantine, Aurelian, and Aphaca..................................................... 279 Luise Marion FRENKEL Procedural Similarities between Fourthand Fifth-Century Christian Synods and the Roman Senates: Myth, Politics or Cultural Identity? 293 Maria KONSTANTINIDOU Travelling and Trading in the Greek Fathers: Faraway Lands, Peoples and Products ........................................................................................ 303 Theodore DE BRUYN Historians, Bishops, Amulets, Scribes, and Rites: Interpreting a Christian Practice ......................................................................................... 317 Catherine C. TAYLOR Educated Susanna: Female Orans, Sarcophagi, and the Typology of Woman Wisdom in Late Antique Art and Iconography .................... 339 David L. RIGGS Contesting the Legacy and Patronage of Saint Cyprian in Vandal Carthage ............................................................................................... 357 Jordina SALES-CARBONELL The Fathers of the Church and their Role in Promoting Christian Constructions in Hispania ................................................................... 371 Bethany V. WILLIAMS The Significance of the Senses: An Exploration into the MultiSensory Experience of Faith for the Lay Population of Christianity during the Fourth and Fifth Centuries C.E. ........................................ 381 Table of Contents 27 Jacob A. LATHAM Adventus,!Occursus,!and the Christianization of Rome ..................... 397 Teodor TĂBUȘ The Orthodoxy of Emperor Justinian's Christian Faith as a Matter of Roman Law (CJ I,1,5-8) ................................................................. 411 Nicholas MATAYA Charity Before Division: The Strange Case of Severinus of Noricum and the Pseudo-Evangelisation of the Rugians ................................... 423 Christian HORNUNG Die Konstruktion christlicher Identität. Funktion und Bedeutung der Apostasie im antiken Christentum (4.-6. Jahrhundert n. Chr.) .......... 431 Ronald A.N. KYDD Growing Evidence of Christianity's Establishment in China in the Late-Patristic Era ................................................................................. 441 Luis SALÉS 'Aristotelian' as a Lingua!Franca: Rationality in Christian SelfRepresentation under the 'Abbasids ................................................... 453 Volume 19 STUDIA PATRISTICA XCIII THE FIRST TWO CENTURIES Joshua KINLAW Exegesis and Homonoia in First!Clement .......................................... 3 Janelle PETERS The Phoenix in 1Clement .................................................................... 17 Jonathan E. SOYARS Clement of Rome's Reconstruction of Job's Character for Corinth: A Contextual Reading of the Composite Quotation of LXX Job 1-2 in 1Clem. 17.3 ..................................................................................... 27 Ingo SCHAAF The Earliest Sibylline Attestations in the Patristic Reception: Erudition and Religion in the 2nd Century AD ........................................ 35 28 Table of Contents J. Christopher EDWARDS Identifying the Lord in the Epistle!of!Barnabas ................................. 51 Donna RIZK The Apology of Aristides: the Armenian Version ............................. 61 Paul R. GILLIAM III Ignatius of Antioch: The Road to Chalcedon? .................................. 69 Alexander B. MILLER Polemic and Credal Refinement in Ignatius of Antioch .................... 81 Shaily SHASHIKANT PATEL The 'Starhymn' of Ignatius' Epistle!to!the!Ephesians: Re-Appropriation as Polemic .................................................................................... 93 Paul HARTOG The Good News in Old Texts? The 'Gospel' and the 'Archives' in Ign.Phld. 8.2 ........................................................................................ 105 Stuart R. THOMSON The Philosopher's Journey: Philosophical and Christian Conversions in the Second Century ......................................................................... 123 Andrew HAYES The Significance of Samaritanism for Justin Martyr ......................... 141 Micah M. MILLER What's in a Name?: Titles of Christ in Justin Martyr ....................... 155 M ADRYAEL TONG Reading Gender in Justin Martyr: New Insights from Old Apologies 165 Pavel DUDZIK Tatian the Assyrian and Greek Rhetoric: Homer's Heroes Agamemnon, Nestor and Thersites in Tatian's Oratio!ad!Graecos ......................... 179 Stuart E. PARSONS Trading Places: Faithful Job and Doubtful Autolycus in Theophilus' Apology ............................................................................................... 191 László PERENDY Theophilus' Silence about Aristotle. A Clandestine Approval of his View on the Mortality of the Soul? .................................................... 199 Table of Contents 29 Roland M. SOKOLOWSKI 'Zealous for the Covenant of Christ': An Inquiry into the Lost Career of Irenaeus of Lyons ........................................................................... 213 Eric COVINGTON Irenaeus, Ephesians, and Union with the Spirit: Examining the Scriptural Basis of Unity with the Spirit in AH V 20.2 ..................... 219 Sverre Elgvin LIED Irenaeus of Lyons and the Eucharistic Altar in Heaven ..................... 229 John KAUFMAN The Kingdom of the Son in the Theology of Irenaeus ...................... 237 Thomas D. MCGLOTHLIN Why Are All These Damned People Rising? Paul and the Generality of the Resurrection in Irenaeus and Tertullian ................................... 243 Scott D. MORINGIELLO Allegory and Typology in Irenaeus of Lyon ...................................... 255 Francesca MINONNE Aulus Gellius and Irenaeus of Lyons in the Cultural Context of the Second Century AD ............................................................................ 265 Eugen MAFTEI Irénée de Lyon et Athanase d'Alexandrie: ressemblances et différences entre leurs sotériologies ........................................................... 275 István M. BUGÁR Melito and the Body ............................................................................ 303 APOCRYPHA AND GNOSTICA Pamela MULLINS REAVES Gnosis in Alexandria: A Study in Ancient Christian Interpretation and Intra-Group Dynamics .................................................................. 315 Csaba ÖTVÖS Creation and Epiphany? Theological Symbolism in the Creation Narrative of On!the!Origin!of!the!World (NHC II 5) ......................... 325 30 Table of Contents Hugo LUNDHAUG The Dialogue!of!the!Savior!(NHC III,5) as a Monastic Text ............ 335 Kristine Toft ROSLAND Fatherhood and the Lack thereof in the Apocryphon!of!John ............ 347 Jeremy W. BARRIER Abraham's Seed: Tracing Pneuma! as a Material Substance from Paul's Writings to the Apocryphon!of!John ........................................ 357 Volume 20 STUDIA PATRISTICA XCIV FROM TERTULLIAN TO TYCONIUS Anni Maria LAATO Tertullian, Adversus! Iudaeos Literature, and the 'Killing of the Prophets'-Argument ............................................................................ 1 Ian L.S. BALFOUR Tertullian and Roman Law – What Do We (Not) Know? ................ 11 Benjamin D. HAUPT Tertullian's Text of Galatians............................................................. 23 Stéphanie E. BINDER Tertullien face à la romanisation de l'Afrique du Nord : une discussion de quelques aspects ..................................................................... 29 Christopher T. BOUNDS The Doctrine of Christian Perfection in Tertullian ............................ 45 Kathryn THOSTENSON Serving Two Masters: Tertullian on Marital and Christian Duties ... 55 Edwina MURPHY Widows, Welfare and the Wayward: 1Timothy 5 in Cyprian's Ad! Quirinum .............................................................................................. 67 Charles BOBERTZ Almsgiving as Patronage: The Role of the Patroness in Third Century North African Christianity ........................................................... 75 Table of Contents 31 Daniel BECERRA Origen, the Stoics, and the Rhetoric of Recitation: Spiritual Exercise and the Exhortation!to!Martyrdom ..................................................... 85 Antti LAATO A Cold Case Reopened: A Jewish Source on Christianity Used by Celsus and the Toledot!Yeshu Literature – From Counter-Exegetical Arguments to Full-Blown Counter-Story ........................................... 99 Eric SCHERBENSKE Origen, Manuscript Variation, and a Lacking Gospel Harmony ....... 111 Jennifer OTTO Origen's Criticism of Philo of Alexandria ......................................... 121 Riemer ROUKEMA The Retrieval of Origen's Commentary!on!Micah ............................. 131 Giovanni HERMANIN DE REICHENFELD Resurrection and Prophecy: The Spirit in Origen's Exegesis of Lazarus and Caiaphas in John 11 ....................................................... 143 Elizabeth Ann DIVELY LAURO The Meaning and Significance of Scripture's Sacramental Nature within Origen's Thought ..................................................................... 153 David Neal GREENWOOD Celsus, Origen, and the Eucharist ....................................................... 187 Vito LIMONE Origen on the Song!of!Songs. A Reassessment and Proposal of Dating of his Writings on the Song ................................................................ 195 Allan E. JOHNSON The Causes of Things: Origen's Treatises!On!Prayer and On!First! Principles and His Exegetical Method ............................................... 205 Brian BARRETT 'Of His Fullness We Have All Received': Origen on Scripture's Unity .................................................................................................... 211 Mark Randall JAMES Anatomist of the Prophetic Words: Origen on Scientific and Hermeneutic Method ...................................................................................... 219 32 Table of Contents Joseph LENOW Patience and Judgment in the Christology of Cyprian of Carthage ... 233 Mattias GASSMAN The Conversion of Cyprian's Rhetoric? Towards a New Reading of Ad!Donatum ......................................................................................... 247 Laetitia CICCOLINI Le texte de 1Cor. 7:34 chez Cyprien de Carthage ............................. 259 Dawn LAVALLE Feasting at the End: The Eschatological Symposia of Methodius of Olympus and Julian the Apostate ....................................................... 269 Marie-Noëlle VIGNAL Méthode d'Olympe, lecteur et exégète de Saint Paul ........................ 285 Johannes BREUER The Rhetoric of Persuasion as Hermeneutical Key to Arnobius' Adversus!nationes ................................................................................ 295 Volume 21 STUDIA PATRISTICA XCV THE FOURTH CENTURY Elizabeth DEPALMA DIGESER Pseudo-Justin's Cohortatio!ad!Graecos and the Great Persecution .. 3 Atsuko GOTOH The 'Conversion' of Constantine the Great: His Religious Legislation in the Theodosian Code....................................................................... 13 Vladimir LATINOVIC Arius Conservativus? The Question of Arius' Theological Belonging 27 Sébastien MORLET Eusèbe le grammairien. Note sur les Questions!évangéliques (À Marinos, 2) et une scholie sur Pindare ....................................................... 43 Thomas O'LOUGHLIN Some Hermeneutical Assumptions Latent within the Gospel Apparatus of Eusebius of Caesarea ............................................................. 51 Table of Contents 33 Michael Bland SIMMONS Exegesis and Hermeneutics in Eusebius of Caesarea's Theophany! (Book IV): The Contemporary Fulfillment of Jesus' Prophecies ...... 65 Sophie CARTWRIGHT Should we Grieve and Be Afraid? Christ's Passions versus the Passions of the Soul in Athanasius of Alexandria ................................... 77 William G. RUSCH Athanasius of Alexandria and 'Sola!Scriptura' .................................. 87 Lois M. FARAG Organon in Athanasius' De!incarnatione: A Case of Textual Interpolation ................................................................................................ 93 Donna R. HAWK-REINHARD The Role of the Holy Spirit in Cyril of Jerusalem's Sacramental Theology .............................................................................................. 107 Olga LORGEOUX Choice and Will in the Catecheses of Cyril of Jerusalem .................. 119 Florian ZACHER Marius Victorinus, Opus!ad!Candidum. An Analysis of its Rhetorical Structure ............................................................................................... 127 CAPPADOCIAN WRITERS Claudio MORESCHINI Is it Possible to Speak of 'Cappadocian Theology' as a System? ..... 139 Nienke M. VOS 'Teach us to pray': Self-Understanding in Macrina's Final Prayer ... 165 Adam RASMUSSEN Defending Moses. Understanding Basil's Apparent Rejection of Allegory in the Hexaemeron ............................................................... 175 Marco QUIRCIO A Philological Note to Basil of Caesarea's Second Homily on the Hexaemeron ......................................................................................... 183 34 Table of Contents Mattia C. CHIRIATTI ἀγών/θέα-θέαμα and στάδιον/θέατρον: A Reviewed ἔκφρασις of the Spectacle in Basil's In!Gordium!martyrem .................................. 189 Arnaud PERROT Une source littéraire de l'Ep. 46 de Basile de Césarée : le traité De! la!véritable!intégrité!dans!la!virginité ................................................ 201 Aude BUSINE Basil of Caesarea and the Praise!of!the!City ...................................... 209 Benoît GAIN Le voyage de Basile de Césarée en Orient : hypothèses sur le silence des sources externes ............................................................................ 217 Seumas MACDONALD Contested Ground: Basil's Use of Scripture in Against!Eunomius!2 225 Nikolai LIPATOV-CHICHERIN An Unpublished Funerary Speech (CPG 2936) and the Question of Succession to St. Basil the Great ........................................................ 237 Kimberly F. BAKER Basil and Augustine: Preaching on Care for the Poor ....................... 251 Oliver LANGWORTHY Sojourning and the Sojourner in Gregory of Nazianzus .................... 261 Alexander D. PERKINS The Grave Politics of Gregory Nazianzen's Eulogy for Gorgonia .... 269 Gabrielle THOMAS Divine, Yet Vulnerable: The Paradoxical Existence of Gregory Nazianzen's Imago!Dei ....................................................................... 281 Bradley K. STORIN Reconsidering Gregory of Nazianzus' Letter Collection ................... 291 Andrew RADDE-GALLWITZ Gregory on Gregory: Catechetical!Oration 38 .................................. 303 Andrew J. SUMMERSON Gregory Nazianzus' Mixture Language in Maximus the Confessor's Ambigua: What the Confessor Learned from the Theologian ........... 315 Table of Contents 35 Ryan CLEVENGER Ἔκφρασις and Epistemology in Gregory of Nazianzus .................... 321 Karen CARDUCCI Implicit Stipulations in the Testamentum of Gregory of Nazianzos vis-à-vis the Testamenta of Remigius of Rheims, Caesarius of Arles, and Aurelianus of Ravenna ................................................................. 331 Michael J. PETRIN Eunomius and Gregory of Nyssa on τὸ τῆς εὐσεβείας μυστήριον.. 343 Andra JUGĂNARU The Function of Miracles in Gregory of Nyssa's Hagiographical Works ................................................................................................... 355 Makrina FINLAY Gregory of Nyssa's Framework for the Resurrected Life in The!Life! of!St.!Macrina ...................................................................................... 367 Marta PRZYSZYCHOWSKA Three States after Death according to Gregory of Nyssa ................... 377 Ann CONWAY-JONES An Ambiguous Type: The Figure of Aaron Interpreted by Gregory of Nyssa and Ephrem the Syrian ........................................................ 389 Robin ORTON The Place of the Eucharist in Gregory of Nyssa's Soteriology ......... 399 Anne KARAHAN Cyclic Shapes and Divine Activity. A Cappadocian Inquiry into Byzantine Aesthetics ........................................................................... 405 Hilary Anne-Marie MOONEY Eschatological Themes in the Writings of Gregory of Nyssa and John Scottus Eriugena ......................................................................... 421 Benjamin EKMAN 'Natural Contemplation' in Evagrius Ponticus' Scholia!on!Proverbs 431 Margaret GUISE The Golden and Saving Chain and its (De)construction: Soteriological Conversations between Jacques Derrida, Jean-Luc Marion and the Cappadocian Fathers .............................................................. 441 36 Table of Contents Volume 22 STUDIA PATRISTICA XCVI THE SECOND HALF OF THE FOURTH CENTURY Kelley SPOERL Epiphanius on Jesus' Digestion .......................................................... 3 Young Richard KIM Nicaea is Not Enough: The Second Creed of Epiphanius' Ancoratus 11 John VOELKER Marius Victorinus' Use of a Gnostic Commentary ............................ 21 Tomasz STĘPIEŃ Action of Will and Generation of the Son in Extant Works of Eunomius ..................................................................................................... 29 Alberto J. QUIROGA PUERTAS 'In the Gardens of Adonis'. Religious Disputations in Julian's Caesars 37 Ariane MAGNY Porphyry and Julian on Christians ...................................................... 47 Jeannette KREIJKES The Impact of Theological Concepts on Calvin's Reception of Chrysostom's Exegesis of Galatians 4:21-6 ...................................... 57 Hellen DAYTON John Chrysostom on katanuxis as the Source of Spiritual Healing ... 65 Michaela DURST The Epistle!to!the!Hebrews in the 7th Oration of John Chrysostom's Orationes!Adversus!Judaeos ............................................................... 71 Paschalis GKORTSILAS The Lives of Others: Pagan and Christian Role Models in John Chrysostom's Thought ................................................................................ 83 Malouine DE DIEULEVEULT L'exégèse de la faute de David (2Règnes 11-12) : Jean Chrysostome et Théodoret de Cyr............................................................................. 95 Table of Contents 37 Matteo CARUSO Hagiographic Style of the Vita!Spyridonis! between Rhetoric and Exegetical Tradition: Analogies between John Chrysostom's Homilies and the Work of Theodore of Paphos ................................................. 103 Paul C. BOLES Method and Meaning in Chrysostom's Homily 7 and Origen's Homily 1 on!Genesis ........................................................................... 111 Susan B. GRIFFITH Apostolic Authority and the 'Incident at Antioch': Chrysostom on Gal. 2:11-4 .......................................................................................... 117 James D. COOK Therapeutic Preaching: The Use of Medical Imagery in the Sermons of John Chrysostom ............................................................................. 127 Demetrios BATHRELLOS Sola! gratia? Sola! fide? Law, Grace, Faith, and Works in John Chrysostom's Commentary!on!Romans .............................................. 133 Marie-Eve GEIGER Les homélies de Jean Chrysostome In!principium!Actorum: le titre pris comme principe exégétique ......................................................... 147 Pierre AUGUSTIN Quelques sources Parisiennes du Chrysostome!de Sir Henry Savile . 157 Thomas BRAUCH The Emperor Theodosius I and the Nicene Faith: A Brief History .. 175 Sergey KIM Severian of Gabala as a Witness to Life at the Imperial Court in Fifth-Century Constantinople .............................................................. 189 FROM THE FIFTH CENTURY ONWARDS (GREEK WRITERS) Austin Dominic LITKE The 'Organon Concept' in the Christology of Cyril of Alexandria .. 207 Barbara VILLANI Some Remarks on the Textual Tradition and the Literary Genre of Cyril of Alexandria's De!adoratione!et!cultu!in!spiritu!et!veritate ... 215 38 Table of Contents Sandra LEUENBERGER-WENGER All Cyrillians? Cyril of Alexandria as Norm of Orthodoxy at the Council of Chalcedon .......................................................................... 225 Hans VAN LOON Virtue in Cyril of Alexandria's Festal!Letters ................................... 237 George KALANTZIS Passibility, Tentability, and the Divine Οὐσία in the Debate between Cyril and Nestorius ............................................................................. 249 James E. GOEHRING 'Talking Back' in Pachomian Hagiography: Theodore's Catechesis and the Letter!of!Ammon ..................................................................... 257 James F. WELLINGTON Let God Arise: The Divine Warrior Motif in Theodoret of Cyrrhus' Commentary on Psalm 67 ................................................................... 265 Agnès LORRAIN Exégèse et argumentation scripturaire chez Théodoret de Cyr: l'In!Romanos, écho des controverses trinitaires et christologiques des IVe et Ve siècles ................................................................................... 273 Kathryn KLEINKOPF A Landscape of Bodies: Exploring the Role of Ascetics in Theodoret's Historia!Religiosa ................................................................................ 283 Maya GOLDBERG New Syriac Edition and Translation of Theodore of Mopsuestia's Reconstructed Commentary!on!Paul's!Minor!Epistles: Fragments Collected from MS (olim) Diyarbakir!22 ........................................... 293 Georgiana HUIAN The Spiritual Experience in Diadochus of Photike ............................ 301 Eirini A. ARTEMI The Comparison of the Triadological Teaching of Isidore of Pelusium with Cyril of Alexandria's Teaching .................................................. 309 Madalina TOCA Isidore of Pelusium's Letters to Didymus the Blind .......................... 325 Table of Contents 39 Michael MUTHREICH Ein äthiopisches Fragment der dem Dionysius Areopagita zugeschriebenen Narratio!de!vita!sua ........................................................ 333 István PERCZEL Theodoret of Cyrrhus: The Main Source of Pseudo-Dionysius' Christology? ........................................................................................ 351 Panagiotis G. PAVLOS Aptitude (Ἐπιτηδειότης) and the Foundations of Participation in the Philosophy of Dionysius the Areopagite ............................................ 377 Joost VAN ROSSUM The Relationship between Dionysius the Areopagite and Maximus the Confessor: Revisiting the Problem ............................................... 397 Dimitrios A. VASILAKIS Dionysius versus Proclus on Undefiled Providence and its Byzantine Echoes in Nicholas of Methone .......................................................... 407 José María NIEVA The Mystical Sense of the Aesthetic Experience in Dionysius the Areopagite ........................................................................................... 419 Ernesto Sergio MAINOLDI Why Dionysius the Areopagite? The Invention of the First Father .. 425 Alexandru PRELIPCEAN The Influence of Romanos the Melodist on the Great!Canon of Saint Andrew of Crete: Some Remarks about Christological Typologies.. 441 Alexis TORRANCE 'Assuming our nature corrupted by sin': Revisiting Theodore the Studite on the Humanity of Christ ...................................................... 451 Scott ABLES The Rhetoric of Persuasion in the Polemic of John of Damascus ..... 457 James A. FRANCIS Ancient Seeing/Christian Seeing: The Old and the New in John of Damascus ............................................................................................. 469 Zachary KEITH The Problem of ἐνυπόστατον in John Damascene: Why Is Jesus Not a Human Person? ................................................................................ 477 40 Table of Contents Nicholas BAMFORD Being,!Christian Gnosis, and Deified Becoming in the 'Theoretikon' . 485 Alexandros CHOULIARAS The Imago!Trinitatis!in St Symeon the New Theologian and Niketas Stethatos: Is this the Basic Source of St Gregory Palamas' own Approach? ........................................................................................... 493 GREGORY PALAMAS' EPISTULA III (ed. Katharina Heyden) Katharina HEYDEN Introduction: The Two Versions of Palamas' Epistula III to Akindynos 507 Katharina HEYDEN The Two Epistulae III of Palamas to Akindynos: The Small but Important Difference between Authenticity and Originality .............. 511 Theodoros ALEXOPOULOS The Problem of the Distinction between Essence and Energies in the Hesychast Controversy. Saint Gregory Palamas' Epistula III: The Version Published by P. Chrestou in Light of Palamas' Other Works on the Divine Energies ........................................................................ 521 Renate BURRI The Textual Transmission of Palamas' Epistula III to Akindynos: The Case of Monac. gr. 223 ............................................................... 535 Dimitrios MOSCHOS Reasons of Being versus Uncreated Energies – Neoplatonism and Mathematics as Means of Participating in God according to Nicephorus Gregoras .................................................................................. 547 Volume 23 STUDIA PATRISTICA XCVII FROM THE FOURTH CENTURY ONWARDS (LATIN WRITERS) Anthony P. COLEMAN Comparing Institutes: Lactantius' Divinae!Institutiones in Calvin's Institutio!christianae!religionis 1.1-5.................................................. 3 Table of Contents 41 Jessica VAN 'T WESTEINDE Jerome and the Christianus!Perfectus, a Transformed Roman Noble Man? .................................................................................................... 17 Silvia GEORGIEVA Domina, Filia, Conserva, Germanа: The Identity of the Correspondent in Saint Jerome's Letters ..................................................................... 37 Roberta FRANCHI Muliercularum!socii (Hier., Ep. 133,4): donne ed eresia nell'Epistolario di Gerolamo ......................................................................................... 51 Richard SEAGRAVES Prudentius: Contra!orationem!Symmachi, Bk. I ................................ 63 Klazina STAAT 'Let him thus be a Hippolytus' (Perist. 11.87): Horror and Rhetoric in Prudentius' Peristephanon 11 ......................................................... 79 Diane Shane FRUCHTMAN Witness and Imitation in the Writings of Paulinus of Nola ............... 87 Lorenzo SCIAJNO Salvation behind the Web (Paul. Nol., Carm. XVI 93-148): Connections and Echoes of a Fairy-tale Theme in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages between West and East ................................................. 97 Ewa DUSIK-KRUPA Politician, Theologian, Tutor. Luciferi Calaritanis' Use of Holy Scripture ............................................................................................... 103 Vincenzo MESSANA Massimino ariano e la Sicilia: il dibattito storiografico negli ultimi decenni su una vexata!quaestio ........................................................... 115 Salvatore COSTANZA Il variegato panorama di accezioni dei termini!Romanus e barbarus, Christianus e paganus!negli scritti di Salviano .................................. 129 Matthew J. PEREIRA The Intertextual Tradition of Prosper's De!vocatione!omnium!gentium ...................................................................................................... 143 42 Table of Contents Raúl VILLEGAS MARÍN Abjuring Manichaeism in Ostrogothic Rome and Provence: The Commonitorium!quomodo! sit!agendum! cum!Manichaeis and the Prosperi!anathematismi ...................................................................... 159 Mantė LENKAITYTĖ OSTERMANN John Cassian Read by Eucherius of Lyon: Affinities and Divergences .................................................................................................. 169 Daniel G. OPPERWALL Obedience and Communal Authority in John Cassian ....................... 183 Gerben F. WARTENA Epic Emotions: Narratorial Involvement in Sedulius' Carmen Paschale ............................................................................................... 193 Tim DENECKER Evaluations of Multilingual Competence in Cassiodorus' Variae and Institutiones ......................................................................................... 203 Hector SCERRI On Menstruation, Marital Intercourse and 'Wet Dreams' in a Letter by Gregory the Great........................................................................... 211 Jerzy SZAFRANOWSKI To See with Body and to See with Mind: Corporeal and Spiritual Cognition in the 'Dialogues' of Gregory the Great............................ 219 Pere MAYMÓ I CAPDEVILA Chants, Icons, and Relics in the Evangelization Doctrine of Gregory the Great: The Case of Kent ............................................................... 225 Stephen BLACKWOOD Scriptural Allusions and the Wholeness of Wisdom in Boethius' Consolation!of!Philosophy .................................................................. 237 Juan Antonio JIMÉNEZ SÁNCHEZ A Brief Catalogue of Superstitions in Chapter 16 of Martin of Braga's De!correctione!rusticorum .......................................................... 245 Alberto FERREIRO 'Sufficit!septem!diebus': Seven Days Mourning the Dead in the Letters of St. Braulio of Zaragoza ........................................................... 255 Table of Contents 43 Susan CREMIN Bede's Interpretative Practice in his Homilies on the Gospels .......... 265 NACHLEBEN Bronwen NEIL Reception of Late-Antique Popes in the Medieval Byzantine Tradition ....................................................................................................... 283 Ken PARRY Providence, Resurrection, and Restoration in Byzantine Thought, Eighth to Ninth Centuries ................................................................... 295 Eiji HISAMATSU Spätbyzantinische Übernahme der Vorstellung von der Lichtvision des Euagrios Pontikos, erörtert am Beispiel des Gregorios Sinaites . 305 Catherine KAVANAGH Eriugena's Trinity: A Framework for Intercultural and Interreligious Dialogue ............................................................................................... 311 Tobias GEORGES The Apophthegmata!Patrum in the Context of the Occidental Reformation of Monastic Life during the 11th and 12th Centuries. The Case of Peter Abelard .................................................................................. 323 Christopher M. WOJTULEWICZ Augustine and the Dissolution of Polarity. Some Thoughts on Augustine Reception in the Late 13th and Early 14th Centuries According to Thomas Aquinas and Meister Eckhart ........................................... 329 Marie-Anne VANNIER Origen, a Source of Meister Eckhart's Thinking ............................... 345 Lavinia CERIONI The Patristic Sources of Eriugena's Exegesis of the Parable of the Bridesmaids ......................................................................................... 355 Thomas F. HEYNE A Polemicist rather than a Patrologist: Calvin's Attitude to and Use of the Early Church Fathers ................................................................ 367 44 Table of Contents Volume 24 STUDIA PATRISTICA XCVIII ST AUGUSTINE AND HIS OPPONENTS Susanna ELM Sold to Sin Through Origo: Augustine of Hippo and the Late Roman Slave Trade .......................................................................................... 1 Michael J. THATE Augustine and the Economics of Libido ............................................ 23 Willemien OTTEN The Fate of Augustine's Genesis Exegesis in Medieval Hexaemeral Commentaries: The Cases of John Scottus Eriugena and Robert Grosseteste ........................................................................................... 51 Midori E. HARTMAN Beginning Again, Becoming Animal: Augustine's Theology, Animality, and Physical Pain in Genesis .................................................. 71 Sarah STEWART-KROEKER Groaning with the Psalms: The Cultivation of World-Weariness in Augustine's Enarrationes!in!Psalmos................................................. 81 Marie PAULIAT Non! inueni! tantam! fidem! in! Israel: la péricope de l'acte de foi du centurion (Matt. 8:5-13) interprétée dans les Sermones!in!Matthaeum d'Augustin d'Hippone ......................................................................... 91 Joseph L. GRABAU Christology and Exegesis in Augustine of Hippo's XVth Tractate! In!Iohannis!Euangelium ...................................................................... 103 Teppei KATO Greek or Hebrew? Augustine and Jerome on Biblical Translation ... 109 Rebekka SCHIRNER Augustine's Theory of Signs – A Hermeneutical Key to his Practice of Dealing with Different Biblical Versions? .................................... 121 Erika KIDD The Drama of De!magistro ................................................................. 133 Table of Contents 45 Douglas FINN The Holy Spirit and the Church in the Earliest Augustine: An Analysis of the Character of Monnica in the Cassiciacum Dialogues .............. 141 John Peter KENNEY Nondum!me!esse: Augustine's Early Ontology .................................. 167 Maureen A. TILLEY Pseudo-Cyprian and the Rebaptism Controversy in Africa ............... 173 Heather BARKMAN 'Stubborn and Insolent' or 'Enfeebled by Riches'? The Construction of Crispina's Identity ........................................................................... 181 David E. WILHITE Were the 'Donatists' a National or Social Movement in Disguise? Reframing the Question ...................................................................... 191 Naoki KAMIMURA The Relation of the Identity of North African Christians to the Spiritual Training in the Letters of Augustine .......................................... 221 Edward Arthur NAUMANN The Damnation of Baptized Infants according to Augustine ............. 239 Jane MERDINGER Defying Donatism Subtly: Augustine's and Aurelius' Liturgical Canons at the Council of Hippo ......................................................... 273 Marius Anton VAN WILLIGEN Did Augustine Change or Broaden his Perspective on Baptism? ..... 287 Jesse A. HOOVER 'They Agreed with the Followers of Arius': The 'Arianization' of the Donatist Church in Late Antique Heresiology ................................... 295 Joshua M. BRUCE The Necessities of Judgment: Augustine's Juridical Response to the Donatists .............................................................................................. 307 Carles BUENACASA PÉREZ Why Suicides Instead of Martyrs? Augustine and the Persecution of Donatists .............................................................................................. 315 46 Table of Contents Colten Cheuk-Yin YAM Augustine's Intention in Proceeding from 'mens, notitia, amor' to 'memoria, intellegentia, voluntas' ...................................................... 327 Robert PARKS Augustine and Proba on the Renewed Union of Man and Woman in Christ's Humanity and the Church ..................................................... 341 Victor YUDIN Augustine on Omnipotence versus Porphyry Based on Appropriation of Plato's Timaeus 41ab ...................................................................... 353 Johanna RÁKOS-ZICHY The Resurrection Body in Augustine .................................................. 373 Pierre DESCOTES Une demande d'intercession bien maladroite : la correspondance entre Augustin d'Hippone et Nectarius .............................................. 385 Giulio MALAVASI John of Jerusalem's Profession of Faith (CPG 3621) and the Pelagian Controversy ......................................................................................... 399 Katherine CHAMBERS The Meaning of 'Good Works' in Augustine's Anti-Pelagian Writings 409 Kenneth M. WILSON Re-dating Augustine's Ad!Simplicianum 1.2 to the Pelagian Controversy ..................................................................................................... 431 Nozomu YAMADA Pelagius' Narrative Techniques, their Rhetorical Influences and Negative Responses from Opponents Concerning the Acts of the Synod of Diospolis ......................................................................................... 451 Piotr M. PACIOREK The Controversy between Augustine and Julian of Eclanum: On Law and Grace .................................................................................... 463 Timo NISULA 'This Three-Headed Hellhound' – Evil Desire as the Root (radix) of All Sins in Augustine's Sermons ........................................................ 483 Table of Contents 47 Jonathan Martin CIRAULO Sacramental Hermeneutics: Augustine's De!doctrina!Christiana in the Berengarian Controversy ............................................................... 495 Elizabeth KLEIN The Silent Word: Speech in the Confessions ..................................... 509 Christian COPPA The Creatureliness of Time and the Goodness of Narrative in Augustine's Confessions ................................................................................ 517 D.L. DUSENBURY New Light on Time in Augustine's Confessions ................................ 529 Math OSSEFORTH Augustine's Confessions: A Discourse Analysis ............................... 545 Sean HANNAN Demonic Historiography and the Historical Sublime in Augustine's City!of!God .......................................................................................... 553 Jimmy CHAN The Restoration Word Group in De!civitate!Dei, Books XI-XXII: A Study of an Important Backbone of Augustine's Theology of History ....................................................................................................... 561 Michael L. CARREKER Sapientia as Dialectic in Book XV of Augustine's De!Trinitate ....... 569 Augustine M. REISENAUER Wonder and Significance in Augustine's Theology of Miracles ....... 577 Makiko SATO Confession of a Human Being as Darkness in Augustine ................. 589 Rowena PAILING Does Death Sting? Some Thoughts from the Mature Augustine ...... 599 Kitty BOUWMAN Wisdom Christology in the Works of St. Augustine .......................... 607 Mark G. VAILLANCOURT The Predestinarian Gottschalk of Orbais: Faithful Augustinian or Heretic?: The Ninth Century Carolingian Debate Revisited ............. 621 48 Table of Contents Matthew DREVER Speaking from the Depths: Augustine and Luther's Christological Reading of Substantia in Psalm 69 ..................................................... 629 Cassandra M.M. CASIAS The Vulnerable Slave-Owner in Augustine's Sermons ...................... 641 Kyle HURLEY Kenoticism in The!Brothers!Karamazov and Confessions: Descending to Ascend ............................................................................................. 653 Elizabeth A. CLARK Augustine and American Professors in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries: From Adulation to Critique ............................. 667 Shane M. OWENS Christoecclesial Participation: Augustine, Zizioulas, and Contemporary Ecumenism .......................................................................................... 675 Dongsun CHO The Eternal Relational Submission of the Son to the Father: A Critical Reading of a Contemporary Evangelical Trinitarian Controversy on Augustine .............................................................................................