Sve-u-či-liš-te-u-Rijeci,-Filozofski-fakultet-–- Od-sjek-za-fi-lo-zo-fi-ju,-Rijeka,-Hrvatska- DOI-10.5937/kultura1653167V UDK 304.2 ------------------304-Смол-Х. pregledni-rad O VRI JED NO STI I BEZ VRI JED NO STI HU-MA-NI-STIČ-KIH-ZNA-NO-STI PO-UČ-CI-HE-LEN-SMALL Sa-že-tak: Pi ta nje mje sta, ulo ge i vri jed no sti hu ma ni stič kih zna no sti u da naš njem druš tvu i obra zo va nju jed no je od naj pri je por ni jih pi ta nja u su vre me nim obra zov nim po li ti ka ma i mno go je onih ko ji sma tra ju ka ko su hu ma ni stič ke zna no sti is pra zne, ne po treb ne, ne u čin ko vi te, šar- la tan ske i bez vri jed ne. U ra du se nu di pre gled ar gu me na ta na ko ji ma ti sta vo vi po či va ju i da je se pri kaz knji ge The Va lue of the Hu ma ni ti es au to ri ce He len Small ko ja iz u zet no kri tič ki ana li zi ra ova kvu per cep ci ju hu ma ni stič kih zna no sti i po ka zu je zaš to je ona po greš na. U za ključ ku se do dat no in zi sti ra na po tre bi za pre po zna va njem do pri no sa ko je ga hu ma ni stič ke zna no sti da ju sve u kup noj pro duk ci ji zna nja i po bolj ša nju kva li te te ži vo ta, te to li ko po treb no me osje ća ju smi sle no sti. Ključ-ne- ri-je-či: zna no sti – druš tve ne, hu ma ni stič ke, pri rod ne, He len Small, vri jed no sti Hu ma ni stič ke zna no sti da nas Go-di-ne-dvi-je-ti-su-ći-te,-ve-li-kan-fi-lo-zof-ske-mi-sli-dva-de-se-to-ga-sto- lje-ća,- Ber-nard-Wil-li-ams,- za-klju-čio- je- svo-je- obra-ća-nje- druš-tvu- Royal-In-sti-tu-te-of-Phi-lo-sophy-slje-de-ćim-ri-je-či-ma: „Za-pra-vo,- su-o-če-ni- smo- s- ri-skant-nom-mo-guč-noš-ću-da-cje-lo- kup-ni- hu-ma-ni-stič-ki- pro-jekt- na-sto-ja-nja- da- ra-zu-mi-je-mo- se-be- po-sta-ne- ču-dan.- Zbog- raz-li-či-tih- raz-lo-ga,- obra-zo-va-nje- se- sve- vi-še- usre-do-to-ču-je- na- teh-nič-ko- i- ko-mer-ci-jal-no,- do- toč-ke- na- IRIS-VIDMAR 168 IRIS VIDMAR kojoj-će-se-mo-žda-sva-ko-re-flek-siv-ni-je-pro-miš-lja-nje-či-ni-ti-ne- po-treb-nim-i-ar-ha-ič-nim,-neš-to-što-je-u-naj-bo-ljem-slu-ča-ju-tek-dio- na-slje-đa.-Ako- to-po-sta-ne-ostavš-ti-na-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih- zna-no-sti,- ta-da- ba-vlje-nje- nji-ma- vi-še- ne-će- bi-ti- stra-stve-na- i- in-te-li-gent-na- ak-tiv-nost-ka-kva-tre-ba-bi-ti.-In-te-res-za-po-sto-ja-njem-ta-kve-ak-tiv- no-sti-ima-mo-svi-–-i-on-ni-je-sa-mo-za-jed-nic-ki-ne-go-je-i-in-te-res- za-za-jed-nič-ku-ak-tiv-nost1. Sedamna-est-go-di-na-ka-sni-je-Wil-li-am-so-va-su-pred-vi-đa-nja-na-ža-lost- go-to-vo-pa-u-pot-pu-no-sti-ostva-re-na.-Broj- stu-de-na-ta-ko-ji- upi-su-ju- hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-vr-to-gla-vo-pa-da,-hu-ma-ni-stič-ki-od-sje-ci-za- tva-ra-ju-se-di-ljem-svi-je-ta,-jav-na-per-cep-ci-ja-hu-ma-ni-sta-ni-je-ni-kad- bi-la-ta-ko-ne-ga-tiv-na,-fi-nan-ci-ra-nje-is-tra-ži-va-nja-u-ovoj-do-me-ni-va- ri-ra-od-mi-ni-mal-no-ga-do-ne-po-sto-je-će-ga,-a-stav-pre-ma-vri-jed-no- sti-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti-odav-no-već-ni-je-po-tvr-dan,-pa-čak-ni- skep-ti-čan.-Što-vi-še,-go-to-vo-pa-jed-no-gla-sno,-vi-še-ma-nje-svi-(osim- mo-žda-po-ne-kog,- ri-jet-kog-za-lju-blje-ni-ka-u- in-te-lek-tu-al-ne- iza-zo-ve- ko-je-ove-di-sci-pli-ne-otva-ra-ju),-ne-pro-miš-lje-no-i-ne-u-te-me-lje-no-ali- vr-lo- si-lo-vi-to- ne-gi-ra-ju- vri-jed-nost- di-sci-pli-na- ko-je- su- fun-da-men- tal-no- po-sve-će-ne- čo-vje-ku- i- nje-go-vim- po-stig-nu-ći-ma.- Či-nje-ni-ca- da- hu-ma-ni-stič-ke- zna-no-sti- pred-sta-vlja-ju- naj-sta-ri-je- in-te-lek-tu-al-ne- na-po-re-i-po-stig-nu-ća-čo-vje-ka-uop-će-se-ne-uzi-ma-u-ob-zir-u-ras-pra- va-ma-o-vri-jed-no-sti-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti-–-u-svi-je-tu-u-ko-jem- nam-mla-de-gra-ne-pri-rod-nih-zna-no-sti-da-ju-"fri-ži-de-re,-oruž-je-i-li- je-ko-ve"2,-ko-me-jos-tre-ba-sta-ra-grin-ta-va-ba-ba-ko-ja-pri-ča-mi-to-ve- o-po-stan-ku-svi-je-ta,-ci-ti-ra-She-ke-spe-a-rea-i-pi-ta-se-o-smi-slu-ži-vo- ta-–-no-če-sto-se-za-bo-ra-vlja-da- je- raz-voj-pri-rod-nih- i-druš-tve-nih- zna-no-sti-bio-omo-gu-ćen-po-stig-nu-ći-ma-u-do-me-na-ma-ko-je-da-nas- pot-pa-da-ju- pod- hu-ma-ni-stič-ke- zna-no-sti,- pri-mar-no- fi-lo-zo-fi-ji.-Na- rav-no,-vre-men-ski-pri-mat-ili-raz-voj-ni-put-sa-mi-po-se-bi-ne-mo-gu- ute-me-lji-ti-vri-jed-nost-od-re-đe-ne-prak-se-uko-li-ko-ne-ke-dru-ge-prak-se- bo-lje-odra-đu-ju-funk-ci-ju-i-mno-gi-kri-ti-ča-ri-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti- da-nas-is-ti-ču-ka-ko-pri-rod-ne-i-druš-tve-ne-zna-no-sti-us-pješ-ni-je-odra- đu-ju-po-sao-ko-jeg- su-ne-ka-da-odra-đi-va-li-hu-ma-ni-sti-–-ge-ne-ri-ra-ju- zna-nje,-ot-kri-va-ju-isti-nu,-do-pri-no-se-ra-zu-mi-je-va-nju-sve-o-bu-hvat-ne- sli-ke-svi-je-ta,-ge-ne-ri-ra-ju-ći-pri-tom-kon-kret-ne-pro-iz-vo-de-i-su-stav-na- rje-še-nja- za- pro-ble-me- i- po-teš-ko-će- čo-vje-ka.-Me-đu-tim,- su-stav-no- ne-gi-ra-nje- vri-jed-no-sti- hu-ma-ni-stič-kih- zna-no-sti,- a- po-seb-no- ne-gi- ra-nje- do-pri-no-sa- ko-je- ove- zna-no-sti- da-ju- sve-u-kup-noj- pro-duk-ci-ji- zna-nja-i-po-bolj-ša-nju-kva-li-te-te-ži-vo-ta,-te-to-li-ko-po-treb-no-me-osje- ća-ju-smi-sla-i-vri-jed-no-sti-ka-kvo-me-da-nas-svje-do-či-mo-pred-sta-vlja- ve-li-ku-po-ten-ci-jal-nu-opa-snost-za-bu-du-ći-raz-voj-kul-tu-re-i-druš-tva.- Ključ-na-pi-ta-nja-ko-ja-hu-ma-ni-sti-po-sta-vlja-ju,-pi-ta-nja-o-do-bro-pro- ži-vlje-no-me-ži-vo-tu,-o-smi-slu-i-vri-jed-no-sti-ma,-kao-i-vješ-ti-ne-ko-je- 1- Wil-li-ams,-B.-(2006)-Phi lo sophy as a Hu man is tic Di sci pli ne,-Prin-ce-ton-UP,- str.-199.-- 2- Isto. 169 IRIS VIDMAR se-raz-vi-ja-ju-unu-tar-hu-ma-ni-stič-ko-ga-obra-zo-va-nja,-po-put-spo-sob- no-sti- re-flek-siv-no-ga- pro-miš-lja-nja- i- kri-tič-ke- eva-lu-a-ci-je,- na- fun- da-men-ta-lan-na-čin-od-re-đu-ju-i-de-fi-ni-ra-ju-ljud-skost-u-na-ma-i-vr-lo- je-ne-pro-miš-lje-no-mi-sli-ti-da-će-bi-lo-ka-kav- teh-no-loš-ki-na-pre-dak- mo-ći-na-dok-na-di-ti-nji-hov-gu-bi-tak.-Osim-to-ga,-je-di-no-hu-ma-ni-stič- ke-zna-no-sti-na-su-sta-van-na-čin-pro-miš-lja-ju-o-svi-je-tu-bu-duć-no-sti,- svi-je-tu-u-ko-jem-će-mo-se-mo-ra-ti- su-o-či-ti- s-po-slje-di-ca-ma-da-naš- njih-znan-stve-nih-po-stig-nu-ća-i-po-li-tič-kih-od-lu-ka-i-upo-zo-ra-va-ju-na- opa-sno-sti-u-ko-joj-se-naš-lo-čo-vje-čan-stvo-zbog-raz-vo-ja-sred-sta-va- ma-sov-nog,-a-mo-žda-i-ko-nač-nog-sa-mo-u-niš-te-nja.3 Kri-ti-ke-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti-ko-je-već-go-di-na-ma-pre-pla-vlju-ju- jav-ni-dis-kurs-i-ob-li-ku-ju-per-cep-ci-ju-hu-ma-ni-sta-mo-gu-se-pod-ve-sti- pod-ne-ko-li-ko-glav-nih-od-red-ni-ca.-Pr-vo,-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-ne- od-go-va-ra-ju-pra-vim-stan-dar-di-ma-i-na-če-li-ma-znan-stve-no-ga-is-tra- ži-va-nja-i-po-greš-no-ih-je-kla-si-fi-ci-ra-ti-kao-zna-nost.-Kod-hu-ma-ni-sta- ne-po-sto-ji-je-din-stve-na-me-to-da-ko-ja-bi-sa-si-gur-noš-ću-uka-zi-va-la-na- to-da-is-tra-ži-va-nja-ko-ja-se-pro-vo-de-u-ovim-do-me-na-ma-za-i-sta-ot-kri- va-ju-isti-nu-od-no-sno-ge-ne-ri-ra-ju-zna-nje-(ili,-ako-i-ge-ne-ri-ra-ju-zna- nje,-ne-ja-sno-je,-ne-ki-ma,-zaš-to-bi-to-zna-nje-bi-lo-vri-jed-no).-Osim- ne-po-sto-je-ćih-ili-ba-rem-dvoj-be-nih-me-to-da-is-tra-ži-va-nja,-upit-no-je- i-ko-je-su-me-to-de-ve-ri-fi-ka-ci-je,-što-po-slje-dič-no-re-zul-ti-ra-'anything go es'-kri-teri-jem-i-po-slje-dič-no,-te-ze-hu-ma-ni-sta-če-sto-su-is-pra-zne,- dvoj-be-ne-i-ne-u-te-me-lje-ne,-a-ipak-ima-ju-sta-tus-znan-stve-nih-te-o-ri-ja.- Dru-go,-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-pri-mar-no-su-ka-rak-te-ri-zi-ra-ne-svo- jim-na-da-sve-su-bjek-tiv-nim-ele-men-tom,-za-raz-li-ku-od-objek-tiv-ne- di-men-zi-je-pri-rod-nih,-pa-čak-i-druš-tve-nih-zna-no-sti.-Ob-zi-rom-na- iz-o-sta-nak-ove-vr-ste-po-ve-zni-ce-sa-svi-je-tom,-od-no-sno-sa-objek-tiv- nom-re-al-noš-ću,-dvoj-be-no-je-u-ko-joj-su-mje-ri-hu-man-i-stič-ke-zna- no-sti-do-pri-nje-le-bo-ljit-ku-druš-tva,-bi-lo- te-o-rij-ski,-bi-lo-prak-tič-no,- ob-zi-rom-da- se-bi-lo-ko-ja- te-o-ri-ja- ne-mi-nov-no-mo-že- iz-jed-na-či-ti- s- osob-nim,-su-bjek-tiv-nim-sta-vom,-miš-lje-njem-ili-per-spek-ti-vom-ko- ja- ni-je- nu-žno- ute-me-lje-na- u- či-nje-ni-ca-ma- i- ne- od-go-va-ra- svi-je-tu- ne-go- po-je-din-cu.-Tre-će,- hu-ma-ni-stič-ke- zna-no-sti- ba-ve- se- ras-pre- da-nji-ma- oko- 'kla-si-ka'- (pri-mje-ri-ce- knji-žev-nih- ili- fi-lo-zof-skih)- i- cje-lo-kup-ni-se-'na-pre-dak'-mo-že-sve-sti-na-go-mi-la-nje-sta-vo-va,-in- ter-pre-ta-ci-ja-i-re-in-ter-pre-ta-ci-ja-uvi-jek-istih-pro-ble-ma-ili-mi-sli-o-ca.- Po-seb-no-u-do-me-ni-fi-lo-zo-fi-je,-ovaj-je-pro-blem-po-stao-po-znat-kao- 'sta-ja-liš-te-o-ne-po-sto-ja-nju-pro-gre-sa'-(No-pro-gress-view4). 3- Vi-di-pri-mje-ri-ce:- Jo-nas,-H.- (1984)-The Im pe ra ti ve of Re spon si bi lity: In Se- arch of an Et hics for the Tec hno lo gi cal Aga, Uni-ver-sity-of-Chi-ca-go-Press;- Pr-njat,-A.-(2012)-Apo-ka-lip-sa-bez-ot-kri-ve-nja:-Sve-to-zar-Sto-ja-no-vić-o-mo-guć- no-sti-sa-mo-u-niš-te-nja-čo-ve-čan-stva,-The o ria,-Vol.-55,-4,-str.-113-128;-Bac-ca-ri-ni,- E.-(2015)-In A Bet ter World? Pu blic Re a son and Bi o tec hno lo gi es, Sve-u-či-liš-te- Ri-je-ka. 4- Vi-di- pri-mje-ri-ce:- Chal-mers,- D.- (2015)-Why- Isn't- The-re- Mo-re- Pro-gress- in- Phi-losophy?-Phi losophy,-90,-p.-3-31. 170 IRIS VIDMAR Sva-ka-od-ovih-kri-ti-ka-te-me-lji-se-na-po-greš-noj-kon-cep-ci-ji-hu-ma- ni-stič-kih- zna-no-sti,- ili- na- po-greš-no- iz-ve-de-nom- ge-ne-ra-li-zi-ra-nju,- pri-li-kom-če-ga-se- jed-na-di-sci-pli-na-unu-tar-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no- sti-po-greš-no-uzi-ma-kao-pa-ra-dig-mat-ska.-Ov-dje-mi-ni-je-na-mje-ra- de-talj-ni-je-od-go-vo-ri-ti-na-sva-ku-od-njih,-no-po-treb-no-je-is-tak-nu-ti,- jer-mno-gi- kri-ti-ča-ri- hu-ma-ni-stič-kih- zna-no-sti- to- če-sto- ig-no-ri-ra-ju,- da-sva-ka-hu-ma-ni-stič-ka-di-sci-pli-na-ima-svo-je-me-to-de-is-tra-ži-va-nja- i-pro-vje-re,-kao-i-re-le-vant-ne-kri-te-ri-je-ono-ga-što-pred-sta-vlja-ori-gi- na-lan- i- znan-stve-no- ute-me-ljen- do-pri-nos- po-je-di-noj- di-sci-pli-ni.-U- do-me-ni-fi-lo-zo-fi-je,-pri-mje-ri-ce,-te-zu-o-ne-po-sto-ja-nju-me-to-de-is-tra- ži-va-nja- i-me-to-de-ve-ri-fi-ka-ci-je-mo-že-se- la-ko-po-bi-ti-uka-zi-va-njem- na-me-to-du-kon-cep-tu-al-ne-ana-li-ze-ko-ja-je-jed-no-od-naj-ja-čih-oru-đa- u-fi-lo-zo-fo-voj-ku-ti-ji-ala-ta,-ili-na-spe-ci-fič-nu-fe-no-me-no-loš-ki-ute-me- lje-nu-ana-li-zu.-Sa-ma-po-vi-jest-em-pi-ri-zma-i-ra-ci-o-na-li-zma-naj-bo-lje- svje-do-či-u-pri-log-to-me-ko-liko-su-sa-mi-fi-lo-zo-fi-osje-tlji-vi-na-ovo- pi-ta-nje.-Prak-sa-'pe er re vi ew'-me-to-da-je-ko-jom-se-eli-mi-ni-ra-ju-ne- po-tpu-ne,-po-greš-ne-ili-ne-u-te-me-lje-ne-te-o-ri-je-ili-sta-vo-vi,-a-sa-ma-di- ja-lek-ti-ka-'pi-ta-nja-i-od-go-vo-ra',-od-no-sno-pri-mje-ra-i-pro-tu-pri-mje-ra- (di-ja-lek-tič-ke-ide-je-o-te-zi-i-an-ti-te-zi)-po-ka-zu-je-ri-go-ro-znost-ko-jom- se-pro-vje-ra-va-ju-po-je-di-ni-ar-gu-men-ti-unu-tar-fi-lo-zo-fi-je.-Kri-ti-ka-sa- dr-ža-na-pod-dru-gom-toč-kom-za-pra-vo-iz-o-kre-će-jed-nu-od-naj-ve-ćih- vri-jed-no-sti-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti,-a-to-je-pri-mat-su-bjek-tiv-ne-di- men-zi-je- nad- objek-tiv-nom.-Ne-ću- ov-dje- ula-zi-ti- u- po-zna-tu- ide-ju- 'po-gle-da-ni-ot-ku-da'-i-'po-gle-da-od-ne-ku-da'-Tho-ma-sa-Ne-ge-la,-ni-ti- o-hva-le-vri-jed-no-me-pri-zna-nju-fi-zi-ča-ra-Er-wi-na-Schro-din-ge-ra-o-to- me-ka-ko-pri-rod-ne-zna-no-sti,-ko-je-sma-tra-ju-da-ima-ju-pri-mat-nad- isti-nom,-ne-go-vo-re-niš-ta-o-umu-i-nje-go-vom-mje-stu-u-svi-je-tu5,-no- sva-ka-ko-vri-je-di-is-tak-nu-ti-da-upra-vo-ovaj-mo-ment-su-bje-ktiv-no-sti- omo-gu-ću-je- hu-ma-ni-stič-kim- zna-no-sti-ma- da- se- u- svo-jim- is-tra-ži- va-nji-ma-pri-mar-no-ba-ve-di-men-zi-jom-ljud-sko-ga,-ko-ja-se-naj-češ-će- opri-mje-ru-je-u-ras-pra-va-ma-o-vri-jed-no-sti-ma,-sta-vo-vi-ma-i-per-spek- ti-va-ma.-Upra-vo-je-ve-li-ka-pred-nost-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti-u-to- me-sto-pri-mar-no-po-la-ze-od-i-vra-ća-ju-se-čo-vje-ku,-od-no-sno-opi- su-ju- svi-jet-uklju-ču-ju-ći-per-spek-ti-vu-čo-vje-ka- i- nje-go-vo- is-ku-stvo- bi-vanja-u-svi-je-tu.-- I-kri-ti-ka- sa-dr-ža-na-pod- tre-ćom- toč-kom- te-me-lji- se-na-po-greš-no- me-shva-ća-nju-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti.-Pri-je-sve-ga,-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke- su-zna-no-sti-spe-ci-fič-ne-upra-vo-po-svo-joj-usmje-re-no-sti-na-ljud-ske- prak-se,-mi-sli,-ide-je,-stva-ra-laš-tvo-i-sve-ono-sto-či-ni-ma-te-ri-jal-nu-i- ne-ma-te-ri-jal-nu-kul-tu-ru.-Ob-zi-rom-da-po-sto-je-po-je-din-ci,-po-put-Pla- to-na,-So-fo-kla,-Bet-ho-we-e-na,-Ca-ra-vag-gi-oa,-ko-ji-su-ostavi-li-ne-iz- bri-si-vi-trag-i-ne-pre-suš-ni-utje-caj-na-na-šu-kul-tu-ru,-ne-bi-nas-tre-ba-lo- ču-di-ti-što-se-sva-ka-no-va-ge-ne-ra-ci-ja-ne-mi-nov-no-okre-će-'sta-ri-ji-ma'- i-raz-vi-ja-nji-ho-ve-ide-je-ili-nu-di-no-vo-vi-đe-nje-nji-ho-vih-ide-ja.-To-ne- 5- Vi-di:-McDo-nald,-R.-Af-ter-Su-spi-cion:-Sur-fa-ce,-Met-hod,-Va-lue,-in:-The Va lu es of Li te rary Stu di es,-ur.-McDo-nald,-R.-(2015),-Cam-brid-ge-UP. 171 IRIS VIDMAR zna-či-da-u-do-me-ni-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti-ne-ma-na-pret-ka,-već- po-ka-zu-je-zbog-če-ga-su-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-i-da-lje-re-le-vant-ne- i- zaš-to- pro-la-ze- 'test- vre-me-na'.- Isto- ta-ko,- du-go-traj-nost- pi-ta-nja,- na-ko-ju-se-za-stup-ni-ci-te-o-ri-je-o-ne-po-sto-ja-nju-pro-gre-sa-vo-le-po-zi- va-ti,-re-zul-tat-je-ne-pre-sta-ne-re-le-vant-no-sti-tih-pi-ta-nja,-a-ne-ne-spo- sobnosti-hu-ma-ni-sta. Per-cep-ci-ja-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti-ko-ja-po-či-va-na-jed-noj-od-ove- tri-pre-mi-se-ne-ma-je-din-stve-no-po-la-ziš-te,-pa-ta-ko-ni-je-din-stve-no- ga- 'ne-pri-ja-te-lja'.- Po-ne-kad- su- upra-vo- ko-le-ge- s- od-sje-ka- pri-rod- nih- ili-druš-tve-nih-zna-no-sti- sklo-ni-na-hu-ma-ni-ste-gle-da-ti- s-vi-so- ka,-tri-vi-ja-li-zi-ra-ti-nji-hov-rad,-is-tra-ži-va-nja-i-za-ključ-ke,-a-po-ne-kad- čak-i-svo-ja-ta-ti-nji-ho-va-di-stink-tiv-na-pod-ruč-ja.6-Me-dju-tim,-ko-li-ko- god- ra-zor-ne-kri-ti-ke-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih- zna-no-sti- ko-je- se- te-me-lje-na- jed-no-me-od-ova- tri- ar-gu-men-ta,- ili-ne-koj-nji-ho-voj-kom-bi-na-ci-ji,- ni-ti- jed-na- kri-ti-ka- ni-je- to-li-ko- ra-zor-na- ko-li-ko- ona,- sve-pri-sut-na- i- ne-pre-sta-no- sve- gla-sni-ja,- zbog- ko-je- se- već- go-di-na-ma- ga-se- hu- ma-ni-stič-ki-od-sje-ci-di-ljem-svi-je-ta,-kri-ti-ka-ko-ja-ni-je-usmje-re-na-na- 'te-o-rij-ske'- pro-ble-me- hu-ma-ni-stič-kih- zna-no-sti- ne-go- na- nji-ho-vu- 'prak-tič-nu'-di-men-zi-ju.-Ili,-toč-ni-je,-na-nje-zin-iz-o-sta-nak,-ob-zi-rom- da-se-pod-prak-tič-nom-di-men-zi-jom-pod-ra-zu-mje-va-iz-o-sta-nak-bi-lo- ka-kve-fi-nan-cij-ske-vri-jed-no-sti-ili-ko-ri-sti-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti.- Ovaj-se-stav-mo-že-te-me-lji-ti-na-te-zi-da-su-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti- bes-ko-ri-sne-za-druš-tvo,-u- smi-slu-da-ne-nu-de-ni-ka-kve-prak-tič-ne- pro-iz-vo-de-od-ko-jih-bi-ono-ima-lo-ko-ri-sti,-ili-na-te-zi-da-je-zna-nje- ko-je-po-je-di-nac-do-bi-va-obra-zo-va-njem-u-ovoj-do-me-ni-bes-po-treb- no,-jer-mu-ne-omo-gu-ću-je-na-la-že-nje-po-sla-od-no-sno-na-čin-da-bu-de- druš-tvu-ko-ri-stan.-Ob-zi-rom-na-na-ve-de-no,-sve-je-ve-ći-pri-ti-sak-za- sma-nje-njem-fi-nan-ci-ra-nja-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-od-sje-ka,-i-sve-su-gla-sni-ji- sa-vje-ti-po-ten-ci-jal-nim-stu-den-ti-ma-da-svo-je-obra-zo-va-nje-po-tra-že- na-nekom-dru-gom-mje-stu.-- He len Small: vri jed nost hu ma ni stič kih zna no sti Ob-zi-rom-na-ova-kvo-sta-nje,-ne-ču-di-što-sve-ve-ći-broj-hu-ma-ni-sta- osje-ća-po-tre-bu-'bra-ni-ti'-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti.-Knji-žev-ni-te-o-re- ti-ča-ri- i-kri-ti-ča-ri,-po-put-Ste-fa-na-Col-li-nia,-fi-lo-zo-fi,-po-put-Mart-he- Nus-sba-um,- te-o-re-ti-ča-ri- kul-tu-re- po-put- Pe-te-ra- Swir-skog,- svo-jim- ra-do-vi-ma-na-sto-je-po-ka-za-ti- zbog-če-ga- su-kri-ti-ke-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih- zna-no-sti-ne-u-te-me-lje-ne,- a-The Va lue of the Hu ma ni ti es,- au-to-ri- ce-He-len-Small,-jed-na-je-od-naj-su-stav-ni-jih-knji-ga-ko-je-se-ba-ve- 6- Vi-di- pri-mje-ri-ce:- The Ox ford Hand bo ok of Cog ni ti ve Li te rary Stu di es,- ur.- Zun-shi-ne,-L.- (2015),-Ox-ford-UP.-Ve-li-ki- je-uda-rac-vri-jed-no-sti-hu-man-i-stič-ke- kon-cep-ci-je-fi-lo-zo-fi-je-za-dao-Ste-ven-Haw-king-pro-gla-siv-ši-'smrt-fi-lo-zo-fi-je'-(vi- di:-Tho-ma-son,-A.-(2015)-What-Can-Phi-lo-sophy-Re-ally-Do?,-The Phi lo sop- her's Ma ga zi ne-71,-p.-17-23.- 172 IRIS VIDMAR ovim- 'pro-ble-mom'.7- Small- po-zi-ci-o-ni-ra- de-ba-te- oko- vri-jed-no-sti- hu-ma-ni-stič-kih- zna-no-sti- u- ši-ri- po-vi-je-sni- kon-tekst,- uka-zu-ju-ći- na- pri-je-por-na-raz-do-blja-u-raz-vo-ju-zna-no-sti-op-će-ni-to-i-su-vre-me-no-ga- su-sta-va-obra-zo-va-nja-ko-ja-su-obi-lje-ži-la-zna-čaj-ne-ko-ra-ke-u-for-mu- la-ci-ji-onih-ar-gu-me-na-ta-ko-ji-da-nas-po-pri-ma-ju-svoj-naj-ra-zvi-je-ni-ji,- ia-ko- ni-ka-ko- i- naj-o-ri-gi-nal-ni-ji- iz-ri-čaj.- Da-naš-nje- de-ba-te- iz-me-dju- ta-ko-zva-nih-'dvi-ju-kul-tu-ra'-ka-ko-to-tu-ma-či-S.-P.-Snow,-hu-ma-ni- stič-ke- i- znan-stve-ne,- od-go-va-ra-ju-bi-nar-nim-opo-zi-ci-ja-ma-ko-je- su- po-sto-ja-le-u-an-ti-ci-iz-me-dju-ars i sci en tia,-u-sred-njem-vi-je-ku-iz- me-dju-hu-ma-ni-zma-i-sko-la-sti-ke,-u-ro-man-ti-zmu-iz-me-dju-Carlylea- i-Co-le-rid-gea-ko-ji-su-se-su-prot-sta-vlja-li-Bent-ha-mu-i-Ja-me-su-Mil-lu,- u-neo-kla-si-ci-zmu-u-po-le-mi-ci- iz-me-dju-Mat-thew-Ar-nol-da- i-T.-H.- Hux-leya,- te-u-mo-der-no-do-ba-u-po-le-mi-ci- iz-me-dju-F.-R.-Le-a-vi- sa- i-C.-P.-Sno-wa8.-Tra-di-ci-ja-dvi-ju-kul-tu-ra-u- su-vre-me-no- se-do- ba-pro-ši-ru-je-na-tre-ću,-ko-ja-ob-u-hva-ća-odva-ja-nje-i-in-di-vi-du-i-ra-nje- druš-tve-nih-zna-no-sti-ko-je,-una-toč-to-me-što-su-ma-nje-eg-zakt-ne-od- pri-rod-nih,-ipak-ima-ju-bo-lji-i-po-želj-ni-ji-sta-tus-u-smi-slu-per-cep-ci-je- ko-ri-sti- i- vri-jed-no-sti,- po-naj-vi-še- zbog- raz-li-či-tih- gra-na- eko-no-mi- je-ko-je-spa-da-ju-u-ovu-do-me-nu.-Za-ni-mlji-vo-je-da-se-pa-ra-la-le-no- 7- Small,-H.-(2013)-The Va lue of the Hu ma ni ti es,-Ox-ford-Uni-ver-sity-Press.-Ia- ko-je-knji-ga-Smal-lo-ve-po-sve-će-na-pri-mar-no-te-o-rij-skoj-ar-gu-men-ta-ci-ji,-au-to-ri- ca-u-ne-ko-li-ko-na-vra-ta-opi-su-je- i-kon-kret-ne,-prak-tič-ne-pro-bleme- i-po-teš-ko-će- s-ko-ji-ma-se-hu-ma-ni-stič-ki-od-sje-ci-u-Engleskoj- su-sre-ću,-pri-če-mu-uglav-nom- ima-na-umu-po-ste-pe-no-sma-nje-nje-bu-dže-ta-za-is-tra-ži-va-nje,-kao-i-po-ten-ci-jal-no- sma-nje-nje-bro-ja-stu-de-na-ta-ko-ji-upi-su-ju-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-stu-di-je,-vje-ru-ju-ći-da-s- tom-vr-stom-obra-zo-va-nja-ne-će-bi-ti-po-želj-ni-kan-di-da-ti-na-tr-žiš-tu-ra-da.-Ob-zi-rom- na-ta-kav-kon-tekst,-Small-opre-zno-uka-zu-je-na-spe-ci-fič-nost-ne-kih-svo-jih-ar-gu- me-na-ta-ob-zi-rom-na-po-li-tič-ko-eko-nom-sko-ze-le-đe-unu-tar-ko-je-ga-ona-dje-lu-je-i- upu-ću-je-na-mo-guć-nost-da-se-u-ne-kim-dru-gim-ze-mlja-ma-(pri-če-mu-pr-ven-stve- no-re-fe-ri-ra-na-Ame-ri-ku- i-nje-zin-mo-del-Li be ral Arts-obra-zo-va-nja)-ova-vr-sta- de-ba-ta- od-vi-ja- u- po-neš-to- iz-mje-nje-no-me- kon-tek-stu,- ob-zi-rom-na- do-mi-nant-ne- su-sta-ve-fi-nan-ci-ra-nja-sve-u-či-liš-ta-i-is-tra-ži-vač-ko-ga-ra-da.-Mo-del-obra-zo-va-nja-ko-ji- je-pri-su-tan-u-Hr-vat-skoj-i-re-gi-ji-do-volj-no-je-sli-čan-en-gle-sko-me-mo-de-lu-i-vje- ru-jem-da-je-ras-pra-va-ko-ju-Small-otva-ra-sto-ga-i-vi-še-ne-go-ko-ri-sna.-Po-seb-na-je- vri-jed-nost-knji-ge-što-svo-jom-ar-gu-men-ta-cij-skom-sna-gom-i-za-vid-nom-fi-lo-zof- skom-pre-ci-znoš-ću-(ko-ju-po-seb-no-na-gla-ša-vam-ob-zi-rom-da-Small-ni-je-fi-lo-zof)- na-di-la-zi-eko-nom-ske-i-po-li-tič-ke-okol-no-sti-ili-spe-ci-fič-no-sti-mo-de-la-obra-zo-va-nja- i-nu-di-na-da-sve-ko-he-rent-nu,-ja-snu-i-su-stav-nu-vi-zi-ju-vri-jed-no-sti-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih- znanosti. 8- Ova-kve-su-ras-pra-ve-kul-mi-ni-ra-le-1996,-ka-da-Alan-So-kal-ob-ja-vlju-je-znan-stve-ni- rad-u- ta-da-vr-lo-ci-je-nje-no-me-ča-so-pi-su-So cial Text.-No,-ka-ko-je-sam-iz-ja-vio,- 'znan-stve-ni- rad'-za-pra-vo- je-bi-la-smiš-lje-na-pod-va-la-ko-jom-je-že-lio-po-ka-za-ti- ka-ko-se-u-do-me-ni-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti-ob-ja-vlju-ju-ra-do-vi-dvoj-be-na-sa-dr-ža- ja-i-uz-vrlo-ma-lo-te-o-rij-sko-ga-upo-riš-ta,-te-ka-ko-je-je-di-ni-kri-te-rij-ob-ja-vlji-va-nja- do-volj-no-kom-plek-sna-re-to-ri-ka-i-mu-dro-po-zi-ci-o-ni-ra-no-za-go-va-ra-nje-ide-ja-lje-vi- čar-sko-ga-usmje-re-nja.-So-kal-je-pri-mar-no-na-pa-dao-utje-caj-post-mo-der-ni-stič-kih- mi-sli-o-ca-na-zna-nost,-tvr-de-ći-ka-ko-su-po-tak-nu-li-trend-odva-ja-nja-zna-no-sti-od- objek-tiv-no-sti- i- isit-ne.-Ob-ja-vlji-va-nje-ovog-ra-da,-od-no-sno-pri-zna-nje-au-to-ra-o- pot-pu-no-ne-u-te-me-lje-nim-i-na-mjer-no-ne-toč-nim-i-na-da-sve-is-pra-znim-te-za-ma-i- ide-ja-ma-po-tak-nu-li- su- ci-je-li- niz- po-le-mi-ka- oko-kri-te-ri-ja- iz-vr-sno-sti- u- do-me-ni- znan-stve-no-ga-is-tra-ži-va-nja,-epi-ste-mo-lo-gi-ji-znan-stve-ne-prak-se-i-op-će-ni-to-ra-zli- ci-iz-me-đu-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-i-pri-rod-nih-zna-no-sti.-Vi-di:-http://www.physics.nyu. edu/so-kal/#de-ba-te_lin-gu-a-fran-ca.-- 173 IRIS VIDMAR s-na-stan-kom-tre-će-kul-tu-re-od-vi-ja-ju,-s- jed-ne-stra-ne,-pro-ce-si-sve- ve-će-spe-ci-ja-li-za-ci-je,-a-s-dru-ge,-udru-ži-va-nje-na-iz-gled-pot-pu-no-ne- spo-jivih-zna-no-sti-u-do-mi-nant-no-me-tren-du-in-ter-di-sci-pli-nar-no-sti.- Či-nje-ni-ca- da- su-vre-me-ni- na-pad- na- hu-ma-ni-stič-ke- zna-no-sti- ne- pred-sta-vlja- 'niš-ta- no-va'- tre-ba-la- bi- utje-ši-ti- hu-ma-ni-ste,- ohra-bri-ti- ih- i-uje-di-ni-ti-u-nji-ho-vu-na-sto-ja-nju-da-vra-te-dig-ni-tet- i-uka-žu-na- vri-jed-nost- svo-jih- di-sci-pli-na9.- Small- ta-ko- ka-te-go-rič-ki- od-ba-cu-je- po-tre-bu-da-go-vo-ri-mo-o-'ob-ra-ni'-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti,- tvr-de- ći-da-ta-kav-go-vor-sa-mo-do-dat-no-po-ti-če-per-cep-ci-ju-nji-ho-ve-bez- vri-jed-no-sti- i- bes-ko-ri-sno-sti.- Umje-sto- to-ga,- hu-ma-ni-sti- bi- tre-ba-li- vje-ro-va-ti-u-svo-je-di-sci-pli-ne-i-hra-bro-na-sta-vi-ti-sa-svo-jim-ra-dom,- is-tra-ži-va-nji-ma-i-ra-dom-sa-stu-den-ti-ma.-Nje-zi-na-ana-li-za-hu-ma-ni- stič-kih-zna-no-sti-ni-je-apo-lo-ge-tič-ka,-upra-vo-su-prot-no,-Small-hra- bro- i- uvjer-lji-vo- ocr-ta-va- di-stink-tiv-nu- vri-jed-nost- di-sci-pli-na- ko-je- su-tre-nut-no-to-li-ko-obez-vri-je-đe-ne.-Ve-li-ka-je-pred-nost-što-za-ra-zu- mi-je-va-nje-ar-gu-me-na-ta-ko-je-au-to-ri-ca-nu-di-ni-je-po-treb-no-bo-ga-to- pred-zna-nje-ili-po-zna-va-nje-kla-si-ka,-kao-sto-je-mje-sti-mi-ce-slu-čaj- s- ana-li-zom- knji-žev-nih- stu-di-ja- sa-ku-plje-nih- kod-McDo-nal-da- ili- Zun-shi-ne. U-pr-vo-me-po-gla-vlju-Small- nu-di- ka-rak-te-ri-za-ci-ju- hu-ma-ni-stič-kih- zna-no-sti-ka-ko-bi-za-hva-ti-la-nji-ho-vu-po-seb-nost-i-raz-li-či-tost-u-od- no-su-na-dru-ga-znan-stve-na-pod-ruč-ja,-što- je-ote-ža-no-či-nje-ni-com- da- se-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-di-sci-pli-ne-me-đu-sob-no-po-pri-lič-no- raz-li-ku-ju- ob-zi-rom- na- ci-lje-ve,-me-to-de- i- pod-ruč-ja- is-tra-ži-va-nja,- ali- i- ti-me- što-druš-tve-ne- i-pri-rod-ne-zna-no-sti-ko-ri-ste-me-to-de-ko-je- se- sma- tra-ju-de-fi-ni-ra-ju-ći-ma-za-hu-ma-ni-ste,-po-put-sa-mo-kri-tič-ke-re-flek-si- je10.-Small-od-ba-cu-je- 'im-pe-ri-ja-li-stič-ko-od-re-đe-nje'-pre-ma-ko-jem- 9- Za-ni-mlji-vo-je-da-ne-ki-hu-ma-ni-sti-sma-tra-ju-ka-ko-me-to-da-uje-di-nja-va-nja-ni-je-ni- ti-po-treb-na,-a-ni-ti-do-bra-za-ras-pra-ve-o-vri-jed-no-sti-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-di-sci-pli-na.- Rónān-McDo-nald-pri-mje-ri-ce- tvr-di-da- su-po-je-di-nač-ne-di-sci-pli-ne-unu-tar-hu- ma-ni-stič-kih- zna-no-sti- pre-vi-še-me-đu-sob-no- raz-li-či-te,- ima-ju- raz-li-či-ta- pod-ru-čja- is-tra-ži-va-nja,-raz-li-či-te-me-to-de,-spe-ci-fič-ne-tra-di-ci-je-i-po-vi-jest-ide-ja-i-ob-zi-rom-na- to,-po-tre-bu-ju-i-osla-nja-ju-se-na-spe-ci-fič-ne-me-to-de-oprav-da-nja-ko-je-se-ne-mo-gu- ge-ne-ra-li-zi-ra-ti- na- sve-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti.-Ono- što- funk-ci-o-ni-ra-u- slu-ča-ju- jed-ne-di-sci-pli-ne-ne-će-nu-žno-funk-ci-ni-ra-ti-u-slu-ča-ju-ne-ke-dru-ge-i-sto-ga-je-bo-lji- pri-stup-onaj-u-ko-jem-sva-ka-di-sci-pli-na-na-stu-pa-sa-mo-stal-no,-uka-zu-ju-ći-na-one- ka-rak-te-ri-sti-ke-ko-je-su-spe-ci-fič-ne-za-nje-zi-no-pod-ruč-je,-i-ta-ko-po-ka-zu-je-svo-ju- va-žnost-(vi-di:-McDo-nald,-R.-In-tro-duc-tion,-in:-The Va lu es of Li te rary Stu di es,- ur.-McDo-nald,-R.-(2015),-Cam-brid-ge-UP).-Ova-kav-je-stav-ipak-pri-je-iz-nim- ka-ne-go-pra-vi-lo.-Mart-ha-Nus-sba-um-pri-mje-ri-ce-po-zi-va-na-uje-di-nje-nje-eti-ke-i- knji-žev-no-sti-i-op-će-ni-to-go-vo-ri-o-Li be ral Arts-(ra-di-je-ne-go-li-o-po-je-di-nač-noj- di-sci-pli-ni)-ka-da-iz-no-si-ar-gu-men-te-u-ko-rist-hu-ma-ni-stič-kog-obra-zo-va-nja.-Ste-fan- Col-li-ni-ta-ko-đer-go-vo-ri-iz-per-spek-ti-ve-uje-di-nje-nih-di-sci-pli-na;-Vi-djeti:-Col-li-ni- (2012)-What Are Uni ver si ti es For?,-Pen-guin. 10-Va-lja-na-po-me-nu-ti-da-ono-što-su-u-Hr-vat-skoj-kla-si-fi-ka-ci-ji-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna- no-sti,-u-ze-mlja-ma-en-gle-sko-ga-go-vor-no-ga-pod-ruč-ja-po-kri-ve-no-je-poj-mom-hu- ma ni ti es,- sto- im-pli-ci-ra-da-su- to-di-sci-pli-ne-ko-je- su-poj-mov-no-su-prot-sta-vlje- ne-zna-no-sti-(a-ti-me-i-im-pli-cit-no-odvo-je-ne-od-do-me-ne-is-tra-ži-va-nja-ko-ja-te-že- objek-tiv-no-sti,-isti-ni-i-ne-pri-stra-no-sti).-Ne-ki-hu-ma-ni-sti-na-sto-je-nad-vl-ada-ti-ovaj- 174 IRIS VIDMAR je-upra-vo-(sa-mo)kri-tič-nost-di-stink-tiv-no-svoj-stvo-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih- di-sci-pli-na,-tvr-de-ći-da-(sa-mo)kri-tič-nost-ni-po-če-mu-ni-je-spe-ci-fič- na-za-hu-ma-ni-ste,-čak-ni-one-naj-kri-tič-ni-je-me-dju-nji-ma,-fi-lo-zo-fe11.- Hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-pri-mar-no-se-ba-ve-pro-u-ča-va-njem-lju-di- i- nji-ho-ve-kul-tu-re-od-no-sno-proš-lih-i-sa-daš-njih-prak-si-odre-đi-va-nja- zna-če-nja-unu-tar-kul-tu-re-i-kul-tur-ne-baš-ti-ne,-usmje-ra-va-ju-ći-se-na- in-ter-pre-ta-ci-ju-i-kri-tič-ku-eva-lu-a-ci-ju,-pri-mar-no-u-ter-mi-ni-ma-in-di- vi-du-al-no-ga-od-go-va-ra-nja-i-uz-ne-iz-bje-žan-mo-ment-su-bjek-tiv-no-sti.- Uz- ele-ment- kri-tič-no-sti,- nji-hov- 'po-sao'- uklju-ču-je- i- de-skrip-ci-ju,- eva-lu-a-ci-ju,-na-ga-đa-nja-i-po-sta-vlja-nja-hi-po-te-za,-pa-čak-i-iza-zi-va- nje-i-pro-vo-ci-ra-nje-usta-lje-nih-ide-ja-i-te-o-ri-ja.-Jav-na-svr-ha-hu-ma-ni- stič-kih-is-tra-ži-va-nja-ob-u-hva-ća-odr-ža-va-nje-i-re-a-ni-ma-ci-ju-zna-nja-o- kul-tu-ro-loš-ko-me-na-slje-đu,-eks-pli-ci-ra-nje-kul-tu-ro-loš-kih-pro-iz-vo-da- i-pro-ce-sa-kao-i-po-ti-ca-nje-jav-ne-zna-ti-že-lje-pre-ma-no-vim-pred-me-ti- ma-i-prak-sa-ma.-Small-sma-tra-ka-ko-su-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-jed- na-ko-usmje-re-ne-na-pri-ro-du-in-di-vi-du-al-no-ga-od-go-vo-ra-i-re-ak-ci-je,- kao-i-na-tvrd-nje-ko-je-se-mo-gu-ge-ne-ra-li-zi-ra-ti,-uz-od-re-đe-nu-do-zu- 'bo-je-i-tem-pe-ra-men-ta'-ta-kvih-od-go-vo-ra-ko-ja-pre-va-zi-la-zi-kri-tič-ki- mo-ment-is-pi-ti-va-nja.-U-svo-jem-naj-bo-ljem-iz-da-nju,-te-o-ri-ja-hu-ma- ni-sta-za-pra-vo-je-do-ve-de-na-na-ra-zi-nu-umjet-no-sti,-u-smi-slu-da-je- pro-že-ta-spe-ci-fič-nim-in-di-vi-du-al-nim-sti-li-stič-kim-obi-ljež-ji-ma.- Small-se-ov-dje-do-ti-če-i-te-o-ri-ja-o-ka-rak-te-ro-lo-gi-ja-ma-ko-je-su-spe- ci-fič-ne-za-stav-o-dvi-je-kul-tu-re,-pre-ma-ko-ji-ma-uro-nje-nost-u-jed-nu- znan-stve-nu-stru-ju-ob-li-ku-je-svje-to-na-zor-oso-be-i-od-re-đu-je-nje-zin- ka-rak-ter,- što- do-vo-di- do- for-mi-ra-nja- ko-lek-tiv-no-ga- eto-sa,- od-no- sno- za-jed-nič-ko-ga- iz-ra-za- od-re-đe-nih- vri-jed-no-sti.- Vje-ro-va-nje- o- po-sto-ja-nju- od-re-đe-nih- ka-rak-ter-nih- pre-di-spo-zi-ci-ja- zbog- ko-jih- se- ne-tko-od-lu-ču-je-za-pri-rod-ne-od-no-sno-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-mo- že-ima-ti-po-gub-ne-po-slje-di-ce-za-obra-zo-va-nje,-uko-li-ko-se-sma-tra- ka-ko-je-ono-ne-do-stat-no-da-bi-utje-ca-lo-na-for-mi-ra-nje-ka-rak-te-ra.- U- su-vre-me-no- do-ba,- po-seb-no- u- ras-pra-va-ma- iz-me-dju- Le-a-vi-sa- i- Sno-wa,- ide-ja- o- ka-rak-te-ro-lo-gi-ji- do-bi-la- je- no-vu- sna-gu.- Pri-rod-ni- su-znan-stve-ni-ci,-vje-ru-je-se,-objek-tiv-ni-i-ri-go-ro-zni-u-pri-stu-pu-isti- ni-i- is-tra-ži-va-nju,-vje-ru-ju-u-na-pre-dak-i-nu-de-kon-kret-ne-smjer-ni- ce-o-to-me-ka-ko-ga-po-sti-ći.-Na-su-prot-to-me,-hu-ma-ni-sti-su-li-je-ni,- pro-blem- ta-ko- što- po-ka-zu-ju- da- i- po-je-di-nač-ne- di-sci-pli-ne- unu-tar-Hu ma ni ti es di-sci-pli-na- pri-mje-nju-ju- stro-go- znan-stve-ne-me-to-de- (vi-di- pri-mje-ri-ce:-Bod,-R.- (2013)-A New Hi story of the Hu ma ni ti es,-Ox-ford-UP).- 11-Kla-si-fi-ka-ci-ja-fi-lo-zo-fi-je-me-đu-hu-man-i-stič-ke-zna-no-sti,-kao-što-je-slu-čaj-kod-nas,- ni-je-uni-ver-zal-na.-U-te-o-rij-skim-ras-pra-va-ma-po-sto-je-de-ba-te-oko-to-ga-je-li-fi-lo- zo-fi-ja-bli-ža-pri-rod-nim- ili-hu-ma-ni-stič-kim-zna-no-sti-ma,-ne-ki- je-au-to-ri- su-prot- sta-vlja-ju-hu-ma-ni-stič-kim-zna-no-sti-ma-(vi-di:-Le-vi-ne,-P.-(1998)-Li ving wit ho ut Phi lo sophy,-Sta-te-Uni-ver-sity-of-New-York-Press)-dok-ne-ki-sma-tra-ju-da-ona- svo-jom-je-din-stve-noš-ću-na-di-la-zi-ovu-po-dje-lu,-pri-mar-no-zbog-svo-je-ga-ši-ro-kog- spek-tra-in-te-re-sa,-pri-če-mu-se-pod-jed-na-ko-ba-vi-fi-lo-zof-skom-ana-li-zom-zna-no-sti- po-put-fi-zi-ke-i-bi-lo-gi-je,-umjet-no-sti-ili-pak-eko-no-mi-je.-Za-jed-nu-od-naj-su-stav-ni- jih-ras-pra-va-o-ovom-pro-ble-mu-vi-di:-Over-ga-ard,-S.,-Gil-bert,-P.-and-Bur-wo-od,- S.-(2013)-An In tro duc tion to Me tap hi losphy,-Cam-brid-ge-UP.-- 175 IRIS VIDMAR sklo-ni-dogma-ma-i-pre-vi-še-usre-do-to-če-ni-na-vla-sti-ti-sen-zi-bi-li-tet-i- osje-tlji-vost.-Oni-mo-žda- nu-de- 'ljud-sku- per-spek-ti-vu'- ali- ljud-ska- per-spek-ti-va-ne-nu-di-na-pre-dak,-ba-rem-ne-na-pre-dak-ko-ji-je-mjer- ljiv- u- ne-kim- kon-kret-nim- po-ka-za-te-lji-ma- do-bi-ti- i- ko-ri-sti.- Small- od-ba-cu-je-ka-rak-te-ro-lo-gi-ju-ko-ja-bi-po-či-va-la-na- te-zi-o-hu-ma-ni-stu- kao-mo-ral-no-me-pro-svje-ti-te-lju-(ko-ju-pri-mje-ri-ce-za-go-va-ra-Je-ro-me- Ka-gan)-i-tvr-di-ka-ko-je-ka-rak-te-ro-lo-gi-ju-bo-lje-ra-zu-mje-ti-ako-po-ka- že-mo-ka-ko-epi-ste-mo-loš-ke-oso-bi-ne-sva-ke-od-tri-ju-kul-tu-ra-utje-ču- na-is-tra-ži-va-nja.- U- dru-gom-po-gla-vlju,- ko-ri-snost- i- bes-ko-ri-snost,- Small- ana-li-zi-ra- sta-vo-ve-su-vre-me-nih-au-to-ra-ko-ji- se-ba-ve-kri-zom-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih- zna-no-sti,-bi-lo-ta-ko-što-ju-pot-pi-ru-ju,-bi-lo-ta-ko-što-ju-na-sto-je-ubla- ži-ti.- Naj-gla-sni-ji- de-ba-tan-ti- sva-ka-ko- su- John- Gu-il-lory,- Bill- Re- a-dings- i- Lo-u-is-Ma-nand,- ko-ji- kao- raz-lo-ge- kri-ze- vi-de- opa-da-nje- mar-ke-tin-ške-vri-jed-no-sti-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti-ko-ja-je-dje-lo-mi- ce-uzro-ko-va-na-teh-no-loš-kim-na-pret-kom,-gu-bit-kom-kul-tu-ro-loš-ke- mi-si-je- sve-u-či-liš-ta- či-ji- smi-sao-ni-je-uz-dr-man- tr-žiš-nim- raz-lo-zi-ma- ne-go- bez-sa-dr-žaj-nom- iz-vr-snoš-ću.- Small- po-seb-no- kri-ti-zi-ra-Me- nan-do-ve-sta-vo-ve-o-hu-ma-ni-sti-ma-ko-ji-ni-su-okre-nu-ti-jav-no-sti-već- po-tre-ba-ma-jav-nih-usta-no-va.-To-je-po-greš-no,-tvr-di-Small,-is-ti-ču- ći- ka-ko- hu-ma-ni-stič-ke- zna-no-sti- omo-gu-ću-ju- raz-vi-ja-nje- vješ-ti-na- ko-je- se-mo-gu-pri-mje-ni-ti-u-prak-tič-nim-ak-tiv-no-sti-ma-po-put-me- di-ja,-no-vi-nar-stva- te-u- jav-no-me,-po-li-tič-ko-me-dje-lo-va-nju- i- iz-da- vaš-tvu.-Sre-diš-nji-dio-po-gla-vlja-po-sve-ćen-je-sta-vo-vi-ma-Mat-thew- Ar-nol-da,- jed-nog-od-naj-i-stak-nu-ti-jih-hu-ma-ni-sta-ko-ji- je-u- svo-jim- ra-do-vi-ma- (Small- po-seb-no- ana-li-zi-ra-Cul tu re and Anarchy)- po- sta-vio-smjer-ni-ce-za-da-naš-nje-ras-pra-ve-o-va-žno-sti-kul-tu-re-i-for- mu-li-rao-ne-ke-od-naj-va-žni-jih-pro-tu-in-stru-men-ta-li-stič-kih-sta-vo-va.- Na-stu-pa-ja-ći-pro-tiv-uti-li-ta-ri-stič-kih-ar-gu-me-na-ta-Ada-ma-Smit-ha- i- Je-remya- Bent-ha-ma,-Ar-nold- je- in-zi-sti-rao- na- va-žno-sti- kul-tu-re- i- obra-zo-va-nja-za-raz-voj-po-je-din-ca-i-po-sred-no,-raz-voj-ci-vi-li-za-ci-je.- Obra-zo-va-nje-pr-ven-stve-no-slu-ži-raz-vo-ju-slo-bod-ne-mi-sli-i-au-ten- tič-no-sti-po-je-din-ca,-a-tek-se-kun-dar-no-mo-že-bi-ti- in-stru-men-ta-li-zi- ra-no- u- svr-hu- uče-nja- du-žno-sti.- Ia-ko- su- ar-gu-men-ti- ko-je-Ar-nold- nu-di- kao- od-go-vor- in-stru-men-ta-li-sti-ma- pre-vi-še- op-će-ni-ti- i- sto-ga- neo-sje-tlji-vi-na-spe-ci-fič-ne-for-mu-la-ci-je-ko-je-in-stru-men-ta-li-sti-da-nas- ima-ju,-Small-za-klju-ču-je-ka-ko-Ar-nold-ipak-osta-je-naj-u-tje-caj-ni-ji-u- na-či-nu-na-ko-ji-od-go-va-ra-pri-ti-sci-ma-eko-nom-ske-in-stru-men-ta-li-za- ci-je-ko-ji-do-la-ze-od-stra-ne-po-li-tič-kih-ti-je-la.-Upra-vo-bi-ona-tre-ba-la- pro-mi-ca-ti-sve-u-či-liš-ta-kao-mje-sta-raz-vo-ja-i-kul-ti-vi-ra-nja-po-je-din-ca,- umje-sto-da-su-stav-no-za-ne-ma-ru-ju-či-nje-ni-cu-da-do-bro-funk-ci-oni- raju-će-ga-druš-tva-ne-ma-bez-zdra-vih-po-je-di-na-ca.- U- tre-ćem-po-gla-vlju-Small- se- okre-će- ras-pra-vi- o- do-pri-no-su- hu- ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti- in-di-vi-du-al-noj-sre-ći,-od-no-sno-(za-one-ko-ji- po-jam-sre-će-dr-že-ne-ja-snim-i-pre-op-će-ni-tim),-go-to-vo-pa-ari-sto-te- lov-ski-ute-me-lje-noj-ide-ji-o-do-bro-me-ži-vo-tu.-U-svo-joj-osno-vi-ovaj- 176 IRIS VIDMAR ar-gu-ment-po-či-va-na-sa-da-već-mit-skoj-pri-či-o-Joh-nu-Stu-ar-tu-Mil-lu- i-nje-go-voj-au-to-bi-o-graf-skoj-apo-lo-gi-ji-umjet-no-sti,-po-seb-no-Wor- dswort-ho-vom-pje-sniš-tvu,-ali-i-na-da-nas-pre-va-zi-đe-no-me-mo-de-lu- aso-ci-ja-ci-o-ni-stič-ke-psi-ho-lo-gi-je.- Ia-ko-u- su-vre-me-nim- ras-pra-va-ma- ne-po-sto-ji-mo-der-na-for-mu-la-ci-ja-ovog-ar-gu-men-ta,-te-za-o-na-či-nu- na-ko-ji-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-mo-gu-do-pri-nje-ti-vi-zi-ji-do-bro-pro- ži-vlje-no-ga,-is-pu-nje-no-ga,-pa-čak-i-sret-no-ga-ži-vo-ta-ne-bi-se-smje-la- za-ne-ma-ri-ti12.-Upra-vo-je-Mil-lo-va-'sret-na-svi-nja-–-ne-sret-ni-So-krat'- mo-ti-vi-ra-na-nje-go-vim-že-sto-kim-pro-ti-vlje-njem-hlad-no-me,-pro-ra- ču-na-to-me- ma-te-ma-tič-kom- he-do-ni-zmu- i- eko-nom-sko-me- in-stru- men-ta-li-zmu-(u-du-hu-ko-jih-je-bio-od-ga-jan-i-ko-jem-i-pri-pi-su-je-svoj- de-pre-si-van-ka-rak-ter)-ko-ji- su- i-da-nas-u-po-za-di-ni-pro-tu-hu-ma-ni- stič-kih-ar-gu-me-na-ta.-Du-blji-pro-blem-ko-ji-se-otva-ra-u-ovom-po-gla- vlju-jest-ne-iz-o-stav-no-pi-ta-nje-po-ve-zi-va-nja-sre-će-po-je-din-ca-i-sre-će,- od-no-sno-do-bro-bi-ti,-po-li-tič-ke-za-jed-ni-ce.-Small-dr-ži-ka-ko-Mill-ne- us-pje-va- na-ći- do-volj-no- do-bro- rje-še-nje- za- po-mi-ri-ti- po-ten-ci-jal-ni- jaz-ko-ji- se-otva-ra-u- si-tu-a-ci-ja-ma-u-ko-ji-ma- sre-ća-po-je-din-ca-ni-je- ostva-ri-va-unu-tar-da-ne-za-jed-ni-ce,-što-nje-gov-pro-svje-tlje-ni-he-do- ni-zam,-ute-me-ljen-na-ide-ji-o-in-te-lek-tu-al-nim-do-bri-ma,-či-ni-jed-na-ko- ra-nji-vim-na-pro-blem-s-ko-ji-ma-se-su-o-ča-va-ju-he-do-ni-stič-ke-te-o-ri- je-pro-tiv-ko-jih-Mill-pi-še.-Ovo-je-po-gla-vlje-po-seb-no-za-ni-mlji-vo- uto-li-ko-što-nu-di-pre-gled-fi-lo-zof-skih-sta-vo-va-o-sre-ći,-od-Pla-to-na- do-su-vre-me-nih-(pre-te-žno-kog-ni-ti-vi-stič-kih)-te-o-ri-ja-o-emo-ci-ja-ma.- Small-me-đu-tim-dr-ži-ka-ko-se-cje-lo-kup-na-vri-jed-nost-hu-ma-ni-stič- kih- zna-no-sti- ne-mo-že- za-sni-va-ti- na-Mil-lo-voj- ide-ji- o- do-pri-no-su- ovih- di-sci-pli-na- sre-ći- po-je-din-ca.-Vri-jed-nost-Mil-lo-va- ar-gu-men-ta- je-u-na-či-nu-na-ko-ji-po-ka-zu-je-ne-do-stat-nost-ra-ci-o-na-li-stič-ko-ga,-ma- te-ma-tič-ko-ga-pri-stu-pa-ži-vo-tu-i-druš-tvu,-ali-Mil-lo-va-vi-zi-ja-sret-no- ga-ži-vo-ta-ni-je-uni-ver-zal-na,-a-nje-go-vo-isk-su-tvo-ni-je-do-stat-no-da- uteme-lji-vrijednost-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti.- U-če-tvr-to-me-po-gla-vlju-Small-se-ba-vi-jed-nim-od-naj-zna-čaj-ni-jih-i- naj-u-tje-caj-ni-jih-ar-gu-me-na-ta-o-va-žno-sti-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-di-sci-pli-na,- ar-gu-men-tu-ko-ji-po-či-va-na-So-kra-to-voj-vi-zi-ji-fi-lo-zo-fa-kao-ono-ga- ko-ji-pro-pit-ku-je,-is-pra-vlja-i-pro-vo-ci-ra-druš-tvo-ka-ko-bi-ti-me-izazvao- su-gra-đa-ne-da-kri-tič-ki-pre-i-spi-ta-ju-svo-je-sta-vo-ve,-vri-jed-no-sti-i-ide- je.-Ovaj-je-ar-gu-ment,-po-pu-la-ran-kao-'de-mo-kra-ci-ja-nas-tre-ba-ar- gu-ment',- po-seb-no- iz-ra-žen- u- pi-sa-nji-ma- Mart-he- Nus-sba-um13- a- te-me-lji- se-na- ide-ji-da- su-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-po-treb-ne-ka-ko- bi-osi-gu-ra-le-do-bro- funk-ci-o-ni-ra-ju-ću-de-mo-kra-ci-ju.- Iz-me-đu-osta- lo-ga,-Nus-sba-um-tvr-di-da-hu-ma-ni-stič-ko-obra-zo-va-nje-omoguću-je- 12-Su-vre-me-nu-va-ri-jan-tu-ovog-ar-gu-men-ta-na-la-zim-kod-Mart-he-Nus-sba-um,-jed-ne- od- naj-zna-čaj-ni-jih- fi-lo-zof-ki-nja- da-naš-nji-ce,- ko-ja- če-sto- is-ti-če- utje-caj- knji-žev- no-sti,-po-seb-no-He-nrya-Ja-me-sa-i-Char-le-sa-Dic-kin-sa,-na-for-mi-ra-nje-vla-sti-to-ga- etič-kog-svje-to-na-zo-ra.- 13-Vi-di:-Nus-sba-um,-M.-(2010)-Not For Pro fit: Why De moc racy Ne eds the Hu- ma ni ti es,-Prin-ce-ton-UP. 177 IRIS VIDMAR razvi-ja-nje-emo-ci-ja-či-ne-ći-po-je-din-ca-to-le-rant-ni-jim,-od-go-vor-ni-jim- i-hra-bri-jim-ka-da-se-ra-di-o-ne-pri-sta-ja-nju-na-sta-vo-ve-ko-ji-se-te-me-lje- na-ne-pre-i-spi-ta-nim-pret-po-stav-ka-ma-au-to-ri-te-ta.-Ključ-na-te-za-Nus- sba-um-jest-in-zi-sti-ra-nje-na-mo-ral-no-me-raz-vo-ju-po-je-din-ca-od-naj- ra-ni-je-do-bi,-ko-je-mu-omo-gu-ću-je-za-u-zi-ma-nje-per-spek-ti-ve-pre-ma- dru-gim-čla-no-vi-ma-druš-tva-u-osno-vi-ko-je-su-emo-ci-je-em-pa-ti-je-i- ra-zu-mi-je-va-nja,-kon-tro-li-ra-nje-agre-siv-no-ga-po-na-ša-nja-ko-je-je-po- slje-di-ca-ne-po-zna-va-nja-'stra-no-ga-i-dru-ga-či-je-ga',-ra-vi-ja-nje-otvo-re- no-sti,-su-o-sje-ća-nja-i-skr-bi-za-dru-ge.-Nje-zi-na-se-ide-ja-o-va-žno-sti- hu-ma-ni-stič-kih- zna-no-sti- i- hu-ma-ni-stič-ki- usmje-re-no-ga- obra-zo-va- nja-te-me-lji-na-so-kra-tov-sko-me-mo-de-lu-ar-gu-men-ti-ra-nja-i-Pla-to-no- voj- te-zi- o- je-din-stve-noj- ulo-zi- ko-ju- fi-lo-zo-fi- ob-na-ša-ju- u- druš-tvu,- ulo-zi-kri-ti-ča-ra,-pro-svje-ti-te-lja-i-uči-te-lja.-Kao-od-go-vor-na-ova-kvo- shva-ća-nje- ulo-ge- hu-ma-ni-sta,- Small- na-vo-di- ne-ko-li-ko- pri-go-vo-ra.- Uko-li-ko-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-i-mo-gu-do-pri-nje-ti-bo-ljem-funk-ci- o-ni-ra-nju-de-mo-kra-ci-je-–-što-je-sa-mo-po-se-bi-iz-u-zet-no-dvoj-be-no-–- ni-je-ja-sno-zbog-če-ga-osnov-noš-kol-sko-i-sred-nješ-kol-sko-obra-zo-va- nje-ni-je-do-volj-no-za-stje-ca-nje-po-treb-nih-vješ-ti-na.-Isto-ta-ko,-ni-je- ja-sno- zbog- če-ga- bi- po-tre-ba- za- spe-ci-fič-nim-vješ-ti-na-ma- ko-je- se- raz-vi-ja-ju-kroz-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-bi-le- is-klju-či-vo-ve-za-ne-za- de-mo-krat-sko- ure-đe-nje,- ob-zi-rom- da- i- dru-ga- po-li-tič-ka- ure-đe-nja- mo-gu-pro-fi-ti-ra-ti-od-do-bro-obra-zo-va-nih-gra-đa-na.-Pro-blem-je-što- Nus-sba-um-neo-prav-da-no-i-ne-u-te-me-lje-no-mo-del-po-li-sa-pri-mje-nju- je-na-su-vre-me-no-de-mo-krat-sko-druš-tvo-i-nje-go-ve-in-sti-tu-ci-je.-Mo- del-so-kra-tov-sko-ga-fi-lo-zo-fa-ne-mo-že-se-na-ne-ki-sa-mo-o-či-gle-dan-i- ne-pro-ble-ma-ti-čan-na-čin-po-mi-ri-ti-s-in-sti-tu-ci-o-na-li-za-ci-jom-fi-lo-zo-fi- je-i-osta-lih-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti-i-su-vre-me-nom-aka-dem-skom- za-jed-ni-com.- Ova- ide-ja- kul-mi-ni-ra- u- ključ-no-me- pri-go-vo-ru- ko-ji- Small- upu-ću-je-Nus-sba-um,- a- to- je- po-tre-ba- da- se- spe-ci-fi-ci-ra- na- ko-ga-se-toč-no-za-mje-ni-ca-'nas'-od-no-si.-Uko-li-ko-ona-sto-ji-za-stu- den-te-i-pro-fe-so-re-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-od-sje-ka,-ta-da-se-ti-me-im-pli-cit-no- ali-ne-u-te-me-lje-no-i-po-greš-no-tvr-di-da-su-hu-ma-ni-sti-na-ne-ki-na-čin- bo-lji-od-osta-lih-znan-stve-ni-ka.-Po-treb-no-je,-tvr-di-Small,-ob-ra-ni-ti- va-ri-jan-tu-ar-gu-men-ta-'de-mo-kra-ci-ja-nas-tre-ba'-ko-ja-ne-bi-za-pa-la-u- 'mo-del-sta-ra-telj-stva'-pre-ma-ko-jem-je-po-sao-hu-ma-ni-sta-is-pra-vlja- ti- greš-ke- i- pro-pu-ste,-mo-ral-ne,- epi-ste-mo-loš-ke,- estet-ske- i- sva-ke- dru-ge,-vi-še-ma-nje-svih-osta-lih-čla-no-va-druš-tva,-ob-zi-rom-da-ni-je- ja-sno-što-to-hu-ma-ni-ste-či-ni-po-seb-no-do-bro-opre-mlje-ni-ma-za-ra- zu-mi-je-va-nje-su-vre-me-nih-vla-da- i-mo-der-ne-eko-no-mi-je.-To-zna-či- da-'nas'-za-pra-vo-oku-plja-sve-znan-stve-ni-ke,-ali-i-gra-đa-ne,-i-da-su- hu-ma-ni-sti- sa-mo- je-dan-ko-ta-čić-ko-ji- do-pri-no-si-do-bro- funk-ci-o-ni- ra-ju-ćem-druš-tvu-i-do-bro-bi-ti-gra-đa-na.-Small-za-vr-ša-va-po-gla-vlje- ras-pra-vom-o-od-no-su-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti-i-de-mo-kra-ci-je,-i-tvr- di-ka-ko-se-ova-ve-za-ne-te-me-lji-na-to-me-da-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti- kul-ti-vi-ra-ju-po-seb-nu-vr-stu-zna-nja-ili-da-do-pri-no-se-raz-vo-ju-po-seb- no-po-želj-nih-psi-ho-loš-kih-kva-li-te-ta,-vec-da-po-u-ča-va-ju-kri-tič-kim- pro-ce-si-ma-ši-re-po-li-tič-ke-za-jed-ni-ce-ko-je-dje-lo-mi-ce-i-sa-me-pred- 178 IRIS VIDMAR sta-vlja-ju.-Ta-ko-se-nji-ho-va-vri-jed-nost,-za-klju-ču-je-Small-u-pe-to-me- po-gla-vlju,-naj-bo-lje-mo-že-ob-ra-ni-ti-plu-ra-li-stič-kim-pri-stu-pom,-ko-ji- in-zi-si-tra-na-nji-ho-voj-spe-ci-fič-no-sti-i-jav-noj-do-bro-bi-ti-a-ne-te-me-lji- se-na-sta-vu-ko-ji-bi-in-zi-sti-rao-na-su-bjek-ti-vi-stič-kim-te-za-ma-o-to-me- što- ih- či-ni- vri-jed-ni-ma.-U- za-ključ-ku,- Small- sa-bi-re- ključ-ne- toč- ke-ova-kvo-ga-plu-ra-li-stič-ko-ga- tu-ma-če-nja.-Pr-vo,- nji-hov- je- po-sao- (a-ti-me-i-nji-ho-va-do-me-na-is-tra-ži-va-nja)-je-din-stven-uto-li-ko-što-ove- di-sci-pli-ne- po-ti-ču- di-stink-tiv-nu- vr-stu- ra-zu-mi-je-va-nja- onih- prak-si- ko-je- od-re-đu-ju- i- tu-ma-če- zna-če-nja- kul-tu-ro-loš-kih- pro-ce-sa,- što- je- dje-lo-mi-ce-po-dr-ža-no- je-din-stve-nim-od-no-som-pre-ma-zna-nju-ko-je- ne-mi-nov-no-sa-dr-ži-su-bjek-ti-vi-stič-ki-mo-ment.-Dru-go,-ia-ko-se-hu- ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-teš-ko-mo-gu-oprav-da-ti-sa-mo-in-stru-men-tal-no,- ob-zi-rom-da-se-uvi-jek-mo-gu-na-ve-sti-prak-se-ko-je-jed-na-ko-do-bro-ili- bo-lje-mo-gu-za-do-vo-lji-ti-po-ten-ci-jal-ne-in-stru-men-ta-li-stič-ke-ci-lje-ve,- to-ne-po-vla-či-da-druš-tvo-ne-ma-di-rekt-ne-ko-ri-sti-od-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih- zna-no-sti.-One-do-pri-no-se-oču-va-nju-kul-tu-re-i-raz-vi-ja-ju-vješ-ti-ne-po- treb-ne-za-nje-zi-no-in-ter-pre-ti-ra-nje-i-re-in-ter-pre-ti-ra-nje-ko-je-od-go-va- ra-tre-nut-nim-po-tre-ba-ma-druš-tva.-Hu-ma-ni-stič-kim-obra-zo-va-njem- stu-den-ti-stje-ču-vješ-ti-ne-po-treb-ne-za-ve-li-ki-spek-tar-prak-tič-nih-ak- tiv-no-sti-ko-je-uve-li-ke-na-di-la-ze-sa-mu-do-me-nu-sve-u-či-li-sta.-Tre-će,- hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-do-pri-no-se-sre-ći-po-je-din-ca-i-druš-tva,-po- sred-no-(i-ne-in-stru-men-tal-no)-uto-li-ko-što-bo-lje-od-bi-lo-ko-je-dru-ge- di-sci-pli-ne-uka-zu-ju-na-to-što-je-sre-ća-i-ka-ko-ju-ostva-ri-ti.-Če-tvr-to,- hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-su-zna-no-sti-va-žne-za-do-bro-ure-đe-nje-de-mo-kra-ci- je-uto-li-ko-što-pred-sta-vlja-ju-cen-tre-za- raz-voj-vješ-ti-na-po-treb-nih- za-kri-tič-ko-pro-miš-lja-nje,-de-ba-ti-ra-nje-i-eva-lu-a-ci-ju-ide-ja-ko-je-su-u- sr-ži-de-mo-krat-skih-pro-ce-sa.-Ova-vri-jed-nost-ne-pro-iz-la-zi-iz-sa-me- de-fi-ni-ci-je-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-di-sci-pli-na-već-je-ge-ne-ri-ra-na-tre-nut-nim- po-li-tič-kim- po-tre-ba-ma.- Na-po-sljet-ku,- mo-ra-mo- pret-po-sta-vi-ti- da- sa-mi-pred-me-ti-iz-u-ča-va-nja-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-di-sci-pli-na-ima-ju-svo-ju- vri-jed-no-st-po-se-bi-i-da-se-ta-vri-jed-nost-pre-li-je-va-u-di-sci-pli-nar-na- pod-ruč-ja- i- is-tra-ži-va-nja- hu-ma-ni-sta.- Ia-ko- hu-ma-ni-stič-ke- zna-no-sti- ne-pred-sta-vlja-ju-jed-nu-od-pri-mar-nih-po-tre-ba-druš-tva-(po-put-pri- mje-ri-ce-zdrav-stve-ne-skr-bi),-Small-dr-ži-da-se-o-'po-tre-bi'-hu-ma-ni- stič-kih-zna-no-sti-mo-že-go-vo-ri-ti-iz-per-spek-ti-ve-že-lja-–-svi-oni-ko-ji- ma-je-du-bo-ko-sta-lo-do-ono-ga-či-me-se-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-ba- ve-ima-ju-raz-lo-ga-že-lje-ti-nji-ho-vo-po-sto-ja-nje,-ob-zi-rom-na-do-pri-nos- ko-ji-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-da-ju-nji-ho-vim-ži-vo-ti-ma.-Ia-ko-svje-sna- pro-ble-ma-tič-no-sti-ovo-ga-sta-va,-Small-za-vr-ša-va-knji-gu-ras-pra-vom- o-pi-ta-nju-us-po-re-di-vo-sti-i-su-mjer-lji-vo-sti-raz-li-či-tih-vr-sta-vri-jed-no- sti-ko-je-pred-sta-vlja-ju-jav-na-do-bra-o-ko-ji-ma-se-od-lu-ču-je-na-ra-zi-ni- do-dje-le- jav-nih- sred-sta-va- za-fi-nan-ci-ra-nje- is-tra-ži-va-nja- u- do-me-ni- zna-no-sti- i- obra-zo-va-nja,- ali- i- osta-lih- sek-to-ra-u-druš-tvu,- is-ti-ču-ći- ka-ko-je-po-treb-no-uka-za-ti-na-raz-li-či-te-kri-te-ri-je-vred-no-va-nja-sva-ke- od-di-sci-pli-na-ko-je-po-la-žu-za-htje-ve-za-jav-nim-fi-nan-ci-ra-njem.- 179 IRIS VIDMAR Za klju čak: tra go vi ma Smal lo ve pre ma bo ljem su tra za hu ma ni ste The Va lue of the Hu ma ni ti es-u-pu-nom-smi-slu-ri-je-či-pred-sta-vlja- iz-u-zet-no- šti-vo.-Au-to-ri-ca-za-slu-žu-je- sva-ku-po-hva-lu-za-kri-tič-nost- i-su-stav-nost-ko-ji-ma-pri-stu-pa-ovoj-za-htjev-noj-te-ma-ti-ci,-kao-i-za- du-bin-sku-ana-li-zu-ko-ju-nu-di.-Knji-ga-nam-da-je-ne-sa-mo-po-vi-je-sni- uvid-u- te-ma-ti-ku-vri-jed-no-sti-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti,-ne-go- i-za- vid-nu-kri-tič-ko-fi-lo-zof-sku-ana-li-zu-naj-va-žni-jih-ar-gu-men-ta-ta-ko-je- su-obje-stra-ne-po-nu-di-le-u-ovoj-ras-pra-vi.-Mje-sti-mi-ce-je-teš-ko-re-ći- da-li-Small-bra-ni-ili-ne-gi-ra-vri-jed-nost-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti- i- dr-žim-da-je-upra-vo-to-jed-na-od-ve-li-kih-pred-no-sti-knji-ge-–-za-raz- li-ku-od-ne-kih-'apo-lo-ge-ta'-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti-ko-ji-uz-vi-ku-ju- is-prazne-pa-ro-le,-Small-za-u-zi-ma-go-to-vo-pa-skep-tič-ki-stav-naj-ja-čih- raz-mje-ra-ka-ko-bi-sva-ki-od-ar-gu-me-na-ta-pod-vr-gla-naj-ri-go-ro-zni-joj- mo-gu-ćoj-kri-ti-ci.-Ka-ko-po-ka-zu-je,-ne-ma-mno-go-ar-gu-me-na-ta-ko-ji- us-pješ-no-pro-la-ze-ovaj- test,- ba-rem-ne-u-nji-ho-voj- tre-nut-noj- for- mu-la-ci-ji.-Vje-ro-jat-no-će-mno-gi-bi-ti-iz-ne-na-đe-ni-kri-tič-noš-ću-pre-ma- Mart-hi-Nus-sba-um,-ko-ja-je-u-svo-joj-du-goj-i-na-da-sve-us-pješ-noj-ka- ri-je-ri-ne-u-mor-no-za-go-va-ra-la-va-žnost-fi-lo-zo-fi-je-i-knji-žev-no-sti,-re-li- gij-skih-i-rod-nih-stu-di-ja,-is-ti-ca-la-nu-žnost-či-nje-nič-no-ute-mlje-no-ga,- su-stav-nog-ra-zu-mi-je-va-nja-po-vi-je-snih-i-druš-tve-nih-čim-be-ni-ka-ko-ji- utje-ču-na-ci-vi-li-za-cij-ske-te-ko-vi-ne-i-za-go-va-ra-la-po-tre-bu-za-'stva- ra-njem-mo-guć-no-sti'- ko-je- će- stvo-ri-ti- bo-lje,- pra-ved-ni-je,- sret-ni-je- druš-tvo-ta-ko-što-će-omo-gu-ći-ti-po-je-din-ci-ma-da-u-pot-pu-no-sti-ži-ve- ži-vot-do-sto-jan-čo-vje-ka-a-da-se-pri-tom-ne-osla-nja-na-ma-te-ma-tič-ke- po-ka-za-te-lje-us-pješ-no-sti-(po-put-BDP-a)-već-na-su-bjek-tiv-ne-osje- ća-je-sre-će-i-is-pu-nje-no-sti14.-Small-isto-ta-ko-ne-mi-lo-srd-no-is-cje-đu-je- go-to-vo-pa-za-no-snu-pri-vlač-nost-ar-gu-me-na-ta-J.-S.-Mil-la-i-Mat-thew- Ar-nol-da-o-va-žno-sti-kul-tu-re-za-sre-ću-po-je-din-ca.-Nje-zi-ni-su-ar-gu- men-ti-mo-žda-naj-ra-nji-vi-ji-u-ob-ra-ni-vri-jed-nost-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna- no-sti-'zbog-njih-sa-mih'-ko-je-ne-ute-me-lju-je-na-ne-kim-in-trin-zič-nim- vri-jed-no-sti-ma-sa-mih-pred-me-ta-pro-u-ča-va-nja-hu-ma-ni-sta.-Upra-vo- u-ovom-dje-lu-mo-že-joj-se-spo-či-ta-ti-ma-njak-uvjer-lji-vo-sti,-a-mo-žda- i-br-zo-ple-tost-u-ar-gu-men-ti-ra-nju.-No-va-žno-je-na-po-me-nu-ti-da-taj- ma-njak-ni-je-po-slje-di-ca-ne-do-stat-ka-kri-tič-no-sti.-Upra-vo-su-prot-no,- pri-mje-niv-ši-de-kar-tov-ksu-me-to-du- 'tra-že-nja-ar-hi-me-dov-ske- toč-ke- si-gur-no-sti'- Small- nu-di- hu-ma-ni-sti-ma-mo-guć-nost- da- na- čvr-stim- te-me-lji-ma-iz-gra-de-vri-jed-nost-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti.-Osta-je-me- đu-tim-gor-ka-spo-zna-ja-da-će-mno-gi-i-da-lje-na-hu-ma-ni-ste-gle-da-ti- kao-na-pro-da-va-če-ma-gle-ko-ji-se-sa-vr-še-no-ukla-pa-ju-u-opis-hu-ma- ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti-iz-uvod-nog-od-lom-ka.-Raz-log-to-me-mo-žda-je- upra-vo- taj- što-di-stink-tiv-nost- i-va-žnost-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-zna-no-sti,- kao-uo-sta-lom-i-pred-me-ta-nji-ho-va-iz-u-ča-va-nja,-po-naj-pri-je-ovi-si-o- 14-Vi-di:-Nus-sba-um,-M.-(2011)-Cre a ting Ca pa bi li ti es, The Hu man De ve lop ment Ap pro ach,-Har-ward-UP. 180 IRIS VIDMAR to-me-da- po-je-di-nac- sam-pre-po-zna,- i- po-slje-dič-no- osje-ti- po-tre-bu- za-bo-ljim-upo-zna-va-njem-vri-jed-no-sti- sa-dr-ža-nih-u-ovim-prak-sa- ma-i-pred-me-ti-ma.-Kao-i- lje-po-ta-umjet-nič-kih-dje-la,- 'vri-jed-nost'- svih-onih-pi-ta-nja-ko-ji-ma-se-hu-ma-ni-sti-ba-ve-teš-ko-se-mo-že-pre- nje-ti-po-sred-stvom-ar-gu-me-na-ta-i-pri-je-sve-ga-tra-ži-od-re-đe-nu-do-zu- zna-ti-že-lje,-od-re-đe-ni-pro-pit-ki-va-lač-ki-stav-pre-ma-svi-je-tu,-čo-vje-ku,- ljud-sko-me-is-ku-stvu-i-kul-tu-ri,-kao-i-sprem-nost-da-se-na-su-bjek- tiv-noj,- re-flek-siv-noj- ra-zi-ni- po-je-di-nac- sam- su-o-či- s- va-žnošću- tih- pi-ta-nja-i-po-tre-bom-da-ona-bu-du-od-go-vo-re-na15.-Va-žno-je-na-po-me- nu-ti-da-ovu-'okre-nu-tost'-čo-vje-ku- i-nje-go-vo-me- is-ku-stvu,-u-naj- ši-rem-smi-slu-ri-je-či,-ni-tko-ne-ne-gi-ra,-ono-što-se-ig-no-ri-ra-u-svim- ob-li-ci-ma-ras-pra-ve-jest-du-go-roč-na-va-žnost-i-ne-na-dok-na-di-vost-te- okre-nu-to-sti,-kao-i-va-žnost-spo-zna-ja-ko-je-pro-iz-la-ze-iz-ta-kve-vr-ste- pro-miš-lja-nja.-Ob-zi-rom-da-ne-po-sto-ji-na-čin-da-se-ta-kva-vr-sta-su- bjek-tiv-no-ga- ra-zu-mi-je-va-nja- i-obo-ga-će-ne-per-spek-ti-ve- iz-ra-zi-bi-lo- ka-kvim-broj-ča-nim,-objek-tiv-nim-ili-ja-sno-mjer-lji-vim-i-vi-dlji-vim- re-zul-ta-ti-ma,-mno-gi-su-sklo-ni-pret-po-sta-vi-ti-ka-ko-do-pri-nos-hu-ma- ni-sta- op-ćem-do-bru- ne- pred-sta-vlja- vri-jed-nost- po- se-bi,- po-seb-no- ne-vri-jed-nost-ko-ju-mo-ra-mo-ču-va-ti.-No-pri-tom-se-za-bo-ra-vlja-da- sa-mo-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti-u-pu-nom-smi-slu-ri-je-či-pred-sta-vlja- ju-svo-je-vr-sni-spo-me-nik-naj-vi-šim-ostva-re-nji-ma-i-ci-vi-li-za-cij-skim- te-ko-vi-na-ma-za-ko-je-su-ljud-ska-bi-ća-spo-sob-na.-Pri-to-me-mo-ra-mo- uva-ži-ti-ne-sa-mo-ona-dje-la-ko-ji-ma-se-di-vi-mo,-po-put-umjet-nič-kih- po-stig-nu-ća,-već-i-one-do-ga-đa-je-ko-jih-se-sra-mi-mo,-po-put-ve-li-kih- svjet-skih-ra-to-va.-Ia-ko-je-na-da-i-mo-ti-va-ci-ja-hu-ma-ni-stič-ko-ga-obra- zo-va-nja-na-svim-ra-zi-na-ma-ško-lo-va-nja-po-nu-di-ti-smjer-ni-ce-ko-je-bi- po-je-din-ci-ma- olak-ša-le- ovu- vr-stu- pro-miš-lja-nja,- ne-iz-o-sta-van- ele- ment-su-bjek-tiv-no-sti-u-od-go-vo-ri-ma-ne-po-vla-či-po-au-to-ma-ti-zmu- stav-da-je-sva-ki-od-go-vor-do-volj-no-do-bar-i-da-sto-ga-hu-ma-ni-stič- ki-do-pri-nos-pro-miš-lja-nju-o-ovim-pi-ta-nji-ma-mo-že-mo-eli-mi-ni-ra-ti.- Zbog-to-ga-je-Small-u-pra-vu-ka-da-tvr-di-da-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-zna-no-sti- pred-sta-vlja-ju-do-bro-ko-ju-mo-ra-mo-zaš-ti-ti,-ia-ko-se-ta-vr-sta-do-bra- ne-mo-že- us-pore-di-ti- s- do-bri-ma- po-put-ma-te-ri-jal-ne- si-gur-no-sti- ili- pri-klad-ne-zdrav-stve-ne-skr-bi.- Za- kraj- bih- is-tak-nu-la- eg-zem-plar-nost- mo-de-la- di-sku-si-je- ko-ju- Small- otva-ra.-Us-pješ-no-ma-ne-vri-ra-ju-ći- iz-me-đu- te-o-rij-skih- ar-gu- men-ta-ta-i-kon-kret-nih-em-prij-skih-slu-čaje-va-s-ko-ji-ma-se-su-o-ča-va-u- En-gle-skoj,-au-to-ri-ca-po-ka-zu-je-ka-ko-us-pješ-no-uje-di-ni-ti-te-o-rij-sku-i- prak-tič-nu-stra-nu-pro-ble-ma-'do-ka-zi-va-nja-vri-jed-no-sti-hu-ma-ni-stič- kih-zna-no-sti'-i-po-nu-di-ti-rje-še-nje-za-oba-ova-aspek-ta,-rje-še-nje-ko- je-ne-za-pa-da-u-is-pra-znu-re-to-ri-ku-već-se-te-me-lji-na-kon-kret-nim,- mjer-lji-vim- vješ-ti-na-ma- i- re-zul-ta-ti-ma- ko-ji- su-stav-no- pro-iz-la-ze- iz- hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-is-tra-ži-va-nja.-Pri-je-sve-ga,-teš-ko-da-mo-že-pre-na-gla- si-ti-sa-mu-vri-jed-nost-pro-miš-lje-no-ga-te-o-rij-skog-pri-stu-pa-go-ru-ćim- 15-Vi-di:-Vidmar,-I.-(2016)-The Philosopher's Virtues,-A&P-Anthropology-and- Philosophy,-p.-137-153.- 181 IRIS VIDMAR po-li-tič-kim-i-so-ci-jal-nim-pi-ta-nji-ma-kao-što-je-to-tre-nut-no-pi-ta-nje- fi-nan-ci-ra-nja- znan-stve-ne- za-jed-ni-ce.-No- isto- ta-ko,- go-to-vo- je- si- gur-no- da- se- ne-mo-že- pre-na-gla-si-ti- vri-jed-nost- onih- prak-si,- ko-je- su-stav-no,-kri-tič-ki,-uz-po-treb-nu-do-zu-od-ma-ka-i-s-do-volj-no-zna-nja- o-po-vi-je-sno-me-raz-vo-ju-ide-ja,-sta-vlja-ju-u-cen-tar-svo-je-ga-in-te-re-sa- čo-vje-ka-i-nje-go-vo-is-ku-stvo-i-dje-lo-va-nje.-Small-je-u-pra-vu-ka-da- tvr-di-da-hu-ma-ni-sti-vi-še-ne-ma-ju-pri-mat-nad-pro-duk-ci-jom-i-di-stri- bu-ci-jom-zna-nja-i-da-niš-ta-u-sa-moj-na-ra-vi-nji-ho-va-pro-u-ča-va-nja,- ni-ti-u-nji-ho-vo-me-mo-ral-no-me-od-no-sno-epi-ste-mič-ko-me-ka-rak-te- ru-ne-po-vla-či-au-to-mat-ski-ta-kav-pri-mat.-No-po-ru-ka-je-knji-ge-da- taj-pri-mat-ne-pri-pa-da-ni-pri-rod-nja-ci-ma-ni-druš-tve-nja-ci-ma.-Uto- li-ko-uko-li-ko-je-sva-ko-is-tra-ži-va-nje-i-sva-ka-znan-stve-na-di-sci-pli-na- usmje-re-na-ot-kri-va-nju-isti-ne-i-po-bolj-ša-nju-kva-li-te-te-ži-vo-ta-lju-di,- ove-tri-kul-tu-re-mo-ra-ju-dje-lo-va-ti-za-jed-no,-uz-po-treb-nu-do-zu-poš- to-van-ja,- uva-ža-va-nja- i- otvo-re-no-sti- pre-ma- re-zul-ta-ti-ma- ko-le-ga- iz- dru-gih-di-sci-pli-na.- LI-TE-RA-TU-RA: Bac-ca-ri-ni,-E.-(2015)--In A 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Nus-sba-um,-M.-(2011)-Cre a ting Ca pa bi li ti es, The Hu man De ve lop- ment Ap pro ach,-Har-ward-UP. Over-ga-ard,-S.,-Gil-bert,-P.-i-Bur-wo-od,-S.-(2013)-An In tro duc tion to Me tap hi losphy,-Cam-brid-ge-UP. Pr-njat,-A.-(2012)-Apo-ka-lip-sa-bez-ot-kri-ve-nja:-Sve-to-zar-Sto-ja-no-vić-o- mo-guć-no-sti-sa-mo-u-niš-te-nja-čo-ve-čan-stva,-The o ria,-Vol.-55,-4,- str.-113-128. 182 IRIS VIDMAR Small,-H.-(2013)-The Va lue of the Hu ma ni ti es,-Ox-ford-Uni-ver-sity- Press. Swir-ski,-P.-(2013)-From Li te ra tu re to Bi te ra tu re: Lem, Tu ring, Dar- win, and Ex plo ra ti ons in Com pu ter Li te ra tu re, Phi lo sophy of Mind, and Cul tu ral Evo lu tion, McGill-UP. Tho-ma-son,-A.-(2015)-What-Can-Phi-lo-sophy-Re-ally-Do?,- The Phi lo sop her's Ma ga zi ne,-71,-pp.-17-23. Vidmar,-I.-(2016)-The Philosopher's Virtues,-A&P-Anthropology-and- Philosophy,-pp.-137-153 Wil-li-ams,-B.-(2006)-Phi lo sophy as a Hu man si tic Di sci pli ne,-Prin-ce-ton- UP. Zun-shi-ne,-L.-ur.-(2015) The Ox ford Hand bo ok of Cog ni ti ve Li te rary Stu di es,-Ox-ford-UP. Iris-Vidmar University-of-Rijeka,-Faculty-of-Philosophy-–- Department-of-Philosophy,-Rijeka,-Croatia ON-THE-VALUE-AND-THE-LACK-OF-VALUE- OF-THE-HUMANITIES LESSONS-OF-HELEN-SMALL Abstract One- of- the-most- contentious- questions- in- today's- discussions- on- the- educational- policies- concerns- the- role- and- values- of- the- humanities- in- contemporary- society- and- education.-Many- see- the- humanities- as- empty,-unnecessary,-inefficient,-phony-and-worthless.-This-paper-offers- a-rundown-of-arguments-adduced-to-support-this-view,-followed-by-an- overview-of-Helen-Small's-The Value of the Humanities,-which-offers- an-exceptionally-critical-and-insightful-analysis-into-the-current-debate- over- the- value- of- the- humanities.- The- paper- ends- by- emphasizing- further-the-need-to-recognize-the-contribution-of-the-humanities-to-the- production-of-knowledge-and-enhancement-of-the-quality-of-life,-as-well- as-to-the-much-needed-sense-of-purpose-and-meaning.- Key-words: sciences – natural and social, humanities, Helen Small, values