Question: Why don't penguins get frostbite? 

Answer: Penguins use oil to stop feathers from becoming waterlogged, and thus losing heat at a much faster rate. The feet and underfeet are generously supplied with the heat trapping under feathers. Ther are also fat deposits that store heat, there. These feathers are short, very fine and multi-multi branched which traps an enormous amount of air that heated and forms insulation. keeping in body heat. Blood is resricted somewhat to external appendages like feet, although not stopped comepletely. The birds have a countercurrent heat exchange system that has ascending and descending blood vessels side by side. The heart-pumped descending oxygenated blood is cooled by adjacent rising, colder returning blood. That way the blood in the legs and feet are cooler and lose less heat to the environment than core temperature blood.\nMany penguin species migrate northward during the Antarctic winter, to warmer seas and Islands. (e.g. the Falklands etc.). One Penguin species  migrates up as far north as the coast of South Africa, another to the Galapagos Islands.\nBut the Emperor penguin, endures the Antarctic winter considerably inland to incubate their eggs, which they place between the tops of their feet and their fat bellies which completely covers the egg. It is the largest penguin species and the male and female take turns incubating and fishing.
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