Apraxia or motor agnosia is a motor disorder resulting from brain damage. The patient has difficulty planning a sequence of events to perform a movement or when asked to perform a task, even though the command is understandable and the patient intends to do it. It is a disorder in the motor planning process that does not cause a disturbance in coordination, sensory loss, or a failure to understand simple commands, but rather results from damage to specific areas of the brain. A distinction must be made between ataxia and ataxia, which is the inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements; aphasia, which is a language disorder in comprehension, or both; loss of the will to perform an action or make an appropriate decision; contralateral displacement of sensation, which is the state of sensation in one of the limbs when the opposite limb is stimulated; and developmental apraxia, which affects the planning and coordination of movement. There are several types of apraxia, including: Each of these types may be detected in simple, uncomplicated stages. If the person fails to execute commands, you can perform the movement yourself and ask him to imitate it, or give him a tool and ask him to use it. Apraxia of speech includes the loss of the previously acquired ability to speak. It affects both children and adults who have acquired speech abilities before the disease, and affects the person's voluntary speech, and occurs as a result of stroke, tumor, diseases or nerve injuries. It may be accompanied by language disorders and is called aphasia. Symptoms include inconsistent verbal errors, the patient's groping and searching for oral movements in order to adopt the correct speaking position, an increase in verbal errors with the increase in the length of words and phrases, and the patient finds pronouncing vowels easier than consonants, and single consonants easier than mixtures. He also stutters, pronouncing consonants at the end of the word is easier than those at the beginning, as the letters at the beginning of the word may be affected by expected errors, and if the patient begins his speech with a vowel, the process of continuing the speech will continue more automatically. Fricatives and consonant-stop fricatives are the most difficult phonemes that the patient has a problem producing. Apraxia of speech may sometimes accompany oral apraxia, and may also accompany peripheral apraxia. Verbal developmental apraxia occurs in children who do not have difficulties with range or strength of joint movement, but rather results from a defect in coordination and motor planning. Apraxia is most often caused by damage to the left hemisphere of the brain, usually in the frontal and parietal lobes. The damage may be due to stroke, acquired brain injury, or neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease, or Huntington's disease. Agnosia can also be caused by damage to other areas of the brain, including the right hemisphere. Ideomotor apraxia is usually caused by decreased blood flow to the left hemisphere of the brain, particularly the parietal area and the premotor area, and is often found in people with basal ganglia cortical degeneration. Ideomotor apraxia results in functional impairment in daily activities similar to that seen in late-stage dementia, and has been observed in people with damage to the left hemisphere near the area associated with aphasia. More studies are needed on ideomotor apraxia due to brain damage. The presence of damage to the frontal and temporal lobes explains the difficulty in motor planning in people with ideomotor apraxia and the difficulty in distinguishing it from aphasia. Constructional apraxia is caused by damage to the right posterior parietal lobe and may be caused by brain injury, disease, tumor, or other causes of brain damage. Although qualitative and quantitative studies are available, there is little consensus on the ideal method for assessing apraxia. Disadvantages of previous methods include their failure to meet psychometric standards and study designs that are difficult to translate into practice. The Upper Limb Apraxia Test is one method for assessing upper limb apraxia by quantitatively and significantly measuring gestural movements. In contrast to previous studies of apraxia assessment, the validity and reliability of the Upper Limb Apraxia Test has been extensively studied. This test includes subtests in which the patient is asked to imitate necessary gestural movements, such as “Walk away” and “Show me how to use a hammer.” A complete assessment of apraxia often includes discrimination testing, which is knowing which tasks are performed well and which are performed poorly, and recognition, which is pointing to the intended object or tool with a gesture. However, there may not be a strong correlation between the results of the formal test and the reality of performance in daily life or activities of daily living. For a comprehensive assessment of apraxia, it should include formal testing, standardized measurement of activities of daily living, observation of daily routines, the patient completing questionnaires, and targeted interviews with the patient and his relatives. As mentioned above, apraxia should not be confused with aphasia, but they often coexist, and for this reason it has been said that if a patient shows symptoms of apraxia, it should be assumed that he also has some degree of aphasia. Treatment of apraxia includes speech therapy, occupational therapy, and physical therapy. To date, treatment has received little attention for several reasons, including the tendency of the disease to disappear spontaneously in brief cases, in addition to the voluntary, spontaneous, dissociative nature of the tasks by which a person is judged to have apraxia, as the patient retains the ability to perform them despite the disease if taught to do so. However, research suggests that individuals with apraxia have less functional independence in their daily lives, which is evidence that treatment is rarely used. However, a review of apraxia treatment to date found that although treatment is in its early stages, there are specific aspects that should be included in treatment. One such approach is rehabilitative therapy, which has a positive impact on apraxia and activities of daily living. Rehabilitative therapy consists of 12 different contextual cues used to teach sufferers how to perform similar gestures under different contextual conditions. Other studies recommend different models of gesture therapy, whereby the patient is instructed to make gestures with a gradual relaxation of the commands from the therapist. There is no agreed-upon ideal treatment method for treatment because each case is different, but a series of therapy sessions with the support of family and friends is best. Because each person responds to treatment differently, some patients will improve significantly while others will improve less. The primary goal of treatment is to treat speech motor planning rather than voice level. The course of apraxia varies from patient to patient, with some patients improving significantly with treatment while others see only very little improvement. Some people with apraxia may benefit from devices that help with communication, but many become unable to function independently. People with gait apraxia or limb movement apraxia should avoid activities that could cause injury to themselves or others. Occupational therapy, physical therapy, and play therapy are effective ways to support and assist the patient and form an integrated apraxia treatment team in conjunction with a speech-language pathologist. People with limb apraxia have problems directing their movements, so it is difficult to treat apraxia caused by stroke or brain injury. There is no effective medication for apraxia.