Coordinates: 52°54′57.09″N 0°38′42.40″W﻿ / ﻿52.9158583°N 0.6451111°W﻿ / 52.9158583; -0.6451111 Margaret Hilda Thatcher is a British politician, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990, and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She is the first woman to hold the position of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and her period of rule in her country is the longest in the twentieth century. She was known by the nickname "Iron Lady" and is considered one of the most important influential figures in the history of the United Kingdom and her policies were characterized by Thatcherism. Because of the policies that Margaret Thatcher followed during her rule as Prime Minister, many groups emerged that supported her and on the other hand, many opposition parties stood against her. Her origins go back to a family of Prostagland merchants who lived in a small town in England. She participated in many student activities and various political parties as a brilliant student in her youth. At an early age, she became a member of the Conservative Party, followed by Thatcher's election in 1959 to the House of Commons for Finchley. Edward Heath appointed her Education Secretary in 1970. She married a wealthy businessman. She moved in a general Conservative-liberal political direction. By 1980 she had become an influential figure in the United Kingdom, working to move away from Western economic investment, implement privatization laws, encourage free markets, work to preserve workers' rights, and follow neoliberal policies. Thatcher's popularity declined during the first years of her term amid recession and high unemployment, until the victory of the Falklands War in 1982 and the recovering economy brought support, leading to her re-election in 1983. She survived an assassination attempt in the 1984 Brighton Hotel bombing. Thatcher was re-elected for a third term in 1987. During this period her support for community fees was widely unpopular, and her views on the European Common Market were not shared by others in the cabinet. The Conservative Party clashed with the left-wing opposition in the country at the time on the international stage, and also with the Eastern Bloc countries during the war. Cold. Margaret Thatcher was known as the Iron Lady because of her firm policies without discrimination. Thatcher was forced to leave her political office as Prime Minister, and end her political career altogether, due to divisions within the political parties, and after Michael Heseltine launched a challenge to her leadership. She was given the life line as Baroness Thatcher, entitled to sit in the House of Lords, and continued to be active after the premiership under John Major, radically changing the policies of the Labour Party. After a series of minor strokes in 2002, she was advised to withdraw from public speaking. However, she managed to record a tribute to Ronald Reagan before his death, which was broadcast at his funeral in 2004. In 2013, she died of another stroke in London, at the age of 87. Always a controversial figure, she was hailed by many as one of the greatest and most influential politicians in modern British history, even as controversy over her approach continues. Born Thatcher was born Margaret Hilda Roberts on 13 October 1925 in Grantham, Lincolnshire. Her parents were Alfred Roberts, from Northamptonshire, and Beatrice Ethel, from Lincolnshire. Thatcher spent her childhood in Grantham, where her father owned two grocery stores. The Thatchers helped a teenage Jewish girl, Muriel, fleeing Nazi Germany, and gave her refuge for a short period before World War II in 1938. Alfred Roberts was a local councillor and Methodist preacher, and raised his daughter as a strict Wesleyan Methodist, attending Finken Street Methodist Church. He came from a Liberal family but expressed himself as an independent. He served as Mayor of Grantham from 1945–46, losing his position as councillor in 1952 after Labour won its first majority on Grantham Council in 1950. Margaret went to Oxford in 1943 and graduated in 1947 with second-class honours, a four-year BSc in chemistry, specialising in X-ray crystallography under the supervision of chemist Dorothy Hodgkin. Her thesis was on the structure of the antibiotic gramicidin. Thatcher did not devote herself entirely to chemistry, intending only to become a chemist for a short period of time. She considered law and politics while studying chemistry, and was said to have been proud of being the first female Prime Minister to hold a degree, rather than becoming First Lady. Thatcher was known during her time at Oxford for her aloof and serious attitude. Her first lover, Tony Bray, said: "She is a very intellectual person and a brilliant talker, and perhaps that is what attracted me to her, as she was good at general subjects." Her enthusiasm for politics as a girl led him to view her as unusual. Bray later met her parents and described them as a little firm and very proper. Bray ended his relationship with Thatcher at the end of his term at Oxford, where he gradually grew distant. About her. Bray later said that he believed Thatcher took the relationship more seriously than he did. After graduating, Thatcher moved to Colchester, Essex, to work as a research chemist at British company BX Plastics near Manning Tree. Agar then applied for a job at Imperial Chemical Industries, but was rejected after the personnel department judged her to be strong but stubborn and opinionated. Thatcher joined the local Conservative Association and attended the party conference in Llandudno, Wales, in 1948 as a representative of the University Conservative Association. At the same time, she became a high-ranking member of the Firmin's Club, a grassroots Conservative group formed in response to a disparaging comment by the politician and former health minister Aneurin Bevan. One of her Oxford friends was a friend of the chairman of the Dartford Conservative Association, who was looking for candidates. The association officials were so impressed with her that they asked her to apply, even though she was not on the party's approved list, and she was selected in January 1948. 1950, and was added to the list of those already accepted. Margaret Hilda Roberts was born in Grantham, Lincolnshire, England. Her mother, Ethel, was from the Beatrice family in Lincolnshire, and her father, Alfred Roberts, was a grocer and at the same time an active member of local political activities, as well as a preacher in the Methodist Church. For this reason, Margaret became a devout Christian Methodist. She spent her childhood in her father's shop located in their home, and after that she went to Hunting Tower School and after that she won a scholarship to the girls' school in Kesteven and Grantham. According to the school records, she was an active and excellent student and worked to improve her level of studies constantly. In addition to her school lessons, she learned to play the piano, play hockey, read poetry, swim and walk. She came first in her school as the best student in the year and in the sixth form she won a scholarship to study chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford. Her application was rejected. She was awarded the scholarship but the other candidate withdrew before applying for the scholarship. She entered Oxford University in 1943 and in 1947 graduated with honours in chemistry, second in her class. She was elected President of the Oxford University Conservative Association in 1946. She was influenced by Friedrich von Hayek, who taught her at the university, who said that authoritarian regimes lead to economic instability in the country. After graduating from university, she worked in the chemical sector, and then moved to Colchester, Essex. She then joined the local Conservative Association there, and represented it at the Conservative Party conference in London. There she met one of her friends from Oxford University who was the President of the Dartford Conservative Association in the city. At that time, the Association's executives were looking for candidates for Parliament, and he was elected as a member of the Association in January 1951, despite not having his name on the list of Conservative Party candidates. After his victory as the Conservative Party candidate was announced, he divorced his wife during a business dinner and became known as The wealthy businessman. In order to prepare and prepare more for the elections, he moved to his home in Dartford. At that time, Thatcher continued to work in the chemical sector, and was a member of the team that developed the technology of disappearing ice cream from melting. In the period from 1950-1951, she joined the Conservative Party elections as the youngest young member, and she fought in Dartford, one of the strongholds of this party, against the Labor Party. In 1951, she married Denis Thatcher, whom she met during political activities. Her husband, the wealthy businessman Denis Thatcher, supported her by completing her work and political activities. In 1953, they had twins, and in the same year, Thatcher worked as a legal expert in tax law. Thatcher did everything she could to be a candidate for one of the positions in the Conservative Party. After many attempts to reject it, she became a member of Finchley in the elections in 1959, and was elected as a member of the General Assembly. During her first speech in Parliament, she was invited by She voted to decriminalize local meetings, and this decision later became law. In 1961, she voted to lift the use of the whip as a means of punishment. She was one of the Conservative MPs who called for the criminalization of male homosexuality. However, she allowed abortions. On the other hand, she was against the abolition of the death penalty, and voted against operations performed to facilitate divorce. In 1966, she said at a press conference held to oppose the Labour Party's Serbian policy. In 1967, during the shadow government, she became responsible for transport, fuel, and education. After winning the Conservative Party elections in 1970, she was appointed Minister for Education and Science in the Cabinet. In the first months of her tenure, she was forced to make cuts to the general budget and stop the distribution of free milk to children from seven to ten years old. For this reason, Thatcher was known as the milk thief and faced many oppositions and protests. According to the Cabinet report of 2001, Thatcher backed down from cutting milk from nurseries for fear of public backlash and proposed solutions and standards for the rising prices of school meals, proposed no fees for schools and libraries, and also called for solutions to these problems. With the exception of library fees, all suggestions and opinions were accepted at Cabinet meetings. Thatcher, who was known by a nickname during her time in office, lifted examinations from preparatory schools in an attempt to equalize education at both levels. In order to spread and provide open education in the United Kingdom, the open universities established in the country were saved from closure. Thatcher, who had lost the opportunity of university education at an early age, allowed the availability of simple and cheap facilities that allowed young people to innovate at this early age. She was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet again after her defeat in the 1974 Conservative Party elections, this time as Minister for the Environment and Housing. In this ministry, she worked to provide revenues for local governments to move to the tax system. Proportional, and began to formulate policies in defence of temporary proportional taxes. This policy brought together the leading supporters of the Conservative Party and supported Thatcher Keith Joseph, who helped to prevent the chaos in the fiscal policies of the Heather government. In 1974, in order not to lose the election again, Joseph decided to stand against her again, but then backed down. Accordingly, Thatcher decided to challenge Heather and seek the position of Conservative Party leader. Thatcher, who unexpectedly received more votes than Heather in the first round, became Conservative Party leader by a majority in the second round held on 11 February 1975. She chose William Whitelaw as her deputy instead of his predecessor Heather. Margaret Thatcher made violent criticism of the Soviet Union in a speech she gave on 19 January 1976. In response, the Red Star newspaper, a newspaper affiliated with the Soviet Ministry of Defence, Krasnaya Zvezda, nicknamed Thatcher "The Soviet Union". The nickname quickly spread throughout the world via Radio Moscow. Thatcher loved this nickname very much and it is attributed to the person who never changes his mind. Thatcher took a place in the shadow cabinet that Heather established, and she adopted many different views within the Conservative Party. In order for the party to accept the financial views, it had to be completed with the utmost pain and caution in its placement. The decentralized Heather government decided Scottish policy. In January 1978, she began her interview, which was broadcast on Granada Television. The Conservative Party was declared the winner of the Labour Party by 49%, up from 43%. Some commentators claimed that Thatcher was standing in the ranks of the Conservative Party at the expense of the British National Front. Surveys conducted before the 1979 general election showed that despite the majority support for the Conservative Party, James Callaghan, the leader of the Labour Party, was nominated to be Prime Minister. The position of the Labour Party deteriorated and worsened in the winter of 1978-1979 due to industrial disputes, unrest, high unemployment, The deterioration of public services. The Conservative Party members said that the Labour Party did not work, and they also criticized them for the high unemployment rates and their excessive interference in the labor market. Thus, the Kalahat government fell in the spring of 1979 after it failed to obtain the vote to support it and remain. At the end of the general election, the Conservative Party was elected with 43 seats in the House of Commons and Margaret Thatcher was chosen as Prime Minister. Thatcher formed a new government on 4 May 1979 to prevent the economic collapse of the United Kingdom and to reduce the role of the state in the economy. She wanted it to be more effective in strengthening international relations and leadership in order to get rid of the United Kingdom's subordination under the influence of the British bureaucracy. In 1980, there were many similarities and points of convergence between both US President Ronald Reagan and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney in 1984. Although the dominant political ideology in the Anglo-Saxon countries is not prevalent in other countries. In 1983, Turgut Ozal, Prime Minister of Turkey, implemented Economic policy similar to Thatcher's policies in his work in the Liberal Conservatives. The Irish Prime Minister Charles Haughey said at the conference he held to speak about the Northern Ireland problem on 20 May 1980 in the Afham Hall. In 1981, the prisoners of the Irish Republican Army and the Irish National Liberation Army in the Maze prison in Northern Ireland began a hunger strike for 5 years in order to return the victory and gain to them again. Thatcher rejected this settlement with the prisoners, saying. However, 10 people died as a result of this strike. Following the increase in the number of hunger strikers in the country, some rights were given to political prisoners. On the other hand, Thatcher continued to follow some of the policies that came during the departure of the local forces from their jobs in Northern Ireland during the previous Labour government. According to Thatcher, Northern Ireland, which defended the unity of the United Kingdom, was also defending them against the Irish Republican Army. In this case, the reactions that came as a result of the deaths of British soldiers in Northern Ireland work to mitigate The burden on the army In the field of economy, Thatcher assessed the biggest obstacle facing private sector investment and saw that the biggest obstacle is inflation, which represents 21% in 1980. According to this inflation, the main factors that contribute to this inflation are excessive public spending and borrowing. In order to solve this problem, they controlled the money supply and worked to increase interest rates to reduce debt. When Thatcher assumed the presidency, she worked to raise the interest rate in 6 months from 14% to 17%. Due to the indirect tax income tax, the interest rate fell to 15% and the inflation rate rose dramatically. Due to the economic recession of this policy, unemployment rates in the Labor Party rose in 1979 from 1.3 million people to one and a half million people. Restructuring the industrial sector again is one of the most important reasons that caused the rise in unemployment rates. Thatcher, contrary to the Labor Party, did not restore support for the sectors. Unemployment became one of the most important economic issues in the Thatcher era. The politicians who were implementing Thatcher's policy defended this policy at the party conference In 1980, these words were confirmed by the 1981 Budget of £364, and despite concerns about the open letter from well-known economists, the government increased tax rates in a time of economic recession. In January 1982, inflation fell back to single digits, opening the way for a natural decline in interest rates. Unemployment continued to rise until the unemployment rate reached 3 million. Due to changes in the official definition of unemployment, commentators stated that the real unemployment rate was 5 million. However, the Thatcher government made it difficult to obtain unemployment insurance, but then Business Secretary Norman Tebbitt changed the rules to specify the number of unemployed and provided insurance for the unemployed only. The figures were later shown to be artificial and exaggerated when the real number of unemployed was revealed. In 1983, industrial production in the United Kingdom fell by 30% compared to the 1978 rate. Meanwhile, the military junta took power in Argentina, and they investigated On 2 April 1982, Argentina occupied the Falkland Islands, which had been occupied since 1830. This was the first invasion of British territory since World War II. Within a few days, Thatcher sent a naval fleet to reclaim the islands that had been taken. The United Kingdom was able to achieve victory in the Falklands War, and popular support and Thatcher's support increased. Thanks to the Falklands Wars and the division of the opposition, the Conservative Party won the elections again with a landslide majority in 1983. The economic recovery in 1983 also played its part in the success of the Conservatives. This success was at its peak during the Thatcher era. Thatcher was determined to wear down and break the unions, but on the other hand, the Heather government preferred to achieve this in the long term rather than force them to do so by law. In return, many unions organized strikes aimed at wearing Thatcher down. The most important of these were: The strikes that were organized were the National Union of Mineworkers strike in 1984-1985. However, Thatcher had faced this strike by stockpiling coal in reserve, and accordingly in 1972 they had no power cuts. The methods used by the police during the strikes provoked human rights associations from violations that were established in order to prevent participants from reaching these strikes, and at the same time the press and media covered many pictures that indicated these facts. In this way, the miners' strike continued for a whole year and they were forced to end their strike without achieving any gains. Accordingly, Thatcher closed all mines except 15 mines and in 1994 she worked to privatize them. The United Nations arms embargo prevented the smuggling of weapons from the United Kingdom to the apartheid administration of the Republic of South Africa, and accordingly, Thatcher invited both the country's President George Bush and Foreign Minister Pik-Lota-Booth to the United Kingdom in order to Discussing UK investments and economic sanctions. Thatcher made several statements at the African National Congress, including an end to apartheid, the release of Nelson Mandela, the defence of black rights and liberation, the prevention of base attacks in neighbouring countries, the withdrawal from Namibia, and warnings against UN Security Council resolutions. Botha, however, ignored these warnings and did not take them into account. Thatcher stated in a 1986 interview with The Guardian that economic sanctions imposed on South Africa were immoral because they caused millions of blacks to lose jobs. On the morning of 12 October 1984, one day before her 59th birthday, Thatcher survived a bomb explosion that the Irish Republican Army had planted in the Brighton Hotel to prevent the Conservative Party conference. The explosion resulted in the deaths of five people. Had Thatcher been five minutes late in going to the bathroom, she would have been affected by the explosion. Thatcher wanted to hold a meeting the day after the explosion according to the conference program, but despite the explosion, she held the meeting and won the appreciation and love of the political parties and coalitions. On 15 November 1985, Thatcher signed the Hillsborough Agreement under the rule of Northern Ireland with Irish Prime Minister Garrett Fitzgerald, the first time that Ireland had signed this agreement. The forces in Northern Ireland met this agreement with great anger. Consequently, the majority of people from the parties supporting these forces resigned from Parliament and demanded early elections. However, they were unable to annul the agreement and stop it. Thatcher established the free market and spread the spirit of initiative based on Her political acumen and economic philosophy. Upon coming to power, she sold many experimental centers to small public institutions and was very well received for this decision. After the elections in 1983, she led and supported many strong movements, starting with British telecommunications companies and ending with the establishment of many large companies to be publicly owned starting in 1940. She took many shares belonging to the public sector and sold these shares after a period in order to achieve profit in a short time. Many left-wing politicians opposed privatization policies and united with Thatcherism. The policy of publishing and buying shares spread and this policy, which many people followed, was called capitalist policy. Thatcher supported the policy of deterrence in the Cold War. The West strongly opposed this policy in the seventies and this caused friction and controversy with the allies. Thatcher attracted the attention of nuclear disarmament movements that allowed the spread of weapons in the United Kingdom, which were known as nuclear weapons. However, with the coming to power of the Soviet reformist leader Gorbachev, he worked on Repairing relations and establishing positive and effective relations with the West. Thatcher stated in the meeting held three months after Gorbachev took power that she liked and appreciated Mr Gorbachev, and that she wanted to establish trade relations with him. This strong comment by Thatcher was followed by the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the country entered another phase of conflict. Thatcher's supporters used a policy of deterrence and a soft policy of defending the West until they achieved victory. Due to the cuts in the education budget at Oxford University in 1985, the honorary doctorate was traditionally denied to the Oxford-educated Prime Minister, despite the protests of other NATO allies. In 1986, they supported the US bombing of Libya from bases in the United Kingdom. Under defence cooperation with the United States, the Italian and Italian Augusta Westland helicopters were provided instead of the Sikorsky ones that were provided to the public. Due to an agreement between Augusta and the Defence Secretary Michael Heseltine, Thatcher rejected this decision and presented She resigned accordingly. Heseltine then competed with Thatcher for her seat within the party and was one of the most important reasons that helped her leave power in the nineties. In Thatcher's second term, she signed two of the most important agreements in foreign policy: During her visit to China in 1984, she signed the Sino-British Joint Cooperation Agreement with Deng Xiaoping. Accordingly, this agreement became known as the Agreement and worked to change the economic situation for the better during the 50 years after its implementation in 1997. Thatcher signed an agreement during her meeting at the European Council on the European economy in Dublin in November 1979. She said at the summit of the conference. Thatcher's objections were presented and then she obtained many installments at a rate of 66% by winning contributions from the United Kingdom at the summit of the Fontillon Conference. This agreement is still in effect today and many disputes arise between the members of the European Union from time to time because of this agreement. Thatcher - who won 102 seats in the elections held in 1987 as a result of her advocacy of unilateral nuclear disarmament On the Labour Party and the economic prosperity that emerged under her hand - she was the first female Prime Minister to win this position for a third consecutive time since Lord Liverpool, who was the longest-serving Prime Minister in the United States. The Daily Mirror, the Guardian, the Independent and all the British newspapers supported her, and on the other hand, the press took many brief statements from the secretariat. The press gave her a cute nickname, which is . Her rivals turned this nickname into a slogan against her, saying . Some leftist reactions were reflected in some songs during this period, , . Although she stood against supporting homosexuality in men, she said at the party conference in 1987 . Some conservatives began a campaign to combat homosexuality in society. In December 1987, a decision was issued to prohibit the teaching of homosexuality in schools by law, after much debate. Indeed, this law was later repealed. As a result of the social reforms that were carried out, an education system was established that provides job opportunities similar to the systems in the United States of America, which are established for adults. In the late eighties, Thatcher began to take an interest in environmental issues based on her experience in the chemical field. In 1988, she made an important statement regarding the problems of global warming, ozone depletion, and acid rain. In 1990, she founded the Hadley Research Centre for research and meteorological forecasting. In a book - published in 2002 in the State Art Galleries - she presented the causes of global warming. In a statement in Bruges, Belgium, 1988, she spoke about the European Community's proposed decision to transform it into a federal structure and make it a decision-making center. In supporting this decision to support the United Kingdom's membership, Thatcher believed in the role of the European Commission in the free market and its ability to achieve conditions for free and effective competition, and she feared that its reforms would be reflected in the United Kingdom in contravention of the European Commission's regulations. The European Commission strongly opposed the decision of the Economic and Technical Union to define a single currency to replace all existing national currencies. This decision caused many protests by other European leaders, and a deep rift was revealed regarding European policy in the Conservative Party. Thatcher made an official visit to Turkey from 6 to 8 April 1988. Many important issues in the region were discussed, including Turkey's application to join the European Union, the new Turkish economy, attracting investments from the United Kingdom, the Cyprus problem, the war between Iran and Iraq, and the Palestine problem. Thatcher said in the press conference she attended with Turgut Ozal, and popular support has decreased Thatcher was accused of raising interest rates in order to achieve economic prosperity. Thatcher accused the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nigel Leeson, of the European Monetary Union. In November 1987, Thatcher stated in an interview with the Financial Times and also said at a meeting held before the European Union summit in Madrid in June 1988 with Lawson, the Foreign Secretary and Geoffrey Howe that she had been forced to accept the conditions required for joining the exchange rate mechanism prepared by the monetary union. Both said at the meeting that they would resign if Thatcher's conditions were not accepted. Thatcher was allowed to consult with the adviser Alan Waters to consult on economic issues, however, Howe refused this. Lawson resigned in October 1989. However, the separation of the two politically savvy politicians, Howe and Wilson, weakened Thatcher's team. In this case, she showed her strength as Prime Minister and did not show her tolerance or acceptance of different points of view. In the same year, she competed with Anthony Meyer for the leadership of the party. Conservatives. If Thatcher had easily given up to Mayer, she would have had 60 votes, or if she had not joined the elections, this would have been a great opportunity to become Prime Minister. On the other hand, the party's supporters had supported her for 10 years as Prime Minister, and the total votes were 370 votes, declaring that this was the final result. The tax system included in the Conservative Party's 1987 election programme, which Thatcher aimed to raise local government taxes, was introduced in 1989 in Scotland, and in 1990 in England and Wales. The calculations based on assets instead of local taxes, known as the jizya, which equalises everyone in paying taxes, led to many negative reactions and street strikes. One of the last acts of Prime Minister Thatcher was to send troops to the Middle East to end the war between US President George Bush and Saddam Hussein from Kuwait. Bush had some reservations about this plan, but Thatcher responded violently, saying that instructions had been given to reduce interest rates to 1% to the new Chancellor of the Exchequer, John Major, on the Friday before Conservative Party Conference in October 1990. In order to maintain monetary stability, Major persuaded the single administration to join him in the exchange rate at the same time according to the terms of Madrid. Thatcher was firm in the face of the call of the Saudi King Fahd for the need to build an international coalition to repel Saddam's attack on Saudi Arabia. She moved in the name of her country's government and held a press conference with US President George H. W. Bush to declare war on the actual intervention. Thatcher was able to crush the Iraqi president as she had done with Argentina. Thatcher's removal from politics, from the point of view of Alan Clark, is one of the most dramatic episodes in British political history. A prime minister who has been in power for a long time cannot be defeated; it is an event that is unbelievable at first sight. However, by the 1990s, Thatcher's domestic tax policy, Thatcher's mismanagement of the government economy that spread in public opinion, and the divisions that had emerged within the Conservative Party regarding integration and cooperation with Europe, also showed her weakness and the weakness of the party in the political arena. On 1 November 1990, Geoffrey Howe, Thatcher's oldest and most important ally, resigned from the post of assistant to the Prime Minister in protest. On Thatcher's policy. He was encouraged by his old rival Michael Heseltine to run for the leadership of the party and won the second round with more votes than the first round. Although he had previously wanted to run in the second round, Thatcher decided to withdraw from the election after consulting with members of the government. It was announced at 9:00 am on 22 November that she would not accept a candidate for prime minister in the second round. The announcement of her resignation was subsequently made in the media, and Maghloub took the opportunity to make one of the most moving statements during the confidence vote against Thatcher in the House of Commons: He supported John Major and won the leadership race. In a survey released after Thatcher's resig