Twilight sleep or twilight state is a state of amnesia characterized by loss of pain sensation without loss of consciousness, caused by injections of morphine and hyoscine, and was used especially to relieve the pain of childbirth. In 1899, Dr. Schneiderlin recommended the use of hyoscine and morphine as an anesthesia for surgery and began to use it intermittently for this purpose. This combination has been shown to be effective in easing and facilitating childbirth, and was first proposed by Richard von Steinbeckel in 1902 and then developed by Carl Gauss in Freiburg, Germany from 1903. The method was known as the "Dämmerschlaf" or "Freiburg method". The method spread slowly to different clinics, and was experimented with with different dosages and ingredients. In 1915 the Canadian Medical Association Journal reported that "the method is really still in a state of development and improvement." In 1915, the New York Times published an article about twilight sleep and the work of Hannah Rion, or Mrs. Frank Fair Peck, who had recently written a book called The Truth About Twilight Sleep. In the article, Rion said that the consensus of 69 medical reports she had recently reviewed was that "the combination of scopolamine and morphine is not dangerous to children." It was initially seen as the dawn of a new era, which was described as "a new age for women in the entire human race." Early on, women in the United States formed the National Twilight Sleep Association, which advocated for its expanded use. Articles in The New York Times and Reader's Digest praised it, but the campaign eventually waned after one of its leaders died of childbirth hemorrhage. The drug combination did not relieve pain; it did create amnesia, for example: women who had gone through childbirth did not remember the pain. The drug remained widely used in the United States until 1960, when chemophobia grew and women began to desire natural childbirth without chemicals, which led to its abandonment.