[operation] examine last element [Ada] Last_Element [C++] back [Java] peekLast [Perl] $array[-1] [Python] [-1] [Ruby] last [JavaScript] [.length - 1] [PHP] 
end
a r r a y _ p u s h
a r r a y _ u n s h i f t
a r r a y _ p o p
a r r a y _ s h i f t
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r e s e t