Alleviating mortality associated with a vitamin E-selenium deficiency by dietary ascorbic acid. Adding ascorbic acid to a practical ration deficient in vitamin E and selenium for the growing duck substantially reduced associated mortality.  The continued appearance of various myopathies but absence of vascular faults supported implication of a reduced de novo ascorbate synthesis as part of the syndrome.  Presumably, alleviation of this induced secondary inadequacy with its more lethal pathology was the primary reason for the lower death rate.


The effect of cropectomy on selected reproductive and physiological characteristics of laying hens. Two-hundred and fifty Babcock B-300 pullets (18 weeks of age) were either cropectomized, sham-operated or used as unoperated controls in two experiments.  Although feed consumption was slightly less in cropectomized birds than in control birds, the pattern of feed consumption in relation to time of day remained unchanged.  Egg production and body weight of cropectomized birds were significantly lower than that of control or sham birds.  Egg weight was not affected by cropectomy or the sham operation.  Cropectomy had no influence on the pattern of serum calcium or on egg specific gravity in relation to time of day; however, serum calcium and egg specific gravity  was consistently lower at each time interval measured throughout the day or night when compared to that of controls.  The adverse effect of cropectomy on specific gravity of eggs and serum calcium indicated that the crop is an important organ in the laying hen.  The crop appeared to serve as a storage depot for feed providing the bird with nutrients necessary for optimal shell quality during periods on non-consumption.


Relationship of heat tolerance and oxygen consumption in chickens. Chicks from lines genetically selected for high or low heat tolerance were compared to lines selected for high or low oxygen consumption.  Oxygen consumption, survival time, respiration rate, lung capacity and body weight were determined.  Selection for high oxygen consumption ahd high heat tolerance resulted in birds with similar characteristics.  The high line birds for both heat tolerance and oxygen consumption had greater oxygen consumption, survival time and lung capacity but lower body weight.


An attempt to force molt small egg-type pullets. Small 1.1 kg. egg-type pullets having the sex-linked dw dwarfing gene were more resistant to a force molting program started at 11 months of age than were their 1.4 kg. non-dwarf counterparts.  Water deprivation appeared to prevent egg production sooner in the dwarfs than in the non-dwarfs but egg production eight weeks after initiation of the force molt program was 46 per cent versus 64 per cent for the non-dwarf pullets.


Growth inhibition of broilers by diammonium citrate. In two experiments with young chicks, weight gains were never increased by diammonium citrate (DAC) added to low-protein, amino-acid-supplemented, semipurified diets.  Added vitamin B6 seemed effective in slightly reducing the growth-inhibition caused by DAC and in improving weight gains per gram of nitrogen retained from DAC diets.


Leukopenia in neonatal Japanese quail.

Leukopenia in neonatal Japanese quail. Japanese quail were sacrificed at one or two days after hatching. several hematological parameters were measured.  A leukopenia occurred in the two-day-old quail.  Concomitantly the circulating numbers of lymphocytes were reduced in the older quail.  It appears that this functional leukopenia is attributable to reduced numbers of lymphocytes and may represent an heretofore undefined physiological adaptive mechanism which occurs during the early neonatal period.


A study of thyroid activity in dwarf and non-dwarf female chicks during key physiological states of growth and reproduction. Thyroid function, as indicated by the maximum percent uptake of iodine-131, was measured in non-dwarf and recessive, sex-linked dwarf White Leghorn female chickens at different ages.  The rate of uptake and release of 131-I by the thyroid gland was closely monitored over a period of eight days after the injection of the isotope.  No significant differences were observed in thyroid uptake value of dwarf chicks in one-week-old group (approximately equal to 11.5 per cent for each group).  At the age of four weeks the maximum uptake was only 5.58 per cent in dwarfs compared to 10.11 per cent in non-dwarf chicks.  Potassium thiocyanate treatment caused a significant reduction in the uptake of iodine-131 by the thyroid glands of both 4-week-old dwarf and non-dwarf chicks although there was no difference in the response pattern of either group to the treatment.  Dwarf laying-hens had a significantly lower maximum thyroid uptake (1.4 per cent) when compared to non-dwarf laying hens (2.48 per cent).  A consistantly slower rate of uptake by the thyroid glands of dwarf chickens was observed for all age groups than equivalent non-dwarfs but there were no apparent differences in the release rates of 131-I by dwarfs when compared to non-dwarfs.  No significant differences were observed between the 131-I uptake by the ovaries or eggs of both dwarf and non-dwarf laying hens.  A gradual decrease in thyroid activity was observed in both dwarf and non-dwarf chickens with increased age.  From this study it was evident that the dwarf bird had significantly lower thyroid activity but with normal organification.  The defect in thyroid function in the dwarf bird apparently was not at the level of synthesis but at the level of uptake of iodine.


Quantitative aspects of the Staphylococcus aureus flora of poultry. Important populations of Staphylococcus aureus were found to be present on the body surfaces of live poultry originating from flocks without history of staphylococcal disease.  Their sized increased considerably until approximately the seventh week of life after which time they were maintained at equally high levels.  Significant correlations were found between the populations recovered from superficial wash samples and skin-tissue samples.  Similarly the numbers isolated from the nasal cavities were correlated with other surface counts.  Low numbers were present in the intestinal tract.  Birds with staphylococcal synovitis had higher numbers in all sampling regions.  The counts were very high in subjects suffering from staphylococcal dermatitis.  Higher rates of positive birds and higher numbers of staphylococci were detected with a whole body sampling method than with a nasal swab technique.  The isolates obtained in this study belonged to the S. aureus biotype B which is associated with poultry and pigs.


[The contractile capacity of the myocardium, the effect of insulin on it and indices of central hemodynamics in patients with diabetes mellitus]. In comparing the indices in 105 patients with diabetes and in 75 healthy persons a possibility was revealed of significant disturbances of the contractile function of the myocardium also in young patients with diabetes without any clinico-instrumental signs of coronary atherosclerosis.  This proves the significane not only of atherosclerotic changes in the development of myocardial pathology in diabetes, but alos of the metabolic ones.  Against the opinion of some authors, when given in the usual therapeutic doses insulin failed to lead to negative shifts in the phasic structure of the left ventricle systole in diabetics.  For the first time investigations of hemodynamics by the method of diluted Evans blue demonstrated an increase in the plasma volume and of the circulating blood mass, and a decrease of circulation velocity in diabetes.


[The scintigraphic image of the thyroid gland in large cell eosinophilic tumors--Hürthle cell adenoma and Langhans struma]. Thirteen patients (12 women and 1 man), chiefly aged from 40 to 60 years and suffering from Langhans struma and Hurthle-cell adenoma were examined and operated on. Scintigraphic study of the thyroid gland was conducted in 6 patients with histologically proved Hurthle-cell adenoma; "warm" nodes were revealed in 3 and "cold" nodes also in 3 cases. Three scintigraphic images with a "cold" node and 1--with a "warm" node were obtained in the patients with Langhans struma. In one case with a "hot" node and in one case with a "warm" node of the Hurthle group there was a clinical picture of moderately severe thyrotoxicosis. The differences in the thyroscintigraphic pictures in eosinophilic tumours pointed to the necessity of additional clinical and laboratory investigations.


[Sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin in latent diabetes mellitus (a clinico--experimental study)]. A study was made of the sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin in patients with latent diabetes mellitus and in rats with latent alloxan diabetes.  Investigations were carried out by the intensity of glucose-C-14 incorporation into total lipids of adipose tissue during its incubation with various insulin concentrations.  It was demonstrated that in rats with latent alloxan diabetes sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin was unchanged in comparison with control rats.  Sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin was significantly reduced in the patients with latent diabetes mellitus in comparison with control.  The data obtained indicated that reduction of the sensitivity of adipose tissue to insulin in patients with latent diabetes mellitus served as a primary factor in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, responsible for the appearance of a relative insulin deficiency.


[Brachymetacarpia in disorders of the rate of physical growth]. On the basis of studying roentgenograms of 1007 wrists in 769 persons the author presents the incidence of the metacarpal syndrome in the population and in some disturbances of the rate of physical development.  A metacarpal index determined by roentgenogram as the ratio of the IV and the II metacarpal bones multiplied by 100 is suggested.  The value ocal and is often encountered in gonad dysgenesia.  Estrogen therapy failed to eliminate this ratio disturbance in the metacarpus.  Girls with an accelerated physical development had a tendency to increase of the metacarpal index.  As a rule this index was within the normal limits in Klinefelter's syndrome.


[The state of iodine metabolism in vegeto-vascular dystonia and neurasthenia]. A method of radiometry of the whole body was applied to the study of iodine metabolism in 288 patients directed for examination with a preliminary diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis.  The state of iodine metabolism was disturbed in half of them.  In 9.1 per cent the changes corresponded to thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism.  In the rest--disturbances followed the type of dissociation of iodine metabolism, i.e. only one of its phases altered, with a normal value of the rest.  A total of 4 dissociation types were noted.  The most frequent were the following: normal accumulation of iodine in the thyroid gland in combination with reduced level of organic iodine in the body and increased ioding content in the thyroid gland in combination with the normal organic iodine level in the body.


[Blood sugar and plasma immunoreactive insulin levels in healthy pregnant women undergoing the glucose tolerance test]. The level of blood sugar and of blood plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) on fasting stomach and during the glucose (per os) tolerance test (GTT) were studied in apparently healthy 8 nonpregnant and 20 pregnant women (11 of them were examined once and 9 repeatedly in the course of pregnancy).  GTT proved to be normal in all the women; there sere no signs pointing to the possibility of prediabetic state.  Blood sugar on fasting stomach was somewhat lower in pregnant women than in the nonpregnant ones.  Therefore, despite the absence of significant differences between the mean blood sugar values during the GTT in the pregnant and onopregnant women the mean sugar elevation during the whole GTT period was significantly higher in women of the III trimester of pregnancy than in the nonpregnant women.  Blood plasma IRI content on fasting stomach during the II trimester of pregnancy had a tendency to elevation, and during the III trimester was significantly greater than in the nonpregnant women and in the I and II trimesters of pregnancy.  The maximal blood plasma IRI elevation after taking glucose occurred later in the pregnant women was significantly higher during the II and the III trimesters than in the nonpregnant women.  During the III trimester of pregnancy there was a singnificantly greater mean IRI elevation in the whole course of the GGT than in the nonpregnant women.  IRI index showed no significant change in the pregnant women.  The revealed character of the sugar and IRI ratio in the blood on fasting stomach and during the GTTpermits to suggest that hyperinsulinemia during pregnancy bore the character of a compensatory process.  The absence of any changes in the IRI index pointed to the functional preservation of the insular apparatus in healthy pregnant women despite the fact that it was subject to a constant and increasing tension with the progress of pregnancy.


[Placental permeability to thyroxine].

[Placental permeability to thyroxine]. This is an experimental work.  Investigations were carried out on albino rats on the 18th day of pregnancy.  A study was made of I-131-labelled thyroxin penetration from the maternal organism into the fetus and vice versa.  Radiological and radiochromatographic analysis of the blood samples of both the mother and the fetuses at various time intervals after the administration of radioactive thyroxin showed that the isotope in the form of thyroxin failed to penetrate from the mother to the fetus and vice versa.  A conclusion was drawn that during prenatal development the function of the fetal thyroid gland was automatic.


[Use of dicinon in subacute hypoplastic anemia]. The authors sum up the data on the hemostatic action of dicinon in 20 patients with hypoplastic anemia. Dicinon proved to promote the arrest of a hemorrhagic syndrome in cases in which the changes in the vascular factors prevailed in the pathogenesis of the hemorrhagic tendency.


[The effect of experimental hypothyroidism in rats on the level of glycoproteins in the serum, kidneys and lungs]. The influence of the hypothyroid state (induced by dialy administration of 30 mg/100 g body wt of methyluracil, per os, for three weeks) on the perchloric acid-soluble protein level, protein-bound hexoses and protein-bound hexosamines in the blood serum, kidneys and lung tissue or rat were studied; there proved to be a statistically significant decrease in the serum and tissues of the hypothyroid rats.  As to the changes in the protein-bound hexoses/protein-bound hexosamines ratio--they were not significant.


[Changes in the blood coagulation system in patients with mechanical trauma and burns]. A comparative study of the changes in the coagulogram in patients with mechanical trauma and burn cases showed a commonness between the disturbances in the hemostasis in mechanical and thermal trauma expressed in their the same direction and order. At first there was a brief hypocoagulation phase, and this was followed by hypercoagulation due to intensification of the procoagulant activity and depression of fibrinolysis. In patients with burns the changes in the blood coagulation system were more prolonged and sharper, than in the patients with mechanical injury. Coronary disturbances often accompanied hypercoagulation. Pneumonia developing in the patients with both types of the trauma under study intensified hemostatic disturbances.


[Blood cholinesterase in rats with experimental thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism]. Changes in the sum total activity of cholinesterase of the plasma and erythrocytes (AC substrate) and also separately of acetyl- and pseudocholinesterase (MeC and ByC substrates) were studied in experiments on rats with thyrotoxin toxicosis and 6-methylthiouracil hypothyroidism.  The sum total activity of cholinesterase proved to increase in the erythrocytes of rats with thyrotoxicosis and fell in the erythrocytes and plasma of animals with hypothyroidism.  The activity of acetylcholinesterase of erythrocytes and plasma increased in thyrotoxicosis and decreased in hypothyroidism.  The activity of pseudocholinesterase of erythrocytes and plasma decreased in thyrotoxicosis and showed no significant difference in hypothyroidism.


[Oligonucleotides of human thrombocytes and their participation in the release reaction induced by thrombin]. The presence of a fraction of oligonucleotides rich in adenin, and a high metabolic activity of this fraction was demonstrated. Data are presented on the participation of adenin-rich oligonucleotides of human platelets in the blood coagulation system reactions, namely in the release reaction induced by thrombin.


[The effect of desoxycorticosterone acetate on the activity of the lysosomal enzymes of lymphoid organs]. The authors present the results of study or fegularities attending the changes in the activity of free, total and bound fractions of the lysosomal enzymes--beta-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase in the thymus and the spleen of rabbits under conditions of DOCA administration.  The activity of the enzymes was studied 30 min, 1, 4, 12, 24 and 48 hours after a single injection of the hormone.  DOCA administration caused biphasic changes in the activity of both glycosidases.  A marked increase in the activity of all the enzyme fractions during the first experimental hours was later replaced by their fall.  An increase in the activity of glycosidases at the early periods of DOCA administration pointed to the intensification of the enzymatic synthesis, and also could be associated with the spicific induction of the enzymatic activity.  The activity of beta-glucosidase and of beta-galactosidase directly depended on DOCA dose.  Effects similar to the experiments in vivo were obtained in vitro.  The activity of hyaluronidase under the effect of Dca decreased considerably in the thymus and the spleen, particularly at the early experimental periods, pointing to reduction of tissue permeability of the lymphoid organs.


[Characteristics of hemocoagulation in different periods of the development of a venous intravascular thrombus]. Experiments were conducted on rabbits. A study was made of peculiarities of blood coagulation and of the functional changes in platelets at the period of the thrombus organization, and also at various stages after its formation in the femoral vein. It appeared that at the period of the thrombus formation and during the first 5 minutes after its organization there occurred hypercoagulation changes in the blood and hypocoagulation of the plasma against the background of decrease in fibrinogen, hyperfibrinolysis, hyperheparinemia and thrombocytopenia. One to three days after the thrombosis of the femoral vein the blood hypercoagulation capacity becomes less pronounced. At this time thrombocytosis, an increase in fibrinogen content, hypoheparinemia and inhibition of fibrinolysis are observed. In the authors' opinion, hemocoagulation changes in venous thrombosis were chiefly caused by the hypercoagulation activity of the blood formed elements.


[The effect of thymectomy on several types of metabolism in tissues and on the concentration of corticosteroids in the blood of adult rats]. The concentration of 11-OCS in the blood plasma increased 2 weeks after thymectomy of adult rats; 3 to 4 weeks later this index fell to subnormal values.  The following changes were observed in the spleen 2 to 4 weeks after the operation: a reduction of P-32 incorporation into the RNA and particularly into the DNA and also a fall of the ATP phosphate and lactic acid concentration with a simultaneous increase of P-32 incorporation into the whole tissue and of the K/Na ratio.  With some reduction of ATP phosphate and in the absence of any increase in P-32 incorporation into the whole tissue there was an increase in P-32 incorporation into the RNA.  The absence of such metabolic changes in case of false thymectomy and following splenectomy pointed to their specific dependence on the exclusion of the thymus function.  Dynamics of these shifts failed to correlate with the changes in the 11-OCS content in the majority of the tissues.


[Changes in the activity of thrombocytic factors of coagulation in hypercoagulation induced by the administration of adrenaline]. In adrenaline hypercoagulation and also on addition of adrenaline to platelets in vitro there occurred a marked increase in the activity of the 3rd and the 4th platelet factors; the activity of the 1st and the 2nd platelet factors displayed no significant change under the effect of adrenaline. Hypercoagulation state was accompanied by an accelerated formation of the clot; the process of retraction ends more rapidly.


[Hemocoagulation and fibrinolytic properties of alkaline phosphatase]. The work is devoted to the analysis of hemocoagulation and fibrinolytic properties of a commercial preparation of alkaline phosphatase from the mucosa of the small intestine of a chick. The results of this work indicated that the catalytic separation of the phosphate groups under the effect of alkaline phosphatase was not a significant link in the biochemical mechanism of the blood plasma coagulation and activation of the fibrinolytic process.


[Blast transformation of the lymphocytes of the blood of Macaca rhesus in culture by means of stimulation with phytohemagglutinin and allogenic leukocytes (methods of cultivation and quantitative evaluation of blast transformation)]. The authors consider a number of methodical questions of great significance for the brief-term cultures of both human and animal lymphocytes. A method of assessment of blast transformation of lymphocytes by radiometric measurement of H-3-thymidine incorporated into the cells was elaborated. A heterogenic system trichloracetic acid-insoluble cell fraction on a millipore filter--was used for measuring the tritium irradiation.


[Development of transplanted leukocytes in mice in the period of hemogenic regeneration of blood-producing tissues in their bodies]. Observation over the course of leukemic process caused by the administration to syngenous mice of cells of spontaneous leukemia of AKR mice indicated some delay of its development in the organism of animals with regenerating lymphoid organs.


[Submicroscopic formations of an unknown nature in the eosinophils of the blood of dogs]. The authors describe ultrastructure in dog blood eosinophils, unknown formerly. These formations look like dumb-bells or rods, 0,003-0,005 micron in length. A double-contour membrane is distinct under high magnification. The structures contain a homogeneous matrix, more electron-dense than the matrix of the cytoplasm itself. They are distributed mostly in groups (3-4), in parallel, at a small distance from one another; sometimes they are scattered singly at the periphery of the cytoplasm. Several suggestions were made on the role of the mentioned structures in the eosinophilic leukocyte function.


Nonverbal communication during physical therapy. This study was designed to investigate  nonverbal communication in a physical therapy setting. The investigation was accomplished by observing patient-physical therapist interaction during treatment sessions, recording nonverbal behaviors capable of communicating, and interviewing the patient and therapist to discuss the nonverbal communication that occurred during the treatment. Nonverbal communication was present in the physical therapy setting, although both patient and therapist were aware of nonverbal behavior only 50 percent of the time. Nonverbal communication was used to maintain or establish an emotionally supportive treatment setting and to clarify or explain treatment instruction. Nonverbal communication in this setting and for these purposes was deemed effective.


Following up the physical therapist assistant graduate; a curriculum evaluation process. Graduates of the physical therapist assistant program at St. Mary's Junior College in Minneapolis, Minnesota, were studied to ascertain how well prepared they had been for the demands of their jobs and to discover what revisions in the program curriculum might be appropriate. Working graduates and their supervisors were surveyed to obtain information about the frequency and independence of performance of 111 tasks appropriate to physical therapy departments. The response was 90 percent. The St. Mary's curriculum was considered appropriate in most respects. More than 25 percent of the supervisors considered emphasis inadequate only for facilitation, breathing, and mat exercises. Graduates' recommended changes were more extensive, suggesting a desire to expand their knowledge. A manual was designed to guide program faculties through follow-up of their own graduates. The manual includes questionnaires, worksheets, and a guide to analysis. The authors suggest that the process may also be useful for other technical-level allied health occupations.


Rehabilitation of a patient severely involved with multiple sclerosis. This case study presents a young woman who was admitted to our facility in an emaciated physical condition. She had multiple pressure sores and severe contractures about the neck, trunk, and lower extremities, necessitating dependence in all care. Slow but consistent progress was noted trhoughout a four-month aggressive rehabilitation program. The various treatment approaches and resulting functional gains are detailed.


Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A survey of instruction in physical therapy schools. Sixty-two physical therapy schools were surveyed reageding their teaching of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Eighty-two percent of the schools responded to the questions and 27 percent indicated no such instruction. Included in this report is a copy of the questionnaire and the results of the survey. The recommendation is made that all physical therapists receive adequate training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and that their competency be confirmed by examination.


Physical therapist assistant selection and academic success. Assessment of a standardized test as one criterion for student admission to a physical therapist assistant program is made. Comparisons are made of ACT scores between the physical therapist assistant and associate degree nurse, and the physical therapist assistant and the practical nurse. A correlation matrix was used to analyze data with differences among the three groups determined by t test computation. This sample supports a positive correlation of ACT test scores with graduation grade point average. The means show no significant difference between the two associate degree programs and a significant difference between the associate degree programs and the practical nurse program.


A method of measuring the duration of foot-floor contact during walking. A new method for monitoring the durations of foot-floor contact during walking is described. The method uses a screen walkway and conducting paper on the soles of the shoes as parts of an electrical circuit. The materials used are identified and circuit diagrams are provided. Several clinical applications and advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed.


Example of part-time study in undergraduate physical therapy education. The rationale and format for a part-time program in undergraduate physical therapy are presented. The part-time program allows students to gain credit for prior related experience or training and to pursue professional education while continuing to work. Part-time study is a viable alternative that should be considered in physical therapy education.


The experience of losing a job: reported changes in health, symptoms and illness behavior. Changes in health and in behavior related to health-illness were described in men whose jobs were abolished because of a permanent plant closing. Fluctuations in several measures based on a 2 week health diary (Days Complaint, Days Disability, Percent Days Complaint That Are Also Days Disability, Days Saw Doctor, Days Used Drugs), as well as in other indicators (Symptoms, Depression, Dissatisfaction with Social Support) were analyzed as the men went through the various phases of anticipation, plant closing, unemployment and re-employment. Differences in the objective and subjective severity of the experience, in the social setting of the plant closing (urban vs. rural) and in selected personal characteristics were also examined for their influence on the changes in the various health-related measures.


Pain: anxiety and attitudes in Black, white and Puerto Rican patients. Reactions of black, white and Puerto Rican patients were studied in an outpatient dental emergency clinic. Measures used included the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, palmar sweat prints, an interview to obtain patient characteristics and attitudes toward pain, Dental Anxiety Scale and a posttreatment dentist rating. No differences between ethnic and racial groups were obtained in amount of pain, number or type of symptoms patients had. Significant Trait Anxiety differences were obtained. Puerto Ricans had the highest level of Trait Anxiety, whites the lowest, with blacks in the middle. The Dental Anxiety Scale also yielded differences with Puerto Ricans scoring highest, blacks lowest and whites in between. Attitude differences reflected a relative willingness to deny, get rid of or avoid dealing with the pain. The Puerto Ricans scored highest, whites lowest, with blacks in between. No physiological differences were obtained with palmar sweat prints.


Mood and somatic symptoms during pregnancy. A predominantly white, middle class sample of pregnant women (N = 93) completed the AACL (Anxiety), the DACL (Depressive Mood), the SCL (Somatic Symptoms) and the IPAT Anxiety Questionnaire at the second, fifth and eighth months of pregnancy. A menstrual history questionnaire was administered on the first testing occasion. Analyses revealed that anxiety varied significantly as a function of trimester and that previous pregnancy history interacted significantly with trimester. Depressive mood was not significantly affected by any of the sources of variation. Correlational analysis (average correlations over trimesters) indicated significant relationships between somatic symptoms and anxiety, but not between somatic symptoms and depressive mood; a small but significant relationship between history of menstrual complaint and somatic symptoms; and a significant negative correlation between education and overt anxiety.


Pre-operative localization of parathyroid adenomas or parathyroid hyperplasia by means of venous sampling. Pre-operative localization of parathyroid tumours on primary hyperparathyroidism is discussed. 20 patients were examined in this way. Of the 15 patients who were operated on, the pre-operative findings of 12 correspond with the results of operations and histological examinations. These results correspond with what is known from other publications. Preoperative localization by means of venous sampling is possible in a large number of cases. The examination is especially important in patients with previous neck exploration.


[Radiographic changes of the breast in presence of uterine myoma (author's transl)]. 211 female patients with proved uterus myomatosus have been mammographed. With more than 50% chronic mastopathies could be identified; i.e. twice as much than with non-selected radiographically examined patients. The pattern showed fibrocytic changes as well as fibroplastic ones, fibrous involutions and--especially frequently--cystic degenerations. Fibrocytic degeneration occurred mostly with women who had already given birth and lactated. In glandular-cystic hyperplasias of the endometrium, mastophathies occurred twice as often than in hysteromyomas with normal mucose. An at least relative hyperoestrinism is made responsible for the myoma, but especially for the mucosa hyperplasia. Therefore, the same hormonal situation has to be responsible for the a.m., mainly fibrotic changes of the mammary gland. Of course no characteristic effect of the oestrogens can be derived from this, as it certainly is connected with the development of the total hormonal situation of the female. According to various investigators, most forms of chronic mastopathy bear a higher risk of carcinomas. For this reason, all structural transformations which appear one-sided in radiological case control (course observation) have to be considered cases of risk.


99m-Tc pertechnetate uptake in the thyroid measured with a scintillation camera: a parameter of thyroid function. A 99mTc pertechnetate thyroid uptake procedure, using a scintillation camera and a data storage system, is described. After comparison of extrathyroidal activity in several regions below the thyroid, activity in the clavicular regions was preferred for correction of the thyroid uptake measurement. No pertechnetate uptake curve obtained over the initial 15 min after injection was found to be representative of a specific thyroid function, and regional thyroid uptake curves gave only quantitative differences. The 15-min pertechnetate thyroid uptake measurement, with correction for clavicular extrathyroidal activity, correlates well with 131I uptake and is a good parameter of thyroid function, especially in the distinction of euthyroidism and hyperthyroidism.


[A new method for compression of the femoral artery in the groin after angiography (author's transl)]. The conventional manual compression of the femoral artery after angiography was replaced by a newly developed tool for mechanical compression in 408 patients. The exact regulation of compression pressure lead to a decrease in local complications.


[Early opacification in the angiogram of the renal vein of patients with chronic renal diseases (author's transl)]. Patients with chronic renal diseases are presented, and a shortened intrarenal circulation is demonstrated by early opacification of the renal vein on the angiogram. Possible causes are discussed; the existence of a chronic type of Trueta's phenomenon (Oxford shunt) is considered improbable.


Distribution of the femoral colony-forming cells in 226Ra-injected mice. Distribution of damage caused by the retained 226-Ra to the femoral haemopoiesis has been studied in mice injected with 0.02 and/or 0.09 muCi of 226-Ra/g. The exocolonizing test and the 59-Fe uptake in recipient spleens have been used. Non-uniform radiation effect has been observed in the bone marrow cellularity as well as in the CFU counts within 10 weeks after nuclide injection. The lowest depression appears in the distal femoral ends. The changes are not so serious in the proximal parts and are only moderate in the shafts. The results have been discussed from several standpoints.


Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcoma: response to irradiation. Although the usefulness of radiation in treatment of many embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas is recognized, the pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas are frequently felt to be radioresistant and thus a potentially useful mode of therapy is overlooked. There is increasing evidence in the literature to document successful local management of pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas with radiation. The literature is reviewed briefly and a case of rhabdomyosarcoma of the heart is reported in which radiation in doses well tolerated by normal tissues successfully controlled several local lesions at various sites until the patient's demise from widespread disease 2 years after the initial treatment.


Dilatation of biliary tract strictures: a new roentgenologic technique. Dilatation of bile duct strictures under fluoroscopic control has become feasible in patients with indwelling T-tubes. Utilizing the steerable catheter designed for stone extraction, the technique is modified with addition of balloon catheters and other instruments for dilatation. The new technique is described and our initial experiences in seven patients are presented.


Universal indirect tomography.

Universal indirect tomography. The procedure is performed in two stages. First, during the radiographic exposure, the patient is rotated in relation to the X-ray tube and a recording device, namely a cinefluorographic device or a television chain with a video-recorder. In practice the tube and the recording device will be revolved around the patient. Later on, in the second stage, the cinefluorographic image, or the television image of the rotating patient, is projected onto a photographic film. If this film is adequately rotated, a tomographic picture will be produced. The method can be applied to conventional tomography, zonography, transverse tomography, autotomography and orthopantomography.


Bile duct biopsy with the stone extraction basket. Case report. The stone extraction basket is suitable for biopsy of protruding mucosal lesions in the biliary duct system. Exact placement of the instrument over the lesion is readily accomplished under roentgenologic control. The technique is illustrated in one patient with biopsy of an iatrogenic mucosal tag in the distal common duct.


Rare and combined vertebrobasilar dysplasias related to vascular maldevelopment at different embryonal stages. Angiographically demonstrated combined and complex angiodysplasias of the vertebrobasilar system are rare. As in our case, they can be attributed to a vascular maldevelopment in several consecutive embryonal stages: the angioma-like arterial network of the left posterior cerebral artery and the non-union and overcrossing of the vertebral arteries in the region of the prepontine cistern represent an early defect (up to 15 mm stage); the aneurysmatic ectasia of the right vertebral artery with a second pedunculated aneurysm at its uppermost part may be due to a later defect (up to 40 mm stage) of the cerebral vascular development.


Carcinoma of the esophagus: an analysis of results and of treatment techniques. Results of radiation therapy in 85 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus are presented. Whereas the majority of patients with this tumor have been shown to die within the first year, occasional patients may survive longer (21.5 percent in this series); late radiation complications must therefore be maintained at a minimum. A localization technique to evaluate esophageal mobility away from the spinal cord is described.


Clinical trial of atmospheric oxygen breathing during radiotherapy for cancer of the oropharynx. A randomized clinical trial of atmospheric oxygen breathing during radiotherapy of advanced cancer of the tonsillar region has been conducted. In order to achieve a high level of inspired oxygen, a closed system with a "head tent" was used. Over 2 years after treatment, 30 percent of the oxygen patients survived without evidence of disease compared to 17 percent in the control group.


Cancer management: a changing scene. The first Franz Buschke Lecture. The contributions of radiation therapy to the management of the patient with cancer are constantly changing, both because of improving use of ionizing radiations and development of other effective treatments. Therefore, if radiation therapy is to be used to each patient's advantage, well-trained radiation oncologists must be involved in the initial and all subsequent management decisions. Such essential activity requires the immediate availability of trained physicians, who have access to adequate facilities in order to provide the best known treatment methods. This availability in turn depends on physician recruitment and training, well-considered development and maintenance of facilities and research programs which are well correlated with clinical activity.


[Changes of lastids in virus-infected cells of the attraction-zone from Sarracenia purpurea L]. Viruslike particles 300-350 nm long and 70 nm in diameter were found in ultrathin sections of attraction-zone from Sarracenia purpurea. Epidermal- and mesophyll cells contained the bacilliform particles. The membrane-bound particles-most virions occured within ER-like membranes-consisted of an outer coat 70-90 A thick, an inner membrane and an axial core. The plastids of infected cells in which virus particles were localized show morphologicals changes  of the organells.


Germination of cysts in acetabularia mediterranea. Techniques for the growth of uniformly reacting populations of cysts of Acetabularia mediterranea and for quantitative measurement of cyst germination have been developed. Cysts of A. mediterranea can be induced to germinated by exposure to the atmosphere. Germination rates are very low in young cysts. They increased during exposure to total darkness. This "maturation of cysts" is found to be completed after a period of 12-15 weeks. Germination rates of cysts that have passed the maturation period exceed 90 percent in continuous white light and 80 percent in darkness. Cysts germinate in less than two days in darkness and less than four days in light. The influence of temperature at a range of 15 degrees C to 25 degrees C on germination kinetics is studied in light and darkness. Germination is accelerated with increasing temperature up to 21 degrees C. At higher temperature germination is delayed in light but the time of germination remains constant in darknesss. Rates of germination are not altered by the influence of temperature in light while in darkness there is a dramatic decrease at temperatures higher than 21 degrees C. From these findings it is concluded that cyst germinationA. mediteranea does not need any light but is influenced by light dependent systems. The influence of light is strongest at elevated temperatures.


[Studies on the uptake of xanthine by Schizosaccharomyces pombe from the stationary growth phase]. 1. Cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe from the stationary growth phase show only a low capacity for the uptake of xanthine. In the presence of 2 muM xanthine, the initial uptake rate is found in the range of 6-10- minus 21 Moles times Cells- minus 1 times Min- minus 1 at 30 degrees C. 2. Preincubation in glucose solution results in a pronounced stimulation of the uptake rate. 3. The stimulating effect of the glucose pretreatment is repressed by cycloheximide, ammonium ions and amino acids. 4. The substrate dependency of the uptake rate shows a saturation kinetics. The Km-value has been determined to 6 muM. The temperature optimum is found in the range of 30 degrees C. 5. Xanthine is only slightly accumulated within the cells against the external concentration. Most of the external xanthine label is stored up in form of xanthosine and guanosine as well as incorporated in nucleic acids.


Relationship between oxygen tension, coronary vasodilation and prostaglandin biosynthesis in the isolated rabbit heart. In isolated perfused rabbit hearts, coronary vasodilation, produced by reduced oxygen tension seems to be independent of myocardial prostaglandin biosynthesis. a) Anoxia (N2: CO2 95: 5 %) produced coronary vasodilation without causing prostaglandin-like substance (PLS) biosynthesis and release; b) the decrease in coronary resistance during hypoxia (N2:02:CO2 - 80:15:5 %) was sustained during myocardial perfusion with the low oxygen media despite the transitory nature of its PLS release; and c) indomathacin, which abolished basal or ADP stimulated myocardial PLS release, did not abolish the coronary vasodilation produced by ischemia, hypoxia, or anoxia.


Uptake and inactivation of a-type prostanglandins by human red cells. Incubation of A type prostaglandins with whole blood or washed red cells at 37 degrees C converted them to more polar products with negligible vasodepressor and smooth muscle-contracting activities. This conversion did not occur in platelet-rich plasma. Uptake of the prostaglandins by red cells was demonstrated at both 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C. The data suggest 1) that if PGA is released from tissues into the blood stream or is administered for therapeutic purposes, its biological activity would be diminished by human red cells, and 2) that development of an assay for PGA in blood should take into account its uptake and metabolism by human red cells.


Metabolism of 17-phenyl-18,19, 20-trinor-prostaglandin F2alpha in the Cynomolgus monkey and the human female. [9beta- -3H]-17-Phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2alpha was injected subcutaneously into female Cynomolgus monkeys and the structures of six products appearing in the urine were determined. The main urinary metabolites were the dinor- and tetranor-derivatives of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2alpha. Unchanged 17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2alpha was also identified among the urinary products, as well as its dinor- and tetranor-derivatives. Finally, the dinor-derivative of 13,14-dihydro-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2alpha was also found in urine. The same six products were also found in urine from human female subjects that had received 17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2alpha either subcutaneously or intravenously. Studies on the half-life of the compound in the circulation were also performed in human females. Two less polar metabolites in plasma were identified, viz. 13,14-dihydro-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2alpha and 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-PGF2alpha.


Stimulation by oxytocin of prostaglandin f levels in uterine venous effluent in pregnant and puerperal sheep. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of oxytocin on prostaglandin F (PGF) concentrations in uterine venous effluent. PGF was measured in utero-ovarian venous plasma from three pregnant ewes and in posterior vena caval plasma from two puerperal ewes, during oxytocin administration. Oxytocin caused 4.9 - 5.3-fold increases in PGF concentrations in the pregnant animals, the response increasing towards term. In the puerperal animals oxytocin caused 3.7 - 17.2-fold increases in PGF concentrations with a marked latency in the response. Measurement of uterine activity and progesterone and total unconjugated oestrogen concentrations indicated that neither uterine contractions nor a decreased uterine blood flow accounted for the elevated PGF levels stimulated by oxytocin.


Chromatography of prostaglandins utilizing silicic acid impregnated-glass fiber sheets. A chromatographic method has been developed which offers rapid and convenient monitoring of prostaglandin biosynthesis from arachidonic acid.


Decrease of utero-placental blood flow during prostaglandin F2alpha induced abortion. Pregnancy had been terminated in 6 normal midtrimester pregnant patients by the extraovular injection of 10 mg prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). In these 6 Experimental and 3 Control patients utero-placental blood flow had been measured, by changes in the density of radioactive Indium, distributed over the uterine area, as a function of time. In comparison with Controls utero-placental blood flow decreased in the Experimental patients already at 5 minutes after PG-treatment, long before advanced cyclic IUP evolved. This finding substantiates the conclusion (1-3), based on experiments in animal "models', that decrease in utero-placental blood flow is an early step in the mechanism of PG action.


The possible mode of action of prostaglandins: VIII - cortisone, reserpine and the reversal of the antifertility efficacy of prostaglandin E1 in rats. A single injection of prostaglandin F1 (PGE1) of 5 mg/kg body weight on Lay 13 of pregnancy caused a consistent luteolysis and resorption of fetuses in rats by Day 20. A concomitant regimen of cortisone, a consistent blocker of nonspecific stresses or reserpine, an adrenergic nerve blocking agent as well as a specific inhibitor of GRF and PIF, concurrently with PGE1 consistently effective in preventing the deleterious efficacy of PGE1 and maintained the growth of the fetuses, placentae, ovaries and corpora lutea as healthy as recorded in the controls. On the basis of experimental documentation it is believed that the PGE1-caused fetal demise is possibly due to a break up of an appropriate hormonal synchronization rather than an over stimulation of uterine smooth musculature.


PGE2:PGE-2:.

PGE2:PGE-2:. The biological activities of 8,12-diiso-PGE2 (ent-11,15-epi-PGE2), PGE2 and PGF2alpha have been compared in a series of pharmacological preparations intended to differentiate between F and E type of activity. Similar to PGF2alpha but unlike PGE2, 8,12-diiso-PGE2 increased the tone of isolated smooth muscle preparations of guinea pig trachea, guinea pig colonic circular layer, rabbit Fallopian tubes. The stimulation effect of 8,12-diiso-PGE2 and PGF2alpha on visceral smooth muscle was also shown in vivo: the two drugs were in all instances able to increase the miogenic activity and tone of rabbit uterus in situ, while these were depressed by PGE2. 8,12-diiso-PGE2 decreased pulmonary compliance and increased pulmonary vascular resistance in the anaesthetized cat; PGE2 always decreased pulmonary vascular resistance, while leaving pulmonary compliance unaltered. The possibility is suggested that 8,12-diiso-PGE2 acts on PGF receptor in different tissues.


Activity of prostaglandin E, F, A and B on sphincter, dilator and ciliary muscle preparations of the cat eye. Both sphincter and dilator muscle preparations of the cat iris contract to prostaglandins; F-2alpha and E-2 are the most potent and A-1 and B-1 the least. Ciliary muscle strips relax to PG'S provided that the strips are precontracted. E-1, E-2 and often F-2alpha are more potent relaxants than the remaining PG's. The effects of PG'S ARE NOT ALTERED BY ALPHA OR BETA BLOCKADE NOR BY ATROPINE; HOWEVER, PROPRANOLOL BLOCKS THE PG induced relaxation of the ciliary muscle. The effects of PG's on the sphincter are antagonized by catecholamines; but the latter act synergistically in contracting the dilator and in relaxing the ciliary muscle. Indomethacin markedly potentiates the effects of PG's on all three muscle preparations.


Effect of prostaglandin on the blood aqueous barrier in the rabbit ciliary process. Distinct structural changes occur in the rabbit ciliary epithelium following intravitreal injection of prostaglandin E-1 (PGE-1). Up to four hours after PGE-1 administration, alteration of the pigmented epithelium was characterized by dilated intercellular spaces and the disruption of many intercellular junctions. The nonpigmented epithelium demonstrates a spectrum of morphologic variation from only some thinning of cytoplasmic processes to area of severe distortion. In these regions, marked thinning of the nonpigmented cells occurs in association with an absence of apical tight junctions. This alteration of the nonpigmented epithelium and its tight junctions allows for the leakage of proteins into the posterior chamber which is consistent with the breakdown in the blood-aqueous barrier. The temporal sequence of these changes would suggest a differential susceptibility of the pigmented and nonpigmented layers with the pigmented layers being affected earliest and the nonpigmented epithelium altered subsequently. The recovery of this epithelial change was rapid and complete and demonstrated the transient effects of PG on the ciliary epithelium with recovery of the blood-aqueous function by 8 hours after injection.


Inhibition of the ocular effects of sodium arachidonate by anti-inflammatory compounds. Topical administration of aqueous solutions of sodium arachidonate to the eyes of rabbits increases intraocular pressure, constricts the pupil and increases both the protein and prostaglandin content of aqueous humor. Arachidonic acid itself dissolved in arachis oil is less effective than sodium arachidonate, although addition of polysorbate mono-oleate greatly increases the effects produced by arachidonic acid. Pretreatment with topically applied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents prevents the ocular effects of sodium arachidonate, indomethacin being 2-4 times as potent as either indoxole or pirprofen. Dexamethasone was without effect in these experiments. The results suggested that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents deserve serious consideration for topical use in the treatment of ocular inflammation.


Measurement of prostaglandin F2alpha levels in human cerebrospinal fluid in normal and pathological conditions. Prostaglandin F2alpha concentrations were measured in human cerebrospinal fluid by the gas-chromatography-mass spectrometric technique using 2-H4-PGF2 alpha as internal standard and carrier. Normal levels of 71.6 plus or minus 34.7 pg/ml were found. Considerable increases in PGF2 alpha concentrations were found in patients with epilepsy, meningtitis or following cerebrovascular accidents or neurosurgical removals of brain tissue. The results agree in general with recent measurements using radioimmunoassay.


The removal and metabolism of prostaglandin E-1 by rabbit lung. In isolated rabbit lung preparations perfused with tritiated PGE-1, it was found that, (1) PGE-1, is rapidly and almost completely metabolized during perfusion through rabbit lung. (2) During perfusion, there is no net uptake of PGE-1. (3) The process of metabolism of PGE-1 in the rabbit lung is inhibited by hypothermia.


The effect of locally administered PGF2alpha on the contractility of the nonpregnant human uterus. The effect of locally administered prostaglandin F2alpha on the sensitivity and reactivity of the nonpregnant human uterus during the menstrual cycle was studied. An increase in uterine contractility in response to as little as 1.0 MUG PGF2alpha could be observed in all patients during both the early and late portions of the menstrual cycle, but at the time of ovulation a marked decrease in sensitivity was noted. Endogenous prostaglandin normally occurs in the secretory endometrium in levels compatible with the amount of exogenous prostaglandin which elicited increased uterine activity. These findings support the hypothesis that PGF2alpha plays an important physiological role in the cyclical regulation of uterine motility during the human menstrual cycle.


Prostaglandin analogues and uterotonic potency: a comparative study of seven compounds. The uterotonic potency of seven prostaglandin analogues has been investigated using the single intravenous injection technique and comparison of threshold uterine contractility achieved during continuous intravenous infusion. The degree and duration of uterine stimulation in response to graded doses of some of the analogues was also evaluated following intra-amniotic, oral and vaginal administration. 17-Phenyl substituted PGE-2 and PGF-2alpha are reported upon for the first time. Among the prostaglandin compounds tested, the free acid of 16, 16-dimethyl PGE-2 not only is the most potent compound but it may also have great potential for clinical application as an easily administered vaginal abortifacient.


Mid-trimester abortion with intra-amniotic prostaglandin F2 alpha and intravenous oxytocin infusion. Induction of abortion in mid-trimester pregnancies were performed on 26 patients. The first 12 patients were treated by intra-amniotic instillation of Prostaglandin F2 alpha, with a mean dosage of 40.2 mg. and mean abortion time of 24 hours and 41 minutes (ten patients). Fourteen additional mid-trimester abortions were performed using identical protocol plus the addition of oxytocin by intravenous infusion two hours after injection of the prostaglandin. All patients aborted, with mean dosage of PGF2 alpha of 28.2 mg. and mean abortion time of 15 hours and 37 minutes.


The synthesis of prostaglandin F by human endometrium in organ culture. Slices of human endometrium obtained from hysterectomy specimens were cultured for 48 hours in an organ culture medium supplemented with ethanol (control, vehicle), 17-beta-estradiol (.5 mug/ml), or progesterone (.5 mug/ml). Uncultured endometrial tissue, cultured tissues, and the media were assayed for prostaglandin F (PGF) by a radioimmunoassay technique. Hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff stain histologic controls were done on all tissues. The concentrations of PGF in picograms/milligram, corrected for percent recovery, in the differently treated tissues were: preculture 298; culture control 2210; estrogen-treated 2680; progesterone-treated 1260. All differences except those between estrogen and control (p greater than .10) and progesterone and control (p less than .10) are significant at the p = .02 level or better. Progesterone appears to inhibit PGF synthesis which occurs during in vitro culture of human endometrium; estrogen tended to increase PGF synthesis in this system.


Effect of castration, testosterone treatment and hereditary sterility on prostaglandin concentration in the male reproductive system of mice. The concentration of prostaglandins E and F in different parts of the male reproductive system of CD-1 and dwarf mice was measured by radioimmunoassay. In intact CD-1 mice, the vas deferens contained a significantly higher concentration of PGE and PGF than was found in the epididymis and in the seminal vesicles. All tissues studied had more PGE than PGF. Castration resulted in increased PG concentrations in both the epididymis and the seminal vesicles and decreased PG concentrations in the vas deferens. There was also a differential response of PGE and PGF in the epididymis of genetically sterile dwarf mice (dw/dw) were significantly higher than those observed in their normal littermates ((PLUS)). A reversed PGE/PGF ratio was found in the mates. The results indicate that testicular androgens affect the levels of PGE and PGF in the reproductive system of male mice. The physiological role of PGs in male reproductive functions has not been established, but there is a suggestion that PH have a role in controlling the transit of spermatozoa through the epididymis and vas deferens.


Lamb ductus arteriosus: effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on the muscle tone and the response to prostaglandin E2. The prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, indomethacin and eicosa-5,8,11, 14-tetraynoic acid (ETA), have been tested on the isolated lamb ductus arteriosus at low and high PO2 levels. Both compounds produced a gradual contraction of the hypoxic vessel, and at equal doses the effect of indomethacin was stronger. The maximal tension output of the hypoxic tissue under indomethacin was equal to that of the oxygen-contracted control. ETA- and indomethacin-treated preparations contracted further upon transfer from a low to a high oxygen environment, and the response under indomethacin exceeded a significantly control values. Control preparations were relaxed markedly by PGE2 in low oxygen but showed little or no response in high oxygen. In contrast, preparations pretreated with the inhibitors retained their sensitivity to PGE2 during exposure to high oxygen. The data are consistent with the idea that E-type prostaglandins play a role in the regulation of the intrinsic tone of the ductus arteriosus during foetal life. It is also suggested that the sensitivity of ductal muscle to E-type prostaglandins is controlled by the rate of endogenous prostaglandin formation.


Triphasic effect of prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2alpha on the fluid transport of isolated gall-bladder of guinea-pigs. Prostaglandins (PGs) F2alpha, E1 and E2 exerted a triphasic influence on the fluid transport of isolated guinea-pig gall-bladders, when applied to the serosal side. PGE1 and PGE2 produced these effects in lower concentrations than F2alpha. Directly after PG addition to the serosal side a short stimulation of fluid transport to between 200 and 400% was observed. The stimulatory effect of PGs was most distinct in gall-bladders from female guinea-pigs, less pronounced in male and nearly absent in pregnant animals. Since PGs increased intraluminal hydrostatic pressure in gall-bladders by contraction of the smooth muscle, experiments were performed in which hydrostatic pressure was increased by different procedures. These included the addition of imidazole (10- minus 2 M), raising of K+ in the bathing solution and an increase in intraluminal pressure by addition of Ringer's solution into the lumen. All three procedures stimulated fluid reabsorption temporarily in the same way as PGs, hence increase of intraluminal pressure is thought to be the reason for the observed temporary stimulation of fluid transport. Direct evidence for this thesis was obtained when the gall-bladder was mounted as a flat sheet over a chamber; in this preparation no stimulation of fluid transport was obtained. The second phase of the PG influence was characterized by a concentration-related inhibition of fluid reabsorption followed by a significant but small reverse of fluid transport (secretion of fluid). When PGs were applied to the mucosal side, only an inhibition of fluid transport was observed, which was much weaker compared to the addition to the serosal side.


Preparation and quantitation of urinary metabolites of prostaglandin F2alpha by radioimmunoassay. Radioimmunoassay systems are described which have been developed to quantitate two principle urinary metabolites of PGF2alpha; 9alpha,11alpha-dihydroxy-15-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetranorprostanoic acid (I) and 9alpha,11alpha-dihydroxy-15-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetranorprosta-1,20-dioic acid (II). Preparation of the required metabolites was achieved by total synthesis (I) or by bioconversion (isolation from urine of animals treated with 15-keto-PGF2alpha, II). These metabolites were used to prepare conjugates for immunization. Labelled metabolites, suitable as binding markers, were prepared by metabolism of 3-H-PGF2alpha in vitro (I) or in vivo (II). Specificity of the resulting antibodies was compared to an antibody to PGF2alpha and to 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2alpha. Antisera of II had little or no affinity for 20-carbon precursors (PGF2alpha or 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2alpha), but had nearly equal affinity for metabolite I. Antisera of I, however, had little or no affinity for antigen of II. Therefore, analysis of samples by both assay systems enables quantitation of these excretion products of PGF2alpha. Other assay parameters (binding, affinity, recovery, precision and the repeatability of the assays) were similar to those previously described for other RIA systems, and were considered satisfactory for quantitation of compounds in biological fluids. Quantitation of 24 hour urinary excretion of di-acid metabolite in humans was in close agreement with previously published values determined by physical-chemical means. Greater quantity of di-acid metabolite was excreted by human males (42.0 mug/24 hr) than by females sampled either during the follicular (20.0) or luteal phase (21.2) of the menstrual cycle. The total quantity of C-16 metabolites (as approximated by system II) excreted/kg body weight by the rhesus monkey was similar to that excreted by the human. However, the ratio of di-acid to monoacid was much nearer unity in the monkey than the human.


A radioimmunoassay of 15 (S) 15 methyl prostaglandin F-2alpha. A sensitive and relatively specific radioimmunoassay for 15 (S) 15 methyl prostaglandin F-2alpha has been developed to enable the measurements of the concentrations of the drug in biological fluids after its administration for therapeutic abortion. The precision, accuracy and specificity of the assay are described.


The effects of acute and chronic morphine administration on the levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxphenylglycol sulfate in rat brain. The acute and chronic effects of morphine on the turnover of norepinephrine (NE) were determined by measuring the changes in the levels of the sulfate conjugate of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG-SO4) in rat brain. Two hours after administration, morphine produced a dose-related increase in the levels of MHPG-SO4 suggesting an increase in NE turnover. The effect of morphine was evident by one hour after drug administration and was maintained for at least four hours but disappeared by eight hours. Chronic treatment with morphine resulted in lower baseline levels of MHPG-SO4 and the development of tolerance to its acute effect on NE turnover. These findings suggest that after chronic administration of morphine, the maintenance of a normal rate of norepinephrine turnover in brain is dependent upon the continued administration of maintenance doses of morphine.


Aflatoxicol H1: a major metabolite of aflatoxin B1 produced by human and rhesus monkey livers in vitro. Among the major metabolites of aflatoxin B1 produced by human and monkey livers in vitro is a derivative with the ketone carbonyl on the cyclopentane ring reduced to a secondary alcohol, and a hydroxyl introduced onto the carbon beta to the alcohol group. The metabolite was formed from aflatoxin B1 at a level similar to that of aflatoxin M1.Both the microsomal hydroxylase and the cytoplasmic reductase systems are required for its formation. Bioassay using chicken embryos and a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium revealed no toxicity. This newly identified metabolite was named aflatoxicol H1.


Preferred conformations of serotonin in relation to receptor sites. Using an empirical method, three preferred conformations for serotonin have been predicted. These three conformations corresponding to one extended form (phi equal to 80 degrees, psi equal to 180 degrees), and two folded forms (phi equals to 280 degrees, and psi equals to 100 degrees, phi equals to 100 degrees psi equals to 290 degrees). The calculated intramolecular distances in both forms agree with those obtained by the X-ray crystallography of various indoleamines. Furthermore, the dual receptor binding activity of serotonin has been explained in terms of extended and folded conformations.


Phenolic metabolite, 2-ethyl-2(4-hydroxphenyl)-glutarimide in human urine following chronic ingestion of glutethimide (Doriden). Urine samples from comatose patients, identified as having taken large amounts of the drug, glutethimide, were analyzed using gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, thin layer chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry in order to identify metabolites of the parent drug. The phenolic compound 2-ethyl-2-(4-hydroxphenyl)-glutarimide was fully characterized as a new metabolite in human urine. Also 2-ethyl-2-(3-methoxy-4hydroxyphenyl)-glutarimide was proposed as a new metabolite of the parent drug. Other polar metabolites of the parent drug were also detected and partially characterized.


Effects of sympatholytic agents on amanita phalloides toxicity in the rat. Some sympatholytic agents have been tested for the ability to counteract either the hepatotoxic or the lethal effect of A. phalloides in rats. Propranolol displayed a marked preventive action on the liver damage induced by the poison, but only a moderate influence on the lethality. Reserpine was uneffective in terms of liver derangement, but exerted some protection against the general toxic effect of A. phalloides. Other alpha- or beta-adrenolytic compounds failed to afford any significant protection with respect to both liver injury and lethality. It is suggested that propranolol might interfere with transport or binding of phallotoxins to the liver.


Immunological and biochemical comparison of streptokinase and the streptokinase plasminogen complex. Biochemical and Immunological studies have been made on streptokinase and its one to one molar complex with plasminogen. These experiments show that the complex is not recognized by antibodies to streptokinase. The potential of using this complex in vivo to avoid febrile response seen with streptokinase is considered.


Effect of renal microsomes and renal lysosomes on in vitro hepatic fatty acid synthesis. An inhibitor and stimulator of in vitro hepatic fatty acid synthesis are present in renal microsomes. In addition, a stimulator of fatty acid synthesis is present in renal lysosomes. Renal microsomal inhibition of hepatic fatty acid synthesis is not due to the depletion of cofactors in the system. This inhibitor appears to be located exclusively in the kidney medullary microsomes. It is destroyed by Pronase and heat treatment suggesting it may be a protein. Its effects on fatty acid synthesis may be attributed in part to ATPase activity as well as a direct effect on the hepatic fatty acid synthesizing system. A stimulator of hepatic fatty acid synthesis is present in the buffer insoluble fraction of an acetone powder preparation of renal microsomes. This stimulator is relatively heat labile and does not appear to be a phospholipid. The lysosomal stimulator of hepatic fatty acid synthesis is associated with the contents of renal lysosomes and not with the lysosomal membranes. It acts at the acetyl-CoA carboxylase step and its activity is not affected by fasting or aminonucleoside induced nephrosis.


Effect of clofibrate on cholesterol and lipid metabolism in ethanol - treated mice. The effects of chronic clofibrate administration were studied in long-term ethanol-fed an control mice. Long-term administration of ethanol to adult-mice resulted in an increase in liver and plasma total triglycerides and hepatic cholesterol levels as compared to the corresponding controls. Cloribrate feeding resulted in about 15-25% decrease in hepatic and plasma cholesterol levels in the ethanol-fed group. The administration of ethanol led to a rise in levels of hepatic triglycerides, plasma triglycerides, plasma free fatty acids and hepatic alpha-glycerophosphate. Treatment with clofibrate partially prevented the changes in the concentration of these metabolites and resulted in a significant increase in the activity of hepatic alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Clofibrate administration resulted in about 20% increase in the rate of 14-C-cholesterol oxidation to 14-CO2. It is concluded that while clofibrate is able to retard ethanol-induced lipid accumulation in the liver, it is unable to completely prevent hepatic lipid accumulation.


Lipids and other components of human jejunal and ileal mucosa. Jejunal and ileal intestinal segments were obtained from patients undergoing laparotomy, from peroral jejunal biopsies, and from fresh cadavers. The excised mucosa was weighed and assayed for total lipids, neutral and polar lipids. The lipid families were separated and identified, and their individual fatty acid composition determined. In addition, DNA, RNA, collagen and total protein were measured.


Delta-9 -tetrahydrocannabinol and decreased macrophage migration inhibition activity. Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (0.31 mg - 1.25 mg per kg body weight) given to immunized rats by intraperitoneal injection depresses the activity of macrophage migration inhibition factor. The lowest levels of activity in peritoneal exudates were observed 15 hours after the injection of cannabinoid. This decreased activity may be related to the impaired cellular immunity observed in regular users of cannabis.


The glycogen-depleting effect of exogenous maternal epinephrine on the liver of the fetal rat during the sixteenth day of gestation. The effect of 1-epinephrine administered I. P. to pregnant rats during sodium pentobarbital anesthesia on fetal liver glycogen levels has been investigated. Sodium pentobarbital (22 mg./kg. maternal body weight) was administered I. P. to all pregnant rats in the control group and each 1-epinephrine dosage group twenty minutes prior to the surgical removal of the fetuses. L-epinephrine (10, 20 or 30 micrograms/kg. maternal body weight) given ten minutes after the administration of the barbiturate reduced the fetal liver glycogen levels significantly. The glycogen-depleting effect of 1-epinephrine on the fetal liver in the rat was found to be dosage-dependent.


The prevalence of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies to influenza viruses A/swine/ILL/63 and A/swine/Taiwan/7310/70 (H3N2) in Illinois swine herds--1971 to 1973. Serum samples from 449 swine in 78 herds distributed in 28 counties in Illinois were tested for HI antibodies against A/Swine/Ill/63 and A/Swine/Taiwan/7310/70 (H3N2) from 1971 to 1973. No antibodies to the Taiwan strain were detected. A herd reactor rate of 42.3% and a prevalence rate of 25.4% against A/Swine/Ill/63 was detected. Age specific reactor rates were 6% for animals 12 months of age or under and 33% for swine 13 to 18 months of age.


Sex dependent toxicity of four chemicals. Toxicity investigations were conducted with 4 chemicals: hydrazine, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine di HCl, phenylhydrazine HCl and Beta-N-(gamma-L(+)-glutamyl)-4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine in Swiss mice. Hydrazine and phenylhydrazine HCl were administered daily in drinking water, the former at 0.01% and the latter at 0.001% concentrations. The 1,2-dimethylhydrazine di HCl and Beta-N-(gamma-L(+)-glutamyl)-4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine were given as a single subcutaneous injection at 45 mug and 100 mug/gr. body weight basis, respectively. The findings clearly showed that all four chemicals exerted a stronger toxic effect in male than in female mice. It is, therefore, recommended in similar situations to use different doses of chemicals for each sex in the long-term tumorigenesis studies.


Marked elevation of plasma renin activity during post diuretic sodium conservation in furosemide stimulated subjects. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in 3 subjects during control period, after 3 days of oral furosemide (40 mg B.I.D.) and on the 2nd, 3rd and 5th days post diuresis. PRA, ng of angiotensin per ml plasma per 3-hour incubation was 8, 0.4 ng during the control period and rose to 51, 6 and 16 respectively. During the post diuretic phase, PRA rose to 99 in the first and 49 in the second subject. Urinary sodium was drastically reduced during this period. By 5th post diuretic day PRA returned to normal values. Striking elevations of PRA during intense sodium conservation are in accord with a concept of reduced Na load to macula densa stimulating renin release.


The effect of seasonal variation on benzene potentiation of rabbit kidney histidine decarboxylase. Samples of rabbit kidney histidine decarboxylase were incubated with substrate, L-histidine, either in the presence or absence of one drop of benzene. The extent of histamine formation was then assessed in vitro on the isolated ileum of the guinea-pig. Benzene potentiated the activity of histidine decarboxylase by a factor of approximately five. This activating effect occurred only during the summer months. No potentiation of histidine decarboxylase was recorded during the winter in either control rabbits or in animals receiving ascorbic acid in their drinking water. It was concluded that this vitamin is probably not involved in the mediation of the benzene effect.


1-methyl-4piperidyl-bis (P-chlorophenoxy) acetate: a new hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferator. Administration of 1-methyl-4-piperidyl-bis(p-chlorophenoxy) acetate (SaH 42-348) at a dietary concentration of 0.15% for 3 weeks, increased the activity of catalase in both liver and kidney of male wild type (Cs-a strain) mice. A marked increase in the activity of short chain carnitine acyltransferase in the liver was also noted. By electron microscopy, a remarkable increase in the number of peroxisomes (microbodies) was noted in the liver cells. A mild to moderate increase in number of peroxisomes in proximal convoluted tubular epithelium of the kidney was also seen. These studies demonstrate that SaH 42-348 is a potent hepatic peroxisome proliferator.


Liver glycogen accumulation after cyanate treatment. Sodium cyanate has been proposed as a therapy for sickle cell anemia. Histologic studies have suggested abnormal accumulation of glycogen in livers of rats. Quantitative liver glycogen determinations reported here showed a significant increase (P smaller than 0.05), which, however, was mobilized normally during fasting and after glucagon injections.


Pentagastrin increases phenylalanine and decreases histidine incorporation to proteins of rat stomach. Female rats were treated with L-phenylalanine-14C or L-histidine-14C, 20 mug/kg i.p. one hour before receiving pentagastrin 250 mug/kg s.c. Sixty minutes after injection of pentagastrin the incorporation of L-phenylalanine-14C into the proteins of the squamous and fundic portions of the stomach was significantly increased respectively by 18 and 17.5%. On the contrary, the uptake of Lhistidine-14C into the proteins of the squamous (-24%), fundic (-18% and duodenal (-16%) regions was significantly decreased. Incorporation of histidine and phenylalanine into the proteins of the pylorus was not significantly affected by pentagastrin.


[Akinetic mutism and bicingular softening. 3 anatomo-clinical cases]. The authors describe three pathological cases of akinetic mutism with, as a common basic lesion, bilateral infarction of the cingulate gyrus secondary to aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery (case n degrees 1), to a huge olfactory meningioma (case n degrees 2), both operated on, and to atheromatous occlusion of the anterior cerebral arterial system (case n degrees 3). These three cases enable a variety of "anterior and waking" akinetic mutism to be described which is unusual enough to be compared with other mesencephalic and diencephalic aspects of this syndrome. It is in fact an akinetic mutism characterized by: a certain dissociation in its non-response to various stimuli, a particularly marked appearance of wakefulness when day-time alertness is considered, conservation of the waking-sleeping rhythm, perception and reaction unpredictable and paradoxical in both degree and quality, complete absence of any spontaneous verbal communication in contrast to relative break-down of solicited communication which is infrequent, uncertain and unresponsive to the usual methods of stimulation, without any possibility of a code. In addition, there is a remarkable mimic and segmental general akinesia, resistant to the usual nociceptive stimuli, but sensitive to slight excitation of the manual and oral zones. Besides this special akinetic mutism, there are variously systematised signs, mostly asymmetrical, indicating lesion of the cortico-sub-cortical frontal structures bordering on the gyrus cinguli. This unusual behaviour pattern corresponds in these three cases to extensive anterior bilateral ischemic lesions of the cingulate gyrus regularly associated with bilateral infarctions confined to the medial aspect of F1 in the superficial territory of the two anterior cerebral arteries, to possible neurosurgical changes (ablation of the right frontal pole) and to compressive or ischaemic lesions of the gyrus rectus. These exclusively cortico-sub-cortical associated lesions are in contrast with the remarkably intact caudate nuclei, the pallidal, thalamic, hypothalamic and septal formations and the anterior pillars of the fornix. These findings compared with the results of experimental research carried out by M. Kennard, help, if help is needed, to resolve the apparent contradictions between the effects of therapeutic cingulectomies or cingulotomies and the scanty pathological data already available in cerebral vascular pathology.


[2 cases of paralysis of the posterior branch of the radial nerve due to compression of the nerve by a lipoma]. The authors report two cases of paralysis of the posterior branch of the radial nerve as a result of compression of the nerve by a benign tumour, in both instances a lipoma. Analysis of the sixteen cases appearing in the literature reveals that the symptoms and signs are constant, characterised by the progressive development of paralysis of the muscles supplied by the deep branch of the radial nerve with the appearance of a tumefaction around the lateral part of the elbow. X-rays of the elbow confirm the diagnosis in the presence of a radiotranslucent polylobulated image. Surgical excision  is followed by regression and the disappearance of a-l neurological signs after an average period of 8 months. In addition to a lipoma, compression may be caused by repeated contusion of the nerve by the border of the superficial part of the short supinator muscle in association with "tennis elbow". Section of this part of the muscle border results in complete recovery.


[Electrophysiological analysis of the blink reflex during hemiplegia due to hemispheric lesions]. Electrical stimulation of the supra-orbital nerve induces at the same threshold an early reflex reaction in the ipsilateral orbicular muscle and a delayed bilateral reflex response. These reflex activities are modified bilaterally by unilateral hemispheric lesions. Reactions on the hemiplegic side are reduced in amplitude, unlike the responses on the "healthy side" which are facilitated. Adaptation of the reflexogenous threshold of the delayed responses to repeated stimulation is also irregular; cumulative depression occurs earlier on the hemiplegic side, the responses on the "healthy side", on the other hand, show less habituation or a total absence of it. These electrophysiological findings agree with experimental results concerning the influence of cortical structures on the activity of the nuclei of the brain stem. They also, by analogy with the results of research carried out on the limbs, support the tactile origin of the two constituents of the blink reflex.


[Dysautonomia in acute primary polyradiculoneuritis]. In this research involving 172 cases of acute primary polyradiculoneuritis, the authors draw attention to the frequency and seriousness of the autonomic disorders, notably circulatory disorders (arterial hypertension, bradycardia), water retention, disorders in glucose metabolism. They have found a close correlation between the development of arterial hypertension and levels of VMA and the cathecholamines and between the appearance of hyperglycaemia and the level of urinary 17 OH. Free water clearance is often negative and becomes positive as the paralytic syndrome improves. The biological picture is identical with that brought about by inappropriate secretion of HAD. From the therapeutic point of view, caution is advised in using certain procedures and in prescribing certain drugs.


Immunological memory: stable IgG patterns determine in vivo responsiveness at the clonal level. Immune responsiveness to the streptococcal group polysaccharides at the clonal level can conveniently be monitored by analytical isoelectric focusing combined with autoradiography. The parameters investigated in this paper can be summarized as follows: [1] Within the first week after injection antistreptococcal p0lysaccharide responses are characterized by IgM antibodies, followed by subclass restriction in Balb/c mice to IgG2a antibodies. [2] The clonal pattern of specific IgG2a antibodies established in the second week after immunization does not change within the following 6 weeks. [3] Persistence of a specific response pattern established within a primary immunization course holds for Balb/c mice and rabbits for as long as 12 to 13 months. [4] Repeated immunization courses in mice and rabbits maintain established clonal antibody patterns in toto. Temporal variations of clonal expression are generally quantitative rather than qualitative. B-cell memory within this system is therefore stable and long-lived.


Hydroxyproline levels and collagenolytic activity in synovial fluids of patients with rheumatic diseases. Free, total, and peptide hydroxyproline levels were determined in synovial fluid obtained from the knee joints of 60 patients with theumatoid arthritis (RA), and 26 patients with degenerative joint disease. In addition, in 160 synovial fluid samples obtained from 121 patients including 50 with degenerative joint disease, 60 with RA, 3 with Reiter's syndrome, 3 with hydarthrosis intermittens and 5 with ankylosing spondylitis, the collagenolytic activity was determined. The mean values of free and peptide hydroxyproline in the inflammatory and degenerative fluids were the same, but slight differences were found in the mean values of total hydroxyproline. No effect on the level of free and bound hydroxyproline was observed after treatment with intra-articular hydrocortisone and gold salts. The collagenolytic activity of synovial fluid was registered in 38% of cases of RA and in some cases of Reiter's syndrome and hydrarthrosis intermittens, but it was not found in 50 cases of degenerative joint disease or in cases of ankylosing spondylitis. During a longer observation of patients with inflammatory forms of RA a variability in the collagenolytic activity was observed in repeated examinations of the fluid obtained from the same patient; this activity appeared and disappeared. The incidence of collagenolytic activity and its values were higher in patients with active rheumatoid process and this activity was present more frequently in patients with a short history of the disease (up to 3 years). The collagenolytic activity of rheumatoid fluids was, to a high degree, inhibited by normal human serum. The problem of presence or lack of collagenolytic activity in rheumatoid fluids is discussed.


Bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Both male and female patients with rheumatoid arthritis show a significant bone loss in the femur, compared with the loss of bone seen in normal subjects with increasing age. A very similar pattern is seen in corticosteroid treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. There is no evidence to suggest that the corticosteroid therapy has caused a greater loss of bone from the femur than would have occurred as a result of the rheumatoid arthritis alone. There was a statistically significant relation between the duration of the rheumatoid arthritis and femoral bone lo-s in women over the age of 45 years, whether or not they had been given steroid therapy in both male and female patients over 45 years of age, but again it appears unlikely that corticosteroid therapy had contributed significantly to the femoral bone loss. The Metacarpal and Femoral Indices of the patients were significantly related in both male and female groups.


Effect of short-term physical training on patients with rheumatoid arthritis I. Thirty-four patients with rheumatoid arthritis, aged 38 to 63 years (mean age 56 years), were studied before and after a 6-week stay in hospital. Twenty-three of these patients underwent special physical training twice a day during this period. Physical performance, cardio-respiratory fitness and muscle strength improved significantly in the training group. In the control group there were no major changes in these measurements during this period except for an increase in muscle strength. Perceived exertion during submaximal exercise was much lower in the training group following the conditioning. Joint status was virtually unchanged over the experimental period in both groups. It is postulated that the low physical performance seen in these types of RA patients may, to a large extent, be attributed to lack of physical activity.


Effect of short-term physical training on patients with rheumatoid arthritis. a six-month follow-up study. Twenty-three patients with rheumatoid arthritis were retested about 6 months after 5 weeks' physical conditioning and 7 patients from a former control group were also retested. Former training group patients, who had continued to train about 4 times or more per week, had maintained the improved physical status obtained during the initial conditioning, while those patients who had trained less than that or discontinued training, had lost some or most of their improvement. The physical status in the former control group was virtually remained unchanged. Joint status in the former training group was no different at re-test than at post-training or pre-training examinations. A questionnaire, given to the training group patients. Four patients from this group returned to work had positively affected the daily physical activity of these patients. Four patients from this group returned to work after the hospital training program.


X-ray changes in connection with late synovectomy of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis. Eighty-two patients subjected to late synovectomy of the hand were followed up. Late synovectomy was defined as an operation performed after at least 3 years' duration of local synovitis in the type of joint operated on. The minimum follow-up period was 24 months for the fingers joints (IP + PIP and MCP) and 18 months for the dorsal aspect of the wrist (W). The multifocal swelling of joints, preoperatively, was symmetrical in 89% of the patients. The X-ray changes, however, were symmetrical in only 22%, 27%, and 68% for IP + PIP, MCP, and W, respectively. These findings may preclude the use of controlled studies on early synovectomy using the non-operated hand as a control in a long-term assessment of X-ray progression. The rate of X-ray progression during the observation period was 60% for IP + PIP joints. The corresponding figures for MCP and W were 64% and 39%, respectively. Absence of bony lesions prior to synovectomy was favourable sign.


Vocational and social adjustment after laryngectomy. This study examined the vocational and social adjustment of 62 persons with cancer of the larynx. Predisability data were obtained by interview on 14 measures which assessed the vocational, social, and home adjustment prior to cancer. Post-disability data were obtained after laryngectomy by interview on 21 measures of adjustment. Additional measures include severity of laryngeal cancer classified by clinival stages, total or partial laryngectomy, presence of radiation therapy, presence of speech, months since surgery, age, sex, education, and marital status. The best predictors of vocational and social adjustment after laryngectomy were: removation, realism, rehabiltation outlook, previous vocational plans, highest educational grade, educational plans, and acquisition of speech. There were no significant differences in adjustment among patients in different clinical stages.


The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. a method for evaluation of physical performance. A system for evaluation of motor function, balance, some sensation qualities and joint function in hemiplegic patients is described in detail. The system applies a cumulative numerical score. A series of hemiplegic patients has been followed from within one week post-stroke and throughout one year. When initially nearly flaccid hemiparalysis prevails, the motor recovery, if any occur, follows a definable course. The findings in this study substantiate the validity of ontogenetic principles as applicable to the assessment of motor behaviour in hemiplegic patients, and foocus the importance of early therapeutic measures against contractures.


One-legged pedalling compared with two-legged pedalling on a bicycle ergometer as a basis for assessing physical condition in terms of the cardio-respiratory response to exercise. An assessment has been made of the linearity of the relationship between oxygen uptake and cardio-respiratory parameters measured during pedalling with one leg on an upright bicycle ergometer. Four young male subjects pedalled at four submaximal grades. Individual regression lines of heart rate on oxygen uptake; minute ventilation on oxygen uptake; and carbon dioxide on oxygen uptake were found to have significantly high correlation coefficients. A comparison was made in 21 healthy males, of mean age 34 years (range 20-61 years), between the effects of pedaliling with one leg or two legs on the heart rate, minute ventilation and carbon dioxide production were significantly higher during work with one leg then with two legs, but there was no significant difference in the heart rates. The oxygen cost of pedalling with one leg instead of two was also higher. The comparisons were made at a standard oxygen uptake of 1.0 1 min minus 1.


Dyslexia: patterns of disability and recovery. A taxonomy of error--regarding the visual, grapheme-phoneme, and semantic aspects of reading--is proposed; and it is related to data from developmental studies. A preliminary analysis of recovery curves, based on the performance of two patients in tests of word-reading and object-naming, is also presented. Finally, the problem of extrapolating from test data to functional efficiency is briefly discussed.


Analysis of compensatory muscles during walking in paraplegic patients. The activity of compensatory muscles during walking was analysed in three paraplegics. The purpose of this study was to find out how the loss of motion of the lower extermities can be compensated and which muscles compensate most efficiently. This activity was assessed by clinical and EMG studies of thoracic and dorsal muscle contraction during swing-through gait. The study started with the first walking trial for each paraplegic, using a treadmill. At that time, all the thoracic and dorsal muscles (which were normal: 5 at the manual testing) showed a full contraction which gave an interferential pattern at the EMG. After 10 weeks, the activity of some muscles was already well rationalised (latissimus dorsi, rhomboids) in such a way that these muscles adapted themselves: contraction was followed by a period of rest which was observed clinically and recorded at the EMG. On the other hand, some muscles presented an irregular activity or even lack of activity (abdominal muscles). After 3 months there was no further modification of these patterns. In fact, thoracic muscles exhibited an excellent compensation by adaptation and rationalisation of their activity. The latissimus dorsi seemed to compensate most efficiently of all.


Neuronal excitability modulation over the sleep cycle: a structural and mathematical model. A model for control of the desynchronized phase of the sleep cycle postulates reciprocal interaction between cells in the pontine gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG cells) and cells in the nucleus locus coeruleus and nucleus subcoeruleus (LC cells). This physiological model leads to equations of the Lotka-Volterra type; the time course of activity predicted by the model is in good agreement with actual long-term recordings of FTG cells and single-cycle data for LC cells.


Colonial nervous control of lophophore retraction in cheilostome Bryozoa. Nervous impulses causing lophophore retraction over large areas of Membranipora membranacea and Electra pilosa were recorded with external electrodes. The response propagates at about 100 centimeters per second, presumably through the colonial nerve plexus of Hiller and Lutaud. Impulses are rapid up to 200 per second. A second impulse was recorded from individual zooids, probably generated by the polypide's nervous system. The retractor muscle shortens at more than 20 times its own length per second and is apparently the most rapidly contracting muscle known.


The Filipino and gout.

The Filipino and gout. Hyperuricemia and gout has been recognized among the Filipinos in Hawaii, Alaska, and mainland United States for almost two decades. Several studies bearing out this impression have been reviewed. The awareness of these observation prompted an extension to the Filipino in his natural environment. These studies showed a lower mean of serum uric acid values in healthy subjects when using comparative enzymatic spectrophotometric determinations. Aside from genetic factors, Filipino hyperuricemia may become manifest because of environmental stress, including dietary stress, and investigators postulate that some Filipinos possess a renal defect that may lead to hyperuricemia due to renal inability to compensate for an increased purine intake which may occur in the shift from a low-purine Filipino diet to a high-purine Western diet in his new environment, as in the case of the Filipino immigrant. The clinical profile of gout as it exists in the Philippines has been compared and found to be similar generally to that of other series. The control of the hyperuricemia and gout has been satisfactorily accomplished in the Filipino patients with the long-term use of allopurinol, sometimes complemented with colchicine taken daily.


Distribution of gold Au 198 after intraperitoneal injection in animals. The distribution of gold Au 198 after intraperitoneal administration in dogs and rats was determined by scans and tissue radioassays obtained 24 hours after injection. Relative activity and percent of injected radioisotope contained in different organs were calculated. The radioisotope was found to be heavily concentrated in mediastinal lymph nodes and liver, with liver uptake averaging 36.5% of the injected isotope 24 hours after injection. The use of therapeutic intracavitary radiocolloids should be reevaluated in light of possible excessive irradiation of the liver.


Physician suicide risk: practical recognition and management. This paper presents some preliminary data on physician suicides from the American Psychiatric Association Task Force on Suicide Prevention as well as pertinent items from the literature. Data are presented according to age, gender, method, and health status. Signs and symptoms that physicians should recognize in their peers and approaches that may be used to identify a physician at risk are described.


Avoidable fitfalls in augmentation mammaplasty. With the popularity of the augmentation mamaplasty has come a variety of approaches, prostheses, and results. In reviewing my own cases and experience, I have attempted to: (1) establish the criteria of the ideal breast contour and (2) point out a few of the pitfalls to be avoided when attempting to create surgically the ideal breast contour.


Anuria resulting from extrinsic ureteral compression. Two recent patients presenting with anuria due to abdominal aortic aneurysm and metastatic retroperitoneal tumor and illustrating this dramatic aspect of obstructive uropathy, provide the basis for this paper. Other reported causes of ureteral compression resulting in anuria are mentioned; these include billharzial strictures, iatrogenic ligatures, idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, primary retroperitoneal tumors, and perirenal lymphocele.


Colonoscopy: Its principles and applications. Fiberoptic colonoscopy has seen its early development in the past five years and in the last two to three years a rapidly expanding experience has developed. The use of this instrument has been documented abundantly both as a diagnostic tool and as a therapeutic tool, and its effectiveness in both areas is well established. The chief therapeutic use of the colonoscope is in the removal of polyps, and in this area the experience has been most gratifying in regard to the ability to remove most polyps and the low incidencs of complications.