Caring for children and working: dilemmas of contemporary womanhood. American women are entering the labor force in increasing numbers; currently 53% of women in intact families are in paid employment as are 41% of those with children under 18; this despite the fact that women earn less than 60% of the wages paid men in similar occupations. Women are responding to the pressures of an inflationary economy, to the costs of higher education for their children, to opportunities for personal fulfillment, and to a growing market for service occupations. Yet married women continue to carry 70% to 80% of child care and household duties when both parents work. Conventional stereotypes of feminine passivity, formalized in the last century, grossly misperceive women's roles and abilities and constitute a psychological barrier to self-realization for both men and women. Social innovations in child care will be necessary if we are to provide optimal conditions for child development at a time when family roles are in sharp transition. The pediatrician, as family counselor, can help to support mothers and fathers seeking to fulfill parental, occupational and personal needs in a rapidly changing society.


Benign rheumatoid nodules.

Benign rheumatoid nodules. Fifteen asymptomatic children with benign rheumatoid nodules, followed up to 12 years, are described. Nodules are characterized by subcutaneous location with predilection for pretibial regions and scalp, occasional large size, spontaneous regression, and frequent recurrence. Granuloma annulare was present in two patients. All 15 children were healthy and free from rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, or any other recognizable systemic disease at followup and none had positive tests for antinuclear antibodies or rheumatoid factors. Histologically the nodules closely resembled those seen in adult-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Though biopsy may be useful for confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of benign rheumatoid nodules, wide surgical excision, skin grafting, and treatment with medication are unnecessary in this self-limited syndrome.


The therapy of hyperammonemia due to ornithine transcarbamylase defiency in a male neonate. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in the male neonate has been considered to be invariably fatal because of the severity of the hyperammonemia. An extreme degree of hyperammonemia in a male neonate was brought under control by a series of exchange transfusions, prolonged peritoneal dialysis, adequate caloric intake, and a mixture of essential amino acids with an excess of aspartic acid and arginine. After the initial phase, it was possible to maintain the plasma ammonia level with dietary therapy alone, in spite of a number of complications that might be expected to cause tissue damage and increase the hyperammonemia.


Iodine and goiter in children.

Iodine and goiter in children. Goiter examination was performed on 7,785 children aged 9 to 16 years in four areas of the United States--Michigan, Kentucky, Texas, and Georgia. Urinary iodine and creatinine, thyroxine, protein-bound iodine, and plasma inorganic iodide determinations were made on 377 matched pairs of goitrous and nongoitrous control children. The overall prevalence of goiter was 6.8%. Most children with goiter had palpably but not visibly enlarged thyroids and showed no evidence of clinical or biochemical thyroid abnormalitymmean urinary iodine excretion was 452 mug/gm of creatinine, many times the 50 mug/gm of creatinine level used to define deficiency. Children with goiter and areas with high goiter prevalence tended to have higher rather than lower iodine excretion. These findings are consistent with other data indicating high iodine intakes in the United States and suggest that goiter in American children cannot be assumed to be related to iodine deficiencymthe possible role of high iodine intake in the causation of goiter is discussed.


[The calf mortality of the Angeså reindeer herd (author's transl)]. The heavy losses of reindeer calves in the Angeså forest herd and their seasonal occurrence are discussed on basis of the results obtained from the tables. The management, productivity and breeding conditions of this herd are estimated to be, for the most part the same as in other forest herds. The calf losses in the Angeså herd are high, during some years very high, while the reproductivity rate is comparable to that of the caribou. The extensive form of management makes it impossible to clarify most of the causes for the losses and their interrelationships. Preobrazhenskii (1961) emphasizes the importance of an intensive form of management and of counting the herd at least four times annually in order to control and prevent different kinds of losses. Skjenneberg & Slagsvold (1968) point out that the extensive form of management hinders progress in reindeer breeding, especially in the areas of selection and disease control. These statements seem to be highly relevant to Swedish reindeer breeding as well. The results from the tables clearly indicate the high total losses, the high losses during certain summers and the importance of accessible winter fodder for calf production and post-natal survival. It is important to investigate whether supplementary feeding with commercially available fodder, hay, and minerals would result in better economy in reindeer breeding. It is also desirable to investigate improved methods for supplementary feeding. During certain years calf losses are very high during the summer, but the relationships between different causes (such as stress, bloodsucking diphtera, parasites, keratitis etc.) are not clear. Surveillance of the animals during the calving season, marking of the calves before the fly season and summer heat, and developing a higher degree of domestication will probably result in smaller losses during spring and summer. If the practice of marking the calves in summer is to be continued, steps must be taken to protect the health of the animals. Such steps include making available sun shades, smoke fires against bloodsucking insects, running water, and salt and mineral feedings. Due to the extensive management form, it has not been possible to determine the extent of the real winter losses. For similar reasons the extent of the losses caused by parasites remains unclear. A continuous pathological examination of dead animals seems to offer the only possible method for clarifying the causal connections of the losses. As a consequence of the extensive form of management, the carcasses of animals that die during spring and summer are destroyed by heat and scavengers. One way of obtaining material useful for pathological examination would be a telemetric method, in which a radio signal is transmitted when the animals is dead or dying (Moell & Rehbinder 1975).


[The effect of teat dipping with jodophores on udder health and the iodine content of the milk (author's transl)]. The effect of teat-dipping with iodophore preparations on the incidence of mastitis was investigated for a period of 13 months in (i) 7 herds averaging 52 cows with an iodophore solution (JO-BAC¿ Superdip, 0.5 % active iodine) and in (ii) 9 herds averaging 47 cows with an iodophore solution (F 1042, 0.33 % active iodine). Teat-dipping was performed after each milking. The udder health of 8 herds averaging 28 cows was followed as a control (iii). Udder health was studied by CMT and bacterial examination of udder quarter samples every 10th week and by electronic cell counts of bulk milk every month. The mean incidence of infection at the beginning and end of the trial, the incidence of newly infected cows and quarters during the trial for each group was (i) 13.0 leads to 8.8 % of cows, 9.3 % of cows, 2.7 % of quarters; (ii) 17.4 % leads to 8.6 % of cows, 10.2 % of cows, 3.9 % of quarters; and (iii) 9.1 % leads to 15.6 % of cows, 13.7 % of cows and 4.5 % of quarters, respectively. Mean cell content of the three first and last cell counts were (i) 380.000 leads to 260.000 (ii) 310.000 leads to 280.000 and (iii) 250.000 leads to 260.000 cells/ml, respectively. The effect of teat-dipping with iodophore solution on the iodine content of bulk milk was investigated simultaneously in the above herds at monthly intervals. A further 26 herds (iiii) which did not employ iodine-containing teat-dips, were also studied. The mean iodine contents for the groups were (i) 127 mug/l, (ii) 152 mug/l; (iii) 94 mug/l and (iiii) 89 mug/l. The effect of teat-dipping with iodophore solution on the iodine content of bulk milk was also investigated in 13 herds where all delivered milk was examined for iodine content during 3 successive 14-day periods, namely (a) a control period without teat-dipping, (aa) a period using a weak iodine solution (0.1 % active iodine), and (aaa) a period using the recommended concentration. The mean iodine content in the 13 herds during period (a) varied from 14 to 266 mug/l and the mean for all herds was 65 mug/l. Corresponding figures for period (aa) were 30--291 and 88 mug/l and for period (aaa) 66--404 and 146 mug/l.


Studies of an acrosomal defect in spermatozoa from a platinum fox. An acrosomal defect in the spermatozoa from a platinum fox was studied under light- and electron microscopy. The defect, occurring in about 40 % of the sperm cells appeared under phase-contrast and bright-field microscopy as a knob-like irregularity, mostly rounded or slightly triangular in outline and situated in the apical part of the sperm head. Electron microscopy of the sperm head revealed a marked deviation from the normal development of the acrosome. In most of the cases this structure contained a large membrane bounded vacuole filled with numerous small vesicles and some membranous material. In spermatids studied in the cap-phase, the developing acrosome exhibited a high degree of abnormal morphology, indicating that the development of the defect must have started rather early during the formation of the acrosome.


[Mycoplasms of the swine--A review].

[Mycoplasms of the swine--A review]. The mycoplasmas constitute a group of microorganisms placed between bacteria and virus. The name, Mycoplasma, is derived from the mycelial morphology of the organisms. The minimal reproductive unit, the elementary body, measures 0.2-0.5 mum. Unlike bacteria, mycoplasmas are not confined by a rigid cell wall, but just by a thin membrane. For their cultivation, though common bacteriological technique is adequate, especially enriched media are required. Antibiotics, as a rule penicillins, are added to the medium for inhibition of bacteria. Up to the present, 5 porcine species of mycoplasma are known: Mycoplasma suipneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, Mycoplasma flocculare, and Acholeplasma granularum. The 4 species first mentioned are very common among swine in Denmark. A. granularum has not been demonstrated so far. Occasionally, other species of mycoplasma are found in swine. M. suipneumoniae is by far the most important porcine mycoplasma, being to-day regarded as the primary etiologic agent in porcine enzootic pneumonia. A pure mycoplasma infection usually results in only weak clinical signs of pneumonia, but the disease may be aggravated by secondary factors as bacteria, parasites, and bad housing conditions. Enzootic pneumonia is usually prevalent only in fattening units, where it tends to persist indefinitely. The mycoplasma infection is practically incurable. Control of the disease is attempted by the SPF-program launched by the Danish Meat Research Institute, Roskilde. In this connexion the high sensitivity of mycoplasmas to physico-chemical influence is of advantage, because it results in a low rate of survival of the organisms outside the host. A further advantage is afforded by the fast that M. suipneumoniae is a definitely swine-specific organism. The rest of the porcine mycoplasmas are of far lesser importance. Yet, M. hyorhinis may produce a sero-fibrinous inflammation of serous cavities and joints in pigs less than 10 weeks old, and M. hyosynoviae may produce arthritis in fattening pigs.


[Cerebral damage in the full-term newborn infant. Causes and outcome]. Modern obstetrics can no longer be content to statistically analyse deaths only but must also concern itself with injuries. Cerebral damage in the new-born at term may result in grave sequelae. A study was made in the maternity department of the Port-Royal hospital of 65 infants, born at 38 weeks or later, with neurological signs, over the period 1968/69. The study was aimed at clarifying neonatal neurological signs, analysing the obstetric circumstances in which the complications occurred and observing future development of the children involved. In most instances a combination of neurological signs was present, falling into three broad clinical categories on the basis of severity. These neurological signs may appear during the hours after birth even when the Apgar score was satisfactory. Analysis of the cases showed that obstetric factors were responsible for the neurological disorder in 45 cases. The obstetric circumstances were almost always identical: abnormalities of presentation, dynamic problems during labour, and trials of labour. Modern methods for in-utero foetal surveillance are excellent but can nerve replace a perfect and hard won understanding of basic obstetric principles. Follow-up showed that sequelae remained in 7 children. It would appear, then, that in addition to "high risk" pregnancies, there exist "high risk" deliveries in part unpredictable before the onset of labour. There exists also a group of children in whom risk is increased and in whom surveillance over many years is indicated.


[Intravascular coagulation in cirrhotic patients. 6 cases]. Authors relate six cases of Disseminated Intra-Vascular Coagulation (D.I.V.C.) which occured among cirrhotic patients. They discovered it during and at the end of a systematic study of blood coagulation among hepatic deficient people. On the occasion of this series, authors consider mechanism of D.I.V.C. among cirrhotics. They defined a group of six coagulation tests which seem to them necessary an adequate to fix up diagnosis.


[Detection of diabetes mellitus in young adults. Survey on 161,500 male subjects]. In the course of previous studies concerned with the detection of diabetes in 143,000 persons aged between 19 and 20 years, on the basis of testing for fasting glycosuria, the occurrence of the disorder had been estimated at 1.2 per thousand. By virtue of modifications in technique--in particular testing for glycosuria using special dipsticks after a standard high carbohydrate breakfast (170 Gm carbohydrate)--it emerged that in 6,000 subjects the frequency of diabetes was 20 per thousand. Thus from the age of 20 years onwards, the prevalence of the disorder is high, in the region of levels observed in middle age and close to the occurrence rates for purine metabolism abnormalities and hyperlipidaemias.


[Can an anomaly of the central nervous system be responsible for hemodynamic disorders]. Twenty-seven subjects with insomnia or diurnal hypersomnolence presented a sleep apnea syndrome when their respiration was systematically checked during sleep. These sleep-induced respiratory abnormalities were completely occult and pulmonary function tests performed during wakefulness were normal. The patients, all non-obese, presented serious pulmonary artery pressure changes which were directly connected with the repetitive sleep apneas. Half of the patients also had systemic hypertension. Two children (aged 11 and 15) underwent tracheostomies which by-passed the sleep-induced obstruction. Systemic hypertension was reduced after surgery.


[Hepatitis B at the premonitory stage. Incidence of articular and cutaneous manifestations, aprpos of 100 cases]. Hepatitis B in the prodromal phase. Occurence of articular and cutaneous manifestations. Concerning 100 cases,


[Diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Responsibility of hard metals]. In a factory processing Tungsten carbide and hard metals, of a hundred exposed workers, 15 showed signs of "irritation" which progressed in 5 to clinical, radiological and functional pulmonary fibrosis with altered CO transport. In one patient histological sections were studied and typical findings of dust inclusion seen. Diffuse interstitial fibrosis related to heavy metals is still not yet recognised as an industrial disease in France.


[Pancreatic biologic reactions after Wirsung opacification under duodenoscopy. Preventive action of Frey's inhibitor (67 cases)]. After retrograde opacification of be pancreatic ducts by duodenoscopy, pancreatic biologic reactions have been studied, especially by amylasemia and lipasemia measures. These biologic reactions have been all the more frequent and intense as Wirsung's duct and its tributaries filling have been important. Frey's inhibitor had a proptious action on these biologic reactions; therefore, it may be used as a preventive treatment.


[Psoriatic rheumatism. Prospective study of 50 cases, without sacroiliac involvement and without rheumatoid factor, compared with 50 cases of rheumatoid arthritis]. The authors report the results of a prospective study comparing 50 cases of psoriatic arthropathy with peripheral articular involvement only and negative rheumatoid serology with 50 cases of classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis paired according to sex, age and the duration of the disease. The results were studied using the X2 test of statistical significance. Despite frequent similarity with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthropathy differs from it significantly on the basis of a series of characteristics which may be summarised as follows: less wide dissemination and decreased severity of clinical and radiological articular lesions; more gradual progression by attacks separated by periods of remission, often total, resulting in less severe degree of invalidity than rheumatoid arthritis and therefore requiring less often the use of oral corticosteroids. The authors discuss the case of psoriatic arthropathy with positive rheumatoid serology and that of psoriatic arthropathy with combined peripheral and vertebral column involvement.


[Value of measurement of the red cell volume in polyglobulia and anemia. Expression of the results]. As an introduction to the following paper, devoted to the clinical usefulness of the measurement of the red cell volume in polycythemic and anemic states, the mode of expression of the experimental results of red cell volume is discussed. The comparison between the several equations, which try to give a normal value, by taking into account the height and weight of the subjects shows that the differences are very slight between the several estimations. On the contrary, the expression of the red cell volume as a function of the weight only can be the cause of misinterpretation of the measure of the red cell volume, in fat and thin people.


[Long term prognosis after circulatory arrest]. 24 PATIENTS HAVING SURVIVED MORE THAN 18 MONTHS AFTER AN EPISODE OF CIRCULATORY ARREST WERE EXAMINED WITH THE AIM OF ASSESSING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO SUCH AN INCIDENT. The results obtained were encouraging, since immediately after the circulatory arrest there were only monor troubles reflecting the simple bringing into action of defence mechanisms. Long term adaptation was deemed excellent in 80 p.cent of cases which should, nevertheless, lead to any underestimation of those sequelae which, though happily rare, are highly incapacitating.


[Hepatosplenic sarcoidosis. Contribution of parenchymatous hepatosplenography by selective arteriography]. In this study of hepato-splenic sarcoidosis the authors, in addition to confirming the principle and commonly recognised features of the disease, stress the value of cataloguing the morphological changes, in the liver and spleen by selective arteriography of the coeliac trunk; increase in the frequency of recognition of hepatosplenomegaly; granular appearance of the parenchyma of both organs, which appear to be studded with a multitude of small lacunae, thus eliminating the homogeneous and uniformly opaque image seen normally. Seen in 28.5 p.cent of cases, this heterogeneous appearance is not strictly pathognomic of sarcoidosis. It is mainly due to the lacunar appearance which probably represents sarcoid follicles. It may resolve under cortisone therapy.


[Disorders of intra-cardiac conduction and hypothyroidism in adults. A systematic study of 42 cases]. The rate of occurrence of disturbances of intracardiac conduction in association with adult hypothyroidism is not well known. On the basis of routine study of the electrocardiograms of 42 non-treated patients, disturbances of conduction were found in almost one third. Left anterior hemiblock (6/42) and first degree atrioventricular block (5/42) are the commonest. Bifascicular involvement is rare. Neither a trifascicular lesion nor complete AV dissociation were seen. There was no evident effect of hormone therapy on conduction disturbances. Their prognosis is good but they should perhaps be taken into consideration when the indications for beta-blockers are weighed.


Ribosomal RNA metabolism in cucumber leaf mesophyll protoplasts. Aspects of the metabolism of RNA have been studied in enzymatically isolated protoplasts from cotyledon and first leaf mesophyll tissue of two cultivars of cucumber. The first leaf mesophyll protoplasts incorporated (3H)-uridine into ribosomal RNA at a constant rate for up to 25 hr in a simple salts medium and for up to 45 hr in a growth medium. Pulse-chase labelling experiments on such preparations showed a rapid dilution of the intracellular (3H)-uridine pool(s) and a high metabolic rate in the cells in one cultivar but not in another. Gel electrophoretic analysis of the RNA from both cotyledon and first leaf protoplasts showed that both protoplast types incorporated either (14C)- or (3H)-uridine into ribosomal RNA species. Incorporation of (3H)-uridine into chloroplasts RNA was minimal in cotyledon protoplasts, but significant in leaf protoplasts. Greater incorporation into the chloroplast RNA species could be achieved by longer pulses. Synthesis of all of the ribosomal RNA species was sensitive to actinomycin D at 10 and 25 mug/ml concentrations in all protoplasts tested.


Formation of internucleotide 3'-5' phosphoramidate links by direct coupling of phosphoryl and amino groups. The stepwise synthesis of oligomers derived from 5'-amino-5'-deoxythymidine 3'-phosphate and 5'-amino-5'-deoxy-3'-O-mono-p-methoxytrityl-thymidine is described. The internucleotide phosphoramidate links were formed by condensation of nucleoside 3'-phosphates with aminonucleosides by means of triphenylphosphine and dipridyl disulfide.


U.V. induced enhancement of recombination among lambda bacteriophages: relation with replication of irradiated DNA. Experimental results are reported showing the dependence of the U.V. induced enhancement of recombinants on the presence of the functional O gene product. This fact is tentatively interpreted as a replication dependence of the U.V. induced recombination.


Reversed phase chromatography of isoaccepting tRNA's from healthy and crown gall tissues from Nicotiana tabacum. RPC 5 (Reversed Phase Chromatography) of aminoacyl-tRNA's from healthy and crown gall (induced by Agrobacterium tume-faciens strain B6) tobacco tissues were compared for eleven amino acids. For ten amino acids: alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, tyrosine, and valine, no qualitative or quantitative differences could be detected between aminoacyl-tRNA's from both sources. Phenylalanyl-tRNA's from crown gall tissues gave two peaks on RPC 5; the minor early eluting species (peak 1) was always absent in elution profiles of phenylalanyl-tRNA's from healthy tissues or from tobacco leaves. After the "Y" base was removed by pH 2.9 treatment, peak 2 of phenylalanine tRNA was shifted to the position of peak 1.


Hybridization of polyuridylic acid to human DNA immobilized onto nitrocellulose filters. The level of deoxyadenylate (da) regions in human DNA was estimated from formation of poly(U)-poly(da) triplexes on nitrocellulose filters that were RNAase resistant. The (dA) rich sequences were determined following mild ribonuclease treatment of the poly(U)-DNA hybrids (5 mug/ml at 25 degreesC for 30 min), where as exhaustive ribonuclease treatment (5 mug/ml at 25 degrees C for 6 hr) estimated the more (dA) pure sequences. The level of (dA) rich regions was 0.39% of the DNA and for the more (dA) pure regions it was 0.07%. The (dA) regions were widely distributed throughout human DNA regardless of base composition or sequence repetition. However, a concentration of (dA) regions into main band CsC1 gradient fractions of DNA and into repeated DNA was observed.


The analysis of cardiovascular action of 10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-7-chlorobenzo-(b)-(1,8)-naphthyridone-5 monohydrochloride (IF-C-45) with antidepressant properties. The effects on cardiovascular system of a new compound, 10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-7-chlorobenzo-(b)-(1,8)-naphthyridone-5-monohydrochloride (IF-C-45) were investigated in rats, dogs and cats and compared to the effects induced by imipramine. Within the range of the analysis of peripheral cardiovascular effects IF-C-45 acts in a similar way as imipramine does. Its hypotensive and cardiodepressive action is significantly weaker than that of imipramine.


Use of the sphygmomanometer ASE-1 for the indirect measurement of blood pressure in the rat. Appropriate conditions for the indirect measurement of blood pressure in rat were determined. The value of 0.78 was found as a correlation factor between the direct and the indirect measurement methods. The direct and indirect methods were compared on hypertensive phenylephrine effects. Good dose-effect correlation of hydralazine by the indirect measurement was found. Our results indicate that the indirect measurement is suitable for the determination of hyper- and hypotensive drugs.


Reactions of cyanomethylbenzimidazoles. Part II. Reaction of cyanomethylbenzimidazoles with aldehydes methylketones and nitroso compounds. Position of CH2CN group in the benzimidazole system determines the activity of hydrogen atoms of CH2 group in condensation reactions. Some of the obtained compounds show high tuberculostatic activity.


4(H)-1,2,4-triazole derivatives with expected biological activity. Three isomeric 4-(carboxyphenyl)-3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazoles (III) were prepared by condensation of bis(alpha-chlorobenzylidene)hydrazine (I) with  ethyl aminobenzoate and subsequent alkaline hydrolysis of the ethyl esters (II) of III. III were also obtained by hydrolysis of the cyano compounds (IV) and by oxidation of the methyl derivatives (VI). A similar condensation of I with aminopyridines led to 4-pyridyl-3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazoles (VII). Reduction of three isomeric 4-(nitrophenyl)-3,5-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazoles (X) (Fe/AcOH) gave the corresponding amino derivatives (XI). In the preparation of X, the method employing N-(nitrophenyl)-benzimidoyl chloride (VIII) and benzhydrazide (IX) proved to be most advantageous. Slight bacteriostatic activity of the triazoles prepared was observed in standard in vitro tests.


4(H)-1,2,4-triazole derivatives with expected biological activity. Part IV. Synthesis of substituted 3,4,5-triaryl-1,2,4-triazoles. A series of 23 3,4,5-triaryl-1,2,4-triazoles with various substituents in one, two, or all three aromatic rings were prepared for screening tests as potential antibacterial, mostly antituberculotic agents. The synthesis, depending on the nature and position of the substituents, was accomplished by one of the following methods; (A) condensation of symmetrically substituted bis(alpha-chlorobenzylidene)hydrazine with an aniline derivative; (B) reaction of an aniline derivative with a symmetrical diaroylhydrazine in the presence of PCL3; (C) direct condensation of aroylhydrazine with an appropriately substituted N-phenylbenzimidoyl chloride. The latter method was considered to be most advantageous; it warranted highest yield and purity of the products and made it possible to prepare triazoles with three different aryl groups.


Studies on absorption and elimination of drugs. Part III. Kinetic of distribution and elimination of 2-p-methoxy- and 2-p-bromophenylindandione-1,3 in rabbits. Distribution and elimination constants, half-times, plasma clearance and volume of distribution for 2-p-methoxy (AID) and 2-p-bromophenylindandione-1,3 (Br-PID) were estimated, basing on a two-compartment open pharmacokinetic models. Differences were found when similar processes of distribution and elimination of PID and its p- chloro, bromo and methoxy derivatives were compared.


The study of the bioavailability of coated acetylsalicylic acid in suppositories after rectal administration. The rate of release of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) coated and uncoated from suppositories in vitro, and the bioavailability of ASA in vivo were examined. The coating reduces the rate of release of activite drug from suppositories. In vivo the coating delays the obtention of the maximum concentration of salicylates in urine, but doesn't have any essential effect on cummulative amount of salicylates in urine.


Sexual counseling. What the busy physician can, and cannot, do. Patients with sexual problems often seek help first from their family physician. Before referring these patients, the physician should determine the kind of dysfunction present and whether it might successfully be treated in the general office setting. Secondary impotence can often be overcome by simple reassurance or by a program of frequent sexual foreplay and avoidance of actual intercourse. A stop-start method of reconditioning has had some success in the treatment of premature ejaculation. Anorgasmia is a commonly reported female complaint. If caused by inadequate foreplay, counseling and interpersonal discussion should lead to successful resolution. There is some evidence that anorgasmia in some cases may result from clitoral adhesion or underdevelopment of the pubococcygeus muscle. Both conditions may be simply remedied.


Fertility of turkey hens correlated with depth of insemination. In a two year comparison of shallow insemination (two  cm.) and deep insemination (seven cm.) involving both Large White and Bronze hens shallow insemination was superior to deep insemination for Large White hens. Shallow insemination of Large White hens resulted in a longer duration-of-fertility and a higher total fertility (P less than 0.01) than deep insemination. The mean fertiltity in a 51 day duration-of-fertility trial during early production was 56.1% following shallow insemination and 43.1% following deep insemination. Late in the breeding season the mean fertility was 39.7% and 27.4% for shallow and deep insemination, respectively. The mean duration-of-fetility was 40.4 days after shallow insemination and 31.2 days after deep insemination. Shallow insemination was superior to deep insemination whether hens were inseminated at 14 days or 28 day intervals. Fertility following shallow insemination of Bronze hens was not different from fertility following deep insemination. In a duration-of-fertility trial of Bronze hens, the mean fertility was 37.3% for shallow insemination and 39.8% for deep insemination. The mean duration-of-fertility were 51.2 days after shallow insemination and 47.0 days after deep insemination.


Genetic variation of body temperature of Coturnix coturnix in two ambient temperatures. Coturnix quail were placed in an environmental chamber maintained at 21 degree C. and rectal temperatures taken. The birds were subjected to an abrupt change to 36 degree C. and the temperatures taken hourly for eight hours and at 25, 38 and 72 hours. Females had higher temperatures than males. When birds were moved to 36 degrees C. their temperatures rose rapidly and then dropped to a level higher than when birds were in the 21 degrees C. chamber. The genetic and total variation estimated from the analysis of variance method decreased under this sudden thermal stress condition. Birds kept in 36 degrees C. for three weeks were shifted to 21 degrees C. Their body temperature dropped sharply and then increased to a level lower than that obtained in the 36 degrees C. environment. The genetic variation was essentially zero when shifted to a lower temperature while the total variation increased.


Scanning electron microscopy of the chicken crop--the avian rumen? The mucosal surface of the chicken crop was examined with the scanning electron microscope. The proximal region in relation to the esophagus differed markedly from the distal region. The region nearest the esophagus showed a slightly folded surface with a very dense surface bacterial population while the region located in the apical region of the diverticulum was smoother with numerous sloughing cells and a sparse bacterial population. A potential for significant microbiological fermentation and digestion of feed in the crop is indicated.


Some effects on layers of sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate in their drinking water. Potential for increasing contamination of water supplies with such materials as dissolved inorganic solids suggests more precise water quanlity standards for poultry. Commercial strain S.C.W.L. hens were supplied water containing sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) (250, 1,000, 4,000, or 16,000 p.p.m.) on a total sulfate basis in Exp. 1 and on a total salt basis in Exp. 2. All data are expressed as percentages deviated from pre-treatment performance. Four thousand p.p.m. of total sulfate as Na2SO4 or MgSO4 significantly depressed feed consumption and hen-day production. Magnesium sulfate (4,000 p.p.m.) had a more depressing effect than Na2SO4 (4,000 p.p.m.) on hen-day production (-80.4 vs. -24.4%). At that level, Na2SO4 significantly increased water consumption and fecal moisture content, while MgSO4 significantly decreased water consumption. All hens on 1l,000 p.p.m. of either salt died during the experiment. No effect on egg quality was observed before the hens died. On a total salt basis (Exp. 2) 16,000 p.p.m. of either Na2SO4 or MgSO4 significantly depressed hen-day production, body weight, and feed comsumption, but increased water consumption. Hens receiving 16,000 p.p.m. Na2SO4 increased water consumption more than those receiving 16,000 p.p.m. MgSO4(146.7 and 24.6%). No significant differences between treatments were observed for mortality (Exp. 2). Mortality data suggest that lethal levels of Na2SO4 and MgSO4 are between 16,000 and 20,032 or 23,680 p.p.m. total salt, respectively.


The effect of methionine, thiouracil, dienestrol diacetate and thyroprotein on the development and prevention of fatty liver in pullets. The effect of two levels each of methionine (0.0 and 0.07 percent), thiouracil (0.0 and 0.05 percent), dienestrol diacetate (0.0 and 0.007 percent), and thyroactive casein (0.0 and 0.0125 percent) on the performancy, organ changes, and liver composition in 640 pullets of two strains was studied in a 24 factorial arrangement of treatments. Egg production, egg characteristics, feed conversion, organ weights, and liver composition were parameters measured. Supplemental methionine increased the phosphorus content of liver fat in strain A, but other parameters in the two strains were mot affected by the increase in dietary methionine. The thiouracil increased weight grains, gram of fat per total liver, percent of liver fat, thyroid weight, and heart weight but decreased the phosphorus content of liver fat. Nine typical cases of fatty liver syndrome with large liver hematomas occurred in the thiouracil treated birds and one case occurred in an untreated pullet. Dienestrol diacetate did not affect egg production, egg characteristics, organ weights, and liver composition in the two strains. Thyroprotein decreased weight gain, abdominal fat, liver weight. liver fat, thyroid weight, and percent red cells, but decreased percent blood sports in eggs and adjusted weights of the kidney and heart in both strains.


Lasalocid: resistance and cross-resistance studies in Eimeria tenella-infected chicks. Eimeria tenella was passaged in the presence of suboptimal and optimal concentrations of lasalocid (X-537A, sodium salt) in feed. Lasalocid was equally active at concentrations of 0.006 and 0.0075% against the 10th and 15th passage of E. tenella lasalocid exposed strains. Resistance to lasalocid could not be induced. Lasalocid administered in the feed at 0.0075% was tested in controlled battery experiments against E. tenella strains resistant to known anticoccidials in chicks. These studies demonstrated that lasalocis, at the optimal feed concentration of 0.0075% was highly effective against coccidiosis induced by strains of E. tenella resistant to sulfaquinoxaline, nicarbazine, zoalene, emprolium, clopidol and 4-hydroxyquinoline. Lasalocid medicated chicks were heavier, converted feed more efficiently, showed less pathologic lesions, and had lower mortality (P less than or equal to .05) than the infected unmedicated controls as well as sulfaquinoxaline, nicarbazine, zoalene, amprolium-ethopabate, clopidol, buquinolate, decoquinate and nequinate medicated groups. Cross-resistance to lasalocid was not demonstrated.


Multichannel digiral recording for oviposition in Japanese quail. A multichannel recording system is described which offers the advantages of accuracy and low cost. The system was a commercially digital printer and clock mechanism. Switch decoding circuitry is presented in the article. The system described will reocrd from 200 switches connected to egg trip levers on bird cages. An example of data obtained from two Japanese quail illustrates the smooth patterns of lay seen when recorded to one minute accuracy.


Effect of drinking water temperature on broiler performance. In the first experiment, higher body weight gain and feed comsumption were attained with water at a temperature of 23.9 degrees C. as compared with 35.0 degrees C. No significant differences in feed efficiency due to water temperature were evident. Livability was significantly reduced during brooding for the birds given warm water (35.0 degree C). A significant interaction for body weight gain was observed between the initial ambient air brooding temperatures and water temperatures during the growing period. In the second experiment six water temperatures during brooding to three weeks of age were studied. Body weight gain and feed comsumption were significantly depressed at a drinking water temperature of 40.6 degrees C. as compared with drinking water temperatures between 17.8 degrees C. and 35.0 degrees C. No differences in livability were noted which was in contrast to the results of the first experiment. A drinking water temperature below ambient air temperature is apparently beneficial to the growth of the broiler chick. The placement of the waterers in relation to the brooder stoves could influence water temperature which would affect the growth of broilers.


Immunologic response to turkey poults of various ages to an avirulent Pasteurella multocida vaccine in the drinking water. Fowl cholera has been reported in turkey poults in South Carolina between 5 and 6 weeks of age. An experiment was conducted to determine the earliest age that poults could be vaccinated with the Clemson University Pasteurella multocida strain (using the drinking water route) that would result in an effective immunity at 5 to 6 weeks of age. In group of vaccinates challenged with a virulent P. multocida (P-1059 strain) at 5 weeks of age, none were infected in groups vaccinated at either 20 days or at 25 days, 1 of 10 vaccinated at 15 days, 3 of 10 vaccinated at 10 days, 6 of 10 vaccinated at 5 days, and 8 of 10 became infected of those vaccinated at 1 day of age. Eight of 10 of each of 2 group of nonvaccinates developed evidence of infection. In groups of vaccinated challenged at 12 weeks of age, 2 of 10 turkeys became infected that had been vaccinated at 25 days of age, 4 of 10 that had been vaccinated at 20 days, 8 of 10 vaccinated at 15 days, 8 of 10 vaccinated at 10 days, 8 of 9 vaccinated at 5 days, and 8 of 9 became infected of those vaccinated at 1 day of age. All 10 of one group of nonvaccinates and all 9 of a second group developed evidence of infection. These results suggest, under the conditions of this experiment, the turkey poults vaccinated at 35 days of age and poults vaccinated at 20 days of age experienced an excellent immunological respone by 5 weeks of age. This response was less evident but, for the most part, still present, at 12 weeks of age.


Induced exudative diathesis in chicks by dietary silver. Two experiments were conducted with chicks to compare the effectiveness of vitamin E,selenium and cystine in preventing the deleterious effects of dietary silver. Adding 900 p.p.m. silver to a diet marginal in vitamin E and selenium significantly depressed growth and caused a high mortality during the four-week experiment. Most of the mortality was due to exduative diathesis. Including either 1 p.p.m. selenium or 100 I.U. vitamin E per kg. in the diets with silver prevented the growth depression and mortality. Adding 0.15% cystine stimulated growth, but failed to rpevent mortality. In a second experiment, chicks were grown on the diet containing silver with and without cystine to 15 days of age, at which time approximately 50% of the chicks exhibited signs of exudative diathesis. At that time they were either continued on the same diet of fed diets supplemented with selenium or vitamin E. Both vitamin E and selenium reduced mortality during the following two-week period, but vitamin E. was more effective than selenium.


Liver lipid content of twenty varieties of laying hens from three confinement systems. Average liver lipid values were determined for 20 varieties of 71-week old laying hens managed in 3 confinement systems of the 1972-73 North Carolina Random Sample Laying Test. There were highly significant differences in liver lipid atrributable to variety, to confinement system, and a significant variety X system interaction. Four varieties had consistently high and five had  consistently low liver lipid values in all 3 confinement systems. Varietymeans ranged from 25.8 to 49.0% liver lipid on a dry weight basis. Hens confined 2/cage had slight but significantly higher liver lipid than hens 7/cage or in floor pens. Liver lipid was positively correlated with body weight in hens 2/cage and in floor pens. There were no significant correlations of liver lipid with egg production or mortality. A frequency distribution of individual liver lipid values revealed a continuous distribution from 15.4 to 65.4with a pronounced skew to the right of the mean of 38.2%. Neither a fatty liver syndrome nor liver hemorrhage syndrome was reported for any of the flocks during the laying year. The normal range of liver lipid values for hens 71 weeks of age appears to be between 25 and 49 g. of lipid per 100 g. of dry liver weight.


Electron scanning microscope studies in pigeon pox virus. It is evident that the five so-called pigeon pox viruses manifest differences in growth patterns. All produced some interruption in the secretory activity of the allantoic membrane. All produced cytoplasmic bridges and distorted the cellular membranes with protoplasmic loops. Only the Amdal virus strain actively ejected virus particles outside the cell membrane. The other virus strains exhibited this tendency to a lesser degree.


Relationship of the method of addition and temperature of cryoprotective agents to the fertilizing capacity of cooled chicken spermatozoa. Three experiments were conducted to determine the relationship of the method of adding (fraction or bulk) and/or holding temperature (41 degrees, 25 degrees, 10 degrees) of glycerol, dimethylsulfoxide or ethylene glycol to the fertilizing capacity of chicken spermatozoa during cooling. No significant effect on fertility was observed when sperm were washed, suspended without dilution in phosphate buffer or milk and cooled to 15 degrees in 30 min. With phosphate buffer as the medium, fertility was comparable with that of the control only when glycol was maintained at 41 degrees or 25 degrees prior to addition in fractions (3 equal parts at 10 min. intervals). Similar effects were observed when 4% DMSO at 25 degrees was added in bulk after cooling. However, when DMSO was added to sperm suspended in milk, fertility was significantly reduced regardless of treatment. None of the methods were successful in eliminating the contraceptive action of glycerol. The results indicate that a number of in vitro techniques can be used to maintain the fertilizing capacity of chicken spermatozoa in the presence of 4% ethylene glycol or DMSO.


A skim milk stabilized water vaccine for Newcastle disease (B1-type LaSota): its effectiveness under modern commercial cage layer methods of delivery. For flock vaccination, B1-type LaSota Newcastle disease water vaccine was used in chicken under commercial cage layer conditions using two different methods, Swish Corporation pipes and cups, and stainless stell troughs, in an effort to determine their effectiveness. The concentration of virus in trough and cup samples collected at the beginning and the end of the lines were the same except in one instance where little or no virus was transported to the end of the trough. Satisfactory results were obtained when the test was repeated a year later. Serum HI titers determined before and after vaccination demonstrated adequate flock serum titers and indicated that both methods of application were reasonably effective. In laboratory trials, different water pipes (black, polyvinyl chloride pipe and Hart cups, green, polyvinyl chloride pipe and Swish cups, and old, rusty, galvanized pipe) normally used in cage operations were tested. Our findings indicated that dried skim milk powder (DSMP) was essential in stabilizing vaccine virus in the containers tested and that an adequate vaccine virus concentration was maintained in the three types of pipe tested when DSMP was used. Without DSMP the vaccine titers were adversely affected.


The effects of three systems of housing turkey breeder males on semen quality and quantity. In 3 successive years (1971, 1972, and 1973) semen productivity and quality were measured for medium size Broad Breasted White turkey males kept under 3 different systems of management (cages, cubicles and floor). Biweekly semen volumes were obtained for each male from 30 to 52 weeks of age. Semen concentration, sperm motility, and normality determinations were made on individual males when 52 weeks of age. In one of the 3 test years (1973) a significantly lower volume of semen was produced by males kept on the floor as compared with comparable males kept in cages or cubicles. There were no appreciable differences in quality criteria of semen produced by males kept in the different systems of management. Males kept in individual cages were approximately 1 kg. lighter in body weight at 52 weeks of age than comparable males kept in cubicles and on the floor. Average feed intake measured over a 12 week period in 1973 showed that a ratio of daily feed comsumption to average body weight was approximately the same for males in all housing systems. There was some variability in mortality within test years but no trend over the 3 test years was evident.


The temperature required to initiate blastoderm development of bobwhite quail eggs. Three experiments were conducted to determine the temperature required to initiate blastoderm development of Bobwhite quail eggs. In the first two experiments, groups of eggs were incubated for eight days at the following temperatures: 24.4 degrees C., 25.6 degrees C., 26.7 degrees C., 27.8 degrees C. and 28.9 degrees C. At the end of the incubation period, the diameter of the blastoderm was measured with a vernier caliper. In the third experiment, the same procedure was used except that a group of eggs which had not been incubated were used as controls. Results from the first and third experiment showed significant increases in blastoderm size of eggs incubated above 24.4 degrees C. In the second experiment there was a numerical increase in the blastoderm size when eggs were incubated above 24.4 degrees C., and significant increases in the size of blastoderms of eggs incubated above 25.6 degrees C. On the basis of the results of theses experiments, it was concluded that the temperature required to initiate blastoderm development of Bobwhite quail eggs was between 24.4 degrees C. and 25.6 degrees C.


Effects on body temperature produced by micro-injection of prostaglandin into the third cerebral ventricle of the chicken. Hens injected with 1-2 mug. of either prostaglandin E1 or F1 alpha into the third cerebral ventrical had significantly higher (P LESS than .05 at 60 and 90 minutes post injection) rectal temperatures (0.4 degrees C.) as compared to uninjected control hens. Those injected with 0.9% saline had significantly lower (P less than .05 at 60 and 90 minutes post injection) rectal temperatures (0.2 degrees C.) than hens injected with prostaglandin.


Lack of response to supplemental tin, vanadium, chromium and nickel when added to a purified crystalline amino acid diet for chicks. An experiment was conducted to ascertain if supplementing a completely purified diet with tin, vanadium chromium and nickel would enhance chick performance between hatching and 27-days posthatching. No effects on rate and efficiency of gain or on feather development were noted. A level of 350 p.p.m. magnesium, all in inorganic form, was found adequate for chick growth during this period.


Effects of hormonal pretreatment of cardiac necrosis in the Japanese quail. Male Japanese quail castrated and treated with beta-estradiol-3-benzoate for 3 wk were more resistant than sham-operated males to the necrogenic effects of massive doses of isoproterenol. The estrogen-treated castrate also weighed significantly more and had significantly lower hematocrit ratios than either the sham-operated male or the intact male. These results indicate that there is a definite sex-related protective effect this type of cardiac necrosis which cannot be explained on the basis of differences in body weight.


Natriuresis and carbohydrate-induced antinatriuresis in fasted, hydrated hypertensives. After an overnight fast and oral hydration with water, hypertensive subjects developed a significant natriuresis (mean urine sodium excretions increased from 130 to 291 mueq/min. The incidence of a natriuresis (greater than 200 mueq sodium excreted per minute) was 75% in the hypertensive group (16 subjects) compared to 27% in a previously studied normotensive group (22 subjects). The incidence of a carbohydrate-induced antinatriuresis (greater than 30% decrease in urinary sodium excretion) was 62% in the hypertensive group compared to 41% in the normotensive group. No decrease in plasma volume (131I-labeled albumin concentration) due to a shift of solute and water intracellularly could be documented to explain the antinatriuretic effect of glucose. An incidental observation was a significant decrease in plasma zinc concentrations after glucose ingestion.


Radiophosphate (32-PO4) incorporation into phosphatidic acid of lead-poisoned and normalred cells. Radiophosphate incorporation into phosphatidic acid is decreased in the red cells of lead-poisoned humans and rabbits. The decrease in activity is not related to the length of red cell survival nor to the differences in osmotic fragility observed in the lead-poisoned cells. Incorporation of radiophosphate into phosphatidic acid of normal red cells is sulfhydryl dependent and occurs at the cell surface. Lipid composition of the red cell membrane of the lead-poisoned humans and rabbits is normal.


Serum prolactin levels of rats under continuous estrogen stimulation and 2 Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) injection. The ability of 2 Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB-154) to suppress serum prolactin levels was examined in animals under the influence of continuous estrogen stimulation. A single injection of polyestradiol phosphate (Estradurin) once every 21 days produced a constant elevation of serum prolactin. The simultaneous administration of 1 mg/day of CB-154 to estrogenized animals suppressed serum prolactin levels below that of Estradurin alone but the levels were significantly greater than those of animals receiving CB-154 alone. It was suggested that, while CB-154 prevents the release of prolactin, estrogen stimulates prolactin synthesis despite the block of its release. Ether anesthesia may be capable of partially overriding  the block of CB-154 and released the stored hormone from the gland.


Effect of metabolic inhibitors on pyrogen production by rabbit leukocytes. The metabolic inhibitors, actinomycin D, cycloheximide, puromycin dihydrochloride, puromycin aminonucleoside, and p-fluorophenylalanine did not inhibit the release of leukocytic pyrogen whether endotoxin was preincubated with cells for 20 min at 37 degrees C before addition of inhibitor or inhibitor was preincubated with cells for 1 hr before addition of endotoxin. On the other hand, cortison inhibited release of pyrogen under both experimental conditions. Poly(I): poly(C) was not effective in inducing rabbit leukocytes to produce an endogenous pyrogen.


Growth characteristics and protein content of tissue-cultured fibroblasts from cystic fibrosis patients. Proliferation rates and cellular protein content have been measured in cultured fibroblasts derived from the skin of normal volunteers and cystic fibrosis patients. Three methods of measuring growth indicated that under our conditions, CF fibroblasts divide normally with a  mean doubling time of 29 hr. During the logarithmic growth phase, however, lower cell protein/DNA ratios were observed consistently in CF cultures. This difference was not present in contact-inhibited, confluent fibroblasts. The finding of an apparent reduction in protein synthesis during rapid division, coupled with an observation by others that CF fibroblasts fail to normally induce collagen formation, suggests the possibility of a disturbance in the biochemical regulation of protein synthesis.


Fetal bovine serum: a multivariate standard. Chemical and endocrine parameters were investigated in commercially available fetal bovine sera intended for use as culture media supplements. A high degree of serum variability was present both within and between suppliers in all major categories investigated. It is suggested that caution be employed in the interpretation of results from experiments utilizing serum supplements without specific quantitation of possible interfering or modulating factors.


Comparison of the effects of prostaglandins F1alpha, F2alpha, F1beta, and F2beta on the canine pulmonary vascular bed. The effects of four F series prostaglandins on the pulmonary vascular bed were compared under conditions of controlled pulmonary blood flow in the intact spontaneously breathing dog. PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha increased lobar arterial pressure whereas PGF1beta and PGF2beta had little if any effect when infused into the lobar artery. The increase in lobar arterial pressure in response to PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha was associated with a significant increase in lobar venous pressure but no change in left atrial pressure. These data indicate that PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha increase pulmonary vascular resistance by constricting lobar veins and vessels upstream to small veins, presumed to be small arteries. It is concluded that in the pulmonary vascular bed the configuration of the hydroxyl group at carbon 9 is an important determinant of pressor activity.


The effect of parahydroxylation of diphenylhydantoin on metaphase accumulation. DPH has a colchicine-like action on metaphase arrest of cultured human lymphocytes. The first step in detoxification of DPH increased its power to accumulate metaphases 3-fold. This hydroxy derivative [5-[4-hydroxyphenyl]-5-phenylhydantoin, HPPH] 3.6 X 10(-4) M was equivalent colchicine 1 x 10(-5) M in its power to inhibit metaphase completion. The effect of HPPH on mitosis was reversible; colchicine effect was not reversed and vincristine effect was partially reversed by washing drug from the medium. Hydroxylation of DPH did not change its inhibition of DNA synthesis and enhanced inhibition of protein synthesis to a minor degree. Detoxification increased the colchicine-like action of DPH.


Congenital malformations in mice after gonadotropin-induced ovulation. Virgin mice were treated with gonadotropic hormones in order to induce superovulation; at term the embryos were removed by cesarean section. This treatment induced malformations (mainly forelimb defects and to a smaller extent central nervous system anomalies) as well as an altered sex ratio in the offspring. Both phenomena were statistically significant. These hormone-induced effects on the progeny were significantly dependent on both the dosage of hormones and the time (season) of administration. Because the time of administration (before mating) of gonadotropic hormones does not coincide with the critical period during embryogenic development for the teratogenic induction of malformations in the limbs and in the central nervous system (ca. 8th-12th day of gestation), the investigated defects are interpreted as of mutagenic origin.


Microtubules in thyroidectomy cells of the rat anterior pituitary gland. Microtubules were successfully illustrated in thyrotrophs and thyroidectomy cells of rat pituitary glands. In contrast, microfilaments were mostly seen in the nonglandular follicular cells. Numerous microtubules were observed in the early stages of development of the thyroidectomy cells. In thyroidectomy cells microtubules were located in close proximity to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticula, secretory granules, and membranes of Golgi complexes. Consequently, it is suggested that microtubules may play a role in degranulation or other processes associated with the hypersecretory state.


The role of C3 as an opsonin in the early stages of infection. In order to investigate the role of C3 in host defense in vivo, normal AKR/J mice, genetically deficient in C5, were depleted of serum C3 by the injection of purified cobra venom factor (CoVF). Concurrent with their C3 depletion, their serum opsonizing activity decreased to a level less than 20% of normal. When these mice were challenged with an intraperitoneal injection of pneumococci 2 hr after the CoVF treatment, the LD50 was from 30 to 80 times lower than the LD50 in saline-treated control animals. When the CoVF was given only 6 hr after the pneumococcal challenge, the LD50 was the same as in the control mice. If the pneumococci were first preopsonized in vitro and then injected into CoVF-treated animals, the LD50 was the same as that in control animals. These experiments demonstrate that C3 plays a significant role in vivo in the host's defense against infection and that a major part of that role is through its action as an opsonin. Furthermore, these experiments demonstrate that the role of C3 is most significant during the early stages of bacterial invasion.


Suppression of the in vitro secondary antibody response of rabbit lymphoid cells by Concanavalin A. The effect of various concentrations of concanavalin A (Con A) on the in vitro secondary antibody response of rabbit lymph node and spleen cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was studied. Complete suppression of the IgM plaque-forming cell (PFC) response of both lymph node and spleen cultures was observed when 10 mug/ml of Con A was added at the time of initiation of the cultures whereas only partial suppression was observed when 1 mug/ml of Con A was added. Moreover, marked suppression of the immune responses of both spleen and lymph node cultures was observed when 10 mug/ml of Con A was added at 24 hr after antigenic challenge and to a lesser extent when added at 48 hr. Suppression of the IgM PFC response was also detected when spleen cultures were exposed to 10 mug/ml of Con A for as little as 2 hr after antigenic challenge. However, substantial increases in DNA synthesis were observed only in those cultures which were in contact with Con A for at least 24 hr. Finally evidence is presented that the Con A-induced suppression is mediated by a soluble substance(s).


Androgen level in the sheep fetus during gestation. The androgen content of amniotic fluid, plasma, and gonads from 107 fetal lambs was determined by radioimmunoassay in an attempt to understand the ontogeny of gonadal function. Testosterone (T) was too low to be reliably measured in the amniotic fluid from fetuses of either sex. Ovaries were without T activity at any of the stages of gestation studied. Testicular T-5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (T-DHT) concentration steadily decreased from 1.4/ml near term. It is suggested that nongonadal testosterone production increases during fetal life and that T secretion by the fetal testis may contribute steadily less to the plasma pool of T as gestation proceeds.


Oral contraceptives: effects on plasma insulin response to glucose and on the response to insulin and 2-deoxyglucose uptake by peripheral tissue. Oral contraceptive steroids, norethynodrel and mestranol, were fed to 11-wk-old female Sprague-Dawley rats, in combination and in quantities proportional to those used by women for contraceptive purposes. Three experiments were performed. The first experiment, demonstrated that 10 wk of treatment, impaired the animal's glucose tolerance, but not its insulin response to glucose. The second experiment demonstrated that 6 wk of steroid feeding, decreased the in vivo conversion of blood U-14C-labeled glucose into adipose tissue fatty acids and into diaphragm glycogen, although the effect on the diaphragm was not statistically significant. In the third experiment, it was found that the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose-1-14C by the adipose tissue removed from rats after 6 wk of treatment, was not different from that of control tissue, but the uptake by the hemidiaphragms was slightly lower.


The effects of cardiac denervation on renal function. Assessment of certain parameters of renal function were carried out before and 1 wk after total denervation of the heart by a method which leaves nerves to other organs intact. No changes in mean blood pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output, GFR, or RPF were noted after cardiac denervation. UNaV after a low sodium diet was similar during a control period before and after denervation, but in response to expansion of the plasma volume a 3-fold greater natriuresis was seen in the denervated group. Alterations in the filtered load of sodium, the secretion of aldosterone, or most of the recently described physical and compositional factors known to influence sodium excretion cannot adequately explain this natriuresis. Expansion of an already augmented plasma volume after denervation or the possibility of a natriuretic or antinatriuretic factor with afferents interrupted in the process of cardiac denervation must be considered as etiologic factors.


Effects of synthetic androgen fluoxymesterone on triglyceride secretion rates in the rat. Fluoxymesterone, a C-17 methylated derivative of testosterone employed in the treatment of renal-failure patients with refractory anemia, was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats and the effects on plasma triglyceride (TG) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels and the rate of hepatic triglyceride secretion (TGSR) into plasma determined (Triton). Animals treated with fluoxymesterone demonstrated significantly lower TG (less than 0.05) and no alteration in TGSR. These findings are consistent with other observations which suggest that the triglyceride-lowering effect of androgens results from an accelerated rate of removal of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from plasma.


Comparative uptake of sulfobromophthalein by isolated Kupffer and parenchymal cells. The relative role of specific liver cells in the uptake of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) was ascertained by utilizing enzymatically isolated rat hepatic Kupffer and parenchymal cells. Kupffer cells demonstrated the ability neither to remove BSP from the incubation medium nor to form a BSP-glutathione conjugate. In contrast, parenchymal cells removed BSP from the medium and formed a BSP-glutathione conjugate. The rate and maximum uptake of BSP by the parenchymal cells were inversely related to the concentration of serum or albumin in the incubation medium. In an effort to evaluate the influence of ethanol on BSP uptake, parenchymal cells were incubated in the presence of varying concentrations of ethanol. No alteration in BSP uptake was induced by the prior addition of ethanol to the incubation medium. The uptake and conjugation of BSP are exclusive functional expressions of the hepatic parenchymal cell population.


Measurement of renal blood flow in the rat. The radioactive microsphere technique is a simple method for measurement of RBF and intrarenal blood flow distribution in the rat that does not require surgical manipulation of the kidney or general anesthesia. The results are reproducible and compatible with other established techniques.


Influence of fasting and hormone deficiency on myocardial glycogen levels in rats. This study was undertaken because of uncertainties regarding the influence of hormones on myocardial glycogen metabolism of fed and fasted rats. The results indicate that adrenal hormones exert a stabilizing effect on myocardial glycogen levels in fed animals but are not necessary for synthesis to occur. Hypophysectomy eliminates the glycogen increase that occurs from fasting in normal animals while insulin deficiency leads to elevated glycogen stores in both fed and fasted conditions. These findings suggest that changes in myocardial glycogen metabolism are the results of a synergetic relationship between a variety of hormonal and nutritional factors.


Studies on gluconeogenesis and protein synthesis in isolated hepatocytes. Glucose production was studied in isolated hepatocytes using various substrates and with increasing substrate concentrations (0-10 mM). Fructose was the best gluconeogenic substrate while other substrates studied stimulated net glucose production in the following decreasing order: lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, galactose, alanine, and succinate. Studies on oxygen consumption showed that endogenous respiration was linear for 60 min and was not altered by extracellular calcium. Studies on the incorporation of 14C-leucine into protein was linear for only 3-4 hr in cells containing low glycogen. However, cells containing high glycogen incorporated 14C-leucine into protein linearly for 8-10 hr. About 3 mg of protein per g per hr was synthesized by isolated cells when incubated for 4 hr with amino acids mixture, glucose, lactate, and insulin.


The effect of 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine on the renal handling of citrate. The effects of a 500 mug injection of T3 on the renal handling of citrate by the albino rat was studied by measuring citrate synthase activity, NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity, and plasma, kidney, and urine citrate concentrations 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 hr after injection. Kidney citrate synthase activity of the T3-injected rats was significantly lower than the controls in the 24- and 36-hr treatment groups, while NADP-IDH activity was significantly lowered only in the 36-hr treatment group. The injection of T3 resulted in hypercitricemia in the 12-, 18-, and 48-hr experimental animals while there was no significant change in citrate between the control values and treated values in the 24- and 36-hr experiments. There was no significant change in renal citrate levels in any of the treatment groups and hypercitrauria was not observed. The results of the present study suggest that T3 can control citrate utilization by increasing the levels of circulating citrate and then increasing the utilization of citrate by the kidney. This is facilitated by a decrease in NADP-IDH activity resulting in a decrease in biosynthesis and a decrease in citrate synthase activity resulting in a decrease in FFA metabolism. It is proposed that this system functions in providing fuel (citrate) for the increased Krebs cycle flux occurring in hyperthyroidism.


Effect of plasma lipid levels and obesity on tissue stores of alpha-tocopherol. Experiments were designed to determine how varying levels of plasma lipids affect tissue deposition of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). Hypolipemia was induced by feeding orotic acid, and hyperlipemia was obtained using genetically obese rats. With equal dietary intakes of alpha-tocopherol, hypolipemic rats had lower plasma and tissue concentrations than rats with normal plasma lipids. An exception was liver, which due to fatty enlargement from orotic acid had more alpha-tocopherol. Hyperlipemic obese rats had plasma total lipids and alpha-tocopherol three times those of normal rats with the same intake of alpha-tocopherol. Tissue concentrations of the vitamin, however, were considerably lower in obese rats. Due to their large adipose mass, obese rats had considerably more total body alpha-tocopherol than normal rats. It was concluded that both plasma lipid levels and degree of adiposity are important factors in determining tissue deposition of alpha-tocopherol.


Single-stranded structure of newly replicated DNA during lens regeneration. Nascent (newly synthesized) DNA obtained from the regenerating len-system of Triturus is first isolated as single stranded molecules. These imtermediates are later converted into double-stranded molecules.


Studies on the prostate glands of adult inbred LSH hamsters. We have studied several parameters of prostate function in two inbred lines (2.4 and SsLak) of young and old LSH hamsters. These included weight, acid phosphatase, and [3H]testosterone uptake as influenced by age, castration, and androgen treatment. In the hamster, prostatic acid phosphatase concentration was found to vary inversely with androgen levels, contrary to the usual assumption that this enzyme is androgen dependent. Prostatic uptake of tritiated testosterone was enhanced by castration and by treatment of castrates with doses of androgen which induced a moderate increase in gland size. With advancing age, the prostates of LSH hamsters (both strains) became atrophic rather than hyperplastic, in contrast with a previous report (1). This atrophy appeared to be a consequence of decreased testicular function. The LSH hamsters appear to be a suitable model for the study of senescent changes in the male reproductive system.


Strain differences in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction by 3-methylcholanthrene in rabbits. We determined both basal and induced AHH activity in livers of six partially inbred strains of rabbits. Strain III rabbits had the highest enzyme activity upon induction by 3-MCA, i.e., four to five times that in strain WH (noninducible), which has the lowest enzyme activity. AHH induction was also "low" in strains X, OS, ACEP, and AC. F1 hybrids between strains III and WH revealed a differential response to the induction of liver AHH activity by MCA: the levels of induced hydroxylase activity were consistently higher in (III X WH)F1 rabbits than in the reciprocal (WH X III)F1 hybrids. All possible crosses between these two "extreme" strains are now being analyzed to estimate the number of genes involved in their response difference to MCA.


Amino acid uptake in growing and arrested human diploid cell populations. Human diploid fibroblasts cultured in vitro weremonitored for amino acid uptake in preconfluent and confluent cultures under conditions amenable to growth and in confluent cultures arrested in an essentially nonmitotic state. Preconfluent and confluent cultures in growth medium showed similar uptake patterns for leucine and alpha-aminoisobutyrate; arrested cultures exhibited a reduced uptake of both amino acids. Kinetic measurements revealed a 4-fold reduction in apparent Vmax for alpha-aminoisobutyrate influx in arrested cultures. These results suggest that the culture conditions used in this study to produce restrictions in mitotic activity likewise influence amino acid accumulation.


Superoxide dismutase activity in copper-deficient swine. These experiments demonstrate the dependency of cuprozinc superoxide dismutase activity in red cells and liver on an adequate dietary intake of copper. The superoxide dismutase activity in red cells decreased to 15% of control values and, therefore, these cells may be used as a convenient model for studying the physiologic consequences of free radicals


Observatons on the growth and metabolic functions of cultured cells derived from human adipose tissue. The growth and metabolic activity of cultured cells derived from human adipose tissue (CAT cells) were studied and compared to cultured skin fibroblasts. The morphological appearance of the CAT cells was distinctly different from that of fibroblasts. The growth rate of CAT cells as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation was much slower than the fibroblast growth rate. Cultured CAT cells synthesized significantly 14C-glucose, while fibroblast cultures had a higher metabolic rate as measured by CO2 production. Insulin stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation in both CAT and fibroblast cultures. The CAT cells did not show a consistent insulin response of lipid or CO2 production, but this may be a reflection of donor age or nutritional status. Even though the CAT cell may be a type of stromal cell peculiar to adipose tissue rather than a preadipocyte or adipocyte, it may prove useful in studies of human obesity.


Substrate stimulation of para-aminohippuric acid transport: effect on uptake and runout. The ability of penicillin pretreatment to increase PAH accumulation by slices of newborn rabbit renal cortex was dissected into two components, uptake and runout. The oxygen-requiring component of the uptake process was significantly enhanced by penicillin treatment, whereas runout was unaffected. Kinetically, the data suggest that penicillin alters the affinity of the transport system for PAH. Due to the limitations of such a kinetic analysis, no conclusions may be drawn from such a suggestion. However, it may be concluded that penicillin pretreatment increases renal accumulation of PAH solely by stimulating the uptake process. Elucidation of the molecular changes involved will require techniques more sophisticated than uptake into renal cortical slices.


Molecular forms of gastrin in antral mucosa and serum of dogs. Instillation of liver extract into antral pouches produced an increase in the serum concentrations of both little (G-17) and big (G-34) gastrins. The molar fraction of G-17 plus G-34 represented by G-17 was about 0.9 in antral mucosa and about 0.3 in serum 3 hr after initiating release with liver extract. The predominance of G-34 in serum can be accounted for only in part by its slower rate of removal from the blood so other factors probably also contribute. Although G-17 contributed only about 30% of the total molar concentration of gastrins in serum, it accounted for about 70% of the acid stimulatory activity because on a molar basis it is about five times more bioactive than G-34.


Hepatic potassium movements induced by sympathomimetic amines before and after adrenergic blockade. The hepatic K+-mobilizing effects of phenylephrine and isoproterenol were studied in dogs equipped with chronic indwelling portal vein catheters. Animals anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, received intraportal injections of these sympathomimetic amines, alone or in combination, before and after alpha, or beta, or combined adrenergic blockade. Hepatic K+ movements were assessed by measuring systemic arterial and hepatic venous K+ levels. It was concluded that adrenergic blockade exerted no significant influence on the ability of these agents to provoke the initial release and subsequent uptake of K+ by the liver.


25-Hydroxyvitamin D3: evidence of an enterohepatic circulation in man. Within 24 hr after intravenous administration of isotopic 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to three normal adults for kinetic studies, one-third of the radioactivity was secreted into the lumen of the duodenum, probably with the bile. The subsequent intestinal reabsorption of over 85% of secreted radioactivity suggests that this major metabolite of vitamin D has a hitherto unrecognized enterohepatic circulation. Our observation of a dynamic hepatic secretion and intestinal reabsorption of radioactivity administered as 3H-labeled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to vitamin D-replete man is indicative of an enterohepatic circulation that may be of physiologic importance. It is conceivable that interruption in the recycling of 25-OH-D3 may be an important mechanism of acquired deficiency of vitamin D in gastrointestinal disease.


Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine and alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine on the acoustic startle response in rats. The acoustic startle response was measured in rats after depletion of central catecholamines either chronically (through intraventricular injection of 6-hydroxydopamine) or acutely (through intraperitoneal injections of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine). Chronic depletion resulted in an augmented startle response which could not be attributed to a failure of habituation or enhanced sensitization, while acute depletion depressed startle amplitude. The results were interpreted as evidence that catecholamines normally exert a facilitatory influence on the startle response and that the enhanced response seen in the chronically lesioned animal reflects the potentiation of the role of catecholamine-containing neurons through the development of denervation supersensitivity. This interpretation is consistent with other observations which suggest that catecholamines play a general role in modulating thresholds to aversive events.


Differences in the stimulus properties of barbital and hallucinogens. The present investigation sought to determine whether drugs which produce markedly different perceptual effects in man, barbital and mescaline or LSD produce different stimuli in rats. In a standard 2 lever operant test chamber, rats received sweetened milk for correct responses according to a variable interval schedule. All sessions were preceded by 1 of 2 treatments; following Treatment A, only responses on Lever A were reinforced and, in a similar fashion, Lever B was correct following Treatment B. No responses were reinforced during the first 5 min of a daily 30 min session. It was found that barbital can serve as a discriminative stimulus when this drug is paired with saline. Previously, we had demonstrated that mescaline or LSD can serve as discriminative stimuli. When barbital was administered to animals trained to discriminate mescaline or LSD and saline, they made either random responses or responses appropriate to saline treatment. This observation suggests that the stimulus properties of barbital are difference from those of the hallucinogens. A subsequent demonstration of discriminated responding when barbital and mescaline or LSD were paired as discriminative stimuli supports this conclusion. The present results extend previous findings which suggest that the degree of similarity or difference of drug stimuli in rats is congruent with the degree of similarity or difference of perceptual drug effects in man.


A possible role for the pituitary-adrenal system in the effects of nicotine on avoidance behaviour. Rats were trained on a Sidman lever-pressing avoidance task. Half the animals received 0.4 mg nicotine/kg before each avoidance session. Rats which were successful performers had heavier adrenal glands. Nicotine facillitated avoidance and increased adrenal weight. Successful avoiders also tended to have higher hippocampal 5-HT levels. Hypothalamic 5-HT was elevated in animals which had just received many shocks during the final avoidance session but not in rats which had received a comparable number of unavoidable shocks. No effects of nicotine on noradrenaline or corticosterone were detected nor were these measures related to avoidance performance.


Intraventricular ethanol and ethanol intake: a behavioral and radiographic study. Ethanol (10% w/v) was infused intraventricularly at a rate of 11 mul/hr, delivered over 50 sec every 10 min for 10 days into 5 Sprague-Dawley and 5 Wistar rats. Thereafter, preference testing with ascending concentrations of alcohol solutions vs . water vs. food gave no significant differences between treated and sham-operated controls, in contradiction to previously reported increases in alcohol consumption. Ethanol's rate of elimination from the ventricle and its pattern of diffusion into the brain were determined using radioactive ethanol: elimination from the brain is rapid with a half-like of 24 to 35 sec, and the amount diffused throughtout the brain small, with a maximal concentration in any one section of 0.004% (such a concentration is at least 20 times less than would result from a moderately intoxicating parenteral dose of ethanol). The character of the elimination and the lack of effect on alcohol intake found here indicate that intraventricularly administered ethanol is a technique with no usefulness in elucidating the processes affecting alcohol addiction.


Release of 14C-norepinephrine into the lateral cerebroventricle of rats by exposure to a conditioned aversive stimulus. Rats chronically implanted with push-pull cannulas were injected with a pulse of 14C-norepinephrine (NE) into the lateral cerebroventricle under a variety of pretreatment and behavioral conditions. Animals pretreated intraventricularly with 6-hydroxydopamine (Group A) or ascorbic acid vehicle (Group B) were subsequently perpised imder fpur conditions: (1) presentation of a novel, visual stimulus in a one-way avoidance chamber; (2) presentation of the light (CS) followed by shock; (3) training to a high level of avoidance behavior, after which the CS was presented in the absence of opportunity for an avoidance response and in the absence of shock; and (4) after forced extinction, followed by CS without opportunity to aboid and with out presentation of shock. Samples of perfusate from rats subjected to the four test conditions were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography for total 14C in a scintillation counter and for proportion of NE and normetanephrine (NM). During Tests 1 and 4 the 14C perfusion wash-out did not differ from control values for either Group A or B. During Test 2, total radioactivity as well as the proportions of NE and NM increased in the perfusate for both Groups A and B. Presenting the CS without shock (3) resulted in 14C and NE and NM for Group B (vehicle), but not for Group A (6-OHDA). To test for non-specific release unrelated to a brain catecholaminergic function, another group of rats was subjected to identical treatments with the exception that 14C-urea replaced 14C-NE as a pulse-label. In these animals Test 2 (shock) induced an increase in 14C in the perfusate, while Tests 1, 3 and 4 yielded wash-out curves essentially identical to controls.


Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and pentobarbital as discriminative cues in the Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Male Mongolian gerbils were trained to escape electric shocks in a T-shaped maze contingent upon the presence or absence of certain drug effects (state-dependency; StD). The drug discriminative cues used were those of either delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or pentobarbital (P-barb.) vis-à-vis the respective vehicles. Several doses of THC (0.5-16.0 mg/kg) were used and compared with P-barb. (20.0 mg/kg), a dose at which the most rapid drug discrimination occurs in the rat. When drug discrimination was established dose-time- and transfer characteristics for the training drugs were studied. Possible potentiation and antagonism was also examined in the pentobarbital trained gerbils. It was found that none of the THC doses were discriminated as rapidly as that of P-barb. Decreasing the amounts of training drug administered or increasing the injection-test intervals resulted in a decline of the number of drug associated choices. There was a maximum of 40% drug choices between THC and P-barb at the transfer tests. Mixtures of the two compounds increased the number of drug choices in an additive or even more than additive manner. Amphetamine (4.0 mg/kg) did not interact with the P-barb. induced choice responding. The analeptic drug, bemegride was found effective in antagonizing the P-barb. cued choice behavior.


Effects of LSD-25 on performance of a visual discrimination task in brain-damaged rats. Rats subjected to either a frontal cortex lesion or to a sham operation were trained to discriminate between a lighted and unlit alley in order to escape shock. Following intubation with either placebo or LSD-25 (1.0 MG/KG), they were given discrimination trials 24 hr, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, and 5 weeks later. During the last 3 sets of trials, the discrimination task was increased in difficulty each week. A relatively long-term single-dose drug effect was observed in decreased accuracy of performance, with a drug-lesion interaction reflected in slower running time upon initial increase in level of task difficulty.


Morphological changes induced in rats following prolonged exposure to stress. Prolonged exposure of male C. S. F. rats to irregular signalled footshick from which they could escape for up to 71 days produced profound morphological changes. Retardation in growth, adrenal hypertrophy associated with an increase in the zona fasiculata a-nd zona reticularis, and changes in the microcirculation of the heart were observed. There was a significant degree of congestion and dilatation of the microcirculation which was most marked in large venules, collecting venules and veins. An increase in PAS +ve material marginated in the venous endothelium was observed also, together with a suggested increase in mast cells and presence of vacuoles in the intima-media of the coronary arterioles. No pathological changes were observed in the renal cortex and medulla or the gastric lining. The changes in the microcirculation of the heart are discussed in terms of an oedematous reaction and a histamine type leakage of the endothelial lining.


Endogenous brain norepinephrine levels following bilateral olfactory bulb ablation. Changes in endogenous norepinephrine (NE) levels after bilateral olfactory bulb section have been found to occur in the rat brain. Since olfactory tract projections are confined to the ventral adrenergic pathway, and this pathway projects to the pyriform cortex, it was decided to examine the distribution of endogenous NE between the pyriform cortex and the remaining neocortex. It was demonstrated that significant reductions in NE content occurred in both brain regions, although the greater reduction occurred in the pyriform cortex. there were no significant changes in hypothalamic NE. It is concluded that sensory deprivation plus olfactory system damage induce specific changes in central function, which relate to noradrenergic pathways.


Ethanol-reinforced responding and intake as a function of volume per reinforcement. Number of ethanol reinforcements obtained and ethanol intake (mg/100 g body weight/hr) of 3 food-deprived rats were measured over a range of dipper volumes during daily 1 hr sessions. The rats had free access to water in their home cages between sessions. Ethanol concentration was 8 percent (W/V); each response was reinforced. As the volume per reinforcement increased, ethanol intake tended to increase while the number of reinforcements obtained decreased systematically. Responding was maintained by 8 percent (W/V) ethanol but not by water.


Uptake of 3H-uridine into brain and incorporation into brain RNA of rats exposed to various training tasks - a biochemical analysis. Operant schedules were used to isolate component parts of a training task and rates of incorporation of 3H-uridine into the brain and brain RNA were determined. Rats that developed a discrimination in responding to a visual stimulus absorbed more radioactivity into the brain and incorporated a higher percentage of this radioactivity into total and cytoplasmic RNA than littermates exposed to the visual stimulus only. Of the component parts of the training task, the discrimination accounted for the greatest increase in absorption of radioactivity and incorporation of it into RNA. The schedule change had the second largest effect and the stimulus change the least.


Effect of ethanol self-administration on choice behavior: money vs. socializing. Volunteer chronic alcoholic subjects were exposed to a discrete-trail choice procedure within a residential research setting. Twelve daily trials occurred at 20 min intervals. In each trial a subject chose between 2 mutually exclusive options involving either receipt of money or the opportunity for socializing. The effect of ethanol self-administration was evaluated by requiring randomly over days that a subject consume either 8 drinks of orange juice or 8 drinks of ethanol (89.12 g ethanol total). For all 4 subjects, the mean rate of choosing socialization over money was significantly greater on sessions involving ethanol self-administration than on sessions involving orange juice self-administration.


Distribution of 3H-uridine-5 into brain RNA species of rats exposed to various training tasks - an electrophoretic analysis. Operant schedules were used to isolate component parts of a training task and specific activities were determine for nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA species separated by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Rats exposed to a stimulus or schedule change incorporated more radioactivity into nuclear rRNA and mRNA and cytoplasmic rRNA and tRNA than littermates exposed to no change from baseline training. Rats developing a change in response probability to a stimulus in the environment incorporated more radioactivity into cytoplasmic mRNA.


Tolerance development to the arousal effects of nicotine. To determine if repeated daily doses of nicotine induces tolerance to both its EEG and behavioral activating effects, rats implanted with sets of bipolar cortical elecrodes and carotid cannulae received intracarotid injections of either (1) 6 daily doses of nicotine (as tartrate, 30 mug/kg) (Group 1) or (2) 3 daily doses of saline followed by 4 days of nicotine (Group 2). From an exercise-induced resting state, nicotine produced immediate EEG and behavioral arousal, both of which disappeared in Group 1 by Day 6. Saline administered to Group 2 rats produced little or no response but subsequent nicotine resulted in responses similar to those produced by Group 1 animals. It is concluded that tolerance development to nicotine activation is reflected not only in behavior, but also in the EEG.


Effects of phenobarbital on ethanol intake in fluid deprived rats. Every third day animals were offered either 3 or 7 percent ethanol in place of water during the 1 hr drinking session. Three doses of sodium phenobarbital were administered subcutaneously to 3 groups of animals - 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg. Results indicate that the drug indreases ethavol consumption following the injection but decreases consumption of ethanol on subsequent postdrug days. There was an attenuation in these effects from the first to the third injection. Although a dose effect was not determined, changes in ethanol consumption were greater with the higher concentrations.


Distribution of 3H-uridine-5 in rat brain areas after exposure to various training tasks - an autoradiographic analysis. Operant schedules were used to isolate components of a training task and the distribution of radioactivity into various brain areas was studied using high resolution autoradiography. Rats exposed to a visual stimulus change showed more labelling in hippocampal area CA1 than littermates exposed to no stimulus change. Rats exposed to a non-cued contingency change showed higher labelling in hippocampal areas CA2 and CA4 than littermates exposed to a cued contingency change. The results suggest that hippocampal changes in RNA synthesis may be related more to the aversive conditions of the training task than to specific learning changes.


Effects of ethyl alcohol on central neurons.-. A method was developed for the electrophoretic application of ethyl alcohol through one capillary in a multibarrel microelectrode array in the vicinity of the recording electode. Effects of ethyl alcohol and angiotensin II applied by means of electrophoretic ejection and ethanol administered intravenously on the frequency of extracellularly recorded action potentials of brain cells were determined. A total of 87 neurons in four different parts of the brain in female hooded rats anesthetized with a mixture of urethan and chloralose were tested. Results reveal that a most sensitive neurons appear to be those of the lateral hypothalamus within the medial forebrain bundle. Cells of the zona incerta and thalamus were also sensitive to ethanol. Cells of the cerebral cortex appear to be relatively less sensitive. Many of the ethanol sensitive cells also responded to angiotensin II and when tested the effects were potentiated by Na.


Automatically determined effects of lithium, scopolamine and methamphetamine on motor activity of rats. A device is described in which spontaneous motor activity of animals can be measured quantitatively in a capacitance field. By using multilevel detection in a homogeneous field the motions of the animals can be categorised according to their amplitudes and irrespective of the position of the animal in the cage. The effects of lithium ions, methamphetamine and scopolamine were assessed and compared with data in the literature.


Striatal dopaminergic modulation of lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation. The bilateral application of crystalline 6-hydroxydopamine to the ventral anterior head of the corpus striatum of rats severely suppressed responding for electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. This suppression lasted for days or weeks, after other behavioral deficits in food and  water intake and activity had recovered. Application of crystalline dopamine through the same cannulas temporarily reversed the impairment. Applications of crystalline dopamine to the same striatal region of untreated rats were more effective in enhancing self-stimulation than similar applications of norepinephrine.


Taming effects of handling on 6-hydroxydopamine induced ratge. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the importance of handling to the expression of hyperemotional behaviors, i.e., rage, known to occur after chronic depletion of brain norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) following central injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in rats. Five min of handling per day for 6 consecutive days reduced resistane to capture as well as the magnitude and frequency of startle responding following one 300 mug injection of 6-OHDA intracisternally. Both 6-OHDA-handled and 6-OHDA-unhandled rats showed comparable levels of brain NE, DA, serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), comparable resting levels of plasma corticosterone, and comparable adrenal weights. These data demonstrate the importance of handling to the expression of 6-OHDA-induced rage and emphasize the importance of controlling for handling as a variable which can significantly affect the assessment of rage by behavioral criteria in this animal model of hyperemotionality.


Ethanol-induced mouse strain differences in locomotor activity. C57BL/6J mice showed dose dependent devreases in locomotor activity with increasing IP doses of ethanol (0.0, 0.75, 1.50 and 2.25 g/kg), while BALB/cJ mice showed dose dependent increases in activity; both strains were equally active with saline. Whether this finding represents decreased CNS responsivity in C57BL mice to ethanol's excitatory effect or increased response to its depressant action at sub-hypnotic doses is unclear, since anesthetic doses produce anesthesia of far shorter duration in the C57BL strain than in the BALB strain. It is possible that the biphasic action of alcohol is under the control of separate and distinct mechanisms, rather than a common one, and that these two mechanisms are differentially affected by alcohol. Endogenous as well as ethanol-induced neurochemical differences in biogenic amines may also be correlated with the gentic variation in CNS responsivity towards alcohol.


Effects of methaqualone on learning: a failure to observe tolerance. The study was designed to assess the effects of Methaqualone (MTQ) on learning, as well as the effects of 15 days of pretask drug exposure on performance. Forty CFE rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group I received daily IP injections of MTQ for 15 days prior to and throughout the duration of the task; Group II served as a control for Group I, receiving injections of the carrier vehicle; Group III received MTO at the start and throughout the duration of the task; Group IV served as the control for Group III. The task consisted of two pretraining days of swimming down a straight, all-white alleyway, followed by 5 trials/day for 4 days on a black-white discrimination task in a water T maze, with the white side being reinforced for all animals. Analyses revealed that MTQ animals made significantly more errors than controls. Pretask drug exposure did not significantly alter Group I performance versus Group III. Furthermore, continued injections for half of the animals in Group I and II for eight days following the last learning day did not improve Group I performance when retested on the same task. Thus MTQ adversely affected learning with prolonged drug exposure failing to reverse such debilitation.


Quantitative determination of drugs by means of densitometry of thin-layer chromatograms. Part 4: Determination of vitamins A and E in pharmaceutical preparations. A quantitative method for the determination of vitamins A and E is proposed based on the direct densitometry of thinlayer chromatographic spots. An appropriate solvent system for the chromatographic separation of the vitamins and the conditions under which a linear relationship between the absorbed light and the logarithm of concentration exists (1--10 mug range) are found. The precision of the method is evaluated by a statistical treatment of the results.  Satisfactory reproducibility is established-- the variation coefficient for the determination of the two vitamins is about 4--5%. The method is applied for the analysis of oil and aqueous injection solutions, mixtures containing the three vitamins A, E and D2 and some pharmaceutical preparations (Pharmavit¿ and Devitforte¿). The presence of the decomposition products and other substances (other pharmaceuticals, stabilizers, solubilizers etc.) does not affect the determination. The analysis is performed without preliminary treatment of the sample.