The venous drainage of the tectum mesencephali. An anatomical angiographic study of the quadrigeminal veins. The normal course and appearance of the veins draining the tectum mesencephali proper are described in detail on the basis of the anatomical radiological study. These specific veins, the quadrigeminal veins, were constantly present on autopsy study. There are two types of variations of these quadrigeminal veins. They have a close anatomical and angiographic correlation with the quadrigeminal plate proper, and also outline the posterior aspects of the quadrigeminal plate. The whole structure of the mesencephalon may be delineated by these veins in combination with the other veins of the mesencephalon. They may be of diagnostic value in the early recognition of the brain stem lesions.


Myelographic evidence for nerve root enlargement in a case of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. The myelographic findings of enlarged nerve roots in a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is found to be identical to those of Hypertrophic Interstitial Neuritis and Neurofibromatosis. The hypertrophy of the roots may represent a single response to different noxious stimuli. Clinical and laboratory differentiation are given for the diseases.


Focal angiographic abnormalities with subdural empyema. Thirteen patients with subdural empyema underwent arteriography preoperatively and three were restudied postoperatively. Arterial vascular changes were found in nine cases and consisted of localized or diffuse arterial irregularities. In two cases the arterial changes resolved with effective therapy. These arterial changes are similar in appearance and response to therapy to those noted with meningitis; however, in this series they were shown to have occured in seven cases with subdural empyema but without associated meningitis. Therefore, empyema alone may cause localized or diffuse arterial irregularities.


Lumbar phlebography by catheterization of the lateral sacral and ascending lumbar veins with abdominal compression. The lumbar epidural veins are opacified by injection of the lateral sacral and ascending lumbar veins with abdominal compression. This technique provides a good opacification of the entire lumbar epidural venous system. Some anatomical points are discussed and clarified. The interest of the technique in the diagnosis of discal herniations is emphasized.


The economy of the EMI-scanner.

The economy of the EMI-scanner. It is shown-taking in consideration the local circumstances-that the EMI scanning of the brain is less expensive than pneumoencephalography percutaneus carotid angiography or cerebral four vessel angiography.


Rupture of intracranial aneurysm during carotid angiography. The reports of rupture of an aneurysm during carotid angiography are very few but the actual incidence is doubtless higher than recorded. The case presented is documented with the demonstration of a large middle cerebral artery aneurysm with an intratemporal hematoma, and, in sequence, the rupture of the aneurysm during the height of the injection and the subsequent extensive leakage of the contrast medium. The factors which can lead to rupture of an aneurysm during the angiographic procedure are discussed.


Computer tomography in the diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle tumours. 53 patients clinically suspected of having a cerebellopontine angle (CPA) lesion were examined by computer tomography (CT) with 160 X 160 matrix EMI scanner. 17 cases (32%) had tumour positive CT,  of which 12 were neurinomas and 1 meningioma. 1 CT suggestive of a CPA lesion was false positive and 1 unoperated case is probably a false negative CT. Three of the eleven verified neurinomas (27%) were of the medial type originating in the angle cistern. One neurinoma protruding 1 cm into the cistern showed no contrast enhancement. 2 CT scans (3.8%) were unsatisfactory due to movements and the large size of the head. CT is valuable for the investigation of CPA pathology and the diagnostic efficiency compares favourably to other neuroradiological procedures.


Scalp veins as collateral pathway with parasagittal meningiomas occluding the superior sagittal sinus. In 3 cases with occlusion of the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) with parasagittal meningiomas, carotid angiography demonstrated scalp veins as an important collateral venous pathway. The authors believe that occlusion of the SSS is best seen in half axial oblique carotid phlebograms under contralateral carotid compression. Direct sinography is time consuming and troublesome. In the presence of scalp veins as important collaterals, strategic consideration for surgical treatment is discussed.


Arachnoid cyst simulating intrameatal acoustic neuroma. A very rare cause of perception deafness wass found in a child with an intrameatal arachnoid cyst. This case is the second reported in the literature.


Unusual angiographic manifestations of craniopharyngioma: a case report. A craniopharyngioma with two unusual manifestations, a dense capsular stain and occlusion of the internal carotid artery, is reported. Neither of these findings appear to have been reported previously. Explanations for these unusual phenomena are offered.


Acquired basal encephalocele.

Acquired basal encephalocele. The radiodiagnostic signs of congenital basal encephalocele are well known. The case history described here shows that a long existing, acquired, traumatic transethmoidal encephalocele can cause the same roentgen appearance. The differences between the congenital and recent posttraumatic forms are indicated.


Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, phlebographically controled after recovery. A 27 year old patient, presenting clinically and phlebographically a Tolosa-Hunt syndrome was observed after recovery. Normal reappearance of a previously completely obstructed cavernous sinus was noted, leaving only a persisting irregularity of the superior ophthalmic vein.


The development of priorities for health services research. The National Center, 1974-76. The priorities published by the  National Center for Health Services Research/DHEW in 1975 were the result of more than a year of consultation between federal officials and members of the research community. The process of priority development emerged from an interpretation of the history of the National Center, of health services research as an activity, and of the previous experience of various research agencies. This paper is a combined memoir and intellectual history of the priority development process in the National Center by a participant who, because of his position, was somewhat detached from events.


Child  health in America: toward a rational public policy. Analysis of currently available data on mortality and morbidity indicates that the major organic illnesses of childhood, and their developmental consequences, are susceptible in part to the technical interventions of American medical science. Environmental forces, however, exert a powerful impact on the health of children in the United states, manifested both in the disproportionate toll of most organic diseases on poor and nonwhite populations and in such increasingly important symptoms of familial, social, and behavioral distress as child abuse, accidents, and childhood suicide. Review of the nature, quality, and distribution of child health services demonstrates a systemic inability to reach and treat the children most in need of them. A rational basis for child health policy includes: appropriate concepts of health, disease, and preventive and therapeutic intervention; a capacity to acknowledge, to measure, and to act on the familial and environmental, as well as the medical, sources of illness; an orientation to the developmental and social implications of good and poor child health; and a commitment to enable all children to receive health services. The data and this policy framework lead to these program recommendations: the channeling of resources into a more rational system which guarantees equity and access; a planning and program implementation mechanism which addresses the health needs of diverse local populations  and which makes real the  advocacy concept; a screening, evaluation, and surveillance methodology; a delivery system which both applies preventive and curative health technology and addresses basic life needs of children; and a coherent program for the training, assignment, and supervision of the several kinds of manpower which such a system would require.


A method of estimating physician requirements. This article describes and applies a method of estimating physician requirements for the United States based on physician utilization rates of members of two comprehensive prepaid plans of medical care providing first-dollar coverage for practically all physician services. The plan members' physician utilization rates by age and sex and by field of specialty of the physician were extrapolated to the entire population of the United States. On the basis of data for 1966, it was found that 34 percent more physicians than were available would have been required to give the entire population the amount and type of care received by the plan members. The "shortage" of primary care physicians (general practice, internal medicine, and pediatrics combined) was found to be considerably greater than of physicians in the surgical specialties taken together (41 percent as compared to 21 percent). The paper discusses in detail the various assumptions underlying this method and stresses the need for careful evaluation of all methods of estimating physician requirements.


Crowding and human reproduction.

Crowding and human reproduction. Studies of crowding in lower animals repeatedly demonstrate that compressed living conditions depress the ability of the species to reproduce. In a sample of 470 urban  Toronto women we examined the effect of neighborhood and household crowding on the probability of a pregnancy and on the probability that any given product of the pregnancy will not survive until one year of age. Crowding did not influence fertility nor fetal and infant survival within the range of crowding found in this  sample. If crowding has any influence on reproduction it would more profitably be investigated beyond the range of living density and housing markets found in North American urban areas.


Hypertension control among employed persons in New York City: 1973-75. A recent survey of 8, 579 employed persons in New York City has revealed that 85.7 percent of the 1,440 hypertensives identified were already aware of their condition and 66.1 percent were being treated. These results are in marked contrast to those obtained only a few years ago, when in a similar setting only half of those with high blood pressure were aware of their condition and relatively few had entered treatment. Unfortunately, however, the potential impact of this considerable shift in behavior has  not been realized because only half of those who enter treatment achieve normal blood pressure. Thus, despite far greater emphasis on the community problem of hypertenstion, fewer than one-third of all those with high blood pressure are controlled. These data indicate that further screening and referral can, at best, increase the rate of control only slightly. The urgent need now is for development and implementation of programs that provide effective long-term patient management.


Head position training with the cerebral palsied child: an application of biofeedback techniques. A biofeedback training system has been developed for providing the cerebral palsied child with precise auditory and visual information regarding the spatial position of his head. The child actively practices correcting his head position by using feedback delivered through a mercury-switch device called a head position trainer. Twelve children have received clinical training and results are discussed in terms of feedback-sensitive, feedback-trained and feedback-learned, the results of treatment dictating the classification. It is concluded that the head position trainer is an effective sensory aid for the cerebral palsied child in the development of head control and position awareness. It is proposed that this system has excellent potential use as an adjunct to regular therapy programming in that it provides additional daily practice time and an objective method of recording the child's progress.


Vitamin B2 status in athletes and the influence of riboflavin administration on neuromuscular irritability. In order to obtain information on the vitamin B2 status in athletes in training, the following aspects were investigated: in one group of athletes, riboflavinuria at rest, during the autumn and winter months (mean values 23.8 and 9.45 mug/h, respectively); in the second group (n = 18), the activity of the nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate-dependent red blood cell glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and its activation by added flavin adenine dinucleotide. In 8 athletes, activation coefficients higher than 1.25 were found, indicating a biochemical deficiency of riboflavin. Erythrocyte transketolase (EC 2.2.1.1) was activated by more than 25% with added thiamine pyrophosphate in 12 cases. In muscle samples of 10 healthy patients (fresh fractures or removing of metal plates from old fractures), glutathione reductase (mean activity 0.846 +/- 0.458 U/g wet weight) was activated by more than 25% in 5 cases. Administration of 10 mg of riboflavin per os resulted in moderate lowering of neuromuscular irritability (musculi vastus medialis and lateralis quadricipitis) particularly for 0.1-msec rectangular stimuli.


Circulating lipophages and aortic foam cells in experimental atherosclerosis of rabbits under altered reticuloendothelial activity. Administration of Freund's adjuvant to cholesterol-fed rabbits inhibited the induction of atheroma in the aorta of rabbits when compared with cholesterol-fed indiaink-treated animals and cholesterol-fed saline-treated controls. Simultanously the blockade of the reticuloendothelial system by india ink caused a greater degree of atheromatous lesions in these rabbits. Smears of peripheral blood studied by light microscopy revealed the presence of circulating lipophages which were morphologically similar to the aortic foam cells isolated from the same animal. Isolation of mononuclear lipid-containing foam cells from aortic intima and the presence of a morphologically similar type of cell in circulating blood indicate that the blood might be the most likely source of intimal foam cells.


Metabolism of liver triacylglycerols in rats tube-fed a threonine-devoid diet. Rats tube-fed a diet devoid of threonine accumulated triacylglycerols in their livers, starting on the third day of the diet. The fatty acid composition of the accumulated lipid and the contribution of novo synthesized fatty acids to the lipid accumulation, as determined with tritiated water as a radioactive precursor for fatty acid synthesis, suggested that an increased hepatic de novo synthesis of fatty acids is not a major factor for the development of this liver lipid accumulation. The metabolism of intravenous injected 3H-oleic acid, the Triton-induced hyperlipemia and the activity of lipoprotein lipase in adipose tissue was also studied. None of these studies revealed any significant difference between the threonine-deficient and control rats. It is concluded that the hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation in the threonine-deficient rats does not result from any gross abnormality in the rate of liver triacylglycerol formation or secretion to the plasma. It is suggested that a possible causative mechanism is a derangement in the metabolism of the storage pool of liver triacylglycerols.


Biotin status and lipid metabolism in adult obese hypercholesterolemic inbred rats. A statistically significant inverse association was generally found between plasma total lipid, cholesterol, or phospholipid and biotin status of 300-day-old male inbred BHE (IN-BHE) rats. Plasma, liver, and carcass lipid of both sexes generally had a significant direct association with liver lactate dehydrogenase activity; an inverse association in males resulted with improved biotin status. Elevated plasma lactate indicative of anaerobic glycolysis was found. It is proposed that an increased reductive environment - a consequence of accumulated NADH - could account for enhanced triglyceride synthesis and that this effect could explain the obesity in the IN-BHE rats. After the injection of 300 mug of biotin, plasma levels of lactate and pyruvate fell in male rats, indicating a stimulatory effect of biotin upon the oxidative pathways in these animals.


Food intake, dietary supplements and survival time of scorbutic guinea pigs. Manual presentation of a liquid scorbutogenic diet permitted a more complete characterisation of the terminal stages of scurvy in guinea pigs. A bioflavonoid preparation from orange peel, previously shown both to increase the tissue concentrations of ascorbic acid and to stimulate the growth of hypovitaminotic C guinea pigs, had no influence on the survival time of scorbutic guinea pigs. Tetrahydrofolic acid, reported to possess 40% of the activity of ascorbic acid in the protocollagen proline-hydroxylase system, also failed significantly to prolong the survival period. This latter finding could indicate that ascorbic acid has essential biochemical functions in addition to its involvement in the hydroxylation of proline and lysine.


Effect of starvation on pituitary growth hormone cells and blood growth hormone and prolactin levels in the rat. Growth hormone (GH) cells of rats were studied on days, 2, 4 and 7 of starvation. Immunoperoxidase staining for light microscopy confirmed the presence of GH in the pituitaries of all groups of animals. Electron microscopy revealed crinophagy in the cytoplasm of GH cells on days 4 and 7. By ultrastructural morphometry, volume density and the diameter of secretory granules in the cytoplasm of GH cells remained unchanged. Blood GH determinations showed a significant decrease on day 4 of the starvation period. On day 7 most of the values were in the range of the controls. Blood prolactin levels fell significantly on day 7. It appears that the pituitary is capable of secreting GH even in rats completely deprived of exogenous nutrients.


Serum vitamin B12 levels in protein-malnourished children. Serum vitamin B12 levels were assayed in 25 healthy and 35 protein-malnourished children aged 1-6 years. Serum proteins and haematocrit values of the children were also measured. Liver enlargement was estimated clinically. The mean serum vitamin B12 activity among protein-malnourished children was slightly higher than that for the control group. Serum vitamin B12 activity of the healthy Nigerian children was, however, high, and possible reasons for this are discussed in detail. There was some correlation between very high serum vitamin B12 levels among the protein-malnourished children and incidence of liver enlargement.


Adaptation of pancreatic amylase activity to enhanced parenteral carbohydrate intake in rats, and electron microscopic findings. The present study records a rise of amylase activity in rat pancreatic tissue after a long-term administration of high carbohydrate diets (14% excess of glucose administered orally or subcutaneously as 30% glucose solution) in comparison to a normal diet. It was concluded that the pancreas obtains information on intestinal food composition along the humoral pathway. Electron microscopic investigations revealed no impairment of the acinar cells of the pancreas, but only changes that may be considered as a structural expression of the various phases of activity of the acinar cells.


The energetics of "catch up" growth.

The energetics of "catch up" growth. Animals, prevented from growing and then refed a good diet ad libitum, growth faster than normal and this is called "catch up" growth. This experiment was designed to show whether this is achieved by eating more food or by a greater efficiency of energy utilisation. Groups of rats (either 3 or 5 weeks old) were maintained at constant weight for a month, either by reducing the quantity of a good diet or by reducing the proportion of dietary protein. Food intake and carcass gain were measured for a period of 6 days "catch up" growth and compared with the control growth of rats with the same starting weight. It is concluded that "catch up" growth is associated with increased energy intake and increased efficiency when expressed as food conversion and gross energetic efficiency. There are, however, specific age differences in the metabolism of "catch up" growth which may be due to variation in either the maintenance requirement or the efficiency of protein and fat synthesis. This experiment emphasizes the differences between the various available expressions of energy utilisation.


Influence of age and sex on plasma zinc levels in normal and diabetic individuals. Plasma zinc levels were measured in both healthy and diabetic individuals having an age range of 10-93 years. No significant differences in plasma zinc concentrations were found between males and females in either healthy or diabetic individuals. Up to the age of 50 years, the mean plasma zinc of normal individuals remained relatively constant at 70 +/- 32 mug/100 ml (+/- 2 SE) after which the levels decreased. This decreasing pattern was absent in diabetics, whose plasma zinc of 65 +/- 32 mug/100 ml remained constant over the entire age range. For women on oral contraceptive agents, the mean plasma zinc was 59 +/- 18 mug/100 ml, which was significantly lower than that of controls.


Selenium in in vitamin-E-deficient diets and the occurrence of myopathy as a symptom of vitamin E deficiency. The occurrence of myopathy in vitamin-E-deficient ducklings, which is used for the determination of the degree of vitamin E deficiency, is depending on the selenium content of the diet. The selenium content of a semi-synthetic diet and its constituents was determined by neutron activation analysis, which showed to be an adequately sensitive and precise method of analysis for selenium. The casein compound was the main source of the selenium in the diet. Myopathy occurred with diets containing about 50 ppb Se; diets containing about 100 ppb Se failed to induce any signs of myopathy.


The influence of vitamin E deficiency and combined deficiency in vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids on the biosynthesis and degradation of rat central nervous system myelin. The ability to incorporate intracranially injected 14C-labelled leucine into central nervous system (CNS) myelin was studied in developing rats fed a control diet, a diet deficient in vitamin E and a diet deficient both in vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The turnover of radioactivity incorporated into myelin and the distribution of radioactivity between the individual proteins of rat CNS myelin at various stages of the deficiency state was studied. Impaired myelin formation was found in cases of both types of deficiency. The level of incorporated radioactivity was raised by both types of deficiency throughout the experimental period. The mean half life of myelin radioactivity was found higher in combined deficient animals as compared to control and vitamin-E-deficient rats. The distribution of radioactivity between myelinproteins, separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, appeared identical in the three experimental groups.


Electroretinography and temporal aspects in macular dystrophy. In a family with cone-rod dystrophy of autosomal recess inheritance, the diagnosis was established by characteristic abnormalities of the ERG, which demonstrates cone responses reduced in amplitude and delayed in implicit time, and rod delayed implicit time in two sisters with macular degeneration. The abnormalities of the implicit time are seen also in two other sisters of the propositi, who are clinically normal. The hypothesis that they are only capable to transmit the gene defect to their offspring is advanced.


Contractile peripapillary staphyloma.

Contractile peripapillary staphyloma. A 42-year-old woman had a contractile staphyloma involving the peripapillary area of the fundus of the left eye. The finding was related with high myopia of the same eye, which had a VA of 6/6 P. Except an enlargement of the blind spot no other finding was observed. The movement had no relation with any organic or non-organic rhythm.


[The syndrome of multiple basal cell nevoid epitheliomatosis]. The syndrome of multiple basal-celled naevoid epitheliomatosis is characterized by systeme affections of the skin, the bony skeleton, the endocrine glands, the C.N.S., and the eye and its adnexa. A paraneoplastic pathology causing the cutanious lesions and tumours secreting hormones or similar substances is postulated. A long bibliography is appended.


Influence of estrogens on intraocular tension in the eyeballs of rabbits. Iridocorneal angles from the eyes of female rabbits subjected to large doses of estrogens were examined under an electron scanning microscope. A temporary rise in intraocular tension was noted lasting up to 24 h after injection of estrogens, followed by a slow return to normal conditions. Histostructural changes of the iridicorneal angle were observed as widening of the marginal sector, enlarging of the dimple-shaped depressions and also increased number and narrowing of the micropores in the central part of the iridocorneal field. The authors postulate that estrogens affect the histostructure of the iridocorneal field and also stimulate the circulation of the aqueous fluid.


Ocular pathology in the elfin face syndrome (the Fanconi-Schlesinger type of idiopathic hypercalcaemia of infancy). Histochemical and ultrastructural study of a case. The pathology, particularly the ocular pathology, is described in a 42-year-old mildly retarded man with a history of vomiting in infancy. He had an elfin-like face. He died having a pancreatic carcinoma. At autopsy, a supravalvular aortic stenosis and a hypoplastic aorta found clinically were confirmed. Stainings for calcium were positive in the aortic wall, the kidneys, the adrenals and the spleen. In the eyes, calcium was found in the corneal epithelium and endothelium, in corneal keratocytes and stroma, in conjunctival epithelium and in the sclera. Electron microscopy of the eyes revealed that calcium was deposited as hydroxyapatite intracellularly in aggregations of needle-like crystals and extracellularly as spherules morphologically different from the intracellular deposits. Although the serum values of calcium in this patient were normal during his adult life, the histopathological examination indicates an earlier period of raised serum calcium. We find it probable that he had idiopathic hypercalcaemia in infancy, thereby connecting this infantile condition with the elfin face and supravalvular aortic stenosis. In similar cases, the use of the above-mentioned technique is recommended for revealing abnormal calcium storage post-mortem and in vivo (by conjunctival biopsy) in order to substantiate the diagnosis of hypercalcaemia.


Phototherapy of the cornea: some aspects to be considered. To safeguard against and reduce possible harmful and undesired side effects of photon interaction with ocular structures during phototherapy of certain corneal diseases, precautionary measures should be taken. These include (1) Selection of the proper light source, strongly emitting in the effective spectral range. (2) Removal of potential harmful spectral bands which make no significant contribution to the therapeutic action. (3) Determination of the most optimal exposure energy (W/cm2). (4) Selection of the most optimal time-dose relationship. (5) Selection of the proper interval between vital staining and radiation exposure and considering possible repetition of therapeutic exposures. (6) Careful calibration of the light source to be used. (7) Adequate eye examination for visual acuity, pupillary diameter, signs of intraocular inflammation, mainly iritis with anterior chamber activity, and possible fundus pathology with special attention to maculopathy. These findings should be properly recorded before, during and after the period of phototherapy.


The incidence of herpetic keratitis among population. The author reports of a relatively little known aspects of herpetic keratitis in man, and its incidence among the population. The incidence of primary herpetic keratitis is 1:8,000 to 1:24,000 while for relapsing herpetic keratitis it amounts to 1:1,653. The relationship of incidence between primary and relapsing herpetic keratitis is 1:5 to 1:14. These achievements have their practical values from the clinical and social aspect.


Bullous keratopathy following lens extraction in eyes with acute glaucoma due to intumescent cataract. Nine cases are presented, six of them in detail, which suggest that there is a high risk of bullous keratopathy developing when the lens is removed for the treatment of acute glaucoma due to an intumescent cataract. In some cases the keratopathy is due to detachment of Descemet's membrane from the cornea. Acute glaucoma due to an intumescent cataract should be treated medically or by peripheral iridectomy. The lens should be removed only after the intraocular pressure has been normal and the cornea free of edema for at least 6 weeks.


The effect of orbital irradiation on the survival rate of patients with choroidal melanoma. Orbital irradiation with 6,000 rad after enucleation of patients suffering from choroidal melanoma resulted in a survival rate nearly twice as high after 5 years as without any additional radiotherapy.


[Cryotherapy of eyelid and conjunctival tumors]. Report is given of cryobiological principles, technique and results of cryotherapy for eyelid or conjunctival tumors in 181 cases. In the majority of cases they were basaliomas. In all cases the therapy was successful. No eyelid contractions or tear duct stenosis were noted. The follow-up of 4,5 years showed only 2 recidives. Histologically, cryonecrosis showed capillary ectasis with hyperemia.


Fractures about the knee in children.

Fractures about the knee in children. The seriousness of the consequences of growth and angular disturbances about the knee that occur as a result of injuries in childhood cannot be overemphasized. The resulting limb length discrepancy is well known to the office practitioner, who sees these patients presenting with back problems during adulthood. Normal knee motion and stability are prime prerequisites for normal gait, and loss of knee motion as a determinant of gait can increase the energy requirement up to 300-fold. The management of these injuries presented has produced good results for the author. The author strongly recommends careful follow-up in metaphyseal fractures to guard against the development of angular deformities, the anatomical reduction of all intra-articular fractures, and x-ray examination of the hip in patients in the four to 15 year age group who have sustained minimal or insignificant trauma and who complain of pain about the knee.


Fractures of the humerus in children.

Fractures of the humerus in children. Fractures of the humerus above the distal epiphysis are not common fractures in children. Treatment should be directed toward maintenance of alignment with healing expected without fail. Contrary to experience with adults with the same fractures, children seldom have residual functional or cosmetic problems if one aligns the fractures and protects the healing process.


Dislocations of the upper extremity in children. Traumatic dislocations and subluxations of the upper extremity in children have been surveyed. The elbow joint is most commonly dislocated and is dislocated more frequently in children than in adults. Severe neurovascular injury may be associated with dislocation of this joint. The most common subluxation is that of the radial head, secondary to a "pulled elbow." Otherwise dislocations and subluxations of the upper extremity are uncommon in children, apparently because of the relative weakness of the epiphyseal plate. Most of these injuries are the result of predictable indirect forces. Principles of reduction and immobilization are based on the unique anatomic structure of the joint involved and the known anatomic disruption resulting from the trauma.


Fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine in children. Correct diagnosis of fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine in children requires an awareness of the pseudosubluxation and other normal variants noted in x-ray films of patients in this age group. Fractures of the odontoid process occur frequently and almost always can be treated by closed reduction and external fixation until union occurs. Fractures of the lower cervical spine are difficult to detect roentgenographically, and x-ray changes can belie the severity of soft tissue injury and cord trauma. Instability tends to persist in adolescent patients after cervical spine injury because of the combination of epiphyseal and posterior ligamentous disruption. Neoplastic, inflammatory, and congenital lesions render the cervical spine vulnerable to injury and can permit major damage to result from minor stress.


Fractures of the dorsal and lumbar spine. A study of 60 children with thoracic and lumbar spine injuries indicates that the child's response to trauma is unique. It is concluded that the potential for growth and development and the presence of healthy tissues separate these injuries from comparable injuries in adults. The epiphyseal growth partly or completely restores vertebral body height, leads to a mild spinal deformity in stable injuries, and can contribute to rapidly progressive spinal deformity in unstable injuries with or without paralysis. Healthy intervertebral discs account for the multiple compression fractures and lack of long term degenerative changes of the spine. On the basis of this review, a practical approach to patient care is presented.


Fractures of the femoral diaphysis in children. Bryant's traction in children in whom the proper prerequisites are present, 90-90 traction for proximal third fractures in children over three, all shaft fractures in children between three and 10 years of age, and split Russell skeletal traction for those over 10 years of age are effective methods for treating femural fractures. Attention to detail is necessary to correct angulation and to obtain and maintain the appropriate amount of over-riding based upon age. Excessive over-riding, distraction, and unreasonable angulation cause functional disability that may require corrective surgery.


Peripheral nerve injuries in children.

Peripheral nerve injuries in children. Recovery after peripheral nerve injuries in children is more complete than in adults and is inversely related to the age of the patient. The prognosis for the return of sensation following laceration of the median, ulnar, or digital nerve depends upon recovery of two point discrimination (in millimeters approximately equal to the child's age) at the time of nerve repair. The better results in children probably reflect the greater adaptability of the immature central nervous system to the nerve injury. Operative exploration of an open wound when there is a potential for nerve injury in an uncooperative child is the only sure way of determining the status of the nerves. Primary repair of cleanly divided nerves in tidy wounds is advocated if it can be done competently. Secondary repair is indicated for avulsion injuries, gunshot wounds, crush injuries, and human or animal bites. Delicate, atraumatic technique and accurate repair of the divided nerve are stressed. The more exacting technique of funicular repair may yield better results. Interfascicular cable grafting is a new and useful alternative to extensive mobilization in closing nerve gaps. Nonoperative treatment of nerve injuries associated with closed fractures is advocated unless there are no signs of nerve regeneration in two to three months. Obstetrical brachial plexus injuries of the upper plexus carry a better prognosis than lower plexus or total plexus injury. Early range of motion exercises to prevent contractures are stressed. Maximal recovery takes place within two years. The acute nerve compression syndrome should be considered an emergency and may require surgical decompression if it is severe and if rapid return of function does not occur following reduction of the fracture.


Treatment of tendon injuries in children. Tendon injuries in the child's hand can be repaired primarily with better results than in the adult; this is true at all levels, including the digital sheath. In less than ideal circumstances, secondary conventional tendon grafting also provides predictable satisfactory results and can also salvage a failed primary repair. In children under the age of six years with digital flexor tendon repairs, the limb must be immobilized above the elbow. In the cooperative child over the age of six years with a primary repair of a lacerated flexor tendon, the dorsal splint with rubber band traction as described by Kleinert is recommended. Preoperative diagnosis of tendon injuries in the young child is difficult. If there is any doubt after observing the child using his hand, the wound must be explored and tendons and nerves identified to ensure their integrity. Even though the results of tendon repair in children are better than in adults, the structures are small, technique must be meticulous, and magnification must be used. Specially trained hand surgeons experienced in primary tendon repair and tendon grafting should perform these procedures, for this elegant structure deserves the finest attention.


The role of orthopedist in child abuse and neglect. The diagnosis of child abuse is contingent upon having a high index of suspicion. Orthopedic surgeons and other surgical specialists should be more involved in a team approach for prevention, detection and management in cases of child abuse in the hope of breaking the cycle of this mutilating and often fatal tragedy.


[Ultrastructure of the epithelium of the midgut in nymphs of Hyalomma asiaticum (Acarina, Ixodidae) ticks during feeding]. The midgut epithelium of H. asiaticum nymphs was studied by means of electron microscopy. It has been shown that during feeding the midgut epithelium of the above nymphs consists of three types of cells: reserve, secretory and digestive ones. There have been revealed two types of the digestive cells. The cells of the first type are capable for two forms of blood endocytosis: phagocytosis and pinocytosis. During feeding in these cells takes place fast intracellular digestion. This type of cells dominates at the beginning of feeding. The second type of digestive cells prevailing at the end of feeding is represented by specialized cells consuming only haemoglobin. A certain part of these cells preserves for a long time an intracellular reserve of haemoglobin.


[Sublethal action and aftereffect of DDT on Dermacentor silvarum 01. (Acarina, Ixodidae)]. Observations were conducted on the processes of feeding and oviposition in the females of Dermacentor silvarum poisoned with DDT, the ancestors of which had been subjected to this acaricide and had overcome the poisoning due to the feeding. The rise in the sensitivity to DDT in the females of the second generation and a number of pathological changes both in feeding females and in their progeny were noted.


[Study of the inhibitory action of phenothiazine on carbohydrate metabolism in Mecistocirrus digitatus (Nematoda: Rhabditida)]. The presence of phenothiazine in incubation medium of M. digitatus exerted the following effects: the increase of glycogene splitting and lactic acid excretion in aerobic conditions; the increase of acetic acid excretion and the decrease of alpha-methylbutyric acid excretion; glycolysis process inhibition in homogenates and supernatants during incubation with glucose. However, at phenothiazine incubation with FDF glycolysis intensity was unaffected.


[Study of the cumulation, desorption and mechanism of action of organochlorine pesticides on fish cestodes]. The distribution of residues of DDT and its metabolites (DDD and DDE) in tissues of Triaenophorus nodulosus and its host was studied. It has been noted that cestodes can accumulate chlororganic substances in great quantity. The ability of Bothriocephalus gowkongensis has been established to dechlorate pp-DDT and to excrete pp-, op- and mp-DDD from the organism. Pp-DDT decreases the glycogene content and causes the rise of amylolytic activity in the above cestodes in acute tests. The effect of pp-DDT on the locomotor activity of cestodes is of two-phase character. The first one is associated with the muscular influence, the second one-- with neurotrophic effect. A high toxicity of mp-DDD )0.1 mg/l) for the locomotor activity of cestodes as compared with the effect of pp- and op-DDD was revealed.


[Genus Polylabris Euzet et Cauwet, 1967 and some related species of microcotylids (Monogenoidea: Microcotylidae)]. The species P. diplodi Euzet et Cauwet, 1967, P. kuhliae (Yamaguti, 1967), P. maomao (Yamaguti, 1968), P. acanthogobii (Yamaguti, 1940), P. gerres (Sandars, 1944), P. tubicirrus (Paperna et Kohn, 1964) should be assigned to the genus Polylabris Euzet et Cauwet, 1967 (=Prostatomicrocotyla Yamaguti, 1968). Undoubtedly, "Microcotyle sillaginae Woolcock, 1936" in sensu Gupta and Khullar, 1968, and very likely the true Microcotyle sillaginae Woolcock, 1936 belong to the same genus. P. gerres (Machida, 1973) is a synonym and at the same time a homonym of P. gerres (Sandars, 1944). A new species, Polylabris acanthopagri sp. n., is described and a new genus, Polylabroides, with a single species, P. biungulatus gen. et sp. n., is proposed.


[Microsporidiosis and coccidiosis, protozoan diseases of flour beetles (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)]. Tribolium destructor and T. confusum diseases caused by the fat body of the parasites Nosema whitei and Adelina tribolii were investigated. Life span and weight dynamics were examined at different temperatures and infection conditions. Infected females of T. confusum lay a less number of eggs. The gas produced by stink glands of T. destructor may inactivate the spores of N. whitei but does not affect those of A. tribolii.


[Adaptations of the genital system of Metastrongylus elongatus in relation to the conditions of postembyonic development]. A topography of the genital system of Metastrongylus elongatus is described in comparison with the genital system of Dictyocaulus viviparus. It is established that in these species of helminths the genital tubes have a similar location but in Metastrongylus elongatus takes place an uterus lenthening caused by the transference of the genital orifice to the hind end of the body. Its total length is 2.5 as long as the body length of the worm. This phenomenon is regarded as an adaptation providing this species a possibility to produce eggs which can for a long time exist in the environment.


[Swarming of mosquitoes of the genus Aedes (Culicidae) in the forest tundra]. Observations on the swarming of mosquitoes were conducted in the flood plain forest of South Yamal (67 degrees N.L.). The individuals of A. communis made 83 to 94% of the swarming males. Their number in swarms varied from 30 to 800 specimens. The dynamics of the swarming males number depends on the rate of their emergence from the pupae. At the mass emergence the number of swarming males was 3 times higher though the increase in the general size of the population was negligible. Synchronization of the swarming time of males was also favoured by warm windless weather.


Genuine giant-cell tumour of bone; a combined cytological, histopathological and ultrastructural study. Three patients with a giant-cell tumour of bone were studied clinically, roentgenologically and morphologically, using cytological, histopathological and electron microscopic methods. The tumours were composed of giant cells possessing a great number of mitochondria and stromal cells exhibiting prominent endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Mitotic activity was only found among the stromal cells. Autophagic vacuoles, lysosomal bodies and degenerative changes of varying severity were found mainly or exclusively among the giant cells, which may indicate that these cells represent an involutionary form of tumour cell. The giant-cell tumours of bone are believed to arise from undifferentiated cells of the bone marrow. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy represents a valuable complement to histopathological examination in the identification of giant cell lesions and diagnosis of genuine cell tumours of bone.


Ethidium bromide and hepatic mitochondrial structure in mice. A morphometric analysis. Nine days after receiving a single injection of ethidium bromide - an inhibitor of mitochondrial DNA and its synthesis - mice were found to have enlarged mitochondria which were also reduced in number. The morphometric study revealed an increase of the mean mitochondrial volume, as well as an enlargement of the surface area of the mitochondrial inner membrane. However, the surface of the inner  and outer membrane per unit volume of mitochondrion remained unchanged. These morphometric findings suggest mitochondrial growth, since mitochondrial inner membranes can be synthesized even in the presence of DNA-inhibiting ethidium bromide. In addition, morphometric analysis enables us to estimate the mean life span of hepatic mitochondria. In conclusion we may assume that since ethidium bromide induces not only a reduction of mitochondrial division but also an increase in the hepatic mitochondrial volume and inner membrane, the mitochondrial genome possibly fulfills a regulatory role in the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic systems for protein synthesis.


[Helminth fauna of Bering Sea pinnipeds from Karaginskiy Bay]. The helminthological investigations were conducted from May 6 to May 28, 1972 in the Karaginsk Gulf of the Bering Sea. The helminths were collected from 124 specimens of Phoca vitulina largha, 9 specimens of Erignathus barbatus nauticus, 9 specimens of Pusa hispida krascheninnikovi and 9 specimens of Histriophoca fasciata. In all, 23 species, 2 immature and 1 larval form of helminths were recorded. The data are given on the localization of helminths, intensity and extensity of their invasion, pathogenic effect on the host. The age dynamics of the helminths from Phoca vitulina largha was studied. For the first time are reported the trematode Orthosplanchnus pygmaeus, the cestode Diplogonoporus tetrapterus and nematodes Aniskis simplex, Anisakis sp. and Parafilaroides krascheninnikovi in Phoca vitulina largha and the nematodes Anisakis sp. and Phocascaris cystophorae in Pusa hispida krascheninnikovi.


Inhibition by lymphoid cellular factors of the immunological cytotoxicity against a syngeneic tumour. Lymphoid cells of C57BL mice bearing a syngeneic sarcoma are cytotoxic against the same tumour cells in vitro at two different periods of the growth of the tumour separated by a "mute period". Without additional antigenic stimulation the lymphoid cells from the "mute period" can be made cytotoxic by preincubation in vitro and elimination of adherent cells by a passage through a glass bead column. Either of these treatments alone is inefficient. The cytotoxicity revealed in this way is due to cells with different properties than those that are directly cytotoxic during the 4th week of the tumour growth. The significance of these results is discussed. It is suggested that some other cells have to be eliminated because they compete with or inhibit the activity of the "mute period" lymphoid cells made cytotoxic by preincubation.


Tritiated thymidine uptake by glomerular cells in proliferative glomerulonephritis of the rat. A small but significant number of tritiated thymidine labelled cells were found, by autoradiography, in the glomeruli of rats with Masugi nephritis or chronic serum sickness nephritis. There were no labelled glomerular cells in sections of untreated animals. The findings favour the contention that in proliferative glomerulonephritis, glomerular hypercellularity is due to infiltration of monocytic cells into the tufts where they divide.


[Effect of certain factors on block formation in Ceratophillus tesquorum and Neopsylla setosa setosa]. Studies were conducted of the effect of temperature and humidity, variant of plague microbe, frequency and duration of feeding and specificity of the host on the blockformation in the souslik fleas C. tesquorum and N. setosa infected with plague. 28 tests on the effect of temperature and humidity on the blockformation were undertaken, for which 14411 fleas of the above species were used. A temperature of 16 to 22 degrees proved to be optimal; at this temperature the number of blocked fleas (C. tesquorum) varied from 21.2 to 42.7% and that of N. setosa--from 41.9 to 54.2%. Marmot variant of plague microbe caused the formation of the "block" in 53.3 to 55.1% of fleas of N. setosa in 3-4 days and in 28.0 to 42.7% of C. tesquorum in 10-14 days after the infection. In C. tesquorum the process of blockformation is affected by the frequency of feeding, in N. setosa--by the duration of each feeding.


The normal squamous epithelium of the human uterine cervix: a histological study. The normal squamous epithelium of the uterine cervix was investigated in 50 foetuses and newborns, as well as in 207 adult women operated upon because of various benign conditions of the uterus. The epithelium was divided according to the presence or the absence of prominent epithelial papillae. Epithelial papillae occurred in 32% of the cervices in the paediatric age and in 17% in adult women. They were present in the whole squamous epithelium covering the portio vaginalis in all pediatric patients. In 49% of the adult patients epithelial papillae covered the whole portio and/or the transitional zone; in the remaining 51% only a reduced area presented epithelial papillae. Micrometric determinations demonstrated that normal epithelium with papillar formation was thicker than epithelium with smooth epithelial border. This was most prominent in the paediatric patients. The possibility that oestrogenic stimulation (in paediatric patients) and oestrogenic stimulation as well as chronic stromal inflammation (in adult patients) could account for the formation of prominent epithelial papillae was discussed.


[Distribution and biology of Apatemon annuligerum (V. Nordmann, 1832) Odening, 1970 (Trematoda, Strigeidida)]. In Lake Itkul situated north-westwards of the town of Abakan there were found encysted metacercariae of Apatemon annuligerum in the eyes of the perch. Adult fishes are 100% infected, the infection intensity amounting to 28 to 455 cysts (125 on the average). Maximum infection of the perch takes place at the age of 4 to 5 years. In elder fishes proceeds a decrease of infection intensity on account of a considerable mortality of cysts. There was undertaken an infection of incubative ducklings and observed a development of marita to a mature state. The maturation of eggs takes place on the 5-th day.


The role of pathology in prenatal diagnosis. Antenatal diagnosis of hereditary disease is highly dependent on sufficient theoretical knowledge and on a number of practical methods of studying the foetus such as obtaining, cultivating and assaying amniotic fluid cells. Knowledge of the primary defect in any monogenic disorder cannon be used in prenatal diagnosis unless the metabolic error is expressed in vitro. Modern cytogenetics can diagnose in utero a large majority of karyotyping abnormalities although the karyotype-phenotype correlation is not an absolute one. This task must be assigned to special laboratories where technical pitfalls are reliably avoided. In both metabolic and chromosomal hereditary disease, the pathologist can confirm and extend the phenotypic findings and improve knowledge on foetal features and physiopathology. Pathology is the more important, the less means of in utero diagnosis are available as in the non-chromosomal syndromes of localized or multiple malformations. Here it helps eliminating a present major drawback of prenatal diagnosis: the lack of a strict diagnosis in the previous patient in a family at risk.


[Metacercariae of the genus Diplostomum in the fauna of the USSR]. The paper deals with the specific composition of the genus diplostomum, parasitic in fishes and Cyclostomata of the USSR. A key is given for the identification of 13 species of the genus. Each species is provided with a brief morphological characteristic including main taxonomic characters of the species.


Chronic otitis media in children.

Chronic otitis media in children. There are two main types of chronic otitis media in children. The "benign" type with a central tympanic membrane perforation may heal spontaneously with conservative management. However, if the central tympanic membrane perforation fails to heal, it should be closed surgically--preferably at the age when the incidence of ear disease in children is lowest. Chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma usually has an attic or marginal perforation and requires surgical treatment to prevent serious complications. The incidence of this disease has been decreasing because of awareness by primary physicians of the importance of prompt treatment and the increase in the practice of inserting ventilation tubes.


Vertigo in children.

Vertigo in children. The physician should realize that children can have organic vestibular disorders. Therefore, he should seriously approach every child who complains of dizziness, taking a careful history and performing appropriate examinations in order to afford the best possibility of prompt diagnosis and effective treatment.


[Polymorphism of the median crochets of Dactylogyrus vastator Nyb., 1924 (Monogenoidea) from the crucian carp, Carassius carassius L]. There are some variations in the dimensions of anchors depending on the age of the host, localisation and number of parasites. To differentiate such close morphological species as D. vastator and D. crassus it has been suggested to take into account, in addition to taxonomic features, the correlation between the anchor ventroapical length and the bend.


[New representatives of the lower Monogenea from the gills of fishes of the fam. Fomacentridae from the Gulf of Mexico]. 6 new species of the genus Neohaliotrema Yamaguti, 1965 are described and a new genus and species, Paraneohaliotrema microspathodoni Zhukov gen. et sp. n., (Monogenoidea, Polyonchoinea) from the fishes of the family Pomacentridae from the of Gulf Mexico are erected. the specimens described were found in Abudefduf saxatilis, A. taurus and Microspathodon chrysurus caught in the Habana region. The interrelationships between investigated hosts and their parasites are discussed. The Indo-Westpacific origin of the genus Neohaliotrema has been established.


Nasal problems in children.

Nasal problems in children. Nasal problems in children are very common. The factors that affect the embryologic development have been discussed. Injuries that occur in prenatal, natal, and postnatal periods affect normal development. Prompt treatment of minor injuries is necessary to prevent airway problems later. The "wait and see" attitude toward nasal deformity is ill advised. X-ray findings are not conclusive, as the nasal pyramid in a child is largely cartilaginous. Obstructive nasal breathing can result in facial asymmetry, malocclusion, and cardiopulmonary problems. Allergy and sinusitis are frequently causes of obstruction.


Neck masses in children: diagnosis and treatment. Neck masses in children most often represent benign lymphadenitis due to infection. The involved lymph nodes are usually small, shotty, diffusely distributed, and superficial. They may be tender and associated with an acute upper respiratory infection or with chronic infection of the tonsils and adenoids. Enlargement of the jugulodigastric node is most often associated with tonsillitis, and the spinal accessory group of nodes with adenoiditis. Acute viral diseases may be associated with lymphadenopathy; mononucleosis is the most striking example. The differential diagnosis must include deep neck-space abscesses, congenital cysts, and benign as well as malignant neoplasms. A diagnosis can be derived from a consideration of the history and physical findings, the age of the patient, and the location, size, and consistency of the mass. A careful otolaryngologic exam--including the nasopharynx, a chest radiograph, and appropriate blood studies--should be routine. When malignancy is suspected, a biopsy of the mass is indicated.


Megavitamin responsive aminoacidopathies. Several different vitamins, primarily members of the B complex, serve as coenzymes which activate apoenzymes to produce active holoenzymes. These cofactors participate in reactions in various ways. Even after a specific enzyme diagnosis is made in a patient, it is difficult, if not sometimes impossible, to determine if the patient will respond to a specific cofactor in vivo. The safety and ease of administering these compounds demand that therapeutic trials be undertaken. Doses (see Table 1) of several hundred to several thousand times the normal daily requirements must be given to the patient parenterally or by mouth. The studies in patients with B6-responsive disorders and with maple syrup urine disease would indicate that long term trials of these agents should be given even if there is no short term response. When efficacious, these compounds greatly simplify therapy for patients with inborn errors of amino acid metabolism.


Hypernatremia--problems in management.

Hypernatremia--problems in management. Hypernatremia may be produced under several different circumstances but most frequently is the result of excessive water loss with diarrhea and the excessive solute load secondary to inappropriate preparation of formula. The clinical manifestations vary and depend primarily on the degree of dehydration and the rate at which the hyperosmolar state has been reached. The management of the patient will, of course, depend upon the mechanism of hypernatremia and degree of dehydration and/or hypovolemia that is present. It seems clear that the exact nature of the rehydrating solution is not of major importance. The volume is of great concern but most vital seems to be the rate of rehydration. If rehydration is accomplished too rapidly the child becomes edematous, develops increased intracranial pressure, stupor, and convulsions. If fluids are given slowly and at a well regulated rate, these complications can usually be avoided. The patient should be monitored regularly with electrolytes, careful determination of weights, and records of intake and output. The rate of rehydration should be monitored to assure that the planned schedule of 24 to 72 hours (depending on the severity of the problem) is followed. Approximately 10 to 15 per cent of children with serum sodium of 160 mEq per liter or greater will have permanent neurological deficits.


Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in newborn infants. In order to test the role of diffusing capacity in determining the arterial oxygen tension of newborn infants, pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbonmonoxide (DLCO) was measured in 21 healthy infants ranging in weight from 765 to 4,720 g. DLCO infants without respiratory distress correlated well with lung volume (r=0.76, P less than 0.001). A smaller correlation (r = 0.39, P less than 0.01) was obtained between DLCO and arterial oxygen tension. DLCO per unit volume of lung is similar when healthy premature infants, full term infants, and normal adults are compared. The wide range of normal values obtained in resting infants and the lack of correlation with arterial oxygen tensions are similar to observations made in adults.


Skin reflectance in the newborn infant.

Skin reflectance in the newborn infant. Skin reflectance in red, green, and blue light was measured at the sternum of 99 Caucasian infants ranging in gestational age from 26 to 44 weeks. Skin reflectance was consistently higher in female infants, but this difference was not statistically significant. Highly significant (P less than 0.001) increases in reflectance at all wave lengths were found when sternal reflectance during the first 48 hr of life was related to gestational age. The dispersion of data points about the regression line does not permit this method to be relied upon as the sole means of determining gestational age of infants. Serial studies indicate that reflectance increases in premature infants not given phototherapy, whereas premature infants receiving phototherapy show a fall in reflectance for the duration of therapy. This suggests that phototherapy may cause tanning of the skin.


The effect of promethazine hydrochloride on bilirubin metabolism in the rat. The effect of 21 days of promethazine-HC1 administration on hepatic bilirubin metabolism and transport was studied in adult rats. A significant increase in mean cumulative hepatic bilirubin uptake (84.5 +/- 7.6 (SE) mug/100 g/min in controls vs. 110.0 +/- 4.3 in treated rats), mean hepatic glucuronide conjugation (1,330 +/- 86 (SE) mug bilirubin conjugated/g liver/40 min in controls vs. 1.713 +/- 61 in treated rats), and mean maximal hepatic excretion (47.2 +/- 4.9 (SE) mug/100 g/min vs. 63.5 +/- 2.7) was observed in treated animals. Mean total liver weight and total hepatic protein also increased significantly. These observations suggest that promethazine is an inducer of protein and enzyme synthesis in rat liver and is capable of significantly stimulating the three major steps in hepatic disposal of bilirubin.


Effect of hypoxia on erythroblasts from avian fetal liver: adenosine triphosphate levels and hemoglobin synthesis. A system for the isolation and functional evaluation of fetal liver erythroblasts is described. Isolated erythroblasts were prepared from 14-day embryonic avian livers and incubated at various oxygen tension (0, 5, 12, and 95%). The concentration of ATP in erythroblasts remained constant for at least 4 hr at 37degree, but was rapidly reduced by incubation in nitrogen. Protein synthesis as measured by L-[14C]leucine incorporation into cell protein occurred at a linear rate in 5%, 12%, and 95% oxygen, whereas little protein synthesis occurred at 0% oxygen. The effect of hypoxia on the type of hemoglobin synthesized was studied in this system by isolating the hemoglobin A, hemoglobin D, and hemoglobin H fractions and determining the incorporation of L-[14C]leucine. The major fraction, hemoglobin A, contained most of the radioactivity; smaller amounts were present in hemoglobin D and hemoglobin H, respectively. The relative proportion of each hemoglobin synthesized was not altered by oxygen from 5% to 95%. These results argue against a direct effect of oxygen on the type of hemoglobin synthesized at this stage of development.


Action of growth hormone on erythropoiesis: changes in red blood cell enzyme activities in growth-retarded patients with and without growth hormone deficiency. Fifteen red cell enzyme activities of growth-retarded patients with and without growth hormone (GH) deficiency were investigated before and after GH administration. The 15 enzymes were Hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, glucose phosphate, isomerase, phosphofructokinase, fructose diphosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphae dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, 3-phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, glycose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase, glutathione reducase. Sixty-six subjects were studied: 30 normal control subjects (group N) and 36 patients (aged 5-23 years) with short stature. Complete endocrine evaluation showed 21 (group I) to have GH deficiency (10 patients with isolated GH deficiency) and 15 (group II) to have normal hypothalamic and pituitary function except for two patients with a moderate hypothyroidism. Both had been receiving thyroid hormone treatment for a long time before our studies. All 36 patients were treated with 2 mg human growth hormone intramuscularly for 7 days. Before GH treatment no significant difference was observed between hematologic data in group I (GH deficiency) and group II (no GH deficiency). After GH therapy there was a significant increase in reticulocyte count in both groups of patients with short stature. The mean pretreatment value in group I was 1.294% +/- 0.084 (SEM); the mean post-treatment value was 2.081% +/- 0.287 (SEM)< P less than 0.005. The mean pretreatment value in group II was 1.0% 0.184 (SEM); the mean post-treatment value was 1.407% +/- 0.193 (SEM), P less than 0.01. In group II (no GH deficiency) mean pretreatment erythrocyte enzyme activities were not significantly different from those activities observed in normal control subjects (group N). However, in patients who lacked GH, the pretreatment activities of five red cell enzymes (glucose phosphate isomerase, triosephosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase) were significantly decreased before GH administration compared with the values in normal control subjects...


Nutritionally small-for-dates rats: their subsequent growth, regional brain 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover, and behavior. Rats were subjected to nutritional growth retardation either from conception to 5 postnatal days of age (fetal and neonatal restriction (FNR) group), or from 5 to 25 postnatal days of age (infantile restriction (IR) group). The FNR group may serve as a model for the human small-for-dates baby. At 20 weeks of age cerebellum, midbrain, and cerebrum were significantly reduced in weight by 4%, 5%, and 4%, respectively, in FNR animals when compared with controls. Only cerebellum and midbrain were affected in IR rats of the same age, but in both regions the percentage deficits (8% and 9%, respectively) were greater than in FNR animals. Both cerebellum and midbrain weighed significantly less in IR than in FNR rats. The timing of nutritional growth retardation appeared to be of little consequence to the regional brain turnover of 5-hydroxytryptamine in adulthood. The rate of synthesis in the hippocampus of both FNR and IR animals was significantly faster (67% and 75% respectively) than in controls. The increased turnover could perhaps represent "overactivity" of those 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurons terminating in the hippocampus. Some differences in the behavior of the previously undernourished adult animals were also evident. On the fifth day of testing, control rats were most venturesome in the open field. Eighteen control rats left the edge zone within 2 min, whereas only 8 FNR and 11 IR rats did so. Most animals froze immediately after a 7-sex exposure to a loud electric bell. The delay before moving about again differentiated the three groups. FNR rats took longest to move out of the area in which they froze.


Pediatric automotive restraints, pediatricians, and the academy. Over 70% of the 192 Southern California Academy pediatricians responding to a survey teach parents about pediatric automotive safety devices but less than 3% do so on every visit. To test two methods of increasing the frequency of teaching, these pediatricians were randomly assigned to either a mailing from the Academy's local chapter (mail group) or a brief presentation by a local pharmaceutical representative at his regular visit (interview group); a follow-up was conducted one month later by mail. Sixty-one percent of the mail group and 49% of the interview group claimed that their teaching on this subject had increased since the original contact. While this difference did not reach statistical significance, it was in the same direction as the preferences for sources of pediatric information expressed by both groups of pediatricians. A special letter from the Academy was ranked most effective and a visit from the pharmaceutical representative was judged least effective. Because of the magnitude of the problem, availability of a solution, proof that pediatricians can influence health behavior related to children and acknowledgment of the Academy's role in pediatric education, an appeal is made for an all-out campaign by the Academy and its members to promote use of appropriate pediatric automotive safety devices.


Car safety for infants: effectiveness of prenatal counseling. In a pediatric office setting, car safety counseling was provided to 16 primigravida women during a prenatal pediatric interview. A control group of 19 women received no counseling during a similar interview. Forty-two percent of noncounseled mothers and 69% of counseled mothers were using a safe infant restraint system at the six-week well-child visit. Preventive counseling in car safety is an important role for the pediatrician.


A ten-year assessment of methicillin-associated side effects. The exact incidence and importance of side effects associated with methicillin therapy in children is unknown. During the ten-year period from 1964 to 1974 approximately 3,000 Houston children who received methicillin were observed for side effects. The great majority of these patients received the drug for less than ten days; however, side effects were more common in patients receiving long-term therapy. In order to assess these side effects, experiences with 124 children who received methicillin for ten days or longer were reviewed in depth. The average dose of methicillin was 200 mg/kg/day and the average duration was 22 days. In this highly selected group there were no adverse side effects in 54.8% and only eosinophilia in an additional 13%. Leukopenia occurred in 16%, microscopic hematuria in 8%, gross hematuria in 4%, skin rash in 6%, and "drug fever" in 6%. In many instances several of these side effects occurred within a single patient so that the total number of patients with definite side effects was 39 of 124 (31.5%). The true incidence figure of overall side effects is much lower than 31.5%. Corrected incidence rates based on a conservative figure of  3,000 methicillin-treated children are less than 1.5% for all side effects. In some patients the mechanism producing the adverse reactions seemed to be chemical irritation or toxicity and in others hypersensitivity. In nine of the 39 patients follow-up studies were not optimal. In the other 30 patients all side effects were reversible.


Treatment of apnea of prematurity with aminophylline. The effectiveness of aminophylline in the treatment of apnea of prematurity was evaluated in 13 premature infants (mean birthweight, 1.13 kg; mean gestational age, 29 weeks). Apnea was recorded by direct observation in combination with impedance monitoring. Rectal suppositories of aminophylline (5 mg) were given at six-hour intervals. The average dose was 4.1 mg/kg. No toxicity or complications were noted. The parents became free of apneic episodes during therapy. The response for each eight-hour interval of treatment over 72 hours when compared to pretreatment was significant (P less than .01; paired t-test), after the first eight hours. Only one patient required mechanical ventilation for apnea. Treatment was continued for 2 to 14 days (mean, 5 days). A recurrence of apnea was noted in nine patients after discontinuing aminophylline. All patients except one survived. No change in Po2, Pco2, pH, mean heart and respiratory rates, and blood pressure was noted. A direct effect on the respiratory center is postulated.


An influenza B epidemic among children in day-care. An outbreak of influenza virus type B infections occurred in the Frank Porter Graham Day Care Center from February to April, 1974. During the epidemic there were 27 isolations of influenza B virus from 20 children. One half of these were obtained from children who were well at the time of culturing. Attack rates as determined by virus isolation and seroconversion for most age groups approximated the 40% rate for the entire population. Clinical and microbiological data from this study were compared to those obtained in the center during the same three months in 1973. Increases in the incidence of otitis media and temperatures over 38 C were seen during the 1974 study. Intensive continuous microbiological surveillance for bacteria, viruses, and mycoplasmas failed to reveal predominance of any other potential pathogen to account for these clinical findings. The analysis permitted by the nature of this study design in a day-care setting revealed several unexpected findings: high attack rates unrelated to age; common inapparent infections; and frequent association with otitis media.


A sequential study of various modes of skin and umbilical care and the incidence of staphylococcal colonization and infection in the neonate. The rates of colonization and infection of newborns with coagulase-positive staphylococci were studied during five sequential periods using various modes of skin care in the nursery. Colonization and infection were low during the baseline period when total body bathing with 3% hexachlorophene was employed (period 1), but increased dramatically (80% colonization, 9.5% infection) when hexachlorophene was discontinued and replaced by Ivory Soap baths (period 2). Reinstitution of hexachlorophene (period 3) reduced both colonization and infection, but not to the low levels seen during period 1. A second Ivory Soap period (period 4) resulted in a return to high colonization (77%) and infection (11.5%) rates. During period 5, daily Ivory Soap baths were continued and bacitracin ointment was applied to the umbilical area at least three times daily. Colonization was reduced to 10% and infection to 3.0%. Bacitracin could not be detected in serum in 15 infants studied. Colonization with gram-negative enteric bacilli was highest while using hexachlorophene or Ivory-bacitracin, but no increase in gram-negative infections was seen. Colonization of newborns with non-group A beta-hemolytic streptococci was not influenced predictably with various modes of skin care. The local application of bacitracin is a safe and effective method of controlling staphylococcal colonization and disease for infants in nurseries.


Management of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children: a reevaluation of postural drainage and bronchoscopy. The efficacy of the inhalation-postural drainage technique for removal of aspirated foreign bodies was compared with that of bronchoscopy in 76 children. Twelve of 49 children on postural drainage coughed out the foreign body (25%); the other 37 required bronchoscopy. The foreign body was successfully removed in 56 of 63 children who were bronchoscoped (89%). Our experience suggests that a trial of inhalation-postural drainage, administered in a hospital, may be valuable in the initial management of aspirated foreign bodies. If unsuccessful after several treatments, however, the technique should be abandoned, and bronchoscopy performed. Delay of foreign body removal beyond 24 hours may be associated with increased morbidity and prolonged hospital stay. With recent improvements in pediatric endoscopic instruments, the efficacy of bronchoscopy exceeds 90%.


Two programs for predicting adult stature for individuals. Two computer programs are described which use the new RWT method to predict adult stature for individuals. This method, developed and described by Roche et al. is the best and most accurate one available to date. The two programs are prepared with different aims in different languages. Program 1 is interactive, written in BASIC and is aimed for the clinician who needs predictions for just a few individuals at a time. Program 2 is written in FORTRAN and is meant for large-scale batch processing. It is thought that this mode is better for the researcher who is more interested in large-scale testing of hypotheses about such things as the efficacy of intervention programs in human growth.


Effect of chronic salt and water loading on the tubular defects of a child with Fanconi syndrome (cystinosis). A male child discovered to have cystinosis and Fanconi syndrome at the age of 2 years 8 months was hospitalized repeatedly for episodes of hyponatremic, hypokalemic dehydration and acidosis. Attempts to correct the fluid and electrolyte abnormalities by increasing progressively the supplements of sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and potassium chloride resulted only in an exacerbation of the symptoms. Tests of discrete renal functions and metabolic balance studies disclosed that, although all disturbances were expressions of the primary disease, their severity was enhanced considerably by the extracellular volume expansion induced by the vigorous therapy. Restriction in water intake resulted in an improvement in the renal performance and in the clinical condition.


Growth of hyperkinetic children taking methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, or imipramine/desipramine. One hundred children with the hyperkinetic syndrome or minimal brain dysfunction syndrome were treated with medication: 60 with methylphenidate (Ritalin), 24 with dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), and 16 with either imipramine or desipramine. The duration of treatment was for a minimum of two years, and averaged five years, with an average follow-up of six years from the onset of treatment. Their weight and height had been measured prior to treatment, and these and subsequent measurements were converted to percentiles, using the tables of norms of the Iowa City study. Initially there was a diminution in expected weight, but not height, but after a few years the growth in weight and height was found to be greater than predicted from the norms to a statistically significant degree. Gains in weight and height were greater for those whose medication had been stopped prior to the final measurements than for those still taking medication; but these differences did not reach statistical significance. No correlations were found between dosage level and changes in weight and height percentiles. It is concluded that there is no stunting of growth from the long-term use of methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine, or imipramine/desipramine in children. Any slowing of growth when treatment is first started is compensated for later on, both while the patient is still taking the medication, and after discontinuing it.


Effect of activated charcoal on acetaminophen absorption. Acetaminophen intoxication can cause hepatic, renal, and myocardial necrosis which is often fatal. These lesions develop very rapidly, perhaps during the first pass of the drug through the liver. In case of acute ingestion of an overdose it is therefore essential to employ measures for reducing the absorption of acetaminophen. The effect of activated charcoal on acetaminophen absorption by normal volunteers was determined as a function of the dose of charcoal, the dosage form of acetaminophen, and the charcoal-to-acetaminophen dose ratio. The results indicate that activated charcoal can be an effective antidote for acute acetaminophen intoxication, if administered promptly and in sufficient quantity.


Childhood hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to dove antigens. A case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to doves is reported and compared with other cases due to dove or pigeon antigens reported in children. The diagnosis is substantiated by the presence of precipitating antibody to dove and pigeon serum, clinical improvement after contact with the doves was broken, and a positive response to inhalation challenge with pigeon serum. The insidious nature of this disease is emphasized as well as the importance of having detailed environmental information in children with unexplained respiratory disease.


Paraplegia associated with umbilical artery catheterization in the newborn. Major complications have followed the use of umbilical artery catheterization in the newborn. The procedure is often a vital part of the monitoring of the critically ill infant and efforts are therefore made to reduce these risks. Recently, we have encountered two newborn infants who developed paraplegia for which no definite etiology could be uncovered. However, their management was attended by the use of umbilical artery catheters and it is postulated that the etiology of paraplegia may have resulted from embolization from these potential thrombogenic sources. The blood supply of the spinal cord and the site of possible embolization are discussed.


Determinants of personal space in young children: perception of distance cues. Two methods of assessing personal space in young children were examined in a group of 24 boys and 24 girls, aged 3 to 6 yr. When sex of peer figures and affect attributed to them were varied, 3-yr.-olds made distance-cue judgements based on affect but failed to use affect cues in structuring personal space. However, 4- to 6-yr.-olds readily perceived and used distance to communicate the affective quality of peer relations. On both measures, perception of distance cues increased with age. Only girls also used sex of figures as a social cue in depicting appropriate distances.


Are two hands better than one? assessing information acquired from one- and two-handed haptic exploration of random forms. 15 male undergraduates were presented with 10-sided random forms which they explored visually, or one-handed haptically, or two-handed haptically. Forms were exposed for various durations and subjects were required to draw each form immediately after its removal. The results indicated that 30 sec. of one-handed exploration and 20 and 30 sec. of two-handed exploration produced performance comparable to just 2 sec. of visual exploration. Two-handed exploration was significantly superior to one-handed exploration only at the 20-sec. exposure duration. These results illustrate the disparity in the information-gathering capabilities between the visual and haptic systems.


Effect of stress on field dependence.

Effect of stress on field dependence. 60 subjects were tested in the rod-and-frame test under flicker conditions (stress). As compared to scores in a control situation (no flicker), the rod-and-frame scores were large under stress and increased monotonically during the session. Futhermore, both intra- and interindividual variability of rod-and-frame performance changed under stress conditions in a consistent manner. The general results, which clearly point to a reliable influence of stress on field dependency, are discussed within the methodological framework of Witkin's theory of perception and personality.


Aftereffects of short-term monocular deprivation on critical flicker frequency of the non-occluded eye. Ten subjects were monocularly deprived for a period of 6 hr. The CFF of the non-occluded eye was determined just before deprivation, at 3 and 6 hr. of deprivation and at 1, 3, 5, and 18 hr. following restoration of binocular vision. Results indicated a large depression in CFF at 6 hr. of deprivation followed by a gradual return to baseline that was virtually complete 18 hr. afterr binocular vision was restored. The results were discussed in terms of previous research and theory.


Boredom and arousal: comparison of tasks differing in visual complexity. This experiment was designed to examine the relationship of boredom to arousal. 32 male subjects participated, with 16 subjects performing a low-visual-complexity task and the remainder performing a task high in visual complexity. Both physiological and subjective measures were obtained. Responses to subjective questionnaires showed significant increases in boredom for both groups. Physiological measures indicated a mixed pattern of change. These results suggest a complex response pattern for the construct of boredom which cannot be described as clearly showing either increasing or decreasing arousal.


Variation of reinforcement in performance of a motor skill. A simple experimental procedure administered by parents was used to study  the effects of variation of reinforcement on performance of a motor skill by a 7-yr.-old retarded male. Owing to hemiplegia this subject has a very restricted range of movement in his left hand. The task required him to use his left hand to place wooden cubes within squares drawn on a paper sheet. Factors varied were type of reinforcer (3 consumables), schedule (continuous, fixed ratio and variable ratio), and frequency of reinforcement. Administration of variable ratio delivery was proceived as an enjoyable game by the subject who produced his best performances under this condition. Functional analyses (mini-experiments) should include type of reinforcer and form of delivery.


Information seeking vs information utilization in children's induction from incomplete pictures. By removing small squares which completely covered simple silhouette pictures, 4-,6-,8-, and 10-yr.-old children gradually exposed information until they were able to induce, or identify, the whole picture. This method allowed differentiation between the development of information-seeking behavior (accuracy of removing only those squares which exposed the silhouette) and utilization of information (accuracy of identifying partially exposed silhouettes). Results indicated a monotonic development in information seeking but a plateau between ages 6 and 8 yr. in utilization of information.


Color preference in the gibbon.

Color preference in the gibbon. Color preference was tested by showing 6 colored objects to one adult gibbon. The subject demonstrated both color and position preferences on a modified Wisconsin General Test Apparatus. The blue object and, during some conditions, responses to the subject's right were most preferred.


Distribution of practice effects on learning retention and relearning by retarded boys. The stabilometer task was used to study the difference between massed practice and distributed practice on initial acquisition, retention, and relearning of a gross motor skill by mentally retarded boys. 72 subjects were randomly assigned to either one massed practice group or one of three distributed practice groups with varying interrial rest intervals. All subjects were retested for retention and relearning after 8 wk. of no practice. The results indicated that distributed practice was superior to massed practice for initial skill acquisition. Retention was superior, favoring the group given distributed practice, but no significant differences were found between groups for relearning, indicating that the advantage of distributed practice may be temporary and that it is a performance rather than a learning factor.


Test of the incidental-cues hypothesis.

Test of the incidental-cues hypothesis. Five groups of adult Ss were submitted to free-recall learning of 24 objects presented as written nouns for the control group and as pictures for experimental groups, as follows: schematic black and white, schematic colored, detailed black and white, and detailed colored drawings. Pictures were better recalled than nouns. Recall was significantly inferior for schematic black and white than for detailed colored drawings, with schematic colored and detailed black and white drawings at an intermediate level. These results support the so-called incidental-cues hypothesis according to which the best recall of pictures in comparison with that of nouns is partially the result of pictures having more distinctive cues likely to be encoded than do verbal items.


Relationship between a behavioral and several psychometric measures of test anxiety. Behavioral time-sampling was compared with various paper-and-pencil, self-report measures of test anxiety in an examination of the utility of the behavioral measure as an in situo index of test anxiety. The behavioral measure was significantly and positively correlated 0.45 with a paper-and pencil, self-report measure of "facilitative" test anxiety but not with measures of "debilitative" test anxiety (r = -0.15) or general anxiety (r = -0.33) for 12 males and 21 female undergraduates.


Frequency of eidetic imagery among hydrocephalic children. A sample of 75 mentally retarded children, including 14 with arrested hydrocephalus, 39 with other diagnoses of brain damage, and 22 familial cases, was tested for eidetic imagery, in order to clarify the relationship between eidetric imagery and neuropathology. The hypotheses tested were that the frequency of eidetic imagery is higher among hydrocephalics than among other brain-damaged children and higher among hydrocephalics than among familials. The data confirmed the hypotheses and are interpreted as supporting a theory in which particular structural impairments in the visual system may delay neural development and result in a persistance of eidetic imagery.


A signal-detection determination of the two-point supraliminal difference limen on three different body areas. This investigation was designed to determine the relationship between the tactual two-point threshold and the two-point supraliminal difference limen. The yes/no method was employed and three localities were tested. The results confirmed the hypothesis that as the initial two-point threshold increases, the two-point supraliminal difference limen also increases. No significant differences were obtained between the right and the left sides of each body area tested and only on the hand was a reliable difference obtained between the first 9 and second 9 sessions. This difference was interpreted in terms of a peripheral fatigue phenomenon.


Effects of practice and positional variables in acquisition of a complex psychomotor skill. 40 Navy subjects practiced a three-dimensional tracking task in two positions (the apparatus either in front of,, or above, the subject) under distributed and massed practice schedules to determine the effects of these variables on acquisition of skill. Distributed and massed practice were defined in terms of trial (4 1/2 and 9 min.) and session (1 and 2 hr.) lengths with the subjects equally divided into these four groups: distributed trials, distributed sessions; distributed trials, massed sessions; massed trials, distributed sessions; and massed trials, massed sessions. Total training (practice and rest) time was identical for all groups. Results indicated that task position was a relevant variable in acquisition of skill, i.e. different practice schedules were optimal for the two positions studied.


Visual observing by rhesus monkeys: influence of potentially threatening stimuli. 7 rhesus monkeys were afforded the opportunity to observe a series of projected color slides of other monkeys exhibiting five content categories of social-communicative behavior (submission, intense threat, mild threat, grooming, and neutral behavior) combined with two levels of familiarity (familiar vs unfamiliar) with reference to the animals depicted in the slides. Mean duration of observing was significantly influenced by the social-communicative content categories, while mean frequency of observing was significantly affected by the familiarity dimension. The data were discussed in terms of the threat potential or fear-arousing capacity of social stimuli in relation to visual obsrving.


Autonomy of imagery and production of original verbal images. 90 college students (31 men and 59 women) were categorized as moderately autonomous, less autonomous (less highly controlled) and non-autonomous (high controlled) imagers according to the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control Moderately autonomous imagers produced significantly more original verbal images than less autonomous and non-autonomous imagers with less autonomous imagers scoring higher than non-autonomous imagers as measured by Onomatopoeia and Images. There were no significant sex main effects of interaction of autonomy of imagery level X sex.


Personal space, body image and leadership: an exploratory study. Personal space and boundary scores of black female leaders and non-leaders were compared (N = 26). Results showed that personal space scores distinguished the groups, while boundary indices did not.


Lateral onset asynchrony in left-handers. Study of matching judgment was designed to demonstrate an effect of lateral onset asynchrony in left-handed subjects, 7 males and 8 females. Japanese Hirakana letters or random forms were presented to one visual field first and to the other visual field second. 15 left-handers were requested to judge whether the successively presented stimuli were "same" or "different." The results showed that for both types of stimuli there are no differences in accuracy of matching judgement whether the standard stimulus was presented to the right visual field first or to the left. These results indicate that the left-handed subjects may have a tendency toward hemispheric equi-potentiality for recognition of both verbal and non-verbal materials.


Test-retest reliability and interrelation among three locus of control measures for children. Test-retest reliability was obtained for the Bialer Scale for Children, the Stranford Preschool I-E Scale and a TAT Locus of Control measure. Correlations between measures ranged from .06 to .26. Based on a lack of correlation between measures, high test-retest reliability for the Bialer, a grade effect on Bialer, and the results of previous studies, the Bialer was viewed as an adequate measure of locus of control for children.


Vibrotactile and temperature sensory interaction in the human tongue. Lingual vibrotactile thresholds were used to demonstrate an interaction between the lingual senses of vibrotaction and temperture. Thresholds were obtained on 10 Ss from the anterior midline of the lingual dorsum at a frequency of 250 Hz. Five temperature conditions were tested ranging in 10 degrees C steps from 17 degrees C to 57 degrees C. Thresholds were obtained before and after the introduction of the temperature stimuli. Comparison of mean pre- and post-experimental thresholds demonstrated that temperature is a determining factor in lingual vibrotactile threshold values. The data indicated that systematic variation from normal body temperature resulted in corresponding decreases in lingual vibrotactile sensitivity. Diagnostic and clinical implications of this interaction were discussed.


Efficacy of the Visual Retention Test as a group-administered instrument for young children. Group and individual administrations of the Revised Visual Retention Test to 84 primary-grade children, matched on chronological age and IQ, were demonstrated to be comparable. Form C of the test was used for memory and copy administrations, together with a multiple-choice version. No significant difference was obtained between treatments on memory, copy, or multiple-choice. The group testing procedure appears to provide a valid technique for screening intact classroms for visual perception, memory, and constructive deficits. Further research with the various forms and administrations is suggested to determine the educational correlates of performance.


Age, sex, and delay time as factors affecting reaction to delayed auditory feedback. Five groups of 10 males and 10 females each, aged 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 yr., recited a nursery rhyme under normal delay and 113, 226, 306-m 403-, and 520-msec, delayed auditory-feedback conditions. Speaking rate and disfluency count changes from normal delay to each delayed auditory feedback condition were calculated as indicators of reaction to delayed auditory feedback. Analyses of variance and post hoc comparisons indicated that 5-yr.-olds reacted with greater change in rate at 520-msec. delayed auditory feedback than did older subjects. Five- and 7-yr.-olds were more disfluent at 413-and 520-msec. delayed auditory feedback than were older subjects. Sex differences were found in the 7-, 11-, and 13-yr.-old groups, using speaking rate as a measure of delayed auditory-feedback reaction. No significant sex differences were noted when disfluencies were used as indicators of delayed auditory-feedback reaction.


Body perception upon awakening.

Body perception upon awakening. 12 male subjects were evaluated with a battery of body perception measures before sleep and just after awakening. Personality measures were also obtained. The results indicated a borderline, but not significant, trend at the time of awakening for the body boundary to be reduced in definiteness; and there were sensations that one's body is more dirty, that its openings are more blocked, and that its size is of less expansive proportions. There were also trends for the traits of stability and reflectiveness to predict bodily experiences upon awakening.


Shape constancy as a function of selected physical stimulus dimensions. By a random method the right half of a figure was constructed; then a mirror image was drawn on the left side to produce a perfectly symmetrical figure. This basic figure was manipulated in such a way as to produce five figures (instances) each on the four physical dimensions of symmetry, number of points, ratio of curved to angled turns, and extension. The hypothesis that the instances of the physical dimensions would be related to degree of shape constancy in an ordinal manner was not supported in any simple way. However there was enough evidence to warrent further investigation. The dimension of extension was selected. Three new stimulus forms were constructed in a manner commensurate with Exp. I, and varied over the dimension of extension. The functions from instance to instance of the three random figures were not significantly similar. However, the homegeneity of mean Brunswik ratios, and individual responses decreased with increased extension; also, values of the ratio closer to 1.00 were generated with increased extension. This suggests that the interaction effects of particular figure and location on the dimension of extension may be of fundamental importance.


Heart-rate effects on human reaction time. Intra-subject rs between auditory RT and heart rate for 100 males (Mage = 55 yr.) showed RT to be independent of heart rate determined from single bears. rs were of negligible magnitude though more than a chance number were significant.