The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus of sheep (Ovis aries) and the effects on food and water intake following its electrolytic destruction. A description is presented of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) of sheep following study of paraffin-embedded material stained with a Nissl and a myelin stain. The VMN is related to most structures in the ventrobasal hypothalamus and is ellipsoidally shaped with its poles tilted both medially and anteriorly. Three kinds of neurons can be distinguished under the high power of the light microscope, and other cellular variants are probably the three basic types seen in different orientations. The commonest neuron had bipolar processes and a basophilic line structure apparently curving over the surface of the nucleus. The food and water intake of four sheep with discrete destruction of the VMN is described and compared with sheep with anterior hypothalamic lesions and controls. Discrete destruction of the VMN was without effect on food and water intake. The conclusion is reached that more lateral and ventrolateral areas of the tuberal hypothalamus might be involved in satiety regulation in the sheep.


[Comparative study of tracheal epithelium of different mammals]. Tracheal epithelia of ten different mammals were investigated with the light and the electron microscope. Characteristic differences were found concerning the thickness of the epithelia, the length of the cilia, the density of the cells in the epithelia, the numerical distribution of the different cells and their ultrastructure. Special attention was paid to the morphology of the kinetosomes. Brush cells and chromaffin cells, which are sparsely distributed in the different tracheal epithelia, were discussed.


[Esential comparative, morphological and topographical differences and characteristics of the cecum in man and domestic animals]. The caecum in man as a part of the large colon (intestinum crassum) differs morphologically and topographically from the caecum of domestic mammals. The caecum in domestic mammals differs not only from the human caecum but also comparatively morphologically and topographically among the domestic mammals. The appendix vermiformis does not exist in domestic mammals, which represents the main difference between the human caecum and that of domestic mammals. There are certainly some differences in the physiological function of the caecum in man and the caecum in domestic mammals, which are carnivores, omnivores, omnivores and herbivores.


Stature estimation from femur and humerus by regression and autometry. Estimation of stature from a single extremity bone is a common forensic practice and many regression equations are given by various workers. In India, Pearson's formula is the most commonly used method to determine the height. These regression equations were subjected to verification on 194 (97 pairs) femora and 102 (51 pairs) humeri from India. It was seen that the Pearsonian formulae did not give exact results. The regression formulae differed statistically in both sexes in femur and humerus. These are calculated and given. This finding once again proves the necessity of having norms or formulae for the specific groups, when reliable results are required. In addition, the proportion between humerus length and femur length is also verified. This has evolutionary significance. In addition to the usual method as above, a method of the proportion these bones individually bear to the stature of the same person to which the bones belong is worked out both as a multiplication factor and percentage proportion to the body stature. It has been amply demonstrated and concluded that this method be called "autometry" and further that this seems to be more reliable method than the tedious yet variable and unreliable results the various formulae give. This autometry seems to have a consistency, being constant in both sexes and all races, thus evolving a "human race autometry".


[The encephalus of the pond-loach, Misgurnus fossilis (L.), 1758 (fish, teleosts, Cobitidae). An example of sexual dimorphism]. The brain of the Pond-loach (Misgurnus fossilis) is very closely related to that of Cyprinidae. In the Medulla oblongata, the facial lobe-in relation with the skin taste buds, especially on the barbels-is bigger than the vagal lobes-which are related with the mouth taste buds. The intraspecific relations between brainweight and bodyweight or various body lengths show a real sexual dimorphism (brain dimegaly). The interspecific brain-bodyweight relationship shows an allometric coefficient of 0.505 in males and 0.485 in females, very close to that of the Rainbow trout. The encephalization index (63) is very close to that of the Tench, and a little lower than that of the Cyprinidae as a whole.


Karyometric studies of the nucleus preopticus in fish (Clarias batrachus) and toad (Bufo andersonii). With the object of investigating the so called 'feedback' mechanism, whereby hormones from the various endocrine glands influence the hypothalamus in its regulation of the hypophysial tropic hormones, the activity of the nucleus preopticus (NPO) has been studied by means of karyometry under experimental conditions to understand the endocrine nature of the hypothalamic nuclei. (1) Oestrogen and testosterone propionate caused an increase in nuclear volume of the NPO cells, which is related to the synthesis of secretion. An increase of the nuclear volume is attributed to an increase of secretion. (2) Methylthiouracil (MTU) and thiourea bring about shrinkage in nuclear dimensions (p less than 0.001). Depletion of NSM is noticed in the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system after MTU administration. (3) Two to five days' administration brings about depletion of NSM in the cells of the NPO. Eight to 15 days' metopiron treatment enhanced the activity of NPO cells. (4) Hypophysectomy caused shrinkage of the NPO cell nuclei, depletion of AF-stainable material in the cells of the NPO. ACTH treatment reversed these changes and brought about hypertrophy of the neurosecretory cells. (5) Neomercazole treatment and radiothyroidectomy bring about shrinkage in the NPO cell nuclei. Thyroidectomized toads when injected with thyroxine showed an enlargement of their nuclei.


Histochemical studies of the development of alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in the ovary and oviduct of the fowl (Gallus domesticus). Alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were studied in the ovary and oviducts of pullets from the age of 2-32 weeks. Adult fowls were similarly studied. Alkaline phosphatase activity was present only in the glandular grooves and crypts of the immature oviducts. Alkaline phosphatase activity appeared at the pits of epithelial evaginations as glandular formation commenced. The young, non-secreting glands also showed the enzyme activity. But in the mature oviduct, alkaline phosphatase activity was confined to only the uterovaginal glands or sperm host glands and the epithelium of the vagina. In the ovary, alkaline phosphatase activity in the theca interna increased as the diameter of the follicles increased. Acid phosphatase activity was not present in the ovary, but in the oviduct, the enzyme activity was present in the uterine (shell gland) glands and in the uterovaginal epithelium and glands (sperm host glands). Alkaline phosphatase activity in the ovarian follicles and in the immature oviduct is thought to be related to histodifferentiation of these structures.


Histological and ultrastructural observations on the development of the lung of the fetal pig. Lungs of fetal pigs having gestational ages ranging from 80 to 115 days were examined histologically and by electron microscopy. At 80 days bronchial epithelium was ciliated but bronchiolar cells were not and bronchial mucosal glands were absent. Peripheral regions consisted predominantly of mesenchymal tissue with glandular alveoli. 92 days marked the transition from the immature to the more mature lung type. Bronchial glands appeared and began to grow from the epithelium into the lamina propria, bronchiolar epithelial cells acquired cilia, and alveoli were becoming irregular in shape and had thinner interalveolar septa. Close contact between capillaries and alveolar epithelium established the blood-air barrier at many points. Differentiation of alveolar epithelium into types I and II pneumonocytes occurred at this stage and lamellated osmiophilic inclusion bodies were present in type II cells for the first time. The number of lamellated bodies increased progressively to term at 115 days.


Erythrophagocytosis by cells of the trophoblastic epithelium in the sheep placenta in different stages of gestation. Erythrophagocytosis by the trophoblastic epithelial cells of the sheep placenta was studied in different stages of gestation. Light-microscopic observations showed that the erythrophagocytosis became more and more conspicuous with increasing stages of gestation. Electron-microscopically, this process appeared to take place in the same way as described for red cell destruction elsewhere. Light-microscopically, a high acid phosphatase activity could be demonstrated in the cells which took part in the process of erythrophagocytosis. Degenerating epithelial cells were found, the number of which appeared to increase with the stage of gestation. Under the electron microscope, the cytoplasm of these degenerating cells appeared to contain a diversity of crystals, myelin-like figures and irregular coarse concretions.


A morphological study of the carotid body and the fibre content of carotid nerve in the buffalo. In the buffalo the carotid body is located in the periarterial connective tissue of the occipital artery immediately cranial to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. The carotid body is lobulated and does not appear to contain chromaffin tissue. Nerve terminals have been seen in close relation to the glomus cells. A quantitative study of the fibre content of the carotid nerve and the carotid body has also been made. The myelinated fibres in the carotid nerve range from 278 to 473, with a mean of 368 +/- 39 fibres. The histogram of myelinated fibres is distinctly unimodal. Of the myelinated fibre population, 55.4% of fibres have diameters of 2 mum, 34.1% of 4 mum, 9.5% of 6 mum and 1% have diameters of 8 mum. The mean greatest sagittal sectional area of the carotid body is 0.58 +/- 0.09 mm2. The mean density (per mm2) of glomus cells is 9,216 +/- 378. It appears that the organ is highly vascular (473 +/- 56 blood vessels/mm2 area). The mean size of the glomus cells is 7.85 +/- 0.46 mum X 10.02 +/- 0.64 mum (short diameter X long diameter), whereas the mean size of their nuclei is 4.96 +/- 0.19 mum X 5.52 +/- 0.27 mum.


[Electron microscopic study of the development of the seminiferous tubule from birth to the end of the 1st year]. The development of the seminiferous tubule in the first year of life was studied with the electron microscope in five biopsies of normal testes. When HCG stimulation ceases, the fetal Sertoli cell changes into the Sa-Sertoli cell. The possibility of the fetal Sertoli cell having a hormone producing role is discussed. Gonocytes can be detected until the third month post natum. In addition to the gonocytes fetal, transitional, Ap and Ad spermatogonia are also present in the first year of life.


The structure of the suprarenal venous system and its possible functional significance. The structure of the suprarenal venous system of 25 human suprarenal glands has been studied. From a structural point of view, four portions of the suprarenal vein have been distinguished: the proximal section, the hilus section, the section of the prehilus collaterals, and the distal section. In the hilus section and the section of the prehilus collaterals, the structure of the tunica media is more complex. In the hilus section, spiral fibres are found besides the longitudinal muscle fibres. Three strata of fibres can be observed in the section of the prehilus collaterals at the point where these veins drain into the central vein: two longitudinal strata, external and internal, and a third intermediate stratum corresponding to the looped fibres. The spiral and looped fibres, on contracting, can function as a sphincter. The longitudinal fibres, by means of the traction they exert on the stroma and connective capsule of the suprarenal, increase the intraglandular pressure while decreasing the periglandular pressure. A sympathetic stimulus provokes an increase in the secretion of adrenalin, and, at the same time, a contraction of the muscle fibres of the suprarenal venous system. Under these conditions, the venous return makes use of the emissary veins; and in this way, the secreted adrenalin establishes a close contact with the cortico-suprarenal parenchyma.


Vascular patterns in the chick embryo spinal cord in normal and experimentally modified development. The development of the vascular patterns of the lumbosacral segments of the chick embryo spinal cord has been analyzed in normal as well as in experimental conditions, after complete removal of the hind limb primordium. The results indicate that in both conditions the development of the vascular network follows the time-space sequence of the cytoarchitectural modifications of the cord, supporting the view that the vascularization does not exert a morphogenetic influence.


Ultrastructure of the neural canal closure in the chicken embryo. We have studied the neuroectoderm of the chicken embryo, from the beginning of somitic segmentation up to the state at which it has seven somities, i.e. the period covering the passage from the 'neural canal' into the 'neural tube'. This paper was devoted mainly to the study of the ultrastructural cytodifferentiation which takes place during the stages in which the neural canal closes up, and at the level of the first area of contact between the 'neural crests'-roughly at the level of the third somite. We used eggs from a hen of the White Leghorn breed, incubated at 38 degrees C, from which we extracted chicken embryos after 24-30 h of incubation, corresponding to Hamburger-Hamilton's stages 7, 8 and 9. Thus we were able to obtain several series of embryos with three, six and seven somites. The neural canal, or tube, at the level of the third somite, was fixed in glutaraldehyde at 6.25% for 30 min and postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide for 2 h embedded in Araldite, and the sections were then stained with lead citrate. We observed that the vacuoles in the free edge of the neural canal gradually disappear as the canal closes up, while we gradually witness the appearance of the 'closure apparatus' (or the safety or occlusion apparatus) of what is beginning to form the ependymal epithelium, and the first rudimentary outlines of the cilia. All these changes begin to be observed at the seven-somite stage, i.e. when the neural canal is beginning to close up. The 'closure apparatus' consists of a number of intercellular joint complexes, of the 'close-join't type, between which we observe a number of fine filaments, like a terminal velum', or veil, which we call 'interconnecting filaments'. In the 'raphe', whereby contact is established between the neural crests, we observe the initial stages of fusion between the vacuolated edges, with the plasmatic membrane of these cells forming very fine cytoplasmic 'tongues' which interdigitate with cells from the opposite neural crest and finally constitute the so-called close joints.


Influence of cell density of nuclear size in monolayer cells from embryonic mouse brains. Studies were carried out on the nuclear size of embryonic mouse brain monolayer cells at various cell densities. The variation in cell density resulted from different initial cell numbers. The nuclear area was measured area-analytically with the Quantimet, the determination of cell population was measured linear-analytically using the Digiscan. Nuclear size remains constant in a cell culture of 10(4) up to 8.3 X 10(4) cells ml, which corresponds to a cell density of about 25-160 cells/unit. A significant diminution in mean nuclear size of the cell nucleus occurs in the case of increased cell densities of 215 and 277 cells/unit, corresponding to a cell culture of 2.5 X 10(5) AND 7.3 X 10(5) cells ml. This diminution may be connected with the accumulation of G1 cell nuclei in cultures with contact-dependent growth inhibition.


Correlation between the structure of the wall of the bone lacuna and the localization of the osteocyte within this lacuna. Electron-microscopic studies. A correlation between the structure of the wall of the bone lacuna and the localization of the osteocyte within this lacuna was the object of investigation under light and electron microscopes. On the basis of the structural divergences detected, the author distinguished zones A and B in the osteocyte situated in the lacuna. Zone B is characterized by a parallel, compact system of collagen fibrils which form a characteristic ridge in the lacunar wall, a continuous demarcating line bordering this wall, the osteocyte cytoplasm in this part lying far from the lacuna wall and surrounding the nucleus with a narrow band, and the pericellular space which is wide here and containing a large number of mucopolysaccharides. This picture may correspond to the area of temporary non-reactivity of the osteocyte. Zone A is characterized by a loosened and disordered system of collagen fibrils forming the lacunar wall. These fibrils being exposed in this place by nature, the demarcating line bordering the lacunar wall is broken in some places, the osteocyte cytoplasm is considerably concentrated around the nucleus and contains a large number of organelles. It also lies closer to the lacunar wall, which results in a decreased width of the pericellular space and a diminished mucopolysaccharide content in this part of the lacuna. Structural variations in the lacuna wall and its space (zones A and B) observed in the images obtained with a normal bone in the light and electron microscopes show their immediate dependence on the position of the osteocyte in the lacuna, which may be associated with the osteocyte activity. On the other hand, the occurrence of significant changes in a definite zone (zone A) of the lacuna only points to the oriented character of this activity.


Variations in kidney ultrastructure with a variety of paraformaldehyde fixation techniques. Variations in fine structure of glomeruli and proximal tubules were studied to determine the results of several fixation techniques with paraformaldehyde. Immersion fixation techniques generally resulted in poor fixation, while the quality of fixation by perfusion was directly related to the concentration of the paraformaldehyde. The best technique was fixation by perfusion and immersion in 3% paraformaldehyde for 2 h followed by a post-fixation in 1% OsO4 for 1 h. Intracellular edema was noted in all epithelial, mesangial and proximal tubular cells that were from poorly fixed kidneys. Swollen mitochondria and the dilated endoplasmic reticulum were common in many of those cells. Mesangial and proximal tubular cells were the first to swell. Poor fixation produced the early stages of autolysis. The criteria for good paraformaldehyde fixation are discussed.


Effect of whole-body irradiation on the synethesis of ribonucleic acid associated with nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles of rat liver. Synthesis of the RNA of rat liver nuclear RNP particles ("informofers") was studied within 12 hrs after 1930 rad whole-body gamma-irradiation. 14C-orotic acid was administratered intravenously and nuclear RNP particles were extracted by 0.1 M and by 0.3 M salt solutions at pH 8.0. Radioactivity of the RNP particles 1.5--2.0 times higher than that of the unirradiated controls up to 6 hrs after irradiation, exhibiting a maximum at the first hour. The labelling of the 0.3 M RNP particles was higher and chased less rapidly than that of the 0.1 M RNP particles. The RNA to protein ratio and the protein composition of the RNP the RNP particles did not change after irradiation as examined by CsCl density gradient centrifugation and by acrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. In the cytoplasm enhanced synthesis of rapidly labelled RNA sedimenting with 40 S cytoplasmic RNP paricles could also be demonstrated after irradiation. It is concluded that the synthesis of messenger-type RNA associated with liver nuclear RNP particles increases and more RNA is transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm after whole-body irradiation.


Binding of alkylamines to trypsin as measured by difference spectroscopy. The effect of n-propylamine, n-butylamine and n-pentylamine on trypsin at pH 5.4, at 25 degrees and 7 degrees C was investigated by the difference spectroscopic technique. The difference spectra were found to be similar for all three alkylamines tested. The difference between the absorbance minimum near 290 nm and the absorbance maximum near 297 nm taken as the measure of perturbation, the following values were obtained for the dissociation constant of the enzyme-ligand complex as calculated from the dependence of this perturbation upon alkylamine concentration at 25 degrees: propylamine, 6.0 X 10(-3) M; butylamine, 3.0 X 10(-3) M; pentylamine, 4.3 X 10(-4) M; and at 7 degrees: butylamine: 5.6 X 10(-3) M the chromophores situated in the active centre. It seems probable that the binding of an alkylamine gives rise to a conformational change which results in the rotation of Tyr-228 and Trp-215 residues towards the hydrophobic surroundings. This dislocation is a part of the minute change that leads to the activation of the catalytic site.


Investigation of hydration of macromolecules. II. Studies on poly-(vinyl-alcohol) solutions by microwave dielectric method. Microwave conductivity and dielectric condstant of poly-(vinyl-alcohol) (PVA) solutions of 0--10 per cent were determined at 2--4 GHz frequency in the temperature range from 25 degrees C to 35 degrees C. The low-frequency conductivities of the solutions were measured at 20 kHz in the same concentration and temperature range. Microwave conductivity was proportional to the square of frequency, and the axial section extrapolated to zero frequency was higher than low-frequency conductivity. This difference in conductivity can probably be attributed to the relaxation processes of water molecules interacting directly with macromolecules. The relaxation wavelength calculated from the frequency dependence of microwave conductivity increased and the dielectric constant of the solutions decreased with increasing macromolecular concentration in a linear way. The activation energy calculated from its temperature dependence was 4.0 +/- 1.0 kcal/mol. The products of self-diffusion coefficient and macroviscosity were compared with that of self-diffusion coefficient and microviscosity calculated from relaxation wavelength. From this the conclusion can be drawn that the self-diffusion of water is influenced by the concentration dependent microviscosity. The hydration numbers calculated by different methods give divergen results the discussion of which requires further investigations.


Comparison of the redox states of different tissues and the types of acetylcholine effect. By simultaneous recording of myograms, cardiomyograms and tissue redox state potentials (RSP) it was established that in tissues with higher RSP levels (+170 mV or more; rectus muscle, smooth muscle of the stomach) acetylcholine (Ach) exerted a depolarizing type of action, while in the frog heart ventricle (with RSP values lower than +170 mV) the mediator triggered a hyperpolarizing type Ach effect. Since following an appropriate adjustment of RSP values by exogenous redox agents the depolarizing and/or hyperpolarizing Ach effects can be modelled on any organs, independently of the original type of effect of Ach, it may be assumed that the existing redox state plays an important role in the determination of the depolarizing and/or hyperpolarizing effect of Ach.


[Can EEG contribute to the diagnosis of bilateral thrombosis of the carotid artery? (author's transl)]. The EEG of 48 patients suffering from either an unilateral or a bilateral thrombosis of the carotid artery are compared, and the most discriminative data of the recordings in these two conditions are stressed.


The syndrome of the posterior retroparotid space. A case of Villaret's syndrome, possibly secondary to herpes zoster, is presented. The topography of the lesion in this rare disease is discussed as well as the differential diagnosis.


Regressive language in severe head injury. In a follow-up study of 50 patients with severe head injuries three patients had echolalia. One patient with initially global aphasia had echolalia for some weeks when he started talking. Another patient with severe diffuse brain damage, dementia, and emotional regression had echolalia. The dysfunction was considered a detour performance. In the third patient echolalia and palilalia were details in a total pattern of regression lasting for months. The patient, who had extensive frontal atrophy secondary to a very severe head trauma, presented an extreme state of regression returning to a foetal-body pattern and behaving like a baby.


In vitro polarographic studies of rat brain oxygen uptake in simulated uraemia and hepatic coma. A polarographic technique has been used to study the oxygen uptake of rat brain homogenates incubated with metabolites known to accumulate in uraemia and hepatic coma. In general, results with individual metabolites were in agreement with those previously obtained with brain slices using the Warburg technique. Inhibition was induced at higher concentrations with urea, creatine, indoxysulphate, guanidine, dimethylamine hydrochloride, ammonium chloride, taurocholate, glycodeoxycholate, sodium deoxycholate, skalote and indole. Serum and ultrafiltrate from drowsy uraemic patients also caused inhibition, and this was reversed by renal dialysis. Similarly serum and ultrafiltrate from patients in hepatic coma inhibited oxygen uptake but in this instance reversal of the inhibition was not demonstrated following exchange blood transfusion to the patients.


[Pathological and biochemical studies on a neonatal case of argininosuccinic aciduria (author's transl)]. A newborn infant affected by argininosuccinic aciduria was treated with a hypoproteinaemic diet and survived up to the age of three months. Post mortem biochemical studies have confirmed the absence of argininosuccinase activity in kidney, liver and brain and a marked storage of argininosuccinic acid in the brain. The histological study of the central nervous system shows no Alzheimer type II cells; there is neither demyelination nor spongiosis. Such results are totally different from those recorded in untreated cases; they represent very likely the effects of the diet which has controlled the hyperammoniaemia and prevented a deficiency of arginine.


F-wave velocity in motor neurone disease. The F-wave velocity in the central segment (axilla to spinal cord) was studied employing the "collison technique" described by Kimura (1974), and compared with the conduction velocity obtained with the usual methods. In 25 normal subjects the F-wave velocity increased proceeding proximally, reaching the maximum values in the central tract (64.86 +/- 2.23 m/sec in ulnar nerve). In 11 patients affected by motor neurone disease and 11 patients affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis the F-wave velocity decreased significantly proceeding proximally and the minimum values were found in the central tract (52.51 +/- 2.15 m/sec in MND and 48.64 +/- 5.60 m/sec in ALS). We therefore suggest the use of F-wave velocity as a more complete element for precise localization of the lesion in the central segment when the motoneurone is primarily involved.


[Changes of motor innervation in myasthenic muscles in relation to age (author's transl)]. The motor innervation in muscle biopsies from 45 myasthenic patients was studied by intravital staining with methylene blue. The enzymatic pattern and fibre type distribution was analysed in 12 cases. Quantitative data including the proportion of elongated motor endings and the terminal innervation ratio (TIR) of motor axons, were compared to histochemical data and to clinical data including age of patients. The incidence of elongated motor endings tends to be greater in younger patients, whereas an increased collateral ramification of motor axons occurs only after the age of 50. Small type III fibers suggesting denervation are also found in elderly patients only. The significance of these morphological differences in relation to age is discussed.


Diazepam: intravenous infusion in the treatment of status epilepticus. As the anticonvulsant plasma level of diazepam (DZP) after intravenous injection is maintained only for a short period, it is profitable to administer DZP as an intravenous infusion. It has, however, been claimed that DZP cannot be mixed with dextrose injection as DZP would precipitate. As this is in contrast to our clinical experience we added DZP of various brands to dextrose injections. A precipitate was in fact found in dextrose injections containing Valium and Stesolid whereas Diazepam A.L. was not only slightly cloudy. The concentration of DZP was, however, the same in all the samples and corresponded to the calculated concentration. The precipitate in the solutions with Valium and Stesolid which did not pass the filter must therefore be due to additives, most probably benzoates. On the basis of these findings and our clinical experience of this mode of administration we recommend the infusion method as one of the most effective in the acute treatment of status epilepticus.


[Neuropsychological aspect of normal pressure hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. The authors report ten cases of normal pressure hydrocephalus treated by ventricular drainage. They pay particular attention to the neuropsychological and psychometric aspects and endeavour to identify the most characteristic nosological features by comparing their own clinical observations with those reported in the literature.


Neuropathological aspects of dementias resulting from abnormal blood and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. In a large autopsy series of elderly individuals, organic dementia was attributed to (pre-) senile atrophy in 52.8%, to cerebrovascular disease in 22.5%, while 13.6% were of mixed senile and vascular origin, and 1.3% showed communicating hydrocephalus with meningopathies or were of undetermined origin. A survey is given of the morphological criteria of dementia resulting from disorders of cerebral blood supply and CSF circulation. The anatomic basis of vascular dementias are: atherosclerotic encephalopathy with lacunar state or multiple infarcts; granular cortical atrophy resulting from local microcirculation disorders; hypertensive cerebrovascular disease with the common "mixed" cortico-subcortical type, and the rare Binswanger's subcortical type. Atypical cerebral hemorrhage in old individuals rather results from congophilic (amyloid) angiopathy than from hypertensive arteriosclerosis. Multiple infarct dementia may also result from thrombotic microangiopathy, thromboembolic disease or cerebral vasculitides. The anatomical features of dementia associated with communicating "normal-pressure" hydrocephalus (NPH) are meningopathy at the basis or on the convexity, and fibrosis of the choroid plexus and/or arachnoid villi of post-inflammatory or undetermined origin, and other non-specific changes (periventricular gliosis). This condition is also associated with hypertensive cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease. Cerebral biopsies in NPH as well as in other types of hydrocephalus show enlarged extracellular spaces with otherwise normal neuropil probably resulting from increased transcapillary filtration. In some cases of "idiopathic" NPH no causative anatomical changes are found. The relationship between cerebral tissue changes, abnormal blood and CSF dynamics in these conditions remains to be clarified.


Selenium, vitamin E and copper in multiple sclerosis. There has been accumulation of the nutritional muscular dystrophy of the cattle in a certain western district of Finland where the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is also highest. This animal disease is due to lack of selenium (Se) and vitamin E. The Se content of whole blood was low (52.6 +/- 11.3 ng/ml) in MS patients from this high-risk area compared to the controls (68.8 +/- 11.0). The data for serum failed to confirm this tendency. All Se values appeared to be lower than international values suggested. The values for both vitamin E and copper were within the international normal range.


Neurofibrillary degeneration induced by systemic aluminum. Neurofibrillary degeneration was induced in brain of rabbits by repeated, subcutaneous administration of soluble aluminum salts. Atomic absorption spectroscopy showed brain aluminum levels to increase from 1.1+/0.3mug/g (dry weight) in uninjected animals to concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 47.9 mug/g (dry weight). The Bielschowski silver stain revealed intracellular, argentophilic deposits, which were birefringent when stained with Congo red and viewed in polarized light. The histochemical stain morin revealed aluminum to be concentrated on nuclear chromatin. Analysis by electron microscopy showed the intra-neuronal deposits to be composed of accumulations of 100 A diameter filaments. These observations indicate that systemic aluminum crosses an apparently intact blood-brain barrier and induces neurofibrillary degeneration identical to that following direct brain injection.


Increased permeability of cerebral vessels to horseradish peroxidase induced by ischemia in Mongolian Gerbils. Cerebral ischemia was induced by occlusion of the left common carotic artery in adult Mongolian gerbils. The period of occlusion was 3, 6, or 18 h. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was intravenously injected in animals with clear neurological signs 1 h release of the clip. The HRP was allowed to circulate for 5 min. Fixation was carried out by perfusion with aldehydes. Tissue, incubated for peroxidatic activity, from the left side of the brain was treated for electron microscopy. During the postischemic period enhanced permeability was demonstrated in the brains of all animals. The amount of HRP transferred into the neuropil depended on the duration of ischemia. Thus the gerbils with 18 h occlusion showed the greatest content. The cells comprising the neuropil adjacent to vessels were studied and the degree of the pathological changes described below was increased proportionally to the time period of occlusion. The intercellular spaces, often filled with peroxidase, were expanded and the astrocytes swollen, especially the endfeet. Sometimes the astrocytes were pervious to HRP. The neurons were also swollen, but to a lesser degree than the astrocytes. No endothelial cell damage was observed. Even 18 h of occlusion did not change the plasma membranes. The intercellular spaces were free of HRP from the first luminal to the first abluminal tight junction. The cytoplasm exhibited HRP-containing vesicles of various types and shapes. Some were freely situated; others were connected to the plasma membrane and then open to the vessel lumen or to the basement membrane. Since no cell damage was demonstrated, and since no HRP was diffusely dispersed in the cytoplasm it is assumed that vesicles are responsible for the enhancement of the vesicular transport that normally occurs after intravenous injection of HRP.


Reversible blood-brain barrier dysfunction to peroxidase after a small stab wound in the rat cerebral cortex. Small stab wounds were made in the rat frontal lobe. The animals were injected with horseradish peroxidase intravenously at different times after the injury in order to study the extravasation of this tracer. There was a leakage of peroxidase into the brain during the first 3 days after the injury. The route of passage from the vessel lumen into the brain was through disrupted blood vessels in the injured region. Endothelial pinocytosis and formation of thin, trans-endothelial channel-like structures with or without a content of peroxidase were two other possible routes of passage across the blood vessels. Occasionally, badly damaged endothelial cells displayed a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution of peroxidase, indication a diffusion into and possibly across these injured cells. No widened tight junctions were seen. Thus, this study indicated four possible routes of passage of horseradish peroxidase across the endothelial cells: cellular gross damage with disrupture of the cells, diffusion across badly injured endothelial cells, possibly pinocytosis and formation of trans-endothelial channel-like structures. The cellular uptake of the tracer was vesicular in most neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and hematogeneous phagocytes. However, a diffuse distribution of the tracer was seen in some "dark" neurons near leaking vessels in the vicinity of the stab wound.


Experimental herpes simplex virus infection in the immature mouse brain. Mice of different ages during the postnatal development were injected intracerebrally with herpes simplex virus, type 1. Ultrastructurally, virus particles were demonstrated in the undiffereniated neuroectodermal cells of the subventricular zone and in the external layer of the cerebellum. Virus particles were also seen in endothelial cells of immature animals. The virus gave rise to an acute infection; which caused more extensive necrosis and bleeding in the cerebrum and cerebellum of the immature than the older mice.


Third ventricular chromophobe adenoma with normal adenohypophysis. An unusual case of chromophobe adenoma occurring in the third ventricle is reported. Ventriculography revealed a filling defect in the third ventricle and at autopsy the tumour was found in the posterior part of the third ventricle. No tumour was detected in the pituitary gland.


Malignant meningioma with liver metastases and hypoglycaemia. A case report. The history, clinical course and pathological findings are reported of a patient who developed a recurring, malignant meningioma. Widespread extracranial metastases occurred, particularly in the liver. Hypoglycaemia was a prominent feature during the late course of the disease. The influence of the histological type of meningioma and the effects of surgical interventions on the development of extracranial metastases are discussed together with the relationship of the tumour to hypoglycaemia.


Osteoarthritis at the base of the thumb. The concept of monoarticular reconstruction. Osteoarthritic affection of the base of the thumb involving 148 hands has been studied. Isolated osteoarthritis of the trapezio-metacarpal joint was found to be the largest group including a total of 111 hands. Reconstruction of this particular joint by a new technique is described and long-term results reported. A small series of isolated osteoarthritis of the trapezio-scaphoid joint is presented and reconstruction by replacing the affected articular surface of the carpal scaphoid is described. Osteoarthritic involvement of more than one of the articular surfaces of the trapezium was found in a group of 31 hands. In all of them the trapezio-metacarpal joint was predominantly affected. The rationale for monoarticular reconstruction of the trapezio-metacarpal joint, regardless of the extent of involvement, is discussed in detail.


Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. A follow-up with particular reference to late results after severely displaced fractures. A follow-up of 73 cases out of a 10-year material of 90 children with supracondylar fractures of the humerus is described. Forty-three children had fractures with gross displacement, whereas 30 children had undisplaced or slightly displaced fractures. This last group all achieved excellent results after simple conservative treatment. Twenty-three cases among the group with severe displacement were treated with vertical extension, 17 cases with one or more attempts at manipulative reduction and plaster fixation, and three with operation using Kirschner wires. The functional results were approximately the same in the first two groups and were satisfactory in 85-100%. The results with varus derformity were better in the group treated by extension (82% as opposed to 50% in the group treated by manual reposition). We conclude that extension in a vertical direction is the most suitable method of treatment of these often severely displaced fractures.


A study of painful shoulder in welders.

A study of painful shoulder in welders. By means of clinical examination, soft tissue radiography and quantitative electromyography, the effect of heavy industrial work was evaluated on welders at a shipyard. The study revealed that the older workers with shoulder pain have a chronic tendinitis of the rotator cuff. The supraspinatus muscle was shown to be consistently fatigued during overhead welding. It is believed that this is an important factor in the aetiology of the shoulder pain commonly occurring in older welders.


Intraspinal tumours in the first two decades of life. Clinical and radiological features. Twenty-eight patients with spinal tumours (11 malignant and 17 benign) detected in their first two decades of life have been reviewed. Twenty-six of the 28 patients had neurological disturbances, and a significant difference in the duration of debut symptoms in the benign and malignant groups could be demonstrated. X-ray survey was positive in 11 cases in the benign group and in three cases in the malignant group.


Operative treatment of scoliosis with the Harrington instrumentation technique. Preliminary results of treatment of scoliosis with the Harrington instrumentation technique in 80 patients are presented. The curve correction at operation averaged 43.4% with the best results being achieved in idiopathic single curves (49.3%). Most of the patients had been treated conservatively for a long time prior to operation, and the curves were rather stiff. The initial loss of correction was 3.2 degrees, and the overall loss at 2 years postoperatively averaged 6.5 degrees in 28 patients. Complications occurred in 22.5% of the patients, most often at the upper hook site. Serious complications were rare. It is concluded that the Harrington instrumentation technique is an effective means of treatment of scoliosis.


The CE angle of normal hips.

The CE angle of normal hips. The Center-Edge angle (CE angle) of Wiberg was measured in normal hips in patients between 8 and 75 years of age. Males and females were recorded separately. Means and standard deviations are presented here. The angle increased with growth up to adult age, and then only slowly. In children only values below 15 degrees can be classified as abnormal.


Compression and the osteotomy gap.

Compression and the osteotomy gap. The existence of a clearly visible osteotomy gap by optimal roentgenography even in cases where high compression had been applied is exemplified. One case of fracture of the osteosynthesis material used in a medial displacement osteotomy is illustrated. It is suggested that this and similar accidents are sometimes consequences of imperfect surface contact at the operation, visible only by central beam radiography.


Pertrochanteric fractures of the femur treated with a Küntscher trochanter nail. Thirty-nine patients with pertrochanteric fractures were treated with the Küntscher trochanter nail. Six were males and 33 females. Their mean age was 76 years. Excellent or good results of treatment were recorded in 25 cases, and good union of the fracture was noted in 19 patients within 4 months and in 15 cases as early as 2 months after the operation. The primary mortality rate was of the same order as with other methods of nailing, 15% in this series. The operation is easy and short, and is suitable at least for stable pertrochanteric fractures of elderly patients.


A new design of the Christiansen endoprosthesis. Report of two cases in which separation of the two components of the prosthetic head occurred. Primary prosthetic replacement in elderly patients with displaced intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck has been used during the last few years with encouraging early results. The prosthetic device preferred has been Christiansen's endoprosthesis. During the past year a new type with separable plastic head and metallic cap has been used. This modification has resulted in the occurrence of a previously unknown complication, a separation of these two parts, necessitating reoperation and insertion of a new head piece. The possible mechanisms causing this separation are discussed.


Congenital bifid femur.

Congenital bifid femur. Two identical and unusual cases of congenital bifid femur are described. Both cases were successfully rehabilitated after simple surgery and the fitting of a suitable prosthesis. The patients are now able to walk without any form of external support.


Experience with knee synovectomy in Norwich, 1964-1973. Thirty-six patients (43 knees) who underwent anterior synovectomy for rheumatoid disease between 1964 and 1973 have been personaly reviewed. The notes and X-rays of a further seven patients (10 knees) have been examined. Twenty-five per cent of the knees were failures at the time of review, but only two were failures from the outset. The indications for the operation and also the contraindications are described and evaluated. It is concluded that: 1. In the rheumatoid knee, anterior synovectomy is a pain relieving operation. 2. The indications are wider than classically stated, and can include knees with full thickness cartilage destruction, and flexion deformities up to 20 degrees. 3. The majority of knees fail because of secondary degenerative change, and this is manifested by pain rather than stiffness. 4. Postoperative manipulation does not prejudice the final result. 5. Associated popliteal cysts (five in this series) can be cured by anterior synovectomy.


Patellectomy after fracture. Long-term follow-up results with special reference to functional disability. Twenty-eight out of a group of 38 patients, who had undergone a patellectomy during the period 1950-70, were investigated clinically and radiologically. The results were compared with the subjective symptoms of the patients to see if there was a correlation. The follow-up period was 7.4 years on average. A good subjective result was reported by only six patients. The predominant subjective symptoms were weakness of the limb and pain on movement and/or exertion. The most usual findings were atrophy of the quadriceps muscle, crepitation, and palpation tenderness. The muscular power of the quadriceps was found to be greater than or equal to 75 per cent of the power of the intact knee in only seven cases (25 per cent).


Fractures of the tibia in children.

Fractures of the tibia in children. A total of 102 children, aged 1-15 years, treated for fissures, infractions, and fractures of the tibia were studied to elucidate the influence of age, type of fracture, and mechanism of trauma upon the course of union. In addition, an assessment was made of the possibilities the child has of correcting deformities of the diaphysis during continued growth. Eight-five of the children were followed up clinically and radiologically. The time taken for union to occur increased with increasing age. The "high energy" injuries were found to be more apt to cause transverse and comminuted fractures, with injury to the skin, than the "low energy" fractures. At the time of union, 25 patients had angular deformities. The mean correction of this deformity up to the time of follow-up was only 10 per cent. The tendency to correct the deformity ceased 18 months after the accident, and was independent of the child's age at the time of the accident.


Conservative treatment to Achilles tendon rupture. A follow-up study of 14 cases. A follow-up study of 14 patients with Achilles tendon rupture is reported. The patients were treated by conservative methods, i.e. with immobilization in a plaster cast for 8 weeks with the foot in the relaxed equinus position. Solid healing of the tendon was obtained in 13 cases. As assessed by the patients, the end result was unsatisfactory in two, fairly satisfactory in one and fully satisfactory in 11 cases.


Decompression with the aid of insoles in the treatment of diabetic neuropathic ulcers. Thirty-seven out of 38 neuropathic ulcers in 21 diabetic patients healed during relief of external pressure obtained by properly fitted interchangeable insoles. The time required for healing was 1 to 12 months (mean 3.6 months). The presence of mild occlussive arterial disease did not influence the course of healing. Gross infection, which occurred in eight patients could be controlled by immobilization, antibiotics and, in the presence of pus, by radical surgical drainage.


Bone mineral losses in alcoholics.

Bone mineral losses in alcoholics. Bone mineral measurements were performed at five skeletal sites in seven alcoholics. The mean annual loss of bone mineral in alcoholics was about 2 per cent higher than that of controls.


Intraepithelial lymphocyte counts in small intestinal biopsies from children with diarrhoea. We have investigated small intestinal biopsies from children with coeliac disease, acute gastroenteritis, failure to thrive and giardiasis, to find out if a high intraepithelial lymphocyte count is a feature specific to coeliac disease, or whether it is always associated with partial or subtotal villous atrophy. The results indicate that the normal range for childrens' intraepithelial lymphocyte counts is similar to that for adults (around 6-40 lymphocytes per 100 epithelial cells); that counts are high in coeliac disease, but also in some children with giardiasis or with failure to thrive in whom the jejunal biopsy appears otherwise normal; and that intraepithelial lymphocyte counts are normal in acute gastroenteritis even when there is partial villous atrophy with increased lamina propria lymphoid cell infiltrate. Thus, this measurement of small intestinal lymphocyte infiltration may be of diagnostic value is differentiating the diarrhoea of food intolerance from infectious diarrhoeas in young children.


Growth hormone and somatomedin A in girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis are taller than nonscoliotic girls of the same age. This observation may be related to factors regulating longitudinal growth. Plasma growth hormone was determined in a group of scoliotic girls by double antibody radioimmunoassay under the following conditions: 1) Insulin induced hypoglycemia, 2) glucose tolerance test, 3) exercise. Somatomedin A was determined by a method based on the ability of serum to stimulate the incorporation of radioactive sulphate in embryonic chick cartilage. The results were compared with those obtained in a control group of healthy nonscoliotic girls of comparable age. After overnight fasting and after at least one hour's rest the basal growth hormone level was 9.8+/-11.1 (+/-S.D.) ng/ml in the scoliotic girls (n=48) and 2.2+/-1.1 ng/ml in the controls (n=15). This difference is significant. In the hypoglycemia test the peak growth hormone level tended to be higher in the scoliotic girls but the difference is not significant. In the exercise test the maximal value was reached at different times in the two groups: at 20 min after start of the exercise in the scoliotic girls (n=14, 17.3+/-11.8 ng/ml) and at 40 min in the controls (n=9, 16.0+/-6.6 ng/ml). In the glucose tolerance test the growth hormone level was suppressed in both groups but the mean values tended to be higher during the first 120 min in the scoliotic girls. The serum somatomedin levels were higher in the group of scoliotic girls (n=19, 1.13+/-0.17 U/ml) than in the controls (n=14, 0.88+/-0.16 U/ml) and the difference is significant. The results obtained are difficult to interpret but suggest that growth hormone secretion is higher in girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis than in healthy girls of comparable age.


Blood flow and venous distensibility in the upper and lower extremities of newborn infants. The electrocapacitance plethysmograph was utilized to measure peripheral blood flow and venous distensibility in 17 newborn infants and 20 adults. Measurements were made in the upper and lower extremities in each subject under identical environmental conditions. Blood flow in the forearm and calf were found to be significantly higher in infants than adults. In infants there were no significant differences in the blood flow between the upper and lower extremities. In contrast, in the adults, the blood flow was significantly higher in the upper than in the lower extremities. Similarly, venous distensibility was observed to be higher in infants than in adults. While no significant differences were observed in the venous distensibility between the upper and lower extremities in infants, the venous distensibility was found to be higher in the forearm than in the leg in adults.


Significance of obstetric factors in prognosis of low  birthweight children. Obstetric factors were studied in an unselected series of mothers of LBW-children and compared with those in a corresponding control series. Both groups consisted of 161 women with single pregnancies and 16 with twin pregnancies. Of the 188 LBW-children, 14% were twins. Of the single infants, 42% were appropriate for gestational age (AGA), i.e. within the 10th to 90th percentile according to Swedish curves for intrauterine growth, and 58% small for gestational age (SGA). The commonest causes of low birthweight (LBW) in the AGA-group were bleeding (34%) and premature rupture of the membranes (28%). In the SGA-group toxaemia was found in 15%, but in 50% of the SGA-group no cause of LBW was demonstrable. In this latter group the average placental weight was low. The mortality was noted and 89% of the living children were examined neurologically at 5 years of age. The prognosis of the child depended on the duration of pregnancy. Bleeding during pregnancy was a prognostically unfavourable sign, but even serious bleeding complications did not exclude a normal development of the child. The prognosis was best for those infants in whom no cause of LBW was demonstrable.


Atopic allergy and immunoglobulins in children with adenoids and recurrent otitis media. From 274 adenoidectomized children 1-16 years of age two groups were selected: children with a history of recurrent otitis media and/or otosalpingitis (middle ear effusion) and those in which nasal obstruction was the main symptom. In all, 154 children were subjected to an allergy investigation including history, skin tests, eye tests, determination of IgE and RAST, blood eosinophils and immunoglobulins G, A and M. No increased incidence of immunoglobulin deficiency was found in either group in comparison with unselected children. A family history of atopic disease and/or otitis media was highly overrepresented, especially in the children with recurrent otitis media as the reason for the adenoidectomy. Atopic diseases had occurred in 24.4% of the children. Furthermore, in both groups there was a high incidence of positive skin and eye tests. An increased incidence of eosinophila, positive RAST tests and elevated IgE levels were also found. In all, 39.6% of the children had two or more laboratory findings characteristic of the atopic state but no significant difference was found between the two groups. Possible connections between atopic allergy and recurrent otitis media are discussed.


Stool bacterial aerobic overgrowth in the small intestine of children with acute diarrhoea. The aerobic flora of 2 groups of children (normal and with malnutrition) with acute diarrhoea was studied, by intubation of the upper and middle small intestine and by stool culture. All the 27 children studied presented bacterial concentrations of 10(5) germs/ml at one or both levels studied. In 9 cases enteropathogen bacteria e were isolated from stools, and in 6 of these they were also found in the small intestine. The results show the elevated incidence of overgrowth of the small intestinal aerobic flora in children with acute diarrhoea. This fact is mentioned as another etiological factor to be taken into consideration in this pathology.


Epidemiology of Cornelia de Lange's syndrome. A prevalence investigation of Cornelia de Lange's syndrome in Denmark is presented. The patients were traced by screening all institutional mentally retarded patients, patients in schools and kindergartens for imbecile patients and finally by getting information on Cornelia de Lange patients known to pediatric departments. In this way 24 patients, 10 men and 14 women, were found. This amounts to a population prevalence of 0.5/100 000. Clinical data, histories of the patients and genealogical data are presented by means of tables. The eldest patient was 49 years old, but 75% of the patients were younger than 20 years. Two of the probands were sibs. Another 2 sibs were registered as mentally retarded without specific syndromes. One case of consanguinity among parents was found. The mode of ascertainment is discussed and it is concluded that the present investigation presents a minimum prevalence figure. Four patients are presented who for various reasons were not available during the prevalence investigation proper. A prevalence figure of 0.6/100 000 is found if these 4 patients are included in the calculations. One of the last mentioned patients represented a familial case. The patient in question was a girl with a younger half-brother, the mother in common, both children being very typical cases of Cornella de Lange's syndrome.


Intestinal enterokinase deficiency.

Intestinal enterokinase deficiency. Deficiency of intestinal enterokinase results in failure to thrive, diarrhoea, anaemia, hypoproteinaemia and oedema. A case arising in the neonatal period is described, in which several of the characteristic features were lacking. Difficulties encountered in the diagnosis and methods of assay are discussed.


Cells containing Langerhans cell granules in human lymph nodes of "atypical hyperplasia" with fatal outcome and leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Langerhans cell granules could be found in atypical histiocytes in lymph nodes of three patients with "atypical hyperplasia" with fatal outcome and one patient with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. These atypical histiocytes might be derived from immature mesenchymal cells in lymph nodes and the Langerhans cell granules might be induced in these cells by a particular condition. Only one of the Langerhans cell granules seemingly associated with the plasma membrane could be observed in these atypical histiocytes and all of the granules were seen within the cytoplasm. Quite a number of Langerhans cell granules were located near the Golgi apparatus. Several atypical granules very similar to the Langerhans cell granules could also be observed in these atypical histiocytes. These Langerhans cell granules were assumed to be directly derived from the Golgi apparatus and/or derived from the atypical granules which were secreted from the Golgi apparatus. The relationship between the Langerhans cell granules and the microtubules must also be considered, because Langerhans cell granules were found near the centrioles and microtubules.


Accelerated serum sickness in the rabbit. III. Histopathological study of the development of tissue injuries of the heart. Histiological analysis was performed on the lesions of the coronary artery and myocardium in accelerated serum sickness of the rabbit. Angiitis was seen to occur on the arterioles in the myocardium and was characterized by fibrinoid necrosis of the media with monocyte accumulation. Myocarditis was observed to be rather prominent in the right ventricle, where monocyte accumulation was associated with scattered degeneration or necrosis of myofibrils. In both lesions, the localization of antigen could hardly be detected in the inflammatory foci, suggesting the irrelevancy between the development of the tissue damages and the permanent deposition of immune complexes. Monocytes were seen to participate in the repair of the tissue injury.


An inhibitory effect of salivary gland extirpation on the induction of mammary tumors in rats by N,N'-2,7-fluorenylenebisacetamide. N,N'2-2,7-Flourenylenebisacetamide (2.7-FAA) was administered orally to 34 female, strain AXC/I rats. Nineteen were pretreated with the extirpation of the salivary glands. The remaining 15 rats received no surgical treatment. Six of these 15 unoperated rats developed mammary carcinomas and seven developed tumors at other sites, whereas none of 19 operated rats had mammary tumors but 8 rats had tumors at other sites. No tumor developed in 4 operated control rats that were on normal diet. The results demonstrate that pretreatment with extirpation of the salivary glands inhibited mammary tumor induction in rats by 2,7-FAA although it did not inhibit induction of other type tumors. The mechanism by which induction of mammary tumors was inhibited is not clear. Ovarian atrophy and hepatic necrosis were observed in both operated and unoperated rats ingesting 2,7-FAA but did not seem to affect carcinogenesis by the carcinogen. Lower body weight was observed in operated rats but it is not considered to be the major cause of a complete inhibition of mammary tumor induction.


Pathological study on amyloidosis--the fine structure of amyloid-laden liver as revealed by freeze-etching. Amyloid in freeze-etched specimen of liver of mice receiving subcutaneous in sodium caseinate was studied morphologically. The convex surface and cross surface of amyloid nodule were noted. The three dimentional structure of the amyloid fibrils which showed felt-like structure, globular profiles among amyloid fibrils and amyloid bundles were clearly visible. Amyloid bundles enveloped by the cytoplasmic membrane of the Kupffer cell projected from the deeply concave surface of the cytoplasmic membrane into the Disse's space and showed the appearance of ston-column-like structure. The amyloid bundles projecting from the invaginated cytoplasmic membrane were closely in contact with the cytoplasmic membrane and deeply rooted in the cytoplasm of the Kupffer cell.


Synaptic ribbon in the human pinealocyte. An electron microscopic study of a pineal gland which had been obtained from a 3-year-old girl at autopsy revealed the presence of synaptic ribbon in it. Namely, in some parenchymal cells observed, synaptic ribbons, each of which was ca. 700 nm in length and with synaptic vesicles of up to 60 nm in diameter gathering on the surface, were found in the cytoplasmic area adjacent to the cell membrane. The substructure of the synaptic ribbon, i.e., parallel striae running inside along the longitudinal direction, was definitely observed. There is a hypothesis which has been almost accepted that the mammalian pinealocyte is homologous to the photoreceptor cell of the pineal organ in lower animals, and one of the morphological evidences which supports this speculation is the presence of sensory cell elements in both. Since, this kind of work has been hardly done with human materials, the above finding may offer a meaningful information which discloses a part of the real function of the pineal gland in man.


An autopsy case of liposarcoma with granulocytic leukemoid reaction. A 57-year-old female with a large retroperitoneal tumor was atutopsied. She showed through the entire course of illness marked leukocytosis with the appearance of immature marrow cells, and this finding was hematologically interpreted as granulocytic leukemoid reaction. An intermittent pyrexia was also seen without infective etiology. The histologic diagnosis of the tumor was liposarcoma of the pleomorphic type. The tumor showed extensive necrosis, but no metastatic invasion was found. So-called leukemoid reaction appears sometimes together with malignant neoplasms. The majority of these tumors show widespread bone marrow metastases, and without bone marrow invasion they only rarely induce this reaction. Besides it is not common for leukemoid reaction to be evoked by the development of malignant mesenchymal tumors except for malignant lymphomas. The pathophysiologic process of the present of the present case is thought to be a rare occurrence.


Liposarcoma of the meninges. A case report. A report on a liposarcoma in the meninges of a 70-year-old woman is presented. Pre-operative clinical and angiographic findings indicated that the tumour might be a meningeoma. Pathological examination revealed a predominantly lipoma-like, well-differentiated liposarcoma with round-cell and pleomorphic areas. The angiographic and pathological differential diagnosis are discussed.


Thymic carcinoid. A case report.

Thymic carcinoid. A case report. A case of thymic carcinoid appearing in a 56-year-old man is presented. No endocrine disturbances were apparent. Mediastinal lymph node metastases were found at operation. The tumour was positive with Grimelius argyrophil silver stain. Ultrastructurally neurosecretory granules were seen.


Thymoma in a case of scleroderma.

Thymoma in a case of scleroderma. A case of scleroderma with manifestations in the oesophagus and both lungs and a concomitant thymic lympho-epithelioma is presented. This case represents a further documentation of the well-established association between thymoma and collagen disorders.


Carcinoid tumours. Frequency in a defined population during a 12-year period. The frequency of carcinoids was studied in a 12-year-period (1958-1969) in Malmö, a town with a population of 220,000 at the beginning of the period and 250,000 at the end of it. Of all persons who had died in Malmö, 46 per cent were necropsied in the first year of the study and 70 per cent in the last (altogether 62.6 per cent). The series was examined in a uniform way at one department of pathology. Carcinoid tumours were found in 1.22 per cent (199 patients) of patients comprised in the entire necropsy series (16,294 autopsies). Bronchial carcinoid accounted for 0.1 percent, the remaining lesions were found in the digestive tract. About 90 per cent of the carcinoids were found incidentally at necropsy. During the same period, 44 carcinoids were diagnosed in surgical specimens examined in Malmö. The average annual frequency of carcinoid in the entire series was about 8.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, which is about 7 times as high as that recorded in the National Cancer Register applying to the whole of Sweden. The value of such country-wide reports is discussed. The carcinoid syndrome is extremely rare and was observed only once during the entire 12-year-period. The localization, frequency of metastases and sex-distribution of carcinoids are described and discussed in detail.


Thymoma metastasizing to extrathoracic sites. A case report. In the case presented, metastases to extrathoracic sites developed in a 53-year-old man four years after the diagnosis of inoperable thymoma had been established. The appearance of metastases was preced by an extensive intrathoracic invasion of the tumour. The thymoma was of epithelial subtype which was the most common (67 percent) type also in the previously published 29 cases of thymomas metastasizing to extrathoracic sites.


Heteroteansplantation of a human mammary carcinoma to the mouse mutant nude. A human mammary carcinoma was heterotransplanted to athymic nude mice. Viable tumour tissue was maintained throughout the observation periods which, because of the limited life span of nude mice, were relatively short; in one animal surviving for a longer period, actual tumour growth was observed. It is concluded that human mammary carcinoma is capable of growing in nude mice but, because of the frequently low growth rate of these tumours, prolonged periods of observation are required in order to reveal such growth.


Urothelial hyperplasia of the renal papillae in female Sprague-Dawley rats induced by long term feeding of phenacetin. Twenty-one of 40 rats fed phenacetin in the diet for up to 86 weeks developed urothelial hyperplasia of the renal papillae. Two of 30 rats in the control group had similar changes associated with chronic pyelitis. The difference is statistically significant (p less than 0.01).


Repair in arterial tissue. Electron microscopy of Evans blue vital stained embolectomy catheter lesion of the rabbit thoracic aorta. The rabbit thoracic aorta was studied by EM and vital staining with Evans blue at vaired points of time after a single lesion produced by an embolectomy catheter. EM of white areas: the surface cells of the myo-intimal thickening resembled endothelial cells with a discrete occurrence of microfilaments inside the plasma-membranes and rather differentiated flap-like junctions. EM of blue areas: the surface cells resembled modified smooth muscle cells with a heavily contrasted zone just inside the luminal plasma membrane containing closely packed microfilaments. The cell contacts either were missing, or they presented undifferentiated side-to-side contacts.


Prolonged survival of AKR mice treated with the saponin adjuvant Quil A. Treatment of AKR mice with the saponin Quil A delayed their death in spontaneous leukaemia. In vitro tests did not demonstrate any influence on infection of rat cells with Kirsten sarcoma virus. Quil A in the concentration nanogram/ml doubled the mitogen response of AKR spleen cells to lipopolysaccharide.


Cellular monosaccharide patterns of Neisseriaceae. Sixty-four strains of Neisseria, Moraxella, and Acinetobacter were screened for cellular monosaccharides by gas-liquid chromatography and other chromatographic techniques. The four sugars ribose, glucose, glucosamine, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO) were detected in all strains. Heptose was detected only in "true neisseriae" (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, N. sicca, N. cinerea, N. flavescens, and N. elongata) and in the tentaively named species Moraxella urethralis. Some marked interspecies dissimilarities within groups were revealed. Thus, N. ovis and M. atlantae were characterized by the presence of mannose. Intraspecies differences were also encountered. N. meningitidis strains of serogroups B and C were distinguished from strains of serogroup A by their sialic acid content. This sugar was also detected in two out of three examined strains of M. nonliquefaciens. In Acinetobacter, heterogeneity of monosaccharide patterns was rather pronounced. The results show the applicability of gas chromatographic "monosaccharide" profiles fo whole cells or extracted carbohydrate in bacterial classification and identification, including differentiation at the subspecies level. In addition, such profiles may be useful for monitoring during purification of cellular polysaccharides.


The effect of endo-enteric development of Toxoplasma gondii on the ultrastructure of epithelial cells of the small intestine of infected cats. Toxoplasma gondii undergoing endo-enteric development in the small intestine of the cat affects the ultrastructure of the epithelial cells. The epithelial cells from infected cats have swollen rough endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria may be swollen with degenerate cristae. A statistically significant shortening of the microvilli of the epithelial cells was demonstrated. It appeared that the effect on the microvilli length was related to the parasite distribution within the small intestine. These changes occur in both cells with and without parasites present at the level of the sections studied. The abnormalities are quickly rectified after the disappearance of the endo-enteric forms of Toxoplasma.


Localization of urease activity in Ureaplasma urealyticum cells. Measurements of urease activity of various cell fractions of U. urealyticum showed that this activity was confined to the soluble fraction of the cytoplasm. It was attempted to devise a method for electron microscopic detection of the sites of urease activity based on precipitation of electron dense MnO2 at the alkaline pH created by hydrolysis of urea. The results obtained by this method supported the previous results indicating a cytoplasmatic localization of the urease activity in the cells. Helical ribosome patterns were observed when glutaraldehyde fixed cells were treated with the cytochemical test solutions.


Immunoelectroosmophoresis for detection of reo-like virus: methodology and comparison with electron microscopy. In two separate studies, faecal samples were collected from children with acute gastroenteritis; the samples were tested both by electron microscopy and immunoelectroosmophoresis with a view to detect reo-like virus. In 94 per cent and 100 per cent of samples positive by electron microscopy in the first and second material, respectively, a precipitin line was found after electrophoresis, using a guinea pig antiserum against a purified bovine virus. No false positives were detected by this method.


Purification of the O antigen of Bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis NCTC 9343 from phenol-water extracts by gel filtration and chromatography on deae-cellulose and hydroxylapatite. O antigen extracted from whole cells of Bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis NCTC 9343 with 45 per cent aqueous phenol has been purified by gel filtration and chromatography. First, the water phase was treated with RNase and DNase and passed through a column of agarose. The chromatographic procedures included ion exchange on a column of DEAE-cellulose and adsorption to hydroxylapatite. The O antigen was eluted from the DEAE-cellulose with a gradient of NaCl, and from the column of hydroxylapatite with 1 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. Inhibition of indirect haemagglutination was used to detect the O antigen in the eluates.


NDV-O agglutinins in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections: association with pneumonia. Agglutinins against human O erythrocytes modified by the B1 strain of Newcastle disease virus were studied in paired sera of 148 patients with a 4-fold or greater rise in complement-fixing M. pneumoniae antibodies. The proportion of cases with a significant rise in NDV-O agglutinins was higher agmong the patients with pneumonia than among those with neurological or other clinical manifestations.


Detection and differentiation of immune complexes and IgG aggregates by a complement consumption assay. The applicability of a complement consumption assay as a means by which to detect IgG aggregates and immune complexes in serum was examined. Both heavy (greater than or equal to 19S) and intermediate (11-17S) IgG aggregates were detected and the sensitivity of the assay was greater than or equal to 10 mug aggregated IgG/ml. BSA anti-BSA complexes, formed in slight antibody excess, were detected at a BSA concentration of 200 ng/ml. NHS stored at 4degreesC for greater than or equal to 2-3 weeks or at -20degreesC for more than 3 months developed distinct anticomplementarity (AC). This background AC, due to IgG aggregate formation, was reduced by heating the serum at 56degreesC for 50 min prior to testing. A similar reduction of AC and C1q fixation was observed when IgG aggregated at 61degreesC or 63degreesC was heated further at 56degreesC for 50 min. The abatement of AC could not be correlated to a change in IgG aggregation size. In contrast, AC of preformed antigen-antibody complexes was not reduced by this heat treatment.


Transplantation of human adipose tissue to nude mice. Human adipose tissue was transplanted to the mouse mutant nude (nu/nu). All the grafts were accepted and contained fat cells easily distinguishable from those of the mouse. No detectable relation between the histological pictures before and after grafting was found. In some transplants  nerve tissue, and in others macrophages containing fat droplets, were found. The fat tissue graft might be useful for investigation of the influence of various hormones on human fat cells.


An examination of the "star-phenomenon", a three component immunoprecipitation involving staphylococcal protein A. The co-precipitation called "star-phenomenon" occurred between the three component system: protein A, an IgG forming soluble complexes with protein A and F (ab')2-preparations of human IgG, guinea pig IgG or rabbit anti-staphylococcal IgG. Co-precipitation also occurred if the IgG was replaced by normal human Fc fragments. On a protein A column the human F (ab')2-preparation was separated into a major non-reactive and a minor reactive fraction. Only the latter contained Fc-structures, these being isolated on an anti-Fc column and found to belong to undigested IgG. The "star"-forming protein A reactive F (ab')2-fragments were washed through the anti-Fc column. The F (ab')2 fraction from rabbit anti-staphylococcal IgG contained no Fc-structures and only a small portion containing anti-protein A activity was active in co-precipitation.


Sources of carbon skeleton of alanine released from skeletal muscle. The formation of alanine, glutamate, and aspartate from muscle was studied in the isolated perfused hindquarter of rats fasted for 48 h. Tracer doses of (14C) compounds with high specific activity were tested as precursors for the amino acids. Total amounts and radioactivities of the tested amino acids were determined. Alanine was produced more efficiently than glutamate and aspartate even if no exogenous substrate was offered. (14C) Pyruvate was most efficient as precursor of labeled alanine. However, labeled leucine, propionic acid, valine and fumaric acid also produced labeled alanine efficiently. The efficiency as precursor for labeled alanine seemed to be related to the ability to label intermediates in the citric acid cycle in the perfused muscle. From the relation between the ability to label alanine in the perfusion medium and lactate and succinate in the muscle it is suggested that pyruvate may be produced intramitochondrially and is efficiently transaminated to alanine in this compartment.


Autonomic nerve control of the swimbladder of the goldsinny wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris. The autonomic nerve control of the swimbladder of the goldsinny wrasse has been studied by experiments with isolated strips from the muscularis mucosae, drug effects on gas secretion in vivo, fluorescent histochemistry and quantitative analysis of catecholamine content. Vagotomy, atropine and mecamylamine significantly inhibited induced gas secretion, suggesting a cholinergic vagal secretory innervation of the gas gland. The anterior part of the mucosa (secretory part) is contracted by acetylcholine and alpha-adrenoceptor agonists. These responses are competitively antagonized by atropine and phentolamine or yohimbine respectively. The posterior (resorbent) part of the mucosa is contracted by acetylcholine, but beta-adrenoceptor agonists relax the acetylcholine-precontracted preparations. These responses are competitively blocked by atropine and propranolol respectively. The pA2-values from all experiments with antagonists are well comparable with values obtained for the same drugs in other teleost or mammalian tissues. Tyramine, 5-hydroxytryptamine or phenylephrine had mixed effects on the posterior part. This effect is at least in part due to release of nervously stored catecholamines. Fluorescent histochemistry revealed a strong innervation by both smooth and varicose adrenergic fibres in all parts of the swimbladder, noradrenaline being the dominant catecholamine. Yellow fluorescent cells, which may contain 5-hydroxytryptamine, were also seen in the swimbladder mucosa. No conclusive evidence for a cholinergic innervation of the muscularis mucosae was obtained.


The effect of nicotine on intra-axonal transport in cholinergic motor neurons of the rat; influence of acutely administered, non-toxic doses. The intra-axonal transport of acetylcholine (ACh) and ACh-metabolizing enzymes in rat sciatic nerves was studied following nicotine treatment. The nicotine was administered in a low dose (30 mug/kg) s.c. every second h for 18-22 h, to mimic the serum-concentrations of a cigarette smoker. Control rats received s.c. injections of the vehicle. The main effects were observed regarding the ACh-esterase (AChE) activity. In unoperated nerves the level was decreased by about 10%. In 12 h crushed nerves the accumulation of enzyme activity proximal to the crush was markedly reduced in the nicotine-treated group, indicating a reduction in amount of proximo-distally transported enzyme activity. The ACh-levels were unchanged except at 12 h postoperatively when a small increase proximal to the crush was observed. The choline-acetyl transferase (CAT) activity in unoperated nerves was similar in both groups of rats; the 7 h accumulation above the crush, however, was somewhat reduced after nicotine treatment. The possible causes of the observed nicotine induced changes are so far not known.


The influence of temperature on the time course of the mechanical activity in rabbit papillary muscle. The influence of temperature on the time course of the mechanical activity was investigated in isolated papillary muscles of the rabbit. By using the "damped release" technique activity curves were determined in terms of velocity of shortening of the contractile unit at a constant length. At any of the temperatures studied, the time course of the mechanical activity exhibited a slow onset and did not form a distinct plateau. At low contraction frequencies and normal (2 mM) calcium concentration lowering the temperature from 32.5 to 26.5 degrees C did not markedly affect the rate of development of the activity but increased the peak amplitude and the total duration of the activity as well as the time from the stimulus to 90% of the maximum. It also resulted in a slower decay phase. At higher contraction frequencies and/or increased calcium concentration the rate of development of the activity was reduced by decreasing the temperature from 32.5 degrees C to 26.5 degrees C, whereas the maximal activity reached similar levels at the two temperatures. It is concluded that an alteration in temperature affects several different steps in myocardial excitation-contraction coupling, the net change in maximum amplitude of the mechanical activity being influenced by both extracellular calcium concentration and contraction frequency.


Influence of acidosis on noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Vasoconstriction due to parallel i.a. injections of NA were studied in subcutaneous adipose tissue and gracilis muscle preparations in dogs. The vasoconstrictor response to NA was significantly lower in adipose tissue than in muscle. Only in muscle did acidosis inhibit NA-induced vasoconstriction. The beta-receptor antagonist propranolol increased the vasoconstrictor response in adipose tissue to the level of skeletal muscle. The lack of significant inhibition of NA-induced vasoconstriction in adipose tissue may be due to the simultaneous inhibition of two opposing mechanisms-alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction and beta-adrenergic vasodilatation. After propranolol acidosis inhibited NA-induced vasoconstriction equally in adipose tissue and muscle. The difference between adipose tissue and muscle may thus be due to a greater importance of a beta-adrenergic vasodilator mechanism in the former tissue. The metabolic response to isoprenaline was inhibited by acidosis, while the direct vasodilatation was unaffected. It is suggested that the beta-adrenergic vasodilator mechanism that is inhibited by acidosis is related to the metabolism of the tissue.


Exteroceptive influences on the lumbar back muscle tone and reflexes in the cat. The exteroceptive influences on tonic activity and on stretch reflexes of the longissimus dorsi and multifidus spinae muscles were investiagted in decerebrate, spinal and chloralose-anesthetized cats. Adequate skin stimulation was used to map out facilitatory and inhibitory skin areas on the trunk and the extremities. On the trunk facilitatory areas are relatively large and located at the dorsal side while inhibitory areas are confined to the ventrolateral part of the contralateral body half. The facilitatory skin fields are of approximately the same size in decerebrate and spinal cats. On leg skin stimulation facilitation can be evoked from the ipsilateral hind limb while inhibition results from stimulation of the other limbs. Spinal cord transection increased excitatory effects of ipsilateral hind limb stimulation. Reflex responses in the back muscles to applied stretch are described. These reflexes were used as test reflexes in experiments with conditioning stimulation of the peripheral nerves supplying skin areas from which effects on back muscle activity were evoked by adequate stimulation. The conditioning-test experiments and those using adequate stimulation show that the longissimus dorsi and multifidus spinae are activated or facilitated by an ipsilateral stimulus to skin afferents. The extent of the effects induced by stimulation of skin differs in the types of preparation used. These differences may be accounted for by assuming a supraspinal control of the reflex pathways studied.


Secretory and motor effects in the submaxillary gland of the rat on intraarterial administration of some polypeptides and autonomic drugs. Bradykinin, oxytocin, physalaemin and some autonomic drugs were injected in to the common carotid artery. Physalaemin evoked secretion and a pressure rise in the submaxillary duct. A duct pressure rise could be elicited by bradykinin which did not evoke secretion. Autonomic blocking agents did not diminish secretion evoked by physalaemin and did not change pressure responses elicited by bradykinin or physalaemin. Neither secretion, nor duct pressure changes could be recorded after administration of oxytocin. In agreement with previous experiments secretion evoked by autonomic drugs was found to be mediated via cholinergic, alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, while motor effects were due to activation of cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors.


Gastric clearance of gastrin during acid secretory responses to vagal activation and its effect on peripheral gastrin levels. A study on anesthetized cats. Gastrin release and gastric acid secretion were induced by electrical stimulation of the vagi in anesthetized cats. No correlation was found between the peripheral gastrin levels and the magnitudes of the concomitant secretory responses. In experiments in which a high rate of secretion was induced the peripheral gastrin levels were found to be unchanged or at most slightly elevated, whereas the levels were sometimes substantially elevated in animals in which there was little or no acid secretory response. An arterio-venous difference in gastrin levels was detected in the corpus blood during periods of gastric secretion. This clearance of gastrin (104-540 pg/min) was large enough to influence the peripheral gastrin levels. The mechanism behind and the significance of the gastric clearance of gastrin is discussed.


Liver and heart mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity of newborn rats in anoxic hypoxia and starvation. Succinate dehydrogenase activity was determined in the liver and heart of newborn rats after 3 and 48 hours' exposure to anoxic hypoxia (10% O2) and after 48 hours' starvation. Control determinations were made on newborn animals of corresponding ages, full term foetuses (21 days), infantile (1 and 2 weeks) and full grown animals. Hypoxia for 3 h had no influence on succinate dehydrogenase activity at all in either the heart or liver mitochondria of the newborn animals. After 48 h no difference was observed in the liver between the hypoxic animals and the starved controls of the same age, though starvation itself had resulted in a significant increase in activity, as much as 42%. When liver mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase in normal mitochondria was activated by preincubation mitochondria with the substrate, the activity increase obtained was greater than that resulting from starvation. The increase in activity in the heart of the hypoxic or starved animals was not significant (less than 10%).


Vagal influence on serotonin concentration in enterochromaffin cells in the cat. The intracellular concentrations of 5-HT in enterochromaffin cells of the jejunum, midgut and ileum of the cat have been estimated by a cytofluorimetric method before and after various periods of peripheral vagal nerve stimulation. The fluorescence intensities in randomized cell samples were measured photometrically after a standard illumination time before and after nerve stimulation. A significant decrease in 5-HT concentration in the enterochromaffin cells all through the small intestine could be demonstrated, which is in support of the hypothesis of a neurogenic release of 5-HT from enterochromaffin cells, possibly caused by vagal adrenergic fibres.


Prostaglandins, a link between renal hydro- and hemodynamic in dogs. An increase of the intrarenal pressure to 40 mmHg induced by ureteral constriction or by kidney compression is shown to be followed by increased renal blood flow in anesthetized dogs. This hyperemia is probably the result of enhanced  intrarenal prostaglandin activity since it is followed by increased urinary prostaglandin E excretion and is abolished by indomethacin pretreatment. The increase of renal blood flow seems to be due to dilation of the afferent arteriole in order to maintain the filtration pressure. The glomerular filtration rate is thus severely depressed in indomethacin pretreated dogs. Urine and electrolyte excretion is comparably redcued during elevated intrarenal pressure in non-pretreated and in indomethacin pretreated dogs, which suggests that factors other than glomerular filtration rate are involved. Urine osmolarity is positively correlated with renal blood flow, and urine osmolarity increases during elevated intrarenal pressure in non pretreated dogs, whilst urine osmolarity remains unchanged in dogs pretreated with indomethacin.


Effect of chronic sympathetic denervation upon local regulation of blood flow in human subcutaneous tissue. The effect of chronic sympathetic denervation upon the vasoconstrictor response to an increase of vascular transmural pressure in human subcutaneous adipose tissue was investigated in 6 patients suffering from manual hyperhidrosis. Changes in transmural pressure were obtained either by postural changes of a forearm or by venous stasis of 30 mmHg. Blood flow was measured in the distal part of the forearm or crus by means of the local 133Xenon washout technique. 2 patients were studied before and after sympathectomy. When the area under study was lowered about 40 cm below the jugular notch, blood flow decreased about 50% preoperatively, about 30% 24 h after the operation, but remained constant 4 days after or later. Similar results were obtained during venous stasis. Hence about 4 days after sympathectomy, the vasoconstrictor response to an increase in vascular transmural pressure was abolished. In 3 chronically sympathectomized patients blood flow remained constant in the denervated limb, but decreased significantly in the control limb. In another patient studied 580 days after surgery blood flow remained constant during lowering of the denervated forearm as well as during venous stasis. These findings might indicate that the vasoconstrictor response to an increase in vascular transmural pressure in human subcutaneous adipose tissue is due to a local nervous mechanism involving symphathetic adrenergic nerves, but a myogenic mechanism cannot be definitively excluded.


Local nervous mechanism in regulation of blood flow in human subcutaneous tissue. The effect of local venous stasis upon blood flow in human subcutaneous adipose tissue on the distal part of the forearm was investigated in three healthy subjects and two chronically sympathectomized patients suffering from manual hyperhidrosis. The area under study was separated into two parts by means of a lead shield exerting a pressure of about 360 mmHg on the skin. The effect of venous stasis of about 40 mmHg on one side of the shield upon blood flow measured simultaneously on both sides of the shield by the local 133Xenon washout technique was investigated. During venous stasis on one side of the shield, blood flow decreased about 40% on both sides. The vasoconstrictor impulse could be transmitted over a distance of about 1-2 cm. The phenomenon was unaffected by nerve blockade induced 3 cm proximally, medially, and laterally to the area by infiltration the skin with lidocaine. Thus a vasoconstrictor impulse could be transmitted from the side of stasis to the non stasis side of the lead shield. The transmission was not affected by phentolamine but was blocked by lidocaine and chronic sympathetic denervation. The vasoconstrictor impulse elicited during venous stasis is therefore most likely transmitted by means of a local nervous mechanism involving sympathetic adrenergic vasoconstrictor fibres.


Diffuse hair loss in women: the psychopathology of those who complain. Thirty-two women complaining of diffuse alopecia were examined by a psychiatrist. Seven of them were found to have severe, usually long-standing marital and sexual problems and two of them were overtly depressed. In a previous investigation the results of tests to assess the degree of hair loss of these seven women showed no significant difference from the values obtained in a control series of women. The psychopathology underlying this complaint is discussed and it is suggested that those women whose anxiety seems disproportionate to their degree of hair loss should be carefully questioned regarding depression and marital difficulties as these may cause them to be unusually sensitive to a hair loss which normally might not worry them sufficiently to seek further advice. They may then use their hair in a symbolic way to obtain help with their underlying problems.


Fat cell number and weight gain in lithium treated patients. Total amount of fat, fat cell size, and fat cell number were determined in 33 patients under long-term lithium treatment. The weight gain during the treatment was estimated both by the patients themselves (questionnaire) and from their records. A positive correlation between fat cell number and weight gain was found whereas the fat cell size showed no correlation to weight gain.


A ten-year follow-up of children of schizophrenic mothers. Clinical assessment. A Group of 207 subjects with severely schizophrenic mothers and a matched group 104 subjects without known mental illness in the parents or grandparents have been followed since 1962 in a prospective study based on Mednick's learning theory of schizophrenia. The present paper describes an analysis of the clinical outcome based on a follow-up examination in 1972-1974. The examination consisted of a 3 1/2-hour clinical interview using three approaches (two with computer-derived diagnoses and one traditional clinical interview). 173 high-risk and 91 low-risk subjects were fully clinically reassessed. At the time of the assessment they were between 18 and 30 years old. The diagnostic distribution showed marked differences between the two groups with regard to type and degree of psychpathology. The results are discussed in relation to the methods used, and with regard to the case and non-case status of the subjects.


Emotional disorders in six Israeli villages. This is a report on a psychiatric epidemiological census conducted in six Israeli villages. The method of case identification relied on data extracted from medical cards and the use of two shortened versions of the CMI. The results showed a distribution affected by sex, age, ethnicity, education, and "status consumer". A comparison with other Israeli studies is made.


The pedophilic offender with antisocial character. The purpose of the study was to clarify how pedophilic offenders with antisocial character (psychopathy) differ from "ordinary" pedophilic offenders, among whom there are many persons with immaturity and contact difficulties. For this purpose all pedophilia cases subjected to mental examination during a period of 25 years were investigated. Of these 81 cases, 38 could be regarded as antisocial characters on the basis of the current diagnostic criteria. The others were regarded as controls. The criminals with antisocial character had also been involved in other kinds of crimes and had had hyperactivity problems more often than controls. The controls were often immature, had a low intelligence, and were less able to have relations with adult people than were antisocial characters. However, according to the present results, these features might also make criminals with antisocial character more susceptible to pedophilia.


A follow-up study of a child psychiatric clientele with special regard to the diagnosis of psychosis. A 20-year follow-up of a child psychiatric clientele of 322 patients demonstrates that nearly one third have been admitted to psychiatric departments or mental hospitals in adulthood. One tenth belonged to the group with psychoses either as a child or grown-up. While the incidence of manic-depressive psychosis did not differ from a normal population of the same sex and age, the child psychiatric clientele is overrepresented by psychotic patients later on diagnosed as schizophrenia. The outcome of infantile psychosis was in half of the cases chronic psychosis; five of 10 psychosis proto-infantilis patients were diagnosed schizophrenia in adulthood. This result is not in accordance with the modern view that psychosis proto-infantilis is a special disease with no clinical connection to schizophrenia. The clinical entity of infantile psychosis and borderline psychosis seems to be affirmed by a common clinical and diagnostic course into borderline psychosis or schizoid character disorders. Nine patients with psychosis in adulthood did not belong to the group of psychosis in childhood.


Controlled trial of penfluridol and thiothixene in the maintenance treatment of chronic schizophrenic syndromes. In a controlled trial of penfluridol and thiothixene as maintenance drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenic syndromes, some improvement over previous neuroleptics was seen with both drugs. This improvement was mainly evident in variables concerned with participation in social activities as assessed with the S-scale and by ward behaviour. The drug dosages necessary were very low and gave few and easily manageable side-effects. There was no significant difference between penfluridol and thiothixene. Penfluridol has the clear practical advantage of being the only long-acting drug for oral administration so far available.