Central nervous regulation of body temperature during sleep. The relationship between hypothalamic temperature and metabolic heat production was measured during wakefulness, slow-wave sleep, and paradoxical sleep in unrestrained kangaroo rats (Dipodomys). Hypothalamic temperature was manipulated with chronically implanted, water-perfused thermodes while cortical electroencephalogram, electromyogram, metabolic rate, and body movement were continuously recorded. During slow-wave sleep, in comparison to wakefulness, there is a lowered threshold hypothalamic temperature for the metabolic heat production response and a lowered proportionality constant relating rate of metabolic heat production to hypothalamic temperature. During paradoxical sleep no increase in metabolic heat production could be elicited by lowering hypothalamic temperature, which indicates that the thermoregulatory system is inoperative. These results provide a basis for explaining the changes in various body temperatures, metabolic rate, and other thermoregulatory responses during sleep in a variety of mammals.


Dopaminergic agents: influence on serotonin in the molluscan nervous system. Treatment of the mussel Mytilus edulis with 6-hydroxydopamine or with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine decreased dopamine and increased serotonin in the nervous system. Treatment with dopamine decreased serotonin concentrations and prevented the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine. The serotonin concentration appears to be determined in part by the concentration of dopamine.


Disproportionate tonotopic representation for processing CF-FM sonar signals in the mustache bat auditory cortex. The extent of cortical representation of the peripheral sensory field depends on its importance for species behavior. The orientation sound of the mustache bat (Pteronotus parnellii rubiginosus) invariably consists of long constant-frequency and short frequency-modulated components and is indispensable for its survival. A disproportionately large part of the auditory cortex of this bat is occupied by neurons processing the predominant components in the orientation signal and Doppler-shifted echoes. This disproportionate cortical representation related to features of biologically significant signals is comparable to that in the somatosensory and visual systems in many mammals, but it has not previously been observed in the auditory system.


[Organization of reanimation and intensive therapy in pediatrics]. The authors propose a definitely-arranged system for organization of reanimation and intensive therapy of children. It includes 5 component elements, viz. rooms and posts of reanimation aid at kindergartens and creches, polyclinics and sanatoria; intensive therapy wards at maternity homes and pediatric hospitals; anesthesiological, reanimation and intensive therapy departments of multispecialized pediatric inpatient departments; reanimation and anesthesiological centers; a consultative travelling reanimation pediatric team. The structural form of the patients' hospitalization at pediatric reanimation departments is analyzed. Of their total number 48 per cent are surgical patients after serious operative interventions on the organs of thoracic and abdominal cavities with multiple injuries and malformations; 27.1 per cent are infectious patients, 11.9 per cent - those suffering from poisonings and 10.7 per cent patients with somatic illnesses.


[Morbidity with temproary work loss among miners and engineering-technical personnel in the iron ore industry]. The influence of industrial-occupational and social-hygienic factors (vocation, age, underground and continuous service record, per capita income, nutrition) on the level of temporary incapacitation and also on the dynamics and structure of the disease incidence among average annually engaged and regular miners in ore-mining industry was studied. The use of multifactor correlation and regression analysis and of the Bayes probability method helped establish the dependence of the temporary incapacitation level on the age, occupational activities, continuous service record, family composition, education and per capita income. The administration and social bodies of the mine in concerd with medical workers have on the ground of the present investigation outlined ways and means for implementation of measures aimed at consolidating the health status of workers.


[Registration files on the dispensary coverage of the population]. To-day the quality of treatment on the dispensary levels is the most important factor in the work of medico-prophylactic establishments. The existing registration files on the dispensary coverage of thee population needs revision with a view of satisfying requirements of practicians. The organizational-methodological division of th Lvov regional clinical hospital has devised an optimal variant of registration forms that enable it to ensure keeping more exact records of patients undergoing the dispendary treatment, to cut down the time spend in checking, to more quickly obtain the needed current data and to strike balance of the medical commissions work in carrying out periodical medical examinations of the population.


Clinical and EEG response to clonazepam in four patients with self-induced photosensitive epilepsy. Clonazepam was administered to 4 patients with an unusual form of photosensitive epilepsy. Two showed immediate and sustained clinical and electro-encephalographic (EEG) improvement. One showed immediate but unsustained clinical improvement, but there was no EEG improvement. One patient did not improve either clinically or on EEG.


Anaerobic infections in hospital practice. The role of anaerobes in the pathogenesis of infections was investigated. Anaerobes were isolated from 0,25% of blood cultures and from 15,8% of other specimens tested; in 15,1% of cases where anaerobes were isolated, no aerobes were found. The strains most commonly encountered were Bacteroides fragilis, B. melaninogenicus, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Clostridium perfringens. Sensitivity tests in vitro showed all organisms to be sensitive to clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol, while a large proportion were resistant to penicillin G and smaller numbers were resistant to tetracycline.


Ankylosing spondylitis in a Xhosa father and daughter. A Xhosa father and daughter with ankylosing spondylitis are reported. Review of the literature revealed a low incidence of ankylosing spondylitis in Blacks in general, with only isolated reports from the continent of Africa itself. To our knowledge, there has been no documentation of ankylosing spondylitis in a black female, or of ankylosing spondylitis in first-degree Black relatives. The clinical features of ankylosing spondylitis in the female, and the role of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) B27 in the disease are also discussed.


Hypoglycaemia associated with severe kwashiorkor. A study was designed to investigate the hypoglycaemia of severe kwashiorkor. The findings of significant stores of hepatic glycogen suggests that glycogenolysis was impaired. Plasma glucagon levels were relatively low, and it is suggested that this might be secondary to either a pancreatic alpha-cell defect, or inadequate sympathetic stimulation.


Vitiligo and malignant melanoma: a significant association? Three patients with malignant melanoma and coexisting vitiligo are described. All three appear to exhibit at least partial spontaneous control of the melanoma. The hypothesis is made that there may be a significant association between vitiligo and regressing melanoma. The basis for this is the fact that there may be an association between vitiligo and the production of an antimelanoma antibody, promoting rejection of the melanoma.


Reye's syndrome.

Reye's syndrome. The occurrence of Reye's syndrome in 3 children in Bulawayo is reported, and a short review of the diagnostic features and pathogenesis is offered.


Serum immunoglobulins in Black South African children. Serum immunoglobulin levels in Black children were estimated and the results analysed in 13 age ranges, from birth up to 15 years of age. Samples from children whose serum immunoglobulins were unlikely to be affected by their clinical condition were chosen for the analysis. The values measured were much higher when compared with conventionally accepted reference ranges in White children within the same age groups. Therefore, it is most important to interpret the results of immunoglobulin measurement within the range for the individual concerned.


The Cornelia de Lange syndrome: a study of 9 affected individuals. Nine children with the Cornelia de Lange syndrome have been examined and investigated. Prominent among the clinically important features are retarded physical and mental development, limb malformation and limited life expectancy. Early diagnosis is important for prognostication and management, and is based on the recognition of the combination of the stigmata and typical facial characteristics.


A review of deaths in a paediatric burns unit. During a 5-year period, 1970 to 1974, a total of 2 118 new patients were admitted to the Burns Unit of the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital in Cape Town. There were 35 deaths. The main complications and causes of death in these 35 patients are critically analysed and standard management methods are reviewed to highlight mistakes in the management of burns.


Turner's syndrome with XO/XXp- karyotype: a case report. An unusual case of Turner's syndrome is presented. The case highlights the importance of chromosome analysis in patients presenting with primary amenorrhoea. This patient demonstrates the effects of mosaicism and the importance of the long and short arms of the X chromosome. Deletion of the short arm has only been reported in 2 previous cases of Turner's syndrome. The absence of the short arm is believed to be responsible for the shortness in stature in these patients.


Ruptured popliteal cyst -- an unusual complication of osteo-arthritis: a case report. Synovial rupture produces a syndrome resembling acute thrombophlebitis and it is usually seen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The interesting feature reported here is the occurrence of popliteal cyst rupture in a patient with no evidence of inflammatory joint disease. It is important to diagnose this condition correctly and to avoid anticoagulant therapy.


[Tuberculosis of the penis (corpora cavernosa)]. Tuberculosis of the male urethra and corpora cavernosa is discussed and 3 patients with this rare condition are presented. These patients were among 63 patients who presented with urethral stricture during the past 2 years. The diagnosis was based primarily on histological appearance, and treatment consisted of a combined medical and surgical approach, viz. streptomycin, PAS, INH with or without rifampicin; urinary diversion and drainage of pus (if any); initial stage I urethroplasty after control of infection and stage II urethroplasty after 18 - 20 months.


Physical illness and the psychiatric patient. The significance and seriousness of physical illness in mentally ill patients are often not appreciated by those responsible for the immediate care of these patients. This study highlights the nature and prevalence of physical illnesses in a large group of psychiatrically ill patients.


[Inspection of "christmass rabbits" (author's transl)]. 403 "Christmass rabbits" slaughtered in a public slaughter-house were inspected. The average age of the rabbits was eleven months, the average weight being 4.3 kg. (Rabbits raised for commercial purposes are slaughtered when they are approximately three months and weigh 2.5 kg.). Pathological changes were observed in 34 per cent of the animals after slaughter; these changes were mainly due to parasites. Of all rabbits which were inspected, 77 per cent were passed for food; 13 per cent were only passed after some parts of the animals had been removed (mainly livers showing coccidiosis); 8 per cent were conditionally admitted and 2 per cent were condemned. Moreover, 120 traditionally raised rabbits and 120 rabbits raised for commercial purposes were examined for the presence of Salmonella in the faeces and the wall of the rectum. No Salmonella organisms were detected.


[Preliminary results of a study on the effect of a contagious foot-rot vaccine in sheep (author's transl)]. A large number of findings on the effects of a contagious foot-rot vaccine have been reported in the literature. To gain a personal understanding of the uses of this vaccine, also in view of foot-rot control as prescribed by law in the Netherlands, the course run by an experimentally induced infection was observed in a flock consisting of vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals. A first impression is that the results may be described as encouraging, in accordance with the findings reported in the literature. The comparative part of the trial having been completed, the studies were continued to see whether vaccination might possibly have a long-term cumulative effect. The motivation and planning of these continued studies will be considered in the discussion of the preliminary results. A report will follow later on.


[Some features of the control of atrophic rhinitis (author's transl)]. The results obtained by a number of control measures in 152 cases of atrophic rhinitis in the province of North Brabant in 1975 are reviewed. So-called "elimination of piglets" from the herd for a few weeks and treatment of the newborn piglets in accordance with a fixed scheme are the measures stressed in this regard moreover, when this scheme of treatment is adopted in a contaminated environment, i.e. without any taking over by the authorities, it also offers certain prospects. The method of control widely used in the Netherlands so far (elimination of piglets not followed by a scheme of treatment) was not sufficiently successful.


The distribution of HLA in a Polynesian population-Western Samoans. HLA and gene frequencies are presented for a Polynesian population-the Western Samoans. Within the HLA-A locus A2, A9 and A11 have the highest frequencies and account for 55% of the alleles in this locus. The alleles BW22 and BW40 had the highest frequencies in the HLA-B locus and accounted for 51% of the alleles. The blank gene frequencies for the HLA-A and B loci are .382 and .373 respectively. Significant linkage disequilibrium was found with the haplotypes A1,B7; A3,B7;A2, BW40; A9, BW40 A9, BW22. The most frequent haplotype was A2,BW40. Comparatively low values within this population and between this and other Polynesian populations are discussed in terms of selection, migration and drift.


HLA-SD antigens and schizophrenia: statistical and genetical considerations. The HLA-SD phenotype distributions of hebephrenic and paranoid schizophrenics, and of the two groups combined, in an Italian population and in a combined group from the Swedish population have been analyzed statistically. There is a significantly decreased frequency of HLA-A10 in all of these. Theae are some preliminary indications of an increased frequency (a positive association) for some of the other antigens of the HLA-SD series, but there is insufficient data at present for evaluating the significance of these findings. Differences between hebephrenic and paranoid schizophrenics have been detected.


HLA haplotypes in a genetic isolate in Newfoundland. A population showing 8% homozygosity and a familial aggregate of lymphoma and immunodeficiency cases. HLA typing was performed on 384 individuals of an isolated population of 1,500 people with a familial aggregate of lymphoma and immunodeficiency cases. Eighty-five % of the total population were descendants of the founding couple. First cousin marriages were common. There was a three-fold or higher increase of the following haplotypes as compared to the frequencies in Sheffield: HLA-A28,Bw35, HLA-A28, B18, HLA-A10, B18, HLA-A2, B18,HLA-A11, Bw40 and HLA-A11, B7. The frequency of HLA-A1, B8 was low (5.4%). The most common genotype was HLA-A2, B12/A2, B12 followed by HLA-A2, B12/A28, Bw35. We found 20 HLA homozygous individuals, of these 15 were HLA-A2, b12/a2, b12. There were two possible HLA cross-overs which may be confirmed and three postulated cross-overs which can never be confirmed as one or both parents of the individuals in question are deceased. Some of the haplotypes could be traced back to the first, second and third generations, i.e. to the first half of the nineteenth century. No single haplotype or antigen was shared by the patients.


Metabolism of testosterone by the epididymis and ventral prostate of rat and its inhibition by cyproterone acetate. The metabolism of 3H-testosterone by the epididymis and accessory organs of adult male rats exposed continuously to microdoses of cyproterone acetate from subcutaneous capsules were studied. The major metabolite of 3H-testosterone in the epididymis, vas deferens and ventral prostate of control rat was dihydrotestosterone while the formation of androstanediol by these tissues was low. The highest percentage of DHT was formed by the ventral prostate and cauda epididymis. In rats exposed to cyproterone acetate for four months, the conversion of testosterone to DHT was inhibited in all the tissues but maximally in the ventral prostate and cauda epididymis. In these rats, the secretory function of the ventral prostate was normal while that of the epididymis was markedly decreased. These data are discussed based on the differential thresholds of androgens required to regulate the functions of the accessory organs.


Mass spectral fragmentation of 18-norsteroids and 12-oxo-20-hydroxysteroids. Comparison of the mass spectra of 18-norsteroids with those of the corresponding normal steroids revealed that the absence of the 18-methyl group has little effect on the fragmentation pattern, especially on the D-ring and side-chain cleavage. The results indicate that the stability-of the cation or radical species, due to the quarternary nature of C-13, is not a major driving force in the key 13-17 cleavage. Hydrogen transfer observed in the D-ring fragmentation of 20-hydroxy-18-nor-5 alpha-pregnan-13-ones was not found to be specific to the 18-norcompounds. Deuterium labeling at the 20-OH and 20 alpha-H has suggested the involvement of a unique triple hydrogen rearrangement in this major cleavage. Migration of the 20-hydrogen to the 12-keto oxygen was also observed in the fragmentation of dammarane derivatives and was likewise confirmed by deuterium labeling.


A simple method for the assay of eight steroids in small volumes of plasma. A simple method is described for the simultaneous radioligand assay of four delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroids adjacent to one another on the biosynthetic pathway (pregnenolone [1], 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and 5-androsterone-3beta, 17beta-diol), and their four delta4-3keto products (progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 4-androstene-3, 17-dione and testosterone). Two plasma aliquots are extracted and fractionated each for four steroids and individual corrections are made for losses. For fractionation, maximum use is made of the high resolution and reproducibility of celite minicolumns, using propylene glycol as stationary phase, and a discontinuous gradient of ethyl acetate in iso-octane as mobile phase. The fractions are then assayed in the appropriate radioligand end-assay system. Each assay was finally validated by demonstrating coincidence of peaks of immuno- and radioactive steroid in extracts of female plasma. Results in pre-pubertal girls and women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle suggest that the major change in adrenal steroid production at puberty may be an increase in 17, 20-desmolase activity. There appears to be little reversal of this change in adrenal function after ovariectomy.


Antiestrogen action: differential nuclear retention and extractability of the estrogen receptor. Since there is a much longer uterine nuclear retention of the U-11, 100A (antiestrogen) receptor complex (UARC) than of the estradiol receptor complex (ERC) at 4-12 hrs after injection, experiments were designed to determine if there is a difference between the relative nuclear affinities for the two RCs as determined by extraction with various ionic strength mediums. Although the UARC was retained longer in the nuclear fraction in vivo, the UARC was completely extractable with 0.3M KCl or 50mM spermine, whereas the ERC demonstrates a salt-resistant form. This suggests that the ERC is more tightly bound to nuclear components through this salt-resistant form of the receptor. In addition, various intercalating agents were used to distinguish the different nuclear chromatin DNA sites where the UARC and ERC may be binding. With actinomycin D (50 uM) more ERC than UARC was retained in the nuclear fraction. However, with ethidium bromide (100uM) less ERC than UARC was retained. Also, the ERC selectively released by ethidium bromide is precisely that fraction not released by salt. These results indicate that the UARC and ERC bind to different chromatin loci.


In vivo and in vitro studies of 15alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in the human placenta. Studies were conducted to determine the fate of 15alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in human placental tissue. Tritiated 15alpha-hydroxyprogesterone was perfused through normal human placentas in situ at the time of Cesarean section and incubated with a 10,000x g microsomal supernate of the placenta in vitro. In both systems the substrate, but no additional metabolites were identified. These findings indicate that 15alpha-hydroxyprogesterone is not metabolized during its passage in the human term placenta, and suggests that because of its fetal origin clinical measurements of 15alpha-hydroxyprogesterone may provide a valuable index to the status of fetal viability.


Steroid aromatization by a small particle fraction from porcine ovaries. Testosterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, 19-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione, 4alpha-5-oxido-5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione and 4beta-5-oxido-5beta-androstane-3,17-dione were compared as substrates for aromatization by the small particle fraction from sow ovaries. Relative conversion rates were: 19-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione:4-androstene-3,17-dione: testosterone: 4alpha-5-oxido-5alpha- and 4beta-5-oxido-5beta-androstane-3,17-dione; 100:32:20:congruent to O. Apparent Michaelis constants were 4.4 muM for 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 12 muM for testosterone. Maximum velocities were 0.20 pmoles/mg protein per min for androstenedione [1] and 0.16 for testosterone. The substrate preferences of the aromatizing system found in ovary are similar to those of the enzyme found in placenta.


Characterization of the androgen receptor in the skeletal muscle of the rat. Skeletal muscle homogenate of prepuberal, adult uncastrated or short-(1-4days) or long-term (20days) castrated male and female rats was incubated at 0degreesC iwth highly labeled (3H)5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (1) or (3H) testosterone. labeled (3H)5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (1) or 3H) testosterone. After incubation bound and free hormone in the 100,000 g cytosol were separated by agargel electrophoresis at low temperature. Furthermore, the percentage distribution of the main metabolites found in the cytosol was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. Two androgen binding proteins could be found: One with high affinity (apparent dissociation and constant (Kd)= 1.4 - 6.4X10(-9)M) low capacity (receptor), the other with relative low affinity high capacity. The physico-chemical characteristics of the androgen receptor in the rat skeletal muscle cytosol are similar if not identical to those which have been described for the androgen receptor in the prostate and other androgen dependent organs. However, the amount of available 5alpha-DHT-binding sites in the skeletal muscle is about 60 times and 7 times lower than in the prostate and bulbocavernosus/levator ani muscle, respectively. No essential androgen metabolism occurs in vitro at 0degreesC in the skeletal muscle.


Synthesis and purification of radioactive 6beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3beta-ol. A method for the synthesis and purification of 6beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-ene-3beta-ol-131I of greater than 98 mole% chemical purity and greater than 99% radiochemical purity is presented. Carbon-13 and proton NMR were used to establish the identity and purity. Discrepancies in the characterization of this compound, previously published by two other research groups, are discussed.


Toxoplasmin skin sensitivity in Calcutta area. Toxoplasmin skin test was performed on 574 suspected and 24 control cases. A positive reaction was noted in 92 of 481 ophthalmological cases; two of 17 lymphadenopathy cases; none in 36 cerebral palsy cases and four of 40 miscellaneous cases comprising pyrexia of unknown aetiology, recurrent abortions etc. None from the control group gave a positive reaction. The significance of the results is discussed and the need for further studies employing other investigative methods is stressed.


Pulmonary oedema associated with acidosis in patients with cholera. Five patients with severe acidosis and pulmonary oedema complicating cholera were seen at the Cholera Research Laboratory, Dacca, in a two-year period. All had had inadequate treatment. Their disease resulted in acidosis prior to admission; only the two who subsequently survived received volumes of sodium bicarbonate solutions sufficiently large to repair completely their acidosis. Saline alone worsened pulmonary congestion, while alkali appeared to relieve it despite the accompanying volume expansion. These observations are consistent with the known redistribution of blood to the central circulation in acidosis. Timely and proper treatment of cholera will avert this syndrome, when use of isotonic sodium bicarbonate sufficient to correct acidosis may be very helpful.


Blood phenylalanine levels in mentally retarded African children: a study of 138 patients from Ibadan, Nigeria. Blood phenylalanine levels were determined by the Guthrie microbiological inhibition technique in 138 mentally retarded, and in 88 randomly selected normal (control) Nigerian children. All the control subjects and 137 of the 138 mentally retarded children had negative Guthrie tests (6 mg/100 ml or less). In a majority of the children, the blood phenylalanine levels were 2 mg/100 ml or less. One mentally retarded child had moderately elevated blood phenylalanine level which was however much lower than the levels associated with classical phenylketonuria. The findings in the present study is in agreement with previously reported rarity of phenylketonuria in American negroes. An extensive survey of tropical Africa for phenylketonuria is, however, still desirable because regional and ethnic differences in the incidence of the disease may exist.


Stimulation of healing of varicose ulcers by ultrasound. The local application of theraputic ultrasound has been shown, in a controlled trial, to stimulate the healing of chronic varicose ulcers. The change in ulcer size by the end of the period of treatment was noted. It was found that healing of insonated ulcers was significantly more marked than that exhibited by the controls.


[The double-pyelon kidney with special regard to the transport function (author's transl)]. The double-pyelon kidney, i.e. the total or partial duplication of the urinary transport system may involve both diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties. Observations are presented on the strength of 398 cases with total or partial duplication of the upper urinary tract. The incidence rate was 0.7 percent. The various types of duplication are presented with the diagnostic and therapeutic features involved. Transport function is discussed in detail as investigated under ideal physiologic conditions: during excretory urography under the amplifier screen. Aiming at early detection of the congenital anomaly and specification of the appropriate management, a urologic check-up is suggested even with mild presenting symptoms. Special emphasis is given to the consistent day-time enuresis in children over 3 years old, as a possible sign of ectopic ureter. Both children and parents are saved much unpleasantness by early detection, proper management and considerate surgery.


[Vesicoureterorenal reflux: an inherited disease? (author's transl)]. A family case history is presented with an increased incidence of vesicorenal reflux: four sons had a reflux while a daughter and the parents were healthy in this respect. From the literature and on own studies the possibility of reflux as an inherited disease is discussed. A new finding is the coincidence of reflux and the histocompatibility-antigen HLA-A2.


[Congenital bllbar urethral stenosis and its therapy by means of internal urethrotomy under direct vision (according to Sachse) (author's transl)]. Congenital bulbar urethral stenosis arises from incomplete opening of the urogenital membrane. The etiology may possibly be genetic or else a disturbance in the maternal hormones during the embryonic phase. The diagnosis from other types of stenosis is made by urethroscopy. The urodynamic consequences are a compensatory hypertrophy of bladder muscle, in extreme cases finally followed by hydronephrosis. Symptoms of stenosis include dysuria, polyuria, enuresis, and recurrent urinary tract infection. The whole urinary tract should be investigated. At present, the operation of choice for dealing with this type of stenosis, is internal urethrotomy under direct vision (Sachse's operation). Short-term indwelling catheterization, prophylaxis against infection, and hydraulic auto-bougination (raising the internal urethral pressure by compressing the penis during micturition) help to ensure success. The percentage of complications is low. The risk of recurrence is less than with the use of electrocautery.


[Complete and incomplete urethra duplications (author's transl)]. With the help of four cases of urethra duplications, a report is presented on the occurrence, symptomatology, diagnostics, and therapy of the clinical picture. The developmental anatomy is dealt with briefly.


[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder in childhood. Report of five own cases]. Malignant lesions of the bladder in infancy and early childhood arise from mesenchymal tissue. Among the mesenchymal tumors embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is more common in young children than in adults. The gross appearance of rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder is typically that of polypoid grapelike clusters of tissue, termed "sarcoma botryoides". Histologically, the lesion is consistent with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The growths originate in the submucosal layer of the trigone and the internal urethral orifice. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) of the bladder in children tends to remain within the disease. Deep extension and metastasis to regional lymph nodes and to distant sites is a relatively late occurrence. The symptoms are characteristically those of obstruction and strangury. Hematuris is uncommon. The intravenous urogram shows characteristic lobulated filling defects. Treatment of choice is almost always total cystectomy. Suprapubic cystotomy must be prohibited both as a method of drainage and as an approach for biopsy since tumors ulcerating through the abdominal wall after cystotomy and local excision have been observed. With concomitant administration of radiation therapy in selected cases and the combination of surgery with multiple drug chemotherapy, promising results have been obtained in the therapy of embryonal RMS of the bladder in children.


[Carcinoma of the bladder in childhood (author's transl)]. The authors describe the extremely rare finding of a keratinized squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder in a 13 year old girl without however a history of the typical symptoms of the illness such as hematuria. The findings are reviewed in the light of the current literature. Enuresis leading to a chronic infection of the urinary tract is discussed as the possible etiologic factor.


[The controlled TUR: a new method for the measurement of intraoperative blood-loss during TUR (author's transl)]. The measurement of intraoperative blood-loss during TUR is concerned as a compulsory procedure for this kind of operation. After testing so far known methods for measuring blood-volume in blood-water-mixtures and demonstrating greater disadvantages of these methods, we developed a new photometer, which allows an immediate and exact estimation of the blood-loss. We compared this new method with other also exact but more complicated methods, had laboratory tests and tests in the daily operative routine and excluded possible mistakes.


Anterior transperitoneal approach for removal of renal stones. An anterior transperitoneal approach was used for removal of stones from 15 kidneys in 13 patients. Exposure of the anterior portion of the pelvis was readily accomplished making excellent exposure of the interior of the kidney possible. Minimal urinary drainage was noted postoperatively. The operative procedures done with the patients in the supine position were well tolerated.


Dissolution of uric acid stones: alternative to surgery. A method for the dissolution of uric acid urolithiasis by irrigation with sodium bicarbonate solution through a ureteral catheter is described.


Doxorubicin chemotherapy in advanced transitional cell carcinoma. During the past year 25 patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma were treated with intravenous doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), 60 to 75 mg. per square meter of body surface area, every three weeks. Among the 19 evaluable patients, one partial objective remission lasting five months was observed. All 7 patients with bone pain had symptomatic relief and 12 patients had significant subjective improvement lasting an average of six-and-a-half months. Side effects were minimal and consisted of alopecia, mild leukopenia, and mild stomatitis; no significant cardiotoxicity was observed. Doxorubicin hydrochloride appears to have important antitumor activity in advanced urothelial tumors. Controlled clinical trials with this agent alone and in combined drug regimens are needed.


Xenon-133 resorption in urinary bladder: functional diagnosis of bladder epithelium. The examination of resorption from the urinary bladder had previously been restricted almost exclusively to animal research, since, as a rule, a separation of the bladder from the urinary tract is required. If this is not done, the resorbed test substance quickly finds its way back into the bladder. More than 95 per cent of the xenon which has been resorbed from the bladder becomes eliminated through the lungs. The detection and measurement of xenon in the exhaled air enables one to conduct, in a relatively simple fashion, urinary bladder resorption research using human subjects. Studies based on 141 patients showed that the xenon exhalation tests currently represent the most sensitive and exact method for detecting and determining the nature of inflammatory diseases of the urinary bladder. With a number of so-called "irritable bladder" cases it became clear that functional disorders of the bladder epithelium could be present without any evidence of associated morphologic changes. With radiogenic treatment of tumors in the lower pelvic region one experiences an increase in bladder resorption with increased exposure to radiation. There exists, as it were, a linear correlation between the radiation dosage and the degree of resorption from the urinary bladder. Three months after terminating radiotherapy one can detect, as a rule, only a negligible increase in resorption. If at this time the rate of xenon resorption still remains clearly high, one must reckon with permanent radiation damage of the bladder, insofar as it proves unsuccessful to eliminate the cause of cystitis.


Effect of preoperative antibiotic therapy on bacterial prostatitis after transurethral prostatectomy. Transurethral prostatectomy was performed on 237 patients who required no preoperative antimicrobial therapy and on 182 patients with symptoms of urinary tract infection who received preoperative antimicrobial therapy. At operation all patients were asymptomatic. Data are presented on the incidence of infected prostates, bacteriuria at operation, and postoperative morbidity for the two groups. The findings refute the concept that the chronically infected prostate is resistant to antimicrobial therapy. Transurethral prostatectomy in an infected field was found to increase morbidity. The data suggest that an appropriate preoperative antimicrobial regimen be administered to patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy with asymptomatic bacteriuria.


Prostatic cancer: evolution of treatment at a comprehensive center (1970-1974). As a follow-up report to studies in previous decades, the present study covers 190 patients admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute for prostatic carcinoma during 1970 to 1974. The records of an additional 30 cases whose prostatic carcinoma was found incidentally at autopsy are included in this study for comparisons. The mean age at diagnosis was significantly lower than in the previous decade, with a greater proportion of progressions to an advanced clinical stage prior to admission to Roswell Park Memorial Institute. The incidence of cardiovascular deaths was much lower than in 1960 to 1969. Survival for all clinical stages was longer than that observed in the previous period and correlated with clinical stage. Serum acid and alkaline phosphatase levels progressively increased with clinical stage. Chemotherapy, which was rarely employed in the previous decade, found increasing usage during 1970 to 1974. There is a general trend to earlier diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma.


Postprostatectomy incontinence: George Washington University technique. The original concept of external compression on the urethra to provide urinary continence in the male has undergone significant modifications since the original work of Berry fifteen years ago. The technique used at George Washington University is a successful extension of Berry's concept. This article presents a very precise description of the operation. There has been only one failure in 13 patients referred to us, therefore the technique is recommended as an excellent means of correcting postprostatectomy incontinence.


Factors related to host recognition of bacterial antigens which cause urinary infection. Some gram-negative bacteria isolated from the urinary tract have on their surfaces antigens identical to or similar to those of human blood groups A, B, or (H) O. Human isoantibodies to these antigens appear to play some part in the immunologic response to urinary infections. It is postulated from this observation that human isoantibodies A and B persist because they are important segments in resistance to infections rather than reactions to other human tissues (as in transfusions or transplantation). To further assess the relationship between bacterial antigens similar to those of blood groups A or B and host isoantibody response we performed an in-depth study of this relationship in 13 patients with urinary infection of upper or lower tracts. Isoantibody of the immunoglobulin M class appeared to be the antibody which reacted with both bacteria and human erythrocytes. Patients with infections of the upper tracts had proportionately more cross-reacting anti-B antibody than those with lower tract infections, but the amounts of anti-A antibody were roughly equivalent in both types of infection. Response of a given host was genetically predetermined. Some deficiency in host recognition of bacterial antigens was noted since only 4 of 13 patients recognized bacterial A or B antigens while all normals did so. Study of the defined crossreactions between bacterial and blood group antigens offers further opportunities for definition of the genetic components of immunity to urinary infections.


Unilateral medullary sponge kidney: cause of persistent bacteriuria. A patient with twenty years of persistent bacteriuria secondary to unilateral medullary sponge kidney, and in whom no antibiotic would sterilize the urine, was cured of her infection by nephrectomy in the presence of contralateral hydronephrosis. A review of the literature shows 23 cases of unilateral medullary sponge kidney in which nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy was apparently equally successful, although no bacteriologic follow-up data are given.


Blunt trauma to renal artery.

Blunt trauma to renal artery. A case of intimal laceration of the renal artery by blunt trauma is presented. Although complete and prolonged functional loss was documented, total recovery was eventually observed. Postulates regarding pathogenesis are provided. The usefulness of arteriography for therapeutic and prognostic reasons is emphasized.


Seven-year survival of child with rhabdomyosarcoma of prostate. A case is reported of a twenty-two-month-old child who has survived for seven years without recurrence after multimodal therapy of a rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate. The patient was treated with preoperative irradiation, radical surgery, and intraoperative and postoperative actinomycin D.


Cure of idiopathic priapism: new procedure for creating fistula between glans penis and corpora cavernosa. A patient with idiopathic priapism of four days' duration had detumescence achieved in his hospital room using local anesthesia by creation of fistula between the glans penis and each corpora cavernosa bodies by means of a Travenol biopsy needle.


Non functioning interstitial cell carcinoma of testis. The authors add an additional case to the 13 cases of malignant interstitial cell tumor of the testis previously reported in the literature. It has been thought that the hallmark of metastatic interstitial cell tumor of the testis is endocrinopathy secondary to production of hormones by the tumor. In the case reported here there were no clinical or chemical manifestations of any endocrinopathy, making this case unique.


Epidermal cyst of median raphe.

Epidermal cyst of median raphe. Cysts of the penis are rare and references to them in standard textbooks are sketchy. A case report of a congenital epidermal cyst of the median raphe of the penis is presented; therapy involved excision of the mass. Review of the literature is given.


Spontaneous rupture of renal pelvis.

Spontaneous rupture of renal pelvis. A seventy-seven-year-old female with progressive abdominal sighs for twenty-four hours was found to have had a spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis with massive urinary extravasation.


Uroradiology of diabetes mellitus.

Uroradiology of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent disorder, well controlled in many persons with prolongation of life. Several radiologic manifestations are sufficiently specific to suggest a diagnosis in the unidentified patient, but even more important is an awareness of the sometimes life-threatening complications of diabetes which can be diagnosed from uroradiologic studies. We review the following urinary tract manifestations and complications of diabetes: pyelonephritis, perinephric abscess, renal papillary necrosis, emphysematous pyelonephritis, emphysematous cystitis, fungus infections, calcification of the vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and intrarenal branches of the renal artery, neuropathic bladder, and renal failure.


[Significance of the type of trauma for the outcome of nerve injury]. The experience with 1896 restorative operations on injured nerve trunks shows a necessity to consider the problems of diagnosis, prognosis and choice of the treatment, and especially the results of the nerve suture, not in all patients with nerve injury but only in separate groups being comparable with respect to the kind and severity of the trauma. The probability of spontaneous recovery after cut and prick wounds is very small, if the signs of complete interruption of the conductivity are revealed from the very beginning. As a rule, nerve suture seems to be indicated after establishing the precise diagnosis. Rush and inadequate operations in primary surgical treatment of the wound, in particular, can cause an additional and severe trauma of the nerve, which repairing proves to be difficult and sometimes even impossible. In bone fractures the operation on injured nerves may be indicated after establishing the precise diagnosis during the period of "justified wating", taking into account the injury level and details of the clinical course. In traction lesions of the brachial plexus the correct diagnosis of the level and severity of the trauma must be established without an operation.


[Indications for and technic of papillosphincterotomy]. The authors' experience with 45 papillosphincterotomies, performed for diseases of bile passages and chronic pancreatitis, is reported. The details of the operative technic, employed by the authors, are described. The technic of papillosphincterotomy on a conus-shape sound by means of a "laser scalpel" proved to be the most perfect one. Careful observation of the surgical technic made it possible to gain favourable results--only 1 of 45 operated patients died. Papillosphincterotomy is largely advocated in stenoses and concretions in the large duodenal papilla, strictures of choledocho-duodenoanastomoses, care should be taken not to overwiden indications to the operation concerned.


[Secondary hemorrhage following trauma to the bones and soft tissues of the extremities]. An analysis of 16 cases of secondary hemorrhages in injuries of bones and soft tissues of the extremities is presented. The secondary hemorrhages occurred within the period from 16 hours to 27 days after the trauma. Angiographic study is a valuable adjunct for establishing the correct diagnosis. Arrosion of large arterial trunks was the adjunct for establishing the correct diagnosis. Arrosion of large arterial trunks was the basic cause of the secondary hemorrhage. In the prophylaxis of the latter a special importance is attached to a wide wound dissection in primary surgical treatment and to secure hemostasis, especially in the body portions having multilayer musculature.


[Fractures of the dens of the 2d cervical vertebra and their treatment]. Fractures of the dens axis make 10-15 per cent to all injuries of the cervical portion of the vertebral column. The potential danger of these injuries and difficulties of their treatment are conditioned by anatomo-functional features of this portion of the spine. The mechanism of fractures of the dens axis is not clear yet. Clinical manifestations of dens axis fractures are determined by the character and extent of its desplacement. Its diagnosis is somewhat difficult sometimes. Conservative therapy is not always a success. The existing methods of surgical treatment of dens axis fractures make it possible to gain the cure nearly in all cases.


[Treatment of intestinal paresis in children]. In the paper, a clinical experience with treatment of intestinal paresis in 545 children, aged from 1 day to 13 years, including 225 children operated upon for peritonitis is summarized. The authors differentiate 3 stages in the development of intestinal paresis depending on the degree of intensity of systemic and local disturbances. The employed methods of treatment in intestinal paresis were classified by the principle of their effect as 3 groups. Application of some or other method of the paresis therapy is determined by the stage of its development. In treatment of postoperative intestinal paresis a continuous peridural blockade is considered to be the method of choice. Utilization of the latter enabled the authors to reveal a number of postoperative complications: mechanic intestinal obstruction, incompetent anastomosis, etc.


[Recurrence of peptic ulcer].

[Recurrence of peptic ulcer]. In the paper, the causes, clinic and treatment in 15 patients with recurrent peptic ulcer after repeated operative procedures for duodenal ulcer are described. The main causes of the recurrence were as follows: the remaining of the mucous membrane of the antral gastric portion in Finsterer gastric resection for ulcer exclusion (5) and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (10). The surgical therapy consisted in resection of the antral portion and repeated gastric resection (the first group) or in subtotal gastrectomy associated with trunk vagotomy (the second group).


Virological study of some influenza outbreaks in the period January--March 1975. The virological study of some influenza outbreaks recorded in Romania in the period Jnauary--March 1975 resulted in the isolation of 29 influenza A2 virus strains antigenically close to the strains A2/Port Chalmers 1/73 and A2/England 42/72. The non-homogeneous antigenic structure of the isolates suggests the possible formation of natural hybrids.


Distribution of hepatitis B virus subtypes in Romania. The higher incidence of HB8Ag/ayw (71%) in sera collected from acute viral hepatitis cases, as well as from patients with chronic active hepatitis, healthy carriers and blood donors of 20 Romanian counties emphasizes the local prevalence of the ayw determinant in our country.


Treatment and prevention of acute respiratory virus infections in children with leukocytic interferon. Children with respiratory virus infections and healthy contacts were given leukocytic interferon (LIF) as treatment and prophylaxis. The results emphasize the effectiveness of the treatment when LIF was given on the 1st or 2nd day after onset of illness. In these cases the course was mild, of short duration and without complications. In children who did not receive LIF, the clinical course was more severe, the disease lasted longer, and complications were not uncommon. Prophylactic instillation of LIF succeeded in preventing the disease in 85.2% of the contacts; those who contracted the infection had a mild disease with insignificant complications. No allergic or intoxication phenomena were observed in children receiving LIF.


Comparative study of cutaneous scars and HAI antibodies after smallpox revaccination. The number and aspect of cutaneous scars and the HAI antibody titer were recorded in 154 20-21-year-old subjects before smallpox revaccination, 30 and 300 days afterwards. In 38.3% of the vaccinees there were no postvaccinal scars 300 days after revaccination, but the absence of residual scars did not necessarily indicate a failure of immunization, since the increase in mean HAI antibody titer was significant in most of the cases.


Investigations on the distribution of HBs antigen subtypes. The study was performed in 2,054 sera collected from HBsAg-positive acute viral hepatitis (AVH) patients within the first days after onset. HBsAg were subtyped by immunodiffusion (it was possible to specify the antigenic subdeterminant in 1,816 sera) and titrated by counterelectrophoresis. The results were analysed according to the territory and to the patients' sex and age. The overall ad:ay ratio was of 18:82 and zonal differences in subtype ratio were found. A marked predominance of male subjects (57%) among HBsAg-positive AVH patients was observed, especially in younger age groups. Half of the cases could be included in the age groups from 5 to 29 years. Higher ad:ay values were found at low antigen titers.


[Traumatic cerebral thrombosis (author's transl)]. The observation of 6 patients with traumatic cerebral thrombosis following closed injury to the skull stimulated this compilation and review of the relevant literature on this subject. Thrombosis of the internal carotid artery and the vertebral artery head the list and do not only come about after blunt trauma to the neck, in which case traumatic aetiology is always thought of in conjunction with the appearance of appropriate neurological symptoms, but also arise from injuries to the skull. In the latter circumstances, the cerebral symptoms will usually be attributed to an epidural or subdural haematoma, particularly if there is a symptom-free period. This happens especially after minor injuries to the skull. In fact, traumatic thrombosis is seen less frequently than extracerebral haematomas, but is nevertheless repeatedly encountered owing to the great number of traffic accidents. Definitive diagnosis can be made only by angiography of the cerebral vessels, above all of the internal carotid artery. Similar to the prognosis of any disease caused by vascular occlusion, the prognosis as to the extent of recovery from the cerebral focal symptoms depends on the sufficiency of the collateral circulation, whereby surgical removal of the thrombus at the earliest possible moment appears to absolutely indicated.


[Thrombosis of the cerebral vessels following closed cranial trauma (author's transl)]. The case histories are presented of 6 patients, 5 of whom developed carotid artery thrombosis (the left vessel being affected in 4 cases and the right only in 1 case) following closed cranio-cerebral trauma; the 6th patient developed thrombosis of the posterior cerebral artery, as confirmed at autopsy. The factors involved in the aetiology of these events are discussed on the basis of the case reports.


[Angiographic disappearance of fibromuscular dysplasia of the carotid artery in childhood (author's transl)]. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) of the left carotid artery was diagnosed on the basis of the typical angiographic changes in a seven-year-old girl suffering from acute hemiplegia. A repeat angiography of both carotid and renal arteries 8 months later revealed no pathological changes. The diagnosis of FMD of the carotid arteries is extemely difficult and requires a biopsy or repeat angiography for verification.


[Finger Microtremor--an experimental study (author's transl)]. This paper deals with the recording of finger microtremor using a self-constructed apparatus (amplitudes 0.5 to 0.05 mm). 32 healthy subjects aged 7 to 60 years were examined by means of a test set permitting the exact recording of the amplitudes and frequencies of the right middle finger movement. Special attention was given to the vertical plane of the tremor in order to permit more exact demonstration. Frequencies of 5 to 12 cps. were recorded, the mean frequency being 7.55+/-1.12 cps. The minimum amplitude was 0.02 and the maximum recorded amplitude amounted to 1.4 mm, with a mean amplitude of 0.12+/- 0.07 mm. No significant differences in amplitude or frequency were noted with respect to age or sex. This method is useful in the accurate quantitative assessment of every kind of tremor.


[Effect of Ouabain on cerebral blood flow (author's transl)]. The effect of 0.25 mg ouabain on cerebral blood flow (CBF) was investigated in patients with and without cerebrovascular disease using the xenon clearance method. The 36 patients included in this study did not show any signs of heart failure. Ouabain increased the CBF and this effect was demonstrable 15, as well as 90 min. after administration. This effect was proven statistically using the t-test for a comparison of the values with spontaneous changes in a control group without medication. The perfusion of pathologically-supplied brain regions was altered in the same way as the hemispheric flow; changes in the distribution of blood in the way of a steal effect were not observed. The haemodynamic parameters do not indicate a primary cardiac effect. Hence, an influence of ouabain on cerebral vessels might be responsible. The present results support reported clinical experience with ouabain for the treatment of patients with cerebrosvascular disease.


[Severe intoxication with leponex (author's transl)]. The clinical picture and the therapeutic management of a severe case of self-poisoning with Leponex (clozapin) are presented. In particular, the grave complications, their possible aetiology and the value of the administration of cortisone are discussed. Forced diuresis or haemodialysis are ineffective measures on account of the low serum concentrations of Leponex.


[Use of ultrasound methods in vascular and circulatory diseases (author's transl)]. The paper summarizes the principles, techniques and efficiency of ultrasound methods as indicator systems in the assessment of the peripheral and cerebral arteries; our studies predominantly refer to the use of these simple, non-invasive procedures in combination with sphygmo-oscillography and dynamographic circulation analysis, respectively. Ultrasound Doppler flowmetry (Pulse Doppler method), which permits relative measurements of the flow velocity in the peripheral haemodynamic regions, is of great importance in the rapid ascertainment of the patency of the major arterial trunks and the non-palpable vessels and also in the diagnosis, localization and follow-up control of stenoses and occlusions. Changes in the flow velocity due to organic or functional factors can be recorded by this method acoustically, oscilloscopically and graphically; measurements of the systolic blood pressure in the limb arteries by the Doppler technique provide semi-quantitative information in regard to the condition of the circulation. The registration of Doppler signals over the supra-orbital artery before and after compression of the superficial temporal artery and the common carotid artery has become established as a screening procedure for stenoses of the internal carotid artery. Ultrasound echography, which enables pulse registration and determination of vessel diameters, especially of the carotid siphon, can also be used for the detection of obstructions in the region of the internal carotid artery, as well as the vertebral artery.


[Blood pressure analysis by means of an ultrasonic blood pressure monitor during the course of rehabilitative treatment (author's transl)]. A statistic evaluation of the daily blood pressure values at rest during a 4-week period of active training combined with physiotherapy and medical baths indicated a decrease of 20 mm Bg in systolic pressure and of 9 mm Hg in diastolic pressure in patients with hypertension of various grades. The resting blood pressure shows a tendency to become normalized during the course of this therapy with phases of maximum negative decline. However, a standardized simple submaximla ergometric load test carried out weekly demonstrated that there were only minimal changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure during exercise. In comparison with observations made in other spas, these results demonstrate a uniform reaction of the human organism to this particular form of irritative therapy independent of the particular features of the spas and the special constituents of the waters.


[A new antihypertensive imidazoline derivative (St 600, Fluoronidine): I. Haemodynamic investigations at rest and during exercise (author's transl)]. Treatment of 12 hypertensive patients with a new imidazoline derivative, St 600 (1.5 to 12.0 mg daily over at least 7 days) resulted in a significant lowering of the blood pressure, mostly to normal values, parallelled by a reduced heart heart rate. A significant decrease in arterial resistance was observed at rest and during exercise in 6 of the patients, whereas a slight increase or no change was recorded in the remaining 6 patients. The changes in resistance in the pulmonary circulation were analogous to those in the systematic circulation for the 2 groups, respectively. The latter half of the patients displayed a decrease in stroke volume, cardiac index and oxygen consumption. No negative inotropic effect was observed.


[The alcoholized pedestrian as victim of fatal traffic accidents (author's transl)]. The following results were obtained in an analysis of the road accidents which occurred in Vienna and its environs over the past ten years with a fatal outcome for the involved pedestrians: 39.3% of the pedestrains who died in an accident had a blood alcohol concentration of at least 0.8%, the average amounting to 2.15%. As many as 60.2% of the male victims were alcoholized, whereas only 7.6% of the women were alcoholized. The female victims were mostly elderly, 86% being older than 60 years, whereas many of the male victims were middle-aged. These middle-aged male pedestrians were frequently drunk; among the men aged between 40 and 49 the rate of alcoholization soared to 88%. The peak time of fatal traffic accidents involving alcoholized pedestrians lies in the hours before midnight. The number of pensioners among the sober victims is raised in comparison with the population rate, whilst an unexpectedly high percentage of unskilled workers found in the alcoholized group. In 7.6% of the alcoholized victime the autopsy revealed cirrhosis of the liver; 27.1% had fatty degeneration of the liver. Nearly as many female pedestrians met with a fatal road accident as males within the city boundaries. Accordingly, the percentage of alcoholized victims in the city (31.7%) is low compared with the rural areas, where about 60% of the victims had a blood alcohol concentration of at least 0.8%.


[Human urinary fluoride excretion at various ages (author's transl)]. 3 groups, each consisting of 5 subjects in the following age ranges (A 4 to 6 years, B 25 to 45 years, C 60 to 70 years) were given fluoride in the form of a single dose of 6 mg. Fluoride excretion in the urine was subsequently investigated over a period of 24 hours. In a second experiment a daily dose of 6 mg of F- was given to the 3 groups over a period of 10 days. The urinary excretion was determined in 24-hour urine samples. The results are presented in two figures. 1. A time drift in urinary fluoride excretion in the direction of delayed fluoride metabolism was seen in group C subjects. 2. A periodic increase in the urinary fluoride values was also seen in these elderly subjects, indicative of an altered regulatory mechanism.


[Fatal outcome of a case with calcifying alcoholic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. A case report is presented of a 38-year-old alcoholic welfare patient. Drainage of a pancreatic abscess, which had to be repeated, pyloromyotomy, cholecystectomy and sphincterotomy were undertaken in 1972 at another hospital. He was admitted on the present occasion because of weight loss, severe attacks of pain and diabetes. At operation multiple necrotic areas were found in the pancreas, with many stones in the parenchymatous tissue and in the main pancreatic duct and one large stone close to the pailla acting like a valve. Sub-total duodenopancreatectomy, resection of the pyloric region of the stomach, retrocolic hepaticojejunostomy and gastroenteroanastomosis was performed. The postoperative recovery took place without complications. 5 days after discharge the patient died in a hypoglycaemic coma at another hospital. He had administered 400 U. insulin to himself whilst in a drunken state. A short description is given of the aetiology and pathogenesis of calcifying pancreatitis. The choice of the surgical technique depends on the operative findings and the aim of therapy. Attention is called to the increase in late mortality in patients with pancreatectomy who do not abstain from alcohol.


[The diagnosis of IgD-Myelomatosis (author's transl)]. Two patients with IgD-lambda myelomatosis are presented and the differential diagnosis is discussed. Typical features of this disease are the high incidence of Bence-Jones proteinuria, osteolytic lesions, amyloidosis and the predominance of male patients. Furthermore, an augmentation of serum IgD level to 165 mg% was observed in a 22-year-old female patient with presumed Coxsackie myocarditis. The theories in regard to IgD function are discussed.


[Blocking and binding antibodies to intrinsic factor and their behaviour during oral therapy with intrinsic factor-vitamin B 12 complex (author's transl)]. 13 patients with pernicious anaemia and 2 patients who had been subjected to total gastrectomy were treated orally with a hog instrinsic factor preparation (IF) for 1 to 4.5 years. During this therapy 11 of the patients with pernicious anaemia and both gastrectomized patients developed blocking and binding antibodies to IF. Antibodies already present before the commencement of therapy showed an increase in titre. All patients remained in complete haematological remission. The conclusion is drawn that circulating antibodies to IF do not play any significant role in the absorption of the hog IF-B 12 complex.


[A rapid direct latex agglutination test for HCG (author's transl)]. 792 urine samples from pregnant patients were investigated by a direct latex agglutination test (LA). Results of this slide test were compared with data derived from a haemagglutination inhibition test (HI). The same results were obtained by both pregnancy tests in 768 (96.7%) out of 792 urine samples. The pregnancy test was negative in 20 cases (2.5%) as assessed by HI, whereas a positive result was recorded with the LA in these cases. Seven were cases of early pregnancy and control tests performed by HI became positive at a later date. The remaining 13 (1.6%) of these patients belonged to a group of pathological pregnancies (missed abortion, threatened abortion, incomplete abortion and ectopic pregnancy). The slide test is more sensitive (1000 I.U. HCG/1 urine) than the HI (1500 I.U.HCG/1 urine). No false positive results were obtained with the LA; false negative results were registered in only 0.5% of cases. A semi-quantitative HCG determination was performed by means of the tube and slide test in 29 urine samples. However, agreement of the data by the two methods was relatively poor, owing to the higher sensitivity of the LA, with consequent inaccurate assessment of HCG excretion. Not much importance need be attached to this finding in view of the diagnostic and prognostic deficiencies of HCG determination. The new slide test was found to be a rapid, simple and accurate pregnancy test.


[Treatment of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis with D-penicillamine in progressive scleroderma: a long-term study (author's transl)]. 5 patients suffering from progressive scleroderma with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis have been treated since 1971 with D-penicillamine (Artamin) as basic therapeutic agent. All patients showed a significant tendency towards normalization of the pathological findings in regard to functional capacity of the lungs and scintigraphic and radiological assessment. These results, in our opinion, justify the recommendation of a new indication for D-penicillamine therapy, namely in cases of progressive scleroderma with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.


[Xeroderma pigmentosum with normal excision-repair capacity and decreased U-V tolerance (author's transl)]. Unscheduled DNA synthesis was investigated in the peripheral lymphocytes of a 31-year-old woman suffering from Xeroderma pigmentosum, clinically manifest since early childhood. The present data indicate a normal level of excision repair capacity, though U-V sensitivity was increased. The present case is considered to be a new variant of the syndrome Xeroderma pigmentosum, demonstrating once more its genetic heterogeneity. The question of a relationship between the observed data and the known occurrence of carcinoma in the light-exposed skin areas remains to be answered.


[The effect of vinblastine on DNA metabolism in turnover cells (author's transl)]. Studies on the effect of Vinblastine on normal and tumour cell show that semi-conservative DNA synthesis correlates with the enzymatic activity of thymidine kinase. DNA repair investigations performed with Yoshida-Ascites cells indicate an inhibitory effect on the ligase system after Vinblastine treatment and gamma irradiation.


[Mosaic (Chimeric) animals: their experimental production and application (author's transl)]. A method introduced by Tarkowski permits the aggregation (mosaic-like fusion) of mammalian eggs in the early stages of division. In this paper, a modification of the Tarkowski method designed to create multiparental (mostly quadriparental) chimeric mice is discussed. The method described is simple, more practical and time-saving. The problems in analysing clonal processes of development in mammals and the mechanisms connected with sex differentiation and tumour development are discussed.


Glycemia and plasma IRI level after tolbutamide in hyposomatrophic dwarfs treated with HGH. The insulinogenic function of the pancreatic islets was assessed by the use of tolbutamide stimulation in 25 children with hyposomatotrophic dwarfism (HSD). The authors suggest that the low insulin release and/or synthesis is responsible for slight growth response of these children to HGH treatment. There may also be a causative relation between this low insulin response and the tendency of children with HSD to develop diabetes after HGH treatment.


Nuclear RNA in the mouse spleen at the peak of primary immune response. Electrophoretic studies on nuclear RNA extracted from the spleens of immunized mice are reported. RNA was extracted by the phenol-detergent procedure from the purified nuclei of spleen cells at the peak of primary immune response after a single immunization with sheep red blood cells. The kinetics of labeling in vivo with 32P-orthophosphate indicate an accelerated biosynthesis of the ribosomal RNA precursors, 28S, 18S, 5S and 4S fractions of nuclear RNA in the spleens of immunized mice.


Cytoplasmic RNA in the mouse spleen at the peak of primary immune response. Results of studies on the synthesis of different fractions of cytoplasmic RNA in the spleens of immunized mice at the peak of primary immune response are reported. RNA was extracted by the phenol-detergent procedure from the cytoplasm of spleen cells of mice immunized with sheep red blood cells. The kinetics of labeling in vivo with 32P-orthophosphate indicate an accelerated biosynthesis and transport from nucleus to cytoplasm of 28S, 18S and 4S fractions of RNA.


Attempt at simplification of the rosette -- inhibition test for routine use in patients under immunosuppressive therapy. Three hundred thirty three specimens of diluted sera from 69 patients under immunosuppressive therapy were tested for their ability to inhibit rosetting of normal human lymphocytes with SRBC. Statistical analysis of the results of the rosette-inhibition test have shown that there is a relationship of second degree between the inhibition index value and the dilution of serum. This relationship allowed to establish a formula for calculation of the theoretical titer (TT) from one arbitrally chosen dilution of serum. The results of empirical verification of the method are highly satisfactory. The theoretical and empirical titers of 23 tested sera were statistically identical. The proposed method shortens sixfold the time of testing.


[The influence of atmospheric gases on growth and toxin production of sterigmatocystin-and patulin-producing molds (author's transl)]. The influence of one-and two-sided regulated atmospheres with lower 02-and increased CO2-concentrations in comparison with air was studied on the growth and toxin-production of 4 different mycotoxin-producing molds (A. versicolor, P. expansum, P. urticae, B. nivea). Low O2-values in the atmosphere (2-0.5%) had scarely an influence on the development and toxinproduction in different nutrient media after 14 d at 25 degrees C. Only higher CO2-and lower O2-concentrations than that of the air (e.g. 40% CO2, 6% O2) reduced the sterigmatocystin-and patulin-production in nearly all cultures, whereas growth was only retarded insignificantly. Atmospheres with 90% CO2 and 10% air as well nitrogen atmospheres with 10% CO2 inhibited remarkably the growth of molds and prevented the toxin-production of nearly all strains. In pure N2-atmospheres most of the A. versicolor strains exhibited growth with toxic mycelia whereas only minimum growth of the patulin-producing species without any patulin synthesis had been observed.


[Investigations of Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1 in milk and milk products (author's transl)]. The method proposed by the Federal Department of Health for the determination of aflatoxin B1,B2,G1, and G2 was tested for additional determination of aflatoxin M1. With relatively small changes of the original method, all aflatoxins including. B1, B2,G1,g2, and M1 can be determined quantitatively in milk, milk powder, butter, cheese, quark, cream, yoghurt and fruit yoghurt.


Interaction of aflatoxin B1 with some biologically important substances. The interaction of aflatoxin B1 with a number of biologically important substances has been investigated by spectrophotometric and fluorimetric techniques. The ultra-violet absorption of tryptophan, adenosine, RNA and DNA were altered by the addition of aflatoxin B1. Some amino-acids, purine and pyrimidine derivatives, bovine-serum albumin and DNA quenched the fluorescence of aflatoxin B1. Fluorescence polarization data suggested that the interaction of aflatoxin B1 with bovine-serum albumin was stronger than that with DNA.


Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus by citrus oils. Aspergillus parasiticus was inoculated into grapefruit juice and a glucose-yeast extract medium; both contained 500-7000 ppm of citrus oils that were incorporated into the media by sonication. Orange and lemon oil were more inhibitory to mold growth and aflatoxin production than was dlimonene, the main constituent of the two peel oils. After 7 days at 28 degrees C, 2000 ppm of lemon and 3000 ppm of orange oil in grapefruit juice afforded maximum suppression of mold growth and toxin formation. When the glucose-yeast extract medium was used, 3000 ppm of either oil were needed to achieve the same result. After 4 days at 28 degrees C, orange oil at 3500 ppm in either medium markedly inhibited mold growth (as evidenced by dry weight of mold mycelium) and aflatoxin production (only 14 and 1% of the amount normally produced in the juice and artificial medium, respectively). Higher concentrations of orange oil further reduced mold growth and aflatoxin production and also delayed the onset of sporulation, if it occurred. Although aflatoxin was detected in all samples, only 0.2 to 0.5% of the amount found in controls (without the citrus oil) was present when the medium contained 7000 ppm orange oil. The mold consistently grew, albeit very poorly, on the glass at the liquid-atmosphere interface even when the substrate contained a large amount of citrus oil.


[Breakdown of linoeic acid hydroperoxydes. Formation of volatile carbonyl compounds (author's transl)]. Linoleic acid hydroperoxydes (LOOH) containing 13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-(75%) and 9-hydroperoxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid (25%) were emulsified at pH 6.5. After addition of hemoglobin, ferrous ions, ferric ions, cysteine or ascorbic acid the emulsions were stored 19 hours at 22 degrees C. The decrease in the diene and peroxyde concentrations and the formation of volatile carbonyl compounds were analysed. Ferrous ions and ascorbic acid were the strongest producers of volatile carbonyl compounds. In the presence of 10(-3) Mol ascorbic acid 6 mumol volatile aldehydes arise from 75 mumol LOOH. Hexanal (70 mol-%) was the main component of the aldehyde fraction. For plant foodstuffs the significance of the reaction of fatty acids hydroperoxydes with ascorbic acid for the formation of flavour substances is discussed.


[On the occurence of isopeptide bonds in heated milk protein (author's transl)]. Milk, milk products and individual milk proteins were subjected to different heat treatments either as powders or in aquous systems. After complete hydrolysis of the peptide bonds (alpha-amide bonds) by a system of four proteinases or peptidases, respectively, the samples were analysed for isopeptides. For this purpose, two chromatographic ion exchange systems were developed, each of which separates Nepsilon-(beta-aspartyl-)lysine (Asp Lys) as well as Nepsilon-(gamma-glutamyl-)lysine (Glu Lys) from the common amino acids. In samples, heated 24 h for at least 120 degrees C, 2-5% of the lysine residues are incorporated in Glu Lys-bonds. Under the heating conditions used in dairy practice, no isopeptide bonds were formed.


[Relations between structure and bitter taste of amino acids and peptides. II. Peptides and their derivatives (author's transl)]. About 80 peptides and their derivatives were tested for bitter taste. The taste thresholds are in the range of 70-80 muMol/ml (Gly-Val) to 0.01-0.02 muMol/ml (Bacitracin). They are dependent on nature and number of the side chains and on the hydrophobicity of the whole molecule. An estimation of the taste thresholds of all di-and tripeptides with known amino acid composition is possible on the basis of their hydrophobicity. As could be shown recently for bitter amino acids, a polar (electrophilic) and a hydrophobic group are essential requirements for bitter peptides also. This model corresponds to all sensory results, e.g. to the bitter taste of all hydrophobic peptides independent on their sequence and configuration and to the sweet taste of L-aspartyl dipeptide esters.


The aroma of cloudberries (rubus chamaemorus L.). The volatile components of cloudberries (Rubus chamaemorus L.) have been analysed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and about 80 components, comprising 93% of the aroma concentrate, have been identified. The aroma of cloudberries is characterised by the presence of aromatic compounds, which constitute about 53% of the essential oil. The content of terpenes is only 1.5%. Percentage concentrations of the main components are given.


[Copper, manganese, and zinc contents in the whole body and in individual parts of veal calves at different weights (author's transl)]. In a comparative slaughter experiment the copper, manganese and zinc contents in different organ and tissue samples of veal calves at different weights were determined by whole body analyses. For all three trace elements, a decrease of their concentration with increasing age could be observed in the individual parts (blood, adipose tissue, innards, meat, bones) and in the whole body. During the fattening period of 12 weeks the concentrations in the dry matter of the whole body decreased from 12 ppm to 5 ppm copper (P less than 0.001), from 3.5 ppm to 1.6 ppm manganese (P less than 0.05) and from 127 ppm to 69 ppm zinc (P less than 0.05). In the present experiment the animals retained an average of 20 to 22% of the copper intake and about 20% of the manganese intake over the entire feeding period. Zinc was utilized at the extent of 40 to 43%. For the edible parts of the whole body the following coefficients of utilization were obtained: Cu = 10%, Mn = 7%, Zn = 30%.


A chemical assay method for the determination of aflatoxin residues in animal tissues. A method is presented for the determination of aflatoxins in animal tissues. It consists of extraction of aflatoxins from the sample with methanol, treatment of the residue with a mixture of dimethoxymethane-methanol (4+1) to further precipitate proteins, evaporation of dimethoxymethane followed by a liquid-liquid defatting with hexane and heating of the methanol-water mixture before the transfer of aflatoxins into chloroform. Chloroform extracts are further purified by silica gel--acidic alumina--anhydrous sodium sulfate column chromatography.


[The characteristics of wheat grains. I. Exterior characteristics of the wheat grains as criterion of a type estimation (author's transl)]. Typical characteristics of the wheat types Kranich, Kormoran, Kolibri, Diplomat, Benno, Huntsman were worked out and a method for their fast estimation was developed. The characteristics of the different types were drawn in lines. Their usefulness for the estimation of wheat types out of a grain mixture of pure wheat types of unknown age and origin were successfully tested.


[Flavonols and flavones of vegetables. VII. Flavonols of leek, chive and garlic (author's transl)]. Green leaves of leek and chive mainly contain kaempferol glycosides, with mono- and di-glycosides dominating in leek and di- and tri-glycosides in chive. In leek glucose is dominant as sugar component compared to xylose; in chive we found glucose and galactose. Kaempferol-3-beta-D-glucoside and kaempferol-3-xylosyl-beta-D-glucoside were isolated from leek and the 3-beta-D-glucosides of kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin as by-glycosides from chive. In leek traces of quercetin-3-glucoside were identified by tlc, but no spiraeoside (quercetin-4'-glucoside) could be detected in the two species. The bulbs of garlic and leek contain only few milligram of glycosides of kaempferol and quercetin per kg fresh weight.


Spectrophotometric method for determining the pigment content of ground paprika. A rapid and reliable method has been developed for determining the red, yellow and total pigment contents of ground paprika.


[Gaschromatographical determination of diacetyl, acetoin, and 2,3-pentanedione in wine (author's transl)]. The determination of diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione and acetoin was performed in two steps. Diacetyl and 2.3-pentanedione were driven off with gaseous nitrogen at 60 degrees C and collected in ice cooled methanol. The quantitative gaschromatographical determination follows after directly injecting this solution into the gas chromatograph employing an electron capture detector which indicates selectively the vicinale diketones. In a second experiment acetoin was determined by a differential method after oxidizing acetoin to diacetyl. The investigation of 57 German white wines of various vintages, varieties and quality classes yielded the following results: Diacetyl: Limits of variability (V) = 0.08-3.40 mg/l, average amount (M) = 0.42 mg/l; 2.3-pentanedione: V = 0.02-0.36 mg/l, M = 0.10 mg/l; Acetoin: V = 1.9-31.7 mg/l, M = 5.9 mg/l. No differences could be observed with regard to the various quality classes. In 20 red vines of various European origines the following amounts were observed: Diacetyl: V = 0.26-4.06 mg/l, M = 1.46 mg/l; 2.3-pentanedione: V = 0.08-0.88 mg/l, M = 0.25 mg/l; Acetoin: V = 5.9-38.2 mg/l, M = 15.0 mg/l. For a rule the red wines show considerable higher contents of diacetyl, 2.3-pentanedione and acetoin than the white wines.


[Reaction of dihydroxyacetone with methylammoniumacetate. Studies on the maillard-reaction. X. (author's transl)]. By heating dihydroxyacetone and methylammoniumacetate in aqueous solution, a deeply brown coloured reaction mixture is obtained. The products extractable with methylenechlorid were separated. Several heterocyclic compounds (1-30) could be identified.


Formation of odorous compounds from hydrogen sulphide and 2-butenal. Strongly odorous compounds may be formed upon addition of hydrogen sulphide to unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The reaction between hydrogen sulphide and 2-butenal was studied, and the characteristics of the flavour, the structure and some of the physical chemical characteristics of the reaction products were determined. The influence of the pH on the type of components formed in dilute aqueous solution was investigated.


[Polarografic determination of saccharin in beverages and foods (author's transl)]. A method for polarografic determination of saccharin in beverages and foods is described. Saccharin is extracted from an acid medium, after clean up with petr. ether, with aether-petr. aether (30/70). Minimum doses which can be quantitatively determined are 5 ppm of saccharin.


The detection of chicken meat in meat products by means of the anserine/carnosine ratio. A distinctive difference was found between the ratio of the anserine and carnosine contents (a/c ratio) in beef or pork and of that in chicken/meat. The a/c ratio for beef varies between 0.06-0.2 and for pork between 0.02-0.1 but for chicken meat can reach values as high as 2.2-5.5. The high a/c ratio for chicken meat proved to be sufficient to detect this ingredient at a 5% level in both cooked pork products and 1:1 beef-pork mixtures, this being independent of the heat treatment. The a/c ratio should be considered to be a suitable parameter for the presence of chicken meat in meat products.


[Lead- and cadmium-content of foodstuffs. 2. Lead- and cadmium-content of commercially prepared soups (authors transl)]. The lead and cadmium contents in 30 commercially prepared soup products (soup powders and cubes) of several producers were determined. The average lead value was 0.28 ppm. 29 samples contained between 0,095 ppm and 0.45 ppm, whereas in 1 product 1.4 ppm was found. The average cadmium concentration in 21 products was 0.025 ppm (highest value 0.052 ppm). In the other samples cadmium was not found (less than 0.004 ppm Cd).


[Formation of pyridone derivates from maltose and lactose. XII. Investigations on the Maillard-reaction (authors transl)]. Maltose and lactose react with methylammoniumacetate in a hot aqueous solution giving a dark brown mixture of products. 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridone (5) can be isolated from the volatile compounds. Maltol and Isomaltol can be converted into the pyridone 5 with methylammoniumacetate. 1-Carboxymethyl-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyridone is obtained from isomaltol and glycine.


[The phenolics of fruits. VIII. Changes in flavonol concentrations during fruit development (authors transl)]. In black currants the contents of quercetin- and especially of myricetin glycosides increased during ripeness very considerably. The myricetin level in ripe fruits of cultivated blueberries and the quercetin level in ripe berries of privet was higher than in unripe. However, the concentrations of kaempferol and quercetin glycosides were in most of the fruits (e.g. red and white currants, sour cherries, plums, cultivated blueberries, elderberries) smaller than in unripe fruits. Anthocyanin formation is therefore not combined with an accumulation of flavonols (perhaps with the exception of myricetin).


[Flavonols and flavones of vegetables. VI. On the changes of the flavonols of onions (authors transl)]. The epidermis of onion scales exclusively contains glucosides of quercetin as flavonols, while the dry outer skins contain quercetin in the free state mainly. First spiraeoside (quercetin-4'-glucoside) is built; the formation of diglucosides follows during storage and increases continously. The mesophyll appears to be free of flavonols. The flavonol concentration decreases from the outer to the inner scales, with higher levels in the outer than in the inner epidermis. In the green leaves the flavonol synthesis is light-dependent and also kaempferol glucosides are formed beside quercetin glucosides, but not spiraeoside and the known diglucosides of the scales. During drying on the field an accumulation of flavonols takes place in the drying leaves. This production is associated with the formation of free quercetin and spiraeoside, but not of free kaempferol.


[Studies of coffee and coffee-substitute. XVIII. Dependence of the quantity and composition of a high polymer galactomannan on the coffee species and degree of roasting (authors transl)]. It is possible to determine quantitatively with satisfactory accuracy the galactomannan which is precipitated in coffee brew after addition of Fehling solution. The content of polysaccharides in the extracts increases with the degree of roasting. Galactomannan makes up 6.6 to 12.7% of the dry matter of the extracts and 1.8 to 4.4% of that of roast coffee. It consists mainly of mannan, to a much smaller degree of galactan. Often there are traces of glucan. The content of mannan increases with the degree of roasting while that of galactan decreases very rapidly.


[Sensory and chemical changes of dried foods under the influence of extreme storage conditions. 3. Chemical changes (authors transl)]. The content of free amino acids and free fatty acids of dried infant foods is clearly decreasing during the storage under extreme conditions, whilst the percentage composition of the fatty acids in the triglycerides remains nearly unchanged. The content of hydroxymethylfurfural is connected with the sensory changes. For the single foods as well a high increase as a strong decrease of the HMF-content can be combined with distinct sensory changes. The vitamin C-content decreases during the storage, the permeability of the packing material for oxygen and water vapor has an unfavourable effect. Furthermore the pH-value of the investigated products is lowered during the storage period.


[Sensory and chemical changes of dried foods under the influence of extreme storage conditions. 4. Flavor compounds (authors transl)]. From dried infant foods stored under extreme conditions aroma compounds have been isolated analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The results has been, that during the storage long chain aliphatic aldehydes are newly formed.--It is scarcely possible to attach the investigated chemical parameters (content of ascorbic acid, free amino acids and free fatty acids, hydroxymethylfurfural, pH-value) for the investigated products to a sensory impression.


Reaction of hydrogen sulphide with 2-alkenals. Depending on the types of solvent and catalyst, different products are formed in the reaction of hydrogen sulphide with 2-alkenals. The structures of many of these products have been elucidated, and the reaction sequences leading to them are proposed.


Formation of a derivative of aflatoxin B1 on a sephadex column with a 1% aqueous solution of methanol. A PARTIAL SEPARATION OF AFLATOXINS B1 and B2 on a Sephadex column with a 1% aqueous solution of methanol as mobile phase was achieved. The chromatographic system is, however, not neutral for aflatoxin B1. During elution a derivative--probably aflatoxin B1 hemiacetal-is produced. The derivative forms blue fluorescent spots on Adsorbosil-1 plates with Rf 0.15 when developed in chloroform/acetone (90 + 10).


[On the occurrence of proanthocyanidins, leucoanthocyanidins and catechins in vegetables (author's transl)]. 22 species of vegetables grown in Germany were investigated and only rhubarb contained (+)-catechin besides traces of (-)-epicatechin. The catechin concentrations were lower in the stalks than in the leaves and decreased during plant growth. Proanthocyanidins (dimers and oligomers of polyhydroxy-flavan-3-ols) were only found in the testa of broad beans, beans, and peas with coloured flowers, and in rhubarb stalks. Leucoanthocyanidins (polyhydroxy-flavan-3,4-diols) could not be found in any vegetable.


[GLC-mass-spectrometrical investigation of the volatile components of wines. VI. Aroma compounds of Tokaj aszu wines. a) Neutral compounds (author's transl)]. The aroma compounds of Tokaj aszu-wines (1963, 5-butt. and 1973, 6-butt.) have been enriched by liquid-liquid extraction (pentane-methylenchloride 2 + 1) and compared with the aroma substances of a magyar Furmint wine (1973). After the separation of the acids and after the fractionation of the aroma extracts on silicagel 119 aroma components have been identified in the neutral fractions by means of the combination gaschromatography--mass spectrometry. Concerning the volatile constituents relatively high concentrations of furfural, 5-methyl-furfural, acetoin, different acetals, the ethyl esters of keto-, hydroxy- and dicarbonic acids and the lack of terpenic compounds are characteristic of the aszu wines. Quantitative differences depending on the vintages and the conditions of storage have been determined; particularly the concentrations of the acetales depend on the age of the wines.


[On the metabolism of amino acids by lactic acid bacteria isolated from wine (author's transl)]. The changes in the concentrations of amino acids in the culture medium of lactic acid bacteria were determined by ion exchange chromatography after growth of 105 strains that were mainly isolated from wine. After growth of lactic acid bacteria a small but not significant decrease in the concentration of most amino acids is observed. There is apparently no difference between essential or not essential amino acids. Certain bacterial strains decompose the amino acids arginine, glutamic acid, histidine, and tyrosine completely. Other amino acids (tryptophane, aspartic acid, threonine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine) are only partially metabolized. Among 28 strains of Pediococcus cerevisiae only one strain was able to decarboxylate histidine to histamine. This was the only strain found to have this ability. Several strains of Lactobacillus brevis were able to form 4-aminobutyric acid and ornithine from glutamic acid and arginine respectively.


Nonenzymic browning. XV. Effect of unsaturation on browning reactions of oxidized lipids with protein. The amount of pigments produced by interaction of oxidized lipids with albumin and the intensity of coloration increase with increasing degree of unsaturation of the lipid fraction.


[Disc-electrophoresis of the water-soluble proteins of some wheat varieties (author's transl)]. The method described allows a reliable detection of the variety Kranich out of 9 varieties investigated within 5 h.


[Cycloalkylsulfamic acids and their salts. V. (author's transl)]. 3-Methyl-4-thia-cyclohexylsulfamic acid was synthesized, the degree of sweetness of its sodium salt was measured, and compared with that of the sodium salts of 3-methyl-cyclohexylsulfamic acid, 4-thia-cyclohexylsulfamic acid, and cyclohexylsulfamic acid.


[The evaluation of test panel members with the tetrade-test. Short notice to the contribution of Miller, Schmidt and Wildbrett (author's transl)]. For the application of the tetrade-test in the evaluation of sensory test panel members some principles are mentioned and some interpretations are given.


[The problem of treating breast cancer by limited surgery (author's transl)]. The value of radical mastectomy in treating cancer of the breast has been questioned by some authors. With regard to the results published and on the basis of our own experiences limited operations without or with additional radiotherapy cannot be considered to be reliable procedures at present: it is only possible to approximately equal results by a strict case selection. With special cases such as in-situ carcinoma or small well defined cancers with beginning infiltration being expected there is no real basis for the indication to limited surgery in a single case. With the increase of small prognostically favourable cancers and border-line cases due to improvement of early detection more attention should be devoted to the problem of treating breast cancer by limited operations.


[Cholesteatosis of gallbladder (author's transl)]. 741 cholecystektomies were examined for cholesterosis. In 92% gallstones were present and in 8% there were no stones. Cholesterosis of the gallbladder was found in 0,9% of 4417 autopsies. It was combined with gallstones in 25% and in 75% it was not. There was no difference concerning the clinical symptoms between cholesterosis with and without stones in the surgical patients. Cholesterosis without stone presented the same picture as gallstones. In the autopsy material however no typical symptoms could be found indicating either cholesterosis with gallstones or without. In the histological examination 80,5% of the cases with gallstones in the surgical and autopsy group had inflammatory changes of the gallbladder wall whereas only 22% of the cases with stoneless cholesterosis showed these alterations. Fibrosis of the gallbladder wall however was found in 86,1% in cases with cholesterosis without stones and in 88% in cases with stones. From these findings the conclusion is made that cholesterosis is no well defined disease. Clinical symptoms seem to appear only when other factors, such as stones, inflammation or functional disturbances probably because of fibrosis of the wall, become manifest in addition.


[Frequency of carcinoma in a medium-sized country-hospital (author's transl)]. The author tried to give a broad survey of the cases of carcinoma in a medium-sized hospital during a certain period. The research included the following criteria: frequency, distribution regarding sex and age, localisation of carcinoma, histology, therapeutical methods, kind of metastasia and survival time. The 5 most frequent cases of carcinoma were more closely investigated in detail. The importance of a more intensified early diagnosis of carcinoma for keeping the rate of inoperable cases low is stressed.


[The frequency of physiologic vaginal bleeding of newborn infants]. A study of 350 newborn girls revealed vaginal (uterine) bleeding in 25,4%, mostly demonstrable only by chemical micro-methods, but also macroscopically visible in 3,3%. This kind of bleeding appears always in the first week, with its highest frequency on the 5th day of life and must be regarded as a physiologic event. Analogous histologic and cytologic controls confirmed these observations, pointing toward the fact that, as a rule, no menstrual withdrawal bleeding, but degenerative, regressional changes upon the endometrium occur. Due to the rapid withdrawal of maternal hormones, nutritive disorders may lead also to diapedesis bleeding. But if any genital bleeding lasts longer than one week or appears for the first time after that period, further diagnostic procedures are essential as a possible pathologic condition may be assumed.


[The kinetics of sulfamerazine (Mebacid) and the effect of sulfamerazine therapy on p-aminohippuric acid clearance in pregnancy]. Elimination half-life of Sulfamerazin (Mebacid) was not different in pregnant and non-pregnant women after a single oral dose and after 11 days repeated administration in therapeutic dosis. The initial concentrations of Sulfamerazin are lower in pregnants than in non-pregnants. Elimination half-life of p-aminohippurate (PAH) is shortened by Sulfamerazin-pretreatment, renal excretion of PAH is increased respectively.


[A central fetal monitoring system in the labor room]. Report about central obstetrical monitoring system (Biomonitor Kombinat VEB Messgerätewerk Zwönitz). The following bed-side monitors have been used: BMT-504 (Kombinat V-B Messgerätewerk Zwönitz), HP 8020 A (Hewlett Packard), FM-3 (Kranzbühler). The FECG and CTG or other fetal, maternal and neonatal functions from six single obstetrical rooms have been registrated in a central work room by means of a 6-channel-recorder (6-NEK-4) and a 6-channel-scope (USG-101). The mother and newborn can be supervised by means of television. This central fetal monitoring system gives the following advantages. There is no disturbance of the patient because the recording and warning events takes place in a central work room. The service of the recorders and scopes is simplified. The room-saving arrangement of bed-side monitors on instrument brackets. Recorders and instrument trolleys have been spared. Preparation of CTG computer analysis. The continuous cardiotocography of all labors (2000/year) by means of the central fetal monitoring has been realized with two midwifes and one physician around the clock. The installation of a fetal central monitoring system is for reconstruction or construction of obstetrical departments to take in consideration.