The secularization of U.S. Catholic birth control practices. Except for sterilization, Catholic and non-Catholic contraceptive practices are now quite similar. Within several years, even sterilization will probably be adopted by the same proportions of Catholics as non-Catholics, and the rhythm method is destined to be of historical interest only. The wide gulf between official Catholic doctrine and the birth control behavior of Catholics can only deepen in the next few years.


Paths to fertility reduction: the 'policy cube'. This article has enumerated several policy paths now used or proposed for dealing with rapid population growth in developing countries; has identified three standards by which such options can be appraised; has appraised policies against standards, and has embodied that process in a 'policy cube' to represent the trade-offs involved. In a rapidly evolving field like population policy, everything is subject to change--paths, criteria and scores--but the underlying process of selection has a certain constancy. If not this set, then another--but the problem remains. It is in that spirit of continuing discourse that this effort is offered.


[Effect of neuroleptics on the retraining of rats to change the direction of the avoidance response in a Y-shaped maze]. The ability of rats to alter the direction of avoidance response in a Y-shaped labyrinth was determined. Chlorpromazine (1 mg/kg) and haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) facilitated re-training of the animals but produced lengthening of the latent reaction periods. Smaller doses of chlorpromazine (0.5 mg/kg) and of haloperidol (0.05 mg/kg) improved the ability of rats to alter the direction of avoidance and did not affect the latency of responses. Such an action of the neuroleptics exerted mainly on animals initially difficultly amenable to re-training.


[Assessment of the safety of nonachlazin during long term administration]. Tests were set up on rats, guinea pigs and dogs to look into the cronic toxicity of nonachlazine, an effective antianginal agent, used for a space of 6 months in doses of 10 and 35 mg/kg, by far superior to the ones effectively employed clinically. The results of hematological, morphological and biochemical investigations bear evidence to a low toxicity of nonachlozine, which gives good reason to presume the drug to be safe for the use in medical practice.


[Effect of apressin on the mechanism regulating vascular tone]. Acute experiments with anesthetized and decerebrate cats brought evidence that in a dose of 1 mg/kg apressin first increases by 50 per cent the centrogenically-produced pressor vascular reactions and then (30-60 min thereafter) suppresses pressor responses. Apressin (in a dose of 3-5 mg/kg) appreciably weakens the intensity of the pressor vascular reactions and increases the efferent outflow in the renal nerve. In doses of 1-10 mg/kg it does not affect the transmission of excitation in the superior cervical sympathic ganglion and in the solar plexus nodes. In tests with the crossed circulation apressin in doses of 1 and 5 mg/kg produces a marked depression of vascular reactions and a drop of the perfusion pressure in the vessels of the hind extremity perfused with the autoblood and a rising intensity of these reactions along with a greater resistance of the hind extremity vessels, perfused with the donor's blood.


[Assessment of the influence of pharmacologic substances on pressor vasomotor reflexes in anesthetized animals]. Causes accounting for differing results of experiments during studies on the effects of morphine and chlordiazepoxide upon the intensity of pressor vasomotor reflexes provoked by an electric stimulation of afferent fibers in the tibial nerve were investigated in tests set up on urethan and chloralose anesthetized animals. With this purpose in view the relationship between the amplitude of the vasomotor reflexes and the intensity of electric stimulation, as well as the nature of the drugs action upon the vasomotor reflexes, depending on the stimulation parameters adopted during their registration, were studied. The intensity and the nature of changes of the pressor vasomotor reflexes are shown to depend not only on the properties of the test drugs, but also upon the intensity of electric stimulation employed in the experiment during registration of the reflexes. The most adequate procedure for investigating the effect of pharmaceutics on the intensity of vasomotor reflexes, e. g. a study into the influence exerted by drugs on the threshold of the reflexes origination, is proposed.


[Role of the dopaminergic structures of the kidney in the renal effects of euphyllin]. Reserpine and galoperidol are shown to exercise blocking effect with regard to the diuretic and saluretic action of the xanthine-euphylline. Galoperiod prevented an accretion of the total renal blood flow induced by euphylline. Preliminary introduction to rats of alpha-methyl-DOPA and 1-DOPA abolished the blocking action of reserpine on the renal effects of euphylline. The renal influence of euphylline is mediated through dopamine-ergic structures, which are non-identical to adrenostructures. Dopamine is not merely a precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine, but performs functions of its own in the organism.


[Experimental anti-androgenic activity of 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylisobutyranilide (niftholide) in rats and guinea pigs]. In experiments on rats and guinea pigs is shown the capability of the synthetized nesteroid antiandrogen--4-nitro-3-trifluormethylisobutyranilide (niftholide) to block the stimulating effect of exogenous and endogenous testosteon on the prostate, seminal vesicles and levator ani muscle. The results of histological and morphometric investigations bear proof to inhibition of the hypertrophic reaction of theprostatic epithelium in response to introduction of the androgen. It is inferred that antiandrogenic effect of niftholide with respect to testerone manifests itself on the level of the target-organs.


[Effect of serotonin and monoamine oxidase inhibitors on corneal anesthesia produced by celnovocaine and novocaine]. In experiments on guinea pigs it is shown that a preliminary intraperitoneal administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) -- transamine (10 mg/kg) or malic acid benzyldihydrazide (50 mg/kg) antagonizes the local anesthetic action of celnovocaine (CC) and novocaine (NC). An analogous effect is also observed following instillation of transamine (a 0.1% solution) and malic acid benzyldihydrazide (a 0.23% solution) into the eye 10 minutes before administration of the anesthetic. Instillation of a 0.1% serotonin creatinine sulphate solution also antagonizes anesthesia produced by CC and NC, while MAOI potentiates the effect of serotonin.


[Effect of arecoline, phenamine and ethimizol on the distribution of electroencephalographic frequency characteristics]. The influence of arecoline, amphethamine and aethimizol upon the nature of frequency distribution on the electrogram of the midbrain reticular formation, dorsal hippocampus and the large hemispheres cortex was studied on rabbits undergoing chronic experiments with a unipolar lead of biopotentials. It is shown that, when observed visually, intravenous administration of arecoline (0.025-0.05 mg/kg), amphethamine (1 mg/kg) and aethimizol 3 mg/kg) causes similar changes on the electroencephalogram, i.e. the reaction of activation. However, the frequency analysis of the EEG within the range of 1.5 to 100 Hz showed the influence of each one of the above drugs on the nature of frequency distribution of these structures on the EG  to be dissimilar. The unidirectional character distinguishing the effects of arecoline, amphethamine and aethimizol is conditioned by their common system stimulating action on the central nervous system, this manifesting itself in the reactions of activation. On the other hand, the differences in the re-distribution of the EEG frequency characteristics occurring under the influence of each of these drugs are due to the engagement of dissimilar mechanisms of the intracentral regulation in each individual case.


[Toxicologic study of the antianemia preparation dextrafer]. Experiments were conduced with a twofold purpose, viz--to determine the medium lethal dose of the preparation and to study the dextrafer distribution in tissues of rabbits after its single or repeated intravenous infusion. The medium lethal dose of the drug was found to be 250 time greater than its maximal therapeutic dose. Morphological and histochemical observations showed dextrafer to have no toxic effect on the rabbits' tissues over a period of 2 years after its single intravenous infusion.


[Comparative effect of pyrazidol and imizin on the ECG and other indices of cardiac activity]. With enteral administration to dogs of equitherapeutic doses (pyrazidol-25 mg/kg, imizin-15 mg/kg) pyrazidol did not provoke myocardial ischemia caused by imizin (imipramin). ECG changes in rats following introduction of pyrazidol and imizin show the latter to call forth more marked upsets on the level of the cardio-vascular system than does pyrazidol. In a concentration of 3-10-6 g/ml the latter lengthens the refractory period of an isolated rabbit's cardiac auricle by 12.6 per cent on an average, while imizin in the same concentration does it by 34 per cent. In acute tests on cats pyrazidol produces a less pronounced hypotension than does imizin.


[Effect of prostaglandin A1 on systemic and regional hemodynamics in dogs]. Intravenous administration of prostaglandin A1--PGA1 (10 gamma/kg) brings down arterial pressure, increases the rate of cardiac contractions, of cardiac output and myocardial contractility. Despite elevated pressure in the pulmonary artery the overall pulmonary resistance decreases without any substantial intensification of the right ventricle output. The mean circulation volume in the common carotid and superior mesenteric arteries shows but a momentary increase under the effect of PGA1. This is attended by a more significant and protracted rise of the circulation volume in the femoral and renal arteries, the maximum increase amounting to 140 and 39 per cent, respectively.


[Effect of isadrine and anapriline on permeability of myocardial histo-hematic barriers in conditions of acute ischemia]. When reproducing ischemia of the myocardium in acute experiments on rabbits and in tests with the isolated rabbit's heart an elevated permeability of the myocardial histo-blood barriers (HBB) to sodium sulphacyl in the region of ischemia and its boundary zone was established. Upon introduction of isadrine (2 mg/kg and 2-10-6 M) and anapriline (1 and 2.5 mg/kg; 2-10-6 and 10-5M) the permeability of the HBB to sodium sulphacyl within the ischemia zone and in areas of the myocardium contiguous to it diminished. The permeability of the myocardial HBB  in the intact zone did not change under the effect of the drugs. In in vitro experiments with erythrocytes by using the fluorescent test and methods for determination of the osmotic resistance the drugs were found to display the membranotropic activity. From the in vitro tests it follows that anapriline and isadrine exercise no antiprotease action.


[Effect of diethyphen on cerebral vessel tonus and on general arterial pressure]. The investigation was carried out on anesthetized cats under controlled respiration. The tonicity of cranial vessels was judged about by the perfusion pressure figures in the system of intra- and extra-cranial vessels. With its intravenous and intracarotid administration diaethiphenum lowered the one of intra- and extra-cranial vessels. An intravenous introduction of its high doses was followed also by a fall of the total arterial pressure. An effect on the brain vasculature similar to that of diaethiphenum is also produced by diethylstibestrol.


[Effect of papaverine, kallikrein and salsoline on carbohydrate metabolism indices and catecholamine content in blood vessel walls]. In tests conducted with cats salsolin brings down considerably the catecholamines concentration in the vascular wall. Papaverine and kallicrein raise the level of epinephrine and reduce the concentration of norepinephrine. With its one-time administration papaverine promotes accumulation of pyruvate and citrate in tissues of the most vessels. Kallicrein forces down the level of lactate and appreciably increases the concentration of pyruvate in the vascular tissue.


[Effect of antidotes on the rate of absorption of 2,4-dinitrophenol from the digestive tract into the blood]. An investigation of the rate of the 2,4-dinitrophenol absorption from the digestive tract into the blood with the use of an antidote and its components (activated charcoal, tannin, magnesium oxide), stach water and paraffin oil demonstrated the activated charcoal and magnesium oxide to be the best antidotes among the ones studied. The antidote exerts a somewhat less marked, but still quite a strong action.


[Effect of adrenaline and acetylcholine on carbohydrate metabolism indices and catecholamine balance in vessel walls]. In tests conducted with cats subject to studies was the influence of epinephrine and acetylcholine, used in various doses, on the level of "key" metabolites of the carbohydrate metabolism and upon the catecholamines content in the vascular walls at the time of the maximum bioelectric and motor responses to the vasomotor agent. It is shown that on administration of a small dose of acetylcholine there supervenes a characteristic redistribution of the study substrates of the carbohydrate metabolism, similar to the one observed after introduction of epinephrine in the same dose. It is suggested that the acetylcholine (1.5 gamma/kg) vasodilation of the blood vessels occurs through mediation of the beta-adrenergic mechanisms. The appearance of changes in the content of carbohydrate metabolites varying in their direction and intensity and occurring under the effect of different acetylcholine doses gives ground to presume the existence of alternative mechanisms accounting for regulation of vasodilatation.


[Efficacy of vitamin E and sodium selenite in experimental hepatic dystrophy]. Experiments staged in albino rats with acute dystrophy induced by carbon tetrachloride evidenced that vitamin "E" (10 mg per 100 g of the animals mass) used in combination with sodium selenite (2 gamma per 100 g) help lessen the poisoning, avert the death of the animals and accelerate restoration of the liver function. These drugs normalize the production and secretion of bile, stimulate the synthesis of primary bile acids and their conjugation with taurine and glycine, exercising beneficial influence on the pigmental function of the liver and on the cholesterol excretion.


[Effect of diuretics on catecholamine stimulation of sodium reabsorption in the rat kidney]. To analyze the mechanism of the catecholamines activation of the tubular sodium transport the response of the rat's kidney to epinephrine under the action of some diuretics was investigated. Triamteren, an inhibitor of the lumenal membrane permeability to sodium, considerably weakened the stimulating effect of epinephrine on the sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules. Etacrynic acid which blocks one of the components in the system of active sodium transport in the tubular epithelium cells did not influence the activating effect of epinephrine. Strophanthin K, an inhibitor of the (Na+-K+)-activated ATP-ase completely prevented any accretion of the tubular sodium reabsorption under the effect of epinephrine. It is inferred that catecholamines can act directly on some components of the system reabsorbin sodium in renal tubules of the rat.


[Effect of aminazin, phenobarbital and their combination on the activity of the liver hydroxylase system and on their individual pharmacological effects]. Administration of phenobarbital to male-rats for 4 days induced the appearance of P-450 cytochrome in the liver and intensified the activity of the hydroxylase system, more specifically with respect to hexobarbital than to amidopyrine. The cataleptic effect of chlorpromazine was then running low. A 4-day long administration of chlorpromazine failed to increase the P-450 cytochrome content, but did change the hydroxylating activity of the microsomes in favour of the amidopyrine metabolism. With joint introduction of chlorpromazine and phenobarbital the intensity of the amidopyrine hydroxylation increased to a greater extent.


[Morphological and histochemical changes in rat gastric mucosa during acute chlorophos poisoning]. In male albino rats of the Wistar line which received during 21 days chlorophos (PNR) in doses of 1/2, 1/5 and 1/10 DL50 marked morphological and histochemical changes were uncovered in the glandular cells of the fundus of the stomach. The intensity of these changes was proportional to the doses of the pesticide.


[Effect of pyrazidole on changes in blood sugar concentration caused by adrenaline and serotonin in intact and adrenalectomized animals]. The effect produced by pyrazidol, a new tricyclic antidepressant, on changes in the blood sugar concentration caused by epinephrine and serotonin was investigated. Pyrazidol appreciably intensifies the effect of serotonin in intact and adrenalectomized animals. Under the influence of pyrazidol the action of epinephrine in intact animals also gains in strength, while in adrenalectomized animals pyrazidol lessens the hyperglycemic effect of epinephrine. Since the introduction of cortisol to adrenalectomized animals restores the effect of pyrazidol it is suggested that the influence of pyrazidol on the blood sugar concentration is accomplished with participation of glucocorticoids.


[Cytogenetic study of the mutagenic properties of the repellents dimethyl phthalate and phenoxyacetic acid N,N-diethylamide]. Animal experiments ascertained that the repellent N,N-diethylamide of phenoxyacetic acid (P-203) increases the frequency of chromosomal aberration in the bone marrow cells of mice following its intraperitoneal introduction and also in the cells of a regenerating liver of rats after its repeated skin application. Dimethylphthalate displayed a mutagenic action only with respect to the rats' hepatocytes when applied repeatedly to the skin.


[Metabolism of the neuroleptic azabutyrone in the human body]. Thin-layer and gas chromatography, spectrophotometry and mass-spectrometry were employed in studying metabolism of the neuroleptic azabutyron in man. It was ascertained that azabutyron is eliminated from the human organism in 24 hours unchanged (10 per cent of the dose administered). The main ways of its metabolism are oxidative N-dealkylation, reduction of the carboxylic group in the molecule, N-oxidation and conjugation of the drug.


[Toxicological properties of benzanthrone and its derivatives in relation to their chemical structure]. The paper presents a comparative study covering toxicological characteristics of benznthrone, brombenzanthrone, dibrombenzanthrone, methoxybenzanthrone, dibenzanronyl, dibenanthrone (violanthrone). The mentioned compounds were found to have a low acute and marked subchronic toxicity manifesting itself in the damaging action on the blood and liver. Here the reaction of the lympho-histiocytic elements along with the appearance of plasmatic and mast cells is typical. In the series of the study compounds most toxic are benzanthrone and its bromine-derivatives. Incorporation of a methoxy-group in the benzanthrone molecule and conjugation of two benzanthrone molecules help lessen the toxic action.


[Role of ATP in the mechanism of serotonin absorption by lung tissue]. Tests set up on the isolated perfused lungs of albino rats and on intact dogs demonstrated that the serotonin absorption by the pulmonary tissue is attended by a drop of the ATP amount in the lungs. The exogenous ATP has no essential effect on the serotonin absorption by the pulmonary tissue, its considerable quantities being metabolized in the pulmonary capillaries.


An approach to the synthesis of C18 tri-insaturated fatty acids. New approaches for the synthesis of cis, trans, trans, octadeca-9,11,13-trienoic acid (I) and its trans, trans, cis isomer (II), starting from the easily available propargyl alcohol are described.


[Pharmacokinetics of sulfamonomethoxine and ite N-methylglucamine salt in rats]. Tests conducted with albino rats demonstrated that after intramuscular administration of N-methylglucaminic salt of sulphamonomethoxine there are built up higher concentrations of the compound in the blood and organs than with its enteral introduction. The maximal sulphamonomethoxine concentrations in rats with the compound administered by mouth are observed in 3-6 hours and with its intramuscular injection--over a space of 30 minutes-1 hour. Doubling the dose of injectable sulphamonomethoxine resulted in a higher content of the compound in the organism of rats by comparison with its administration by mouth.


Biotransformation of trithiozine. III - Isolation and identification of further metabolites in rat urine. The metabolism of a new antisecretory and antiulcer drug, trithiozine (I.S.F. 2001, T), was studied in 4 hr rat urine samples after i.p. administration. After extraction at pH 7 with chloroform, the urine was either incubated with beta-glucuronidase or acidified to pH 2 and subsequently extracted with chloroform. The organic layers were evaporated to dryness and the residues used for TLC analysis. The neutral extracts revealed five spots, not present in control rat urine, corresponding to the unchanged drug T and to four metabolites. Two of the metabolites had been previously identified as the 4-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (TBO) and the 4-(3,4,5-trimethoxythiobenzoyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine-S-oxide (TO). Three other metabolites were found in the extracts after beta-glucuronidase incubation. TLC, U.V. and M.S. data were consistent with the structure 4-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxythiobenzoyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (HT), the corresponding S-oxide (HO) and the 4-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoyl)tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (HBO). The acidic extracts revealed two spots structurally identified as the 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid (TBA) and the previous HBO. On the basis of present knowledge, a possible metabolic pathway of T is reported, consisting in a rapid metabolic oxidation on the sulfur atom and a slower demethylation on the para methoxy group. The presence of TBA is indicative of subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of TBO. The intense and long-lasting inhibitory effect of T on gastric secretion is tentatively correlated with the pharmacological activities of some of its metabolites.


[Urinary excretion of dioxidine and quinoxidine in experiments on mice]. By using spectrochromatography the dioxidine and quinoxidine passage with urine, depending upon their doses and the method of introduction, was studied in tests on mice. On its enteral or subcutaneous introduction dioxidine is found in the urine within a period of 7-to 24 hours (depending upon the dose administered). With its maximum concentration it is definable within 1 hour. The animals' urine showed no presence of quinoxidine. In mice receiving quinoxidine the urine is found to contain the product of its disacetylization-dioxidine. The dynamics of the dioxidine excretion with urine in mice receiving quinoxidine is in line with regularities common to the passage of dioxidine following its administration to mice.


Synthesis and biological activities of some 7-(1,2,4-oxadiazolylacetylamino) cephalosporins. The synthesis and the physico-chemical properties of cephalosporin derivatives carrying an (1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)- or (1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)acetylamino moiety in position 7 are described. The effects of the presence of an amino or hydroxyl group on the oxadiazole ring are examined. Selected heterocyclicthiomethyl substituents are also introduced in the 3 position of the cephalosporin nucleus. In vitro antimicrobial activity and effectiveness in protecting against bacterial infection in the mouse are evaluated. Only compound (V b) was found to have slight activity when compared with cephalosporins in clinical use.


[Method of determining the permeability of skin blood vessels]. In tests with rats a photometric method of registering the passage of a dye-stuff from the blood into the dermal tissue was used. By the character of the photometric curve one may judge the vascular wall permeability.


[Synthesis of dithienyldisulfides].

[Synthesis of dithienyldisulfides]. The synthesis of 2,2'-dithienyldisulfides, variously substituted in position 3 and/or 5 with --NO2, --NHCOCH3, --SO2NH2 groups and of 2,2'-dinitro-3,3'-dithienyldisulfide is described. The antitumor activity of these compounds was tested.


The extramural role of the NIH as a research support agency. An investigation of the role of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) biomedical research activity is reported, based on counts of research support acknowledgments in 264 biomedical journals covered by the Science Citation Index in 1973. Overall, NIH research support was acknowledged in approximately 25% of the clinical papers and almost 50% of the biomedical research papers. At all levels, NIH support appears to be twice as large as that of all other federal agencies combined. Each of the major institutes of NIH shows a dual pattern of research support, with a specific peak in the appropriate clinical areas and a second peak of supported research in an area of basic research activity.


Excretion in mammals: role of the renal pelvis in the modification of the urinary concentration and composition. The mammalian renal pelvis has previously been regarded as having no physiological function other than that of a receptacle for the urine before it moves through the ureter. It has long been known that the renal pelvis in mammals shows elaborate extensions that bring the urine in intimate contact with outer and inner medullary tissue. The epithelium covering these areas is of a type that indicates that transport of solutes and water can take place across it. Physiological studies have shown that urea and water readily move across the renal papillary epithelium. The pronounced ability of ruminants to conserve urea when placed on a low protein diet coincides with a highly developed renal pelvis with specialized fornices and secondary pouches. It is suggested that urea conservation in low protein animals takes place partly in the renal pelvic extensions where urea is returned to the blood. A hypothesis is also proposed for the concentrating mechanism in which recycling of urea from the pelvic urine across the papillary epithelium plays an important role.


[Detection of pseudo-porphyria cutanea tarda in 100 hemodialyzed patients (author's transl)]. In this study, 100 hemodialyzed patients were examined for pseudo-porphyria cutanea tarda, which was first described in 1975. Pseudo-porphyria cutanea tarda was found in 16%. Our main concern was the analysis of the etiological factors; none of the hypotheses so far put forward--a medicinal agent, an hepatic disorder, or some factor relating to the material used in the dialysis--has been confirmed. On the other hand, this condition occurred in patients with the longest interval since dialysis, and who were more often than not completely anuretic. These facts would seem to indicate that this is part of a premature ageing process which is common in these patients.


Systemic retinoid therapy of systematized verrucous epidermal nevus (with 1 colour plate). In a patient with systematized verrucous epidermal nevus, marked improvement was obtained with oral administration of a new aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359). Mild cheilitis and thinning of scalp hair were the only side effects obser Withved. continuous treatment the good result was maintained for 10 months. Further investigation is needed to determine, whether long-term oral administration of this new drug is feasible.


Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma: a rare skin lesion with diverse histological features. A case of painful eccrine angiomatous hamartoma of the wrist in a 10-year-old girl is presented. It was located in the reticular dermis and contained abnormal tubules resembling eccrine secretory coils and thin vascular channels dispersed in the collagenous tissue of the dermis. Some eccrine ducts showed dilatation. The noteworthy features of this case were the absence of hyperhidrosis over the lesion, and the presence of focal neural infiltration by the tubular structures. Electron microscopy showed mostly clear cells and occasional dark cells lining the tubular structures. This case supports the theory of abnormal induction of heterotypic dependency with resultant malformation of adnexal as well as mesenchymal elements.


[Different behavior of human melanoma cells from primary tumor and metastases in vitro]. The morphologic differences of two melanoma cell cultures from a primary melanoma and a metastasis are described. Though both cultures looked very similar at the beginning, they developed into totally different forms. Long, thin spindle-shaped cells containing an optically dense plasma grew in the cultured from the primary melanoma during its whole life span and the epithelioid cells of metastasis culture separated itself into different subcultures. The cells of both subcultures detached from the bottom of the culture flasks after 15 days of growth and began to spread again 7 days later with two very different forms. This transformation was observed three more times at monthly intervals. The possible relationship between these morphological alterations and the ability of the melanoma cells to produce metastases as well as the usefulness of melanoma cell cultures for immunodiagnostic purposes are discussed.


[Operative therapy of hyperhidrosis axillaris (author's transl)]. Development and problems connected with the surgical treatment of hyperhidrosis are considered. 32 patients were operated according to  the method of Préaux. The results are good, both cosmetically and with regard to the diminution of the excessive sweat production.


Distribution of HLA antigens in patients with mycosis fungoides. 19 patients with plaque-style mycosis fungoides have undergone determination of HLA antigen distribution. Deviations from the expected distribution frequency occurred with the antigens of the W19 group comprising A29, W30, W31 and W32 and of B8 and A1. The W19 group deviation was statistically significant (chi2 = 9.7 p value less than 0.005). The significance of this observation in relation to reported immunological abnormalities in mycosis fungoides is discussed.


A peripheral vascular syndrome overlapping with systemic lupus erythematosus. Recurrent venous thrombosis and hemorrhagic capillary proliferation with circulating anticoagulants and false-positive seroreactions for syphilis. Three women and five men with chronic biological false-positive seroreactions for syphilis and circulating anticoagulants exhibited a vascular syndrome consisting of recurrent deep venous thrombosis of the extremities and necrotizing purpura with painful superfacial starlike ulcers around the ankles. The skin biopsies revealed a unique picture of massive proliferation of hemorrhagic dermal capillaries without a significant inflammatory reaction. Some virus infection may function as a trigger of this peripheral vascular syndrome, because 6 of the 8 patients had a preceding pneumonia with pleural vascular effusion. Considering that the three women had clinical and laboratory evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) this syndrome may be related to SLE.


Poikiloderma-like cutaneous amyloidosis. Report of a case and review of the literature. Cases of cutaneous amyloidosis which exhibit poikiloderma-like changes are extremely rare. There are at least two clinical forms of poikiloderma-like cutaneous amyloidosis (PCA): (1) the ordinary type, and (2) PCA syndrome. The PCA syndrome includes poikilodermatous skin manifestations whicm may appear early in life and lichenoid papules, both with cutaneous amyloid deposits, frequently associated with light sensitivity and short stature, occasionally with palmoplantar keratosis and blister formation. We carried out an examination of a 5-year-old girl who was compatible with the syndrome.


Psoriasis in North India. Geographical variations. Analysis of 162 psoriasis patients revealed a distinct male preponderance with a sex ratio of 2.5:1. The mean age of males (31.44) was 6 years higher than that of females (25.73). More than half the patients were in their 3rd to 4th decade and the mean age of onset was lower among the females than the males by approximately 5 years. Two-thirds had onset before the age of 30 years. Familial occurrence was recorded in 13.6% of the cases. Itching appeared to be a prominent feature and only a fourth of the total patients showed traditionally quoted worsening in colder months. The scalp and the extremities were the commonest sites of involvement and a large majority (74%) showed nail changes of one type or another. Psoriatic arthropathy and especially mutilating arthritis were rare.


Immunological properties in staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis. The analysis of host defenses in 4 patients with staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis revealed normal serum immunoglobulin levels, but a deficiency in cell-mediated immunity as detected by the tuberculin reactions. We suspected that the transient deficiency of cell-mediated immunity may have contributed to the development of this disease.


[Enzymatic assessment of the area of necrosis. I. Diagnosis and quantitative evaluation of acute myocardial infarct by means of MB creatine kinase isoenzyme. Comparison with deduced from creatine kinase activity]. On the purpose of specifying more and more the peculiarity of the isoenzymes MBCK in regard to enzyme CK, in the diagnosis as well as in the quantitative evaluation of myocardial infarction, we examined 34 patients hospitalized in U.C.I.C. The curves of the MBCK and CK were obtained through samples taken every 2-3 hours still the 12th hour, after the enzymatic concentration have exceeded the normal level and successively every 4 hours till the enzymatic activity regains its limits. The values of I.S.MBCK and I.S.CK were compared and we obtained two correlations based on the enteric work (r = 0.79) or on selected cases (r = 0.96). We conclude, for the major practicality and usefulness of measurement of MBCK in the evaluation of size, because this measurement can be obtained on the total enumeration of cases of myocardial infarction, not takine into consideration all those factors which could produce an increase of CK; moreover the MBCK is able to show the extension of myocardial infarction that would not be detectable with CK.


[Mobitz type II 2d degree atrioventricular block. Clinical and electrophysiological study]. His Bundle Electrogram (HBE) was recorded in 20 patients with Mobitz type II block. All patients were clinically evaluated and a history of syncope was carefully investigated. These patients were prospectively followed (mean follow up: 20,4 months). ECG showed LBBB in 9 patients, RBBB + LAHI in 6, RBBB + LPH in 3, LAH in 1, left axis deviation in 1. In all patients HBE revealed prolungation of H-Q interval and localization of block within the His-Purkinje system (within H in 4) distal to H in 16.  In 9 patients intermittent complete heart block localized within the H-P system was documented during HBE recording. 15 patients (75%) experienced syncopal attacks. All patients underwent implantation of permanent demand pace-maker, without further episodes of syncope. Since the site of block is the most important determinant of prognosis, in all patients with Mobitz type II block, whether or not symptoms are present, prophylactic implantation of pace-maker is indicated, because high incidence of progression to complete heart block, with potential risk of Adams-Stokes syndrome and sudden death.


[Agenesis of the pulmonary valve associated with interventricular defect]. The association between ventricular septal defect and pulmonary valve atresia is a rare congenital disease, which can provoke the compression of bronchioles, that make a high mortality rate possible in the first years of life. If this syndrome is tolerated, using a convenient medical therapy, it is possible to wait for a more suitable age for a complete correction, which must provide, besides V.S.D. closing, pulmonary valvular substitution by porcine aortic heterograft. The authors also report on their own experience of five cases surgically treated and studied from a pre- and postoperative hemodinamic point of view.


Metabolic changes associated with gastric stimulation. The oxidation of radioactively labeled substrates showed a preferential utilization of butyrate over glucose or pyruvate by the in vitro frog gastric mucosa. The preference for butyrate was maintained in theophylline-stimulated tissues, but dinitrophenol stimulation of respiration resulted in a shift toward glucose metabolism. These results are interpreted as showing that theophylline-stimulated respiration is not driven by increases in cellular ADP and therefore is not a response to increased energy utilization. The preferential utilization of butyrate was also observed in rabbit gastric tubules, indicating that it is not species-specific. Stimulation of respiration by butyrate was shown to correlate with butyrate oxidation. These results are consistent with, but do not prove, the hypothesis that specific substrates stimulate acid secretion and respiration via their metabolism. Experiments using amytal and menadione showed that ATP and phosphocreatine are not sufficient energy sources for gastric secretion, and a specific amytal-sensitive reaction is postulated. This specific reaction and the substrates which supply it are seen to serve as rate-limiting reactions for acid secretion.


[The problem of the lost intrauterine contraceptive device (author's transl)]. Report on 18 patients who were treated in hospital during the last 4 years because of a lost intrauterine contraceptive device. Carbon dioxide hysteroscopy was found to be a more advantageous diagnostic procedure in the search than radiography. In 14 cases, the intrauterine contraceptive device was grasped and removed under hysteroscopic control. In 4 cases the uterine cavity was empty on hysteroscopy. The device had perforated into the uterine muscle or into the peritoneal cavity. These 4 cases are reported in detail.


[The possible maternal risk of tocolytic therapy with fenoterol (partusisten) (author's transl)]. Report on two patients with postpartum pulmonary oedema and shock-syndrome subsequent to prepartum tocolytic therapy with Fenoterol in higher dosages. The possible pathogenetic interactions and the differential diagnosis of this status are discussed. Conclusions are drawn for the clinical use of tocolytic drugs.


[Preventing complications due to dilatation by intracervical application of a prostaglandin-gel (author's transl)]. Mechanical injuries by dilatating the cervix uteri for artificial abortion may lead to intra- and postoperative complications; of these cervical insufficiency during subsequent pregnancy is of main importance. In order to prevent this complication 160 patients in the 8th to 18th week of pregnancy, who were going to have a legal abortion, were treated with a gel consisting of 3--5 mg Prostaglandin F2alpha which was applicated in the cervix uteri. In more than 90% of these cases a mechanical dilatation was not necessary afterwards. Generally the cervix uteri was softened and dilatated to Hegar 12. 32% of the patients had a spontaneous abortion. Therefore only a curettage without a dilatation had to be performed. Complications due to the application of the gel did not occur. The combined application of the gel with the extraamnial instillation of Prostaglandin for artificial abortion during the second trimenon reduced by half the period of indwelling of the intrauterine foley-catheter and therewith the risk of infection as well as the period of labour pains. Further possible ways of applicating the Prostaglandin gel in gynecology and obstetrics concern missed abortion, intrauterine death, and cervical dystocia during delivery.


[Reconstruction of fallopian tubes using microsurgical technics (author's transl)]. The results of reconstructive tubal surgery improved significantly since microsurgical technics were introduced. Nowadays microsurgery is the procedure of choice for salpingolysis, salpingostomy, reanastomosis reversal of sterilisation and conservative repair of an ectopic pregnancy. Successful reversals of sterilisation demonstrate the advantage of the microsurgical technics in the best way. Tubal sterilisation isn't irreversible any longer but it still should be recommended as a definitive method. Because of the high technical effort reversal of sterilisation can be done in exceptional cases only. In young women the possibility of a reversal must be considered and a sterilisation operation should be done in an adequate and careful way.


[The problem of limited treatment of carcinoma of the breast. Documentation of the results on 400 operative specimens (author's transl)]. The value of limited treatment without compulsory lymphadenectomy in carcinoma of the breast in only well documented for primary tumors in which the infiltrative size of the primary tumor is with certainly below one centimeter. In contra-distinction to this situation primary tumors of more than 2 cm. in size are characterized by macrometastases and metastases in the regional lymph nodes as well as intramammory lymphogenous spread by contiguity. Compared to the classical concept of indirect hemotogenous spread from the physiologic lymphatic drainage system via the deep veins of the neck, the validity of limited treatment can be seen in the operative specimen in the appropriate cases. Histology shows spread of the type of lymphohemotogenous shunts.


[The development of the perinatal mortality at the university department for women in Innsbruck from 1969 to 1975 (author's transl)]. In a retrospective study the development of the perinatal mortality at the University Hospital for Women in Inssbruck was reviewed. Among a total of 14,839 deliveries, 323 perinatal deaths according to the WHO definition were reviewed. The years from 1969 to 1971 prior to the introduction of intensive monitoring and the years 1972 to 1975 after the introduction of monitoring were compared. The perinatal mortality was reduced from 27.7 per 1000 in 1969 to 13.7 per 1000 in 1975. The decrease was due to intensive monitoring during labour. The Caesarean Section rate rose from 3.17% in 1969 to 8.53% in 1975. The increase was mainly due to fetal indications. Conditions which were of special obstetric interest in the context of intensive antenatal care were especially reviewed. It was surprising the preeclampsia accounted for the same number of perinatal deaths in the second portion of our review as in the first. Prematurity accounted for 60--70% of the perinatal mortality and received the focus of the efforts to reduce the perinatal mortality. The perinatal mortality of infants with a birth weight of less than 2500 grams was reduced from 224.0 per thousand in 1969 to 140.0 per thousand in 1975. This result was obtained by excellent co-operation with the pediatricians. The rate of premature deliveries remained unchanged at between 8 to 9% inspite of all efforts. The possible causes for this phenomenon are discussed. The perinatal mortality was higher in cases who had antenatal care by obstetricians and general practitioners not affiliated with the University Department. The timely referral of high risk cases to a regional perinatal centre is stressed again.


[Continuous monitoring of direct intra-arterial blood pressure in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies (author's transl)]. Blood pressure was monitored continuously and intraarteriously for 24 hours in healthy and pre-eclampsia pregnant women. The monitoring system almost excluded sources of error. The 24-hours-rhythm revealed a blood pressure decrease of about 20 Torr systolically and diastolically between 2.00 a.m. and 5.00 a.m. in normal pregnancy. This decrease after midnight was diminished in mild cases of pre-eclampsia. Hypertensive peaks were present after midnight in severe pre-eclamptic toxemia even under medication. Measuring of the blood pressure in pre-eclampsia patients during nighttime from 0.00 a.m. until 5.00 a.m. seems to be advisable in order to identify unstabilized hypertensive peaks.


[Acute gastro-intestinal hemorrhage from a duodenal ulcer during labour and delivery (author's transl)]. A 38 year old gravida 3, para 3, was delivered by Caesarean Section because of acute gastro-intestinal bleeding and a duodenal ulcer was treated by hemostatic sutures at the same time. An elective gastrectomy was performed twelve months later. Severe gastro-intestinal hemorrhage during labour and delivery is rare. There are no hard rules for the timing of early diagnostic localization and identification of the source of the bleeding and for the choice of timing of a surgical procedure. This problem is more difficult when the source of the bleedings is rare and diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are hampered by concomitant conditions such as the overriding considerations for the maternal and fetal welfare in our case.


[Surface tension properties of the amniotic fluid obtained by serial puncture in normal pregnancies (author's transl)]. Serial amniotic fluid samples were obtained in the last trimester of pregnancy during the course of 12 uneventful pregnancies. The surface tension properties of the amniotic fluid samples were measured in the surface (Wilhelmy) balance. Eight pregnancies showed a normal pattern of surface activity parameters, whereas in four pregnancies the pattern was abnormal. The pattern of surface activity parameters is shown individually for each of the 12 pregnancies and the possible reasons for individual variations are discussed.


[Vaginalcytology and late pregnancy (determination of term, fetal monitoring, correlation with hormon patterns) (author's transl)]. The "before term" pattern allows to exclude over-maturity with probability of 95--100%. The "at term" pattern lets expect spontaneous labour in next five days just so with great probability. We attribute no importance to cytology as a method of control for high risk pregnancies. At last we didn't find any correlation with statistical methods between the alterations of the cell patterns some days before delivery and values of hormons.


[Singleton breech deliveries in the obstetric departments of a rural area (author's transl)]. The management of singleton breech deliveries in a referral hospital of an exclusively rural area is described. Since many cases are referred during labour after an attempted domiciliary delivery a primary vaginal delivery with extended indications for Caesarean Section is the general plan of management. Between 1971 and 1976, one hundred and seventy seven singleton breech deliveries were performed. 50 of these were premature with birth weights of less than 2500 grams. 127 had birth weights over 2500 grams. The Caesarean Section rate was 11.3%. The overall perinatal mortality was 11.92% (21 cases), the perinatal mortality for premature deliveries was 11.29% (20 cases), the perinatal mortality for term singleton breech deliveries was 0.56% (1 case).


[Biochemical polymorphism in the northern fur seal, Callorhinus usinus, from 3 regions of the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean]. Polymorphism for the number of the blood proteins (transferrin, alkaline phosphatase, haptoglobin, plasma esterase and erythrocyte esterase) have been exposed by means of starch gel electrophoresis of northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus from three regions: Pelagic of Commander Islands (n = 164), Rockery of Robben Island (Sakhalin population, n = 308), winter todder region to the east of Honshu Island (n = 110). The reliable differences have been exposed between fur seals of the Commander and Sakhalin populations by the gene frequencies Tf and Es pl. Fur seals from winter todder region turned out to be closer to Commander population, that to the Robben one. However, originality of gene frequencies of locus Ap (alkaline phosphatase), revealed from the todder region animals, is difficult to explain by the mixture of the Commander and Robben population only. Perhaps, this originality is caused by the influence of Pribylov population. It is established that hemoglobin of northern fur seal consists of two components (Hb I + Hb II). Individual variability of hemoglobin results in the variation of the colour intensity of the "slow" component (Hb II).


[Determination of the genetic kinship between nematode species of the genus Trichinella]. By crossing four Trichinella species the degree of their genetic relationship is detected. The closest relationship is determined between T. nelsoni and T. spiralis, and the remotest--between T. nativa and T. spiralis. Hybridization proceeds more successfully if Trichinella younger generation is used as a maternal organism than that in reciprocal combination.


[Functions of the late genes 13, 17, 18 and 19 in pi8 phage]. Genes of the right arm of the pi80 phage chromosome were characterized by studying lytic and antigenic activities and replication ability of mutant phages and by electron microscopic examination of their lysates. It is shown that the genes 14, 15 and 16 are early, and the genes 17, 18 and 19 are late. The functions of four genes are determined. The gene 13 is responsible for antigenic activity and for phage host-cell specificity; the gene 17 is a regulator of the late functions; the gene 18 product affects the cell membrane; the gene 19 controls the synthesis of phage endolysine. It is suggested to redesignate the pi80 phage genes 13, 17, 18 and 19 by the letters J, Q, S and R respectively, because these genes fulfil the same functions as the lambda genes J, Q, S and R.


[Isolation and study of int-mutants of pi81 bacteriophage]. Int mutants of the lambdoid bacteriophage pi81 were isolated. With mapping of deletion the location of Int gene on the genetic map of prophage pi81 was was determined. Complementation of int function of prophages lambda and pi81 was demonstrated in the formation of stable lysogenics.


[Koryaks of Kamchatka. The genetic characteristics and formation of a gene pool]. Investigation of korak population of Kamchatka is carried out for 10 non-linked blood groups loci, serum proteins, PTC taste and ABH antigens secretion. The korak population enters in the system of Middle Asian mongoloids for the genetical characteristics studied. Koraks occupy an intermediate position between Siberian and Far East populations in their genetic pecularities, revealing the most close genetical similarity with Siberian population. The main contribution in the genofond of ancient korak athnic community is carried by neolytic inhabitants of Siberia.


[Aneuploidy and polyploidy in the bone marrow cells of minks of different genotypes, ages and fertility]. An analysis of aneuploidy and polyploidy in bone marrow cells of female minks of different genotype and age has shown that in young minks with unsatisfactory reproductive characteristics, and in old females, the frequency of aneuploid and polyploid cells is significantly higher as compared to that in minks having a good reproductive capacity. The increase in aneuploidy level takes place mainly in the form of hypoploidy, and an increase of the frequency of polyploid cells is accompanied by a parellel increase of the proportion of cells with a low degree of ploidy. A correlation between frequencies of appearance of aneuploid and polyploid cells in minks is observed (r = 0.69 +/- 0.27). On the basis of original and bibliographic data, a hypothesis on a genetically determined instability of karyotype in mutant minks is argumented.


The occurrence of babesiasis affecting small terrestrial mammals and the importance of this zoonosis in Europe. A short survey is given of the occurrence of babesiasis affecting small terrestrial mammals in some parts of Europe. Results obtained in studies of 7,038 small terrestrial mammals (42 species) from Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, show the distribution of Babesia microti in these countries. The authors found babesias in the following host species: Neomys anomalus, Clethrionomys glareolus. Microtus arvalis, M. agrestis, Apodemus agratius, A. flavicollis, A. sylvaticus and Mus musculus. The average incidence was very low-0.2% and varied in individual countries from negative to 0.7%. Problems of the natural foci of B. microti in Central Europe and discussed and hitherto recorded cases of Babesia infections in man are summarised. The epidemiological importance of the unspecific mammal hosts of B. microti is emphasised and the necessity of surveillance of this zoonosis in Europe is pointed out.


Attempts at transfer of immunity against Eimeria tenella in vitro and in vivo. The spleen lymphocytes obtained from chickens immue against E. tenella were not able to prevent development of E. tenella when applied to chicken kideny cell cultures or intraperitoneally to isogenous healthy chickens. Only when both, lymphocytes and E. tenella sporozoites were injected simultaneously to peritoneal cavity of healthy chickens, the production of oocysts was negligible. Spleen lymphocytes of chickens probably do not play an important role in the immunity against Eimeria tenella coccidiosis.


A new cestode of charadriiformes-Wardium chaunense sp. n. (Hymenolepididae) from Gallinago gallinago (L.) from Chukotka. A description and differential diagnosis of Wardium chaunense sp. n. from the common snipe, Gallinago gallinago (L). from Chaun lowland (North-West Chukotka) are presented. This cestode differs from other related species of this genus in the form of rostellar hooks and form and armament of cirrus.


Familial progressive bulbar-spinal muscular atrophy: case report with muscle biopsy study. A case of familial progressive bulbar and spinal muscular atrophy was presented. The patient was a 59-year-old male with chief complaints of gait disturbance and nasal voice. His illness started at the age of 39 and very slowly progressed over 20 years. The clinical symptoms and signs were characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy due to lower motor neuron disease in the brain stem below the lower pons and the spinal cord. The electromyograms and muscle biopsy findings are basically neurogenic. In spite of the bulbar signs, the course of the disease is extremely slow. The diagnostic criteria was proposed after reviewing eight other cases reported in the literature.


An autopsy case of cycloserine poisoning. Cycloserine was given to a 29-year-old girl with pulmonary tuberculosis for 500 days (total dose 250 g). Following this treatment, she began to show several psychiatric and neurologic symptoms and died. Histopathologically, deletion of the nerve cells in the cerebrum was diffusely observed, especially in the IIIrd layer of the frontal and temporal cortex and patchy demyelinations were found in the white matter of the parietal lobe. Characteristic findings were the change of small blood vessels and deletion of the nerve cell around the area of vessels in the hypothalamus, putamen and pallidum. The same changes of the blood vessels were found in the internal capsule. In the cerebellum, shrinkage of Purkinje cells and increase of Bergmann's glia were observed.


Corticocerebellothalamic degeneration with chromatolytic neuronal swelling: a light and electron microscopic case study. A 50-year-old woman showing psychoorganic syndrome, cerebellar symptoms, choreatic involuntary movements, Romberg's sign and epileptic fits over a period of 14 years, was neuropathologically studied. The calcarine and postcentral cortex, the medio-dorsal nucleus of the thalamus and the cerebellar cortex were affected with neuronal loss and astrocytic gliosis. Neurons in various regions showed chromatolytic neuronal swelling. Ultrastructurally, these chromatolytic neurons contained a large hollow core with numerous mitochondria, dispersed rough endoplasmic reticulum, degenerated cisternal structures and a few neurofilaments. Some neuronal mitochondria showed membranous trans-somal bridges composed of about 60 A parallel filaments with a spacing of about 80 A.


Histopathological changes of chronic alcoholism. The brains of six cases of chronic alcoholics without arteriosclerosis and the other diseases were examined histopathologically. The results obtained were as follows: there were chronic nerve cell sclerosis and deletion with slightly increased glial cells in the cortex of the cerebrum, hypothalamus, mamillary body, amygdal body, dentate endplate of Ammon's horn and cerebellum. Increased vascularity was observed in the cortex of the cerebrum, while no increased vascularity was found in the mamillary bodies. In many areas, widening of Virchow-Robin spaces were observed. The above-described findings were common changes in the brains in our six cases and they might have been induced by alcoholic effect on the brain tissue for a long time. Chronic nerve cell sclerosis in many areas, especially the diencephalon and limbic system, might have a deep relation to the character change of chronic alcoholics.


Electron microscopic study of experimental thallotoxicosis. To adult male rats 2 mg per rat of thallium acetate: CH3 COOT1 was given orally daily for six months. Clinically, the experimental rats revealed only alopecia and showed no neurological signs. Pathological findings were noted in muscle and cerebrum. Marked changes were observed in muscles and were as follows: swelling and vacuolation of mitochondria, destruction of cristae, ruptures of mitochondrial membranes, degeneration of sarcoplasmic reticulum and destruction of myofilaments. In the cerebrum, there were vacuolation of mitochondria, dilatation of Golgi cisterns in hypothalamus and thalamus. Sciatic nerve, liver and kidney were intact. From this, we consider that T1+ ions selectively affect the muscle and its mitochondria.


On Kibarashi-gui (binge eating).

On Kibarashi-gui (binge eating). The authors presented 16 cases that displayed episodes of pathological over-eating, i.e. kibarashi-gui (binge eating). The cases were divided into three groups, and symptomatology of the eating bouts and associated psychiatric symptoms were described. Constellations of symptoms differed from group to group. The first group, Group A, was concluded as the pure kibarashi-gui (binge eaters), and Group B can be regarded as a variant of anorexia nervosa. Discussion was focused on the similarities and differences between kibarashi-gui and anorexia nervosa. Kibarashi-gui is explained as a defeat of self-control or competition. Discussions on the origin of the sex difference of eating disorder were done. And, the concept of slimness or beauty in women was assumed as the most important factor in eating disorders.


Quantitative evidence of a silent gene Po of human red cell acid phosphatase in south Polish population. The distribution of red cell acid phosphatase types in 3244 unrelated Polish adults is reported. Gene frequencies Pa = 0.3594, Pb = 0.5643 and Pc = 0.0763 were obtained. In a forensic case of disputed paternity an apparent mother/child incompatibility respect to red cell acid phosphatase was found, the mother appearing as type B and the child as type A. Determination of acid phosphatase activity suggested the presence of a silent gene Po. The phosphatase levels were about half the values expected as determined in 237 adults representing the different phenotypes.


The mechanism of adipocere formation. II. Separation and identification of oxo fatty acids in adipocere. Two kinds of oxo fatty acids were found to be present in the adipocere. One of them was identified as 10-oxohexadecanoic acid and the other was as 10-oxo-octadecanoic acid. The chemical identity of these compounds was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The adipocere contained about 1.3 to 1.6% oxo fatty acid of total fatty acids.


[Analysis of pancreatic function. Determination of fecal chymotrypsin and the secretin-pancreozymin test. Comparative study]. Fecal chymotrypsin determination and secretin-pancreozymin test with volume-loss corrected were carried out intra-individually on 57 clinically normal test subjects and 51 patients with chronic pancreatic disease. A good correlation could be established in every case between the chymotrypsin activity in stool and the chymotrypsin output in the duodenal aspirate. False-positive chymotrypsin activity was not to be found in healthy subjects. On the other hand, however, the chymotrypsin activity in stool compared with the result of the secretin-pancreozymin test was found to be false negative in 21% of all patients with chronic pancreatic disease (some or all parameters pathological). In patients with a clear deficiency in the exocrine function of pancreas (all parameters pathological) the chymotrypsin activity was nevertheless seen to be false-negative in only 9.9% of the cases. Thus the fecal chymotrypsin determination can be used as screening test for the clearly reduced pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.


Accidental fatal drug poisoning with particular erference to dextropropoxyphene. A rapid increase in fatal accidental dextropropoxyphene poisonings which is proportional to the increased use of the drug is reported. In 30 accidental poisonings dextropropoxyphene was responsible for 50% of the cases, and is the most common accidental medical poisoning at the present time. This is probably due to the unappreciated narrow margin between therapeutic and fatal dose and the simultaneous intake of alcohol which increases the resorbtion speed from the gastro-intestinal tract. In Denmark a slow-release preparation is frequently used. which is especially dangerous because of repeated dosage by the patient attempting to induce the therapeutic effect more quickly.


[Carcinoma of the bladder].

[Carcinoma of the bladder]. Tumors of the bladder are second in frequency of all genito-urinary neoplasms. Because of their malignancy, the difficulties of early recognition and the advanced age of the patients they constitute one of the most difficult urologic problem. The most important medical check up is the demonstration of erythrocytes and malignant cells in the urine. The former can be easy established by the Sangur-test, the latter must be diagnosed by specialists.


Suicide by injection of snake venom.

Suicide by injection of snake venom. An unusual suicide is described where the deceased, a schizophrenic young man in perfect physical health, deliberately injected himself subcutaneously with snake venom, by means of a syringe. The circumstances, autopsy findings and laboratory investigations are recorded.


[Bandage in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency]. Bandage treatment in the phlebologic sector may be very successful, yet is seems to be practiced still in too few cases. Mostly bed-rest and treatment in hospital are preferred, methods which include the danger of a beginning deep phlebothrombosis. Propagation of more frequent application of bandages and systematic use of bandage treatment seems necessary, followed by systematic use of elastic stockings, to reduce the number of recidives. Indications of the different bandages and their method of application are discussed.


Left ventricular subendocardial haemorrhages. A study of their morphology, pathogenesis and prognosis. 181 medicolegal and clinicopathological autopsy cases with subendocardial haemorrhages were studied with special reference to the primary conditions which might have triggered the haemorrhages, the time interval between the onset of these conditions and death, the gross and microscopic appearances of the subendocardium and other parts of the heart and the cause of death. There was a wide panorama of conditions associated with subendocardial haemorrhages: Trauma, poisoning, eilepsy, surgical and obstetric shock, intracranial diseases and others with the same sudden onset of a process which caused general hypoxia. Death occurred immediately or up to 24 days after the trauma or onset of the primary condition. The subendocardial haemorrhages were associated with myocytic necrosis, inflammatory reaction and vascular lesions in the entire myocardium. The subendocardial regions and the apexes of the papillar muscles were the most common sites of manifestations of the general hypoxic cardiovascular injury. The morphological alterations correlated well with the time lapse after the onset of the associated condition. In 27 cases, or 15 per cent, death was attributed to cardiovascular disturbances, presumably caused by the lesions described. In the rest of the cases, cardiovascular disturbances were not clinically registered due to the short time of survival, or were transient or absent, despite the presence of widely spread cardiovascular lesions. It is suggested that in cases with clinically transient or asymptomatic recent hypoxic cardiovascular lesions there is a possibility for a silent progression of the pathological process in chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy.


Muscular dystrophy in mice after chronic subcutaneous treatment with cannabinoids. Swiss male albino mice were treated subcutaneously with the main cannabinoids (CBN, CBD, delta9-THC) at the dosage of 1 mg/kg per day for 30 days, and with the crude resin. At the end of the treatment, after supramaximal stimulation of the sciatic nerve, a significant decrease of both maximal twitch and tetanus tensions was observed in delta9-THC-treated animals; CBD and resin treatment produced some decrease in active tension, while CBN treatment induced an enhancement of the contractile strength. Histology showed lesions interpretable as due to muscular dystrophy. Analysis of protein and hydroxyproline muscular content showed a marked reduction in protein in all treated animals, with a corresponding high increase in hydroxyproline content.


[Hemodynamic studies on liver circulation with special reference to the hepatic artery]. Hepatic and systemic hemodynamics were studied in the rat under different experimental conditions. It could be demonstrated that the hepatic arterial blood flow in normal as well as in sick liver of animals is well regulated: for example by means of the venovasomotorical reaction (portoarterial interaction) and systemically by autoregulation. There exists an inverse correlation between arterial and portalvenous liver blood flow: As portal liver blood flow decreases hepatic arterial flow increases. Especially a marked increase of hepatic artery flow was found after portocaval end-to-side anastomosis. Yet, the hepatic artery flow improvement after portocaval shunt could not compensate the diverted portalvenous blood supply at all. In states of portal hypertension with a relevant portocaval collateral circulation, also after surgical portocaval shunt, the systemic circulation becomes more hyperdynamic. There also exists a remarkable relation between the extent of portocaval shunt flow to circulating blood volume, cardiac output and circulation time. Some correlates of the experimental findings with the altered hemodynamics in human liver cirrhosis were found and discussed from the viewpoint of portocaval shunt surgery in man.


[Effect of benzbromarone in 100mg and 50mg doses on healthy subjects]. After oral application of 100mg of Benzbromarone a significant decrease of the uric acid concentration in the serum up to the 14th day after beginning of the treatment to a mean value of 1,7 mg/100 ml is achieved; while the application of 50 mg of Benzbromarone reduces the uric acid concentration only to a value of 3,4 mg/100 ml. Thereby the differences amounts to about 1,7 mg/100 ml. The urate elimination increases after 100 as well as after 50 mg of Benzbromarone. Only initially an increased uric acid elimination could be observed. In the further course the uric acid elimination remains increased despite reduced serum concentrations.


[The gastroenterological center].

[The gastroenterological center]. Because of the possibility of direct optical and bioptical approach, endoscopy and surgery are related from the very beginning. Endoscopy developed and practiced mainly by gastroenterologically orientated internists, has already permanently influenced surgical procedure, because of advances in the diagnostic field such as early recognition of carcinoma, emergency endoscopy in cases of bleeding and the retrograde presentation of the biliary and pancreatic system. In a certain sense, the development of operative endoscopy with polypectomy, papillotomy and the elimination of sources of bleeding by the use of laser light, indicates that the dividing line between conservative and operative medicine has become blurred. This factor gives rise to reflection concerning the division of roles between internal medicine and surgery in the endoscopic field and probably also in a broader sense. Whether this classical split between conservative and operative medicine will maintain itself in the future is uncertain. It is possible that an organ related medicine will develop, determined by methods which will demand from the future physician a greater knowledge and ability within a narrower field. A conclusive statement on this point however, cannot be made today. Much depends on the local relationships and it would no doubt be a mistake to hope too much for any planning.


[Current ulcer surgery from the internist's view point: vagotomy versus resection]. The internist is usually not concerned with the successfully operated ulcer patient now free of symptoms, but primarily with the sequels which follow the surgical intervention more or less immediately or many years later. In the resecting procedures these are stomal ulcer and dumping, weight loss, osteoporosis, iron deficiency anemia and stump carcinoma, in vagotomy ulcer recurrency, diarrhea, dumping symptomatology and an increased incidence of cholelithiasis. Of the currently practiced procedures parietal cell vagotomy seems to offer the best results in duodenal ulcer patients although long-term follow-up examinations are not yet available.


[Ultrasonic diagnosis in urology].

[Ultrasonic diagnosis in urology]. In recent years ultrasonography has been established as a reliable diagnostic method in various urological disorders. The first and most important indication is the differentiation between renal cysts and solid tumors. But ultrasound is suitable, too, for the diagnosis of haematomas, abscesses and hydronephrosis in the postoperative period and for the evaluation of renal transplants to detect early signs of rejection. Ultrasound allows the examination of patients with renal insufficiency and of patients with unilateral absence of contrast medium excretion in urography, because it is independent of contrast medium and renal function. In these patients as well as in traumatized patients ultrasound can be used as a bed-side method. Furthermore, it is possible to diagnose retroperitoneal tumors causing obstruction, megaureter, and tumors of the bladder. For the diagnosis of the prostate the rectal application of an ultrasonic transducer seems to be the best method. With an ultrasonic Doppler probe the diagnosis of testicular torsion is possible on ground of the absence of intratesticular arterial pulsation. Finally the possibility of ultrasonic targeted percutaneous puncture of the kidneys, tumors and cysts as a diagnostic and occasionally therapeutic approach has to be mentioned.


[Chronic pancreatitis--conservative versus surgical treatment under prognostic aspects]. Because of the differently selected groups of patients due to a narrow indication for pancreatic surgery, a direct comparison of the results of conservative and surgical therapy is not possible. A follow-up survey of 348 patients with proven chronic pancreatitis showed that patients suffering from uncomplicated pancreatitis should be treated conservatively as long as possible, for 70% (77 out of 109) will improve. In 2/3 of our patients with chronic pancreatitis, surgical treatment became necessary. As to the recurrence of pancreatitis and the lethality, resecting techniques were more successful (72%: 107 out of 148) than the non-resecting ones (61%: out of 91). The cooperation of the patient is crucial for the prognostic outcome regardless of the kind of treatment; especially the elimination of alcohol intake is essential. The most important accompanying or/and succeeding disease is diabetes mellitus, which impairs the long term prognosis especially because of the hazard of postoperative irreversible hypoglycemia. Optimal treatment of patients with chronic pancreatitis can only be accomplished on an individual basis and on the basis of a close cooperation of internists and surgeons.


[Pancoast's tumor. Symptoms, diagnosis and therapy]. Pancoast-tumor is a rare form of malignant tumor in the superior pulmonary sulcus. In our clinic out of 910 operated bronchial carcinomas 18 were Pancoast-tumors. The clinical findings with tumor of the apical lobe of the lung, shoulder-arm pain, Horner syndrome, rib destruction as well as neurological findings are discussed. The proper treatment consists of radical resection of the affected lobe, cranial thoracic wall and affected nerve tissue. The prognosis depends on the extension and lymph node metastases. Only early diagnosis, radical tumor-resection and postoperative radiation can improve prognosis and survival time.


[Psychodynamic of depressions].

[Psychodynamic of depressions]. Chronic depressive reactions are seen especially in patients who cannot react adequately in the face of loss, because for psychological reasons they cannot give expression to their unhappiness. Examples are the abnormal grief reactions following severe loss, and also reactions to experiences which appear outwardly trivial, but which nevertheless are damaging to self-esteem. Inability to show dissatisfaction and inhibition of one's own aggressive tendencies are characteristic of depressive neurosis. The analysis of the relevant factors, which is important for differential diagnosis, and above all in treatment, should take into account the current personal and social situation of the individual, his earlier psychological development, his constitution, any supervening physical disorder, and the influence of environmental and cultural forces.


[Electromyographic rest-activity. Unusual forms of spontaneous discharge in healthy and sick skeletal muscle]. The forms of spontaneous activity termed as "benign fibrillation potentials" and "benign positive sharp waves" differ from the denervation potentials of the same wave form in the discharge pattern. Fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves due to a denervation process show a characteristic rhythmical discharge sequence. "Benign fibrillation potentials" and "benign positive sharp waves", on the other hand, display a big difference in the duration of the time intervals between successive waves. It is important to be aware of the frequent occurrence of these benign fibrillations in normal muscles, in order to avoid erroneously diagnosing a denervation process. As in the case of malign fasciculations, "proximal fasciculations" generally occur in lesions of the proximal segment of the lower motoneuron, and have the same diagnostic significance. Unlike malign fasciculations, however, they do not originate in the region of the terminal nerve branches, but at the site of the lesion in question. Local reduction in the stimulus threshold and in the accommodation ensure that a spontaneous impulse will occur. "Low frequency bizarre discharges" and "periods of grouped and serial-discharges" occur mainly in the late phase of a neuromuscular disease and are found especially after traumatic lesions or lesions due to entrapment. We are able to demonstrate that the "low-frequency bizarre discharges" are of myogenic origin, whereas the "periods of grouped and serial-discharges" more than likely originate in the course of the peripheral motoneuron from an active focus.


[Therapy of gastroesophageal reflux].

[Therapy of gastroesophageal reflux]. In spite of numerous experimental and clinical studies the pathogenesis of the disease resulting from pathological gastroesophageal reflux is yet unsettled. The importance of hiatus hernia has been questioned. The disturbed function of the lower esophageal sphincter does not always explain the occurrence of increased gastroesophageal reflux. there is no correlation between symptoms (pyrosis) and the typical esophageal mucosal changes which are best demonstrated by means of endoscopy. Guided biopsy is usually not necessary. Medical therapy consists in application of antacids, most effectively in combination with alginic acid. Further help can be expected from stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter with metoclopramide and/or cholinergic drugs. Further measures are elevation of the head of the bed (30 degrees), reduction of body weight if necessary (to reduce intraabdominal pressure) and a high protein, low fat diet. Operative intervention (fundoplicatio) is  rarely indicated, mostly in case of stricture.


[Oral kallikrein-therapy of asthenozoospermia]. Over a period of 7 weeks 51 men with idiopathic asthenozoospermia were treated with Kallikrein (600 Kallikrein units per day). A statistically significant improvement of sperm motility was observed with a maximum 1 month after the therapy. The conception rate was 31%. Stimulation of sperm motility may be caused by a positive effect on spermatogenesis, by an improvement of the nutritional functions of the tubulus apparatus and by an improvement of sperm maturation in the eqididymis.


Prolactinemia during hemodialysis: lack of correlation with sodium, potassium and renin-aldosterone system. The present investigation was carried out on 17 male patients, 2 of whom nephrectomized, affected by terminal renal failure on regular 4 h dialysis three times a week. Plasma prolactin (PRL), aldosterone (PA) and renin activity (PRA) were determined by radioimmunoassay before, and after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd h of hemodialysis. High levels of PRL were found in 9 nonnephrectomized patients; during the 1st and 2nd h of dialysis means values of PRL showed a slight tendency to increase, whilst during the 3rd h values decreased to predialysis concentrations. In one case a fall in PRL levels immediately after nephrectomy was observed but in another patient who came to our attention after surgery, PRL was significantly increased with values higher than those usually found in nonnephrectomized patients. PRA was elevated in 10 patients and showed no significant modifications during hemodialysis. PAC was high in 8 patients and decreased significantly during hemodialysis. A drop in sodium and potassium levels and a decrease in body weight during dialysis were also observed. These results suggest that in uremia the high levels of PRL are not consequent to hydroelectrolyte disorders or to a condition of hyperaldosteronism, since these parameters present a different pattern during hemodialysis.


Effects of thyroidectomy and thyroxine on plasma growth hormone and insulin levels in rats. Plasma growth hormone and insulin levels were measured in normal, thyroidectomized (TX), and TX rats treated with 1-thyroxine (1-T4) or rat-growth hormone (r-GH). Although normal growth was observed 5 days after surgery, a decrease of circulating levels of GH was evidenced as early as 5 days after the operation. However, the plasma insulin levels were not affected by the 5th, 10th and 15th day of thyroidectomy. With a more prolonged thyroid hormone deprivation, the plasma insulin levels of TX rats remained lower than those of age-paired controls. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with 0.05 micron 1-T4 for 10 days induced growth and an increase in circulating GH levels, but had no effect on the low levels of plasma insulin of TX rats. Treatment of TX animals with 0.10 or 0.20 micron 1-T4, or 100 micron r-GH during 10 days caused plasma insulin levels to shift toward the values of their weight-paired controls. However, treatment of hypophysectomized (HX) rats with 0.20 micron T4 during 8 days did not change the circulating levels of plasma insulin. It is suggested that thyroid hormone deprivation results in a decrease of circulating levels of insulin secondary to a deficiency in growth hormone secretion. In addition, normal GH secretion appears to be required for normal pancreatic insulin secretion to occur.


Creating a mental health consultation package for community agencies. The author designed a consultation package for a community mental health center consultant to present to the relevant agencies and organizations in the community. The consultation package is designed to create a series of regularly scheduled voluntary group meetings that center on the discussion of a case or a particular topic. The package also includes a written agreement, an evaluation procedure, and a six- to eight-month free trial period. The steps for establishing a new consultative relationship and developing a consultation network are also outlined. By using those steps and the package, the author and his colleagues have successfully established consultation services with schools, with the welfare, probation, and police departments, and with organizations of physicians, nurses, and clergy.


A community mental health center's consultation service in a general hospital. A community mental health center operates a psychiatric consultation program as an integral part of the medical emergency service of a 550-bed general hospital. A major advantage of the system is that it allows the hospital to provide immediate comprehensive services--psychiatric as well as medical--to emergency patients. The consultation program also accepts referrals of hospitalized medical patients with apparent emotional problems and referrals of patients from such sources outside the hospital as pediatricians, clergymen, and other community agencies.


Psychiatric nursing consultation in a university medical center. A program of psychiatric nursing consultation was established at a large university medical center in response to requests from nonpsychiatric nurses; they generally felt that patient evaluations provided by the psychiatry liaison service did not have specific application to nursing care. The program is operated by two part-time coordinators who train and supervise the nurse-consultants through monthly group sessions and individual supervision. One aim is to set up ongoing consultative meetings with nursing staffs who request help rather than providing only one-time or crisis consultation. During the program's first year, 146 consultations were given, and an average of 9.5 nursing units received consultation services each month.


State laws mandating mental health insurance coverage. Insurance companies and administrators of group insurance plans have accepted the premise that coverage for mental illness must be different from coverage for other health problems, and thus insurers continue to limit their liability through various exclusions and restrictions. For several years providers and consumers of services have worked for the enactment of state laws that mandate or regulate certain kinds of coverage for mental illness; as of January 1, 1977, a total of 22 states had such statutes. The author presents a state-by-state summary of the provisions. He also classifies many of the provisions into six categories and discusses the probable basis for their enactment.


The readmitted drug patient: evidence of failure or gradual success? A comparison was made of the drug-involvement levels and sociocriminal histories at the time of first admission and at readmission of 94 male drug addicts who had initially undergone detoxification and 24 others who had undergone detoxification plus rehabilitation. Results showed only minimal change in the amount and number of drugs used at each admission. However, the period of drug use before seeking help was shorter, there were fewer criminal charges, and more patients were employed at the time of readmission in both groups, especially the rehabilitation group. The authors suggest that treatment is somewhat effective even for the readdicted patient and that readmission to drug treatment is evidence of continued gradual treatment progress rather than of failure.


Biochemical factors in Schizophrenia.

Biochemical factors in Schizophrenia. Many false trials have been followed over the years in attempts to associate schizophrenia with biochemical anomalies. Recently it has been found that there is a close correlation between the efficacy of certain neuroleptic agents in the management of the disease and their ability to block CNS receptor sites activated by dopamine. It is suggested that this may be a clue to one of many genetic bases of schizophrenia.


Dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and microinvasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Carcinoma in situ is defined as the early stage of cancer and must therefore be initiated by an as yet unknown carcinogen(s). Progression of the lesion to invasive carcinoma is reported to occur in a high proportion of nontreated cases. Reserve cell proliferations are frequently associated with both dysplasia and carcinoma in situ, and it is suggested that these are the cells from which both lesions arise. Dysplasia may result from both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic stimuli. Since dysplasia usually either regresses or remains stabilized over a prolonged period, it is suggested that it is more frequently associated with noncarcinogenic stimuli. Microinvasive carcinoma is limited to lesions with no more than 5 mm. of stromal invasion as measured from the surface. Confluence of growth and lymphatic-like space invasion should not interdict the diagnosis. Microinvasive carcinoma thus defined rarely gives rise to lymph node metastasis or eventuates in death. The diagnosis cannot be made from punch biopsy specimens. Only if pathologists adhere to a standard nomenclature can follow-up studies be used successfully to identify the natural behavior of each type of lesion in this spectrum.


Precancerous lesions of the endometrium. The existence of precancerous lesions of the endometrium is well established, but differences in terminology and difficulties in the interpretation of published studies have complicated quantitation of the malignant potential of the descibed subtypes. Clinical investigations, cellular studies, chromosome and DNA analyses, and animal experiments suggest that the malignant potential of cystic hyperplasia is low in contrast to that of the more complex types of hyperplasia. The significance of atypical secretory hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and endometrial polyps in the evolution of endometrial cancer has not been investigated adequately. Artifactual crowding of glands due to fragmentation and benign processes such as the epithelial regeneration in late menstrual endometrium and the Arias-Stella reaction should not be confused with precancerous changes. A classification of precancerous lesions is presented and the need for adoption of a uniform terminology for future investigations and communication with gynecologists is emphasized.


Effects of oral and intrauterine administration of contraceptives on the uterus. Combined regimen contraceptive steroids produce precocious endometrial secretion, followed by involution leading to a suppressed endometrium with small tubular glands and failure of spiral arterioles to develop; decidua-like stromal changes are dose related as is dilatation of venules. Thrombosis of the latter, perhaps estrogen mediated, leads to local tissue infarction and is the proximate cause of "breakthrough bleeding". Sequential regimen contraceptive steroids lead to retarded endometrial secretion, failure of spiral arterioles to develop, and a weak decidua-like stromal transformation. Contraceptive steroids occasionally produce polypoid lesions of the endocervix with atypical microglandular hyperplasia. There are conflicting reports about the effects of contraceptive steroids on the squamous epithelium of the exocervix, but they neither protect against cancer nor cause it in the usually accepted sense. Uterine leiomyomas may exhibit increased cellularity and bizarre, hyperchromatic nuclei or mutinucleation in women receiving contraceptive steroids. Both polyethylene and metal-containing intrauterine devices may initiate inflammatory responses in the endometrium varying from mild to severe, related to the time the device has been in contact with the mucosa. Salpingitis and ectopic pregnancy are increased in frequency in device users.


Ovarian epithelial tumors of borderline malignancy (carcinomas of low malignant potential). Ovarian epithelial neoplasms that have morphologic features intermediate between those of clearly benign and unquestionably malignant lesions are currently classified as tumors of borderline malignancy (carcinomas of low malignant potential). Patients with stage I lesions of this type have an excellent prognosis following conservative surgery. Survival rates are remarkably good even when extraovarian spread has developed. The clinicopathologic features and histologic criteria for the diagnosis of borderline tumors of serous and mucinous cell types are detailed in this presentation.


Bilateral Brenner tumors: a case report and review of the literature. Although the first Brenner tumor was reported in 1898 by MacNaughton-Jones, it was not until 1907 that Fritz Brenner described the tumor that bears his name. Since then more than 500 cases have been reported with bilaterality ranging from 3.7 to 8.0 per cent. However, this percentage is probably high. The tumor was originally thought to arise from follicular epithelium. Several other etiologies of the Brenner tumor have been suggested, including celomic surface epithelium, Walthard rests, teratoma, urothelium, and rete ovarii. The majority of Brenner tumors are inert, but there have been reports suggesting endocrine activity. The question of malignant transformation of the Brenner tumor has gained attention since Von Numers described the first malignant Brenner tumor in 1945. The determination of malignancy of these tumors has been hampered by vague histologic criteria for malignancy. The confusion surrounding the histogenesis, hormonal capabilities, and malignant potential of the Brenner tumor has persisted. A case report of bilateral Brenner tumors of the ovaries is presented as well as a review of the literature with emphasis on the bilaterality of Brenner tumors.


Mucocele of the appendix secondary to obstruction by endometriosis. A mucocele of the appendix secondary to obstruction by endometriosis is reported and the relevant literature reviewed. The theories of the pathogenesis of appendiceal mucocele are reviewed and discussed. To our knowledge, no similar, well documented case has been reported.


Necrotizing sialometaplasia involving the mucous glands of the nasal cavity. Necrotizing sialometaplasia was found in maxillary sinus mucous glands of an 83 year old woman who had undergone a radical maxillectomy for basal cell carcinoma 10 days earlier. Previously recognized as an ulcerating lesion involving salivary glands in the oral cavity, this benign reactive process may also occur in the mucous glands of the nasal cavity and sinuses and can simulate squamous cell or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Ischemia appears to be pathogenetic.


A case of 9p- syndrome.

A case of 9p- syndrome. An 8-month-old female child with the 9p- karyotype: 46,XX,del(9) (p22) is presented, being the first case from among Oriental people. She has many clinical features similar to those described in Caucasian cases.


Small structural changes of chromosome 8. Two cases with evidence for deletion. Two patients are described whose clinical features are interpreted as resulting from simple deletion of, respectively, bands p12 and q242 of chromosome 8.


Chromosomes 1 in 14 ovarian cancers. Heterochromatin variants and structural changes. Structurally rearranged chromosomes 1 were found in 9 out of 14 ovarian carcinomas and may also have been present in three others. In the remaining two, pericentric inversions involving the heterochromatic regions of chromosomes 1 were seen, and were also identified in one of the chromosomes 1 in the patient's normal cells (lymphocytes). Altogether, heterochromatin variants (variation in size and/or the presence of a pericentric inversion) were seen in the tumour cells of eight cases, and one or both types of variation were identified in the normal cells of six of these. The possibility of an association between the presence of chromosome 1 heterochromatin variants as a constitutional anomaly, a liability to ovarian (and perhaps other forms of) cancer and structural changes involving the chromosomes 1 in the tumour cells is considered.


Classification of qh regions in human chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 by C-banding. We present a classification for secondary constriction (qh) regions with C-banding technique in chromosomes 1, 9, and 16 by means of comparing them to the short arm of chromosome 16. It is simple and convenient and can be used routinely. It can be incorporated into the modified Paris nomenclature system.


A girl with mosaicism for a dicentric X chromosome (45,X/46,X,dic(X) (Xqter to p22::p22 to qter)). A 12-year-old girl was examined for growth retardation and a few very discrete dysmorphologic stigmata of Turner's syndrome; the genitalia were infantile yet both ovaries possessed functioning follicles. R- and C-banding techniques and Brdu treatment demonstrated a 45,X formula in 95% of lymphocytes, with 5% presenting a 46,X,dic(X) formula. Cytogenetic and clinical problems raised by this observation are discussed in relation to data from the literature.


Activation of mouse ribosomal RNA genes at the 2-cell stage. The Ag-AS method, developed by Goodpasture and Bloom (1975) strains transcriptionally active nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) on the chromosomes and in the interphase nuclei. Metaphases and interphase nuclei of early mouse embryos (unfertilized eggs, pronucleus stages, 2-, 4-, 8-cell stages, and morulae) were subjected to silver-staining. First staining of a single chromosome bearing an NOR was observed at the 2-cell stage. At the 4-cell stage 4--6 chromosomes, and at the 8-cell stage invariably all the 6 chromosomes known to bear NORs, respond positively to silver-staining. These results indicate that during mouse embryogenesis ribosomal RNA genes start to function at the 2-cell stage. The polar body does not respond to silver-staining, which supports the view that the polar body genome remains inactive.


Partial trisomy 6p due to familial translocation t(6;20)(p21;p13). A new syndrome? Cytogenetic findings in a case of partial trisomy 6p due to a translocation t(6;20)(p21;p13) and eleven balanced translocation heterozygotes are described. The clinical data of the proposita are compared with those of five other published cases. A partial trisomy 6p syndrome is postulated, characterized by: low birth weight, psychomotor retardation, craniofacial abnormalities (such as high prominent forehead, large fontanel, wide sagittal suture, blepharoptosis, low-set and/or malformed ears), congenital heart malformation, small kidneys, and proteinuria. Linkage studies have shown that the breakpoint in chromosome 6 involved in this translocation is close to the HLA gene cluster.


Role of clozapine in the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities in human bone-marrow cells in vivo and in cultured lymphocytes in vitro. Bone-marrow chromosomes were examined from 38 mentally and physically retarded and two psychiatric patients who were being treated with a variety of neuropharmacologic drugs. Twenty of these patients used clozapine (Leponex). The clastogenic effects of clozapine in vitro were studied in the lymphocyte cultures of three patients--one free of hematologic disease and two who 6 months earlier had had agranulocytosis attributed to the use of clozapine. The mean frequency of cytogenetic abnormalities in the bone-marrow cells of patients who used clozapine was significantly increased (P less than 0.05). The two patients who had had agranulocytosis had a greater frequency of cytogenetic abnormalities in their cultured lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro than the patient free of hematologic disease. A clone with a 13/14 chromosome translocation was detected in one of the patients. As all patients received a number of drugs during the in vivo and in vitro studies no definite conclusions could be drawn regarding the role played by clozapine in the occurrence of chromosomal abnormalities.


Beckman's scoring method and racial admixture in normal individuals. The effect of Black admixture is studied on the characteristics of Beckman's scoring method. There is a significant cline on the mean scoring value for the interdigital area IV as the proportion of Negro ancestries increases (p less than 0.05).


A demographic approach to population structure in Gyoda and Hasuda, Japan. The mean inbreeding coefficients for Gyoda and Hasuda cities were 0.00295 for 600 couples and 0.00320 for 621 couples, respectively. The mean inbreeding coefficient decreased and the mean marital distance increased with a more recent year of marriage. The mean distances and its standard deviations between birthplaces of mates, father-offspring, mother-offspring, and sibs are 53.95 +/- 159.30 km, 43.38 +/- 174.29 km, 37.61 +/- 131.32 km and 9.42 +/- 66.39 km, respectively for the Gyoda population. These values are 98.49 +/- 270.77 km, 87.60 +/- 249.91 km, 60.05 +/- 193.63 km, and 16.36 +/- 64.64 km, respectively for the Hasuda population. The dimensionality of migration seems to be one.


Familial balanced reciprocal translocation t(1;16) (q12;p13) ascertained because of multiple abortions in a carrier. A familial balanced reciprocal translocation was ascertained through a female carrier whose last three pregnancies ended in missed abortions. Five translocation carriers were detected in three generations among 9 family members investigated. The translocation could be the cause for the abortions of the proposita and her cousin's wife.