Mechanism of production of intestinal secretion by negative luminal pressure. The relationships between luminal hydrostatic pressure and fluid transport by dog jejunum in vivo studied as a sheet in the Wells clamp were compared with quantitative predictions from a model proposed for the mechanism of the secretion produced by elevated venous pressure. According to the model, the secretion produced by increasing venous pressure and the secretion produced by negative luminal pressure are both passive filtrates contingent on a transepithelial pressure of a few centimeters of H2O. We consider that the agreement between the observed and predicted responses to luminal pressure provides strong support for the model. In particular, a) the observations displayed a predicted gross asymmetry in rates of fluid transfer with isotonic fluids depending on whether the luminal pressure was positive or negative; b) the observed magnitude of the negative luminal pressure required for the onset of secretion agreed with predictions; and c) the secretion contained significant amounts of protein at about 25% of the plasma concentration.


Renal excretion of allantoin in rats: a micropuncture and clearance study. Free-flow micropuncture and clearance studies were performed to evaluate the transport of allantoin inthe rat kidney. Inn all studies [2-14C]uric acid and [methoxy-3H]inulin were administered. With a two-step column chromatographic technique, radiolabeled uric acid and allantoin were separated in plasma, urine, and tubular fluid,  and the [2-14C]allantoin concentration was determined. Tubular fluid collections were obtained under hydropenic and control coneated animals in the control and volume-expanded states. Clearance data were obtained in oxonic acid-treated animals under the same experimental conditions. These studies indicate that allantoin is not bound to plasma protein and is, therefore, freely filterable. Neither net reabsorption nor net secretion of allantoin was evident along the length of the nephron. The bubular handling of allantoin was demonstrated to be dissociated from that of uric acid in all experimental states. No significant intrarenal production of allantoin from uric acid was observed.


Transient response of glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow to step changes in arterial pressure. Measurement of rapid renal hemodynamic changes were made for 90 s in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs following step increases and decreases in renal arterial pressure between 80 and 120 mm Hg. Transient analysis was used to observe time characteristics of the autoregulatory relationships which are obscured in steadystate measurements. Temporal decoupling of blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) occurred with both step increases and decreases of arterial pressure. Steady-state autoregulation of blood flow was attained in about 30 s, whereas steady-state autoregulation of GFR was not demonstrably attained even 90 s after the arterial pressure maneuver. The temporal decoupling of renal blood flow and GRR supports the concept of transient involvement of proximal tubular dynamics and efferent resistance changes during acute autoregulation of GFR following step changes in arterial pressure.


Comparative study on development of corticosterone and DOCA hypertension in rats. The administration of corticosterone for 5 consecutive days to normal rats on a standard sodium intake induced negative sodium and water balance. These effects were opposite those observed under DOCA treatment. However, not only under DOCA but also under corticosterone treatment extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) and plasma volume (PV) increased, and blood pressure (BP) rose in parallel. Plasma renin and angiotensin II concentrations declined under the influence of both steroids. Plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations increased under DOCA, whereas they transiently decreased under corticosterone administration. These data suggest that the common mediator for BP elevation due to steroid excess would be an increase in ECFV and PV. The pathways by which this increase is achieved seem to be different. Under DOCA treatment ECFV and PV increased subsequent to renal sodium and water retention. Under corticosterone, however, sodium and water were shifted from intra- to extracellular compartments, and a fraction of this shifted sodium and water was conserved in extracellular space, most likely because corticosterone also affected renal sodium handling.


Renal sodium reabsorption following induction of recovery from volume expansion. In the rat, infusion of a volume of isotonic saline equal to 2% of body weight resulted in an 82% increase in delivery of filtrate out of the proximal tubule but little or, in some animals, no change in the urinary excretion of sodium. By contrast, further degrees of volume expansion resulted in lesser increases in the distal delivery of filtrate, but were associated with a marked increase in the urinary excretion of sodium. Sixty minutes following completion of volume expansion, while the animals were still in positive sosium balance, the urinary excretion of sodium decreased 52% compared to a decrease of only 24% in the distal delivery of filtrate. During the course of progressive volume expansion and during the recovery phase, there was a dissociation between alterations in sodium reabosrption in the proximal convoluted tubule and in the whole kidney. These studies indicate that although the proximal tubule is more sensitive to changes in the extracellular fluid volume, distal nephron sites are ultimately responsible both for the natriuresis of volume expansion and the relative antinatriuresis of the recovery periods.


Renal concentrating ability in the uninephrectomized rat. To investigate the effects of uninephrectomy on renal concentrating ability, studies were performed on unanesthetized rats 5-11 days after uninephrectomy (UN) or a sham operation (SO). Female rats were deprived of water for 27 h prior to the infusion of inulin and para-aminohippurate and urine collection. They were also preconditioned to being handled and to the experimental locale. During a nondiuretic state urine osmolality was the same for all UN and SO groups (mean about 1,700 micro osmol/g H2O), whereas the mean solute excretion rate (micro osmol/min per kg body wt per kidney) was 74 in the UN and 35 in the SO rats. When SO rats were infused with mannitol or isotonic saline to increase their solute excretion rate per kidney to the level of the UN rats, urine osmolality dropped 200-1,000 micro osmol/g H2O; when urea was infused, urine osmolality did not drop. Thus, after uninephrectomy and a consequent doubling of the solute excretion rate per kidney, renal concentrating ability was higher than predicted on the basis of a comparable but acute elevation of the solute excretion rate. The glomerular filtration rate was about 17 ml/min per kg body wt in the SO rats and was 1.2 times greater (on a per kidney basis) in the UN rats. These exceptionally high glomerular filtration rats are attributed to preexperimental conditioning of the rats and the absence of stress during urine collection.


Acidic peptide and polyribonucleotide crystal growth inhibitors in human urine. Urine contains nondialyzable inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystal growth. We have pursued the hypothesis that these inhibitors may, in part, be acidic peptides and polyribonucleotide fragments. Homopolyribonucleotides and RNA inhibit calcium oxalate crystal growth at 5 x 10(-6) M of constituent ribonucleotide, whereas the monomer nucleotides are inactive at 10(-4) M. Poly-L-aspartic or glutamic acid are also inhibitory at 5 X 10(-6) M of amino acid, whereas the monomeric amino acids are inert. Gastric pepsin, a naturally occurring acidic peptide, is inhibitory. Incubation with nonspecific protease reduced the inhibitory effectiveness of normal human urine consistently and significantly, a fact compatible with an important contribution of peptides. A variable additional reduction was produced by subsequent treatment with ribonuclease, suggesting only a small role for polyribonucleotide. Sequential ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography and preparative disc gel electrophoresis yielded inhibitory material enriched with peptides that were strongly acidic and high in proline. Peptides and ribonucleotides seem to contribute to urinary nondialyzable crystal growth inhibitory activity.


Cardiac arrhythmias of sympathetic origin in the dog. The effects of ventrolateral and ventromedial cardiac nerve (left sympathetics) stimulation on cardiac force, on rate, and on arrhythmogenic responses were characterized and quantitated. The stimulation of left sympathetic nerves produced augmentation in cardiac contraction in 45% of the experiments, an augmentation of both a cardiac rate and force in 47%, and in cardioacceleration alone in 8%. Two characteristic patterns of arrhythmogenic responses were elicited from stimulations of 100 sympathetic nerves. The two types of neurally induced arrhythmias were atrioventricular junctional or ventricular in origin. The onset and duration of the arrhythmias were quantitated. Both types of neurally induced arrhythmias were prevented either by blocking the beta receptors with propranolol or by preventing the neural release of norepinephrine with bretylium tosylate. The neurally induced arrhythmias were probably the result of enhanced automaticity in the atrioventricular junction area and in the ventricles produced by stimulating the sympathetic nerve fibers. This report thus implicates the ventromedial cardiac nerve in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias.


Inhibitory effect of cardiac contraction on coronary collateral blood flow. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of contraction on overall flow in an area supplied by collateral vessels. Changes in the distribution of blood flow across the wall of ischemic and normally perfused regions of the left ventricle were observed during normal beating and during vagal arrest. The main left coronary artery was cannulated and perfused at constant pressure (125 mmHg) using a servo pump apparatus. An ischemic area supplied by collaterals was created by ligating the left anterior descending artery. Radiomicrospheres (15 micrometer) were injected into the perfusion apparatus during beating. Then spheres with a different label were administered to the same heart during arrest. The results revealed that beating caused a gradient of blood flow inhibition from near zero at the epicardium to about 50% at the endocardium in both zones. Inhibition to flow at the mid wall of the ischemic zone, 71%, was significantly greater than that seen at the corresponding depth in the normally perfused region, 33%. These results indicate that contraction not only inhibits collateral blood flow to an ischemic region, but also that the inhibition is actually magnified at the mid wall.


Physiologic determinants of left ventricular strength-interval curve of the dog. Strength-interval curves, relating an index of the contractile vigor of premature beats to their coupling intervals, were elicited in anesthetized, open-chest dogs prepared for atrial or ventricular pacing and the high-fidelity measurement of left ventricular pressure. During inotropic interventions, changes of the curves were evaluated in terms of the parameters (slopes and intercepts) of their straight lines of best fit. These parameters were altered by isoproterenol, propranolol, and heart rate, and were correlated closely with paired values of isovolumic Vmax (of driven beats). The strength-interval curves were reproducible and were not affected by large changes of venous return or arterial blood pressure. These results provide a basis for the use of strength-interval curves for the evaluation of ventricular contractile state, using fluid-filled catheters for the measurement of left ventricular pressure.


Renal vascular effects of endoperoxide analogs, prostaglandins, and arachidonic acid. Renal vascular responses to analogs of prostaglandin H2(PGH2) were investigated in anesthetized dogs. The analogs were potent renal vasoconstrictors whose actions were not affected either by indomethacin or by alpha-adrenergic or angiotensin antagonists. The constrictor activity of the analogs approximated that of norepinephrine. Responses to PGD2 were also obtained. This prostaglandin, previously thought to be inactive, was found to cause renal vasodilation similar to that caused by PGA2. Responses to the prostaglandin precursor, arachidonic acid, were of two types. In some animals, the response was marked vasodilation, whereas in others transient vasoconstriction preceded the vasodilation. These studies demonstrate that PGH2 analogs are potent renal vasoconstrictors and that PGD2 possesses renal vasodilating properties. In addition, it is suggested that the rapid vasoconstrictor portion of the arachidonate response may represent effects of endogneously produced PGH2.


Reflex effects of thoracic sympathetic afferent nerve stimulation on the kidney. Thoracic sympathetic afferents may play a role in the reflex control of renal vascular resistance during hypotension. Mongrel dogs were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride and maintained on a 50-50, O2-N2O mixture supplemented with 0.5%-1.0% halothane. Systemic arterial blood pressure was lowered to 50 mmHg with use of a constant pressure hemorrhage technique. The renal circulation was perfused with a constant-flow perfusion system. Low-frequency (3 Hz) stimulation of thoracic sympathetic afferents produced renal vasodilation. A reduction of renal vascular resistance was measured as a decrease in constant-flow perfusion pressure. Vagotomy accentuated the dilator response to stimulation. High-frequency (30 Hz) afferent stimulation produced renal vasoconstriction. Renal efferent nerve activity and renal blood flow responded to afferent stimulation (3 Hz) by transient inhibition of efferent activity and increases in renal blood flow. Afferent stimulation (30 Hz) caused increases in renal efferent nerve activity and decreases in renal blood flow. The thoracic sympathetic afferents carry information from cardiopulmonary structures that alter renal efferent nerve activity and renal hemodynamics during hypotension.


Effect of a left atrium-pulmonary vein baroreflex on peripheral vascular beds. A step increase of left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure from 0 to 25 mmHg was used in anesthetized dogs with controlled arterial blood pressure to generate reflex systemic vasodilation. The resultant response of total peripheral resistance was an initial transient fall of about 40% which spontaneously regressed while the stimulus was maintained. Injections of differently tagged radioactive microspheres were used to measure selected organ blood flows prior to raising atrial pressure, at the response peak, during the steady state, and after recovery. Resistances of skin, skeletal muscle, kidney, and large intestine significantly fell upon atriovenous distention. The response in muscle, which greatly exceeded that of the other organs, was not sustained, whereas resistances of other responding beds remained depressed until the stimulus was removed. No significant responses occurred in small intestine, liver (hepatic artery), or adrenal gland.


Plasma volume, red cell volume, and thoracic duct lymph flow in hypothermia. The effects of hypothermia on plasma volume (125I-albumin), red blood cell volume (51 Cr-RBC), and capillary permeability (thoracic duct lymph flow and protein concentration) were determined on dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital, paralyzed with succinylcholine, and mechanically ventilated. Red blood cell volume and plasma protein concentration did not change significantly after cooling. Reductions in plasma volume and total plasma proteins indicate that whole plasma was excluded from the effective circulating blood volume. Except for a lesser increase in hematocrit, chronically splenectomized dogs showed essentially the same changes as normal dogs in response to hypothermia. Following application of ice bags, there was a biphasic response in lymph flow. The early increase in lymph flow accompanying a slight decrease in plasma volume was attributable to transcapillary fluid loss into interstitial space, probably due to cold-induced sympathetic activity. The later decrease in lymph flow in hypothermia resulted from a decrease of lymph production secondary to a decrease in available capillary diffusion area. This decrease in lymph flows and the continued reduction in plasma volume suggest an intravascular sequestration of whole plasma.


Nonuniform contraction in the isolated cat papillary muscle. Microspheres infused into the coronary microcirculation were used as markers to define segments within isolated cat papillary muscles. Video recording and analysis provided measurements of the variations of segment lengths as the muscles contracted at lengths of 76-100% Lmax. In all muscles, segments in the center region were found to shorten during muscle isometric contraction while those in the end regions lengthened. Central shortening was typically 10-15%. In the passive state, segment lengths varied directly with muscle length over a broad range characterized by low force. Segments in the center region, however, displayed an abrupt transition to high stiffness at a certain length while end regions continued to stretch. Force-length relationships obtained for the presumably healthy center segment are significantly different from those obtained for the whole muscle. These results suggest that there may be major difficulties with the interpretation of mechanical measurements on papillary muscles unless contractile inhomogeneity is eliminated or taken into account.


Systemic hemodynamic effects of microspheres in conscious rats. The effect of increasing quantities of carbonized microspheres (15 +/- 5 micrometer diam) on systemic hemodynamics was evaluated in 21 Sprague-Dawley, 6 normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), and 8 spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) male rats. Total cumulative injections of more than 100,000 microspheres produced significant systemic hemodynamic alterations manifested by decreased oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and mean arterial pressure; and by increased heart rate, total peripheral resistance, and arterial-venous blood oxygen content difference. There were no hemodynamic alterations characteristic of any rat species, and reproducibility of three separate injections of 20,000 microspheres in each rat was excellent.


A field and circuit thermodynamics for integrative physiology. I. Introduction to the general notions. In this first of three articles on a physical basis for integrative physiology, statistical mechanical concepts are developed into a field thermodynamics. The development begins by comparing the different ways change is viewed in biology compared to physics. The Hamiltonian field concept unites the two. The requirements of a thermostatic description are introduced; then those of nonequilibrium thermodynamics are added. Conditions suitable for continuum, near-equilibrium analysis of systems are given; then the role of physical forces in organization is discussed. The development returns to statistical mechanics, and introduces conservation principles and equations of change for ensembles of interacting units. A general notion of systems and thermodynamic engines is discussed next, and a narrative account of the explanatory scope of field thermodynamics is given. Its applications to living systems are the subject of the subsequent two articles of this series.


Analysis of lung ventilation in the aestivating lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus. During aestivation, the breathing pattern of the lungfish changed from the usual aquatic pattern of a single breath followed by prolonged apnea to the pattern of alternating tachypnea and apnea that characterizes Cheyne-Stokes breathing. As aestivation continued, the number of breaths per tachypneic period increased gradually to reach a steady level at about the 3rd mo. During the bouts of tachypnea, minute ventilation increased because of the increase in respiratory frequency even though tidal volumes decreased. Ventilation of the lungs during aestivation appeared to involve the same mechanism as during life in water, i.e., a buccal force pump. The breathing cycle began with the aspiration of air into the mouth as the buccal cavity enlarged. Lung deflation then occurred abetted by contraction of the abdominal muscles. Lung inflation followed and involved the "swallowing" of air form the posterior buccal region into the lungs. Cycles of deflation and partial inflation of the lungs were repeated 8-40 times (tachypneic period). At the end of the tachypneic cycle, after the last deflation, a series of larger buccal force-pump maneuvers reinflated the lungs before the start of the apneic period.


Water transport in perfused scorpion ileum. Water transport in desert scorpion ileum involves two independent transfer pathways operating in parallel: 1) paracellular flow occurs through intercellular spaces in response to transmural osmotic or ionic gradients; and 2) transcellular water transport occurs across apical and basal cell membranes in response to a basal, energy-requiring sodium efflux process. The tissue exhibits no osmotic rectification over the range of transepithelial osmotic gradients imposed (Lp = hydraulic conductivity), Lp = 95 x 10(-7) cm - s-1 - atm-1), but displays apparent asymmetric ion permeability in response to transmural ion gradients, as determined by codiffusional water movements across the preparation. Osmotic permeability ((Pos), Pos = 1.13 x 10(-3) cm - s-1) of the tissue exceeds diffusional permeability ((Pd), Pd = 1.45 x 10(-5) cm - s-1) by almost two orders of magnitude. In the absence of osmotic or hydrostatic pressure gradients, transmural water transport requires cellular metabolism, is sodium-dependent, is inhibited by potassium, and produces an apparent strongly hypotonic absorbate. This water transport process appears to be adaptive, as scorpion dehydration results in alterations of luminal ion concentrations that favor increased net flow of water to the hemolymph.


Observations in energy balance in man during spaceflight. An investigation was undertaken of the changes in metabolic energy balance which occur in weightlessness. Daily energy intake was determined each day throughout the 28-, 59-, and 84-day flights for each of the nine Skylab astronauts. The energy content of the urine and feces was also measured. Changes in body composition were inferred from measurements of weight, volume, water, and total exchangeable potassium before and after flight. During flight changes were followed by a daily measurement of body mass and by metabolic balance. Examination of the data reveal losses in body weight during the 1st and 2nd mo of flight, a loss in body water and protein during the 1st mo, and a loss of fat during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd mo of flight. The energy input was about 41.7 kcal/kg per day on the ground, and 43.7 kcal/kg per day after 3 mo in space. The increase in net energy input of about 1.6% per mo is significant (P less than 0.05). When the net energy input is expressed on the basis of total body potassium, the increase in the resulting "noramlized" net energy input of about 3.7% per mo is also significant (P less than 0.05).


Blood pressure vulnerability to volume contraction: regulation by adrenal cortical hormones. Although the unique sensitivity of blood pressure to hemorrhage after adrenalectomy can be overcome by adrenocortical hormones the specificity of this steroid effect is not known. Under pentobarbital anesthesia five groups of six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were bled into a 0.9% saline-primed pressure-balanced reservoir. A mean arterial pressure of 50 Torr was maintained for 3 h. When compared to normal rats, those with adrenalectomy showed significantly lowered bleeding volume (P less than 0.05 to less than 0.001). In untreated adrenalectomized rats 120 min following hemorrhage, saline was consistently taken up from the reservoir to maintain blood pressure at 50 Torr. Deoxycorticosterone-cortisol (intravenous bolus coupled with infusion) restored bleeding volume to normal in adrenalectomized rats. Aldosterone (constant infusion) also protected bleeding volume after adrenalectomy, P less than 0.05 to less than 0.01, but this effect was significantly less striking than that of cortisol 180 min after the onset of bleeding, P less than 0.001. Sham adrenalectomy did not affect bleeding volume. Aldosterone appears to be effective in restoring normal bleeding volume sensitivity after adrenalectomy but this effect of aldosterone is less sustained than that seen with cortisol.


Stimulation of fibrinogen synthesis by thrombin in rabbits with ancrod-induced afibrinogenemia. The effect of intravenous infusions of thrombin on fibrinogen synthesis was evaluated in rabbits rendered afibrinogenemic by ancrod. Fibrinogen production and catabolism were measured simultaneously with 75Se-labeled selenomethionine (75SeM) and with 125I-labeled fibrinogen injected 5, 12, 18, or 26 h after ancrod. In normal rabbits the infusion of ancrod (2 U/kg body mass during 1 h) did not alter fibrinogen synthesis nor did it affect the rate of fibrinogen catabolism measured during a period of 5-120 h after ancrod administration. Normal rabbits that received purified bovine thrombin (100 U/kg body mass during 1 h) exhibited a twofold stimulation of fibrinogen synthesis as measured by the incorporation of 75SeM injected 5 h after thrombin. Rabbits made afibrinogenemic by infusion of ancrod 5 h before thrombin also showed a twofold increase in fibrinogen synthesis, as did animals that received ancrod immediately after thrombin. These experiments show that ancrod alone has no effect on fibrinogen production, and that thrombin stimulates fibrinogen synthesis in afibrinogenemic rabbits to the same extent as in controls.


Psychiatry, the healthy invalid.

Psychiatry, the healthy invalid. The author examines the reasons that have been offered in support of a pressimistic appraisal of psychiatry's future. The consequences for psychiatry of increasingly detailed knowledge of the interaction of psychological and physiological processes are emphasized, and the author concludes that psychiatry will continue to play a dominant role in the study and treatment of medical and surgical illness. Thus, although the field is in a transition period, it is certainly not moribund.


Social discrediting of psychiatry: the protasis of legal disfranchisement. The author believes that recent legal decisions against psychiatrists (including class action suits) have their genesis in writings by sociologists and other behavioral scientists, including psychiatrists, who have examined psychiatry in the context of social structure and social processes. The discrediting of the medical model could have been accomplished using theorectical assertions and research observations that had been published before 1940, but it did not occur until the human rights movement of the 1960s. The author reviews the assertions on which the discrediting of the medical model has been based. He stresses the distinction between the testing of a theory and the discrediting of a model and observes that the recent wholesale discrediting of psychiatry has relied less on theory testing than on polemical rhetoric and unwarranted extrapolation from empirical facts.


Emotional causes of sudden death.

Emotional causes of sudden death. The author reviews concepts important to understanding the emotional causes of sudden death, which occurs in the psychological setting of hopelessness, powerlessness, and intense emotions. The cardiovascular system responds to stress in a way that makes sudden death more likely. Studies pertinent to the effect of stress on blood pressure and arrhythmia in animals and man indicate that sudden death as a response to stress can occur only when certain factors are present simultaneously. Collaboration between psychiatrists and cardiologists is necessary for further progress in this field.


Denying the incredible: unexplained deaths in a Veterans Administration hospital. During July and August 1975 a large number of patients at the Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Hospital experienced unexplained respiratory arrests, and there were six deaths. These were later shown to be due to the deliberate injection of pancuronium bromide, a muscle relaxant. A questionnaire survey of the reactions of the hospital patients and staff to the deaths revealed that the patients had more confidence in the hospital and their medical treatment than did the staff, and those patients who were theoretically most vulnerable used denial to cope with the unprecedented and frightening situation.


Planning for a mental hospital phasedown. The authors studied the patients and community facilities in an area for which a mental hospital phasedown was contemplated. They found that patients who were continuously hospitalized during a 9-month period were highly dependent and judged unlikely to be candidates for community placement. By contrast, the patients who had been discharged during this 9-month period were judged relocatable by staff and constituted a select group in terms of independence. The authors' survey of community facilities indicated few placement possibilities for the majority of the continuously hospitalized patients.


Social disability in chronic psychiatric patients. The authors measured the social functioning of 147 chronic psychiatric patients using a rating scale originally devised for use with the mentally retarded, the Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS). They found that social deficits were more widespread and generally more severe among chronic psychiatric patients than among institutionalized mentally subjects. Chronic undifferentiated schizophrenic patients showed the most comprehensive deterioration; other groups, such as neurotic patients, women, and the elderly, had more limited impairments. The authors suggest that the ABS can be useful in establishing the limits of social functioning of chronic psychiatric patients.


Restructuring rehabilitation for women: programs for the female drug addict. Two residential therapeutic communities for female addicts--one coeducational and the other all female--encountered serious problems shortly after their formation. The authors found that the male and female staff of the coeducational program had quite different perceptions of the purposes and characteristics of the women's part of the program. In both programs the female staff held such strongly ambivalent feeling toward their roles as women and authority figures that they had difficulty functioning effectively. The authors suggest the need for research that will identify the female addict's special needs, and a restructuring of programs to meet those needs. Further, training programs for female staff must enable them to distinguish between their own ideals and their clients' needs.


Increased sympathetic nervous system activity in alcoholic patients treated with disulfiram. The authors measured plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), pulse rates, and blood pressures of 81 hospitalized alcoholic patients. Treatment with 500 mg/day of disulfiram (but not 250 mg/day or placebo) resulted in small but significant increases in plasma NE and in blood pressure. The 500-mg dose did not appreciably inhibit DBH. Patients receiving high doses of disulfiram should have their blood pressure monitored and their dose decreased to 250 mg/day when possible.


Screening for alcoholism among college students. When the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) was administered to 245 students on two midwestern college campuses, 29% of the students on the small, private college campus and 19% on the large state university campus scored more than 4 points, indicating possible alcoholism. The authors hope that this study will stimulate further research on alcoholism among college students.


Informed consent and confidentiality: proposed new approaches in Illinois. The author examines the basic background and definitions of the issues of consent and, more particularly, informed consent to relinquishing the privacy of mental health records. He sets these issues in the context of some of their specific inherent problems and describes possible solutions suggested by the State of Illinois Governor's Commission To Revise the Mental Health Code.


On teaching psychotherapy in a community mental health center. The author discusses some of the unique problems related to teaching psychotherapy in a community mental health center. These problems arise principally from the diversity of philosophies and backgrounds of the health center staff and the lack of an overriding institutional tradition of psychotherapy. They often result in increased anxiety among trainees and require special attention from the teacher of psychotherapy in this setting.


Mental health consultation in a law school clinic. The author describes mental health consultation with legal interns in a law school legal clinic. Unique characteristics of this setting are described, including that it is not primarily a mental health area and that the consultees are trainees. Various types of consultee-centered consultation and direct and indirect client-centered consultation are discussed, as are problems that must be avoided, e.g., an excessive psychological focus on the part of the consultant or consultee.


Voodoo in Africa and the United States.

Voodoo in Africa and the United States. The authors states that the practice of hexing is not just a nearly extinct phenomenon of isolated rural communities of the deep south of the United States but is evident in large urban areas in the northeast and west. He describes the psychological mechanisms of voodoo as practiced in West Africa to provide insight into similar practices in the United States.


Gangliocytic paraganglioma.

Gangliocytic paraganglioma. Six cases of upper intestinal gangliocytic paraganglioma, five in the duodenum and one in the jejunum, are reported. Three histologic patterns, each comparable to patterns in paraganglioma, ganglioneuroma, or carcinoid-islet cell tumor, are mixed in varying proportions. The complex histologic patterns encountered within these tumors reflect the differentiation of pluripotent cells. Although the parent cell is not identified in this study, gangliocytic paragangliomas may arise from cells which normally reside in the mucosal crypts and are presumably derived from cells originating in the neural crest. Three of the six tumors contain stromal amyloid. In one case, studied by electron microscopy, dense-cored cytoplasmic vesicles almost fill some of the tumor cells. Gangliocytic paragangliomas share the features of stromal amyloid and dense-cored vesicles with other neurocrine tumors.


Angiographic and pathologic correlations of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia. Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver has a distinctive gross appearance which includes a central fibrous zone containing vessels with a variety of abnormalities. When focal nodular hyperplasia is visualized arteriographically, an artery enters the lesion, branches, and supplies the mass centrifugally. It is likely that the central fibrous zone is the area from which the these branches originate. Nodular hyperplasia is not a life-threatening lesion, except in women taking oral contraceptives who may have massive hemorrhage. If an asymptomatic lesion of the liver has the distinctive arteriographic centrifugal filling pattern of nodular hyperplasia, resection is not recommended as long as oral contraceptives are not used.


Urethral cytology following cystectomy for bladder carcinoma. There is a high probability of urethral carcinoma in patients who have had cystectomy for carcinoma of the urinary bladder, and their survival is poor when the disease is sufficiently advanced to be symptomatic or tumor is visible endoscopically. This study was undertaken to evaluate urethral cytology as a means of detecting and diagnosing in situ and invasive carcinoma of the urethral remnant following cystectomy. A total of 109 cytology specimens were examined from 65 patients who had cystectomy for bladder cancer. "Positive" or "suspicious" cytologic diagnoses of cancer were made on 28 patients; 24 had urethrectomy and 11 proved to have invasive carcinoma, 10 had carcinoma in situ and three had atypia or metaplastic changes in the urethra. One of 37 patients with "negative" cytologic diagnoses was found to have a low-grade carcinoma. It is suggested that all patients who undergo cystectomy without urethrectomy be followed with urethral cytological examination at regular intervals for an indefinite period.


Morphogenesis of fibrosis and cirrhosis in methotrexate-treated patients with psoriasis. Serial liver biopsies before and after Methotrexate therapy were performed in each of eight patients with severe, recalcitrant psoriasis treated for years with Methotrexate in a single, weekly, oral dose not exceeding 25 mg per dose. A total of 31 liver biopsies was studied. The study revealed liver damage commencing with small foci of piecemeal necrosis, followed by the destruction of the limiting plate and the occurrence of stellate periportal fibrosis. Eventually, partial and then whole fibrous septa developed between portal tracts and between portal tracts and central veins, with resultant distortions of the lobular architecture. In two patients with an admitted daily alcoholic intake, additional findings were seen, including alcoholic hepatitis, centrilobular fibrosis and development of partial and whole fibrous septa between the central vein area, and portal tracts adding to the number of septa running between the portal tracts and central veins which split up the lobules. The following conclusions seem probable: 1) Methotrexate therapy in psoriatics may cause development of fibrosis or cirrhosis; 2) the morphological changes during this development follow a consistent pattern; and 3) the pathogenesis of the development of fibrosis and cirrhosis is mixed in some cases, being dependent on both alcoholic and Methotrexate intake.


Clara cell adenocarcinoma. Light and electron microscope studies. A 52-year-old black man was found to have a round density in the right lower lung field. An exploratory thoracotomy disclosed a tumor in the right middle lobe, which by light microscopy was composed of malignant Clara cells. The electron microscopic studies confirmed the Clara cell nature of this neoplasm.


Pancreas divisum: its association with pancreatitis. Thirty-three patients with pancreas divisum studied by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are described. Documented pancreatitis was present in fifteen patients, and another eleven had recurrent episodes of pain typical of pancreatitis. The major papilla was cannulated in all patients, but the duct of Wirsung was opacified in only twenty-eight and showed changes of pancreatitis in one. Attempts were made to cannulate the minor papilla in fifteen of the thirty-three patients and were successful in four. The duct of Santorini showed typical changes of pancreatitis in one. One patient had pancreatic cancer, and the duct of Wirsung demonstrated only nonspecific abnormalities. In only two cases was pancreatitis due to alcohol abuse. The high incidence of pancreatitis and pancreatic-like pain in patients with pancreas divisum, may be due to the very small ampulla of the duct of Santorini which in these patients drains the majority of the pancreas, creating a marked relative stenosis of the ampulla. Surgery for relief of pain was required in five patients. The operation of choice, when pancreatitis involves the dorsal pancreas, appears to be distal resection with drainage.


Pancreatic cancer screening. Analysis of the problem and the role of radionuclide imaging. The clinical, surgical, and pathologic findings in a five year prospective study of 192 patients referred with a high probability of pancreatic cancer are reported. We have defined the requirements of any pancreatic imaging procedure as its ability to distinguish a normal pancreas from pancreatic cancer or chronic pancreatitis and the capability of detecting tumors less than 5 cm in diameter. There was a 47 percent incidence of pancreatic disease (27 percent pancreatic cancer and 20 percent chronic pancreatitis). Prospective radionuclide imaging as routinely performed was found to be of little clinical value in this patient population; it was neither specific nor sensitive to pancreatic cancer or chronic pancreatitis. Preliminary data with longitudinal multiplane emission tomography show an improved diagnostic accuracy and the ability to detect resectable tumors, but its efficacy needs to be prospectively compared with other screening tests on a carefully defined patient population.


Mortality and morbidity of pancreatic injury. Pancreatic trauma, regardless of etiology, has been consistently associated with a mortality of 20 percent and enormous morbidity. Twenty-five pancreatic injuries, including four solitary wounds of the pancreas, were analyzed to determine why pancreatic trauma should have such an adverse prognosis. Eleven patients were victims of blunt trauma and fourteen sustained gunshot wounds. There were no stab wounds. The important determinants of mortality were associated injuries to major vessels, wounds of the head of the gland, and failure to adequately control leaking exocrine secretion. All four deaths were directly related to massive hemorrhage; in two instances leakage of pancreatic juice was also implicated. With the exception of benign solitary blunt wounds of the pancreas to the body of the gland immediately ventral to the spinal column, an injury of the pancreas is evidence that the abdomen has been subjected to severe trauma, which predisposes the patient to a high mortality and morbidity. The pancreatic injury, interacting with other abdominal injuries, is likely to be a cause of significant mortality and to result in complications that will prolong the patient's hospitalization.


Splenectomy: its place in operations for inflammatory disease of the pancreas. Involvement of the spleen or its vasculature in inflammatory disease of the pancreas may result in life-threatening hemorrhage. Retrospective analysis of six patients having direct splenic involvement and/or occlusion of the splenic vein secondary to pancreatitis or pseudocyst showed that removal of the spleen as a portion of an appropriately timed operation for complications of pancreatitis uniformly resulted in an uncomplicated course and survival (3 patients). Leaving the spleen in place when it was directly involved in a pseudocyst and/or when the splenic vein was occluded resulted in postoperative bleeding, the requirement for reoperation, and death from septic sequelae (2 patients). One patient died of progressive respiratory and renal failure because initial operation was inappropriately delayed. We recommend splenectomy as a portion of an appropriately timed operation for complications of pancreatitis when the splenic vessels are involved and/or when the spleen is directly involved in a pseudocyst or lesser sac collection.


Acalculous cholecystitis in Nigerian Igbos. Twenty-six patients undergoing cholecystectomy for suspected gallbladder disease in hospitals serving the Igbos of Nigeria were studied. Sixteen patients had chronic acalculous cholecystitis, seven exhibited cholelithiasis, and three showed normal gallbladders. Of the sixteen with acalculous cholecystitis, there were ten males and six females whose ages averaged twenty-eight and forty-two years, respectively. This disease deserves worldwide comparative studies.


Routine operative cholangiography: a critical appraisal. If abnormal liver function tests are added to the classic criteria for expectancy of common bile duct stone, the rate of unexpected common bile duct stone findings should be 1 percent or less. This low rate does not justify the cost of routine operative cholangiography. However, a preexploratory operative cholangiogram should be performed prior to common bile duct exploration in order to avoid negative, and therefore unnecessary, common bile duct explorations.


Clinicopathologic classification of congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct. From 1970 to 1975, 103 patients with a localized dilatation of the biliary passages were treated at the First Department of Surgery of Kyoto University Medical Center. Of the 103, 101 had congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct (Alonso-Lej type I). These dilatations were classified into two sub-types, "infant type" and "adult type," based on the anatomic location and clinical features. Infant type cyst was typically large cyst of the choledochus and most common in infancy and childhood. Adult type cyst was fusiform dilatation of the biliary tract, and most common in adults. Gallstones were seen in most of the patients with this type cyst.


Morbid obesity in Cushing's syndrome: a nonentity? Review of twenty-nine surgically proven cases of Cushing's syndrome disclosed that only three patients met criteria of morbid obesity. The history and physical signs and symptoms of morbid obesity contrast markedly with Cushing's syndrome. Investigation for Cushing's syndrome should not be included in the routine preoperative evaluation of morbidly obese patients.


The risk for gastric carcinoma after partial gastrectomy. To study whether gastric resection implies a greater risk for gastric carcinoma than what is expected in a nonoperated population, 676 patients who underwent Billroth I and II resection from ten to twenty years ago were reexamined by gastroscopy. Fourteen patients with carcinomas were found. Statistical evidence shows that male patients resected for benign ulcer disease more than eleven years previously constitute a risk group.


The reduction of mortality of abdominal aortic aneurysm resection. The reasons for improvement in mortality after abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy in 144 consecutive patients are assessed. Elective aneurysmectomy carried a mortality of 5.7 percent. The deaths were all attributable to myocardial infarction occurring in patients with known coronary artery disease.


Small arterial reconstruction using modified cadaveric saphenous veins. Human saphenous veins removed from cadaver donors were subjected to proteolytic enzymatic digestion, cross bonding, and heparin bonding. They were tested as small arterial substitutes in dogs. Eight of eleven were successful, persisting without development of stenosis or aneurysm, the longest for eighteen months. In humans, similarly prepared veins were used as arterial bypasses to revascularize ischemic limbs in eleven patients and aneurysmal degeneration of an earlier unmodified allograft bypass in one patient. Distal arterial anastomoses were to the tibial and peroneal arteries. Nine patients who had not undergone previous reconstructive surgery involving the vessel used for distal anastomosis were treated successfully; all remain with healed limbs between three and twelve months after surgery, eight with functioning bypasses. In three patients who had undergone previous operations on the same artery used for distal anastomosis, long bypasses failed, although amputation was avoided in one patient by additional bypass with modified vein to the profunda femoris artery. We conclude that modified saphenous vein allografts are suitable small arterial substitutes. It remains to be seen whether veins will maintain patency for long periods without development of complications.


Transmetatarsal amputation in the management of peripheral ischemia. It is often difficult to decide at what level to amputate the ischemic limb when reconstructive surgery has nothing further to offer. The trend has been towards amputation below the knee, but many surgeons are unwilling, in the presence of ischemia, to amputate at a lower level than this. In  a series of sixty transmetatarsal amputations performed for ischemia, 70 percent healed. Absence of a popliteal pulse did not influence the outcome. The incidence of healing in diabetic and nondiabetic patients was similar. For a few carefully selected patients, transmetatarsal amputation may be a suitable and preferable alternative to below-knee amputation.


Anal pressures in hemorrhoids and anal fissure. Maximal anal pressures have been measured after proctoscopy in 145 patients with hemorrhoids, 48 patients with anal fissure, and 78 asymptomatic control subjects. Anal pressures in patients with hemorrhoids (106 +/- 40 cm H2O) and anal fissure (130 +/- 43 cm H2O) were very significantly higher than those of controls (88 +/- 34 cm H2O) (P less than 0.001). Because patients with anal fissure have high anal pressures, these patients should benefit from manual dilatation of the anus or lateral subcutaneous sphincterotomy; however, only young male patients with hemorrhoids have anal pressures that are significantly higher than age- and sex-matched controls. Digital assessment and the two finger test are unreliable indicators of high anal pressure. These results indicate that measurement of anal pressure is useful in assessing the suitability of manual dilatation or sphincterotomy in the treatment of hemorrhoids.


Social injuries of the rectum.

Social injuries of the rectum. Eleven patients with injuries of the rectum and sigmoid colon secondary to the insertion of the clenched fist are presented. Six patients sustained mucosal lacerations of the rectum and four patients had rectosigmoid perforations requiring laparotomy. One patient sustained a severe sphincter laceration producing complete anal incontinence. The management of these conditions is discussed.


Gynecomastia and cannabis smoking. A nonassociation among US Army soldiers. Eleven patients diagnosed with idiopathic gynecomastia requiring mammoplasty were compared with matched controls to determine if there was an association between cannabis use and gynecomastia. Patients with gynecomastia were not significantly different from controls regarding their history of cannabis use. For those who admitted using cannabis, patients had a higher frequency but a shorter median duration of use than controls; differences were not statistically significant. Our epidemiologic evidence does not support the previously reported relationship between chronic cannabis use and gynecomastia.


Review of abdominoperineal resections for cancer. One hundred eighty-six consecutive abdominoperineal resections for primary carcinoma of the anus, rectum, or sigmoid colon performed at Charity Hospital of Louisiana at New Orleans between January 1, 1963 and December 31, 1974 were reviewed. The operative mortality was 16 per cent. Complications during the same hospitalization occurred in 70 percent of the patients. Although most of the complications were minor, 22 percent did require some form of surgical intervention. Twenty-nine percent of the patients who were discharged developed late mechanical or cancer-caused complications which required surgical correction. A history of congestive heart failure or a significant weight loss were the most consistent preoperative findings in the operative mortality group. The overall five year survival rate was 25 percent. White females with no history of weight loss had the best long-term prognosis. Better survival in white patients can be accounted for by the less advanced lesions in these patients. No such difference between male and female patients could be demonstrated. Better selection of surgical candidates with alternate forms of therapy for poor risk patients have probably been the most significant factors in decreasing the operative mortality from 21 percent in the first six years of the study to 9 percent in the last six years. Primary closure of the perineal wound would appear to be of value in decreasing operative morbidity.


Postoperative hemorrhage associated with carbenicillin administration. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Two patients receiving preoperative carbenicillin manifested platelet dysfunction and severe wound hemorrhage. Platelet transfusions appeared beneficial. Investigations indicate that hemostatic abnormalities, especially platelet aggregation defects, may be produced by carbenicillin. Extreme caution and awareness of possible hemorrhage are advised when carbenicillin is used preoperatively.


Cysts of the spleen. Report of a case and review of the literature. Cysts of the spleen are still a rare entity. The present report describes a case of splenic cyst combined with a review of the literature in which classification, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and etiology are discussed.


Surgical treatment of nonocclusive mesenteric infarction. Two cases of nonocclusive mesenteric vascular disease associated with stenosis of the superior mesenteric artery are described. In one patient with congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation treated with digitalis, the first episode after a bout of sepsis was treated supportively, but a stricture of ileum secondary to full thickness intestinal infarction resulted. His second episode required emergency ileal resection for perforation. The superior mesenteric artery was subsequently reconstructed with an aortomesenteric bypass. The second patient had segmental intestinal necrosis occurring in association with superior mesenteric artery narrowing without total occlusion. These cases emphasize the importance of awareness of nonocclusive mesenteric vascular disease occurring in individuals with narrowing of the mesenteric arteries. A variety of modes of presentation are suggested. Arteriography is essential for diagnosis and, in selected cases, for therapy.


Spontaneous aortocaval fistula with paradoxical pulmonary embolization. The present report discusses the clinical syndrome and the management of a patient with an aortocaval fistula secondary to an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The occurrence of paradoxical pulmonary embolization with this syndrome is reported.


The cul-de-sac approach for appendectomy. Appendectomy through the peritoneal cul-de-sac by a low transverse incision as described herein is perfectly safe and practical. It is also easier and esthetically superior to appendectomy through other surgical approaches and could be routinely used in patients suspected of having acute appendicitis. It is particularly valuable in female patients in whom the pelvic organs may need exploration during appendectomy and for whom the postoperative esthetic result may be most gratifying.


The creation of autologous substitute organs with stapling instruments. After partial or total esophagectomy, total gastrectomy, pancolectomy, and urinary cystectomy, it becomes necessary to reestablish continuity and/or replace function by the creation of a substitute organ obtianed from the various portions of the gastrointestinal tract. Ideally, the creation of the substitute organ should be undertaken at the same operation in which the original organ is excised. At times, however, the surgeon may elect a two-stage approach by replacing the afflicted organ during a separate operation either prior to or after excision, as dictated by the circumstances surrounding each individual patient. The use of stapling instruments has greatly facilitated the precision, neatness, and speed with which substitute organs can be constructed. This is especially spectacular in those patients in whom a one-stage procedure is elected.


Total mastectomy with axillary dissection. A modified radical mastectomy. A technic for total mastectomy with complete axillary dissection has been described. The procedure utilizes division of the pectoralis major muscle between its clavicular and sternal portions, perservation of its innervation, and reconstruction after completion of the dissection. The pectoralis minor muscle is resected. This modification facilitates a thorough axillary dissection, particularly at the apex, while preserving the cosmetic and functional benefits of the Patey operation.


Lysosomal enzyme release during cardiopulmonary bypass. Lysosomal enzyme release occurs during cardiopulmonary bypass in man but the tissues from which these enzymes originate have not been identified. The activity of N-acetyl beta-glucosaminidase in plasma increases to a degree which is proportional to the duration of bypass and this enzyme may therefore be a better marker than beta-glucuronidase of tissue damage caused by cardiopulmonary bypass, as distinct from tissue damage solely to the operative procedure.


Fasting volume and acidity of stomach contents associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. Acid aspiration in an important cause of anaesthetic mortality. 430 patients referred for gastric analysis were reviewed. According to observations made at endoscopy, patients were divided into 4 groups--no abnormality, oesophagitis/gastritis, gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers. The volume of gastric juice varied from 0 to 400 ml, and the pH from 0-8 to 8. The percentage of patients with overnight fasting gastric volume over 25 ml and a pH of less than 2-5 was disturbingly high in all groups: controls 38-5%, oesophagitis/gastritis 51-2%, gastric ulcers 40-0%, duodenal ulcers 73-3%. This last figure is significantly greater than the group with no detectable abnormality. These results indicated that the stomach of a fasting patient often contains sufficient volume of acid gastric juice to place the subject at risk from acid aspiration during anaesthesia. Antacid therapy in all these patients seems imperative and consideration should also be given to preoperative gastric aspiration before induction of general anaesthesia.


Percutaneous catheterisation of the axillary vein and proximal basilic vein. Percutaneous catheterisation techniques for the axillary vein and proximal portion of the basilic vein based on venepuncture on a visible or palpable vein are described. Results are presented on 73 catheterisation attempts on axillary veins and 68 on proximal basilic veins, in which the failure rate was 4-9% and 6-9% respectively. The advantages of the techniques include simplicity and the absence of acute life-threatening complications. The incidence of phlebitis from indwelling catheters maintained for an average of 5 days (range 1-28 days) is less than 2%. Several aspects of the techniques including background anatomy and anticipated risks are discussed.


Ketamine hydrochloride in severe bronchospasm. A boy aged nine years developed severe bronchospasm which was refractory to conventional therapy. The bonchospasm was eased by the administration of intravenous ketamine hydrochloride. The use of ketamine hydrochloride in the management of asthma is discussed.


Delayed recovery after epidural block in labour. A report of four cases. Four cases of prolonged block following epidural anaesthesia in obstetric patients are described. Recovery was complete in all cases. The possible causes are discussed.


Pulmonary arterio-venous fistula. A shunt equation exercise during thoracotomy. A report is given of a patient with multiple bilateral pulmonary arterio-venous fistulae who underwent right thoracotomy for this condition. Blood-gas studies before and during surgery showed that the arterio-venous oxygen content differences of 1-16-1-34 mmol/l were less than normal, and the calculated venous admixture during the procedure varied from 44 to 60% of cardiac output. The changes in venous admixture at various stages of the operation could not be predicted on the basis of evidence derived from normal lungs.


Gases stored in disposable syringes. A study of changes in their concentrations. Plastic syringes of 5 and 20 ml capacity of various composition were filled with either 8% CO2 in nitrogen or with 50% O2 in nitrogen. The syringes were closed with plastic stopcocks, stored on benches in a laboratory, and the gas concentrations within the syringes was measured at intervals up to 33 hours. Changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in the first three hours were negligible. Over the longer time span carbon dioxide diffusion was 18-65 times faster than that of oxygen.


The reduction of pollution. A simple approach to the reduction of pollution in the dental operating theatre. This paper describes the construction and evaluation of a simple anti-pollution device for use with the McKesson nasal mask for dental anaesthesia. The device is attached to the expiratory valve of the mask and spilled halothane vapour is adsorbed onto activated charcoal. In theatre use, comparing similar dental anaesthesia sessions, it resulted in a reduction of approximately 78% in the mean halothane concentration (vol./vol.) at a point equidistant from the expiratory valve as the faces of surgeon and anaesthetist. This percentage reduction was consistent with the weight gained by the activated charcoal container (Cardiff 'Aldasorber') compared with the weight of halothane vapourised.


A flow-inducer for anaesthetic scavenging systems. An effective, safe, low cost, silent and portable flow-inducer for the disposal of waste anaesthetic gases is described.


An attachment for delivery of humidified gas. A new attachment, to either endotracheal or trachestomy tubes, is described which ensures delivery of gas to the spontaneously breathing patient without significant loss of heat or water vapour. Problems of traction and pressure are minimised when the device is used.


Packed cell volume in relation to tubocurarine requirements. The relationship between tubocurarine requirements and plasma levels of albumin and total globulin was investigated in 50 adult patients undergoing elective upper abdominal operation. No significant correlation was found with plasma proteins expressed in g/100 ml of plasma. A significant positive correlation between tubocurarine requirements and plasma total globulin corrected for packed cell volume (PCV) by multiplying, by (1-PCV) was demonstrated. This relationship decreased with time.


Suspension laryngoscopy under general anaesthesia. A technique using an injector. A technique is described of laryngoscopy under general anaesthesia and curarisation using a modification of the Sanders oxygen injection. A plastic catheter is introduced into the trachea through a brass tube fitted on to the laryngoscope blade and oxygen is injected intermittently through the catheter to provide ventilation. Operating conditions are excellent and serial blood-gas measurements on six patients showed that a safe level of Pao2, Paco2 and pH can be maintained.


Induction of estrogen-independent persistent vaginal cornification in cyproterone acetate (CA)-induced feminized male mice. Pregnant ICR/JCL mice were treated with 6 mg of cyproterone acetate (CA) from days 14 to 20 of pregnancy to feminize male offspring. Feminized males delivered on day 20 of pregnancy by cesarean section were castrated the same day, injected with estradiol-17beta(E2) or sesame oil from the day of delivery (=day 1) to day 10 and sacrificed on day 60. In oil-injected feminized males, the vaginal epithelium was atrophic and did not show cornification. In feminized males given 20 microgram E2 neonatally, the vaginal epithelium exhibited well-differentiated stratified squamous organization, but was not cornified in seven out of the nine mice of this group. In the mice treated with 50 microgram E2, persistent cornification was recognized most frequently in the posterior two-thirds of the vaginal epithelium which is considered to originate from the urogenital sinus. However, the incidence of cornification in the anterior one-third which may contain the epithelial cells of müllerian duct was low. These results provide supporting evidence for the possible participation of epithelial cells which come from the urogenital sinus in the development of estrogen-independent persistent vaginal cornification in neonatally estrogenized mice.


Primary 9 + 0 cilia in the embryonic and the adult human heart. Primary 9 + 0 cilia have been found in the embryonic and the adult human heart. Proximally the cilia show the typical 9 + 0 filament arrangement. Rearrangement of the filaments occur in their distal regions. The cilia are usually found in deep invaginations of the cell membrane, but can also be found in a superficial position. Close connections are frequently found between cilia and thin cytoplasmic extensions from neighbouring cells.


Embryonic differentiation of the pituitary in a snake (Thamnophis brachystoma). The adenohypophysis of Thamnophis is produced from the stomodeal epithelium in two steps: a diverticulum, enlarging by addition of epithelium to its basal end, defines the posterior end of the gland, and a subsequent infolding promoted by mesenchymal movements occurs in epithelium anterior to the original diverticulum and forms the anterior end of the anlage and the hypophyseal stalk. Immediately thereafter the pars intermedia (PI) is demarcated, first by a luminal, subsequently by an external constriction, and secretion granules are found in the gland. At this time granulated cells are rare in the PI, and in the pars distalis (PD) they are more frequent in the anterior end. Secretion granules occur in cells away from the surface of the residual lumen; the lumen is lined by presumptive stellate cells. The early appearance of secretion granules in cells of the embryonic pituitary, and the presence in the hypophyseal stalk of both mucus-secreting cells and cells with granules similar to those of the PD suggest that some differentiation occurs in the stomodeal epithelial cells before the definitive pouch is formed. The absence of lateral lobes in the embryonic hypophysis precludes the development of the pars tuberalis in Thamnophis.


Biokinetical analysis of hind limb movements of the dog. This study of movements of the hind limb of the dog was performed with the aid of cinephotography and electromyography. The weights of the limb segments and their centers of gravity were determined. From these data the forces operating at the centers of the limb segments during a cycle of a stride have been calculated and their influence on the joints have been analysed. From this study is concluded: 1) muscular activity is present when the effect of external forces must be overcome and subsides when these external forces act "positively" in the direction of the progression; 2) gravity and ground-reaction play an important role in the propulsion of the body, especially when there is no activity in the important retractors of the limb at the end of the support phase; 3) moments about the stifle and tarsal joints are opposite at the end of support phase and swing phase; 4) activity of the flexor digitorum superficialis (and also of the gastrocnemius muscles) during the support phase and of the peroneus longus muscle during the swing phase contribute to the coordination of the movements and to the stabilization of these joints.


The development of olfactory and hippocampal pathways in the brain of the rat. The temporal order of development of olfactory, hippocampal and thalamocortical connections has been determined by light microscopy. Scalpel lesions were made to interrupt these connections and the resulting terminal degeneration was stained by Eager's method (1970). A post-operative survival time of one to four days was used. Evidence of the development of these connections was first obtained at the following ages: Olfactory mucosa to olfactory  bulb: axon fascicles by 16 days of gestation and terminals in glomeruli at birth; Olfactory bulb to prepyriform cortex at birth; Prepyriform to entorhinal cortex at 13 days after birth; Entorhinal cortex to hippocampus (the perforant path) at 9 days; Hippocampal dentate-Ammonic mossy fibres at 9 days; Hippocampal efferent projection to the septum at birth; Subicular projections to the anterior thalamus at birth and to the mammillary body at 6 days; Hippocampal commissural connections at birth; Corticothalamic and thalamocortical connections by 2 days. These results are discussed in relation to the question of how the development of brain connections is programmed.


Quantitative anatomical studies on the postnatal development of the cerebellum of the albino rat. The quantitative postnatal changes of the cerebella of 65 Wistar rats aged 2-120 days have been examined. The cerebellar volume increases in two phases: The first phase lasts from birth to the seventh postnatal week. The second phase begins ten weeks post partum and lasts for a longer period than the first phase. The cerebellar surface increases continuously from birth to the end of the seventh week. The volume of the external granular layer is maximal when the organ grows rapidly. The external granular layer has nearly disappeared 24 days after birth; the volume of the internal granular layer is maximal at this time. Later on, the volume and the width of the internal granular layer decrease. Myelinization of the cerebellar fibers and growth of the molecular layer run parallel to this decrease. The second late, but protracted growth of the cerebellum, ten weeks after birth, is due to an increase of the molecular and medullary layer. These findings are in good accord with histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural observations of other authors.


Proliferation of Bergmann-glia in the developing rat cerebellum. Mitotic cells in the ganglionic layer of the infant rat cerebellum were studied between 3 to 12 postnatal days. The connection of these cells with the radial glial fibers of the primitive molecular layer could be established. On this basis it was assumed that the mitotic cells studied were immature Bergmann-glial cells whose proliferative activity seemed to continue even after the formation of their characteristic radial fibers. This phenomenon might offer an explanation for the divergent views on the generation time of Bergmann-glia.


Effect of chronic centrifugation on bone density of the rat. Alterations in density of the femur of female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to chronic centrifugation of 2.76 G for 810 days were studied. The density was measured by photon absorptiometry, using a 125I Profile Scanner. The photon absorption measurements were taken: (1) on bone sections from the midshaft of the femur in the anterior, posterior, medial and lateral cortex with the beam path parallel to the shaft axis, and (2) on the femur near the midshaft with the beam path perpendicular to the shaft axis. The latter were correlated with the cross-sectional area in the midshaft. Compared with femora of age-matched rats (age controls) and of rats having body masses comparable to the centrifuged group (weight controls), kept under earth gravity, the chronically centrifuged animals showed no average no significant differences in photon absorption (density) in the four positons in midshaft. The absorption measurements perpendicular to the shaft axis in all groups differ significant differences between the centrifuged group and the control groups. When cross-sections of equal size are compared, the density of the rat femora is clearly higher in the centrifuged animals than in the control groups. In contrast, the age and weight controls do not differ significantly in density. The results suggest that the increased stress in the rat femora due to centrifugation is reflected in an increased bone density.


Seasonal variation in the morphology of thyroid parafollicular (C) cells in the woodchuck, Marmota monax: a light and electron microscopic study. The morphology of parafollicular (C) cells in the thyroid gland of the woodchuck, Marmota monax, was studied during the four seasons of the year. The spring C cells are characterized by a large Golgi zone, rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and relatively few dense granules. In the summer these cells appear to be larger and many are packed with dense granules. Fall cells exhibit morphological characteristics suggestive of intense synthetic activity, having rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in whorls or parallel arrangement, a large Golgi apparatus and few, to many granules, some of which are larger than those seen in the spring and summer C cells. In the winter, most of the C cells are packed with granules. The Golgi zone, when observed, is small and the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum is sparse. Many cell profiles exhibit apparent granule dissolution. These cyclic morphological findings are discussed along with previous studies of other hibernators and are correlated with the seasonal activities of the woodchuck.


Postnatal development of mitral cell perikaryon in the olfactory bulb of the rat. A light and ultrastructural study. The differentiation of the mitral cell perikaryon in postnatal rat olfactory bulb was studied with the light and electron microscope. At birth the mitral cell was distinguishable and occupied a definitive position in the mitral cell layer. The cell contained a large oval nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm. Ribosomes, free and clustered, were scattered in the cell cytoplasm. Rough endoplasmic reticulum was relatively scarce. The Golgi complexes were made up of stacks of smooth-surfaced cisternae and associated vesicles. In certain cases the Golgi complexes projected into cellular processes. Mitochondria were present in all regions of the cytoplasm and contained well developed cristae. At the end of the first week, the mitral cell had developed significantly in size, and the cytoplasm contained well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi complexes were made up of several stacks of smooth-surfaced cisternae with the association of vesicles and electron dense bodies. The apical dendrites of mitral cells at this period had increased significantly in length. Subsequently, during the second and third week, the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes became well developed. Associated with the Golgi complexes were electron dense lysosomal bodies. At three weeks and in older cells it was observed that dense lipofuschin granules increased significantly. It is suggested that the mitral cell matures and differentiates earlier than cells in the cerebral cortex.


Scanning electron microscopy of palatal mucosa maintained in organ culture: a method for three-dimensional visualization of cell morphology. A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of palatal mucosa maintained in organ culture (50% O2-Eagle's MEM w/o serum) from 12 to 360 hours is presented. The morphological changes occurring in the explants during culture are illustrated and the findings are compared with those observed using transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy. The results confirm that cellular fine structure in epithelium and connective tissue is more easily visualized when SEM is employed following in vitro maintenance of explants as opposed to examination of fresh uncultured biopsies. The in vitro system used would appear to be applicable to studies designed to investigate the effect of various substances on cell proliferation and cell interactions.


Mitochondrial granule distribution in tooth germ cells. Incisor and molar tooth germs of albino rats sacrificed at the eighteenth and twentieth days in utero and one to seven days after birth were studied with light and electron microscopy. Observations of the various stages of tooth development in molars established that intramitochondrial granules in odontoblasts were comparable to the intramitochondrial granules of other hard tissue cells. These electron-dense deposits appeared in mitochondria in an appreciable number only when odontoblasts become engaged in dentin mineralization. When dentin mineralization was advanced the odontoblast mitochondria appeared devoid of these deposits. Mesenchymal cells and preodontoblasts of the pulp were not involved in this activity.


Embryologic origin of various epithelial cell types in the thyroid gland of the rat. Ventral pharyngeal outpocketings and ultimobranchial outpocketings from the 14-day-old fetus of the Fischer rat were isolated before they fused to form thyroid glands. The outpocketings were implanted into different kidney capsules of adult male Fischer rats, and were allowed to grow for several months. Transplants were then excised and examined by electron microscopy. The ultimobranchial outpocketing gave rise to two types of follicles. One contained ciliated cells, cells with an abundant agranular reticulum, U cells with basal hemidesmosomes, and two types of cells with secretory vesicles. The other contained C cells separated from the follicular lumen by a single flat fiber-containing cell. The ventral outpocketing formed typical thyroid epithelium making up the usual thyroid follicles differing from follicles in the thyroid in situ by the absence of C cells. These follicles were functional as determined by autoradiographic studies with 125I but differed from thyroid follicles in situ with respect to size distribution. The results suggest that (1) in the adult thyroid gland the C cell in the usual follicle is an ultimobranchial contribution and (2) the so-called ultimobranchial follicle is ultimobranchial in origin but that the typical thyroid epithelium in mixed follicles of U cells and typical thyroid epithelium is a ventral contribution. The reason for the absence in the thyroid gland in situ of the variety of other cell types observed in ultimobranchial transplants is unknown.


Embryonic and fetal hemopoiesis in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). A study of the development of hemopoiesis in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) was conducted in order to determine the temporal sequence, the organs involved and the cytology of blood cell formation in this species. Hemopoiesis in the intrauterine life of the gerbil can be divided into four phases based on the site of blood cell formation: (1) the vitelline phase, (2) the hepatic phase, including thymic histogenesis, (3) the splenic phase and (4) the medullary phase, with the development of secondary lymphoid tissues. At the onset of each of these phases a blast-like cell was identifiable in each hemopoietic organ which, because of its morphology and its presumed multipotentiality was classified as a "lymphoid cell". In the yolk sac phase (gestational day 12) two generations of erythrocytes, a primitive and a definitive, are formed. The liver is by day 15 erythropoietic and megakaryopoietic, but later, a few granulocytes are also found in its extravascular compartment. The thymus is exclusively lymphopoietic from the appearance of its earliest cells on day 15. Splenic hemopoiesis is initiated with the presence of lymphoid cells (day 20) followed later by the appearance of morphologically identifiable blood cell lines. Early normoblastic and granulocytic activity begins in the marrow cavities on day 23, though the marrow is not considered to be a source of circulating blood cells during fetal life. Lymph node histogenesis occurs during the last four days of gestation, first in the cervical region and then in other parts of the body. The finding of undifferentiated lymphoid cells in all organs at the initiation of hemopoiesis and in the peripheral blood throughout gestation is discussed in light of the migratory theory of hemopoiesis.


The site of remodeling of collagen in the periodontal ligament of the mouse incisor. In an attempt to localize the site of remodelling of collagen in the periodontal ligament of the continuously erupting mouse incisor a radioautographic and stereologic investigation was undertaken. Grain distributions in radioautographs for light microscopy were studied at various time intervals after administration of [3H]-proline. The distribution of rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae in fibroblasts and the incidence of collagen phagocytosis across the ligament were studied by means of stereologic methods at the electron microscopic level. No significant differences were found in half lives of [3H]-labelled substances among the various regions across the ligament. Rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae within fibroblasts were distributed more or less uniformly throughout the entire width of the ligament. Analysis of the distribution of collagen phagocytosis, however, revealed that in the midregion of the ligament the amount of phagocytosed collagen was approximately four times as high as in the area adjacent to the tooth and about nine times as high as in the alveolar compartment. It is concluded that synthesis and turnover of total protein occurs throughout the periodontal ligament but that remodelling of collagen predominantly takes place in an intermediate area of the ligament.


[Nidicole Histeridae and their host relationship]. This article deals with those beetles of the family Histeridae which live in burrows of mammals and nests of birds. Their relations to the hosts are analyzed as well as the degree of association of histerid species with certain hosts.


[Helminths in chickens in Sudan].

[Helminths in chickens in Sudan]. The identification of the helminthic parasites of the poultry in Khartoum province, during the months of October and November, 1969, 230 hens, 6--12 months old, were examined in the laboratory; 87% of the hens exhibited mono- and polyinfections. The following species were found: Subulura brumpti, Raillietina tetragona, Tetrameres americana, Gongylonema ingluvicola and Dispharynx spiralis, mostly as polyinfections.


Notes on the genus Pseudomenopon with remarks on host relationships. In this paper two new host records for the genus Pseudomenopon are given along with a table showing the distribution of the latter on the present day avifauna. Notes on the distributional pattern and its reflection on the host-relationship are given. Literature from 1952--1973 is also indexed.


[Fascioliasis prevention in cloven-hoofed wild animals and animal reserves]. Pilot trials are described in which BHS, a Czechoslovak fasciolicide, was employed for mass treatment of fasciolosis in cloven-hoofed animals in wild-animals' reserves at the rate of 30 mg body weight using BHS-medicated feed. The treatment was combined with control measures against the intermediate host snail, Lymnaea truncatula, in primary biotopes using Frescon, a molluscicide of English origin, and CF-4, a molluscicide of Czechoslovak origin, at concentration of 1 and 0.5 per cent, respectively. Where the application of molluscicides was impracticable the intermediate host snails were controlled by means of sciomyzid larvae or by blasting surface layers of the soil.--Using this combined approach, the extensity of infestation, evaluated on the basis of coproovoscopical examination, was reduced from 7.05 to 0.71 per cent. The extensity of infestation, evaluated on the basis of necropsy findings, was reduced from 50 to 6.2 per cent. The intensity of infestation was reduced from 7.7 to 0.31 per cent per animal.--The results may prove useful in devising fasciolosis control schemes based on a complex approach.


Gas exchange and arterial blood gas tensions to terbutaline sulfate in older patients with reversible airway obstruction. Ten patients 55 years and older, known to have chronic obstructive airway disease with reversible component and who had required daily sympathomimetics for many years, were studied. At a clinically stable state in a sitting position, spirometry, ventilation, gas exchange, diffusion and arterial blood gas determinations were performed before and 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after administration of 0.5 mg of terbutaline sulfate by inhalation. Although changes were small, significant improvement in FEV1 remained even two hours after inhaling terbutaline. Increase of conducting airways reflected an increase of dead space for 120 minutes. Early rise of alveolar-arterial oxygen tension (PAO2-PaO2) with decreased arterial oxygen tension was observed. This was a transient phenomenon and not severe enough to warrant immediate therapy. No significant EKG or blood pressure changes were noted throughout the study. It appears that terbutaline, an effective long acting bronchodilator, can be safely administered to older patients with bronchospasms.


Agreement between radioallergosorbent test and skin test. A total of 4,260 RAST results were compared with the same number of prick and intracutaneous skin test results. Intracutaneous test was done only when the prick test was negative. The mean agreement between positive RAST and positive prick test was 81.3% for five grasses, 45.1% for seven weeds, 42.2% for two trees, 42.6% for two molds, and 45.8% for two environmental antigens. The mean agreement between positive RAST and positive intracutaneous test ranged from 0 to 4.9% for the same antigens.


Salivary IgA levels in atopic children.

Salivary IgA levels in atopic children. Salivary IgA concentrations of 63 atopic and 60 non-atopic children were studied. Twenty-three children with a history of atopy who had not received immunotherapy had a significantly lower mean salivary IgA concentration than age-matched normal children. As a group, they may therefore be more vulnerable to respiratory infection.


The human dander atopy. II. human dander, a complicating factor in the study of the relationship between house dust and dermatophagoides allergens. Besides describing some pitfalls frequently ignored in investigations on the house dust Dermatophagoides allergen problem, the author demonstrates that skin reactions due to the very small amount of "residual allergen activity" in house dust can be explained by the fact that house dust always contains a small percentage of human dander.


Lymphocytes' cytotoxicity towards cells of human lymphoblastoid lines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. A research study and discussion of antiinterferon immunoglobulin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and its possible value in the treatment of allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases and other diseases where it is presumed there may be an autoimmune genesis.


Cumulative dose-response curves for comparison of oral bronchodilating drugs. A study of salbutamol and fenoterol. Cumulative dose-response curves for orally administered fenoterol and salbutamol concerning effects of FEV1, heart rate, blood pressure and tremor were constructed. Three doses of fenoterol (2.5, 5 and 15 mg) and salbutamol (2, 6 and 18 mg) were given. Fenoterol was found to have a slightly higher potency than salbutamol. There was no difference in the beta2-selectivity of the two drugs. Tremor was the dose limiting side effect for both drugs. Cumulative dose-response curves for oral beta2-stimulants can be constructed fairly easily and valid conclusions can be drawn concerning selectivity, occurrence of side effects and dose limiting side effects.


Lymphocytes in sarcoidosis: a clinical correlation. The responsiveness of lymphocytes from 40 sarcoidosis patients and 32 control subjects to Phytohaemagglutinin (P.H.A.), P.P.D. and Candida duration and activity of disease or treatment program are analyzed and discussed.


[Continuous flow measurement of glycemia by the modified Trinder method]. An automatic continuous flow method on autoanalyser of the second generation is described. The peculiarity of this work was the presentation of a manifold glucose oxydase consuming little reagent compared with those at present in daily use. A study concerning the precision, the reproducibility and the contamination is presented. Correlations with a hexokinase technic together with the possibility of working at a wavelength of 340 nm are also studied.


[Automated method for determining calcium in biological liquids]. A method of determination of calcium in biological fluids is proposed. It is a continuous flow technic without deproteinisation nor dialysis, using orthocresol phtaleine in alkaline medium. The interference due to magnesium is eliminated by the presence of hydroxy-8-quinoleine. The addition of dimethyl sulfoxide improves the solubility of the reagents and ensures better stability of the media. The correlation between the results obtained by this technic and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry was studied on 160 human sera and 40 urines. The influence of various parameters such as hemolysis, bilirubin, magnesium and phosphates is low or negligeable. The results concerning opalescent, cloudy or lactescent sera may be erroneous by excess. The physiological reference values for serum calcium are drawn up from a Paris student population of both sexes.


[Bacteriological diagnosis of species of the genera Neisseria and Branhamella]. Various technics of swabbing and isolation are described here in the search for bacteria of the genera Neisseria and Branhamella. The methods of staining the most commonly used for direct examination are mentioned, and the media of transport and isolation useful in particular for the gonococcus and meningococcus. Thus isolation of the bacteria permits during a second stage to culture and identify various species in the light of their cultural, biochemical and serological properties. The study of their sensitivity to antibiotics in vitro is easy to carry out, but it requires certain precautions and it will be described in detail in another publication.


Separation of pig bone alkaline phosphatase activities. A simple method for the separation of alkaline phosphatase and pyrophosphatase activities of pig bone ribs is described. Using anionic exchange chromatography (DEAE-cellulose) and affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A sepharose (Con A) eluted by a step pH gradient and Na4P2O7, several activities were obtained. A pyrophosphatase containing very little alkaline phosphatase activity was isolated from Con A sepharose by elution with pyrophosphatase. Our data are consistent, with the hypothesis that cortical alcaline phosphatase and pyrophosphatase activities are not due to a single enzyme protein. The method was used on whole bone, on bone marrow and on cortical bone.


[Critical study of the interpretation and use of laboratory biochemical examinations in a hospital milieu]. The criticism of interpretation of routine biochemical examinations by four clinical units (motor rehabilitation, cardiology, gastro-enterology, diabetes) was in relation to four criteria: result in agreement with the clinical observation but not providing new information, result in disagreement with the clinical observation and judged too low, result in disagreement with the clinical observation and judged too high. The comparison of judgements with regard to various analysis permits one to discuss applications of a method of objective assessment of the dialogue between the laboratory and the clinical units.


Efficacy of isolated colostral IgA, IgG, and IgM(A) to protect neonatal pigs against the coronavirus of transmissible gastroenteritis. To ascertain what class of immunoglobulin (Ig; IgA, IgG, or IgM) is most efficacious in protection, a large quantity of colostrum from sows immunized with virulent transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus was fractionated by chromatographic and gel filtration methods. The isolated IgG, IgA, and IgM(A) had specific virus-neutralizing activities of 1:7.6, 1:342, and 1:302 per milligram of protein, respectively. Each Ig was fed to groups of hysterectomy-derived colostrum-deprived neonatal pigs before and after exposure (challenge) with virulent TGE virus. The 7 pigs fed IgG survived the challenge exposure, but 2 of 7 fed IgA and 1 of 7 fed IgM(A) died of TGE. Three of the survivor pigs that had been fed IgG and 2 of the survivor pigs that had been fed IgA had increased serum antibody titers between 8 and 19 days after challenge exposure, but none of the survivor pigs fed IgM(A) had TGE antibody. In contrast, 12 of 14 virus-control pigs died of TGE and the 2 survivors had antibody conversion. The data show that all 3 Ig classes in immune colostrum will protect neonatal pigs against exposure with virulent TGE virus.


Ipronidazole in the drinking water for treatment and prevention of experimental swine dysentery. The addition of ipronidazole to drinking water at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L was effective for treatment of experimentally induced swine dysentery in swine because diarrhea receded in most swine within several days after the drug was added. Medicated swine given these concentrations of drug had fewer days of nonhemorrhagic and hemorrhagic diarrhea, higher feed and water consumption, greater body weight gain,and a more favorable feed efficiency than did the nonmedicated, exposed swine. Medicated swine given dosage of 25 mg/L of drinking water had greater frequency of nonhemorrhagic and hemorrhagic diarrhea than did those given the higher concentrations, and diarrhea in some swine did not subside during medication. All medicated swine survived; in contrast, 90% mortality occurred in the nonmedicated swine. In all groups of medicated exposed swine, occasionally there was recurrence of diarrhea.


Comparison of a new aminoglycoside (G-418) and gentamicin for the treatment of swine dysentery in swine naturally infected with Salmonella choleraesuis. The addition of the aminoglycosidic antibiotic, G-418, to drinking water at the concentration of 37.5 mg/L for 3 days was effective in treatment of experimentally induced swine dysentery in swine. With this concentration, there was a recession of diarrhea during or immediately after withdrawal of medication. However, the diarrhea recurred approximately 2 weeks after medication was stopped. With the concentration of 12.5 mg of G-418/L given to swine for 3 days, the diarrhea did not recede during or after medication. With the concentration of 12.5 mg of gentamicin/L given to swine for 3 days, the diarrhea receded in some swine during and after medication, but more swine died in the medicated exposed groups than died in the nonmedicated exposed groups. Both drugs appeared to be effective against the concurrent spontaneous infection of Salmonella choleraesuis in the swine used in the study.


Anthelmintic efficiency of oxfendazole in California lambs. Oxfendazole, methyl 5(6)-phenylsulfinyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate, was given by oral drench (5 mg/kg) to California lambs harboring natural infections of gastrointestinal nematodes. Ninety-nine percent of adult Ostertagia circumcincta, Ostertagia trifurcata, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Nematodirus filicollis, and Nematodirus spathiger were removed by the anthelmintic.


Influence of dexamethasone on the recrudescence of Anaplasma marginale in splenectomized calves. Dexamethasone was administered at the dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg of body weight to 11 splenectomized Anaplasma-carrier calves (groups 1 and 3) on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday for 3 weeks. Observations were made on these calves and on 7 nontreated, comparable calves (group 2) to determine the influence of treatment on carrier infections. Dexamethasone treatment was associated in every instance with an exacerbation of the Anaplasma parasitemia and a decrease in packed red cell volume. The episode of acute anaplasmosis was of short duration, resembling the primary response, except that complement-fixation response did not increase accordingly. Serum protein electrophoresis of serums from 4 calves (group 3) undergoing the drug-induced response failed to show any significant change during the 3-week treatment period, but did show a significant increase in gamma-globulin immediately after treatment.


Vaccination against feline pneumonitis.

Vaccination against feline pneumonitis. A commercially available modified live chlamydial vaccine against feline pneumonitis was tested in 26 cats for its ability to protect against aerosol challenge exposure to the feline pneumonitis strain of Chlamydia psittaci. After cats were challenge exposed (30 days after vaccination), pyrexia of greater than 40.0 C occurred in 81% of nonvaccinated (control) cats and in 13% of vaccinated cats (principals). Evidence of upper respiratory tract disease and the presence of the agent in ocular fluids were observed less frequently in principals than in nonvaccinated cats. In the cats euthanatized at intervals of 3 days after challenge exposure, C psittaci was demonstrated in 60% of tissues tested from nonvaccinated controls and in 34% of similar tissues obtained from principals.


Susceptibility of dogs with heartworm disease to hypoxia. Dogs with Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae and early radiographic pulmonary artery changes, but without pulmonary hypertension or clinical signs of heartworm disease, were studied. An exaggerated pulmonary hypertensive response was found in these dogs if subjected to 10% inspired oxygen. The mean pulmonary artery pressure of control dogs was increased from base line (prehypoxia control) of 15.8 +/- 2.3 (SEM) mm of Hg to 20.2 +/- 2.3 during hypoxia, and the mean pulmonary pressure of dogs with heartworm disease increased from base line of 16.4 +/- 2.4 to 26.4 +/- 1.6 during hypoxia. Pulmonary blood flow was not affected by hypoxia indicating that the increased pulmonary artery pressure was the result of increased pulmonary vascular resistance. There was an individual variation of this pulmonary hypertensive response of dogs with heartworm disease that did not appear related to the severity of the pulmonary arterial lesions, as evaluated by pulmonary arteriography.


Biological evaluation of mibolerone in the female Beagle. Mibolerone effectively inhibited estrous activity in immature or mature Beagle bitches given 60 and 200 microgram, respectively, daily for up to 730 days. A dose level of 20 microgram of mibolerone daily was 70% effective in preventing estrus. Effects of mibolerone included estrus inhibition prolongation of the interestrous interval in bitches given 20 microgram of the mibolerone daily, vaginal discharge, and a dose-related increase in clitoral size. A decrease in posttreatment conception rate was observed only in bitches receiving 20 microgram of mibolerone daily for 730 days. Pups born to bitches conceiving after mibolerone treatment were grossly normal.


Thiobarbiturate-induced dysrhythmias: the role of heart rate and autonomic imbalance. Constantly coupled ventricular bigeminy in dogs can be elicited by intravenous boluses of thiamylal sodium. Properties of the bigeminal rhythm are similar to those produced by halothane or cyclopropane inhalation anesthetic-epinephrine-induced dysrhythmias. The mechanism responsible for the initiation of ventricular bigeminy, and perhaps most dysrhythmias in the dog during thiobarbiturate anesthesia, appears to be an imbalance between parasympathetic and sympathetic efferent activity. Moderate increases in arterial blood pressure and atrial rate augment the tendency for dysrhythmia production. Atropine was effective in abolishing ventricular bigeminy in most cases through overdrive suppression. Propranolol appeared to abolish ventricular bigeminal rhythms by suppression of sympathetic efferent activity without causing noticeable changes in arterial blood pressure.