Pregnancy and delivery in penicillamine treated patients with Wilson's disease. Pregnancy and delivery of two patients with Wilson's disease are reported. Case 1 was a 20-year-old housewife who had been taking D-penicillamine fore more than 10 years and had remained asymptomatic except an episode of dissociative reaction. She apparently survived longer than any of her three sisters who died of the same disease. She discontinued the use of D-penicillamine by herself when she was at the 22nd week of pregnancy. Case 2 was a 32-year-old housewife who developed an episode of mental disorder of short circuit reaction type with mild neurological symptoms and Kayser-Fleischer rings after the prolonged interval of medication since the first pregnancy and delivery. Three months after the complete recovery of neuropsychiatric symptoms she was at the 12th week of pregnancy and withheld penicillamine from herself. During the pregnancy they had not revealed any exacerbation in terms of clinical and laboratory findings. Each of them was delivered of a healthy baby. Although the pregnancy and delivery of both patients were successful, the authors recommended that they should not prolong the interval of medication to protect themselves against the onset or relapse of the illness.


Comparative studies of non-hemoglobin proteins of adult and newborn red blood cell lysates. It has been known that hemolysate is composed of not only hemoglobin but also non-hemoglobin proteins (NHP). NHP isolated effectively from hemolysate of adult and newborn by CM-Sephadex chromatography was investigated by polyacrylamide disc or slab electrophoresis. It was demonstrated on slab electrophoresis that adult NHP is composed of 4 zones (approximately 14 bands) with different mobilities and that adult NHP shows a considerably different pattern from cord NHP. The difference was observed also on the electrophoresis stained for esterase or lactate dehydrogenase. Rabbit antiserum to adult NHP was adsorbed with cord NHP and specific antiserum for adult NHP was prepared. However, antiserum reacting with only cord NHP was not obtained from anti-cord NHP serum. These results suggested that adult specific components with passable antigenicity were present in adult NHP and that cord NHP had similar antigenicity as adult NHP.


A method to register a dynamic balance of the upper urinary tract. Using a specially designed circuit with an UP-DOWN counter, a new method is briefly described for investigation of the upper urinary tract. It allows sequential measurements of the balance level between input and output of the pelviureteral system in animal experiments.


Some observations on glass-knife making. The yield of usable knife edge per knife (for thin sectioning) was markedly increased when glass knives were made at an included angle of 55 degrees rather than the customary 45 degrees. A large number of measurements of edge check marks made with a routine light scattering method as well as observations made on a smaller number of test sections with the electron microscope indicated the superiority of 55 degrees knives. Knives were made with both taped pliers and an LKB Knifemaker. Knives were graded by methods easily applied in any biological electron microscope laboratory. Depending on the mode of fracture, the yield of knives having more than 33% of their edges free of check marks was 30 to 100 times greater at 55 degrees than 45 degrees.


Tissue bath improvements for the Oxford Vibratome. Modification of the tissue bath on the Oxford Vibratome Sectioning System facilitates simpler and more efficient operation. The basic modification consists of the introduction of a small, approximately 25 ml capacity tissue bath into the larger bath provided by the instrument's design. Temperature in the modified system is controlled by using the instrument's large bath as an ice chamber. This modification allows better temperature control, easier retrieval of tissue sections, and more efficient use of expensive buffers, reduces the chance of section carry-over from one specimen to another, and requires less cleanup time. When it is advantageous to have the tissue in a large volume of solution, more efficient section retrieval and solution use can still be obtained by substituting a wire mesh collection basket for the small tissue bath, while using the standard bath in the usual way.


[Short time afterloading curietherapy of gynecological carcinomas: technique and problems (author's transl)]. A short time remote afterloading curietherapy system for treatment of carcinoma of the cervix using one 50 to 150 Ci 192 Ir source in newly constructed kidney shaped applicators in connection with the Gamma-Med is presented. Computer calculated and plotted symmetric and asymmetric isodoses have been drawn by a plotter, adapted to individual cases. Dosage problems and solutions respecting clinical experiences as well as radiobiological information are discussed. Short time irradiations don't offer radiobiological advantages by themselves. On the other hand, flexibility in modelling absorbed dose distributions, excellent reproducibility of applications and therefore possibility of reliable procedures in higher fractionation, and above all the possibility to avoid hospitalisation or the great majority of patients are a decisive argument in favour of the proposed system, not only from a medical and psychological point of view, but also for economic reasons.


[Radiation-physical conditions concerning irradiation by means of remote afterloading (author's transl)]. Afterloading techniques, proposed as early as 1903, came into practical use only during the last two decades. Remote afterloading techniques were introduced clinically when suitable sealed gamma sources became available and reliable equipment were designed, transferring the radiation sources between a shielding container and suitably designed irradiators in the patient. The technique can be used with low or high dose-rate and offers several advantages, such as complete elimination of all radiation protection problems, optimization of the treatment technique - through several means - and possibly increased treatment capacity. Two applications of a particularly flexible system are illustrated. Requirements for the development, advantages with today's technique and possibilities for future development are discussed.


[Optimization in planning and application of 60 Co gamma irradiations - analysis of the problem (author's transl)]. As an aspect of the complex problem of optimization in therapeutical transmission of radiation energy to Man, the dose distribution within a cross-sectional area of the body is considered. For the judgement on optimal dose distributions, involving judgement on irradiation technique, boundary conditions are needed which encompass important parameters of a dose distribution (= criterion for optima). For computer-assisted optimization the boundary conditions are to be scheduled by an appropriate algorithm. The parameters describing a dose distribution are indicated. Practical utilization of computer-assisted optimization of dose is represented by means of two optimization schedules.


[Diagnostic laparotomy in Hodgkin's disease: indication, management, results (author's transl)]. Till December 31st 1976, diagnostic laparotomy was carried out in 58 patients with Hodgkin's disease. Of these, 23 cases (40%) revealed abdominal involvement. The tumor stage found by conventional diagnostics before surgical treatment had to be altered in 16 patients (27%). It had to be increased in ten and lowered in six cases. Of 13 splenic Hodgkin infiltrations twelve had not been supposed preoperatively; four out of 43 sound organs had been suspected preoperatively because of splenomegaly. Subdiaphragmatic histological findings involving a rather unfavorable prognosis were seen in nine patients (16%). In Hodgkin's disease, risk groups cannot be selected with confidence, as no definite correlation between the frequency of subdiaphragmatic affection and the primary manifestations, histology or general symptoms was observed. Since operation risk of diagnostic laparotomy is low, operable stage I-III cases with Hodgkin's disease should undergo diagnostic laparotomy prior to treatment planning.


Comparative studies on the influence of some radioprotectors on the postirradiation hydrolytic function of subcellular fractions of pancreas. Comparative studies on the influence of the two radioprotectors Fenchlorfos and cysteamine on the hydroproteolytic activity of pancreatic subcellular fractions of rats were carried out. The animals were irradiated with the single dose of 800 R of X-rays. Biochemical estimation of lipase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase and catheptic (caseinolytic) activity were done 24 hours after exposition. The two radioprotective substances have a lot of common in their action against hydrolytic activity. They induce the decrease of some enzymes of subcellular fractions we checked both in control as well as in irradiated groups. The ambivalent influence of Trichlorfon on the lipase activity in granules and supernatant fraction seems to be of interest.


[Effects of 6-methyl-uracil upon the phagocytic activity in mice following whole-body X-irradiation OR 2,4,6-triethyleneimino-s-triazine treatment (author's transl)]. 1. Phagocytic activity measured by means of the intravasal clearance of a soot dispersion in male NMRI-mice was increased six to ten days after whole-body X-irradiation (640 R) and decreased during the same period after i.v. administration of 2,4,6-triethyleneimino-s-triazine (TEM 2.0 mg/kg). 2. By means of 6-methyl-uracil food admixtures (200 to 400 ppm during 2 or 3 weeks) or by repeated intravenous injections of a N-methyl-D-glucosamine-6-methyluracil complex (62.5 to 250 mg/kg daily during five days), a significant augmentation of the phagocytic index being related to time and dosage was obtained in otherwise untreated mice. Comparable results were seen using cytidine and cytidine-s'-phosphate, whereas guanosine-5'-phosphate remained ineffective. 3. Whilst stimulating effects of 6-methyl-uracil or its N-methyl-D-glucosamine complex on X-irradiated mice were suspended, an increase up to supernormal values of the phagocytic index was produced by the pyrimidine base in animals treated with TEM. In accordance to this the survival rate of lethally X-irradiated mice (960 R) could not be increased; with animals given lethal TEM-doses, however, a significantly increased survival rate was obtained. 4. The present investigations as well as former biochemical analyses confirm the assumption that 6-methyluracil produces its regeneration effects, to some extent at least, by specific pathways influencing the reticuloendothelium. Different results from X-irradiated and TEM-treated mice are referring to the different points of attack of the two noxa.


Initial clinical experience with the radiosensitizing nitroimidazole Ro 07-0582. The 2-nitroimidazole derivate Ro 07-0582 is known from experimental studies to be a very efficient radiosensitizer of hypoxic cells. Experiences with its clinical use are very limited so far. This study reports the side effects observed in the use of this drug in 12 patients. Nine of these patients were suffering from brain tumors, 3 from extracerebral tumors. In 8 of our 12 patients a sensoric polyneuropathy occurred which was strongly related to the total dose of the drug administered. Polyneuropathy was observed on the average after a total dose of 26 grams, but was already noticed at doses as low as 22 grams. It showed a good tendency for remission after termination of the drug treatment and was reversible in all patients within 4 weeks. In one patient with a brain tumor a severe organic psychosyndrome occurred which is possibly related to the drug. This side effect was also reversible. In this small group of patients the critical dose limit seems to be 29 grams. This dose can be divided into 6 fractions of 60-80 mg/kg. Up to the present knowledge this single dose is likely to give an enhancement ratio of 1,5, which would be extremly valuable for the treatment of hypoxic tumor cells.


[Computer tomography in therapy planning (author's transl)]. A report is given on the utilization of computer tomography for the irradiation planning. Owing to international cooperation it was possible to use the obtained pictures as a basis for a computerized irradiation planning. The authors give some practical examples of optimized isodose plans for individual cases which have been elaborated by using the computer-tomographic cross-section pictures and the computerized system for irradiation planning and which give a good idea of the efficiency of the system.


Autoimmune cytotoxic granulocyte antibodies in health and disease. Optimum serologic reactivity is observed if papain-treated granulocytes are reacted with cytotoxic antibody at low (5 degrees C) rather than warm (22 degrees C) precomplement incubation temperatures. Favorable in vitro conditions have allowed the identification of cytotoxic granulocyte antibodies in approximately 12% of nonimmunized normal males and females. Furthermore, the incidence of granulocytotoxic antisera in a group of alloimmunized patients did not exceed that observed in the normal population. In two cases cited, a normal male and a patient with pathologic neutropenia, cytotoxic antibodies against allogeneic granulocytes were autoreactive against the autologous cells of the serum producer. In the latter subject, an inverse association was demonstrated between the presence of autoantibody and the circulating neutrophil count. The incidence of granulocytotoxins in various diseases has been given and appears raised in systemic lupus erythematosus and asthma.


Worm burden of onchocerca volvulus in a hyperendemic village of the rain-forest in West Africa. During a study on the effects of nodulectomy on onchocerciasis in a village in the Liberian rain-forest 400 Onchocerca-nodules were excised from 34 inhabitants. The analysis of the nodules revealed a worm burden of 718 complete live male and 1062 complete live female worms as well as 9 male and 117 female worms which were mostly calcified and degenerating. 73% of the live females contained developing embryos or released microfilariae, the other females either contained eggs or showed empty uteri. Some observations were made on degenerating worms. The male:female sex ratio was 1:1.5 and possible reasons for this are discussed.


[Description of Simulium (Edwardsellum) kilibanum sp. n. and its position in the S. damnosum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) (author's transl)]. Male, female, pupa and larva of a new species of the Simulium damnosum complex collected in tributaries of lake Tanganyika in the Kivu Province of Zaire are described. The position of the new species in the S. damnosum complex is discussed.


On the escape of infective filarial larvae from the mosquitoes. Experimentally infected females of Culex pipiens fatigans carrying infective larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti were fed, on the 16th day p.i., on four different solutions, which were offered "cold" (24 degrees C) or "warm" (34 degrees C) in Petri dishes as open fluids. Thus the sucking mosquitoes did not have to bend their labia. Only the "warm" human serum stimulated any considerable number of infective larvae (24.8%) to leave the mouthparts of the mosquitoes. 1289 infective C. fatigens females lost only an estimated 6.4% of their infective larvae of W. bancrofti, when they were maintained on sugar-water until their natural death. Most of the more heavily infected mosquitoes died relatively soon after the filarial larvae had reached maturity (15-20 days p.i.). The main stimulus provoking the filarial larvae to migrate into the labium is believed to be the movement of the muscles of the pharyngeal pump. Mature larvae protrude their anterior ends from the tip of the labellum. There they seem able to distinguish between suitable and unsuitable external conditions and accordingly they will either leave the proboscis completely or retract into the labium.


Studies on experimental mixed infection of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in the albino mouse. Swiss albino mice have been infected with S. haematobium and challenged with S. mansoni. No apparent disturbances as regards worm load and oviposition were observed. Yet certain deviations in the egg-distribution sites for both species were found. They were attributed to the possibility of earlier de-development of collateral circulation. Cross-pairing between the two species was met with, which might explain the extra number of S. haematobium eggs found in the small intestine. Although no major effect has been revealed, no conclusion at this stage could be put forward as regards complete absence of cross-immunity.


The effect of chemo-immunotherapy with SDDS, pyrimethamine and anti-toxoplasma serum on toxoplasma gondii cysts in latent infected NMRI mice. A substantial reduction of brain cyst numbers could be obtained through a six week therapy with SDDS-pyrimethamine combination or a high titer anti-Toxoplasma serum. NMRI mice experimentally infected three months earlier with cyst-forming Toxoplasma strains Witting, Alt or Gail were used. The effectiveness of the treatments could be increased considerably by simultaneous administration of anti-Toxoplasma serum and SDDS-pyrimethamine. A highly significant reduction of brain cyst numbers, upto 65%, could be obtained by using this mode of chemoimmunotherapy. The effectiveness of the treatments used varied amongst the three Toxoplasma strains.


[Uridine incorporation into the RNA of stimulated lymphocytes with different sets of sex chromosomes]. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced stimulation of uridine incorporation into RNA was studied with cotton-wool isolated peripheral blood human lymphocytes. The amount of labeling in 24-hour cultures proved to be increased in men and in 45,XO patients, compared to women. With high doses of PHA applied, hyperreactivity of the 45, XO cells was revealed. PHA-activation in normal persons tends to decrease with advancing age. Complex genomic as well as sex hormone effects may be responsible for the differences observed.


[Human isodicentric X-chromosomes].

[Human isodicentric X-chromosomes]. The large submetacentric abnormal late replicating X-chromosomes were found in three patients under karyological studies of 168 patients with Turner's syndrome. G- and C-banding revealed that abnormal chromosomes are three variants of isodicentric chromosomes resulting from the junction of the short arms of two X-chromosomes. The patients' karyotypes are respectively: 45,X/46,X,dic (X)(qter leads to p22: :p22 leads to qter); 46X,dic(X)(qter leads to p21: :p21 leads to qter); 46,X/46,X,dic(X)(qter leads to p11: :p11 leads to qter). All the three patients had different size deficiencies of the short arm of the X-chromosome. Partial X-monosomy caused the appearance of features of the Turner syndrome, which was less expressed in our patients compared to those with the entire X-monosomy.


[Cytochemical characteristics of proteins in the lateral nucleus of the rat thalamus (model of a mirror epileptogenic focus)]. The experimental lesion in rat brain was produced by the implantation of cobalt-gelatin rod into right parietalis anterior area. In this area, paroxymal discharges were determined by electroencephalography on the 11th day after the operation. On the 63rd day, paroxyzmal discharges were more severe. Quantitative measurements of proteins were made by microdensitometer in neurons of nucleus lateralis thalami controlateral to the cobalt lesion. On days 11 and 63 after the operation protein concentrations in the neurons were lowered by 35 and 44%, respectively. The size of neurons of the 11th day supassed the control value by 33%; it demonstrated  a tendency to normalization by the 63rd day after cobalt lesion.


[Effect of triton WR 1339 on the ultrastructure of liver parenchymal and stromal cells in rats with chronic toxic hepatitis]. A preliminary injection of triton WR 1339 protectively influenced the chronic toxic CCl4-hepatitis. The ultrastructural peculiarities were close to the normal ones in hepatocytes, in addition to the increased triglyceride rejection from cells by means of autophagy. The revealed stimulation signs of pinocytosis in hepatocytes and the Kupfer cells are accompanied by the activation of the Golgi complex and, probably, by the increased protein catabolism in lysosomes. The signs of phagocytosis increase in the Kupfer cells were determined. It is supposed that the marked ultrastructural peculiarities of liver cells reflect a more effective restoration or a lesser injury under the influence of triton WR 1339.


[Effect of caffeine on the frequency of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations at different stages of the cell cycle]. The effect of caffeine on the frequency of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes irradiated at different stages of the cell cycle was studied. Caffeine appeared to nearly double the frequency of chromosome aberrations induced by irradiation at S and G2 stages and did not influence the effect of irradiation at G0 and G1 stages.


[Ultrastructure of the cells and DNA synthesis in skeletal muscle regeneration. A study of the regeneration of the frog sartorius muscle by an electron microscopic autoradiographic method]. The ultrastructure of cells of the regenerating frog's sartorius muscle and their capacity to synthesize DNA was studied by means of 3H-thymidine (3HT) electron microscope autoradiography. On the 8-17th post injury (p.i.) days, 2 hours following 3HT administration, only mononuclear cells were seen labeled, the myotube nuclei incorporating no 3HT. Along with the endothelial cells, fibroblasts, phagocytes and cells identified conventionally as myoblasts, satellite cells examined from both necrotic and viable parts of injured myofibers were labeled. No myoblast sequestration from the injured myofibers occurred. By the 13-15th p.i. days, numerous myoblast-like cells are accumulated beneath the glycocalix layer covering the free ends of myotubes which are rich in ribosomes and display an active sarcomerogenesis. Some of these myoblast-like cells become labeled after 3HT pulse. The 13 day p.i. regenerates examined 72 hours following 3HT injection display labeling in numerous myotube nuclei. This is indicative of the myoblast fusion, which is believed to play a principal role in the regenerative somatic myogenesis. Within the myonuclei adjacent to the areas of the regeneration, membranous and/or fibrillar structures of an unknown origin were frequently observed.


[Median eminence of the hypothalamus in hypophysectomized rats: its structure and ultrastructure]. The median eminence of the hypothalamus of intact and hypophysectomized rats has been studied by means of light and electron microscopy. Paraldehyde-fuchsin (PAF)-positive material is revealed in the external zone of the median eminence in 2-5 days after the operation. The PAF-positive material is also accumulated in the neurosecretory fibres localized around subependymal blood vessels. A2 fibres containing granules of 100-150 nm in diameter and B type fibres with granules up to 100 nm in diameter are seen in the external zone of the median eminence in intact rats. Besides, A1 fibres with granules of 120-200 nm in diameter are found near hypophyseal portal vessels in hypophysectomized animals. All type terminals make contact with blood vessels in the subependymal zone of the median eminence of hypophysectomized rats. It is suggested that terminals of the neurosecretory fibres of types A2 and B permanently make contact with the primary portal capillaries in the external zone of the median eminence, while A1 fibres ingrow in the median eminence in the course of postoperative reparation.


[Action of cycloheximide on the ultrastructure and metabolic processes in a swine embryo kidney cell culture. I]. Cycloheximide treatment (for 24 hrs, concentrations 1 and 10 microgram/ml) strongly inhibits the intensity of protein and DNA synthesis and the mitotic activity in cells of a pig embryo kidney culture, to a lesser extent inhibits the RNA synthesis in nuclei and nucleoli, reduces the activity of succinate-, lactate- and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases. There is a condensation of chromatin, a distortion of the granular endoplasmic reticulum integrity, a partial release of its membranes from the ribosomes, changes in the structure of the Golgi complex, morphology and ultrastructure of mitochondria. All these changes are secondary ones and are connected with the suppression of protein synthesis in cells.


[Fluorescence anisotropy and the structure of myelin. I. The theory of the method]. Theoretical aspects of the experiment dealing with measurements of fluorescence polarization degrees in stained myelinated nerve fibres are considered. Fluorescence polarization (FP) largely depends on the excitation azimuth, i.e. on the angle between the electrical vector of the polarized exciting light and the nerve fibre axis (geometrically it is a figure with the cylinder symmetry). The dependence of FP on the excitation azimuth is shown to be related to the degree of molecular orientation of dyes adsorbed on anisotropic layers of myelin membranes. This permits to associate FP with the structural changes of myelin membranes.


Lymph node tuberculosis: a comparison of various methods of treatment. The treatment of lymph node tuberculosis has been studied in 108 patients. Chemotherapy consisted of 18 months' isoniazid with either rifampicin or ethambutol, plus an initial supplement of streptomycin. These 2 regimens were randomly allocated to 19 patients who had previously undergone excision of the lymph nodes, 56 patients who had undergone biopsy and 33 patients who had not had any surgical procedures. The majority of patients were of Indian or Pakistani origin (80%). Histological evidence of tuberculosis was obtained in 64% of the 108 patients and M. tuberculosis was cultured in 30%. No other mycobacteria were grown. Progress during treatment was uneventful in 65% of patients. Fresh nodes appeared during treatment in 12%, existing nodes enlarged in 13% and fluctuation developed in 11% of patients. Discharge and/or sinus formation was infrequent (7%), as was breakdown of a surgical scar (4%). Excision or aspiration after the start of chemotherapy was performed in 19% of patients. In the period up to the end of chemotherapy no difference emerged between the patients who received rifampicin with isoniazid and those who received ethambutol with isoniazid. Satisfactory results were obtained in 98% of the patients by the end of treatment although 13% still had slight node enlargement. The place of surgery is discussed. Follow-up will continue for 18 months after the end of chemotherapy.


A bacteriology and treatment summary form for use in patients with tuberculosis. A summary form for recording bacteriology results and treatment regimens is a concise method for recording essential information in patients with tuberculosis.


Ovarian cystomas and ovulation, a histogenetic concept. The current histologic classification of tumors of the ovary and testis is reviewed, and their relative frequency is illustrated by notifications to the Swedish Cancer Registry from 1959 to 1965. By far the most common neoplasms were epithelial tumors of the ovary (i.e., cystomas). These do not occur in the testis. Cystomas are believed to originate from the surface epithelium (coelomic epithelium, mesothelium) of the ovary, but there is no generally accepted explanation of how the epithelial cells enter the ovary. Based on the absence of cystomas in the testis, the suggestion is advanced that epithelial inclusions may arise during the reparative period following ovulation. The implications of this concept for the histogenesis of cystomas are discussed.


Sub-fractionation and characterization of lysine-rich histones from Oberling Guerin-Guerin's myeloma. The H1 fraction in Oberling Guerin-Guerin's myeloma was isolated, and an electrophoretic study was carried out in order to establish its composition. The results obtained show that the H1 fraction is heterogeneous and is formed of 2 sub-fractions. These were separated by preparative gel electrophoresis. They differ in molecular weight, electrophoretic mobility, and primary structure. Each sub-fraction exists in 2 different electric states.


Tamoxifen in disseminated breast cancer. 86 postmenopausal women with disseminated breast cancer have been treated orally with 30 mg of Tamoxifen per day (ICI 46474, Nolvadex) for periods of 2 months or more. The overall responders were 28/86 (32.5%) with a median remission duration of 9 months. In 30 patients already shown to be resistant to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Tamoxifen was used as first hormonal agent; the remission rate in this group was 12/30 (40%), while it was 28.5% (16/56) in the others who had already received different hormonal treatments. In 6 early menopausal cases, the treatment had to be stopped for a dangerous "worsening syndrome". Other side effects were trivial. In 28/35 cases (80%), we have found the reappearance of a pattern of estrogenic activity in vaginal smears during treatment. Hence a "simil-estrogen", more than an "anti-estrogen" mechanism of action is postulated and a selection of patients for treatment in the "mid postmenopausal age" is recommended.


A case of primary neurilemmoma of the femur. A case of primitive neurilemmoma of the femur in a woman of 24 years is presented and discussed together with recent literature.


Urinary testosterone values in patients with ovarian metastases from breast cancer. Nineteen patients with advanced breast cancer were tested for urinary testosterone before therapeutic ovariectomy. Histologic examination revealed metastases to the ovary in every case and interstitial hyperplasia in 16 cases. The range of urinary testosterone levels was wider but the mean value significantly higher than in 18 normal controls. The values decreased distinctly in 5 out of 8 patients tested 1 month after ovariectomy. The decrease suggests that the ovary, with much probability the interstitial tissue of the ovary, is the site of the increased androgenic activity found in patients with ovarian metastases from breast cancer.


Immunogenic neoplastic clones derived in vitro from an originally non-immunogenic BALB/c fibrosarcoma. A non-immunogenic fibrosarcoma (SDC2), obtained by spontaneous neoplastic transformation of BALB/c fibroblasts cultured within a diffusion chamber kept in the peritoneal cavity of (BALB/c x C3Hf)F1 mice, was maintained in tissue culture for 10 passages. Three different clones were then derived from the in vitro neoplastic population. Each of the clones, the original in vivo tumor, and its in vitro line taken at the 10th passage (before cloning) were tested for the presence of individual tumor-associated tramsplantation antigens (TATA) by in vivo growth and excision assay. Contrary to the original SDC2 neoplasm, its in vitro line and 2 out of 3 clones (CL1-SDC2 and CL3-SDC2) were immunogenic, whereas the other clone (CL6-SDC2) displayed no immunogenicity. In addition, CL1-SDC2 and CL3-SDC2 were able to induce a reciprocal cross-protection in in vivo transplantation tests, thus showing common TATA; no cross-reactions were found between these clones and 2 other chemically-induced immunogenic sarcomas. The results suggest an antigenic heterogeneity in the original population of the nonimmunogenic SDC2 sarcoma, with the presence of antigenic but sub-immunogenic neoplastic cells.


Thin needle biopsy as a routine method for rapid diagnosis of neoplasms. The present communication demonstrates the possibility of applying the "thin needle biopsy" as a routine method for rapid cytologic diagnosis of neoplasms. Systematically used in the examination of pulmonary, mammary, and thyroid tumors, the "thin needle biopsy" offers the following advantages: 1) decreased occurrence of so-called "false negative diagnoses"; 2) psychological relief for the patient; 3) decreased cost.


Lymph node calcification after radiotherapy in 2 cases of seminoma testis. The appearance of calcifications in the site of lymph nodes involved by metastases of seminoma testis and irradiated is described in 2 out 59 patients with abdominal metastases (30 were treated more than 5 years ago and 22 of them are alive without evidence of disease).


Morphologic and biologic correlation of hyperplastic and neoplastic renal lesions occurring in Buffalo and Fischer strain rats ingesting n-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl) acetamide. Hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the kidney induced in inbred Buffalo and Fisher strain rats with 0.04% N-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl) acetamide were transplanted s.c. to rats of the same strain. Hyperplastic renal lesions ("areas" or nodules) did not survive and grow. Carcinomas of the kidney grew and killed the animals. Growth was related to the size and the degree of differentiation of the carcinoma. It is concluded that the histologic pattern of hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of the kidney can be correlated with the results obtained on transplantation.


Direct interaction with cellular targets as the mechanism for chromium carcinogenesis. The carcinogenic activity of chromium appears to be due to its direct interaction with cellular targets and not to nonspecific solid-state carcinogenesis. Chromium was evaluated at 2 valences, Cr+3 (as CrC13) and Cr+6 (as K2Cr2O7), for its toxicity, transforming activity, and ability to induce chromosomal aberrations in tertiary cultures of mouse fetal cells. The ID50 (dose for 50 percent inhibition of cell growth) of Cr+3 was approximately 4 times greater than that of Cr+6 after 96 h of exposure, and about 29 times greater than that of Cr+6 after 1 h of exposure. At equitoxic concentrations, both chromium valences induced the same degree of morphologic changes and alterations of growth behavior, but Cr+6 produced more chromosomal aberrations. Using autoradiography in an established cloned line of mouse cells, unscheduled DNA synthesis was observed in cells previously exposed to Cr+6 but not in cells previously exposed to Cr+3.


Adenocarcinoma of the large intestine in young adults. Twenty-eight cases of adenocarcinoma of the large intestine in patients under 30 years of age, admitted to the National Cancer Institute of Milan from 1955 to 1975, are reported. Fourteen patients underwent radical surgery: of these, 8 are alive, and the survival times range from 8 months to 17 years. The 14 patients who received pallative therapy only all died within 15 months. The degree of infiltration of the intestinal wall seemed to be the most significant prognostic factor. The worse prognosis for the neoplasia in young adults with respect to older people, already reported in the literature and confirmed by our data, seems to be correlated, more than with the histologic type or biologic behavior of the tumor, with the diagnostic delay, which results in more advanced forms, with respect to those seen in older patients, being observed at clinical examination.


Results of a colpocytologic mass screening and in-patient casework: comparison by age groups. This paper reports the results of cervico-vaginal examinations performed on the women (7,098) resident in the municipality of Bollate (mass screening) and the women (1,416) hospitalized in the Gynecologic ward in the same period (in-patients). Age distribution, prevalence of initial and invasive forms, and prevalence according to age groups have been considered. The results are: 1) any kind of lesion is more frequent among in-patient than mass-screening subjects; 2) the prevalence of benign displasia, incipient, in situ and invasive carcinoma per age group, considered per quinquennium, shows a three-phase trend, both in mass screening and in-patient cases; 3) the time of evolution is different for cervicocarcinoma in the different age groups of incipience. Periodic checks are a useful means of precocious diagnosis of cervicocarcinoma; the frequency of checks should vary according to patient age.


Effect of long-term hyperbaric He-O2 exposure on the weight and histology of endocrine organs in growing rats. The effects of long-term hyperbaric exposure on endocrine organ weight and histology and on epiphyseal-plate width were studied in growing male rats. Six groups of rats were exposed to 21 ATA He-O2 (200 mmHg O2), and six groups were maintained at 1 ATA as room-air controls. Each group contained eight rats. At intervals of of 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, and 12 weeks, one group was decompressed and studied along with a paired control group. Results indicated no changes in pituitary and adrenal gland weights. Testis weights were variable but histology and sperm content were normal. Only the accessory sex organs decreased significantly in weight; however, prostate and seminal vesicle histology were normal. Tibial epiphyseal-plate width was reduced in 21-ATA groups. These results suggest that long-term hyperbaric exposure has little effect on endocrine organs of the rat and observed weight changes are probably related to the reduced body weights.


Hematologic changes after daily asymptomatic dives. Hematologic alterations after daily exposure to compression/decompression in open water are described. A standard dive to 100 fsw for 25 min was employed. Erythrocytes decreased postdive, reaching an apparent minimun 4 to 6 h after exposure and recovering to normal or supranormal value by 20 h postdive. Measurements of plasma volume after repeated dives showed a significant increase in volume at 4 h postdive. It is speculated that a phenomenon akin to cardiovascular deconditioning, caused by loss of the hydrostatic blood column in the lower extremities during immersion, results in a transitory fluid recruitment that may persist following several daily dives. Pre- and postdive partial thromboplastin times measured after repeated exposures failed to show a consistent response to compression/decompression.


Cerebellar and cerebral electroencephalogram during the high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) in rats. Electroencephalographic activity of the frontal cortex, cerebellar vermis, and superior vestibular nucleus was recorded in awake rats during the high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) by means of permanently implanted electrodes. Power-spectrum analysis revealed a decline in the faster frequencies and an increase in the slow frequences as the seizure end-point was approached. Effects of compression to 4500 fsw varied from severe tremor and myoclonic jerks to status epilepticus, with seizures occurring at an average depth of 3560 fsw. In all animals, multifocal-spiking activity progressed in severity with increasing depth. The predominant seizure pattern observed was a spike and slow-wave pattern reminiscent of absence seizures. Initial evidence of generalized seizure activity was equally divided between the cerebellum and cortex. It is concluded that the cerebellum participates in HPNS seizures. Possible evolution of the syndrome by loss of Purkinje cell inhibitory influence on subcortical sites that modulate cortical excitability is discussed.


Effect of compression rate on HPNS convulsion threshold in the euthermic rat. The modification of the development of the high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) has been demonstrated by varying the external environment (chamber temperature, compression rate) or the internal environment (core temperature, pharmacology, age). This study examined the effects of compression rate on the convulsion-threshold pressure and EEG activity in 68 adult male Wistar rats with chronically implanted electrodes. Restrained animals were individually compressed at a predetermined rate in helium-oxygen to a simulated depth of 4500 fsw (137 ATA), with colonic temperature maintained at normal levels. Six compression rates showed that convulsion-threshold pressure for euthermic rats did not significantly differ between any of the groups.


[Winter sports injuries of the urogenital tract (author's transl)]. During 1964-1974 112 injuries of the urogenital tract caused by winter sports were treated at the University Hospital Innsbruck, Department of Urology. Eighty-eight patients suffered skiing injuries, 20 tobogganing injuries, and one injury each was caused by ski jumping and bobsleighing accidents, two traumas resulted from a fall from a chair lift. On the basis of typical case reports the most common types of trauma of the urogenital tract are demonstrated and the basic mechanisms of the accidents are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the obvious increase of lesions of the external genitalia and the urethra in the last few years caused by the so-called spinning ski, as well as the frequency of kidney traumas, especially in winters with little snow. Tobogganing accidents caused injuries to the kidneys as well as to bladder and urethra. In contrast to traumas caused by skiing, tobogganing injuries were mostly multiple. Analysis of patients records shows an increase of these injuries, which were really not typical for winter sports. The possible reasons as well as their prevention are discussed.


[A new operation for postprostatectomy incontinence (author's transl)]. A new operation for incontinence is reported on. The prerequisites for continence are discussed, of which an intact pelvic floor and a flexible peripheral resistance are born essential. The operation leads additionally to stabilization of the pelvic floor and creates a peripheral flexible resistance. The regained sphincter function and its usefulness for continence is demonstrated radiologically and urodynamically.


[Central register and combined study of testicular tumors (author's transl)]. To successfully combat cancer, research needs to be based on prospective investigations and central collation of data. An initial report is presented concerning one such investigation that has been in progress since September, 1976: "central register and combined study of testicular tumors--Bonn." The aims are to collate epidemiologic data, achieve a standardization of the stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium and of classification, on the model of the WHO, as well as to attain maximum efficiency of diagnosis and therapy. Fourteen participating clinics in the German Federal Republic, Austria, and Switzerland, and 70 submissions of data up to the 1st of March, 1977, amply justify the efforts so far expended and encourage us to solicit the cooperation of previous nonparticipants.


[Is renal cyst puncture an available diagnostic procedure for differentiation of avascular, space-occupying renal lesions? (author's transl)]. Renal cyst puncture as an important, additive radiologic technique is able to solve differential diagnostic problems of avascular, space-occupying renal lesions in a quick, accurate, and safe way. Renal cyst puncture rules out a solid neoplasm and provides the surgeon with a maximum of preoperative information. Through its use unnecessary operations on aged and poor-risk patients can be avoided. The method is described, and the results of 185 finegauge needle punctures of the kidney obtained from 2329 renal angiographies over 11 years, are reported.


[Septic shock in the urologic patient. IV. monitoring and therapy (author's transl)]. The high mortality from septic shock in urologically ill patients can only be diminished by early diagnosis and treatment of the sepsis. However, there is no defined, steady sign from which the precise diagnosis septic shock can be established. Therefore the critical patient has to be controlled by a system that covers numerous signs that contribute to the diagnosis. Once septic shock is established its outcome depends on how early the failure of the microcirculation can be eliminated. The therapeutic approach is based on an improved cardiac output achieved by adequate volume therapy and positive inotropic drugs. For this reason the actual circulatory failure has to be defined and each therapeutic step has to be controlled using the Swan Ganz thermodilution catheter. The microcirculatory failure can be treated directly with dextran 40 and with specifically chosen vasoactive drugs. Disorders of the blood gases and base excess have to be corrected immediately. Treatment of acute renal and respiratory failure is mentioned.


[Ultrastructural and enzyme-histochemical alterations of the dog prostate following castration (author's transl)]. Orchiectomy leads to morphologic and functional alterations of the prostate in dogs within 120 days. The glandular epithelium of the acini under the light microscope shows an advanced atrophy with some remaining slit-like lumina. Ultrastructurally, castration results in loss of cell polarity with preserved epithelial compounds. The columnar epithelium is transformed into small polygonal cells with regressive alterations of nucleus, rough endoplasmatic reticulum, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. These cells show depositions of lipoids and glycogen. Functionally, gonadectomy results in a loss of secretory activity correspondingly secretory granules that are normally present in large numbers are conspicuously absent, the reduction of rough endoplasmatic reticulum and Golgi apparatus too are expressions of the cessation of synthesis of secretion. This is also indicated by the activity of acid phosphatase that is barely demonstrable in the apical portion of the cytoplasm of atrophic glandular epithelium following castration. Only insignificant changes on the other hand are found in the activity of alkaline phosphatase following withdrawal of androgens, this enzyme does not mirror the atrophy due to castration.


Computed tomography in urologic patients: preliminary assessment. Computed tomography (CT) body scanning has specific application to the precise diagnosis of urologic disease. The advantage of visualizing the density of normal and abnormal tissue provides new accuracy in evaluation of renal, retroperitoneal, and pelvic masses. The penetration of the pelvic cavity allows the urologist to assess local, nodal, and skeletal involvement from prostatic and bladder neoplasms in a single diagnostic examination. Cost/efficacy analysis and the role of computed tomography in patient managment must await further review and experience.


Relation of spontaneous passage of ureteral calculi to size. A statistical analysis of 520 ureteral calculi was undertaken to elucidate the correlation between sizes of calculi and the probability of spontaneous passage. The mean length and width of 286 calculi passed spontaneously were 6.3 +/- 2.5 (S.D.) and 4.0 +/- 1.5 mm., respectively; those of 219 calculi removed surgically were 11.7 +/- 5.0 and 7.1 +/- 2.8 mm., respectively, the difference between the two groups being statistically significant. The rate of spontaneous passage of stones within one year after diagnosis was analyzed in relation to sizes of stones which were grouped at successive 1-mm. intervals both in length and width, the over-all rate of spontaneous passage being 53 per cent. It was concluded that stones larger than 8 mm. in width on x-ray films should be removed surgically, while in those smaller than 8 mm. in width higher chances of spontaneous passage by expectant treatment would be anticipated.


Importance of urinary tract investigation in metastatic malignant melanoma. Metastatic melanoma, although rarely recognized clinically, may involve the urinary tract in a high percentage of cases. Routine excretory urography and cystoscopy may establish the diagnosis of recurrent metastatic melanoma and prevent further surgical exploration.


Bladder outlet obstruction and inguinal hernia: incidence in males over fifty years of age. Increased intra-abdominal pressure secondary to prostatic obstruction of the bladder outlet is frequently cited as an important factor in the formation of inguinal hernias in middle-aged and elderly males. However, as far as can be determined, the correlation of these two conditions has never been evaluated. Twenty-five male patients, aged fifty years or older, presenting for repair of inguinal hernia, were evaluated urologically, and the results are presented.


En bloc transpubic urethrectomy in conjunction with radical cystectomy for bladder carcinoma in males. A technique for en bloc transpubic urethrectomy and radical cystectomy in the male is described and compared with commonly employed means of urethrectomy. Although this technique has been performed in a limited number of cases, this report is warranted because of the following advantages: en bloc resection is achieved at one operation without compromised positioning or need to reposition; the risk of transecting tumor in the urethra or leaving tumor behind in the urethra is avoided; the contamination inherent with a perineal incision and the resulting increase in morbidity are avoided, yet the mobilization of the urethra and prostate is comparable to that achieved transperineally; the exposure with this technique equals or excels that achieved by other approaches; although thirty minutes are required to perform pubectomy and urethrectomy, this is comparable to the time required to expose and close the perineum; and usually time is saved because of the improved exposure.


Clinical study of hemospermia.

Clinical study of hemospermia. Sixty-five cases of hemospermia seen over a ten-year period were reviewed. No specific etiology was disclosed, although renal tuberculosis was seen in 11 per cent of cases, indicating that hemospermia is a self-limiting and benign condition which does not require full urologic investigation.


Etiology of abdominoscrotal hydrocele.

Etiology of abdominoscrotal hydrocele. The development of abdominoscrotal hydrocele is explained on the basis of the law of Laplace. The eighty-fourth case is reported from Central Java.


Multiple urethral metastases from prostatic carcinoma causing urinary retention. A rare case of multiple urethral metastases from adenocarcinoma of prostate causing urinary retention is reported. The unique findings of the urethrogram are described. Transurethral resection provided symptomatic relief. No local recurrence of tumor was observed during the follow-up period of sixteen months.


Crossed renal ectopia and abdominal aortic aneurysm. A case of crossed renal ectopia assoicated with abdominal aortic aneurysm is reported. This is believed to be the first known case of these entities occurring together. It is important for the urologist to be cognizant of the possibility of such an association so that appropriate surgical correction of the aneurysm may be carried out without undue delay. The importance of a preoperative intravenous pyelogram for all patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair is stressed.


Primary carcinoid tumor of testis.

Primary carcinoid tumor of testis. A case of pure, primary testicular carcinoid tumor in a forty-four-year-old male is reported. The patient presented with painless testicular enlargement, and testicular tumor was diagnosed. Orchiectomy was performed, and histology revealed a primary argentaffinoma. The patient is well and symptom free two years after diagnosis.


Adrenal cysts: diagnostic value of "intravenous viscerogram". Two cases of adrenal pseudocysts are presented, one secondary to the necrosis of an adenoma and the other a hemorrhagic pseudocyst. The diagnosis of these tumors is usually made radiologically owing to the vagueness of symptoms and nonexistent specific laboratory examinations, so that preoperative diagnosis is uncommon. We present a radiologic technique, intravenous viscerogram, which may be useful in the diagnosis of adrenal cysts. This procedure is easy to carry out and has almost no complications for the patient. The classification, clinical findings, and surgical treatment of adrenal cysts are discussed.


Renal carbuncle: simulation of tumor response to epinephrine. A case of renal carbuncle with unusual angiographic findings is presented. The abscess showed abnormal vessels on selective angiogrpahy which were enhanced after intra-arterial epinephrine. New foci of abnormal vessels were also seen on the postepinephrine angiogram.


Inferior vena caval involvement by adrenal cortical carcinoma. A case of preoperative demonstration of inferior vena caval extension of tumor thrombus from adrenal cortical carcinoma is presented. Surgery showed that extension had occurred via the adrenal vein rather than by direct invasion. A search of the literature failed to uncover either any mention of preoperative attention to the possibility of caval involvement or of this particular mode of extension. Review of our experience with 17 adrenal cortical carcinomas suggested that carcinoma of the right adrenal gland involves the vena cava more commonly than does carcinoma of the left. We recommend that cavography be performed in the evaluation of adrenal carcinoma.


Observations of dye test (DT) titres to Toxoplasma in a non-breeding flock of sheep. In this study nine sheep and one goat were tested by the Sabin Feldman dye test for the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma spp over a period of 12 months. No significant signs of a seasonal variation in dye test titres of infected animals could be demonstrated. The possible source of infection of two sheep, exhibiting a sudden rise in antibody titre during the course of the observations is discussed.


[Radiotelemetric method of studying ruminal movements in cows]. A description is given of a monochannel radiotelemetric system primarily designed to study the motility of the rumen but also adapted for use in studying the bioelectric activity of the heart, uterus, and other viscera. The system consists of an emitting part and a receiving-registering part. The former is composed of an emitting part and a receiving-registering part. The former is composed of a transformer (drawbar-sensing mechanism), an amplifier of biopotentials, a generator, and an ultra-short-wave transmitter. The registering mechanism consists of a receiver, a decoder, and a writing device. The apparatus provides a stable transmission of physiologic information at a distance of up to 500 meters. Presented are graphic recordings of the motility of the dorsal sac of the rumen of clinically normal cows supplied with chronic fistulae of the rumen as well as of cows having no fistulae, in a varying physiologic status.


[Applicability of methods for determining air velocity in livestock buildings]. Comparative studies were carried out on the applicability of the katathermometers, mechanical anemometers, and the thermoelectric anemometer type TEA-4, devised by the authors and introduced into practice, for determining the velocity of air in livestock buildings. TEA-4 proved more perspective for measurements in animal breedings as it makes possible a continuous automatic control on air velocity. This, in turn, renders it feasible to follow up the day-and-night and the seasonal dynamics of this microclimate factors. By preciseness and exploitation dependability TEA-4 has proved superior to katathermometers and mechanical anemometers. Its adoption into practice has made it possible to shorten the time of measurement.


[Etiology and epizootiology of helminthiases on commercial sheep raising farm complexes]. Studies were carried out on the etiology of the helminth infections at three industrial sheep complexes typical of this country. The mixed gastrointestinal infection, having an urgent epizootiologic and economic importance, proved that of H. contortus, O. circumcincta, O. trifurcata, M. marshalli, T. colubriformis, T. axei, N. spathiger, N. fillicollis, C. oncophora, B. Trigonochephalum, S. papillosus, T. ovis, Ch. ovina, and O. venulosum. The seasonal and age dynamics of the general Strongylus infection was followed up. Well established were the postpartum phase in ewes and the spring phase in weaned lambs so far as ova excretion was concerned. In goat mulleriosis there was a typically runnung postpartum and spring phase in larvae excretion. Currently dangerous for replacement animals at the complexes was spring moniesiosis, caused by M. expansa, and the autumn one, caused by M. benedeni. High percent of infection and heavy parasite burdens were shown with the infection of S. papillosus during the warm months of the year, the course of which ran without clinical symptoms. Potentially dangerous were infections of D. filaria, Protostrongylus species, M. capillaris, D. lanceatum and F. hepatica. A scheme is suggested for chemoprophylactic treatments against the urgently dangerous infections.


[Microbiological control of sterilized canned fish]. Biologic investigation was carried out in 1974 and 1975 of a total of 1,393, tins of sterilized canned fish belonging to 14 assortments. The tins were kept in a thermostat at 37 degrees C for 70 days, and the bacteriologically seeded material was cultured at 37 degrees C for 10 days for the presence of mesophylic bacteria, and at 56 degrees C for 5 days for the presence of thermophylic bacteria. The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of the results obtained: 1. Thermostat storing of tins for 5--6 day-and-night periods at 37 degrees C makes it possible to detect all tins that are nonsterile. 2. Culturing of seeded material under the specified conditions makes it possible to establish the presence of residual microflora in the tins of fish. 3. Both procedures referred to could successfully meet the requirements of the modern production of sterilized canned fish and of the microbiologic control.


[Varying sensitivity to copper poisoning in the sheep and cattle of Pirdop District]. The clinical picture manifested by sheep and cows in the region of Pirdop has been followed up in the course of three years. The content of copper was quantitatively determined in the milk, liver, kidney, spleen, and skeletal musculature of 20 cows and 50 clinically normal and 50 clinically affected sheep exibiting a hemolytical crisis. Though the animals were fed one and the same type of forages the amount of copper in the liver of cattle was within the range of 48 up to 98.54 mg/kg, and in sheep it ranged from 84.9 up to 828 mg/kg dry matter. This explains the low sensitivity of cattle as compared to sheep so far as copper intoxication is concerned. The deposition of copper in the kidneys, spleen, and skeletal musculature started from the beginning of the hemolytical crisis, and in the liver--prior to it.


[Pharmacokinetic studies of "Pharmachem" tylosin with healthy and infectious epididymitis-affected rams]. The retention in blood and the excretion with semen were followed up of tylosin-base, product of the State Economic Corporation "Pharmachim" (People's Republic of Bulgaria). It was found that at muscular application (12 mg/kg) the preparation is resorbed at the site of injection and is retained at a therapeutic level concentration in the blood of rams in the course of 24 to 26 hours. Tylosin gains access to the testes and is excreted with the semen at the same rate as in infectious epididymitis-intact rams. No correlation has been observed between the blood level of tylosin and the content of tylosin in the spermal plasma. The single treatment of rams with tylosin at the dosing cited above is not able to arrest the excretion of Brucella organisms with the semen, and does not improve its morphologic composition.


[Blood sugar and ketone body content in cows with clinical ketosis]. The investigation confirms hypoglycaemia and hyperketonaemia as typical for ketosis. A reverse correlation has been found between the level of blood sugar and that of ketone bodies. The changes observed in both blood sugars and ketones have not been shown to manifest any definite relation to the feeding regime, which may not have been perfectly balanced but has supplied metabolizable energy and digestible protein for maintenance and production in excess. Five-day starving of freshly calved, clinically normal cows may cause a dependable drop of the blood sugar level and rise of the ketone bodies to an extent that vary from that observed in ketosis-affected cows showing no clinical picture characteristic of the disease. The glycaemic reaction observed with the glucose-tolerance and the adrenaline tests shows that there is no apparent differences in the carbohydrate metabolism and the glycosynthetic capacity of the liver between diseased and clinically normal animals. The use of the two tests as auxiliary clinical methods has not been effective in registering the deviations in the status of the adrenal cortex and the pituitary gland.


Data concerning the action of specific antiherpes immunoglobulins on the evolution of some nasopharyngeal and larynegeal neoplasms. The administration of specific antiherpes immunoglobulins (Ig) to 9 patients with nasopharyngeal and laryngeal neoplasms resulted in the regression of metastatic lymph nodes, the absence of other metastatic localizations and the survival--in a good general state--of all the patients treated, for 23-29 months. Most of the patients received no other treatment during this time interval. In a control group consisting of 11 patients with the same forms of cancer, but who received no Ig, 4 fatal outcomes were recorded and all patients required re-hospitalization and application of other treatments. The method suggested may represent an efficient adjuvant therapy in some nasopharyngeal and laryngeal neoplasms.


Dynamics of anti-vaccinia HAI antibodies during the first month after smallpox revaccination at 20 years. Anti-vaccina HAI antibody titers were dynamically followed up and correlated with the type of cutaneous reaction in 91 small pox revaccines aged 20-21 years. Serum samples collected at 2-day intervals for 14 days and on day 30 post inoculation (p.i.) were tested. Antibody titer rises began on days 4-6 and continued until day 14 p.i. On day 30 further rises were only recorded in the 9 vaccinees with primovaccinal reactions. The rhythm of antibody rises was almost the same in subjects with ambiguous and major cutaneous reactions.


[Synchronous cancer of the breasts].

[Synchronous cancer of the breasts]. Observation on 16 patients with synchronous cancer of mammary glands are reported. This group comprised patients in whom tumors developed either simultaneously or with a 6-month interval. Synchronous cancer was more frequently observed in patients in the period of active menstrual-ovarian function (an average age--40.5 years). Eleven of these patients survived for 3 years and longer; 5 of them survived without any recurrence and metastases within the terms from 3 to 16 years. The use of the complex therapy encourages the hope of improving remote results.


[Diagnosis and treatment of villous polyps of the large intestine and rectum]. The work is based on the examination of 67 patients with villous tumors of the colon and rectum. The peculiar features of the clinical course have been studied, and the efficacy of different diagnostic measures have been analysed. In the diagnosis of villous tumors great importance is attached to endoscopy in the complex of clinical examination of a patient. Roentgenological investigation with the use of the accessory technics--double contrasting, laterography, "angular" roentgenography seem to be an important step in the investigation. Only after the histological study is completed, one can ultimately judge the fact of the polyp malignification. The classification of villous polyps of the colon and rectum based on the histological principle is suggested. The results of the treatment are analysed, and some practical recommendations are given.


[DNA content in dysplasias and early invasive forms of cervical cancer]. Cytological preparations of normal cervical epithelium and in different forms of the epithelial dysplasia and in early cervical cancer were studied in 8 healthy females and in 35 patients. To determine the content of DNA in these cells a fluorescent variant of the Feulgen reaction was employed, using the national drug rivanol as fluorochromium in the Shiff reagent. The amount of DNA in cell nuclei of the normal epithelium and in moderate dysplasia is shown to correspond to diploid, while in marked dysplasia the content of DNA varies from di-to tetraploid values. But there are some cases when in marked dysplasia the DNA content in cells is diploid, i. e. it is characteristic of moderate dysplasia, or considerably exceeds tetraploid level, and it is in such cases that histological assays reveal early forms of cancer. Invasive cancer is charcterized by a sharp increase in the DNA content in most cells and by a considerable number of polyploid cells. Fluorescence-microscopy may serve as a valuable diagnostic adjunct to recognize early forms of cervical cancer and be used clinically.


[Effect of chloramphenicol on the toxic and therapeutic effect of N-nitrosomethylurea]. The influence of chloramphenical (CAP) on toxic and therapeutic effect of N-nitrosomethyl urea (MNU) in mice of CBA line was studied. It is shown that in injection of lethal doses of MNU--0.08--0.1 mg/g in intact animals CAP reduced LD100 to LD50 and LD50 to LD0. Also CAP increased an average survival of animals with ascites Ehrlich tumor when injected the lethal dose of MNU--0.1 mg/g. Therapeutic effect of MNU in a dose of 0.05--0.075 mg/g in the presence of CAP was not changed and sometimes was even increased. Under discussion is the significance of the obtained results for chemotherapy of malignant tumors in man.


[Antitumor action of new 2,4-diethyleneimino-6-amino-sym.-triazina derivatives]. In experiments of mice and rats with transplantable tumors (sarcoma 37, sarcoma 45, ascites Ehrlich tumor, etc) the authors studied the antitumor activity of a number of new water-soluble derivatives of 2,4-diethylenimino-6-amino-sym.-triazine differing only in the substituting radical associated with sym.-triazine cycle. All substances under study showed marked antitumor activity. The effect of the structure of the compounds concerned and their physico-chemical properties for antitumor activity are discussed.


[Carcinogenic properties of diaphene NN]. Carcinogenic activity of diaphene NN was studied in female mice of line CC57W. Weekly subcutaneous injections of 40 mg of diaphene induced tumors in 65% of mice (leucoses and local sarcomas). Instillations of 40 mg of diaphene per os (3-5 times per week) induced tumors in 39% of mice. In control mice tumors were found in 38% of cases, including 36% of leucoses. It is concluded that diaphene NN shows an insignificant carcinogenic activity.


[Cerebral circulation in arterio-sinus anastomoses of the occipito-mastoid area]. The hemodynamic indices were studied in 12 patients with anastomoses in the occipito-mastoid region before and after operation for disconnection of the shunts. Exclusion of the shunt between large arterial vessels from the blood supply lead to marked correction of the dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid and blood in the brain: the cerebrospinal fluid and venous pressure in the internal jugular veins and superior sagittal sinus decreased, the perfusion pressure in the brain increased, the cerebral circulation time was accelerated, the consumption of oxygen by the brain and the arterio-venous difference in oxygen increased, and the acid-base condition and gases in the blood returned to normal levels.


[Functional and morphologic changes in the heart following phrenicotomy]. Experiments on dogs showed that the phrenic nerves participate in innervation of the heart. Their division in the cervical portion is attended with disorders of the rhythm, abnormalities in the components of the electrocardiogram, and degenerative changes in the intramural nerve apparatus of the heart. The results of the experiments indicate that the use of the phrenic nerve as a donor in a plastic operation of the nerve trunks should be considered an operation of choice.


[Cranio-cerebral injury combined with injuries to the facial skeleton]. The article deals with the diagnosis of and surgical tactics in cranio-facial injury. The authors substantiate the expediency of early operations for compression of the brain and early (within the first 5 days) final reposition and fixation of fragments in fractures of the jaws irrespective of the severity of the brain damage. The suggested modifications in the management of craniofacial injury made it possible to improve the outcomes in severly affected patients.


[New models of forceps for bipolar coagulation]. Operations on the brain require an optimum coagulation effect to be produced by forceps for bipolar coagulation. New forceps models are described in which the elimination of heat from the operating ends is considerably improved by making the whole forceps of copper and providing intermittent supply of high-frequency current to it. As a result the coagulation effect is distinguished by slight necrosis of the tissues adjoining the ends of the forceps and no sticking of these tissues to these ends.


[Gluconeogenesis in the liver of rats receiving 1,3-butanediol in their diet]. Inclusion of 1,3-butandiol as a synthetic source of nutritional energy into the composition of a low-carbohydrate diet produced a fall in the ration of free [NAD+]:[NADN] and [NADP]:[NADPN] calculated for the cytoplasm and mitochondria of the liver cell in rats according to the concentration of oxidated and reduced metabolites and the equilibrium constant of the lactate-dehydrogenase, glutamate-dehydrogenase and malic-fermentative systems. In these conditions the concentration of metabolites, at whose level the conjugation of the carbohydrates decomposition during glycolysis and their synthesis at the time of gluconeogenesis (phosphoenol-pyruvate, malate, oxaloacetate) is realized, as well as the activity of key gluconeogenesis enzymes (phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase) increase. The NADN generation in the course of oxidative metabolism of 1,3-butandiol gives rise to reducing properties of the free NAD-par cytoplasm and mitochondria pool, which leads to the intensification of gluconeogenesis in the liver, attended by a drop of the phosphate potential level.


[Effective utilization of milk proteins by rats during the neonatal period]. The assimilation of milk proteins in dynamics by rats during the first 23 days of their life was studied. During this time the animals were kept on a natural milk feeding and were denied the maternal one. Data on the amount of consumed protein and on an increase of the protein content in the carcass in 2- and 4-day long intervals served as a basis for determining the degree of effective utilization of protein (U) by rats. It is shown that the degree of the food protein, while remaining at a high level, experienced certain changes. It is possible to distinguish three periods in the change of this value: the first--starting from birth up to 5 days, with U rising from 74,5 up to 92.1 per cent, the second period, the milk diet proper,--up to the 15th day, marked by a high value of U (approximately 93 per cent) and, finally, the third period--transitional to the ration of an adult animals--marked by a drop of U down to 67.8 per cent. The data obtained may be used in considering issues related to features specific for the processes of the protein assimilationin in the early post-natal period.


[Ubiquinone and sterol metabolism in the liver of rats maintained on a diet short of aromatic amino acids]. In in vivo tests subject to enquiry was incorporation of I--14C-acetate in non-saponified lipids, ubiquinone and sterines in the liver of rats receiving the usual ration of the vivarium or the one short of aromatic amino acids, and on this basis the relative rates of both the biosynthesis and decomposition of these compounds were determined. In the liver of rats receiving a ration short of aromatic amino acids the biosynthesis of only non-saponified lipids and sterines was strongly inhibited and these animals also demonstrated an accelerated decomposition of ubiquinone.


[Effect of vitamin E on the functional state of the duodenal muscles]. The influence of different doses of vitamin E (4 and 8 mg) on the function of duodenal smooth muscles in sandwarts (Arenaria L) was studied. The method of electrographic registration of spontaneous activity of smooth muscles with an electroencephalograph was used. Of the dose of 4 mg characteristic changes in the electroduodenogram, viz. a higher oscillation amplitude, prevalence of slow monophasic and disappearance of rapid waves were observed. Features specific for the action of vitamin E in a dose of 8 mg, i.e. predominance in the electroduodenogram of low-amplitude slow monophasic and rapid biphasic oscillatins, were elicited. Sexual differences in the action of vitamin E on the bioelectric activity of duodenal smooth muscles were discovered.


[Desferal test study of the iron reserves of the body in chronic digestive organ diseases]. In 73 patients suffering from diverse chronic affections of digestive organs the possibility of using desferal--a new complexion--for determining iron reserves in the organism was studied. The obtained data bear proof to the existence of a direct relationship between the renal excretion of iron following introduction of desferol, localization of the pathological process and the severity of the disease. The profoundest changes in the iron metabolism were noted in the organism of patients with an extensive resection of the small intestine in their past and in those with chronic enterocolities of the III degree of severity. Thus, desferal test may be recommended for studying iron reserves in the organism of patients with chronic affections of the digestive organs.


[Character of the changes in the thyroid gland of animals maintained on a vegetable oil diet]. The effect produced by different quantities of sunflower seed oil on some iodine metabolic rates was studied in experiments on 44 albino male-rats. Rations containing 27 and 54 per cent (in terms of calorific value) of sunflower seed oil were found to have an adverse effect on the condition of the thyroid gland. Rations with the said quantities of vegetable oil inhibit the mechanisms governing the transformation of inorganic and hormonally inactive organic compounds of iodine in its hormonally active forms. With the iodine content in the diet in an amount of 40-80 microgram this circumstance, however, does not have any essential effect on the level of the iodine binding by the thyroid tissue proteins and blood serum.


[Vitamin C and psychomotor reactivity].

[Vitamin C and psychomotor reactivity]. The effect of vitamin C on the activity of the brain was studied. In groups of workers well provided for with vitamin C allowances a reduced number of industrial traumas was noted, which can be attributed to a greater concentration of attention and better reactivity. This could be achieved by administering daily doses of 100-150 mg of vitamin C. Workers engaged in night shifts were found to show improved psychotechnical test results with an ascorbinemia level of over 0.5 mg%. In a group of volunteers aged 16 to 18 years the results of psychomotor tests improved after a 14-day daily taking of 1000 mg of the vitamin C.


[Cavitary and parietal digestion in the action of a toxic agent on the animal organism]. In rats exposed to a long-term effect of carbon disulphide vapours in concentrations of 10 and 100 mg/m3 of air subject to a dynamic study were the activity of the enterokinase and alkaline phosphatase of the small intestine mucosa and feces, the presence of protein of non-alimentary origin and of the mucus in feces, coprocytograms, this being accompanied by a histomorphological verification of the microflora. In rats exposed to the effect of carbon disulphide in concentrations of 50 and 200 mg/m3 the studies covered parietal digestion by using as substrates carbohydrates and dipeptide. The degree of pathology was found to depend on the concentration of the toxic agent and the duration of priming.


[Methandrostenolone residues in the tissues and biological fluids of agricultural animals stimulated by the preparation]. Residual amounts of hormonal-active substances were isolated from the tissues of farm animals stimulated with metandrostenolone-3H. The process of isolation included extraction with a mixture of polar solvents, hydrolysis, adsorption and partition column chromatography, thin-layer and paper chromatography, with radio-isotope, fluorometric, spectrophotometric and densitometric methods employed for identification. Results subsequent to determination of residual amounts of the compound are reported.


[Hygienic properties of cellophane film intended for food packaging]. The cellophane films intended for wrapping food products were studied. Investigations have established the presence of these films of the cellulose xanthogenate and products of its decomposition, of carbon bisulphide in particular. With their joint presence the determination of carbon bisulphide and hydrogen sulphide was done colourimetrically, the sensitivity of this method being 0.005 mg/l. Migration of carbon bisulphide from the cellophane into the atmosphere and water was investivaged. An interconnection between the amount of the migrated carbon bisulphide and the odour of aqueous cellophane extracts was disclosed. To improve sanitary and chemical properties of cellophane a more intensive washing off of sulphur-containing compounds from it is recommended.


[Presence of chlortetracycline residues in the organs and tissues of poultry]. Poultry products (meat, liver, kidneys of hens and chicken) were found to be contaminated with chlortetracycline used as a stimulant of the poultry growth. From among 603 samples examined 91 (15.1 per cent) were found to contain residual amounts of the antibiotic comprising from 0.01 to 1.0 gamma/g of the tissue. Most often the antibiotic was definable in the tissues of the kidneys (24.7 per cent), liver (19.5 per cent) and more seldom in that of the muscles (2.4 per cent). Regular control is needed in the country over the presence of antibiotics in the products of poultry industry.


[Mechanism of action of inactivated herpes vaccine in rabbits with chronic herpetic infections]. Chronic herpes infection has been reproduced in rabbits in which the mechanism of the effect of inactivated herpes vaccine was studied. Vaccination did not affect the level of humoral antibody in chronically infected animals and did not enhance the capacity of their leucocytes for interferon production in vitro. A course of vaccination enhanced cellular immunity responses as manifested in an increase in the level of blast transformation to specific antigen up to 30 percent one week after termination of the course. One month later the reaction became negative indicating the necessity of multiple vaccination courses for prevention of relapses of herpetic eye disease.


[Gel filtration chromatography of tick-borne encephalitis virus on macropore glass]. The capacity of some chemically treated porous glass to adsorb tissue culture virus of tick-borne encephalitis was studied. Chemical binding of albumin and succinanhydride with the porous glass matrix was found to eliminate virion adsorption on the carrier surface. This permitted to carry out gel filtration chromatography of several virus strains and to obtain highly purified preparations of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Gel filtration on modified porous glass with different pore sizes was used for the determinations of cromatographic radius of virus particle.


[Secretory levels of plasma cortisol and aldosterone in normal pregnancy]. Fifty six females, aged 19-24 were examined ad pregnancy weeks. The plasma concentrations of aldosterone, cortisol, estradiol, estriol and progesteron were determined by radioimmunological methods. The results obtained reveal that the female sex hormones, during normal pregnancy, progressively grow, as well as those of cortisol and aldosteron. Those interrelations are of interest in the treatment of pregnant women with disturbances in the function of the endocrine glands and especially of suprarenal-cortex secretion.


[Atrial (IV) sound in acute myocardial infarct]. The rate, site and intensity of the auricle (IV) tone in acute myocardial infarction were studied, through polygraphic records in 140 patients and 36 healthy subjects. A fourfold examination was carried out on 123 patients, a control examination was carried out towards the end of the third month in 31 patients and 17 deceased were examined but mainly once. Auricle tone was recorded in 41.4% of all the patients, equally in both sexes and regardless of the preceding hypertension: it was found, in 50%, with the first examination and in the same per cent it persists at the time of hospital discharge of the patients. The site of IV tone is of 0.155 sec +/- 0.005 from the beginning of P wave and of 0.07 sec +/- 0.002 sec before the I tone, it does not change and is with low intensity. Great significance is attached to it, on the base of this investigation and literature data, for the diagnosis of acute cardiac insufficiency and a wider application is recommended of glycosides treatment.


[Electron microscopic study of the interaction of influenza virus murine peritoneal macrophages]. Electron microscopic study of mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with influenza virus showed typical phenomena of phagocytosis (absorption, invagination of plasma membrane, and formation of phagosomes) to occur at early stages of virus-cell interaction, up to 2 hours. At later stages, from 3 to 24 hours postinfection, virus particles were completely absent and virus antigen was present in most cells indicating the distruction of phagocytized virus. These observations confirm an important role of macrophages in antiviral immunity.


[Persistence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in a transplantable line of Detroit-6 cells]. Defective LCM virus was found to persist in Detroit-6 cells. The persisting virus was not infectious for susceptible mice and some cell cultures. Its antigenic properties were enhanced to detectable levels in the CFT by cocultivation with LSV5 cells only. No reversion to its pathogenic properties, however, occurred either after 8 subpassages of the cocultivated cells or after blind passages of these cells in suckling mouse brains. The cytogenetic analysis, and the pattern of antigen fluorescence (IIF) revealed similarities between HeLa and D-6 cell lines persistently infected with LCM virus. The highest intensity of LCM virus antigen coincided with the period of maximum miotic activity of D-6-LCM cells, indicating a correlation between synthesis processes in the cells and reproduction of the persisting virus. Upon superinfection of D-6-LCM cells with homo- and isologous viruses no increase in the percentage of the antigen-containing cells was observed. No detectable interferon was found in the D-6-6CM system.


[Spatial analysis of the electrophysiological changes in ventricular loading]. Space analysis methods of the changes in heart electromotive force are described (EMF). The size of the space vector in millivolts, azimuth and elevation are obtained by formula substitution in the mathematical analysis. The same values, in graphis analysis, are obtained by the "Circle for space vectors determination", proposed by the authors. Axial and space analysis of the changes in the electrogenesis of right ventricle was performed in 27 patients with pulmonary stenosis, confirmed by catheterization, on the base of the corrective orthogonal electrocardiogram according to Frank. The axial indices, indicating the size of the forces directed to the right (Sxmv) and forward (Qzmv) are compared as well as the size, elevation and azimuth of the maximal space vector, directed to the right (Vmax.sp-x) and forward (Vmax.sp-z). The index from the axial analysis (sensitivity 62%, r = 0.65) shows a priority for the forces, directed to the right. The priority is on the side of the indices from space analysis (sensitivity 33%, r = 0.78) in case of forces directed forward. There is no statistically significant difference in the diagnostic value of the two methods.


[Electrolytic changes in thyrotoxicosis]. Ninety four patients with thyrotoxicosis were examined as well as 40 healthy subjects. Normal concentration of sodium, negligible chloride increase and slightly decreased potassium were established in serum. Hematocrite drops in parallel with disease severity. The average erythrocyte volume is increased whereas the average hemoglobin concentration is decreased.


[Experimental infection caused by attenuated strains of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex in the bodies of immunosuppressed animals]. Exacerbation of virus infection caused by 4 attenuated strains of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex in BALB/c mice treated with an immunosuppressant was demonstrated. The influence of the treatment was manifested both in an increased extraneural activity of the virus, higher mortality of the experimental animals, and in high virus titers in the brain, liver, and spleen of the immunosuppressed animals, and a decrease or complete absence of specific antibody in their sera.


[Chronic infection of cells with tick-borne encephalitis virus. Additional characteristics of the provirus]. The paper presents additional characteristics of HEp-2 cells cronically infested with tick-borne encephalitis virus, Sofyin strain (Hep-2-Sof). On the basis of the inhibition analysis, the method of molecular hybridization, and transfection, HEp-2-Sof cells were shown to contain dozens of DNA-transcripts of tick-borne encephalitis virus integrated into nucleoplasm DNA and into the fraction of repeated sequences. Their transcription is mediated by a polymerase sensitive to L-amanitine.


[Diagnostic importance of ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin in nephropathy of pregnancy]. Serum ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin levels of 87 females-pregnant with toxicosis, with a past history of toxicosis with morbid manifestations and healthy pregnant ones were studied. Characteristic correlations are outlined--highly elevated ceruloplasmin level with normal haptoglobin level in the pregnant with toxicosis, moderate elevation of ceruloplasmin level with normal haptoglobin level--in the normally progressing pregnancy and slightly elevated ceruloplasmin level with elevated haptoglobin level--in patients with residual morbid manifestations after a past history of toxicosis. The establishment of such a combination in the last group, being characteristic for the chronic glomerulonephritis, provides grounds the latter to be used as a prognostic index in the evaluation of post-toxicosis kidney injuries--a tendency to chronification.


[Comparative observations on the diagnostic value of the Griess, Csonkonay and TTC tests to demonstrate significant bacteriuria]. The results from the uroculture with those from Griess and Csokonay are compared in 1030 subjects and those from the TTC test in 767. Significant bacteriuria was found in only 73.33% of the cases with positive results from Griess tests, 46.51% from the Csokonay test and in 64.91% from the TTC test. Griess test appeared to be most suitable the conduction of wide epidemiological investigations as a screening method.


[Osteodystrophic changes in the hands of female textile workers]. The incidence of arthromyalgic complaints and osteodystrophy of the right hand of a group of textile workers were sought with the aid of the method for clinical-social study, clinical observation and X-ray macromorphological investigation of the bone structure. The high epidemiology index of rheumatoarthrological diseases is preceded by the accumulation, as early as the first years of textile period, of structural changes of the bone tissue (under the wide effect of labour-production environment). Two types of macromorphological changes are indicated: the first are with a maximum of 3-5 years from the beginning of the textile occupation and correlate with certain changes in the regulatory-adaptive customs and the second are mainly hyperostotic--age accounted for and an expression of summed effect of articular wear out and chronic microtraumatism.


[Micromethod for studying lipid groups in the serum]. A microanalytical variant for the determination of lipids and lipid groups in serum is described, by the application of chromatographis technique and densitometric measurement of the separated zones. The variant scheme is as follows: lipid extraction, distribution of the extract for determination into total lipids, total cholesterine and chromatographic separation of the lipid mixture. Sulphonamic acid, embeded in the layer is used in the carbonization of the zones from the chromatogram. The conditions of carbonization and densitometry are indicated. The accuracy and reproducibility of the analytical determinations according to the scheme presented meet the requirements. The calculation of the results from the densitogram in the adopted mg per 100 ml is through the usage of test established correction factors. Seven lipid indices could be determined in 0.2 ml serum and manipulation time analysis for 10 samples is two hours. A special advantage of the method proposed is the possibility of accurately studying the dynamic of the lipid group in different morbid states or at experimental work. The method could be adopted, without principal changes for analysis of tissue lipids.


[Acute poisonings with Gramoxone (paraquat)]. The first two cases of acute intoxications with gramoxone (Paraquat) in P.R. of Bulgaria are described--a female of 34, in Toxicated by inhalation and male of 71, swallowed the poison per os. The author finds certain peculiarities in the disease course, differing from the literature data. No morbid changes developed in the lungs of the two patients, which, according to the foreign authors, were characteristic for that kind of intoxications. On the other hand--serious lesions of the upper-respiratory ducts and disturvance in their possibility were observed in the patient with the per os intoxication. The late development (6ty day) of morbid changes in the liver of the same patient are stressed upon, regardless the energetic preventive treatment with hepatoprotective remedies. The necessity of continuous follow-up of liver state and the respective treatment are also stressed.


A study of the effect of anabolic steroids on nitrogen balance. The study was designed to show if anabolic steroids can improve the protein states of sick Nigerian Children. 5 children in Hospital were used for the study. They did not have any surgical operations immediately preceeding the study. Each child acted as his own control. In two of the five children there was a statistically significant positive nitrogen balance. It was concluded that anabolic steroids may have a place in the management of protein depleted children in Nigeria. A larger number has to be studied to reach a definite conclusion.


Pharmacological and biochemical studies of puff adder venom. Bitis arietans venom made up of six protein fractions was found to be proteolytic, anticoagulant, plasmalytic and cardiotoxic. There were no spasmodic or hemolytic fractions. Protamine sulphate in vitro antagonized anticoagulant properties but did not protect mice from toxic envenomation; because venom was also neurotoxic and showed a curare like effect at the neuromuscular junction. Results were discussed in terms of pharmacology and biochemistry of African snake venoms.


The effect of tetrodotoxin on the 5-hydroxytryptamine induced responses of the guinea-pig isolated gastrointestinal preparations. Tetrodotoxin was used to investigate the site of action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on various longitudinal muscle preparations from the guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract. It was found that the contractile effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the oesophagus, the terminal ileum, the taenia caeci and the proximal colon was partly indirect through the activation of cholinergic fibres and partly direct on the smooth muscle. However on the stomach strip, the duodenum, the mid-intestine, the mid and terminal colons, the action is completely indirect through the stimulation of cholinergic nerves.


"Timolol in essential hypertension" a preliminary report. A study of a new beta-adrenergic blocking drug TIMOLOL (Blocadren) in the treatment of essential hypertension has been undertaken. Twelve hypertensive patients previously undiagnosed and untreated were studied. Results with a twice a day dose of the drug showed a satisfactory fall in systolic and diastolic pressures in all but one patient, who was withdrawn from the trial because of excessive bradycardia. Apart from bradycardia, no serious side effects were observed in the patients. Observation over longer period is advocated to determine the place of Timolol in our antihypertensive armamentorium.


Ultrastructural changes in the heart of rats treated with chloroquine. Effects of prolonged chloroquine administration on ultrastructure of the heart was studied in albino rats. Chloroquine when administered orally (30-40 mg/kg/day) or subcutaneously (20 mg/kg/day) for two to four weeks, produced marked degenerative changes in the mitochondria and myofibrils of the myocardium. The mitochondria were more susceptible to the toxic effect of chloroquine than were other cell organelles. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect of the drug appeared to be related to total dose. Chloroquine-induced abnormalities were reversible on terminating medication. These results indicate that prolonged chloroquine administration impairs ultrastructure of the myocardium.


Identification of an N-oxide as the major metabolite of the analgesic O-(diethylaminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzaldoxime hydrochloride in dogs. 1. After oral administration to dogs of the analgesic O-(diethylaminoethyl)-4-chloro[7-14C]benzaldoxime hydrochloride together with piperazine hydrochloride (2:1, w/w), at a dose of 4.5 mg/kg, the radioactivity was well absorbed and rapidly excreted. During 5 days, 81 percent of the dose (ca. 50 percent in 12 h) was excreted in urine and 10 percent in faeces. 2. Rates and routes of excretion of radioactivity were not altered in animals pre-treated with the drug for fourteen days. 3. Peak mean plasma concentrations of radioactivity (5.5 microgram equiv./ml) occurred at 90 min after an oral dose and were higher than those at 2 min following an equivalent intravenous (3.4 microgram equiv./ml) or rectal (4.0 microgram equiv./ml) dose which gave a max. at 45 min. 4. The drug was rapidly and extensively metabolized and no unchanged drug was detected in the plasma or urine. The major urinary metabolite was the N-oxide of the parent compound accounting for 34 percent and 23 percent dose excreted in the urine of males and females respectively during 12 h after administration.


Intestinal absorption of polymeric derivatives of the food dyes sunset yellow and tartrazine in rats. 1. Absorption and metabolism of 14C-labelled sunset yellow (FD & C Yellow No. 6), tartrazine (FD & C Yellow No. 5) and high molecular weight polymeric derivatives of the two azo dyes were compared in rats. 2. A trace to 1.5 percent of unchanged monomeric dyes was excreted in urine and bile during the first 24 h after dosing. No unchanged dye was absorbed after administration of the polymeric derivatives. 3. In animals dosed with sunset yellow and its polymer derivative, absorption of the azo-bound cleavage product 1-amino-2-naphthol-6-sulphonic acid was 8.5 and 6.9 percent, respectively, while absorption of the cleavage product sulphanilic acid was 37.4 and 0 percent, respectively. 4. In animals dosed with tartrazine and its polymer derivative, absorption of the cleavage product aminopyrazolone and its metabolites was 4.0 and 4.6 percent, respectively. 5. Azo bond cleavage did not appear to be decreased in the polymer derivatives. However, the sulphanilic acid moiety of both dyes remained attached to the polymer backbone, resulting in a 95 percent decrease in sulphanilic acid absorption with polymeric tartrazine. 6. Decreased absorption of unchanged dyes and certain metabolites with the stable, non-absorbed polymeric derivatives may be significant in developing non-sensitizing substitutes for these two commonly used food colourants.


Enhancement of pulmonary drug absorption in the rat by bromphenol blue and related dyes. 1. Pulmonary absorption studies in the rat showed that intratracheally administered 5-10 mM bromphenol blue, bromcresol green and bromthymol blue markedly increased the absorption rate of 0.1 mM phenol red. 2. Similarly, 1-10 mM bromphenol blue increased the absorption rate of 0.1 mP p-,minohippuric acid, tetraethylammonium and mannitol by 2- to 18-fold in a concentration-dependnet manner. 3. Mannitol absorption was enhanced more by bromthymol blue, sulphobromophthalein, bromcresol purple, thymol blue and bromcresol green than by bromphenol blue or m-cresol purple. Chlorphenol red and phenol red had no effect on mannitol absorption. 4. The results indicated that certain sulphonic acid dyes increase the permeability of the respiratory tract epithelium, perhaps by increasing its porosity.


Metabolic products of N-ethyl-beta-methoxy-beta-(3'-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethylamine (SKF 40652A). The metabolsim of N-ethyl-beta-methoxy-beta-(3'-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethylamine (SKF 40652A, I) in vitro with 9000 g supernatants and washed microsomes of rabbit liver gave N-dealkylation, and N-oxidation of the parent secondary amine and the derived primary amine, anti and syn beta-methoxy-beta-(3'-trifluoromethylphenyl)acetaldoximes (V), and the beta-methoxy-beta-(3'-trifluoromethylphenyl(ethyl alcohol (VI). The identification and the physicochemical properties of these compounds are reported.