Long-term effects of p-chloroamphetamine and related drugs on central serotonergic mechanisms. Earlier studies from our laboratory have demonstrated a marked reduction in the brain level of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and in the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase which persists for several weeks after a single dose of 10 mg/kg of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA). In the present study, equally long-lasting decreases were found after the administration of 5 mg/kg of PCA. p-Chloromethamphetamine also caused long-lasting reductions in the level of 5-HT and the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase in brain, whereas the effects of fenfluramine had disappeared 2 weeks after injection. The ability of brain synaptosomes to take up 5-HT was markedly reduced following doses of 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg of PCA. The in vitro addition of PCA to synaptosomal fractions markedly reduced the uptake of dopamine and norepinephrine; however, only a 30% reduction in the uptake of these amines was found in synaptosomes prepared from brains of rats treated with PCA. The effects on catecholamine uptake disappeared within 1 day after injection. In contrast, the time course of recovery of the synaptosomal uptake capacity for 5-HT followed a pattern similar to that found for the recovery of the level of 5-HT and the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase, with a 50% reduction still present 3 months after the injection of 10 mg/kg of PCA. The greatest reductions of 5-HT, tryptophan hydroxylase activity and synaptosomal uptake were found in the midbrain, hippocampus and striatum with less pronounced effects in the hypothalamus, medulla-pons and spinal cord. At both 1 and 14 days after injection of 5 and 7.5 mg/kg of PCA, tryptophan hydroxylase activity in whole brain was reduced by 50% or more; however, 4 days after treatment the activity of the enzyme was reduced only slightly or not at all. The results indicate that different independent mechanisms are responsible for the initial, reversible and the prolonged, irreversible effects of PCA on serotonergic neurons.


Comparative studies of substrates and inhibitors of choline transport and choline acetyltransferase. Analogs of choline and three hemicholinium derivatives were studied as substrates for choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) and as substrates or inhibitors of the high-affinity choline transport system in rat brain synaptosomes. Hemicholiniums-3 and -15, but not terphenylhemicholinium-3, were substrates of ChAc. All three inhibit the high-affinity choline transport system, with I50 values of 0.08, 8.0 and 0.08 muM, respectively. Simple choline analogs with substituents on the beta-carbon atom were found to be very poor substrates for ChAc. N-alkyl analogs, mono-, di- and triethyl choline and N-hydroxyethyl pyrrolidinium methiodide (pyrrolcholine), and DL-alpha-methyl choline are substrates for ChAc and also inhibit choline transport, with I50 values between 2 to 6 muM.[3-H] choline, [3-H] monoethycholine and [3-H] pyrrolcholine were transported into synaptosomes by the choline high affinity system and metabolized to acetyl derivatives. The results indicated that choline transport is the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of acetylcholine and provide the basis for the development of a group of cholinergic false transmitters.


Histamine-stimulated hydrogen ion secretion by in vitro piglet gastric mucosa. 1. A new preparation of gastric mucosa isolated from new-born piglets is described. The piglet gastric mucosa was easily separated from the serosal muscle layers by a "blistering" technique which appeared to cause minimal trauma to the tissue and which allowed extended study in vitro in a suitable chamber. Normal resting p.d. was approximately minus 30 mV (mucosal side negative with respect to serosal side), resistance about 100 omega. cm-2 and H+ secretion was absent or occurred at very low rates (0-1mu-equiv/cm-2. hr). 2. Maximally stimulating doses of histamine (1-6 times 10-5 M) caused H+ secretion to increase (up to 15 muequiv/cm-2. hr), p.d. to increase and resistance to decrease. A close correlation was observed between the increase in H+ secretion and decrease in transmucosal resistance. The threshold dose of histamine appeared to be 10-8 M; concentrations 10-4 M and higher reduced H+ secretion somewhat. 3. Pentagastrin ( 10-9-10-7 M) and acetylcholine (10-7-10-5 M) did not significantly stimulate the piglet gastric mucosa. Pentagastrin concentrations above 4 times 10-6 M reversibly inhibited H+ secretion of histamine-stimulated mucosa. High concentrations of acetylcholine (above 4 times 10-4 M) did not affect histamine-stimulated H+ secretion, but a significant reduction in p.d. was observed. 4. This investigation demonstrates the utility of the piglet gastric mucosa for in vitro studies of the mechanism H+ secretion and the action of secretagogues. From a consideration of such factors as the thinness of tissue and ease of preparation it is suggested that neonatal animals may represent a good source of in vitro mammalian gastric tissue.


Changes in non-electrolyte permeability of alveoli and the absorption of lung liquid at the start of breathing in the lamb. 1. Experiments were done on mature foetal lambs, 135-145 days in gestation, exteriorized at Caesarean section, and on new-born lambs aged 12-60 hr. In the foetal lambs, test substances were added to lung liquid and then spontaneous ventilation was induced or the lungs were statically inflated with gas or saline. In the new-born lambs, the left lung was ventilated in order to maintain respiratory gas-exchange, while foetal lung liquid, taken from previous experiments and containing test substances, was introduced into the right lung, which was then inflated with gas and used for permeability measurements. In both foetuses and new-borns, the gas used was O2 or N2O and, at 20 min intervals, ventilation or static inflation was interrupted, the gas in the lungs absorbed into the circulation and the remaining liquid sampled through the trachea. The following test substances were used in various combinations: [14C]-erythritol, [3H]sucrose, [14C]inulin, [131I]albumin, and the polymer [131I]-PVP. The last of these was separated, after the experiments, by gel filtration with Sephadex G200 or G50, into fractions of defined molecular radius. [131I]albumin, or a large molecule fraction of [131I]PVP, was used as a volume marker. 2. Spontaneous ventilation was associated with the absorption of liquid and with an alteration in the foetal pattern of non-electrolyte permeability that could be characterized by postulating an opening up of water-filled cylindrical pores to 34-56 A in radium. In the new-born lambs, the results suggested pores 7-14 A in radius. 3. Static inflation of the foetal lungs with gas, to pressures of 25-35 cmH2O, gave permeabilities appropriate for pores 5-5-12 A in radius. Static inflation with gas, to pressures of 41-49 cmH2O, produced changes appropriate for much larger channels, more than 125 A in radius and possibly much larger. With one exception, expansion with saline produced changes similar to those obtained by gas inflation to 25-35 cmH20. 4. It was concluded that in the initial stages of pulmonary ventilation a change takes place in alveolar epithelial cells. The increase in size would be sufficient to allow for rapid liquid absorption, but is not so great as to permit significant penetration by plasma albumin. The results obtained in the lung of the new-born lamb statically inflated to 25-32 cmH2O suggest that, following the initial adaptation, alveolar permeability returns towards the foetal pattern, although the pores remain larger than in the foetus. The change in permeability pattern at birth appears to depend on the degree of lung expansion with gas.


Monosynaptic connexions among Aplysia neurones examined by the intracellular application of tea. 1. Several assumptions underlying the use of intracellularly applied tetraethylammonium (TEA) for assessing monosynaptic connexions were evaluated in identified neurones of Aplysia. 2. In the R2 neurons, intrasomatic TEA application prolongs the duration of the intrasomatically recorded action potential. Subsequently, the action potential in the axon of R2, recorded extracellularly 4-7 mm from the soma, was also prolonged. 3. Intracellular application of TEA into the somata of the multi-action interneurone L10 enhances the duration of the L10 AP and results in larger and more prolonged post-synaptic potentials (p.s.p.s) recorded from neurones believed to be connected monosynaptically with L10. The action potential duration and wave form of p.s.p.s elicited by nerve stimulation in these same post-synaptic neurones were unaffected during the time L10-mediated p.s.p.s were potentiated. 4. Following TEA injection into L10 the p.s.p. recorded in neurone L7 changes wave form in a manner similar to that observed when L10 is tetanized. 5. It is concluded that TEA migrates from its intracellular site of application, does not leave the injected neurone in significant quantities, and alters the wave form of the p.s.p in only those neurones connected monosynaptically to the injected neurone.


Brown adipose tissue in the new-born calf (Bos taurus). 1. Electron microscopic examinations revealed that most of the adipose tissue of new-born calves had the cellular morphology of brown adipose tissue; only subcutaneous tissue had the cellular morphology of white adipose tissue. 2. The cellular morphology of the brown adipose tissue changed progressively to that of white adipose tissue as the age of the calves increased. 3. Infusion of noradrenaline (I.V.) at rates of 1 and 5 mug/kg.min into new-born calves exposed to a thermoneutral environment increased metabolic rate two- to threefold, and also increased rectal temperature and respiration rate. The responses declined as age of calf increased. 4. Approximately 2% of the body weight of new-born calves appears to be brown adipose tissue.


Transport and electrical phenomena in resting and secreting piglet gastric mucosa. 1. Gastric mucosae were isolated from piglets (0-5 days old) and mounted in a chamber where electrical properties and secretory function could be measured. Unlike many previously reported mammalian in vitro preparations, pig gastric mucosae were stable and physiologically responsive for many hours after isolation. 2. With similar Ringer solutions bathing both surfaces, the isolated piglet gastric mucosa maintained a p.d. with the mucosal surface 30-35 mV negative with respect to the serosal surface. Limitation of access of Na+ from the mucosal bathing solution to the tissue (e.g. replacement of Na+ on mucosal side with choline or treatment with 10- minus 5 M amiloride) produced a decrease in p.d. and increase in mucosal resistance consistent with an hypothesis of Na+ transport from mucosa to serosa. 3. Isotopic flux measurements (36Cl and 24Na) and net H+ secretory rate were performed during open and short-circuit conditions, while the tissue was at rest and after stimulation of HCl secretion by 6 times 10- minus 5 M histamine. Up to 90% of the respective short-circuit current for resting or secreting mucosae was accounted for as the algebraic sum of Cl minus, H+ or Na+ fluxes. 4. The net transport of Na+ which occurred from mucosa to serosa during rest (ca. 4-7 muequiv/cm2.hr) was somewhat reduced during HCl secretion (ca. 2-7 muequiv/cm2.hr). This active transport of Na+ was more resistant to anaerobiosis than was H+ or Cl minus transport. 5. An active transport component of Cl minus from serosa to mucosa was clearly demonstrable in the non-secreting preparations (ca. 3-9 muequiv/cm2.hr). Active Cl minus transport was stimulated three- to fourfold after H+ secretion was stimulated by histamine. Anaerobiosis promptly reduced Cl minus and H+ transport. An exchange diffusion component was demonstrated for Cl minus which appeared to be prominent during H+ secretory activity and was considerably diminished in resting mucosae. 6. Large changes in mucosal resistance were associated with conditions of rest, histamine stimulation and anaerobic conditions; mean values were 113, 74 and 197 omega.cm2, respectively. Electrical conductance of the isolated gastric mucosa was due primarily to partial ionic conductance of Cl minus (60-65%) and Na+ (10-15%). The partial conductance of H+ was extremely low. The observed increase in tissue conductance associated with H+ secretory activity and the changes in the long-time constant p.d. transient to a current pulse are discussed in terms of the relative contribution of the serosal and mucosal plasma membrane surfaces.


Regenerative hyperpolarization in rods.

Regenerative hyperpolarization in rods. 1. The electrical properties of the rods in Necturus maculosus were studied at the cell body and the outer segments in dark and light under current and voltage clamp with a pair of intracellular electrodes separated by about 1 mum. 2. The membrane resistance in the dark was voltage- and time-dependent both for the cell body and the outer segment. Slight depolarizations in the cell body reduced the slope resistance from 60 to 10 M omega with a time constant of about 1 sec. Polarization in either direction, at the outer segment, when greater than about 20 mV, reduced the slope resistance from 60 to 30 M omega. The dark potential in the cell body was typically -30 to -35 m V; at the outer segment it was typically only -10 to -15 mV. 3. The light-elicited voltage response in both the cell body and the outer segment was largest with the membrane near the dark potential level. In both regions, the response was reduced when the membrane was polarized in either direction. 4. Under voltage-clamp conditions, a reversal potential for the light response near + 10 mV was measured at the outer segment. At the cell body no reversal potential for the light response was measured; there the clamping current required during the light response was almost of the same magnitude at all potential levels. 5. When the membrane at the cell body was hyperpolarized in the dark under voltage clamp, a transient outward current, typically about one-half the magnitude of the initial inward clamping current was required to maintain the membrane at the clamped potential level. This outward current transient was associated with a decrease in membrane resistance with similar time course. The transient outward current reversed and became inward when the membrane was clamped to potentials more negative than -80 mV. Thus, the transient outward current appears to involve a transient activation initiated by hyperpolarization. I is regenerative in that it is initiated by hyperpolarization and tends to further hyperpolarize the membrane. 6. The reversal potential for the light response was measured at the outer segment but not at the cell body. The regenerative hyperpolarization was measured at the cell body but not at the outer segment. Thus, the outer segment and cell body appear to have different electrical properties: a light-elicited resistance increase at the outer segment causes a potential-dependent transient decrease at the inner rod. 7. An electrical model of the rod, based upon estimates of the membrane resistances and membrane e.m.f.s. in the dark, was derived from the data. This model predicts the appropriate response potentials at outer segment and cell body when perturbed by the measured light-elicited resistance increase at the outer segment. An estimate of membrane current in dark, of 0-2 mA, is also derived from the model.


A further test of the inverted-U hypothesis relating achievement anxiety and academic test performance. The assumption that the inverted-U hypothesis, which shows performance as a function of activation level, mediates the relationship between achievement anxiety and academic test performance was tested by comparing Achievement Anxiety Test scores of 75 male and female college students with a self-report measure of activation taken prior to a classroom examination. Results supported the predicted relationship between achievement anxiety reaction type and academic performance (rho less than .05), but only partially supported the inverted-U hypothesis posited to account for this relationship. Results were further interpreted as suggesting that examinees experience two general types of arousal in the testing situationōne type that enhances performance and one that impedes performance. Further implications of the results were discussed.


TAT need achievement and need affiliation in minimally brain-injured and normal children an their parents. The families of 16 minimally brain-injured children were compared in need for achievement and need for affiliation with 16 families of normal children. The families were matched on age, sex, and birth order of the children, and on education of the fathers. Needs were measured by means of TAT type cards for both parents and children. The data indicated that the minimally brain-injured children and their mothers were lower in achievement motivation than the normal children and their mothers (rho less than .05). Results on the fathers were in the same direction, but were not significant. In addition, parents of minimally brain-injured children seemed to have a different pattern of influence on their offspring than parents of normal children. The achievement needs of the mothers in the former group were positively related to their children's behavior (rho less than .05), and the achievement needs of the fathers in the latter group were negatively related to their children's behavior (rho less than .05). Finally, there were no differences or relationships found for affiliation motivation.


Habit lag: when "automatization" is dysfunctional. La Fave's habit lag construct, which specifies conditions under which previously automatized motor responses become disruptive of subsequent performance, was tested. Performance under stress was also examined as a possible factor in the occurrence of habit lag. Following a visual discrimination task, 48 women performed motor responses simultaneously: (a) repeating an invariant lever movement and (b) pushing one of two keys. The habit lag construct was supported, as Ss who had automatized responses produced more errors than nonautomatized Ss. Performance under stress, by calling attention to the risk of habit lag, reduced errors. Habit lag accounts for an intrusive type of error often found in motor performance where negative transfer fails to do so.


The effects of self-concept, trust, and imagined positive or negative self-disclosures on psychological space. This study focused on some of the determinants of schematic interactional distance based on an analysis of social learning processes. It was hypothesized that closer interpersonal constructions would be associated with a more positive rather than negative self-concept, a greater rather than lesser degree of trust, and a covert positive rather than negative self-disclosure to a significant other. One hundred fifty-nine male and female undergraduate students were administered the Tennessee Self Concept Scale and Jourard's Self-Disclosure Questionnaire. Of these Ss, 82 were also given either positive or negative covert self-disclosure conditions. Interactional distances consisted of "Self" placements in relation to several key social target representations. The results supported the hypothesis regarding the relationship between self-concept and psychological distance, but only for females. There was also a tendency for more trusting females to produce closer distances than less trusting females. These results, as well as the obtained significant sex differences in distancing responses and in renditions of vertical displacements, were discussed within the context of culturally determined sex role differences.


Azoospermia in bilharziasis and the presence of sperm antibodies. Sperm agglutinating, haemagglutinating and immobilizing antibodies were detected more frequently and in higher titres in the sera of azoospermic patients with urinogenital bilharziasis than in the sera of unaffected males. There is evidence that bilharziasis enhances the autoimmune response of the individual.


Plasma progesterone concentrations in prairie deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) from experimental laboratory populations. Body weights, ovary weights, plasma progesterone concentrations and ovarian histology were studied in females from asymptotic laboratory populations in which reproduction was inhibited and throughout the oestrous cycle of control nulliparous prairie deermice. Body and ovary weights of population animals were significantly lighter and plasma progesterone concentrations were not significantly different from those of the control females. The control females exhibited cyclic changes in plasma progesterone concentration that were related to the oestrous cycle. The mean plasma progesterone concentration for the nulliparous 'population' females was significantly above the pro-oestrous, and below the metoestrous values of 'control' females, but was not significantly different from values observed at oestrus or dioestrus. The ovaries of 'control' females had significantly larger numbers of follicles and corpora lutea than nulliparous 'population' females but the latter had significantly more atretic follicles.


Ovarian support of pregnancy in ageing inbred mice. The principal cause of reduced fertility in 10- to 12-month-old female CBA/H-T6 and CBA mice was found to be loss of embryos at the time of, or soon after, implantation. Treatment with exogenous progesterone, but not with oestradiol benzoate, increased the number of old females having implantation sites but did not increase either the average number of implantations/female or postimplantation survival to Day 10. When bovine prolactin or HCG was administered to pregnant old mice, the implantation rate was not increased. It was concluded that the function of the CL of pregnancy in old mice may have been impaired because the lutein cells were failing to respond adequately to the luteotrophic stimulus.


The effect of oestrogen and progesterone on the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in mouse uteri in vitro. The incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the uteri of immature mice in organ culture was assessed by autoradiography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Oestrogenand progesterone, alone or combined, stimulated an increase in the incorporation of tritiated thymidine, indicating that DNA synthesis is occurring in vitro. Progesterone alone stimulated incorporation of label into stromal and epithelial cells, but the combination of progesterone and oestrogen stimulated the labelling of epithelial cells more than of stromal cells.


Effect of a copper IUD on the incorporation of (3H)thymidine and (5-3H)uridine into the endometrium of the rabbit during early pregnancy. The influence of a copper IUD on the incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [5-3H]uridine into the endometrium of the rabbit was studied during early pregnancy. The effect of the copper device was compared with those of polyethylene and platinum IUDs. The comparison showed that the presence of a copper IUD resulted in a significantly lower incorporation of [3H]thymidine on the 3rd day of pregnancy and in a higher incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [5-3H]uridine on the 5th day of pregnancy. The increase in the total amount of DNA in the endometrium in early pregnancy was markedly reduced in the copper IUD-containing horn, and autoradiography showed that the labelling frequency of epithelial cells in the endometrium was significantly reduced. A possible effect of the copper IUD on the stromal cells is discussed. These effects of copper could be due either to an altered hormonal responsiveness of the endometrium in the presence of copper or to a 'direct' effect of copper on nucleic acid metabolism.


Inhibition of L-methionine uptake and incorporation by chlorpromazine in preimplantation mouse embryos. These studies indicate that chlorpromazine causes a rapid inhibition of the uptake and incorporation of L-[Me-3H]methionine in preimplantation mouse embryos in vitro. Concentrations of chlorpromazine from 10-5 M to 10-4 M inhibit L-[Me-3H]methionine uptake and incorporation in late four-cell embryos in 15 min. Concentrations of chlorpromazine from 2 times 10-5 M to 10-4 M inhibit uptake and incorporation in early blastocysts in 15 min to comparable degrees, suggesting that the effect of chlorpromazine on the early blastocyst is primarily on methionine transport, and not on protein synthesis. Lineweaver-Burk plots constructed from 15-min uptake values of methionine in the presence of various concentrations of chlorpromazine indicate that 5 times 10-5 M-chlorpromazine competitively inhibits methionine uptake in blastocysts, while 10-4 M-chlorpromazine non-competitively inhibits transport. Efflux experiments support the idea that chlorpromazine acts as an inhibitor of the active methionine influx processes, and not through acceleration of efflux. It is suggested that chlorpromazine may produce delayed implantation by directly affecting the preimplantation embryo, as well as through its known inhibitory effects on the hormonal functions of the maternal organism.


Fetal wastage as a consequence of Mycoplasma pulmonis infection in mice. The effect of Mycoplasma pulmonis, strain JB, on the outcome of pregnancy in TO mice was studied. The mice were infected intravenously before or after mating and the fetuses were examined at autopsy just before parturition. An increase in the number of abnormal pregnancies was noted in mice infected about 2 weeks before mating, and there was a significant increase in the number of fetuses which died mid-way through pregnancy. Mycoplasmas were not isolated from any of the fetuses although the organisms reached the joints of the pregnant mice and caused arthritis. It is possible, therefore, that maternal upset was a factor in these abnormal pregnancies. In mice infected at various times after mating, abnormal pregnancies were most frequently seen in those infected 9 days after mating. There was an increase in the number of both mid- and late-stage fetal deaths in these mice and also an increase in the number of late-stage fetal deaths in mice infected 5 days after mating. Mycoplasmas were isolated not only from most of the dead fetuses but also from living ones which suggests that in most instances death was probably due to maternal infection and disturbance rather than fetal infection per se. The possibility of modifying this mouse model by establishing a chronic genital tract infection is discussed as a means of investigating the role of mycoplasmas in human abortion.


The venous drainage of the accessory reproductive organs of the rat with special reference to prostatic metabolism. The venous drainage of the testis, epididymis, prostate and bladder was studied in live and recently dead rats. New evidence for a previously suggested direct venous connection between the epididymis and the prostate is presented, and a mechanism for blood flow from the deferential vein into the prostatic venous plexus under conditions of raised central venous pressure is described. The studies have also revealed discrepancies among previous reports which might be resolved by a simplified nomenclature.


Histochemical studies on three gonadotrophin-responsive enzymes in the infantile mouse ovary. The activities of alkaline phosphatase, NAD diaphorase and NADP diaphorase increased in infantile mouse ovaries in response to injected gonadotrophins. The distribution and activity of these enzymes were studied in detail in the ovaries of normal mice from 1 to 41 days after birth and in mice injected at various ages with FSH, LH and HCG. Granulosa cells contained NAD and NADP diaphorases. Thecal cells contained NADP diaphorase and alkaline phosphatase with NAD diaphorase first appearing in the thecae of larger follicles 11 days after birth. All three enzymes occurred in interstitial tissue, in the interfollicular stroma and in groups of gonadotrophin-responsive cells in the medulla. These medullary cells and the interstitial tissue were stimulated by exogenous LH and HCG but not by FSH. Granulosa, theca and interfollicular tissue were stimulated at some stage by each of the three injected hormones. The normal pattern of development is discussed in relation to the changing serum levels of endogenous gonadotrophin found in similar mice. It is concluded that the enzyme changes were closely and reciprocally related to endogenous hormone concentrations.


The split ejaculate of the boar: contributions of the epididymides and seminal vesicles. The epididymal and seminal vesicular contributions to split-ejaculate fractions from boars were analysed for sperm concentration, glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC), total-N, ethanol-soluble and insoluble N, citrate, zinc and haemagglutinin. The same components were also determined in epididymal plasma (EP), vesicular secretion (VS) and whole seminal plasma (SP). Isoelectric focusing of protein patterns was studied in the fractions. With the exception of haemagglutinin, the components were present to a major extent in either VS or EP and in lower concentrations in the other secretion. The parameters in VS or EP were positively correlated among themselves and negatively correlated with most of the parameters of the other fluid. The correlation coefficients were not significant in all cases for individual animals, but the degree of significance was greater for the over-all correlations. The EP components were mainly secreted in the first three or four fractions, but occasionally from fraction four onwards. Those of VS were emitted during the entire ejaculation, the maximum occurring in the sperm-rich fraction or the immediately succeeding fraction. The first fractions were devoid of VS components in only one case. The majority of the EP proteins could be identified electrophoretically in the sperm-rich fractions, but the protein patterns in the other fractions were similar to those of VS. The results are discussed and compared with previous findings.


Growth and development of infant M. arctoides fed a standardized diet. Infant Macaca arctoides were reared under standard conditions. Changes in body weight, body length, head circumference, hematologic status and serum proteins during the first year of life were defined in relation to the ad libitum consumption of a standardized milk diet, and compared to those derived from infant M. mulatta. Both sexes consumed a comparable volume of diet per kilogram body weight, but male M. arctoides infants were significantly larger than females in all body dimensions: this finding was not noted in infant M. mulatta. The body weight and head circumference of infant M. arctoides were greater and their body length was less than that of M. mulatta.


Infant mortality in Macaca mulatta: neonatal and post-neonatal mortality at the California Primate Research Center, 1968-1972. A retrospective study. Seven hundred forty-two Macaca mulatta births were recorded at the California Primate Research Center, 1968-1972. The neonatal mortality rate (deaths smaller than or equal to 30 days of age) was 10.8%, and the post-neonatal mortality rate (deaths at 31-183 days) was 6.9%. The neonatal mortality rate was higher in outdoor group cages than in indoor individual cages (24.8 vs. 8.0%). The post-neonatal mortality rate was also higher outdoors than indoors (15.9 vs. 5.9%). Outdoor mortality showed apparent seasonal variation, while indoor mortality did not.


Family studies on the simian-type blood groups of chimpanzees. Family studies were carried out the investigate the genetics of the chimpanzee simian type blood group systems V-A-B-D and C-E-F. In addition to providing new data, the studies confirm the validity of earlier results obtained by population genetics methodology for deducing genetic mechanisms in primate animals where family material cannot be obtained.


Olfactory neuroepithelioma in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). This is a report of an olfactory neuroepithelioma occurring in a male cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). It is not possible to state whether this tumor was spontaneous or related to the experimental procedures carried out in this animal.


Renal adenocarcinoma in an owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). A renal adenocarcinoma in the right kidney of a 5-year-old female owl monkey is reported.


A-B-O blood groups of two subspecies of chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) in South Africa. A study was made of the distribution of the A-B-O blood groups in two subspecies of baboons, Papio ursinus orientalis and P.u. occidentalis. The former had a significantly higher frequency of the A gene. Although there was no baboon of group O in either sample, the results for P.u. orientalis were consistent with the postulate that there was an amorphic O gene of low frequency as well as the genes A and B. For P.u. occidentalis the results suggested the presence of only two genes A and B.


Positive contrast peritoneography and herniography in primate animals. With special referENCE TO INDIRECT INQUINAL HERNIAS. In a number of primate animals contrast medium was injected intraperitoneally to diagnose hernias as well as evaluate the normal anatomical relationships. The technical considerations are discussed. Contrast herniography and peritoneography appear useful under certain clinical circumstances.


Fibrous plaques in the aortas of adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Lesions in the abdominal aorta were found in 36 of 40 mature female rhesus monkeys given various oral contraceptive steroids and in 8 of 10 monkeys of a non-treated control group. The lesions consisted of proliferation of subendothelial smooth muscle cells and collagen, often with fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina, forming a plaque. These occurred also, in order of descending frequency, in thoracic aorta, aortic arch, femoral and iliac arteries, and the carotid and pulmonary arteries. They appear statistically unrelated to steroid treatment and lack correlation with body weight and blood cholesterol levels.


Immunologic pregnancy test in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). In a rhesus monkey population, 90 matings were performed. Chorionic gonadotropin was extracted from the urine using a modified kaoline-acetone procedure. To diagnose pregnancy, a commercial human immunologic pregnancy test was used. The test method seems to give both a false positive and a false negative rate of zero percent.


Pathology of pulmonary acariasis in Baboons (Papio sp.). Pulmonary acariasis is one of the important and more frequently observed spontaneously occurring diseases in African baboons (Papio sp.). It has been found more frequently in baboons in their native habitat than in those in captivity. Prevalence also varies with the sites of captivity. Histopathologic changes occurring in the lungs due to infection with Pneumonyssus santos diasi and P. mossambicensis are described.


Macrophage-mediated destruction of human malignant cells in vivo. Macrophages require a plasma component, designated "recognition factor" (RF), for the expression of optimal function. The RF activity was profoundly depleted in plasma from patients with malignant disease, and the degree of depletion and the severity of the malignant state seemed to be related. Since experiments demonstrated that an active RF significantly inhibited tumor growth, clinical studies were initiated to investigate the influence of intratumor administration of an active RF fraction. Glucan, a potent macrophage activator, was also employed alone or combined with RF. These studies were undertaken to enhance the recognition of malignant cells by macrophages and to mobilize and activate macrophages intralesionally. The initial 9 patients studied had malignant melanoma, adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung, or carcinoma of the breast. Control and experimental lesions were injected; subsequently biopsies were performed at varying intervals for histologic evaluation. Always when glucan or glucan and RF fraction were administered intralesionally, the size of the lesion was strikingly reduced in as short a period as 5 days. This reduction was associated with necrosis of the tumor and a monocytic infiltrate. In small lesions, resolution was complete, whereas in large lesions, resolution was partial. The amount of glucan injected and the quantity of residual tumor appeared to be related. The induced necrosis of the tumor nodule was associated with an increase in plasma levels of circulating RF activity.


Coffee drinking and cancer of the lower urinary tract. The relationship between coffee drinking and cancer of the lower urinary tract (LUT) was investigated by a case-control study of white women identified from hospitals in urban areas of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Data on coffee drinking, tea drinking, use of coffee additives, and cigarette smoking were obtained by mail questionnaire. Information was available for 135 women with LUT cancer and 390 controls. For women who usually drank 1+ cups of coffee per day, the risk ratio of having LUT cancer was 2.1 (95 percent confidence limits, 1.1-4.3), compared to a risk of 1 for women who drank less or not at all. However, no dose-response relationship was demonstrated between LUT cancer and usual daily coffee consumption or "cup-years" of coffee drinking. The association of coffee with disease was no different, whether decaffeinated, nondecaffeinated, regular, or instant coffee had been drunk, or whether the coffee was brewed strong or weak. Use of nondairy creamers, saccharin, or cyclamates was not associated with increased risk of disease. The risk of LUT cancer for cigarette smokers relative to nonsmokers was 1.6 (1.0-2.4). The attendant dose-response relationship was statistically significant. The absence of a dose-response relationship between coffee drinking and LUT cancer suggested that the association observed was noncasual.


Transplantable metastasizing prostate adenocarcinomas in rats. Three spontaneous prostate adenocarcinomas from aged, randombred, germfree Lobund Wistar rats were transplanted, without change, through several series of conventional Lobund Wistar rats. One tumor type differed histologically from the other two tumor types. Rats with subcutaneously transplanted tumors developed metastatic tumors in the lymph nodes and lungs. No microbial agent was detected in the tumor cells.


Djungarian hamster-a suitable tool for cancer research and cytogenetic studies. The Djungarian hamster, bred under usual laboratory conditions, developed different spontaneous neoplasms, most often mammary and skin cancers. Some mammary tumors were serially transplanted to noninbred animals. This hamster was susceptible to some chemical carcinogens and oncogenic viruses but resistant to others. It had comparatively few chromosomes (2n equal to 28), most of which could be recognized even in conventionally stained preparations. The chromosome-breaking effect of gamma-rays, chemical carcinogens, and viruses was studied with primary cultures of cells. Several transformed cell lines were developed. Karyotype abnormalities were generally not seen in primary and induced neoplasms. This hamster is a new suitable tool for cancer research and cytogenetic studies.


Fine structure of dividing cells and of nondividing, differentiating cells of nickel sulfide-induced rhabdomyosarcomas. Cells of nickel sulfide-induced rhabdomyosarcomas were studied with the electron microscope. Cells in the proliferative compartment were mononucleate and exhibited neither myofilaments nor other features of normal muscle cell differentiation. Cells in the nonproliferative compartment had myofilaments and differentiated similarly to the normal fetal and early postnatal muscle cells. The tumor cells did not differentiate beyond the initial stage of formation of triads and of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Transitional forms between undifferentiated and differentiated tumor cells were observed. Only a fraction of the progeny of the dividing cells seemed to differentiate; the remaining fraction did not and remained in the proliferative cell compartment as stem cells. The ratio between these cells and the descendants of the dividing cells that, by differentiation, became part of the nonproliferative cell compartment was a factor in the growth of the rhabdomyosarcomas. The pattern of fetal differentiation of the rhabdomyosarcomas was analogous to that of diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatomas studied previously in this laboratory.


Immunotherapy of lethal metastases by lymphocytes sensitized against tumor cells in vitro. To learn whether tumor metastases can be prevented by the immune system, we developed a model for the treatment of mice with syngeneic lymphocytes sensitized against tumor cells in vitro. Mice were given subcutaneously tumor cells that spontaneously metastasized to the lungs. The tumors developing locally were surgically removed and the mice were inoculated with sensitized lymphocytes 1 day later. Prevention of death by lung metastases was the measure of immunotherapy. Only approximately equal to 30-40 percent of mice receiving control treatment survived, whereas approximately equal to 70 percent survived that received lymphocytes sensitized in vitro against the tumor cells. Hence sensitization of syngeneic lymphocytes against tumor cells in vitro and injection of the lymphocytes into the host after removal of a local tumor prevented the development of lethal metastases.


Induction of carcinoma of the large intestine in guinea pigs by intratectal instillation of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Intrarectal administration of 0.5 ml of a 0.25 percent solution of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea twice seekly for 42 weeks to female inbred strain-2 guinea pigs induced large-bowel adenocarcinomas in 9 of 10 animals in 38-56 weeks. Controls did not show cancer. The lesions were infiltrative or constrictive, which distinguished them from chemically induced large-bowel cancers of rats and mice.


Marital and reproductive experience in a community-wide epidemiological study of breast cancer. The relationship of marital and reproductive experience to human breast cancer was studied using data collected during 1956-1962 by the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute in Buffalo, New York. Information of epidemiological interest was obtained from all women with cancers of the reporductive organs in Buffalo, New York, and the adjoining township of Kenmore. For comparison, a probability sample of the same population was selected. During 1965-1967, an International Collaborative Study with similar objectives found a striking positive relationship between age at first birth and breast cancer risk. This finding can be interpreted as either indicating that an event associated with first birth at an early age protects against the development of breast cancer or that the hormonal status of a women both produces a delay in a woman becoming pregnant and increases the risk of developing breast cancer. The analysis of marital and reproductive histories in the Buffalo population study confirms previous reports of an increasing risk of breast cancer with increasing age at first birth. Attempts to distinguish the two interpretations mentioned by analyzing the interval between first marriage and time of birth in addition to age at first birth were not conclusive. This necessitated a similar analysis of data available in a larger series of 1164 breast cancer patients and 1200 non-neoplastic controls hospitalized at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute during 1957-1965. The results do not show an influence of interval between first marriage and first birth but do show an increased risk of breast cancer with increasing age at first birth. The results are thus consistent with a protective effect of an earyl age at first birth. These findings also have a bearing on recent suggestions that ovulatory failure predisposes to development of breast cancer.


Acute codeine overdose:  correspondence between clinical course and codeine metabolism. A patient presented with clinical features of drug overdose.  Although heroin was suspected, codeine was identified by drug analysis.  The clinical course was complicated by shock, respiratory arrest and laboratory evidence of acute hepatic insufficiency.  An inital slow rate of codeine metaboism, possibly related to the hepatic damage, corresponded to prolonged respiratory depression.


[Characteristics of the clinical course of post-infarct cardiac insufficiency]. Subsequent to an examination of 133 patients, made several years after transmural myocardial infarction sustained by them, features specific for the clinical course of post-infarction cardiac insufficiency are analyzed. The examination included studies of the hemodynamics, veloergometry, measurements of the end diastolic pressure in the left ventricle, ventriculography and selective coronaroangiography. A considerable proportion of patients with extensive infarction in their history were found to suffer from chronic left ventricle incompetence with recurrent attacks of cardiac asthma. In the development of congestive cardiac insufficiency along the larger circulation an important role plays a sharply diminished contractility of the left ventricle due to the presence of extensive areas of akinesia and, in individual cases, also because of mitralism of the heart.


[Phase structure of cardiac activity and the function of renal vessels in nephrogenic hypertension]. A total of 25 patients with renal affections, in whom an elevated arterial pressure had been ascertained clinically, were examined for the phasic structure of the cardiac action and for the functional state of the renal vessels by employing rheography. Of these patients 8 had urolithiasis, 6-tuberculosis, 7-polycystosis and 4-renal tumours. Their systolic pressure averaged 160-220 mm and diastolic-80-110 mm. In patients with nephrogenic hypertension the tone of systemic vessels and the peripheral resistance are shown to go up. The changes are accompanied by a phasic syndrome of a high diastolic pressure. A complex investigation into the phasic structure of the cardiac activity and the functional condition of the renal vessels by employing rheography makes it possible to disclose the sequential lesion of the vessels in patients suffering from nephrogenic hypertension.


[Effect of heparin on certain indicators of oxidating and energetic processes in experimental endomyocarditis]. The influence of therapeutic dosage of heparin on the content of underoxidized substanses of blood, quantity of ATP, ADP, AMP, creatininphosphate, CPK, and lactatedehydrogenase activity of the heart, liver and kidney tissues was studied in 55 rabbits during horse serum and complex antigen sensitization. Changes in oxidizing and energy processes in experimental endomyocarditis were more prominent in these organs tissues than in blood. Heparin administration increased lactate acid in blood and lactatedehydrogenase activity in the cardiac tissue. Heparin also normalized the increased pyruvic acid level in blood and preserved higher ATP content in tissues. Adenyl system components were balanced in heparinized animals. Heparin influence on oxydizing and energy processes depended upon the basic status of the organism.


[Changes in the protein and energy metabolism and their correction in patients with circulatory insufficiency]. Chronic hypoxia arising in cases of circulatory insufficiency brings on changes in all kinds of metabolism, including that of energy and protein. Patients suffering from circulatory insufficiency should be treated with due regard for metabolic shifts occurring in cases of cardiac incompetence. A total of 180 patients with circulatory insufficiency of the I-IIIstage were examined by employing up-to-date methods in studying the state of the energy, carbohydrate, protein, amino acids metabolism and the hepatic function. The patients underwent medication with drugs influencing the metabolic processes and with combinations of such drugs and the clinical effect of such a type of the treatment is assessed.


[Pathogenesis of cachexia in cardiac insufficiency]. In 81 patients with circulatory insufficiency of the IIB-III stage some in dices of the lipids and protein metabolism along with the blood sugar level were studied. Changes in the lipids metabolism values are more pronounced in patients with mitral defects than in those with atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis. The authors attach definite importance to these derangements in the pathogenesis of cardiac cachexia secondary to the developing circulatory insufficiency.


[Content and distribution of water and potassium in the body of patients with chronic circulatory insufficiency]. The total water content (after antipyrine and tritium oxide), that of extracellular water (after sodium thiosulphate) and of overall metabolic potassium (with reference to K42) were studied concurrently in 34 patients with chronic circulatory insufficiency. Twenty normal subjects served as controls. In the sick the disturbances of the water metabolism made themselves felt not only in the accumulation of surplus water in the body, but also in its re-distribution. In the presence of marked edemas the total water level rises both at the expense of extra- and intracellular water. With the normal level of total water the extracellular water fraction is up and the intracellular one is down. An early and consistent sign of circulatory insufficiency is a drop in the amount of overall metabolic potassium in the body. The potassium deficit increases parallel with progressing circulatory insufficiency, being contingent not only upon the reduction of the cellular mass, but also on the lower intracellular concentration of potassium. The concentration of potassium in the plasma does not reflect the overall content of it in the body.


[Antidiuretic hormone content in the blood plasma of patients with chronic circulatory insufficiency]. The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) content in the blood plasma in comparison with its osmosis, the mass of circulating blood and the Na/K ratio in the urine was studied in 59 patients with rheumatic heart disease, atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis and chronic nonspecific affections of the lungs with and without circulatory insufficiency. The blood plasma ADH level is shown to increase significantly only with circulatory insufficiency of the IIB-III stage, whereas the plasma osmosis first has a tendency to rise and then gradually declines. This may suggest a deranged regulation of the ADH secretion with a higher osmosis of the plasma. No clear-cut parallelism between changes in the ADH level, the mass of circulating blood and plasma, the Na/K ratio in the urine and diurnal urinary output could be noted.


[Liver biopsy and blood serum enzyme content in patients with rheumatic heart disease with circulatory insufficiency]. Puncture biopsy of the liver and a comparison of the blood serum enzymes-lactate-dehydrogenase and fructose-1-phosphate-aldolase-with the nature of histomorphological alterations were effected in 18 patients with rheumatic heart diseases, circulatory insufficiency of the II-III degree and rheumatism in the I-II stage of activity. Morphological changes in the liver were not specific, being characterized largely by congestive manifestations and deranged intrahepatic circulation. With a declining level of glycogen and nucleoproteins in the hepatocytes the blood serum of such patients showed an increased content of fructose-1-phosphate-aldolase and lactate-dehydrogenase. Histomorphological analysis of the puncture material facilitate the evaluation of the nature of intravital changes in the liver of patients with different degrees of circulatory insufficiency.


[Effect of large doses of nicotinic acid on certain metabolic processes and contractile function of an intact heart]. Peroral administration of nicotinic acid to rabbits in amounts of 500 mg, twice a day for 7 days was attended by a reduced contractility of the myocardium, an increased content of catecholamines in the heart and deranged lipids metabolism in the heart muscle. It is assumed that the contractility of the heart is largely determined by the state of the lipids metabolism and their utilization in the generation of energy.


[Diuretics as factors regulating electrolyte transport through the wall of the kidney tubule]. The effects of furosemide, hydrochlorthiazide, triamteren and mannitol on the intratubular potential, electric resistance of the wall of the proximal and distal renal tubule and also changes in the magnitude of the short-circuited current that give an idea as to the tubular transport of sodium in the proximal section of nephron were explored electrophysiologically on a renal nephron of the rat. Furosemide and hydrochlorthiazide depressed the magnitude of the short-circuited current in the proximal end of nephron and raised the transtubular potential. Hydrochlorthiazide also tended to increase the electric resistance of the renal tubule wall. Triamteren forced down the potential in the proximal end of nephron, as well as the magnitude of the short-circuited current, but did not change the tubular wall resistance. Mannitol drastically reduced the tubular wall resistance and the intratubular potential, without affecting the short-circuited current. A classification of diuretics by the mode of their action on the electric parameters of the nephron is given.


[Electrical activity of the myocardium and hemodynamics in patients with myocardial infarct]. A total of 53 patients with myocardial infarction were examined on the 1st, 21st and 45th day of the disease. The electric activity of the myocardium was studied by the method of spatial quantitative vectorocardiography. An investigation into the basic hemodynamic indices was made by employing the dilution method (Evans blue) A correlation-statistical model was constructed to elicit the relationship between vectorocardiographic changes and hemodynamic indices. It was found that in cases of myocardial infarction with and without symptoms of circulatory insufficiency there exists between the electric activity of the ventricular myocardium and cardiac ejection a differently marked interrelation on the ground of which one can form a certain judgement as to the functional condition of the intact segments of the left and the myocardium of the right ventricle.


[Changes of the volume of body fluids in cardiac insufficiency of patients with congenital heart defects]. Results consequent upon investigations into variations of the water metabolism, central and intracardiac hemodynamics and myocardial contractility in 42 patients with congenital heart defects are reported. It is established that an increase in the content of total water in the body and of the intracellular liquid may be considered to be a significant sign pointing to circulatory insufficiency, even in the absence of any clinical manifestations of this condition.


["Spontaneous" dynamics of mental condition of patients with myocardial infarct according to MMPI data]. Dynamics of psychic status of patients with myocardial infarction was analysed on the basis of MMPI data on 587 investigations and clinical observations of 250 patients. There were observed acute stress reactions of first weeks of the disease, "joy of recovering" at the end of the 1st month of the disease; the period of some worsening of psychical status 3-11 months after the onset of myocardial infarction reflecting the difficulties of adaptation, the period of further psychical stabilization as a final stage of psychological readaptation. Comparing MMPI data of normal and pathological psychical reactions in patients with myocardial infarction the author has distinguished some differential diagnostic signs.


[Veloergometric indicators in patients with acute myocardial infarct during the period of their activation]. Veloergometry was practised in 35 patients with acute myocardial infarction at the time of their activiation (mainly on the 45-50th day of the disease or 7-8 days after they have been put on the feet). The investigation was aimed at detecting some signs of coronary insufficiency and cardiac incompetence, as well as of the limit of physical activity of such patients at the time of stimulated physical performance. The patients under examination demonstrated a significantly reduced amount of the work performed, which averaged 327 kgm. Among the patients complaints that led to discontinuance of the exercises were general fatigue and that of the feet in particular, dyspnoea and sensation of air deficiency, anginal attacks and deranged cardiac rhythm. In 28 cases changes in the terminal part of the ventricular ECG complex were recorded. The T-V1 greater than T-V6 syndrome was also analyzed before and after veloergometry. Of interest are the ECG changes in 2 groups of the patients, viz. the 1st without any ECG indications of transmural infarction and the 2nd one presenting such signs. Changes in the terminal part of the ventricular complex recorded in patients of the 2nd group, combined with dyspnoea, asphyxia and marked tachycardia during veloergometry suggest the presence in them not only of the coronary, but also of the left ventricular insufficiency.


[Diurnal fluctuations of blood lipids and sugar level in healthy persons and in patients with ischemic heart diseases]. Diurnal fluctuations in the level of cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, NEFA and sugar in the blood of practically healthy subjects and in patients with ischemic heart disease, attended by hyperlipoproteinemia of the II and IV types, were studied. Investigations were made at 9 a.m., 3 and 9 p.m. The variations of the lipid fractions and sugar in the blood of practically healthy individuals and of patients with hyperlipoproteinemia showed no essential differences. There were minimal diurnal changes in the cholesterol level, a tendency towards an increase in the level of phospholipids, a statistically significant rise in the content of triglycerides and sugar in the blood and large fluctuations in the level of the NEFA, both upwards and downwards. In patients with hyperlipoproteinemia of the II type variations in the blood cholesterol and phospholipids levels occurring in the course of the day proved to be of the same nature as in the case of normal lipoproteinemia, with no diurnal rise of the sugar level, while the NEFA content showed a distinct upward tendency. In patients it was only the blood cholesterol and triglycerides level that remained at a statistically significant higher level throughout the day.


[Activity of certain blood enzymes in patients with myocardial infarct complicated by shock]. The activity of glutamino-oxaloacetic transaminase was studied in 85 and that of creatinophosphokinase, total lactate-dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in 58 patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction complicated by a shock. The maximal transaminase activity in patients with myocardial infarction attended by a shock was on the average greater than in similar patients without any shock. In patients with myocardial infarction attended by a shock who presented, at the same time, congestive manifestations in the systemic ciruclation demonstrated a higher transaminase activity and its normalization at a later date than this was in the case of patients with a shock, but without congestion in the systemic circulation. In patients suffering from myocardial infarction with a shock the activity of creatinophosphokinase and total lactate-dehydrogenase averaged higher than in those without shock. In the blood serum of such patients the proportions of the lactate-dehydrogenase isoenzymes were found to undergo substantial changes, which consisted in an increased activity of the LDH1 and LDH5 fractions. The main factor responsible for a considerable rise in the activity of the blood serum transaminase, creatinophosphokinase, total lactate-dehydrogenase and the LDH1 fraction occurring in patients with myocardial infarction attended by a shock is the great extent of the necrotic focus in the myocardium.


[Alveolar ventilation and oxygen diffusion in the lungs of patients with mitral valve defects]. Evidence has been obtained that in patients with mitral defects of the heart and circulatory insufficiency at rest there is observed total and alveolar hyperventilation accompanied by a falling efficiency of the alveolar ventilation. In patients with mitral stenosis there is noted a progressive deterioration of the oxygen diffusion in the lungs, which depends upon the stage of the circulatory insufficiency. In patients where incompetence of the mitral valve prevails the diffusion disorders become manifest only in cases of a sharply pronounced circulatory insufficiency.


[Changes of certain immunological indicators in patients in the early periods after operations performed under condition of artificial circulation]. In 43 patients with acquired and congenital cardiac defects and in 4 others with ischemic heart disease some indices of immunological reactivity were studied before and after operations performed under extracorporeal circulation. In patients with cardiac defects and ischemic heart disease, in whom circulatory disorders were being observed for a long time and the cellular and humoral factors of the immunological reactivity of the organism were at a low level, a reduced capability of the segmentonuclear neutrophils in the peripheral blood to undergo phagocytos is along with the bactericidal properties of the serum and skin were demonstrable. With the post-operative period not complicated by an infection the normalization of these indices occur in a week's time. A moderately increased phagocytosis or, conversely, the lack of any tendency towards normalization during the 1st post-operative week is an unfavourable sign and, as a rule, is indicative of a developing infection-induced complication.


Metabolism of blood glucose by the intact functioning kidney of the dog. The CO2 produced in the metabolism of blood glucose by the kidney has been measured by the i.v. infusion 14C-UL-D-glucose as a tracer. A small fraction of circulating 14C-glucose is converted to labeled lactate in extrarenal tissues, returned to, extracted by and metabolized to CO2 in the kidney. Correcting the apparent 14CO2 produced in the kidney from glucose for the 14CO2 produced from lactate yields that produced directly from glucose. Differences in production of CO2 from glucose in chronic metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are small and probably are not significant. If so, somewhat less than one-quarter of the total metabolism of the intact functioning kidney is supported by blood glucose. These measurements have been made at normal endogenous blood concentrations of glucose.


Ultrastructure of a specialized neck region in the rabbit nephron. The transition between the glomerulus and the proximal tubule was studied by light and electron microscopy in perfusion-fixed rabbit kidneys. In most nephrons a transitional segment of tubule occurred between the Bowman's capsule and the proximal tubule proper. This initial part of the tubule was lined by flattened cells and formed a cytologically distinct neck segment. The nephron population was heterogeneous with respect to the length of this neck segment regardless of the level of the cortex. The neck cells contained an abundance of thin filaments often oriented at right angles to the long axis of the tubule and comparable in thickness to actin filaments. The presence of actin-like filaments suggests that neck cells may effect changes in the diameter of the neck segment and, thus, influence single nephron glomerular filtration rate.


Indomethacin enhancement of glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Seventy-three rabbits (2 to 3 kg in weight) were studied during a control period and after receiving 50% glycerol (G) or mercuric chloride (M) with or without indomethacin (I) (controls received the diluent used for I). Plasma creatinine, plasma renin activity, blood pressure, sodium and potassium concentrations, hematocrit value, urinary output, body wt and histologic appearance of the kidney were determined. I enhanced the incidence and severity of the acute renal failure produced by G but failed to aggravate that produced by M. Because the dose of I used in this study blocked the synthesis of renal prostaglandins in the rabbit, we suggest that renal prostaglandins protect against the development of G-induced acute renal failure (a circulatory type of renal failure) in this animal model. Furthermore, the failure of I to aggravate M-induced acute renal failure indicates that it is unlikely that I aggravates G-induced acute renal failure by a direct nephrotoxic effect. No evidence was found for other possible side actions of I being responsible for the observed aggravation.


[Effect of hemodialysis on plasma aldosterone in anephric patients (author's transl)]. Plasma aldosterone, plasma cortisol and the serum concentrations of sodium and potassium were determined in 5 anephric patients before and at short time intervals up to 180 minutes after hemodialysis. Plasma aldosterone increased in 4 of 5 patients during hemodialysis while in all patients plasma cortisol, sodium and potassium decreased. Only one patient showed a fall in aldosterone during hemodialysis. After hemodialysis plasma aldosterone gradually decreased over a period of 3 hours in 3 of 5 patients, whereas the remaining two patients showed typical secretory episodes of aldosterone. In each patient serum potassium rapidly increased while serum sodium showed only minor variations. Plasma cortisol followed the normal circadian rhythm. We suggest that a still unkown factor had caused the observed increases in plasma aldosterone during hemodialysis. There are reasons to believe that over the period observed after hemodialysis the intracellular potassium concentration and not serum potassium levels has influenced adrenal aldosterone release. This would explain the paradoxical decrease in plasma aldosterone in 3 of the 5 patients while serum potassium increased.


[Spontaneous lymphocyte transformation in chronic renal insufficiency (author's transl)]. 3H-thymidine uptake of lymphocytes cultured from patients with regular dialysis treatment was determined at the time of maximal transformation, which was ascertained in previous investigations to be 5 days after the beginning of incubation. Spontaneous DNS synthesis was found to be significantly depressed: 1137 plus or minus 1122 c.p.m./culture; controls: 9783 plus or minus 7499 c.p.m./culture, whereas LDH activity in the supernatant culture medium measured as a parameter of continuous cell destruction showed no alteration. After stimulation with 400 mug PHA DNS synthesis in 7 patients was also decreased, but elevated  in 5 patients with previous infections. After incubation with added serum from 11 chronic uremic patients, spontaneous lymphocyte transformation in cultures sampled from 2 healthy subjects was also found to be depressed with positive correlation to the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the corresponding blood. The significantly increased LDH activity values in the medium as the consequence of impaired cll viability showed also positive correlation with 3-H-thymidine uptake levels; therefore depressed DNS synthesis cannot be due alone to accelerated cell destruction. In analogy to the erythrocytes, two stimultaneous effects of uremic toxins in serum are assumed to be exerted on the lymphocytes: metabolic inhibition of DNS synthesis and impaired cell viability.


[Atrial standstill (author's transl)].

[Atrial standstill (author's transl)]. A patient with a persistent form of atrial standstill is presented. The rarity of this arrhythmia is emphasized and the possible mechanisms involved and the diagnostic criteria are discussed.


[Serum iron in hemolytic anemia (author's transl)]. Serum iron, hemoglobin, and reticulocytes were determined in 134 patients with hemolytic anemia (hereditary spherocytosis, pyruvate kinase- or glucose-phosphate isomerase deficiency, hemolytic anemia due to warm auto antibodies, cold agglutinin disease, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglubinuria, hemolytic uremic syndrome). No correlation was found between iron concentration and degree of hemolysis. Only a few patients show a marked increase of serum iron.


[Serum lipoproteids and ketone bodies after constant infusion of sorbitol i.v. (author's transl)]. 20 patients of a metabolic ward received a six-hour infusion of sorbitol at a dosis of 0.125 g/kg/h(n equal to 10) and 0.25 g/kg/h(n equal to 10) body weight. Cholesterol levels showed a significant fall in both groups (p smaller than 0.05) and triglycerides rose significantly (p smaller than 0.05). The concentrations of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate were lowered irrespective of the dosis. The cholesterol-reducing effect can be explained by the antiketogenic action, whereas the increase in triglycerides possibly could be the result of raised alpha-glycerophosphate.


[Ammonia, glutamine and glutamic acid content of rat tissues during and after hyperoxia]. The content of ammonia, glutamine, glutamic acid was measured in the brain, liver, heart, spleen, kidneys, skeletal muscles and blood rats exposed to a 4 atm oxygen atmosphere and during aftereffects. The  hyperoxic atmosphere resulted in an increase of ammonia and glutamic acid and in a decrease of glutamine in the tissues. The return to the norm of the compounds occurred slowly and nonuniformly, lasting for 40 to 60 posthyperoxic days.


[Respiratory function and gravitation].

[Respiratory function and gravitation]. Changes in the respiratory function following alteration in the spatial position of the body can be considered as a specific manifestation of the general mechanism of the antigravity function of the organism. These changes are to make up for the primary mechanical effects of gravity and to meet elevated energy requirements of the body when standing. The mechanism of increased respiration acting via the somatic component of the antigravity function of the body is of great importance.


[Medical studies during flights of "Soiuz-12", "Soiuz-13", "Soiuz-14" space ships and "Saliut-3" orbital station]. Medical results obtained during missions of the Soyuz-12, Soyuz-13, Soyuz-14 spacecraft and the Salyut-3 orbital station are presented. The subjective feelings of the crewmembers (blood rush to the head, chest congestion, vegetative disturbances, etc), data of the inflight medical control and medical experiments as well as countermeasures used are described in detail. Results of postflight medical examinations at rest and using functional tests are also summarized. It is concluded that no abnormalities in the vital physiological functions of the crews developed inflight. The symptoms typical of the acute period of adaptation to weightlessness disappeared completely after the first flight days.


[Radiation safety in flights of high-altitude aircraft]. The major sources of radiation hazard for flights of supersonic high altitude aircraft--galactic and solar radiation--are described. Estimates of an equivalent dose rate at different distances from these sources are given. The estimates are compared with the radiation dosages allowed for the average population and special personnel. It is concluded that specific measures are needed to provide radiation safety of the crews and passengers aboard supersonic aircraft.


[Energy metabolism in the central nervous system during the combined action of vibration and radiation]. Vibrations (70 Hz, 0.4 mm) have been shown to bring about cyclic changes in the function of the respiratory chain of the brain tissue. A short-term (5 min) excitation may stimulate the respiratory function, whereas a longer (15 min) exposure may weaken the energy control. Oxidative processes in the central nervous system and postvibration inhibition of higher cerebral compartments have been found to determine the development of radiation sickness in response to a combined effect of vibration and radiation.


Lupus Nephritis. Correlations between the clinical course and presence of electron-dense deposits. Twenty renal biopsies from 13 patients with systemic lupus erythrematosus were examined in detail to assess the amount and distribution of electron-dense deposits. Results were correlated with clinical and histologic findings. Mesangial deposits were present when there were deposits in other areas. Subepithelial deposits were not associated with severe renal disease and tended to persist unchanged with time. Subendothelial deposits were not invariably associated with severe renal disease, but, when severe disease existed, large subendothelial deposits were found. These deposits disappeared with treatment and clinical improvement.


[Activation of external respiration and level of alveolar PCO2 in pilots in flight]. The paper discusses the emergence of spontaneous hypocapnia in real aircraft flights. The flying personnel were taken under study. The hypocapnic state was diagnosed on the basis of the CO2 concentration in the alveolar air measured by a special device. In flight the CO2 concentration in the alveolar  air decreased insignificantly (by 5 min Hg on the average). In emergency situations the external respiration was activated to a greater extent. It is suggested that the alveolar Pco2 level is indicative of the emotional stress.


Disseminated intravascular coagulation induced by liquoid in the rat. I. Correlation of hematologic and complement abnormalities with renal lesions studied by light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Under the proper experimental conditions, disseminated intravascular coagulation,"an intermediary mechanism of disease," results in the classic endotoxin-induced generalized Shwartzman reaction. Other substances, such as liquoid, a highly negatively charged anticoagulant, trigger a generalized Shwartzman reaction-like phenomenon in rabbits. We studied the effects of a single high intravenous dose of liquoid (12.5 mg.) upon the rat's coagulation and complement systems and their correlation with the kidney morphology by light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Thrombin time was prolonged; fibrinogen, plasminogen, and factors VIII and XII concentrations were markedly decreased, whereas fibrin degradation products were increased in the experimental animals when compared with the saline-injected controls (p greater than 0.001). Total hemolytic complement, hemolytic activity of terminal components (C3 to C9), and C3 protein concentration were significantly reduced (p greater than 0.001). The liquoid-injected rats developed cortical necrosis and manifested oliguria and anuria, with elevated blood urea nitrogen levels, when survival was longer than 3 hours. Histologically, thrombi of fibrin-like material filled the glomerular capillaries. Deposits of fibrin, and also of immunoglobulin G and C3, were readily identifiable by specific immunofluorescence, Linear or granular fluorescent deposits (or both) along the glomerular basement membranes and in the mesangium were observed. Electron microscopy demonstrated necrosis of glomeruli and abundant thrombi of fluffy, compact granular, or fibrillar electron-dense material. No typical fibrin periodicity was detected. These experiments support the concept of activation of the coagulation and the complement systems. We postulate that liquoid produced not only a consumptive coagulopathy in the rat but also a direct or perhaps anindirect activation of complement. Whether this latter has occurred through the classic or an alternate pathway remains to be elucidated.


[Blood acid-base equilibrium during breathing of hypercapnic gas mixtures]. By the method of Astrup-Zigaard-Andersen the acid-base balance in the blood of men and dogs exposed to hypercapnic atmospheres with a normal, increased and decreased oxygen content was investigated in 164 experiments. Variations in the acid-base equilibrium were compared with changes of physiological functions. The relationship between the acid-base balance and the carbon dioxide concentration as well as the oxygen concentration in the breathing air was established. The toxic effects of sharp hypercapnia and hyperoxia were shown to cumulate. The positive effect of moderate hypercapnia on the tolerance to normobaric hypoxia in long-term experiments was noted.


Early events in various forms of experimental acute tubular necrosis in rats. Metabolic and morphologic changes occurred in the kidneys of rats within 3 hours after inciting acute tubular necrosis by completely clamping the renal blood supply, by intramuscular injections of glycerol, and by subcutaneous injections of HgC12. Although the initial trend was for p-aminohippurate and tetraethylammonium transport to decrease and for oxygen consumption, ammonia production, and gluconeogenesis to increase after glycerol, all of these parameters changed in opposite directions after renal pedicle clamping and after subcutaneous HgC12 (4.7 mg. per kg;). In addition, early morphologic changes in glycerol-injected rats differed from those seen with pedicle clamping and low dose HgC12. With high dose HgC12 (25 mg. per kg.), the metabolic and morphologic changes were somewhere in between those seen with the other insults. Coinciding with early metabolic and morphologic changes, cardiac output and renal blood flow decreased soon after the glycerol was given. On the basis of our findings, we cannot ascribe all of the early metabolic and morphologic changes in the glycerol model to ischemia, and we postulate that the circulating heme proteins may be nephrotoxic to ischemic renal tissue.


The effects of chronic oral methyl mercury exposure on the lysosome system of rat kidney. Morphometric and biochemical studies. This report describes morphometric and biochemical changes in the renal lysosome system of rats exposed to 3, 5, or 10 p.p.m. concentrations of methyl mercury hydroxide in their drinking water for 4 weeks. Increased numbers of dense, granular lysosomes, previously found to contain mercury, were observed in tubule cells of rats receiving the 3 and 5 p.p.m. dose levels but not those of the 10 p.p.m. group. Tubule cells from animals given the 10 p.p;m. dose level displayed proteinaceous vacuoles with dense crystalloid structures, apical cytoplasmic extrusion, and cellular degeneration; Mitochondrial swelling within tubule cells of treated animals showed a marked dose-response relationship. Renal microsomal activity levels of ss-glucuronidase were strongly inhibited by methyl mercury hydroxide exposure at all dose levels, whereas the activity levels of acid phosphatase were unchanged. Lysosomal beta-glucuronidase was also inhibited by methyl mercury hydroxide exposure, whereas lysosomal acid phosphatase showed approximately a 2-fold increase in activity. The results are discussed in relation to the role of lysosomes in mediating the nephrotoxic effects of methyl mercury and other toxic trace metals.


Endothelial regeneration in the rat carotid artery and the significance of endothelial denudation in the pathogenesis of myointimal thickening. A new model was developed to study endothelial regeneration and the effects of endothelial denudation in large arteries. Complete endothelial loss was produced in a sharply defined, unbranched segment of the rat common carotid artery by brief drying with a gentle stream of air along the lumen of the vessel. Platelets became attached to the denuded surface, but no polymorphonuclear or mononuclear leukocytic adherence or infiltration was observed. Regeneration occurred by the ingrowth, from each end of the denuded segment, of sheets of rapidly dividing endothelial cells. Endothelial replacement was complete by 7 to 10 days after drying. It was also noted that, by 14 days after drying, a striking myointimal thickening developed in the central region of the denuded segment. This central region was the last area to be covered with new endothelium; while still denuded, the region showed edema and signs of cellular proliferation in the innermost medial layer. The myointimal thickening consisted of smooth muscle-like cells in a fibroelastic stroma in the deeper zones, and a layer of rounded, relatively undifferentiated cells in the superficial zones. Progressive regression and condensation of the thickening was observed between 14 days and 3 months. In this model, the clear demarcation and completeness of endothelial denudation in the arterial segment allow study of the over-all process of endothelial replacement, avoiding the confusion imposed by islands of residual endothelium or contributions from branch vessels. The results suggest that the new endothelium in this situation is derived from each end of the segment. In addition, because the method of inducing denudation does not cause significant damage to the underlying media (as shown by the absence of inflammatory cell attachment or infiltration), the model offers a unique opportunity to study the relationship between endothelial loss and changes in the vessel wall. The correlation between the duration of endothelial denudation and the extent of myointimal thickening suggests that sustained insudation of certain, as yet undefined, factors from the lumen may provoke cellular proliferation in the arterial wall. Further investigation of this model should provide information relevant to the pathogenesis of the fibromuscular thickenings of human atherosclerosis.


["hypoxic" hypothermia in phospholipid metabolism of rat endocrine organs during acute hypoxia]. The effect of "hypoxic" hypothermia on the metabolism of phsopholidpds of the endocrine organia that occurs during acute hypoxia produces no inhibitory effect on the phospholid metabolism in the thyroid, adrenal and testicular glands of the test animals. As a result of distrubed heat release the content of phsopholipids in the thyroid and adrenal glands increases. The rate of the label (P32) incorporation into phospholipids of every gland (especially thyroid and testicular glands) elevates noticeably. This indicates an important compensatory role played by "hypoxic" hypothermia in the phsopholidip metabolism. The mechanimss of these phenomena are discussed.


Conditions influencing platelet lysis.

Conditions influencing platelet lysis. When platelets take part in the formation of hemostatic plugs and thrombi in vivo, electron microscopic evidence indicates that some of the platelets not only release their granule contents but also undergo lysis. In the present study we have examined, in vitro, the relation between the release reaction of platelets and platelet lysis in response to the release-inducing agents thrombin and collagen. Release was measured by determining the amounts of 14C-serotonin and adenine nucleotides that appeared in the ambient fluid of prelabeled platelets. Lysis was measured by determining the amount of either lactate dehydrogenase or 14C-labeled cytoplasmic ATP from platelets incubated with -14C-adenosine. Washed platelets prepared from rabbit, pig, or human blood lost some lactate dehydrogenase and 14C-ATP upon exposure to thrombin, but the amounts of lactate dehydrogenase and 14C-ATP lost from rabbit platelets were much greater than from pig or human platelets. The reason for this species difference is not aparent. The platelet release reaction appeared to be necessary for lysis to occur. Reduction of the extent of the release reaction by preincubation of rabbit platelets with metabolic inhibitors to deplete metabolic ATP reduced the extent of lysis. In addition, it was apparent that the fall in platelet metabolic pool ATP caused by thrombin was not responsible for platelet lysis. Lack of calcium, addition of prostaglandin E(1), OR Increasing the albumin concentration of the suspending medium of rabbit platelets inhibited platelet lysis. These conditions may prevent the loss of material that causes lysis, inhibit the action of this lost material, or inhibit the lytic reaction. Release and lysis may occur together and release can occur without detectable lysis, but lysis in response to a release-inducing agent does not take place unless the release reaction occurs.


A freeze-fracture study of the junctions between glomerular epithelial cells in aminonucleoside nephrosis. In rats with aminonucleoside nephrosis, glomerular slit pores are mostly replaced by sites of close apposition between adjacent epithelial cell membranes. In replicas of freeze-fractured glomeruli, such junctions showed incomplete fibrils or grooves typical of "leaky" zonulae occludentes.


Repeated endothelial injury and induction of atherosclerosis in normolipemic rabbits by human serum. Since Duguid suggested that atherosclerosis represents essentially the organization of mural thrombi, there have been many attempts to produce the disease experimentally by damaging the arterial wall. A single injury to the inner lining of an artery causes lipid-free lesions, composed of smooth muscle cells and collagen, covered by endothelium. Previously, we reported the development of atherosclerotic lesions in normolipemic rabbits as a result of repeated or continuous intimal injury by an indwelling aortic polyethylene catheter. However, it was difficult to control the location or duration of the intimal injury. The present investigation was designed to produce repeated endothelial injury in a defined segment of rabbit carotid artery. Sixty-two rabbits received injections of either lymphocytotoxic-positive (LP) or lymphocytotoxic-negative (LN) human serum into a segment of left carotid artery. Autologous rabbit serum was injected into the right carotid artery as a control. Eight rabbits received a single injection of LP and were killed 4 weeks latermforty-two rabbits received injections of human serum at weekly intervals, for a maximum of four injections, and were killed 1 week after the last injectionmthirty-two of 42 rabbits received repeated injections of LP; 10 received repeated injections of LN. Raised, lipid-containing lesions were present in 21 of 26 rabbits receiving four repeated injections of LP. No, or very minimal (fewer than three cells thick), intimal thickening was found in the 10 LN rabbits and in all control right carotid arteries. In eight rabbits receiving one injection of LP, fibrous intimal thickening without lipid accumulation, fatty streaks, and edematous plaques were found. Electron microscopy of arteries from 12 rabbits sampled at 1,5, and 60 minutes after exposure to LP indicated that the initial damage was loss of endotheliummthe results consistently showed lipid in raised, thrombus-covered (non-reendothelialized) lesions. Nonraised, endothelialized lesions did not show lipid. These findings support the belief that atherosclerosis occurs in response to repeated endothelial injury.


Nasal emission as a component of the misarticulation of sibilants and affricates. Nasal emission confined solely to the sibilants or sibilants and affricates may be encountered as an articulatory phenomenon in speakers who do not demonstrate velopharyngeal incompetency. This phenomenon may occur both in patients who previously had an incompetent mechanism and in patients in whom such incompetency has never been documented. In the latter case, the patient may be referred to a cleft palate clinic on suspicion of a submucous cleft or other form of palatopharyngeal incompetency. Typically the nasal emission is combined with incorrect tongue placement. The persistent oral-nasal misarticulation may be viewed simplistically as a residual of earlier velopharyngeal incompetency, documented or undocumented. The speaker's own acoustic target for these consonants is grossly deviant, perhaps owing to such factors as malocclusion and earlier compensatory articulation gestures. Many such cases prove impervious to extensive articulation therapy, yet physical management may constitute "over-correction" with undesirable sequelae. Inventive approaches to articulation therapy may be required in these cases, since correction of the combined oral-nasal distortion requires the speaker to make many simultaneous changes in articulator placement without benefit of visual cues.


A case study of an ataxic dysarthric: cineradiographic and spectrographic observations. Cineradiographic and spectrographic analyses were performed to study the speech production of a subject who presented the classical neurologic signs of cerebellar lesion and who had speech characteristics like those that have been reported for ataxic dysarthria. These analyses were conducted with special attention to the deviant perceptual dimensions that have been described for ataxic speech. Examination of the cineradiographic and spectrographic records revealed conspicuous abnormalities in speaking rate, stress patterns, articulatory placements for both vowels and consonants, velocities of articulator movements, and fundamental frequency contours. In general, our physiological and acoustic observations of ataxic dysarthria were compatible with existing perceptual descriptions of this condition. The data for the subject are discussed in the light of current hypotheses concerning cerebellar participation in the regulation of skilled movement. Particular suggestions are made concerning the nature of the neuromuscular abnormalities that may underlie the aberrant motorics of ataxic dysarthria.


Acoustic impedance measurements in cleft-palate children. Clinical acoustic impedance findings in a group of 40 children with cleft lip or palate and a group of 20 noncleft children are presented. The cleft subjects exhibited a high incidence of hearing loss and aural pathology. The data suggest that impedance measurements lend pertinent supportive information to routine puretone audiometric testing in the detection and management of middle-ear disease in the cleft-palate population.


A modification of the Tillman-Olsen method for obtaining the speech reception threshold. Twenty normal-hearing subjects were tested to determine their speech reception thresholds (SRTs) using the Tillman-Olsen method and a modification of their method requiring no knowledge of the pure-tone audiogram from which to estimate the SRT. Varying amounts of attenuation were added to the line leading to the test earphone to minimize experimenter bias. The data revealed no significant differences between the two methods in either the SRTs themselves or the amount of time required to obtain them. A procedure is therefore advanced for clinicians wishing to measure SRTs without prior knowledge of pure-tone thresholds.


Auditory localization of infants as a function of reinforcement conditions. The influence of four reinforcement conditions on the auditory localization behavior of normal infants was studied. Forty-eight infants 12 to 18 months of age were assigned to one of four groups of 12 subjects each. All received 30 presentations of complex noise at suprathreshold level. After each response to the stimulus, Group 1 received no reinforcement, Group 2 received social reinforcement, Group 3 received "simple" visual reinforcement (a blinking light), and Group 4 received "complex" visual reinforcement (an animated toy animal). The two visual reinforcement conditions produced the most localization responses, followed in order by the social reinforcement and no reinforcement conditions. These results indicate that auditory localization behavior of infants is influenced by reinforcement and that the extent of this effect is related to the type of reinforcement employed.


The conditioning of language in a nonverbal child conducted in a special education classroom. The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to assess the feasibility of conducting speech conditioning sessions within a preschool classroom, and second, to examine the process of transfer of learned verbalizations from those sessions to classroom free time. The results indicated that the former was not only feasible but effective. A nonverbal boy, enrolled in a special education preschool, was taught to imitate reliably six words in 46 15-minute sessions. Furthermore, the child's use of spontaneous whole words during the rest of the classroom day seemed to be responsive to the contingencies of the speech sessions.


Experimental modification of the Western Electric No. 5 electrolarynx to a mouth-type instrument. A modification of the Western Electric No; 5A electrolarynx is described and evaluated. The modification involved insertion of a bypass plug into the circuitry of this necktype instrument thus converting it to a mouth-type electrolarynx. Intensity readings at the one-third octaves and intelligibility data were obtained with the modified instrument and with a Cooper-Rand electrolarynx. The instruments were judged to be equal in overall performance.


Onset, prevalence, and recovery from stuttering. A critical review of research and opinion concerning age of onset, prevalence, and recovery from stuttering indicates some inconsistency among findings: the reported recovery rates may be too high, although all data sources had limitations.


Internal consistency of the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test. This study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of the 40 receptive and 40 expressive items of the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test. Twenty preschoolers with normal language development, 20 preschoolers functioning within the range of normal intelligence diagnosed as language impaired, and 20 mentally retarded children comprised the three subject groups. The subjects were equated for mental age. Stable Hoyt's reliability coefficients indicated that the Northwestern Syntax Screening Test assessed consistently the syntax and morphology used by children with atypical language development. Detailed item analysis revealed the strengths and weaknesses of both receptive and expressive items.


A new therapeutic technique for the treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence. A new therapeutic technique for the treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence during speech was administered to four subjects ranging in age from four to 19 years. The technique is an operant procedure designed to utilize successive approximation to competent speech via competent blowing or whistling closure mechanisms. The technique is based on cinefluoroscopic observations of normals utilizing the same closure mechanism for speech, blowing and whistling plus videofluoroscopic observations of cleft-palate subjects who were capable of attaining normal closure patterns for blowing and whistling, but not for speech. It is speculated that speech incompetence in individuals who can achieve closure during blowing and whistling is a result of an error in learning.


Relative intelligibility of the CID spondees as presented via monitored live voice. Using three speakers and 75 subjects, a 7.90dB range in the relative intelligibility of the Central Institute for the Deaf (CID) spondees was found when they were presented via monitored live voice. This range is consistent with previous research and is considered unnecessarily large and detrimental to the efficiency and precision of the speech reception threshold (SRT) test. The exclusive use of 18 words that have a mean range of 1.5 dB is suggested. The slope of the 3l-item spondee articulation function is 12 percent per decibel and is slightly steeper than previous research using the CID W-1 recorded spondees. The slope for the suggested 18-item test is also about 12 percent per decibel. For the 36-item test the mean speech detection threshold (SDT) was 6.6 dB sound pressure level (SPL) and the mean SRT was 14.2 db SPL. The 7.6-dB difference between the two speech measures is consistent with previous research but the SRT is about 6 dB better than the 20 dB SPL recommended by ANSI 1969. For the suggested 18-item test, the mean SRT was 14.5 dB SPL, which was 7.9 dB above SDT. When the 18-item test is used, average normal hearing can be expected to be about 5.5 dB better than specified by ANSI 1969.


A response evocation program for /retroflex/. A response evocation program, some principles underlying its development and administration, and a review of some clinical experiences with the program are presented. Sixty-five children with developmental articulation errors of the /retroflex/ phoneme were administered the program by one of 19 clinicians. Approximately 70 percent of program administrations resulted in a child emitting a good /retroflex/ within six minutes. Approximately 10 percent of children who were given additional training on program step failures emitted good /retroflex/'s in subsequent sessions. These preliminary observations are discussed in relation to the role of task analysis and motor skills learning principles in response evocation, clinician influences in program outcomes, and professional issues in service delivery to children with developmental articulation errors.


Echocardiographic contrast studies: initial experience. Echocardiograms were obtained simultaneously with the standard indocyanine green injections performed during cardiac catheterization. When injected into cardiac chambers, indocyanine green produced a cloud of echoes that enabled us to visualize characteristic flow patterns in the presence of normal and abnormal cardiac hemodynamics. More than 300 echocardiographic contrast studies have been recorded in patients with various congenital and acquired cardiac defects. The patterns obtained were reproducible, sensitive, and specific.


Ultrastructural morphometry of the diffusion surface in a case of pulmonary asbestosis. A combination of electron microscopy and stereologic principles has allowed an evaluation of the contribution of structures in the blood-air barrier to gas exchange across it. In the present study this method was applied to biopsy material from the lungs of a patient with asbestosis. Within the limits of the sampling method, the results of the study are interpreted to indicate that measurable diffusion abnormalities were principally due to changes other than an increase in membrane thickness.