The shape-maintaining component of halobacterium salinarium: a cell surface glycoprotein. Halobacterium salinarium lacks the rigid peptidogylcan layer necessary for shape-maintenance in most bacteria. Instead, the major cell surface component is a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein resembling those found on the surface of eukaryotic cells. The glycoprotein is extremely acidic and has carbohydrate units attached via both N- and O-glycosidis linkages. Evidence has been obtained that demonstrates that the glycoprotein forms a rigid structural matrix at the cell surface and is responsible for maintenance of the characteristic rod-shaped morphology of these organisms.


Properties of an epithelial cell type in culture: the epidermal keratinocyte and its dependence on products of the fibroblast. Keratinocytes of stratified squamous epithelium can be grown serially in culture and retain the various markers typical of their form of differentiation. In order to form colonies at each transfer, the keratinocytes must be suitably supported by fibroblasts. Established keratinocyte lines of teratomal origin show this dependence, as do diploid strains of finite culture life derived from human skin. For at least some keratinocyte lines, this requirement can be satisfied by soluble products elaborated by the fibroblasts. It is suggested that epithelial cells in general may not be independent cell types and that their poor cultivability may be due to failure to provide suitable fibroblast support. The existence of a number of established lines of epithelial origin that can grow without such support and of lines of fibroblastic origin which cannot support keratinocytes suggests that both epithelial dependence and the fibroblast supporting function can sometimes be lost in established cell lines.


Qualitative and quantitative aspects of lectin-induced vacuole formation in mouse peritoneal macrophages. The binding, internalization, and vacuologenic activity of several native and chemically modified lectins was investigated on untreated and neuraminidase-treated mouse peritoneal macrophages. The distribution of lectin receptors on the cell surface and their internalization was assessed by employing both radioactive and fluorescent lectin derivatives. On the basis of their effect on the macrophages, the lectins tested can be divided into 2 categories: lectins that induce vacuole formation (concanavalin A, wax bean agglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin), and lectins that do not induce vocuolation (soybean agglutinin, peanut agglutinin, and Lotus tetragonolbus agglutinin). Soybean and peanut agglutinins bound to macrophages only after neuraminidase treatment, but the latter treatment did not change the effect of other lectins on the cells. Glutaraldehyde-cross-linked polymers of soybean or peanut agglutinins, which are multivalent with respect to the number of sugar binding sites, induced vacuolation in neuraminidase-treated cells. On the other hand, succinylation of concanavalin A, which reduces the lectin's valence from 4 to 2 abolished its vacuologenic activity. While the data do not indicate direct correlation between vacuole induction and the number of lectin receptors or the extent of their internalization, they do suggest that multivalency of lectins is an important factor in vacuole formation. Multivalency of a lectin enables extensive cross-linkage of membrane receptors which may be a prerequisite for triggering vacuolation.


Analysis of membrane protein topography of Newcastle disease virus and cultured mammalian fibroblasts. Diagonal electrophoresis, in conjunction with crosslinking by dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP), has been used to probe membrane protein topography of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and cultured mammalian fibroblasts (LM cells). Analysis of DTBP-treated NDV revealed crosslinking between a nucleocapsid protein, VP3, and an externally displayed glycoprotein, VP1, possessing hemagglutination and neuraminidase activities. Similar analysis of LM cells iodinated by the lactoperoxidase method indicated nearest-neighbor interactions of a noncovalent nature involving a major cell surface protein of 72,000 molecular weight. These studies illustrate the feasibility of this methodology for the study of membrane protein disposition in complex systems.


Factors influencing flavour aversions conditioned with amphetamine in rats. Rats would not drink distinctively flavoured solutions after their previous ingestion had been followed by injection of amphetamine (1 mg/kg). In the same rats, intake of flavoured solutions followed by saline injections was not suppressed. Providing the rats with cues as to the location of flavoured solutions paired with amphetamine did not alter either the speed of development or the final severity of the aversion. Neither increasing the interval between presentation of the flavour and injection of amphetamine, nor decreasing baseline drinking levels, altered the final degree of aversion. The aversion became progressively weaker as the dose of amphetamine was reduced, but it was detectable at doses as low as 0.1 mg/kg. Further decreases in dose did not enhance intake of flavours paired with amphetamine, even when combined with reductions in baseline drinking brought about by reduced fluid deprivation and flavour palatability. The results are discussed in relation to the conditions in which amphetamine has been shown to exhibit either rewarding or aversive properties.


Establishment of etonitazene as a reinforcer for rats by use of schedule-induced drinking. Drinking of etonitazene HCl by 6 rats was studied during daily 4-hr sessions. Five related experiments were conducted sequentially. In the first experiment schedule-induced polydipsia was established. Subsequently, etonitazene concentrations (1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 microgram/ml) were substituted for water, and intake of large quantities of the drug occurred. In the second experiment the concurrent food reinforcement schedule was discontinued and lever presses maintained by etonitazene (5 microgram/ml) persisted. In the third experiment the number of lever presses, required per dipper presentation of etonitazene (5 microgram/ml) was increased, and rate of lever pressing increased directly with the response requirement whereas number of dipper presentations remained constant. In the fourth experiment water was substituted for the 5 microgram/ml etonitazene solution. Water responding declined to low rates, but when etonitazene was reintroduced, responding increased to previous levels. Thus, etonitazene (5 microgram/ml) was functioning as a positive reinforcer. In the final experiment, progressive increases in the etonitazene concentration (5, 10, 20 and 40 microgram/ml) resulted in both systematic decreases in response rate and increases in quantity (microgram) consumed.


Pharmacogenetic differences in audiogenic seizure priming of C57BL/6Bg and DBA/1Bg-asr mice. Susceptibility to audiogenic seizures can be induced in some strains of resistant mice by exposure to an initial auditory stimulus (acoustic priming). Aminooxyacetic acid, hydrazine, glutamic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), cycloheximide, and metyrapone antagonize the acoustic priming of audiogenic seizure susceptibility in C57BL/6Bg mice, whereas only metyrapone attenuates that of DBA/1Bg-asr mice. The strain difference in the effect of AOAA and cycloheximide is correlated with a small, transient fall in level of brain GABA in C57BL/6Bg but not DBA41Bg-asr mice. These findings support our hypothesis that there are at least two neural mechanisms of acoustic priming, each with its own genetic basis and that corticosteroids are required by both mechanisms for the development of primed seizures.


Effects of d-amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide on positive conditioned suppression. Six rats lever-pressed under a variable-interval 80-sec food reinforcement schedule. After responding had stabilized, an 8-sec tone terminating with food delivery was superimposed on the variable-interval schedule on the average once every five minutes without regard to the animal's behavior. This positive conditioned suppression procedure consistently reduced responding during the pre-food stimulus (tone). Neither d-amphetamine (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg) nor chlordiazepoxide (7.5, 15, 30 mg/kg) significantly affected the relative suppression produced by the tone. Instead, both drugs produced generally non-selective effects, similarly affecting response rate in the presence and absence of the tone.


Pharmacological and behavioral components of tolerance to LSD and mescaline in rats. A fixed-ratio schedule of water reinforcement (FR-10) was used to examine the relative contributions of pharmacological and behavioral mechanisms in the development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of LSD and mescaline in the rat. Rats treated daily with LSD or mescaline before operant testing developed tolerance to the impairement of responding, while rats treated daily after each session did not display tolerance when the drugs were administered before testing. These results indicate that behavioral compensatory mechanisms may be involved in the development of tolerance to the disruptive effects of LSD and mescaline on fixed-ratio (FR-10) performance.


Ontogeny of biogenic amine systems and modification of indole levels upon adult sexual behavior in the rat. Male, female and androgenized female rats treated on Days 9, 10 and 11 after birth with either 5-HTP or saline were tested for female sexual behavior in adulthood. It was hypothesized that such pharmacological manipulations of the developing serotonergic system in which Day 12 sex differences have been reported might have an influence on the expression of lordosis behavior. No effect of 5-HTP was found in either normal or androgenized females, even though fluormetric analysis indicated a marked increase in endogenous levels of 5-HT at Day 12. However, males treated with 5-HTP has significantly higher 5-HT levels than 5-HT treated control or androgenized females. In addition, flurometric analysis of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin from hypothalamus, mesencephalon and cortex was performed on male and female rats on Day 8, 10, 12 and 14 postnatally to examine the development of various transmitter systems during the early postnatal period.


Effects of nomifensine (HOE 984) upon psychomotor activity and intracranial self-stimulation in the rat. The effects of nomifensine maleate (HOE 984) were evaluated using two behavioral tasks. The drug produced dose related increases in both psychomotor activity and operant responding for brain stimulation reward. These results may point to possible psychostimulant properties for the drug.


Induced tolerance to the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine. Twenty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in five two-lever operant chambers on a DRL-15 sec schedule of positive food reinforcement to discriminate 10 mg/kg cocaine from 1 ml/kg saline. Following acquistions of discrimination a counterbalanced design of extinction tests was performed before and after repeated administration of 20 mg/kg cocaine or saline (three times a day at five hr intervals for seven days). The extinction tests consisted of testing responses of animals following 1 ml/kg saline, 2.5 mg/kg cocaine, or 5 mg/kg cocaine. The results showed no significant difference in animals' level choice before and after repeated injection with saline. However, the percent cocaine lever choice with the two doses of cocaine was lower after repeated administration of cocaine than before the repeated injections. This indicates tolerance developed to the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine.


Effect of corticosteroids in the hippocampus on passive avoidance behavior in the rat. The site of action of corticosteroids in avoidance learning was investigated in 110 rats. Injection of cycloheximide, 30 min before one-trial training on a passive avoidance task suppressed corticosteroid secretion in response to footshock, and produced an avoidance deficit in a test 6 days later. However, an additional injection of hydrocortisone, either subcutaneously or intra-hippocampally within 5 min of training, restored the avoidance response in the test. Septal and hypothalamic injections of the hormone were ineffective in reversing the cycloheximide effect, whereas the effect of hormone injection into the amygdala was equivocal because of an increased level of activity. Corticosteroids secreted following an aversive experience appear to act upon the steroid-sensitive neurons in the hippocampus to influence the animal's later performance of passive avoidance response.


Effect of maternally administered heroin on the motor activity of rat offspring. The behavioral of 21-day old rats whose mothers were administered heroin (5 mg/kg daily) throughout gestation and lactation was studied utilizing an activity wheel, activity cage, open field test, and step-down latency times from an elevated platform. The total score of all behavioral tasks of offspring from heroin-injected females was statistically different from that of pups from saline-injected mothers, with heroin-treated animals appearing more active.


Prenatal morphine administration alters behavioral development in the rat. Female rats were administered increasing doses of morphine sulfate 5 days prior to mating and during gestation until 4-6 days before the birth of their litters. Prenatal morphine exposure altered the normal during the 3rd and 4th postnatal weeks. This disruption in behavioral ontogeny did not coincide with changes in physical parameters. Decreased body weight ant postnatal week. The appearance of behavioral disturbances in the absence of physical abnormalities stresses the need for follow-up studies of infants born to narcotic-dependent mothers after signs of physical withdrawal or retarded growth have disappeared.


Feeding and drinking interactions after acute butyrophenone administration. The effects on feeding and drinking of various doses of droperidol, haloperidol and spiroperidol were studied in a number of paradigms. All three buryrophenones produced generally similar effects. After food deprivation, feeding was slightly increased at low doses but was decreased at the higher doses; the concomitant postprandial drinking was attenuated at all doses. Desalivate rats showed a marked attenuation of feeding (and prandial drinking) at low doses, but when wet mash was given instead of pellets and water a normal dose-response relationship was obtained. After water deprivation drinking was attenuated at all doses, and when food was also available during the drinking test the food intake was decreased in proportion to the drinking. Drinking was blocked more when food was present than in its absence. Insulin and 2-deoxyglucose induced feeding in sated rats was attenuated but not abolished by haloperidol. The findings are discussed relative to the role of activation and brain catecholamines in feeding and drinking.


Stereoselective effects of 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOM) on schedule-controlled behavior. The effects of R(-)-, S(+) and R, S-1-2-5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-Aminopropane (DOM) were studied using rats responding under a fixed interval two-min schedule of food presentation. All three drugs decreased average rates of responding in a dose-related manner, with R -DOM being five to six times more potent than S-DOM increased the low response rates occurring at the beginning of the fixed interval and decreased the higher response rates occurring at the end of the interval (rate-dependent effects). These results are discussed in terms of the stereoselective metabolism of DOM and of the structural similarities between R-DOM and the behaviorally active isomer of LSD.


Incentive contrast undiminished by extended testing, imipramine, or chlordiazepoxide. In three experiments rats were given alternating 1-minute access periods to two tubes containing sucrose solutions. When the tubes contained disparate concentrations (32% versus 4%), lick-rate was higher for the 32% solution than it was when both tubes contained 32% (a positive contrast effect) and less for 4% than when both tubes contained 4% (a negative contrast effect). Similar, but generally less pronounced, contrast effects were obtained in latency to initiate drinking. These contrast effects showed no sign of diminution with repeated exposure (32 days of repeated shifts in Experiments 1 and 3); they were not greatly influenced by injections of imipramine (Experiment 2) or chlordiazepoxide (Experiment 3), nor by deprivation conditions (Experiment 3), nor by deprivation conditions (Experiment 3). The results supported an explanation of simultaneous contrast in terms of sensory-perceptual processes rather than in terms of generalization decrement or emotional responses.


Factors influencing tolerance to the effects of delta9-THC on a conditioned avoidance response. Male, Fischer strain rats were resistant to the impairing effects of delta9--THC (15-60 mg/kg, IG) on performance of a conditioned pole-climb avoidance response (CAR) after daily subacute pretreatment for 4 or 6 days. A single administration of 20 mg/kg delta9--THC independent of the performance test did not attenuate the subsequent impairment caused by delta9--THC when tested 1-6 days later; however, administration 2 hr before each test attenuated the effect on subsequent tests given at intervals of 1-5 weeks. Similarly, subacute treatment with 20 mg/kg delta9--THC for 4 days independent of the performance test attenuated the impairment caused by delta9--THC during tests given to separate groups of rats 1 or 6, but not 14 days later. However, when the tests for tolerance were conducted repeatedly in the same rats, the attenuation appeared to persist for intervals up to 5 weeks. The results are discussed in terms of metabolic, functional and compensatory (behavioral) tolerance.


Comparison between some digestive processes after eating and gastric loading in rats. Physiological and biochemical differences were found between normal and intragastric feeding in the rat. Milk ingested orally remained in the stomach significantly longer than milk ingested via a chronic intragastric fistula. Milk samples were removed from the stomach at intervals of 5, 20 and 45 min after ingestion and it was found that milk which had been ingested via intragastric fistula underwent substantially less lipolysis than did milk which had been ingested orally. These results are discussed in relation to the aversive and rewarding effects obtained by injections of edible nutrients into the stomachs of rats.


Some biochemical effects of zona incerta lesions that interfere with the regulation of water intake. The concentration of NE, DA and 5-HT in forebrain, striatum, and hypothalamus was measured after zona incerta (ZI) lesions that have been shown to result in general hypodipsia; adipsia during periods of food deprivation; impaired or abolished drinking in response to osmotic challenges (but not polyethylene glycol); impaired drinking after systemic isoproterenol or central angiotensin; and impaired or abolished feeding in response to 2-deoxy-D-glucose. The lesions produced a significant (40-50%) depletion of forebrain NE but a correlational analysis of the behavioral and biochemical effects of the lesions failed to indicate a causal relationship. The lesions did not reliably affect (a) forebrain DA or 5-HT; (b) striatal DA or 5-HT; (c) hypothalamic DA, NE or 5-HT. The results of these experiments indicate that significant impairments in ingestive behavior can be demonstrated in animals with diencephalic lesions that do not result in striatal (or forebrain) DA depletions. This confirms previous behavioral analyses showing that ZI lesions which interfere with ingestive behavior do not produce the debilitating sensory or motor dysfunctions typical of the rat with lateral hypothalamic lesions.


Drug-produced changes in human social behavior: facilitation by d-amphetamine. The effects of oral d-amphetamine 5-30 mg on human social and verbal behavior were studied using repeated observations within subjects under a time-sampling observation procedure in a residential research ward. d-Amphetamine increased socializing in all three subjects studied, but only increased standing in one of the subjects. In the second experiment throat microphones and voice-operated relays were used to measure automatically quantitative aspects of dyadic verbal interactions during 1-hr daily sessions. Total speaking time showed dose-related increases in 5 of the 7 subjects receiving d-amphetamine. Adjective checklist self-report scores indicating stimulant drug effects were as sensitive and reliable as the speaking measure to the effects of d-amphetamine in these subjects. Speaking time also increased in 2 of the 8 partners who received placebo when the subjects with whom they were paired received d-amphetamine. This represents a socially mediated indirect drug effect. Adjective checklist scores of the partners receiving placebo were not changed when the paired subjects received d-amphetamine. Under controlled experimental conditions the naturalistic human behaviors of socializing and speaking are sensitive dependent variables for behavioral pharmacology research.


Attenuation of ethanol intake by contingent punishment of food-maintained responding. Two food-deprived rats responded under a concurrent fixed-ratio 12 (food) fixed-ratio 1 (8% ethanol) reinforcement schedule in which a tone occurred during every second or every fourth interpellet interval. When ethanol-maintained lever presses during the presence of the tone shifted the food schedule to one in which electric shock punishment occurred, ethanol-maintained responding consistently decreased. The decrease in the frequency of ethanol-maintained responding varied directly with shock voltage from 25 to 100 V, and occurred during intervals with the tone present and absent. These results indicate that ethanol intake may be attenuated by contingent changes in a concurrent food schedule.


Effects of feeding regimen on ethanol intake by guinea pigs. During daily two-hr sessions, guinea pigs licked a drinking tube filled with either 0 (tap water), 2,4 or 8% (v/v) ethanol solution under three feeding regimens. Consumption of each solution was highest when sufficient food to maintain subjects at 90% of free-feeding weight was provided during sessions, lower when the same food ration was provided after sessions, and lowest when ad lib access to food was provided within and between sessions. However, this decrease in consumption across feeding regimens was inversely related to ethanol concentration. Under all feeding regimens, volume of solution consumed decreased with increasing ethanol concentration while milligrams ethanol consumed increased with ethanol concentration. These results are similar in some respects to previous findings with rats and monkeys, suggesting that further studies of oral ethanol self-administration by guinea pigs may be merited.


Considerations for curriculum design.

Considerations for curriculum design. Educational values held by academic and clinical faculties subtly but strongly influence curriculum design in physical therapy education. Five major value orientations, Curriculum as the Development of Cognitive processes, Curriculum as Technology, Curriculum as Self-Actualization, Curriculum as Social Reconstruction-Relevance, and Curriculum as Academic Rationalism, are presented. The suggestion is made that these underlying value-orientations influence the choice of curriculum design more than do "available resources." A second component of curriculum design, i.e., evaluation of student performance, also influences and is influenced by the direction and development of physical therapy curricula. A plea is made for expressive objectives and outcome objectives to be considered along with instructional or behavioral objectives to yield more comprehensive and creative appraisals of student growth.


[Role of climatic factors in the etiology of vascular diseases]. While there is no doubt about the role of genetic factors in the aetiology of vascular diseases, especially in the genesis of disorders of the venous system, a place should be reserved for climatic and social factors. By means of an investigation which we undertook in a tropical environment in senegal, we examined the morbidity due to atheromatous disease. This study extended over a period of 30 years, from 1945 to 1975. We found that arteriopathy of the lower limbs due to overload did not exist before 1960. Since 1966, a few cases of myocardial infarction have been noted, and since 1970, a few cases of arteriopathy. These cases are confined to an urban environment which, during the same period, has undergone profound social upheavals. It all seems to be as if there were competition between climatic factors protecting and social factors aggravating. In contrast to the rarity of vascular disorders in hot countries is their high incidence in cold countries. In Canada and Sweden a particular clinical aspect of the disorder has been found: arteriopaths in a subarctic environment suffer more than sensory disturbances than ischaemia. In conclusion, it seems that the environment, in the broad sense of the term, plays a role in the aetiology of atheromatous disease, which has been classified, not without reason, among the diseases of civilization.


[Venous ecology].

[Venous ecology]. The purpose of venous ecology is to study the effect of the environment on the peripheral vessels. It is very extensive but still little explored subject in need of multidisciplinary study. The author reviews some of the major problems of ecophlebology: --pollution and harmful effects of urban life (atmospheric pollution, stress and influence of noise on the vessels); --the influence of habitat (furniture, ergonomics, urbanism, sociological studies and under-floor heating); --the cites new research on terrestrial electro-magnettism, meteoropathology, biological clocks and the influence of the mass media. In conclusion he hopes that ecophlebology will be the object of research which will permit a better understanding, and hence better control, of the pathological mechanisms resulting from the environment.


[Effects of various sport activities on peripheral venous diseases]. The study of the influence of different sporting activities on peripheral venous pathology should be based on venous physiology and precise understanding of the technology of each sport (study of the movements, positions, and muscles brought into play, the rhythm, the material employed, the risks run). At the conclusion of a long study on sportsmen of both average and highly competitive ability, and on yogis, the author was able, by means of a simple methodology applicable to all physical activity, to classify the principal sports into two categories: those which improve and those which work against the peripheral venous circulation. However he does not recommend a complete ban on the harmful sports in highly motivated patients, but rather that they should counter the disadvantages by performing antagonistic movements.


[Treatment of varices in the elderly].

[Treatment of varices in the elderly]. Age is not a contra-indication to the various methods of treatment that may be considered. Only the somatic and vascular assessments of the patient need to be taken into account. Sclerosis can almost always be considered, except when the tissues are obviously unhealthy. It is carried out with weak iodinated solutions or with trombovar. This will give substantial protection from threatening ulcer or rupture of a varix. Surgery is reduced to a minimum, and is followed by supplementary sclerosis. Elastic support is considered in all cases, though it may often be difficult to achieve in arthritic or obese patients. Thermal cures are possible in all cases, though the general contra-indications should be respected (major physiological deficiencies, severe cardiac or renal disease). Phlebotonics will also be prescribed in all cases.


[Repeated surgery in recurrences following operation for essential varices]. Among 2,129 patients operated on between 1964 and 1976, we found 109 postoperative recurrences requiring a repeated operation. The causes of recurrence are various, but in the majority of cases, it results from an operative mistake. Most commonly (69 cases) there is a defective removal of the arch of the internal saphenous vein. Next, in order of frequency, is a recurrence along the course of the internal saphenous vein (28 cases) which has either not been stripped at all or only partially stripped (recurrence on the sural internal saphenous). "Neglected" external saphenous was found 29 times. Sometimes it had been insufficiently resected (6 cases). Finally, one of the commonest causes of recurrence is due to an eccentric perforating vein which has been neglected in the course of the stripping (35 cases). Very often these different lesions are combined. Repeated surgery must be radical and carefully performed and the patient should be followed up regularly by a phlebologist.


[Postmortem intraosseous phlebography. Anatomical, topographic and hemodynamic problems]. Intraosseous injection of potassium iodide was carried out at the level of the malleolus and the iliac crests in 90 cadavers. Information concerning the anatomy of the veins and concerning different organs was also obtained. We still need to compare this information with that from in vivo phlebography and the results from biopsy. Radiographic films taken at the moment of injection and at various times up to 60 minutes after injection, show the filling not only of the local veins in the lower extremities or the pelvis, but also a flow of contrast material through the abdominal organs and up to the level of the brachio-cephalic veins. Studies on cadavers in the vertical position show little or no difference. We show the filling of the venous system and especially the hepatic and renal veins. Various considerations on the nature of this dynamic effect in the cadaver are discussed, but this will need further study. There are certainly limits of exactitude for this method in comparison with autopsy. The method is not expected to supersede angiography in living patients. It is rather a complementary technique to be used especially in cases where an in vivo angiographic study is lacking or where a biopsy is impossible. In certain cases it is possible to discover radiologically anatomical lesions which are difficult to detect by autopsy or are easily distorted by this procedure.


Platysma-fascial rhytidectomy: a preliminary report. The technique of platysma-fascial rhytidectomy is based upon the anatomy of the platysma muscle and the superficial facial fascia. The operative procedure is described in detail, and the advantages and disadvantages of this method are listed.


A clinical evaluation of the results of submusculo-aponeurotic dissection and fixation in face lifts. In 25 random patients undergoing rhytidectomy, we did unilateral subplatysmal-fascial dissections of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) of the face and neck--with redistribution of the tension of this system and fixation by suturing. Late evaluation of these patients by 3 observers showed no detectable difference in the results, as compared to the other side on which the standard technique of skin flap elevation alone was done. Our investigation did not study the usefulness of more extensive dissections of the muscle with complete transection excision of segments of it, or the formation of long muscle flaps.


Our experience with sagittal split osteotomy for retrognathia. Twenty-six cases which had been operated upon for retrognathia are reviewed. Most of these patients were unmarried, young individuals, and the improvement in their self-image and appearance was the major benefit from the surgical procedure: a lesser number felt the improvement in their bite and function was more important. Relapse, weakness of the lower lip, and numbness of the lower lip were the 3 most common complications. They occurred with sufficient frequency to encourage us to find a surgical approach with less morbidity for this problem of skeletal asymmetry. Perhaps a "C" cut (as champion;ed by Hinds), a forward block of the mandible with cartilage (as described by Trauner), or a vertical cut of the ramus with the posterior fragment notched into the anterior fragment (Mehnert), would yield results with fewer undesirable effects.


The histopathology of small arteries following experimental microvascular anastomosis. We studied the histopathological changes present at various intervals after microsurgical anastomoses in the femoral arteries of 30 rats. The principal findings were (1) widespread loss of intima, (2) widespread necrosis of media, and (3) dehiscence of sutures. The possible causes for these, and their possible significance, are discussed.


Use of dermal-fat flaps in treating abdominal scars, in abdominoplasty, and in subtrochanteric lipectomy. Triangular dermal-fat flaps can be used in the excision of adherent vertical scars in the lower abdomen to prevent a recurrence of the depressed adhesion. Also, several such flaps can be used on the upper margin of an abdominoplasty, and one on the lower edge (above the pubis), to equalize the thickness and the lengths of the two edges. This results in a better final appearance. Finally, the use of a single triangular dermal-fat flap on the lower margin when doing a lipectomy for "subtrochanterric lipodystrophy" (or a "plastic on buttock") gives the buttock a more normal shape--round in the medial two-thirds and almost flat in the lateral one-third.


Arthrodesis of finger joints by dynamic external compression using dorsoventral Kirschner wires and rubber bands. A new method is presented for arthrodesis of small joints in the hand. In this method Kirschner wires are inserted dorsoventrally through the phalanges on either side of the joint, and the external ends bent into hooks. Longitudinal compression is achieved by connecting these hooks with rubber bands. This technique gives a solid and painless immobilization in a proper position, and the latter can be corrected easily when necessary. We arthrodesed 46 joints in 39 patients by this method in 1975 and 1976. The fusion time was 4 to 6 weeks, and the method produced a good bony arthrodesis in 42 of the 46 fingers.


Xeromammography--a reason for using saline-filled breast prostheses. In 5 patients, silicone gel implants obscurred the image, while in 5 patients with saline-filled implants a good 3-dimensional examination of the breast was possible with xeromammography. If saline-filled implants routinely allow better cancer diagnostic surveillance than do silicone gel implants, this should be considered by the surgeon at the time he does an augmentation mammaplasty.


[Crystallographic method of studying the cerebrospinal fluid in diseases of the central nervous system]. The method described by the authors in their present paper was used to examine the cerebrospinal fluids obtained from a total of 120 patients, of whome 30 were afflicted with tumors of the central nervous system, 35 were suffering from inflammatory diseases, and 55 had cerebral blood-supply disorders in the sense of hemorrhagic and ischemic insults. Characteristic features of the formation of the crystallographic pattern could be observed in dependence upon the dynamics of the disease process. These are of extreme importance to accurate differential diagnosis. The method is recommended for use in neurological and neurosurgical departments.


[Ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis]. The concentrations of electrolytes Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Cl and trace elements Cu and Zn were determined in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluids of forty patients with multiple sclerosis. Metal ion concentrations were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy and flame photometry, respectively. Compared with corresponding values obtained from a control group, statistically significant increases in concentration of Na, Cl, Ca, and Zn have been found. Also reported are the results of determinations of ion concentrations in cerebrospinal fluids obtained from patients suffering from diseases other than multiple sclerosis. Possible causes of deviations from the norm are discussed.


[Psychotherapy for suicidal inclinations]. Suicidality is not an expression of a unique disease, but often the symptom of a neurotic reaction or of primary psychic maldevelopment. Forms of neurosis, where the number of symptoms is relatively small, tend to develop what may be called the "suicidality" symptom. Selection of the method of therapy depends, not upon the degree and seriousness of the inclination of commit suicide, but upon the underlying disease. In the case of neurotic reactions it is recommended to resort to the method of discussing the respective conflicts and make use of autogenic training. In the case of primary psychic maldevelopments it is necessary to choose a form of therapy centering on the personality, and this can be in the form of short-term specific therapy or in the form of group psychotherapy.


End group characterization in DNA of thymocytes after low doses of ionizing radiation. Investigations into the configuration of the radiation induced strand breaks in the low dose range are presented. DNA sections containing the radiation induced strand breaks were separated from the undamaged sections in order to increase the concentration of lesions. The configuration of 3'terminals in damaged DNA from gamma-irradiated thymocytes was analysed studying the priming ability for the DNA polymerase I. The experiments show that soon after irradiation with a dose of 10 krad DNA strand breaks carry 3'OH end groups as well as damaged 3'terminals not susceptible to Dna polymerase I. The fraction of damaged terminals increases with dose. We conclude that also after low doses an exonucleolytic action is required in cells for removing damaged 3'terminals before repair DNA synthesis can take place.


Mechanistic state vector model for cell killing by ionizing radiation. By use of the mechanistic state vector model (MSV model) it is demonstrated that under circumstances where cell division during irradiation is unlikely: 1. A cell survival curve (dose-log surviving fraction curve) that is exponential can be obtained even though some of the surviving cells may have nonlethal damage. Exponential survival curves are said to have zero curvature. 2. In some cases, in the absence of a mixed population, the slope of a single-dose survival curve may decrease in magnitude, as the dose increases for a range of doses. These curves are said to show negative curvature for that range of doses. Fractionating the dose or decreasing the dose rate may result in enhanced cell killing. 3. The initial slope of a mammalian cell survival curve should be independent of the dose rate and number of dose fractions provided that the number of cells having lethal damage builds up to a steady level during the post irradiation time regime. The magnitude of the initial slope will depend on properties of the cells and on properties of the radiation. 4. A nonzero initial slope in the cell survival curve, after exposure to low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, may be due to biology, rather than physics.


Measurements on the depth of penetration of light (0.35--1.0 microgram) in tissue. Preliminary results on the spectral dependence of the absorption of light in tissue are presented and discussed with respect to medical laser application.


Survival of cultured mammalian cells exposed to ultrasound. The colony-forming ability of cultured mammalian cells exposed to monochromatic ultrasonic vibrations of different frequencies (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.3 MHz) was studied. The combined effect of x rays and 1.0-MHz ultrasonic waves on the survival of M3-1 cells was also investigated. Split-dose experiments showed that cells exposed to ultrasound are "sensitized" to a subsequent exposure. Almost twice as many cells survive a given ultrasonic dose when exposed in the M phase as when exposed in the S phase. A small amount of synergism between ultrasound and x rays has been observed. The extent of synergism depends on the experimental factors, and may be due to an interaction between nuclear damage caused by x rays and the damage to the cell membrane caused by ultrasound.


The role of angiography in renal trauma. The great majority of renal injuries are minor, are treated conservatively and are adequately assessed by clinical examination and high dose intravenous urography. When severe renal injury is suspected and surgery is being considered, angiography is of great value in accurately defining the extent of injury and rationalising management. During the past four years we have carried out angiography for the assessment of renal trauma in 21 patients admitted to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. Four of these cases have been described.


The Barnsley x-ray gown.

The Barnsley x-ray gown. A patient's gown for use in the X-ray Department has been designed. It is of such a style that one size suits all patients and adequate access to the patient is afforded while modesty is preserved. It is of a distinctive colour to ensure its retention solely for use in the X-ray Department.


The use of an inverted Kodak X-Omatic cassette as an improvised grid. An inverted X-Omatic cassette is particularly useful when substituted for a grid in situations where the employment of a grid would not be practical. It also provides a selective filtration effect during radiography of anatomical regions that exhibit a wide range of subject opacity. With radiology procedures and equipment becoming more complex, the concept of employing an improvised method of controlling radiation scatter may seem antiquated when compared to today's high standards of imaging excellence. However, based on my experience with this method, I feel its practical application should not be overlooked as an alternative method of coping with an age-old problem of radiation scatter control.


Radiographic positioning test format for programs using an energized x-ray laboratory. As a means of evaluating student performance in the clinical setting, three major areas of testing have been identified: (1) time required to position the patient for any given examination, (2) procedure performance, and (3) ability to evaluate the finished radiograph as to its diagnostic quality. The testing format developed at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, is used to examine the student as he performs in an energized laboratory. This format, based on criteria the student knows in advance, increased the objectivity of the instructor giving the examination.


[Recent data on the radiation exposure to the patient in diagnostic radiology (author's transl)]. As a consequence of the x-ray decree (GFR 1973) data are obligatory to assess the radiation exposure to the patient. These data can easily be obtained with an additional device for recording the dose surface product. The value of the fluoroscopy time for calculating the radiation exposure of different organs is discussed. By a high standard of technical equipment and training of the technical personnel, radiation exposure to the patient may be kept low. Recent data on the exposure to the patient in diagnostic radiology and the corresponding somatic and genetic hazards are summarized in this review.


Guidelines for objective student clinical education evaluations. Student clinical evaluations need to take into consideration the many variables associated with the production of quality radiographs. Using performance objectives with correction factors for atypical training conditions and a scale of achievement with an evaluation formula, objective student clinical education evaluations may be realized.


[Actual radiation hazards for the examiner in diagnostic radiology (author's transl)]. Few data are available about radiation exposure of the physician in diagnostic radiology. They are in a range of greater than or equal to 0.1 to 40 mrads per examination. A whole body exposure of approximately 20 mrads per week may result from a rather high frequency of examinations. This value corresponds to 1/5 of the dose limit for radiation workers per week. At the present time, there is no evidence that exposures at such low doses and dose rates increase the genetic and carcinogenic hazards of radiation workers.


[Results of measurements of local doses with film-dosimeters (author's transl)]. In medical x-ray departments, industrial facilities and nuclear reactors, local radiation was measured with film dosimeters in more than 1700 different places. These were fixed over a period of about 30 days in different spots of the controlled rooms. The obtained measurements are classified into different groups. The advantage of film dosimeters compared with usual measurements of the dose rates is the fact that they give an average of the real dose over a period of time at low cost. The obtained results are of interest for radioprotection technique.


[The legal terms "controlled area" and "X-ray room" in the x-ray ordinance of 1973 (author's transl)]. The X-ray Ordinance of 1973 defines the legal terms "controlled area" (sec. 15) and "X-ray room" (sec. 16) differently, serving different legal purposes. For the application and interpretation the two terms are to be distinguished. The competence to locate the limits of the "controlled area" lies with the radiation protection officer according to secs. 11, 12, and 15 of the X-Ray Ordinance. He is authorized to enlarge the "controlled area" and to make its limits identical with those of the X-ray room. The State authorities may intervene in this primary competence of the radiation protection officer only in exceptional cases (15 subsec. 4). The competent State authority may ask the radiation protection officer to enlarge a "controlled area" if it seems necessary for the protection of individuals or of the public. However, a general order of the supervisory authority implicating identical definition of "controlled area" and "X-ray room" would be inconsistent with the explicit provisions of the X-ray Ordinance and therefore unlawful.


[Invasive myocardial perfusion scan with (131)I-MAA and (99m)Tc-Microspheres (author's transl)]. Hemodynamic evaluation of coronary artery stenosis is indicated in patients with ischemic heart disease. For this purpose myocardial perfusion scans are performed. In our study myocardial scans were performed by selective injection of 60 to 80 muCi of (131)I-MAA in the right coronary artery and of 3 mCi of (99m)Tc-microspheres in the left coronary artery. Four views (RAO, LAO, AP, LLAT) were taken with an Anger-Camera and a computer-control-led color-coded display system (Picker Dyna-Came-ra 3C/12 and Kruppe Atlas Elektronik EPR 1100, medium energy collimator). Right and left coronary artery perfusion images were stored and two-colour image produced. Following computer processing (smoothing, normalization) the images were added and photographed in color. In comparision with scans and left-ventricular and coronary angiography the sensitivity of the nuclear medicine method was shown in cases with reduced perfusion. Therefore the perfusion scans seem to be useful in combination with angiography for the determination of therapy.


[Enzephalo-trigeminal angiomatosis. Sturge-Weber-Krabbe (author's transl)]. Following a case presentation clinical and radiological signs of the Sturge-Weber-Krabbe syndrome as well as its differentiation into three clinical entities according to Poser and Taveras are discussed. Calcification within the atrophic cerebral cortex is a predominant sign. Angiomatous lesions of the external ascending and descending cerebral veins, and occasionally of the internal cerebral veins may be demonstrated by angiography. Calcifications of the cerebral cortex demonstrable on plain skull radiograms diminish the diagnostic value of angiography because of their pathognomic significance. Hyperplasia of the frontal and ethmoid sinuses and thickening of the calcaria are probably directly related to the cerebral atrophy.


The nature and significance of peribronchial cuffing in pulmonary edema. So-called "peribronchial cuffing" in acute pulmonary edema appears to be caused by edema involving the bronchila wall as well as the peribronchial interstitial space, and this was confirmed at autopsy in a patient with acute left heart failure. Edema of the bronchial wall indicates transdation from capillaries derived from the bronchial rather than the pulmonary atery, which may well explain all of the radiological manifestations of acute interstitial edema. The possible role of this circulation in the production of acute alveolar edema is also discussed. The significance of the bronchial artery circulation in the production of acute pulmonary edema warrants reevaluation.


Computer-assisted radiology reporting: quality of reports. Automated medical communication systems for patient care usually enhance timeliness and retrievability. The effect of automated systems on communication quality has not been sufficiently measured. The radiology reports produced with the automated radiology reporting system at the Johns Hopkins Hospital were evalueate for quality and compared to reports produced by dictation. No differences in quality between computer-generated and dictated reports were detected by three consultant radiologists using a specially designed quality rating system.


Osler revisited: an unusual cause of inversion of the diaphragm. Osler described depression of the left hemidiaphragm and left lobe of the liver as a physical finding in some patients with pericardial effusion. Inversion of the left hemidiaphragm associated with a large pericardial effusion is an unusual, previously unreported complication. It may be a contributory factor in the production of unexplained dyspnea in some patients.


Approximation of the left ventricle by a cone of revolution using biplane measurements. A new method based only on area measurements was developed for calculating left ventricular volume from biplane (RAO and LAO) left ventriculograms; the ventricle was approximated by a cone of revolution. Twenty-three patients with normal and 23 patients with abnormal left ventricles were studied. The Dodge method provided reference values. There was no significant difference between values for EDV calculated by either method; values for ESV calculated by the cone method were consistently higher, but the error is acceptable. The cone method provides results similar to those obtained by the corrected Dodge method, eliminating the problem of choosing and measuring the long axis.


A new radiographic sign of acute traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta: displacement of the nasogastric tube to the right. Numerous plain chest radiographic signs previously described for the diagnosis of acute traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta may be present in patients with or without such rupture. Displacement of an opaque nasogastric tube to the right (indicative of esophageal displacement) has been found to be the most reliable sign for the diagnosis of this condition, and may be used as an indication for emergency aortography.


Jejunal diverticulitis.

Jejunal diverticulitis. Two patients with jejunal diverticulitis are presented. Each demonstrated a wide spectrum of clinical and radiographic findings over several years. Radiographic abnormalities including incomplete jejunal obstruction, an omental mass displacing jejunal loops, leakage of barium into adjacent mesenteric abscess, and extrinsic serosal changes involving the transverse colon have permitted a correce preoperative diagnosis in each patient.


The pathophysiologic basis for the angiographic signs of vascular ectasias of the colon. Three reliable diagnostic signs were identified on angiograms from 25 patients with ectasias of the right colon: (a) a slowly emptying dilated, tortuous, intramural vein; (b) a vascular tuft; and (c) an early filling vein. The frequency of these signs and the order of their occurrence reflect the different stages in the evolution of ectasias. The earliest and most frequent sign, the slowly emptying vein, reflects ectatic changes in a submocosal vein resulting from chronic intermittent partial obstruction. The vascular tuft represents more advanced lesions and corresponds to extension of the degenerative process to the venules in the mucosa. An early filling vein reflects an arteriovenous communication through a dilated arteriolar-capillary-venular unit-a mucosal ectasia.


Acute diverticulitis in the young adult. Seven cases of acute diverticulitis in patients 35 years of age or younger are presented. This disease is not rare in young adults. There seems to be a higher incidence in males and an increased need for surgical intervention when younger individuals are affected. The barium enema is useful in confirming the diagnosis.


Urinary tract obstruction in polycystic renal disease. The incidence and cause of urinary tract obstruction in 100 consecutive patients with polycystic renal disease are reported. Because of nonspecific symptoms, poor renal function, and calyceal distortion, obstruction may be difficult to detect. A number of patients had infundibular obstruction caused by a calculus, clot, or inflammation and edema of the pelvocalyceal wall.


Renal venographic findings in 29 kidneys with fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery. Renal venography was performed in 21 hypertensive patients, all of whom had the classical appearance of fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries. None showed any evidence of fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal veins.


Renal oncocytoma: angiographic features of two cases. Two cases of renal oncocytoma (proximal tubular adenoma) with a similar angiographic appearance are reported. The vascular supply to the lesion tends to be arranged in "spoke-wheel" pattern with vessels radiating toward the center of the lesion; the angiographic appearance may help to differentiate renal oncocytoma from hypernephroma preoperatively.


An evaluation of lymphography in localized carcinoma of the prostate. Lymph node biopsies were positive in 20% (7/35) of stage T1 and T2 (stage B) tumors and 64% (21/33) of stage T3 (stage C) tumors in 69 previously untreated and unselected patients with apparently localized carcinoma of the prostate. One patient with a To (stage A) tumor had no evidence of lymph node metastasis. Prospective analysis demonstrated an overall lymphographic accuracy of 78%, sensitivity of 57% and specificity of 92%. The detection of lymph node metastases in the lymphogram is limited by the frequency of microscopic metastasis and the frequency of benign changes within pelvic lymph nodes in this older patient population. Diagnostic criteria for metastatic disease which gives a low incidence of false-positive interpretations should be maintained, since relaxing the criteria will not necessarily improve the detection rate of metastases and would decrease specificity.


Early radiographic manifestations of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with chronic renal disease. The hands of 29 chronic dialysis patients were evaluated every 3 months for subperiosteal, intracortical, and endosteal bone resorption using fine-detail radiography and optical magnification. All patients with significant endosteal resorption also had progressive subperiosteal resorption and substantial or progressive intracortical resorption. All patients with a significantly elevated parathyroid hormone or alkaline phosphatase level had radiographic evidence of progressive bone loss. Fourteen (61%) of the 23 patients with well-controlled serum phosphate levels (mean 4.7 +/- 0.2 mg/dl) treated with supplemental calcium and dihydrotachysterol nevertheless had increased subperiosteal or endosteal resorption. Serial radiography proved to be a valuable method of evaluating progressive bone resorption.


Radiological/pathological correlations in uremic bone disease. Skeletal radiographs and non-decalcified bone specimens from 17 chronically uremic patients with radiographic evidence of bone disease were studied quantitatively. The results of each morphological technique were compared in an attempt to define the roentgenographic manifestations of renal osteodystrophy histologically. The radiographs correlated best with the trabecular bone manifestations of osteitis fibrosa but showed poor correlation with histological evidence of osteomalacia. Radiographic signs of osteosclerosis could not be correlated with any radiographic or histiolgical feature of bone resorption.


A radiographic study of the ligamentous anatomy of the ankle. Ankle trauma commonly results in significant injury. Knowledge of the anatomy of the normally nonopaque major supportive ligaments, and their relationships to the osseous structures seen on standard roentgenograms, facilitates interpretation of both plain films and ankle arthrograms. A group of normal, non-preserved ankles was dissected. The laterally located anterior talofibular calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular, distal anterior tibiofibular ligaments, and the medially located deltoid ligament were carefully defined. They were coated with a mixture of powdered tantalum, photographed, and then radiographed in standard projections. The normal gross anatomy of these major supportive ligaments of the ankle and their relationship to the osseous structures about the ankle are remarkably constant.


Rheumatoid nodulosis: another cuase of juxtarticular nodules. A case of rheumatoid nodulosis and the difficulties encountered in its diagnosis are presented. A positive rheumatoid factor, biopsy proved involvement of the synovium and bone at the second metacarpophalangeal joint, and regression of nodules and mild arthritic symptoms with gold therapy, supported the diagnosis of a rheumatoid disease variant. The relationship of the disease to rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and xanthomatosis is discussed.


Therapeutic embolization with long-term occluding agents and their effects on embolized tissues. The effects of long-term occlusion of branches of the celiac and renal arteries were studied in 13 pigs, using isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (ibc), the Gianturco-Anderson-Wallace wool coil, and lvalon. IBC permanently occluded 2- to 8-cm lengths of both vessels, including their branches so that collateral circulation was not able to preserve the tissue supplied by the occluded artery. Gastric ulcers, splenic and hepatic infarcts, and large, sterile biliary cysts were observed on postmortem examination. Permanent occlusion was also observed with the wool coil and lvalon, but the pathological results were much less deleterious. The authors conclude that IBC is presently unsafe for use in branches of the celiac artery.


Xeroradiographic studies in 150 patients with solitary scintigraphically nonfunctioning nodules of the thyroid gland. Xeroradiographic studies were performed in 150 patients with a solitary scintigraphically nonfunctioning nodule of the thyroid gland. This procedure was demonstrated to be superior to conventional radiographic techniques in imaging the trachea, in the visualization of the cervical subcutaneous and visceral compartments and in the identification of cystic walls. It is also a sensitive method for the detection of calcifications. Psammoma bodies are typical for malignant changes in nodes whereas other types of microcalcifications are nonspecific. Coarse, amorphous calcifications are typical for benign adenomas with regressive changes; shell-like calcifications are seen in longstanding cysts.


Lymphatic diverticulum: a persistent posterior lymph sac demonstrated by lymphography. A lymphatic diverticulum was seen in a patient with bronchogenic carcinoma. It was shown by lymphography to arise from the lymphatic vessels in the right side of the pelvis, and probably represented a partial persistence of an embryonic lymph sac.


Impedance plethysmography: correlation with contrast venography. Impedance plethysmography is a noninvasive, indirect test for deep venous occlusion in the lower limbs. The results of ascending contrast venography impedance plethysmography have been compared in 315 limbs. Impedance plethysmography was positive in 77 of 79 limbs with acute deep vein thrombosis proximal to the calf. It was positive in 6 of 27 limbs with clot isolated in the calf. Only 7 false-positive plethysmograms were found in 161 normal contrast venograms. The clinical implications of these data are discussed.


Frontal and lateral views of the brain reconstructed from EMI axial slices. A computer program has been written to produce lateral and frontal views of the brain from transverse slices generated by the EMI scanner. The resulting images have markedly facilitated the planning of surgical exploration of intracranial lesions by graphically indicating their locations in a manner consistent with the familiar lateral and frontal radiographs. Our image is formed from a distribution of the average EMI density number along the directio, of projection. Incorporated in the program is a bone-searching algorithm which eliminated density from the cranium and extracranial air and water so that only brain is seen in the projection. Several enhancement algorithms are provided to enhance pathology. The images are displayed on the existing EMI viewer, where they are available for inspection and photography.


Contributions of computed tomography in the staging and management of malignant lymphoma. Pretreatment staging is considered essential in the management of patients with malignant lymphoma, particularly nodular sclerosing Hodgkin disease. The results of CT examination of 33 patients with malignant lymphoma are correlated with the results of lymphangiography, nuclide images of the liver and spleen, gallium citrate57 images of lymphoid tissue, and nuclide bone images. CT is least effective in the early clinical stages of malignant lymphoma because normal or minimally enlarged nodes are difficult to detect; CT is probably reliable enough to replace lymphangiography of gallium57 imaging in patients with advanced disease.


Aneurysm of the azygos artery.

Aneurysm of the azygos artery. A saccular aneurysm of the azygos artery is reported. The relationship between (a) this aneurysm and the primitive vessel from which it arises and (b) the aneurysms which are frequently seen involving persistent carotid-basilar anastomoses is described.


Some aspects of contralateral compression in carotid angiography. The effect of compression of the noninjected carotid artery at carotid angiography was studied; compression above the bifurcation was compared to compression below the bifurcation. The timing of the compression in relation to the contrast injection was varied. In 12 patients an increased contrast dose was used. Retrograde contrast filling of the noninjected carotid was better when compression was applied below the biturcation. With increased contrast dose and prolonged injection time, visualization of the noninjected carotid artery was further improved, as was contrast filling of the noninjected hemisphere.


Nerve rootlet avulsion. A complication of myelography using the Chynn needle. The authors report a case of traumatic removal of nerve tissue during myelography with the Chynn aspiration cannula. If such a situation occurs, the authors suggest making a second puncture at a different level.


Role of the radionuclide brain image in the diagnosis of brainstem gliomas. The noninvasive detection of brainstem gliomas remains difficult. Eleven of our patients with proven brainstem gliomas had radionuclide brain imaging prior to the initiation of therapy or confirmation of the diagnosis; six studies were positive. Pneumoencephalography remains the most reliable diagnostic test for brainstem glioma, and is invariably required for confirmation. Although angiography is useful in the evaluation of vasocularity it may not detect small infiltrating lesions. Radionuclide brain imaging is useful in the initial workup of patients with suspected brainstem gliomas.


Scintigraphic demonstration of epididymo-orchitis and a hydrocele. A 99MTc pertechnetate image demonstrated epididymo-orchitis and a hydrocele in a 15-year-old youth with painless scrotal swelling. The differential diagnosis is reviewed.


Testicular radionuclide angiography and static imaging: anatomy, scintigraphic interpretation, and clinical indications. Radionuclide testicular angiography and static imaging is an easy, rapidly performed study. Its usefulness in separating acute testicular torsion from acute epididymitis has been confirmed. Increased angiographic perfusion with definition of the testicular and deferential arteries in the spermatic cord and the pudendal artery posteriorly is equated with inflammation. Intense increased vascularity on the blood pool image is seen in abscess and acute inflammation, while cases of tumor and trauma have mild increases. Acute or missed testicular torsion, uncomplicated hydroceles, and spermatoceles show absent vascularity. On the static images, decreased activity is characteristic of the stage and location of the avascular structure, Technical factors are stressed.


Total and individual kidney function assessment with iodine-123 ortho-iodohippurate. A simple and reliable method of preparing 123l o-iodohippurate (l-123 OIH) is described. The agent was used to evaluate renal function in 329 patients; its use results in significant dose reduction for those with obstruction, hypertension, or transplant. Images from l-123 OIH provide 2.4 times more detectable photons per mCi administered to the patient than images obtained from l-131 OIH. Diagnoses are expected to be more reliable with l-123 OIH due to the decreased random variation of each data point.


Evaluation of 99mTc diphosphonate kinetics and bone scans in patients with Paget's disease before and after calcitonin treatment. Eleven patients with Paget's disease of bone underwent serial total body bone scars before and after therapy with calcitonin. All patients studied showed improvement clinically as well as biochemically. Scan improvement was noted in patients with mild disease. Patients with severe disease showed either to change or only slight improvement on the serial bone scars The scan was of greatest value in determining the extent of disease, especially in 3 patients in whom biochemical values were normal. A single pulse injection of 50 M.R.C. units of salmon calcitonin produced a significant increase in the blood clearance of 99mTc diphosphonate. The mechanism of this effect is not clear from this study.


Assessment of conventional criteria for the early diagnosis of thrombophlebitis with the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test. Analysis of 55 positive tests of a total of 300 tests by conventional criteria revealed that 125I-fibrinogen provides useful information early enough for clinical management. Of the tests which were ultimately interpreted as positive by conventional criteria, at least one was positive at 3-4 hours in 67% of the tests and 98% of the tests were positive at 24 hours after the administration of 125I-fibrinogen. A 20% difference between contralateral identical locations of the legs and a 20% difference between adjacent locations of the ipsilateral leg were found with almost equal frequency in the positive tests, whereas a 20% increase at the same location was less sensitive. The 125I-fibrogen uptake test is a simple and accurate technique for early diagnosis of active thrombophlebitis.


Diagnosis oligohydramnios-related pulmonary hypoplasia (Potter syndrome): value of portable voiding cystourethrography in newborns with respiratory distress. Potter renal nonfunctional syndrome is an association of facial and limb anomalies, pulmonary hypoplasia, and fetal renal anomalies which lead to marked oligohydramnios, including renal agenesis (true Potter syndrome), renal cystic dysplasia, and obstructive uropathies. Some infants survive long enough to develop severe respiratory distress secondary to pulmonary hypoplasia. The underlying renal disease is often noted only at autopsy. We studied four infants, only one of whom had clinical signs of the renal nonfunction syndrome. Portable voiding cystourethrography revealed a tiny bladder in three infants with cystic dysplasia kidneys (two of these infants had reflux into unused ureters). Bladder hypertrophy and vesicoureteral reflux secondary to posterior uretral valves were noted in the fourth infant.


Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis.

Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis. The clinical histories and radiographs of 28 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were reviewed. Symptoms developed before the age of 17 in all cases. Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis affected youths in their early teens, who presented most commonly with appendicular joint complaints rather than low back pain. The disease was progressive, with the characteristic changes of ankylosing spondylitis eventually occurring in the spine and sacroiliac joints, frequently accompanied by widespread and severe changes in the appendolar joints. HLA B 27 antigen was present in 8 of the 9 patients tested. Thorough clinical, radiographic, and laboratory examination should prevent confusion with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.


Slipped femoral capital epiphysis as a sequela to childhood irradiation for malignant tumors. Five cases of slipped femoral capital epiphysis were noted in children with prior irradiation for malignancy whose femoral head and neck had been included in the radiation portal. Three of the 5 were patients who had lymphoma. As a result of increasing survival rates for these types of patients, this previously unrecognized radiation-related growth disturbance may be more likely to be seen in the future.


Ultrasonographic evaluation of juxtadiaphragmatic masses in children. The authors suggest that ultrasound be used in the evaluation of juxtadiaphragmatic lesions before resorting to other radiographic methods. This technique gives accurate diagnoses, serves as a guide for further studies, and might obviate more extensive procedures.


Rapid development and spontaneous regression of pancreatic pseudocysts documented by ultrasound. Three cases of pancreatic pseudocyst were followed serially by ultrasound examination. The entity was found to be more dynamic than has been generally thought. The rapid development and spontaneous regression of pancreatic pseudocysts was documented. The timing of surgical intervention in these cases must be reevaluated.


Thyroid echography of subacute thyroiditis. Ultrasound was used to study 10 patients with subacute thyroiditis. With gray-scale technique, a "washed-out" appearance was seen during the active phase of the active phase of the illness. Clinical migration of the inflammation was accompanied by migration of the sonographic abnormality. Ultrasound can be especially helpful in the diagnosis of unilateral subacute thyroiditis and the differentiation of true cysts from hemorrhagic degeneration of goiter.


Radiation therapy of craniopharyngioma.

Radiation therapy of craniopharyngioma. The histories of 32 patients with craniopharygioma who had received radiotherapy after surgery were reviewed to assess the effect and adequacy of the radiation dose. The survival rates were 69% at 5 years and 60% at 10 years in all cases, but depended markedly on sex and age. Symptomatic improvement and histological changes in the irradiated tumor are also discussed. Radiation therapy with a dose ranging from 5500 to 6000 rads (approximately 1700 rets) after the first surgical intervention definitely improves the prognosis.


Pulmonary, pleural and thoracic changes complicating chemotherapy. Chronic respiratory failure slowly developed in two pediatric patients following long-term cyclophosphamide therapy for lymphocytic malignancy. One patient survived 12 years after acute lymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed but died of respiratory failure at age 16 still in initial remission; the other, a 12-year survivor of Hodgkin disease, has progressive deterioration of pulmonary function. Each patient received cyclophosphamide (less than 70 g) during the initial years of the disease. Autopsy of the first patient and lung biopsy in the second revealed severe pulmonary fibrosis. There was loss of compliance and a dramatic change in the shape of the thorax which produced a markedly reduced anteroposterior diameter in both patients, and recurrent pneumothoraces in one.


Screen/film system speed: its dependence on x-ray energy. Dependence of the speed of various screen/film systems on x-ray energy was studied using the nearly monoenergetic x rays emitted by a filtered fluorescent source. The results show that response depends on screen phosphor composition and thickness. Barium and rare earth screens having K absorption energies lower than that of calcium tungstate are relatively more sensitive to x rays in the 40-70-keV region.


The influence of bone on 45 MV photon dose distributions. In an attempt to assess the pertubation of 45 MV depth dose distribution in a water phantom equipped with various thicknesses of bone-equivalent plastic. An increased dose was observed immediately behind the bone material and a reduced dose was found for points located greater than 5 cm behind the bone-equivalent plastic. The most significant change of the depth dose curve was produced by bone located in the dose build-up region.


Application of a new torque wire in visceral, extremity, and neuroangiography. The authors describe a flexible torque wire which is beneficial in superselective catheterization. Used in conjunction with the 5 French catheter, it permits high quality results in tortuous aortic arches and there have been no complications.


The six French Catheter in arch aortography. Local thromboembolic complications of arterial catheterization may be diminished by the use of smaller-sized catheters. Described are (a) the use of a size 6 French catheter with side holes for routine arch aortography; and (b) the lowest bursting points for two such types of commercially available catheters.


An improved cervical radium applicator.

An improved cervical radium applicator. Design improvements have retained the advantages of a previously described afterloading radium system, while facilitating insertion by minimizing the space required for passing the apparatus through the introitus. The mechanical integration of the parts of the apparatus results in smoother insertion, reliability of positioning, and less patient discomfort.


A simple traction device for use in the radiology department. Portable sustained graded traction for control of the displaced cervical spine particularly for patients undergoing tomography or gas myelography, is described.


[Eco-ethological significance of the allometric development of the two visual systems in chiroptera]. Volumes of the rostral colliculus and the nuclei of the geniculate body were examined in 19 species of Chiroptera belonging to 8 families characterized by different eco-ethological adaptations. These volumes were compared to those of Basal Insectivores using the allometry formula. The data were expressed in terms of progression indices which estimate how many times a given brain center is greater than that of a Basal Insectivore of the same body weight. According to the progression indices of the rostral colliculus, Chiroptera separate into two groups: the Megachiroptera which have a mean index of 331 and the Microchiroptera with a mean index of 188. On the other hand, mean indices of the lateral geniculate body distinguish between three groups : the Megachiroptera (mean 869); the frugivorous and nectarivorous Microchiroptera (mean 293); the insect-eating, blood sucking, and fish eating Microchiroptera (mean 135). The results indicate that the two anatomically and structurally distinct elements belong to two functionally different visual systems which have evolved somewhat independently. The relation between allometric development of these visual centers and the eco-ethological adaptations of the species examined reveals, to a certain extent, the relative importance of the different functional aspects of vision.


Specific inhibition of the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in regenerating rat liver by a rat hepatocytes supernatant. Studies on endogenous inhibitors obtained from supernatant fluids of rat hepatocytes indicated that the supernatant arrests the normal cell cycle at two points, namely, before the beginning of the S phase and at the onset of metaphase when assayed in regenerating liver cells in situ. The specificity of this (these) inhibitory substance(s) was evidenced by the finding that no inhibition of cell division was observed in situ in tongue, intestine, or kidneys of animals injected with concentrations of the hepatocyte supernatant that inhibited cell division in regenerating liver. When higher concentrations of the inhibitor-containing supernatant were used, only the tongue epithelial cells were affected in addition to the regenerating liver cells.


Relative estimation of ventilatory fow rate in the eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). Freshwater eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) were experimented on in order to measure ventilatory flow rate (by means of a direct method of collecting expired water), and simultaneously, to record sub-opercular pressure changes and opercular displacements (operculogram). Significant correlations (p less than 0.01) were found between the ventilatory flow rate (V) and various characteristics of operculiogram records. The relationships which are significant in each fish experimented on are; V = a(f.lo) + b; V = a(f.Ao) % b and V = a(f.Ao2) + b(f: ventilatory frequency: Ao and lo: mean amplitude and result of integration of opercular tracings). Considering the technical difficulties in measuring the ventilation flow rate of the eel, the easier operculographic recording methods lead to a correct estimation of relative changes in ventilatory flow rate, by using the refined relationship: V = a(Ao1.63).


Regression of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in BCG-sensitized mice. Intraperitoneal inoculation of CF1 mice with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) protected many of them against the ascites form of Ehrlich carcinoma; and, for those that developed cancer, complete regression occurred in up to 50% of the cases at an advanced state of the neoplastic disease. In contrast, when a booster dose of BCG was administered in admixture with tumor cells, the incidence of the tumor was lower and tumor regressions were very rarely observed in mice that developed cancer. Trypan blue, an inhibitor of lysosomal enzymes of macrophages, was found to markedly suppress the natural (innate) antitumor resistance of control mice as well as the acquired resistance and tumor regressions of BCG-sensitized mice. Moreover, a comparison of the cytotoxic activity of the adherent (macrophages) and nonadherent (predominantly lymphocytes) cells isolated from the peritoneal cavity of BCG-sensitized mice, as measured by the inhibition of DNA synthesis, revealed that the effector cells were amongst the macrophages. In contrast, spleen macrophages were devoid of cytotoxicity. The spleen lymphocytes from both BCG-sensitized and control mice possessed about the same significant cytotoxic activity. These results indicate that the activated peritoneal macrophages, induced by a local injection of BCG, could play an important role in the antitumor immunity against Ehrlich carcinoma.


Induction of antituberculous immunity by polysaccharidic contaminants of crude ribosomal vaccines isolated from Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG. Crude ribosomal fractions isolated from the BCG strain of Mycobacterium bovis are capable of inducing antituberculous immunity in CF-1 mice. These crude preparations contain varying amounts of polysaccharides in addition to ribosomal ribonucleic acid and proteins. Whereas these latter two constituents of the crude fractions were found inactive, high levels of antituberculous immunity were induced by a ribosomal sub-fraction significantly enriched with polysaccharides. These results strongly suggest that polysaccharides play an important role in the induction of antituberculous immunity in CF-1 mice immunized with crude ribosomal fractions isolated from the BCG strain and that if ribosomal proteins and/or RNA are of a certain importance, their role would be secondary (complexes providing physical support to polysaccharides, adjuvant, etc.).


[Formation of spheriods by cultured human diploid cells]. When human lung diploid fibroblasts are grown in micro-wells in presence of the organic buffer HEPES in an atmosphere of 5% of CO2, the cells migrate and form spheroids. Histologic examination reveals the presence of fibroblastic and epithelioid cells in these spheroids. Signs of degeneration are seen in both cell types under the electron microscope. Following dissociation of the spheroids and their subculture in absence of HEPES, the cells reverse to their original fibroblast-like morphology and grow in monolayer.


[Modifications of sleep "in utero" in guinea pig after maternal administration of alpha-methyl-L-DOPA (author's transl)]. Effects of maternal administration of alpha-methyl-L-DOPA on sleep in utero were studied by polygraphic method in Guinea Pig faetus from the 53th day of gestation. Maternal injection of alpha-methyl-L-DOPA (100 and 200 mg/kg) produces a typical sedative effect on the faetus from the first hour after drug administration. But, effects appear attenuated in comparison to those of the new-born Guinea Pig: a paradoxical sleep-deprivation of only 30% is observed during the 12 hours period after drug injection. Causes of the attenuation in utero of these drug effects are discussed.


[Visual evoked responses on the primary auditory cortex in the cat after an early suppression of cochlear receptors (author's transl)]. In the adult cat, after an early degeneration (hereditary deaf white cats) or surgical removal of auditory receptors, it is possible to record visual evoked responses on the primary auditory cortex. The appearance of such potentials depends on two conditions: a complete (bilateral) and early (first postnatal month) deafferentation. This can be explained by an early multi-afferentation of the primary cortical areas. The early suppression of the primary modality may keep the other modalities still working in the adult.


[The maturation of the E.E.G. and sleep; genetic and environmental factors (author's transl)]. Whilst studying the post-natal maturation of reflexes, EEG activity, rhythmic activity in Slonaker's wheels and the learning of adult mice, strains showing less pronounced rhythmic activity and more immature EEG and reflexes at birth were discovered. On the other hand some strains having a shorter post-natal period manifest an early maturation of their central nervous system. The results indicate that complex interactions exist between genotype and environment when the different post-natal maturation appearances are considered and that EEG activity may be useful in assessing development.


[An electroencephalographic study of the foetus during labour. Technique and interpretation (author's transl)]. The authors report their experiences in recording foetal E.E.Gs at the time of labour, based on 140 studies. They studied normal E.E.Gs and emphasise the existence of a sleep-waking pattern during dilatation. They consider the E.E.G. changes during the different stages of labour and assess the results against other techniques used to assess foetal well-being. They record the effects on the E.E.G. of various anaesthetics and analgesics given to the mother. The difficulty of the technique is stressed and they conclude that despite the obvious interest of the technique it is not currently suitable for routine obstetric practice.


[Lambda waves in the neonate (author's transl)]. Different types of sharp elements can be observed over the occipital regions from the 2nd postnatal week in the open-eyed child, with active eye movement but practically no body movement. Certain of these sharply localised elements in the occipital midlin are identical to adult lambda waves. Their early occurrence calls to mind the emergence of visual function and attention, these latter occurring at the end of the neonatal period between 7 and 9 days.


[An electroencephalographic study of neonatal subdural haemorrhage (author's transl)]. Subdural haemorrhages in the neonate are still rarely recognised clinically. This study was carried out using E.E.G. data obtained from 12 cases of subdural haemorrhages in full-term neonates, the diagnosis being confirmed at post-mortem. In 2 of the cases where the subdural haemorrhage was localised, the E.E.G. was moderately abnormal with depression of the background activity but without seizure activity and with preservation of sleep organisation. In the other 10 children, the subdural haemorrhage was associated with underlying cortical necrosis. All these recordings were markedly abnormal either inactive or paroxysmal or with low amplitude activity with interspersed sharp wave discharges. Two out of these cases had seizure activity on their trace. The sleep organisation, when appreciable had disappeared. The subdural haemorrhages were usually bilateral and when unilateral, localising signs (depression of activity on ipsilateral side of focal seizure activity) are of little help. The E.E.G. is in fact of little diagnostic value in neonatal subdural haemorrhage but enables the degree of underlying cerebral damage to be assessed.


[Waking and sleeping E.E.G. in normal babies before 6 months of age (author's transl)]. In 44 children aged from 1 week to 6 months, 70 polygraph records were performed. The day tracings were carried out in the nursery in the child's normal environment. They lasted from 1 to 3 sleep cycles. As well as classical EEG developmental data, some new or rarely described in the literature data are pointed out. The onset of sleep is frequently difficult to define precisely. EEG slowing sometimes begin the eye open. Up to 12 weeks, the mode of onset of sleep (defined by the sole criterion of rapide eye movements) is variable: some babies fall asleep in active (AS), the other in quiet sleep (QS). After 12 weeks of age, all children fall asleep in quiet sleep. The early appearance on the median line of the fiqures characteristic of stages of maturity is striking. Vertex sharp waves and spindles appear in QS from 3 weeks with marked interindividual variation. The rhythmic vertex-occipital sharp figures ("saw-tooth" waves) of AS appear after 5 weeks and become well defined from 11 weeks. Several weeks later these characteristic figures spread to the central and posterior areas of the two hemispheres. Quiet sleep and active sleep in babies before 6 months of age are not similar to the slow wave and paradoxical sleep of the adult. Some behavioural parameters, such as body and eye movements permit to oppose the 2 states of sleep as they do in adult. On the contrary, the EEG morphology and certain other variables present some differences compared to the adult.


[Functional maturation of the somatosensory neocortex S1 in the rat. Electrophysiological and histochemical study (author's transl)]. The functional maturation of the somatosensory neocortex has been studied using the projection areas of the whiskers. Natural stimulation of the whiskers evokes global potentials and unitary responses from the 4th postnatal day on. From the 2nd postnatal week the characteristics of the unit responses approximate in latency, topographic organisation of the projections, coding of the directions and temporal characteristics of the stimulation those of the adult. The histochemical activity of succinyl dehydrogenase is demonstrated in layer IV a little before the first electrophysiological response but the typical massed organisation is only seen from the 5th postnatal day. During maturation optical densitometry shows a rapid rise in enzyme activity untill the 7th postnatal day then a slower rise up to the 21st day after which it stabilises.


[Are convulsions on the fifth day of life a distinct clinical and electrophysiological entity? (author's transl)]. A clinical and electrophysiological study was carried out on 20 children in hospital during the neonatal period and who experienced convulsions on the fifth day of life. The clinical and electrophysiological course has been similar and favourable in all cases. The aetiology and long term prognosis, however, remain unknown.


[Density and dynamic of frontal sharp waves (encoches pointues frontales) during sleep in new-borns and infants (author's transl)]. Frontal sharp waves (encoches pointues frontales) identified by Monod (1960) were studied in 110 neonates and infants. Three pattern were described: typical, related and degraded. They were recorded in all subjects, the reason why the frequency of each pattern varied was discussed. Pathological states did not increase the occurrence of those frontal sharp waves since most of them were recorded in children either normal or suffering from a minor pathology. Incidence of maturation seemed to be probable since the highest proportion of frontal sharp waves occurred in infants whose gestational and legal age were respectively greater than 43 weeks and between 20 and 40 days at the time of investigation. Typical and degraded forms were predominant in transitional period towards quiet sleep; they were less numerous during falling asleep in active sleep and totally absent during active sleep following quiet sleep. This could suggest that the two states of active sleep are different in nature.


[An electroencephalographic study of disorders of amino-acid metabolism during the first days of life (author's transl)]. The authors have attempted a systematic E.E.G. study in 32 neonates suffering from disorders of amino-acid metabolism, during the first days of life. These consisted of cases with ketosis (13 cases of leucinosis, 5 methylmalonic acidaemia, isovaleric acidaemia and 3 with hyperlactacidaemia) and cases without ketosis (6 cases of hyperglycinaemia and 3 with congenital hyperammonaemia). A study of the E.E.G. showed some characteristic features, the most typical of which were: -a periodic tracing with large sharps complexes intermingled with less active periods occurring in every case of hyperglycinaemia without ketosis, in 2 cases of leucinosis and 2 cases of methylmalonic acidaemia. This record indicates a poor prognosis. -a less stereotyped periodic tracing with variable evolution. -distinctive figures characterised by rapid Rolandic rhythms always found in cases of leucinosis compared with sharp spindles (between the 10th and 30th day). It is concluded that the E.E.G. patterns are not in close correlation with the anatomical lesions.


[Distribution of respiratory arrests in preterm and term infants (author's transl)]. Incidence, distribution and periodicity of respiratory arrests larger than or equal to 2 seconds duration were studied in relation to age and sleep states by means of polygraphic recording in 61 tracing of 44 preterm and term infants free of pathologic conditions known to increase the risk of respiratory arrests. Respiratory arrests at any infant's age were found to be more frequent during active sleep. Incidence of respiratory arrests decreases with age in all sleep states. At any age the average duration of respiratory arrest is longer in quiet sleep. When restrictive definition is applied periodic breathing was found to be a rare and probably an abnormal phenomenon not in connection with any particular sleep state. Apneas of longer than 10 seconds duration were observed rather seldon, as well as cardiac slowing coinciding with respiratory arrest or apnea. Bradypnea and poor differenciation of breathing pattern according to sleep states represent a rare and presumably abnormal finding. The authors feel that the elements observed should be considered in estimating the risk of severe apnea in infants.


[Electroencephalographic study of a case of neonatal herpes encephalitis (author's transl)]. This report describes the serial E.E.G. changes occurring over 6 weeks in a particularly interesting case of neonatal herpes encephalitis commencing on the 13th day of life. Atypical periodic complexes occurred briefly on the fifteenth day and disappeared on the 21st day. These focal complexes were less characteristic than those seen in the older child or adult. On the 27th day E.E.G. activity disappeared contrasting with the preservation of organised sleep recognised by polygraph studies using ocular movement, respiration and chin tonus. At 2 months the child no longer was conscious, E.E.G. activity totally absent but sleep organisation persisted with intense ocular motility.


[Cerebral distress in the infant (author's transl)]. The authors using a E.E.G. laboratory not specialised in infant recordings, analysed the serial E.E.G. data in 8 infants presenting variable degrees of cerebral distress. In 2 cases not ventilated artifically and who finally died, the tracings were characterized by periodic activity in the occipital region similar to that seen in the isolated cerebral cortex. Autopsy revealed significant hydrocephalus with porencephaly and preservation of a narrow band of histologically normal occipital cortex. The authors observations of variable evolution illustrate some well known facts and in particular the importance of serial high quality E.E.G. tracings during the neonatal period to assist accurate prognosis and to repeat the tracing over the ensuing months.


[The prognostic value of the E.E.G. in premature infants (author's transl)]. The electroencephalograms of 82 infants (between 27 and 37 weeks of conceptional age) recorded during the neonatal period were analyzed and compared with the ultimate clinical evolution. Three groups of infants were identified according to their neurological state at 3 years of age or older: group A: normal (34 infants), group B: minor neurological sequellae (13 infants) and group C: major neurological sequellae (17 infants). A fourth group (group D: 18 infants) died during the neonatal period. The E.E.Gs were classified as: normal, questionably abnormal, moderately abnormal or grossly abnormal. The analysis revealed that E.E.Gs classified as grossly abnormal, were found only in groups B, C and D. Serial E.E.Gs were of more value in distinguishing these groups. Only infants in groups C and D (with I exceptional case in group B) had E.E.Gs which remained abnormal for several weeks or which deteriorated during the neonatal period. This study shows the prognostic value of the E.E.G. recorded during the neonatal period, particularly serial recordings obtained during and after a period of clinical deterioration. A detailed statistical analysis of the E.E.Gs is in progress.


[Sleep cycles of hydrocephalic infants (author's transl)]. The authors have studied the sleep of 6 hydrocephalic infants. In 4 cases disturbed sleep was noticed, characterized by insomnia in 2 cases, and frequent interruptions of sleep in the other 2 cases. In the last cases no other particular alterations were observed. The research was continued in 2 cases, operated on with the Pudenz Valve. In one of which the valve functioned well, sleep was restructured. In the second case the valve did not function well and sleep was not restructured. This suggests the hypothesis that the endocranial hypertension may alter the sleep cycles.


[Clinical course following a neonatal E.E.G. recording reported as severely abnormal (author's transl)]. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of neonatal E.E.G. tracings in children born at term. The clinical course of 45 children was followed and related to E.E.G. abnormalities reported during the first 5 days of life. Essentially the findings confirmed those previously reported by others. However some differences were noted: paroxysmal tracings were not associated with a poor clinical state, and moderately abnormal tracings (the prognostic significance of which has never been defined) led on sometimes to a severe encephalopathy. We wish to stress certain aspects of our findings: -recordings in the first 24 hours of life may be misleading. -recordings, to be of value, must be taken before any treatment which could induce paroxystic E.E.G. patterns. -E.E.Gs should be repeated during the post-natal period when the findings are non-specific. -the prognostic significance of tracings reported as "generalised or localised overactivity" should be evaluated.


[Developmental study of the paroxysmal tracing in the full term neonate (author's transl)]. The development of the paroxysmal trace was studied in 13 full term neonates having presented with severe neonatal anoxia. The paroxysmal tracings according to the definition given by by Monod and Dreyfus-Brisac changed between the 10th and 15th days, the bursts of waves being more polymorphic and closer together but the paroxysmal component persisted. Further groups of anterior slow waves symmetrical and limited to the mid temporal region appeared. These patterns disappeared between the 2nd and 3rd month to make way for generalised spikes and resembling hypsarrhythmia beyond the third month.


The organization of carbohydrate in mouse synaptosomal plasma membrane. Analysis of synaptosomal plasma membrane from mouse brain by SDS gel electrophoresis reveals a large number of glycoprotein and glycolipid species, as distinguished by periodic acid Schiff or by the distribution of in vivo incorporated 3H-fucose label. The topographical distribution of this carbohydrate in the plasma membrane was examined by labelling intact synaptosomes and isolated membrane with galactose oxidase (E.C. 1.1.2.9.)-3H-NaBH4. In both, gangliosides and a wide spectrum of glycoprotein species were labelled. Extraction of SPM with 0.05 N NaOH at 0 degrees C removed about two-thirds of the membrane's protein. Gel electrophoresis of the solubilized material revealed partial or complete extraction of a large number of polypeptide species; however, all of the glycoproteins, as well as the  glycolipid, remained in the insoluble pellet. These results indicate a highly asymmetric arrangement of glycoproteins and glycolipids in SPM; most or all of these species reside on the external surface of the synaptosome, accessible to galactose oxidase. The glycoproteins appear to be more deeply-buried in the lipid bilayer than the other polypeptide species, as has been found in other systems.