The role of effector cells and antiserum in the inhibition of cell-mediated cytotoxicity of allogeneic tumor cells. Previous experiments in this laboratory demonstrated a progressive decrease in cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) against allogeneic tumor cells by immune spleen cells from mice repeatedly immunized with those tumor cells. In the present study, immune spleen cells, obtained at specified intervals during the course of multiple immunizations of BALB/c mice with EL-4 lymphoma cells, were tested for CMC against EL-4 target cells pretreated with anti-EL-4 serum which had been obtained from singly or repeatedly immunized animals. Cytolysis of EL-4 cells was measured by a 51Cr-release assay. The results indicate that blocking of CMC in an allogeneic tumor model may occur by two pathways. First, antigen or antigen-antibody complexes present in the immunized animal may bind in vivo to the antigen receptor sites of of sensitized effector cells that are used in the in vitro CMC assay, thereby blocking their interaction with tumor cells. Second, immune serum that is added to the in vitro CMC assay may contain highly avid antibodies, as well as antigen-antibody complexes, that bind to tumor cells and thereby block interaction with sensitized effector cells. The identification of these elements may be of prognostic significance in certain clinical situations.


The prevalence of hepatitis-B antigen (HB S Ag) and its antibody (Anti-HB S) among London hemophiliacs and blood donors from London and two tropical areas. The prevalence of hepatitis-B antigen (HB s AG) and its antibody (anti-HBs) among 49 London hemophiliacs was compared with that among women attending an antenatal clinic and healthy blood donors from London and from two parts of the tropics (Mauritius and Zambia). The prevalence of HBsAG and anti-HBs was low in antenatal patients, London blood donors and blood donors from Mauritius. However, a high proportion of hemophiliacs (59%) were anti-HBs positive, this being comparable with Zambian blood donors (53%), although anti-HBs titers in hemophiliacs were much higher (GMT 1:342) than in Zambian blood donors (GMT 1:36). In contrast, HBsAG was detected in 29 of 250 (12%) Zambian donors but in only 3 of 49 (6%) hemophiliacs. Clinically overt hepatitis occurred in only two hemophiliacs. However, the presence of HBsAG-specific IgM in 7 of 29 (24%) anti-HBs-positive hemophiliacs suggests that a proportion of these patients recently experienced subclinical infection by hepatitis-B virus, Anti-HBs-positive hemophiliacs received a significantly higher number of- cryoprecipitate units than did those without anti-HBs(P less than 0.01). Five of seven hemophiliacs with high titers of anti-HBs (greater than 1:4,096) showed a decline in titer after 1972 which may have been associated with the introduction of screening of cryoprecipitate for HBsAG.


Humoral sensitization in parous women: cytotoxic antibodies to non HL-A antigens. From sera of parous women, we selected 100 samples that lacked cytotoxic antibodies to human peripheral lymphocytes from at least 80 unrelated persons. These sera were then reacted with a panel of 17 cultured human lymphoid cells in the complement-dependent cytotoxic test. Forty-six sera contained cytotoxic antibodies apparently directed to an antigenic system distinct from HL-A antigens, and other known cell surface markers. Rabbit serum was the most efficient source of complement with these cytotoxic antibodies which did not appear to be directed to tumor associated antigens: in fact, no lysis of melanoma cells or leukemic cells could be detected. Ten specificities could be identified which were represented on the cultured human lymphoid cells in various combinations. It is suggested that antigens detected by this approach may be similar to the Ia antigens of the mouse.


[Chromatin activation at early stages of PHA-stimulation of lymphocytes (cytofluorometric study)]. The activation of lymphocyte DNP-complex in peripheral blood of people 19-34 and 90 years was studied using the method of cytofluorometry. After stimulation with PHA, a trustworthy increase in fluorescence within a range of 530 nm was observed after 15 and 60 minutes. No significant differences were revealed in activation of the DNP -complex in the people aged 19-34 and 90.


[Lipid composition of wild and histamine-dependent strains of Candida tropicalis D-2]. Lipid composition of prototropic and histidine-dependent strains of Candida tripicalis D-2 was studied by the method of gas and thin layer chromatography. Essential differences are shown in the quantitative composition of neutral lipids and fatty acids of the studied strains.


[Age changes in the structure of adenohypophysical gonadotropocytes and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neurocytes]. The results of cytochemical and electron-microscopic examinations show a similarity for age- and season-dependent changes in hormone secretion of the adenohypophysial gonadotropocytes and the arcuate nucleus function of the hypothalamus in geeze. Transition to sexual maturity and the reproductive period are connected with the intensive evacuation of secretory granules from the above-mentioned structures. The period of sexual quietness is characterized by the absence of secretory granules in the neurocytes of the arcuate nucleus and by a slow evacuation of secretion from gonadotropocytes.


The Proechimys rat; a potential laboratory host and model for the study of Trypanosoma evansi. A group of Proechimys rats (family Echimyidae, subfamily Echimyinae( was experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. The long-term chronic infection induced, and the nature of the tissue lesions encountered, point towards their possible use as laboratory models for the study of T. evansi infections. Comparisons were made with albino rats in which the flagellate produced a short-term infection following inoculation.


[Ultrastructural characteristics of the reaction of nephron mitochondria at different periods in thermal injury]. Different reaction of the nephron mitochondria in dogs at thermal injury is characterized by alteration in the bioenergetic processes of the obligate and facultative reabsorbtion.


[Cytogenetic characteristics of the growth of Brown-Pearce carcinoma in rabbits]. The Brown-Pears carcinoma in rabbits is characterized by a high proliferation activity of cells (to 1%), high chromosome variability (to 34%) and a high index of genome variability (to 60%). The data obtained may serve as a theoretical basis when studying the growth of malignant tumours.


[Variability of postvaccinal antibody activity in swine with different blood groups]. In pigs with A--/--, Kace/--, Kace/b; Lbdfi/bdfi-allels in the genotype the titre of postvaccinal antibodies was 4-15 times as high as in pigs with allels Acp; Lbcgi/adhi, Kb/-or K--/--. Frequency of animals with allels, connected with a low titre of antibodies in certain populations ranged from 0 to 11.6%. Such animals grew badly and had a low viability.


Normal haematological parameters of pigs in Papua New Guinea. The normal haematological parameters of pure Native and Crossbred Native pigs under intensive management are listed. The values for both groups are within the wide range of normal values for conventional breeds under intensive management. The "normal" haematological values 5-month and 11-month Village pigs are also listed. Compared with the corresponding age group of both pure Native and Crossbred Native pigs, the Village pigs had significantly lower haemoglobin, red blood cell counts and haematocrit values. The cause of the lower values in Village pigs is thought to be due to the malnutrition-parasite complex of Village pigs. The significantly higher leucocyte count of Village pigs is thought to be due to chronic pneumonia and parasitism of the Village pigs.


[Study of the nucleoprotein composition of sheep liver subcellular fractions in relation to heterosis]. A comparative characteristic of the liver main cellular organoids is given for sheep of different age and origin. Crossing of different types of sheep breeds (Krazakh fine-wool and Lincoln) results in an increase in the amount of nucleic acids and proteins in nuclei and microsomes and does not influence other cellular structures of cross-breeds.


[Possible mechanism for histone regulation of genetic activity]. A hypothesis is advanced on the possible mechanism for specific repression and depression of genes by histones are realized only at the level of the quaternary structure of histones. It is also supposed that a few histone molecules can form a supermolecular complex with unique structure.


Some normal biochemical parameters of pigs in Pupua New Guinea. The normal values of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum lactic dehydrogenase and serum alkaline phosphatase, total protein, urea, creatine, cholesterol, glucose, magnesium, calcium and inorganic phosphorus were measured monthly over a 12-month period from 10 "pure" Native and 10 Native X British Crossbred pigs. Except for cholesterol, no significant difference was found between the two groups. Similar estimations were made for 5-month and 11-month Village pigs in which the serum alkaline phosphatase, inorganic phosphorus, total protein, urea, creatinine and calcium were significantly lower when compared with the corresponding age group of the pure Native pigs and Crossbred pigs. These lower values are thought to be due to the effects of the malnutrition-parasite complex of Village pigs.


Caprine pneumonia in Nigeria. I. Epidemiology and bacterial flora of normal and diseased respiratory tracts. The prevalence of caprine pneumonia in Nigeria is high during the rainy and "harmattan" seasons. In this investigation the important bacteria isolated both from normal and diseased respiratory tracts of goats were pasteurellae and mycoplasmata.


A mycoplasma from acute contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Kenya. A mycoplasma was isolated from acute caprine pleuropneumonia in Kenya. The organism could be differentiated serologically from the known strains of mycoplasma with which it was compared. When the organism was inoculated into goats it caused pleuropneumonia which was readily contagious, and from which the organism could be reisolated.


[Molecular biological bases for adenovirus-induced syntheses in cells]. The latest data from literature concerning the peculiarities of the molecular structure of adenoviruseses and their reproduction in a cell are summarized. Analysis of experimental materials gives evidence that the regulation of adenovirus-induced syntheses in the infected cell takes place at the transcription and translation level; adenoviruses themselves can be used as a model for studying molecular mechanisms for reproduction of DNA-containing viruses.


Ultrasonic pelvimetry. A method for preliminary estimation of the pelvic outlet. Vaginal sound, with transmitter crystals of 2 MHz, is used when measuring the interspinous diameter. The echo from pelvic wall, the effect on the measured spinal diameter by altering the position of the ultrasonic transmitter, and the influence of air or faeces between the ultrasound transmitter and the pelvic wall, have been analysed in a series of model trials on a dummy submerged in water. Thereafter clinical trials were performed on 102 women, pregnant in their 9th month. The results obtained when measuring the interspinous diameter on the ultrasonic tomogram were compared with the results obtained when measuring the same distance on a frontal x-ray picture taken using the orthographic technique according to Borell-Frenström. The method is suitable for selecting those cases with suspect constriction of the pelvic outlet for an x-ray examination by the Borell-Fernström technique.


Ultrasonic absorbed dose, dose rate, and produced lesion volume. Histological preparations of ultrasonically produced lesions in cat brain, at 3 and 4 MHz, have been studied microscopically. The relationship of the delivered acoustic intensity at the lesion site, the energy absorbed per unit volume of the lesion, and the lesion volume is exhibited. It is suggested that universal responses to ultrasonic exposure may exist for different tissues.


A comparison of heat production and cavitational intensity in several ultrasonic cell disruptors. High power ultrasonic equipment is now commonplace in biological, chemical and pharmaceutical laboratories. These devices are being used for a variety of purposes including emulsification, dispersion, extraction and cell disruption. The average researcher has little basis for comparing the relative energy output of various ultrasonic probes at different power settings and he has neither the interest nor the time to determine their relative heat production. This research was designed to prepare a series of relative power indices and temperature profiles for several ultrasonic cell disruptors. Even though there are variations among equipment bearing the same model number it was considered worthwhile to make available relative cavitational and temperature data.


Ultrasound production by the long haired rat of Australia (Rattus villosissimus). The ultrasonic vocalizations produced by the long haired Australian rat Rattus villosissimus, during agonistic behaviour were investigated using a commercial ultrasonic receiver with earphones, a microphone and storage oscilloscope, and a tape recorder and sonograph. The rats were found to produce one audible call with ultrasonic components up to 64 kHz, the limit of the detecting apparatus used, and one pure ultrasound. Suggestions are made as to their behavioural significance.


[The operative treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux in adults with the Politano-Leadbetter method (author's transl)]. The following is an account of the Politano-Leadbetter method of maintenance of 47 reflux ureters in 35 adults. In all cases the reflux is eliminated. Of the 26 controlled patients, 9 still experienced a continuance of ureter infection. With regard to the operative indications it is evident that the limit of serum creatinine may lie around 2.3 mg%. Higher values do not yield operative indications, the low secretion pressure and the disturbed ureteral dynamics of the implantation obstruct secretion which exaggerates the kidney insufficiency.


[Inner pyelovesical splinting in pyeloplasties (author's transl)]. A total of 112 cases of pyeloplasty were analyzed and the advantages of inner pyelovesical splinting as opposed to external drainage are outlined. Long-term results especially favor the former procedure. Scanning electron microscopic studies were done on the splinting material.


[Plate thermographic studies on the male external genitalia. A preliminary communication]. The author describes the diagnostic possibilities of plate thermography according to Tricoire in the area of the male external genitalia. This technique enables early detection of tumors and varicosities. The application of plate thermography is recommended for diagnosis in urology and andrology.


[Infection analysis in pyeloplasty with special reference to endoprosthesis]. An analysis of urinary infection in pyeloplasties with the inner splinting method as opposed to external drainage was done. Five main bacterial groups were found. Based on the author's studies there are better results with the "endoprothesis". Preferring this modification, the question of the then existing reflux is discussed.


[Renal and circulatory function under ketamine anesthesia. An experimental study on animals (author's transl)]. Cardiac output, glomerular filtration rate, stroke volume, heart rate, and urinary output were determined in 10 mongrel dogs. Under the conditions of the experiment it was observed that in contrast to man cardiac and renal output as well as stroke volume declined significantly. Heart rate showed no significant change. With diminished urinary output a differential excretion of individual electrolytes was noted. To carry the results of these experiments over to humans is, in the author's view, not warranted unreservedly.


Complications of renal cyst puncture.

Complications of renal cyst puncture. One hundred nineteen renal cyst punctures have been reviewed. There have been four complications (3.4 per cent), three requiring surgery. This should be expected, as all invasive diagnostic procedures are accompanied by some morbidity. The relative benefit of nonoperative diagnostic procedures in differentiating benign renal cyst from adenocarcinoma is discussed.


Hypertension as complication of vesicoureteral reflux in children. Eight cases are reported of female children presenting with hypertension and found to have primary vesicoureteral reflux with chronic pyelonephritis. In 6 patients renal function was essentially normal while 2 had azotemia and progessive renal deterioration. As a result of early surgical intervention in the form of antireflux procedures, occasionally combined with unilateral nephrectomy for renin-dependent lesions, 5 of the 8 had complete disappearance or amelioration of hypertension with stabilization of renal function. The interactions of each member of the triad--vesicoureteral reflux, pyelonephritis, and hypertension--are reviewed with emphasis on pertinent pathophysiologic concepts regarding their roles in the production of progressive renal deterioration.


Ileal conduit surgery with a nippled ureteroileal anastomosis. A nippled ureteroileal anastomosis was performed in 37 patients. Follow-up examination showed reflux to be absent in most patients. Ureteroileal stenosis developed in 1 patient, and this was the only patient in the series who had a clinical attack of pyelonephritis.


Regression of prostatic cancer metastasis by high doses of diethylstilbestrol diphosphate. Diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DES-P) has shown effective symptomatic relief in patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Although there is little known about its role in soft tissue metastasis, our experience in 3 patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate infiltrating the trigone and ureterovesical junction revealed significant improvement of hydronephrosis. All patients failed to respond to conventional doses of stilbestrol. Diethylstilbestrol diphosphate is recommended in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate with soft tissue metastasis. It is safe and effective, and the tumor responses outweigh the side effects of the drug. The mechanism of action of this compound is discussed.


Chemotherapy of advanced prostatic cancer. Evaluation of response parameters. A total of 125 patients with progressing advanced prostatic cancer were entered into a chemotherapy study comparing cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and standard therapy. Parameters of response were studied in 110 patients who could be evaluated. Thirty-six patients (33 per cent) were considered to have an objective response, that is becoming stable (29 patients) or in partial regression (7 patients). Negative response parameters (predictors of a poor response to chemotherapy or standard theraphy leading to progress) included (1) bone marrow evidence of prostatic cancer, (2) abnormal liver scan, (3) prior radiation therapy (indirectly through increased toxicity to chemotherapy), and (4) lack of bilateral orchiectomy prior to randomization. Positive indicators (predictors of good responses) included (1) reduction of primary tumor mass, especially after administration of 5-fluorouracil or cyclophosphamide, and (2) hemoglobin values. There were more objective responders to cyclophosphamide than standard therapy whether the hemoglobin was initially normal or low. Indeterminate parameters of response included weight gain, presence of bony or soft tissue metastases, relief of pain, performance status, excretory urography, and biochemical determinations of liver and renal function.


Bowen's disease of shaft of penis. Successful treatment with 5-fluorouracil. Bowen's disease is a precancerous lesion of the superficial layers of the skin. The topical application of 5-fluorouracil has been successfully used in the treatment of such lesions. An ususual case of Bowen's disease of the skin of the penile shaft treated successfully with topical 5-fluorouracil is presented along with a review of different modes of treatment.


Renin-dependent renovascular hypertension in infant with abdominal aortic atresia. A newborn infant was seen with severe and progressive arterial hypertension, congenital atresia of the abdominal aorta, and a renal venous renin activity ratio greater that 1:1.5 (1:3.1). Preoperative studies indicated that the renin-angiotensin axis was responsible for the production and maintenance of the severe hypertensive process. Right nephrectomy cured the arterial hypertension both above and below the area of coarctation. The possible roles of the pathogenic mechanism are discussed.


One-stage correction of chordee and 180-degree penile torsion. The surgical management of a patient with 180-degree penile torsion, balanitic hypospadias, and chordee is presented. Complete resolution of the torsion was effected by completely reflecting the penile skin. Correction of the penile curvature was accomplished simultaneously by freeing the corpora spongiosa from the corpora cavernosa.


Effect of autonomic hyperreflexia on plasma renin. Four patients with paroxysmal hypertension related to spinal cord injury (autonomic hyperreflexia) were studied to determine if the plasma renin became elevated in relation to a sympathetic stimulus. Using bladder distention to produce the autonomic hyperreflexia, renin determinations were made during and after the hypertensive episode. None of the patients demonstrated elevation of the plasma renin after this event.


Pigmented adenoma of adrenal cortex associated with Cushing's syndrome: light and electron microscopic study. A pigmented adenoma of the adrenal cortex was surgically removed from a thirty-nine-year-old woman with clinical and biochemical manifestations of Cushing's syndrome. Light and electron microscopic study revealed numerous pigment granules, exhibiting the structural features of lipofuscin in the cytoplasm of the adenoma cells. It appears that adrenocortical adenomas with excessive pigment deposition can be accompanied by increased production of corticosteroid hormones.


Spermatocytic seminoma.

Spermatocytic seminoma. A case is reported of a forty-four-year-old man with spermatocytic seminoma with no evidence of metastasis for twelve years. This patient is the second to have undergone retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and the third to have histopathologic examination of these lymph nodes. Review of 52 cases of spermatocytic seminoma disclosed 70 per cent of patients were over fifty years of age; none developed in a cryptorchid testis, none occurred in associated with teratoma, and there was no histopathologic evidence of metastasis. Whether or not radiation therapy is necessary is questionalbe. Prognosis appears to be good if not better than in classic seminoma. Available data indicate that spermatocytic and classic seminoma are two distinct neoplasms with different histogenesis and pathologic, clinical, and biologic features.


Urography in preoperative evaluation of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ultrasound is a commonly used and accurate method to diagnose abdominal aortic aneurysms. A case of abdominal aortic aneurysm, diagnosed by ultrasound, which at surgery was found to have an overlying horseshoe kidney with multiple renal vessels is reported. The clot surrounding the aneurysm most likely prevented demonstration of the isthmus of the horseshoe kidney by echography. Since preservation of renal blood supply is crucial, urography should routinely be performed prior to surgery to discover such anomalies.


The optic disc in glaucoma: pathogenetic correlation of five patterns of cupping in chronic open-angle glaucoma. Visible alteration of the optic nerve head is a hallmark of glaucoma. Five patterns in which this alteration becomes manifest have been discussed. These different patterns of cupping suggest different pathogenetic mechanisms, both mechanical and vascular.


Angel-closure glaucoma following scleral buckling operations. We have observed 22 patients with angle-closure glaucoma following scleral buckling operations. These patients did not have narrow anterior chamber angles preoperatively, and several were aphakix with surgical iris colobomas. The angle-closure glaucoma was manifest by a hazy cornea, elevated intraocular pressure, closed angle, absence or iris bombé, and presence of choroidal detachments. Treatment with cycloplegics and corticosteroids was more effective than treatment with miotics. A likely pathogenic mechanism is congestion and swelling of the ciliary body due to a temporary interference by the scleral buckle with venous drainage. Episcleral implants accounted for a statistically significant higher incidence of angle-closure glaucoma as compared to intrascleral implants.


Photogrammetric analysis of the three-dimensional geometry of normal and glaucomatous optic cups. Using photogrammetrically generated maps and measurements, the geometric configuration of the optic cups from a group of normal, hypertensive, and glaucomatous eyes were analyzed in detail. Six distinct three-dimensional shapes were found to characterize the range of normal cups. These forms closely resemble a cone, a cylinder, a hemisphere, a cone-cylinder, a cone-hemisphere, and a cylinder-hemisphere. A composite picture of glaucomatous change was produced by collating the data obtained from different nerve heads which were thought to represent serial stages of disease. Among the many topographic features identified by this analysis is the early deepening of the optic cup which seems to take place only in disc in which the lamina was not visible before glaucoma began. In cups in which this process has occurred and in those in which the lamina was already exposed during the physiologic state, no further increase in the maximum value of this dimension appears to take place until late in the course of the disease. On the surface of the disc, the pattern of  erosion is more vertical than horizontal in direction, creating a vertically oriented ellipse of the cup orifice. Its enlargement occurs in a concentric fashion and usually leads to the disappearance of the superior or inferior disc margins or both before losing the rest of the rim. In spite of the precision with which the optic cup morphology was mapped and measured, the end result still lacks the specificity which could be achieved by actually following the same optic discs while they are undergoing progressive atrophy. Such a study is now underway.


Visual field progression in open-angle glaucoma patients presenting with monocular field loss. Twenty-one patients with primary open-angle glaucoma were followed an average of 4.4 years after developing monocular field loss. Nine of the undamaged fellow eyes developed field loss, while 16 of the 21 eyes presenting with field loss showed progression of field changes. In 13 patients, the presenting eye had a greater progression of field loss than the fellow eye, and asymmetry of pressure control explained this in only five patients. Eleven patients with symmetric pressure control had progressive field changes in one or both eyes, and in seven, the presenting eye showed greater progression than its fellow. This suggests that an eye with field loss may be more susceptible to progression of field changes at similar pressure levels than an eye without previous damage. Furthermore, patients with unilateral field loss have a greater incidence of field loss in the undamaged fellow eye than do patients with bilateral ocular hypertension.


A comparison of patient compliance in treated vs untreated ocular hypertension. Eighty-nine patients with newly diagnosed asymptomatic elevations of intraocular pressure were followed up over a 12- to 20-month interval. During this period 33 (37%) of the patients were lost to ophthalmic follow-up evaluation. The majority of these patients dropped out within one month following the initial diagnosis. While institution of medical therapy for the elevated ocular pressure improved patient compliance when compared to the nontreated group, the rates of noncompliance in both groups were unacceptably high in view of the disease risk. Management of the noncompliant patient requires good physician-patient communication, emphasis on patient education activities, and the use of selective reminder and recall systems within the ophthalmologist's office.


Radiographic exophthalmometry.

Radiographic exophthalmometry. Radiographic exophthalmometry is based on the simultaneous exposure of a radiograph and a photograph. The fixed reference point for both eyes is the tuberculum sellae, which is a midline structure. Eye position is correlated with skull size and race to provide a sensitive detection of exophthalmos. A statistically significant difference in the position of the eyes in US black and white people has been found to exist. No difference in the position of left or right eyes has been found in either US black or white people.


Spectrum of trabecular pigmentation in open-angle glaucoma: a clinicopathologic study. In eight patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma and associated trabecular pigmentation, trabeculectomy and peripheral iridectomy specimens were studied by light and electron microscopy. Clinically, three patients displayed signs of classic pigmentary glaucoma (Group 1). In the other cases chronic open-angle glaucoma was associated with varying degrees of expression of the full pigmentary glaucoma syndrome (Group 2). Histopathologic examination of peripheral iridectomy and trabeculectomy specimens from Group 1 showed: (1) marked focal atrophy and hypopigmentation of iris pigmented epithelium with an apparent delay in melanogenesis. The dilator muscle was thickened except for occasional thinned areas. (2) The trabeculectomy specimens revealed excessive amounts of pigmented epithelial melanosomes and moderate accumulation of electron-dense basement membrane-like material in the juxtacanalicular meshwork. Similar specimens from Group 2 showed: (1) minimal hypopigmentation of the iris pigmented epithelium with normal melanogenesis. The iris stroma and dilator muscle were normal. (2) Trabeculectomy specimens displayed excessive electron-dense basement membrane-like material in the juxtacanalicular meshwork and minimal to moderate accumulation of melanosomes.


Comparison of ultrasonography, computerized tomography (EMI scan), and radiographic techniques in evaluation of exophthalmos. A series of 342 consecutive patients with unilateral exophthalmos of confirmed etiology have been studied with a combination of clinical investigative techniques. High resolution B-scan ultrasonography and computerized tomography proved to be the most valuable tests for detecting orbital tumors and inflammatory conditions. Ultrasonography demonstrated primary orbital tumors but failed to show intracranial and some secondary tumors. Computerized tomography demonstrated primary, secondary, and intracranial tumors but not cystic masses. Inflammatory conditions such as Graves' disease and pseudotumor were characterized by ultrasonography also, while computerized tomography was not reliable for this. Correct diagnosis of orbital abnormalities in this series was 82% with ultrasonography and 72% with computerized tomography. Combined accuracy of these two complementary tests was 97% for tumor diagnosis. Conventional radiography and polytomography revealed secondary bony changes but not primary orbital tumors and inflammation. Orbital venography and arteriography had a low yield with tumors but were essential for demonstrating arteriovenous abnormalities. Orbital diagnosis has been improved significantly with the two newer techniques of ultrasonography and computerized tomography.


Localization of intraorbital foreign bodies: an improved photoradiographic method. A previously described photoradiographic camera used to localize intraocular or intraorbital foreign bodies has been modified to a more versatile unit. One photograph and one radiograph are taken simultaneously, and the pictures are combined, whereby the eye appears as its own indicator on the radiophotograph. More than 50 foreign bodies have been successfully localized with the camera which is easy to handle and can be used in any x-ray film room where an overhead tube is available.


Malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma in a dog. A malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma that arose from the ciliary body was found in an adult Beagle. The anterior part contained relatively well-differentiated tumor cells, cartilage, and ganglion cells. These structures were interpreted as teratoid formations derived from the embryonic anlage of the medullary epithelium. The more posterior part was highly anaplastic and invasive. A transitional area contained neural rosettes of the Flexner-Wintersteiner type. This tumor is rare in both man and animals.


[Fat-embolic vascular occlusions in avian lungs. Research of histologically determinable neutral fats in parrotlike birds (Psittaciformes)]. In 50 flying birds (49 parrot-like, one peacock), the content of fat-embolic vascular occlusions was determined. In 22 cases, fat-embolic occlusions of low intensity were found in pulmonary capillaries. There were no occlusions in renal vessels. The fat embolies had no influence on a lethal outcome. There was no statistically significant correlation between the fatty infiltration of the liver, the fat content of the bone marrow, and the frequency of fat-embolic occlusion of blood vessels. In 18 cases, mycoses were the cause of death. These infections did not influence the number of fat-embolic vascular occlusions.


Aberrant nerve fibre bundles in the retina of the dog. Systematic ophthalmoscopic examinations of 2511 Beagles, test animals in 72 long-term toxicological studies, showed archiform thin white stripes in the fundi of 98 animals (3.9%). The stripes occurred in one or both eyes in the non-tapetal fundus of the two lower quadrants. Examinations of the fundus of some dogs by fluorescence angiography and ophthalmoscopy with red-free light showed that these fibriform stripes were in the retina. Histological examination showed these stripes to be nerve fibre bundles (5-120 axons) lying at the ganglion cell layer. The ultrastructure of the fibres did not differ from that of the nonmyelinated neurites of the fibre layer. The stripes may be retinal nerve fibres with a normal structure but could be distinguished from fibres of the nerve fibre layer by their intraretinal location and by their course.


Intramural coronary arteriosclerosis of normal and dwarfed swine. Dwarfing of swine maintained in large groups with relatively little space per animal may be attributed to psychosocial factors. Intramural coronary arteriosclerosis developed at approximately the same rate in dwarfed and normally developing animals. Lesions in arteries of the left posterior papillary muscle were more advanced than in the left anterior papillary muscle of the same animal, irrespective of its growth rate, and often were more advanced than in swine twice as old.


Effects of levamisole on the ultrastructure of mitochondria in the liver of Beagle dogs. Purebred Beagle dogs were treated daily for 6 days with levamisole in oral doses of 10 mg/kg body weight. Liver biopsies taken before and after treatment showed no ultrastructural differences. Intramitochondrial paracrystalline inclusions before, as well as after, the drug administration were rare. Other minor abnormalities, in a few mitochondria, were as frequent before as after the drug treatment.


A boxer dog with chronic hypertrophic gastritis resembling Menetrier's disease in man. Chronic hypertrophic gastritis in a 7-year-old Boxer dog is described. This gastritis resembles Menetrier's disease in man. The dog was emaciated, lethargic, vomiting and had a poor appetite over a 4-month period. There was anaemia, and the blood smear was characterized by hypochromasia, strong anisoplania and striking poikilocytosis. There was a protein loss and at a later stage of the disease, a hypoalbuminaemia. On gastroscopic examination the plicae gastricae were numerous and strongly marked; moreover, they were granulated with numerous small haemorrhages. Radiographically, the stomach had a marked folding, primarily at the greater curvature. The passage of contrast medium from the stomach into the duodenum was strongly retarded. The pathological findings included macroscopical folding caused by local gland cell hyperplasia in the body as well as the pylorus, foveolar hyperplasia and, in the fundus and in the corpus near the greater curvature, folding of the muscularis mucosae and the submucosa. A superficial gastritis was found particularly in the fundus and corpus, whereas the pyloric antrum showed a more diffuse inflammation.


General pathology of experimental swine vesicular disease. Twenty-four minimal disease pigs were inoculated intracerebrally, intravenously or intradermally with an English strain of swine vesicular disease virus. In the skin, snout, tongue and tonsil the main lesion was a full-thickness coagulative necrosis of the stratified squamous epithelium. In the renal pelvis, bladder, tonsillar crypts and the collecting ducts of salivary glands and pancreas, epithelial degeneration with the formation of periodic acid-Schiff-positive material were consistent features of this disease. Histopathological examination alone could not be relied upon to differentiate between well-established skin lesions caused by swine vesicular disease and foot and mouth disease. The relationship between vesicular disease and Coxsackie B5 is discussed briefly.


Susceptibility of desert sheep to infection with Schistosoma mansoni of Northern Sudan. Each of two Desert Sheep was infected with 1500 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni of Northern Sudan. Signs of infection were anorexia, soft faces, progressive weakness and loss of wool. The sheep were killed 254 and 269 days after infection. The findings were heavy infiltration of the lamina propria with inflammatory cells, numerous ova in the submucosa, hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue, oedema of the mesenteric lymph nodes, and focal pulmonary oedema and congestion. There were egg granulomas, focal necrosis, schistosomal pigment, fatty change, depletion of glycogen and reduction in the activity of adenosine triphosphatase, succinic tetrazolium reductase and glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver. In one sheep 1330 cercariae penetrated and 700 matured to produce males and females in a 5:2 ratio. In the other sheep, about one third of the cercariae penetrated and matured. The ratio of males to females was 3:1.


Experimental feline panleucopenia in the conventional cat. Coventional kittens, 12-27 weeks old, were inoculated with cell-cultured feline panleucopenia virus and killed sequentially between day 3 and day 24 after inoculation. All developed a non-fatal mild disease between days 2 and 9, characterized by lymphopenia, neutropenia, listlessness, depression and the development of neutralizing antibodies to the virus. Small intestinal bacterial counts were reduced during the period of maximal clinical disease, presumably a result of decreased food intake. There was involution of the thymus with marked depletion of lymphocytes between days 3 and 12. Depletion of lymphocytes also characterized the lesions in the lymph nodes between days 3 and 8. At the same time crypt lesions with spotty distribution were in the small intestinal and colonic mucosa. The changes were loss of crypt epithelial cells with compensatory attenuation of the remaining epithelium. Electron microscopically, the number and size of microvilli and secretory granules were reduced but there was no change indicating lethal cell injury. There were no virus particles. The findings point to an early and transient cellular damage by the virus. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity disappeared from the luminal surface of the attenuated crypt epithelial cells. Otherwise, intestinal alkaline and acid phosphatase activity were not altered in inoculated cats.


Statistical basis of the Compton metabolic profile test. The statistical basis of the Compton metabolic profile test is described and alternative methods for choosing animals for blood sampling are discussed. Recent modifications to the presentation of results, which facilitate interpretation, are described.


Observations on plasma creatine phosphokinase activity in dogs. Plasma creatine phosphokinase (PCPK) activity was determined in 14 clinically normal adult pedigree dogs of various breeds with an activated enzyme assay medium. PCPK levels were not significantly influenced by the time of sampling, body mass or eating, but there was a significant correlation (P is less than 0.05) between PCPK levels and moderate physical activity. The mean enzyme activity was 22.9 iu/litre at 30 degrees C. The PCPK levels are 10 times greater than those obtained by other authors with the non-activated enzyme assay method.


Coccidoisis of sheep: a review.

Coccidoisis of sheep: a review. To the practicing veterinarian, coccidiosis in the sheep is an enigma; further research is required into the pathogenicity of the parasite and the role of husbandry and nutritional factors.


Three cases of metaldehyde poisoning in cattle. Poisoning of dairy cows and of calves by metaldehyde is reported. The clinical signs, post mortem and toxicological findings are described. Confirmations of the diagnoses was obtained by biochemical estimations. It would appear that a dose as low as 0.2 g/kg in adult cattle, and even less in calves, can be lethal.


Atypical mycoplasmas from sheep in Great Britain and Australia identified as Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. Representative strains of "lacy-colony" mycoplasmas isolated from sheep in Great Britain and Victoria (Australia) were classified as M ovipneumoniae following comparison with strain Y98 of this species. The taxonomic description of M ovipneumoniae is extended and Y98 is proposed as the type strain. A brief description is given of the isolation of M ovipneumoniae from sheep in East Anglia.


Investigations into the relationship of selected blood components to nutrition and fertility of the dairy cow under commercial farm conditions. Blood chemistry, nutrition, productivity and fertility were monitored and their interrelationship examined in groups of cows from 15 commercial dairy herds. Plasma urea, albumin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), acetone, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus (IP), blood copper, haemoglobin and packed cell volume were examined in relation to the intakes of starch equivalent (SE) digestible crude protein (DCP), calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper and manganese. The most consistent correlations were found for the regressions of SE intake as a percentage of requirements (I/R per cent) on plasma non-esterified fatty acids, the ratio of SE intake over DCP intake on plasma urea, DCP I/R per cent on plasma urea and phosphorus I/R per cent on plasma IP, but factors other than nutrition accounted for a large part of the variation in all cases. The mean plasma glucose concentration within +/- three days before or after first service of cows which held was higher than that of cows which returned, but the difference was only approaching significance at the 5% level and it is doubtful whether it could be of practical value. No other differences in blood component levels were demonstrated for first or second service. It is concluded that, within the nutritional ranges encountered, the levels of the selected blood components did not show a consistent relationship to nutrient balance or potential fertility. In this context a multiple analytical scheme employing these components would appear to be of limited value, particularly if samples are taken on only one occasion. The technique is more appropriately regarded as an aid to the conventional approach involving the examination of feeding systems and feedstuffs, herd records, management and clinical conditions.


Otognathia with complete pharyngeal fistulae in an Angus calif. An Angus calf affected with bilateral otognathia and complete pharyngeal fistulae is described. The cause could not be determined.


Observations on growth plates in limbs of foals. Observations were made which may be related to growth plate disorders. They included irregularity and thickening of the growth plate bridging of the plate by bony spicules, distortion of the plate adjacent to foci of fusion, and metaphyseal lipping. These observations are very similar to those found in "epiphysitis." The question had to be asked, where these normal foals or did they have sub-clinical "epiphysitis"?


Dissecting aneurysm and cardiac tamponade. A Gir cow which died suddenly had a dissecting aortic aneurysm. Death was caused by cardiac tamponade which followed rupture of the intrapericardial aorta after it had been damaged by onchocercosis.


[Hormonal function of the ovaries in women with breast hyperplasia]. In females showing fibrous-cystic mastopathy and fibroadenomatosis of mammary glands a specific form of progesterone insufficiency- relative one, was revealed, a high persistantly maintained level of urine pregnandiol and blood progesterone in a luteal phase (indicating a high hormonal activity of the corpus luteum) being observed. But luteal transformations were insignificant both in endometrium and vaginal epithelium, a moderate hypoestrogenemia being noted in the first phase and increased estrogen excretion- in the second phase of the cycle.


[Synthetic progestins in combined treatment of cancer of the uterine body]. The effect of 17-hydroxyprogesterone-capronate therapy on primary tumor in 102 patients with cancer of the uterine body in 1-11 stage was studied. A more pronounced therapeutic effect of the hormone therapy was noted in patients with a high degree of differentiation and less tumor mass.


[Sclerocystic ovaries and cancer of the uterine body]. As a result of investigation and treatment of 5000 patients with disorders in menstrual function and endocrinous sterility sclerocystic ovaries were diagnosed in 1.8-2% (90 patients). In 6 of them ovarian changes were associated with cancer of the uterine body. In uterine body cancer and sclerocystic ovaries opsomenorrhea and menorrhagia, obesity were of great persistance, the duration of the disease being 12-20 years. Based on the conducted investigations it is considered rational to perform a wedge resection as early as possible, but not following many years of unsuccessful hormone therapy, and to study histologically endometrial curettage specimens. In recurrence of the disease and enlargement even of one ovary a repeat wedge ovariectomy should be performed.


[Isoforms of human and animal tumor hexokinase]. In human brain tumors of neuro-ectodermal and meningo-vascular series, using the method of enzymoelectrophoresis and specific tetrazole blue staining, three isoforms of hexokinase were revealed, these differ from each other by their activity and electrophoretic mobility in agar gel. Three isoforms of hexokinase were also found in benign and malignant uterine tumors in females, in 22 A mice hepatoma and homologous intact tissues. Morever, in muscles and muscle tumors (MOP, CRM-1) of rats and of these animals embryos two isoforms of hexokinase were found. The increased rate of hexose phosphorylation in malignant uterine tumors of female patients and in blastomas of mice liver and rat muscles is associated with the increased activity of I and II isoforms of hexokinase. An analogous phenomenon is observed in muscles of rat embryos. On the other hand, the decreased activity of phosphotransferases in blastomas of human brain depends on a decrease in the activity of separate isoforms of hexokinase.


[The effect of specific immunization and BCG vaccine on the growth of Krebs-2 ascitic tumor in mice]. Immunization of CC57Br mice with irradiated Krebs-2 carcinoma cells renders no influence on the rate of ascites aggravation in subsequent transplantation of the tumor but increases considerably life-terms of tumor-bearing animals. Immunization with tumor cells in combination with not high doses of BCG results in a reverse development of ascites in some mice and a complete disappearance of tumor in them. With increased dosage of the vaccine the number of animals with ascites regression is increased, but their life-terms are reduced due to reactivation of the tumor process and, presumably, to the development of autoimmune lesions.


[The clinical picture and results of treating patients with ovarian fibromas (according to findings of the Prof. N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health)]. The author presented a clinico-pathological analysis of the data concerning 41 patients with fibroma of the ovaries, treated at the N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Health from 1926 to 1974. A method of the "dynamic analysis" was used in studying 10-year survival rates which made 96.9%. Recurrences were observed among patients under a long-term follow-up, despite various scope of surgery employed. The author made a conclusion on the possibility to remove the adnexa only in women of childbearing age.


[Assessment of the findings of fibrogastroscopy with gastrobiopsy and determination of hexokinase activity in the serum and gastric juice of stomach ulcer patients]. To compare the results of fibrogastroscopic study and to determine the activity of hexokinase (HK) in gastric juice 113 persons were examined 89 of them having ulcerous disease. The control group comprised 24 healthy individuals. The data obtained indicated that in the control group the activity of HK was not found in any portion of the gastric juice. In patients with ulcerous disease the presence of the enzyme was noted in 36 of 89 subjects. In two of them malignant transformation of the ulcer was observed. Patients with gastric ulcer, who show HK activity in any gastric juice portion, seem to be assessed as gastric cancer high-risk group.


[Clinical manifestations of polyposis and polyps of the large intestine and "risk groups"]. In processing of 1603 clinical observations, studied dynamically during 15 years, using the multifactor analysis of clinico-morphological, roentgenological and statistic parallels, there were registered 156 different possible variants in a combination of the forms and clinical manifestations of polyposis and polyps of the colon. The degree of the malignant transformation risk for various forms of polyposis and polyps of the colon is extremely variable.


[Immunologic determination of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in the blood of patients with tumors of the large intestine and rectum]. The results of study of an unusual antigen containing carcinogenic triptophan metabolite - 3-oxyanthranilic acid as a haptene (3-OAA-antigen) in blood serum of patients with colonic and rectal tumors indicated that it is present in the majority of patients with histologically proved cancer of the large intestine in different stages, as well as in some patients with polyps of the large intestine. 3-OAA-antigen is found to be absent in blood serum of healthy donors.


[The morphology of cancer of the esophagus developing after a chemical burn]. Morphological studies on 25 esophageal cancers developed after chemical burn have indicated that cancer is more frequently located above the cicatricial stricture in the zone of an enlarged lumen over it. Chronic inflammation contributed to the tumor occurrence. Changes of the ulcerous esophagitis type were accompanied with inflammatory regeneration of the epithelium proceeding synchronously with regeneration of the scar in the esophageal wall. The presence of both neutral and acid mucopolysaccharids observed in developing scars indicated regeneration of the latter. An abundance of mast cells among scars has evidenced the intensity of metabolic processes. The tumor always showed the structure of squamous cell cancer, the development of the former was noted not earlier than 15 and up to 75 years following the burn. Morphological alterations in the esophagus, changed cicatricially, may be regarded as pretumor conditions.


[Metastatic tumors of the retroperitoneal space]. In 22 patients retroperitoneal nonorganic tumors, considered to be primary, proved to be metastatic. Prior to surgery the character of neoplasms was recognized only in 4 patients. Due to unwarranted efforts of "radical" removal of tumors 2 of 4 patients died. In 3 cases neoplasms were urgently removed due to internal hemorrhage and obstruction. In 7 cases a palliative effect of radiotherapy. 5-fluoruracil thiophosphamide employed prior to detection of the primary focus, was obtained. The latter was found following 3-12 months in the stomach (1), small intestine (1) and rectum (4), kidneys (4) and genitalia (9) in further follow-up of patients.


[The ultrastructure of human rhabdomyosarcomas]. As a result of exploration of the ultrastructure of 5 human rhabdomyosarcomas it was shown that, if present in the cytoplasm, cells of fibrillar bundles consisting of filaments of two types (40-60 A and 100-150 A) and regular aggregations of Z-like bands type present a reliable diagnostic sign of the myogenic origin of tumors. A possibility to determine such undifferentiated microfibrillae in electrone-microscopic study makes it rational to use the method as an adjunct in association with light optics to diagnose malignant soft tissue tumors of occult genesis.


[The transforming activity of influenza virus in tissue cultures]. First, it was shown that one can model chronic influenza infection induced by influenza virus A (Honkong) 1/68 and A (Victoria) 35/72 in a primary culture of human kidney (PHK). The persistance of the mentioned viruses in PHK and diploid cells of human lungs (DCHL) is associated with a cytoproliferative effect, manifested in the enhancement of mitotic and proliferative activity of the cultures, in prolongation of "the life" of the primary persistantly infected PHK culture for 60-100 days, as compared with the control. During passages epithelial cells were replaced by fibroblast ones, these were readily transplanted later. No transformation effect due to the action of influenza virus in cell cultures, chronically infected, was noted.


[Distribution and mechanism of the carcinogenic action of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats]. The radioactivity of blood, bile, urine and contents of isolated intestinal segments was measured at various periods after 3H-1,2-dimethylhydrazine (3H-DMH) and 3H-1,2-diethylhydrazine (3H-DEH) subcutaneous administration. These experiments have revealed that DMH metabolites entered the intestine both with bile and directly through the intestinal wall. The DMH metabolites entering the bowel as glucuronides are cleaved with beta-glucuronidase of bacterial origin, and as a result of this the alkylation of enterocytes nucleic acids and protein takes place. In totally hepatectomized animals no methylation of enterocyte macromolecules was noted. DEH fails to penetrate the intestinal wall and to alkylate biomolecules of enterocytes, when administered parenterally or per os. Some possible DMH metabolic pathways are discussed, and the dynamics of DNA and protein methylation is analysed in the light of these proposed pathways.


[The role of organ cultures of mouse embryonal lung tissue in studying the transplacental blastomogenic effect of benz(alpha)pyrene]. Under study was organ cultivation of embryonal pulmonary tissue in mice A and C57B1 given during the pregnancy period BP (4 and 12 mg), pyrene (12 mg) and a solvent (0.4 ml of sunflower oil). Only BP was found to produce marked hyperplastic changes in the pulmonary epithelium and adenomas in organ cultures of the lungs of line A, whereas in the lung cultures of line C57B1 the same dosage of BP resulted in the development of less pronounced hyperplastic changes in the epithelium. However, in both cases in the cultures the effect of BP was dependent on its dosage.


[Incidence of malignant tumors among the population of the Tiumen region during 1959--1973]. The analysis of the incidence of malignant tumors among the population of the Tjumen Province during the period of 1959--1973 indicated that the first place in its structure in males is occupied by gastric cancer, in females--by cervical cancer. Within 15 year period the specific weight of pulmonary cancer was found to be 2.9 times increased, while that of cancer of the mammary gland--by 1.7 times. The malignant neoplasms morbidity during the period in question has increased as much as 19.4% according to standard indices. In females the mobidity during this period proved to be higher than in females. The morbidity with respect to age is mostly high in males aged 70 years and older, and at the age of 60--69 in females. There is a growth of the morbidity with age in male and female groups, but it is mostly pronounced at the age under 30.


[Correlation between the circulation of the hemispheres and brain stem regions, the peripheral circulation and bioelectrical activity of the brain in the dynamics of the acute period of cranio-cerebral injury]. Polygraphic recording of rheoencephalography, rheovasography and EEG was used for a dynamic examination of 45 patients with severe (28 cases) and moderate (17 cases) craniocerebral injuries. In 13 patients, of the former group intracranial haematomas were noted, in 15--contusion foci. A method of rheoencephalography recording from the brain stem with the aid of a basal electrode was developed, and it permitted to obtain valuable information on the degree of the haemodynamic shifts in the brain stem. A persistent reduction of the CBF was observed in the basalocciptal lead found to be proportional to the severity of the craniocerebral injury. The results of mathematical processing of the obtained data demonstrated a clear correlation of the clinical state of the patient, the bioelectrical activity of the brain and the indices of the tonicity and blood filling of the cerebral vessels: along with re-establishment of the normal alpha-rhythm and reduction of a slow pathological activity of the EEG, a clear increase in the cerebral blood flow value was observed.


[Characteristics of the process of brain stem compression in the acute period of cranio-cerebral injury]. Proceeding from an analysis of 520 cases of surgery for acute and subacute intracranial haematomas, the author concludes that the process of brain compression is characterized by the tempo, degree and duration that are interrelated. A slow tempo of compression may bring about a significant degree and duration of the compression, with the compression-dislocation syndrome being rather indistinct, which is not observed in cases of a fast tempo. The degree of compression is determined not only by the size of the haematoma, but also by the severity of the contusion and oedema of the brain, by the size of the reserve intracranial spaces, etc. The duration of an acutely developing significant brain compression is a decisive factor in the success of a surgical management of a haematoma. The severity of brain contusion affects various aspects of the compression process--its tempo, degree, and --indirectly--duration.


[The value of otoneurologic findings for prognosing the outcome of severe cranio-cerebral injury]. The otoneurological symptoms of the acute period of craniocerebral injuries provide clear data for the determination of the severity of the trauma and depth of coma, the distinctness of the general cerebral, hypertensive and brain stem symptoms; they are important for the diagnosis of fissures of the temporal bone pyramids and anterior cranial fossa, and for revealing the penetrating nature of the injury. Otoneurological symptoms are observed during the residual period of the trauma in 94% of the injured; their importance consists in the determination of the residual local disorders due to the trauma in order to define the degree of rehabilitation of the patients.


[The role of brain stem lesions in cerebral circulatory disorders accompanying severe cranio-cerebral injuries]. Clinical and anatomical comparisons were undertaken in 23 cases of mortality due to severe craniocerebral injuries. The set of clinical examinations included circulation and brain gas exchange studies. Cerebral circulatory hypoxy was revealed in all the patients, but in cases of its compensated form all signs of brain stem injury were lacking, while in cases of its non-compensated form foci of brain stem injury could be revealed at autopsy. Timely elimination of brain stem compression in cases of its anatomic integrity preserved helps to convert the non-compensated form of cerebral circulatory hypoxy into its compensated form.


[Current and unresolved problems in the classification of cranio-cerebral injuries]. A careful study of the literature of the recent years and a special questionary presented in 1974 to 146 leading scientists and specialists of the country revealed important problems for discussion, such as contradictory approaches to the differentiation of the prevailing forms of lesions--commotion and contusion of the brain--by the degree of their severity, to distinguishing between brain contusion and compression. A prognosis of the tendencies and pathways to the creation of a common up-to-date classification of craniocerebral injuries is made.


[Use of ultrasound for diagnosis of foreign bodies of the brain]. With the aid of modern ultrasonic diagnostic devices experiments were conducted in order to receive signals from foreign bodies of a different composition, non-radiocontrast ones including. Experiments on 10 human brain preparations revealed the typical peculiarities of echo-signal from foreign bodies in the cerebral matter. In 30 adult mongrel dogs it was proved that foreign bodies can be diagnosed in the course of primary and secondary debridement of skull and brain wounds. It was found that the shape and size of the foreign bodies in the human brain can be most explicitly determined with the aid of a specially designed device having a high azimuthal resolution.


[The prognostic value of the lactate concentration and lactate/pyruvate ratio in cerebrospinal fluid following acute cerebral circulatory disorders]. The study was conducted in 80 patients with ischaemic and 29 with haemorrhagic cerebral stroke. Lactate, pyruvate, the lactate/pyruvate ratio and glucose were determined in the arterial blood and lumbar CSF. A high prognostic value of the CSF lactate content was found in cases of ischaemic stroke. According to the data obtained, an elevation of the CSF lactate concentration above 4.0 mEq/l should be considered life-threatening. Haemorrhagic stroked was found to be accompanied by a reduced CSF glucose level and an elevated lactate content, as well as by a significant proportional elevation of the lactate and red blood cells count in the CSF. The conducted calculations demonstrated that 1/4 to 1/3 of the CSF lactate is formed at the expense of the glycolytic metabolism in the CSF erythrocytes. This constitutes the main reason of the discordance between the CSF lactate content in haemorrhagic stroke and the routine criteria of prognosis in ischaemic stroke. The lactate/pyruvate ratio in the CSF is of no prognostic importance in both forms of cerebral stroke.


Failure to demonstrate dosage of U antigen. Tests in which 11 examples of anti-U were used in titration studies against the red blood cells of 9 obligate Uu heterozygotes, from 4 unrelated families, and random Negro and Caucasian donors (many of whom were of the presumptive UU genotype) have failed to demonstrate any dosage of the U antigen.


[Tomoangiography in neurosurgical clinical practice]. The method of tomoangiography was developed on the "Neuroprincips" apparatus (of CGR company, France) provided with a simultaneous casset (7 films every 0.3--0.5 cm) that permits to obtain linear slides up to 2 mm thick in any phase of cerebral circulation, and in any plane and position of the patient. The examinations were conducted in 51 patients: 16 with saccular aneurysms, 9 with arteriovenous malformations, 7 with carotid-cavernous fistulas, 16 with brain tumours, 3 with orbital pathology. In 42 patients the carotid artery system was examined, in 6--the ventebrobasilar one, in 3--the venous system of the orbit, in 3--the zone of the cavernous sinuses. Tomoangiography provided additional information on the borders and depth of various pathological formations in the brain.


Detection of hepatitis-B surface antigen in plasma samples by reversed passive haemagglutination tests. A comparison of two commercial reversed passive haemmagglutination tests with a counter-immunoelectrophoretic test, used to detect hepatitis-B surface antigen in reconstituted freeze-dried plasma, showed an increase in the number of positive results by the haemagglutination tests. No difficulty was encountered with the appearance of non-specific agglutination provided the plasma was heated at 60 degrees C for 30 min, frozen overnight at -35 degrees C, thawed and centrifuged before testing.


[Conductivity of the radial nerve following its injury]. Evoked muscle potentials are usually lacking in cases of complete anatomical interruption of the radial nerve. With all other data considered, such patients are subject to surgery. In cases when evoked muscle potentials are recorded in the presence of neurological signs of a complete interruption of the nerve, its anatomical continuity is usually retained. In such patients the velocity of conduction falls to 6.37 +/- 1.9 (sigma4) m/sec. In such patients non-sucrgial treatment results in the appearance of active fingers extension and sensations improvement.


Genetics of the HL-A system in a venezuelan heterogeneous population. HL-A antigen and gene frequencies of 206 unrelated adults living in the cities of Caracas and Maracaibo have shown that this heterogeneous Venezuelan population sample possess 11 specificities of the first (LA) HL-A series and 15 specificities of the second (Four) series. HL-A2, HL-A9, HL-A5 and W5 showed frequencies higher than those observed in caucasoid populations. The most frequent haplotypes were 2, W5; 2, 5; 9, 12; 2, 12 and 2, X2. No outstandingly high value for gametic association between the alleles of the 2 HL-A series was observed, but haplotypes formed by antigens with dissimilar frequencies in Caucasoids, Negroids and American Indian tribes have shown statistically significant D values. Genetic distance calculated using the HL-A system alone showed that this population is closer to the average Caucasoid and Negroid population tested at the 5th International Histocompatibility Workshop than to 2 American Indian tribes living in the same country.


Unusual delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction characterised by slow destruction of red cells. In a delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction due to an apparently typical complement-binding IgG anti-Jka, it was possible to show that transfused Jk (a+b+) cells were destroyed progressively over a period of about 3 weeks. The slow destruction may have been due partly to the fact that the patient had been splenectomised.


Another example of anti-HL-A8 reacting by platelet complement fixation microtechnique. We report the study of a serum from a polytransfused patient, that contains an anti-HL-A8 antibody reacting by the platelet complement fixation microtechnique. The specificity is confirmed by a study on a panel of 112 different platelets and by experiments of absorption-elution on platelets, lymphocytes and granulocytes.


Incidence and distribution of hepatitis Bs-antigen in Turkey. The sera of 3,363 healthy people from different regions of Turkey were investigated for the presence of hepatitis Bs-antigen. Agar-gel double diffusion technique was employed for the demonstration of this antigen. In 101 persons than antigen was found to be present, giving an incidence of 3% for hepatitis Bs-antigen in Turkey.


New laboratory method to detect hepatitis-B (Australia) antigen based on 'anomalous' lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme. A laboratory method for the indirect detection of hepatitis-B antigen (HB8Ag) based on the presence of 'anomalous' LDH isoenzyme by disc electrophoresis has been developed. The method is specific and highly sensitive when compared with existing methods.


[Speed and intensity of the immune response to the administration of inactivated influenza vaccine in relation to neuraminidase activity]. A comparative study of the rate of appearance of specific virus antigen in immune competent organs of mice immunized with inactivated influenza vaccine with active neuraminidase or a vaccine devoid of the neuraminidase activity was carried out by means of the immunofluorescence test and the serological tests. A considerable delay in the time (by 16--18 hours) of detection of virus antigen in cells of lymph nodes of mice as well as later (1--2 days) and less intensive (2--4-fold) production of specific virus antibody was demonstrated after immunization of mice with the vaccine without the active enzyme.


[Possibility of occurrence of mild spinal forms of poliomyelitis in subjects immunized repeatedly with live poliomyelitis vaccine]. The results of clinical, epidemiological, serological and virological examinations of patients with mild spinal forms of poliomyelitis occurring under conditions of mass immunization  with oral live poliomyelitis vaccine are presented. The etiological role of poliomyelitis virus types I and III in these diseases has been established. It has been shown that multiple vaccination does not always prevent diseases but in these cases they are milder. Serological examination of patients and normal subjects suggests inadequacy of seroconversion to poliomyelitis viruses under conditions of mass vaccination of the population against poliomyelitis.


[Change in host immune response to heterologous antigen when exposed to togavirus infection]. The influence of some members of the togavirus family (tick-borne encephalitis, dengue 2, Langat, Tahyna) and the vaccines used extensively for prophylaxis of tick-borne encephalitis and yellow fever on the immune response to a heterologous antigen was studied. The tick-borne encephalitis, Langat and dengue 2 viruses as well as the tick-borne encephalitis and yellow fever vaccines were found to alter the immune response of the recipient to subsequent administration of sheep erythrocytes. Some togaviruses (tick-borne encephalitis, Langat, yellow fever, dengue 2) stimulate formation of specific hemolysin-synthesizing cells, while others (Tahyna, dengue 2) under certain conditions may inhibit heterologous immune response. The nature of the influence depends upon genetically determined factors in the recipient, however, the conditions favouring the adjuvant or immunodepressive effect of one virus are not identical to those for another.


[Reactivity of the lymphoid-macrophage system in relation to the toxic properties of influenza virus]. Influenza A2/Bethesda/10/63 virus, highly virulent for mice, replicated actively in the lungs, had comparatively low immunogenicity and a toxic effect manifested by the development of circulation disorders, hemorrhages in regional lymph nodes as well as damages of lymphoid and macrophage elements. Mouse avirulent A2/21/65 virus showing the same degree of reproduction, exerted no toxic effect in the respiratory organs, caused no considerable destructive changes in the lymphoid tissue and had comparatively greater immunogenicity. Comparatively low antibody titers after infection of mice with A2/Bethesda/10/63 virus may probably be due to the toxic effect of the virus on the lymphoidmacrophage system.


[Reasons for lowered resistance to Krebs 2 ascitic carcinoma in mice in a state of hyporeactivity (tolerance) to a viral interferon inducer]. Decreased resistance to Krebs-2 ascitic carcinoma was demonstrated in mice which were in the state of hyporesponsiveness (tolerance) to virus interferon inducer (NDV) and increased resistance of the control mice to transplantation of tolerant carcinoma cells. Manifestations of tolerance in peritoneal and carcinoma cells were shown to be identical: interferon production and reproduction of vesicular stomatitis virus were inhibited, the number of viable cells was reduced, masked infection with NDV was detected, and the activity of cell enzymes was similarly changed. It is assumed that cellular manifestations of tolerance are the cause of reduced resistance of tolerant mice to ascitic carcinoma.


[Human bone marrow interferon].

[Human bone marrow interferon]. Bone marrow cells from suddenly dying people can produce interferon in response to incoulation of an inducer. The interferon obtained in bone marrow cells did not differ by its properties from the reference preparation. the lots of bone marrow interferon which had been prepared were not inferior in the antiviral activity to leukocyte interferon or were even superior to it. It is suggested that bone marrow cells be used for preparation of human interferon.


[Method of parallel study of cell metabolism and extracellular structures using oncornavirus as a model]. A method is described which permits simultaneous comparative study of cell metabolism and extracellular virus structures in minimal volumes. The method is based on the growing of cells in vials for scintillation count and it has been tested on a HEp-2 cell culture chronically producing oncornavirus type D. A comparative analysis of acid-insoluble radioactivity in heterogenous systems has been shown to be justified. For demonstration of the fields of possible utilization of the method, data are presented from the studies of the effect of various inhibitors (ethidium bromide, chloramphenicol, cycloheximide and anti-PPLO agent) on 3H-uridine incorporation into cells and extracellular virus structures.


[Therapeutic effectiveness of bonafton and rimantadine in influenza]. The therapeutic effectiveness of bonaphthone and rimantadine was studied by treatment of 439 patients with influenza between 18 and 21 years of age (bonaphthone 94, controls 105, rimantadine 120, controls 120). No therapeutic effectiveness of bonaphthone was established in the study. When rimantadine was given to the patients from the 1st day of the disease, shorter intervals of normalization of the temperature, disappearance of toxicity and catarrhal symptoms were observed than in patients treated with symptomatic drugs. During the period of rimantadine therapy the rate of findings the influenza antigen in smears from the nasal mucosa was lower, but after termination of the course of treatment the antigen was found twice as frequently as in the control group. With the positive therapeutic effect in patients treated with rimantadine, the diagnostic rise of antibody in this group was observed in a lower per cent of cases than in the control group (13 and 20%, respectively). The results of immunofluorescent and serological studies indicate a possible virus reproduction-inhibiting effect of rimantadine. This, however, requires further study. On the basis of the above observations rimantadine may be recommended for treatment of patients with influenza.


[Effect of benzimidazole derivatives on viral infection]. Dibazole and vitamin B12 reduced production of hemagglutinin by influenza A (PR8 and WSN strain) and B-1/73 (Yamagata strain) viruses in chick embryos when inoculated at various intervals after infection. The drugs stimulated interferon production in serum and by blood leukocytes, showing also some protective effect in influenza infection in mice. The necessity of further study of relationships between the chemotherapeutic activity of drugs and their capacity to stimulate nonspecific resistance to infection is emphasized.


[Biochemical changes in cytoplasmic membranes in dog liver during experimental viral hepatitis]. The composition of cytoplasmic membranes isolated from livers of dogs infected with virus of infectious hepatitis of carnivora (IHC) was studied. Inoculation with IHC virus was found not to cause any marked changes in the contents of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids of the membranes under study, but considerable differences in the composition of membrane proteins, lipids and fatty acids of virus-affected cells were demonstrated. The experimental data suggest that the virus infection exerts a considerable effect on the protein-lipid complex of the cytoplasmic membranes of the cell.


[Physical work capacity in soldiers after treatment and leave of absence for acute pneumonia]. The physical activity capacity (W170) was twofold determined in 26 soldiers, aged about 20 by the method of three-stage loading (25,50 and 75 W) upon mechanic veloergometer and with the aid of regression extrapolation- at the release from the hospital after treatment for acute pneumonia and after 28+/-11 days of home sick leave. W170 was established not change significantly after the sick leave in spite of the favourable evolution towards further normalization of the remaining X-ray changes of the pneumonia and RES. The possible explanations are discussed for that W170 decrease after acute pneumonias and the conclusion is that further investigators in the field are necessary.


[Acute and chronic infection of mice, caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus isolated from Mus musculus in Moscow]. Infection of mice with strain No. 325 of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM) isolated in Moscow was of two types depending on the age of the animals at the time of inoculation. Infection in adult mice terminated either in death or recovery with development of immunity. Inoculation of suckling mice resulted in formation of chronic virus carrier state in most survivors. The indirect hemagglutination inhibition test was found to be very sensitive for detection of antibody in convalescent animals as well as in mice with chronic LCM infection.


[Detection of Babes-Negri bodies in blood erythrocytes of rabid white mice]. Large numbers of polymorphous dense Babes-Negri bodies were found in brain neurons of mice sick with street rabies and dying of it. Among blood cells filling the cerebral vessels of mice dead from rabies, erythrocytes containing small dense inclusions, Babes-Negri bodies, could be seen clearly.


[RNAase activity in pig embryo kidney culture during interferon formation]. In production by pig embryo kidney cell (PEK) culture of interferon induced by UV-irradiated Newcastle disease virus, T strain, an increase in the activity of intracellular RNA-ase is observed at the optimal pH 8.5. RNA-ases of experimental cell extract have exonuclease activity in contrast to control cell enzymes which show endo- and exonuclease activity. A thermolable inhibitor absent  in control cells was detected in experimental PEK cells.


Antibodies of oncornaviruses and virus-associated antigens in cancer patients. Specific antibodies to oncornaviruses type D and to induced by them new virus-associated antigens were found by the CFT and the adsorption method in 72.4% of 29 tested sera from patients with gynecological cancer and sarcoma and in 62.5% of 72 sera from patients with benign tumours of the genitalia. At the same time, similar antibodies were found in 73% of 63 sera from healthy donors with the blood group O.


[Study of stabilized erythrocytes in the direct hemagglutination reaction with influenza viruses by the method of multifactorial planning of experiments]. It was demonstrated that human, chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes stabilized with acrolein, glutaraldehyde and formalin could be used for titration of influenza A1, A2 and B viruses. For this purpose, a four-factor experiment of the type of 3X4X3X2 was planned. All the factors under study (the erythrocyte species, stabilization, erythrocyte concentration and virus type), and some dual interactions (erythrocyte species and stabilization, erythrocyte species and virus type, stabilization and virus type) were found to be significant. Planning of a multifactorial experiment permits a composite investigation of the infleunce of the factors under study and their interactions on influenza virus titers with a reduction of the total number of tests and to obtain more significant answers to preset tasks.


[Nonspecific cell-mediated immunity in chronic hepatitis studied in vitro]. A considerable damage of immunogenesis with involving both humoral and cellular immunity was recently established in certain forms of chronic hepatitis. The investigation of nonspecific cellular immunity of following-up the transformation activity of lymphocytes in vitro in stimulation with PHA provides data for the inhibition of that immunity in chronic agressive hepatitis with manifestations of hypersplenia. In the progress of the disease, the increase or decrease of the transformation activity of lymphocytes correspond to the improvement or deterioration of the disease. After splenectomy transformation activity of lymphocytes is increased parallelly with the favourable effect as regards the basic ailment and the hematological indices.


[Detection of cell culture tumorigenic activity by heterotransplantation into hamster cheek pouch tissue using immunodepressants]. Different strains of diploid cells were studied experimentally in Syrian hamsters by heterotransplantation into cheek pouch tissue for detection of their tumorigenic activity. Cortisone and antilymphocyte serum were used as immunodepressors. The results showed that the use of antilymphocyte serum increased considerably the sensitivity of the method of determination of cell culture tumorigenic activity.


[Observations of respiratory function in advanced liver cirrhosis]. The respiratory function in 24 patients with liver cirrhosis (21 of them with ascites) was examined. A moderate hypoxemia was established as well as hypocapnia and high alveolar-aterial gradient for O2 pressure. The rest of the indices for gas and blood distribution in lungs do not reveal considerable deviations from the norm. The results obtained provide grounds that the manifested alveolar-arterial gradient for O2 pressure and the light to moderate hypoxemia in advanced liver cirrhosis are due mainly to increased right-left shunt and probably to increased number of alveoli with the ventilation/profusion ration equal to zero. The pathogenetic mechanism of the disturbances of gas metabolism in liver cirrhosis differ from that in chronic obstructive lung disease, characterized by manifested heterogenicity of the ventilation/perfusion raton.


[Production of an erythrocyte preparation for detection of herpes antibody in the hemagglutination reaction]. A method for obtaining an erythrocyte diagnostic preparation for detection and titration of herpetic antibody in the passive hemagglutination test is reported. The use of this preparation for quantitative assay of herpetic antibody in sera from herpes simplex patients detected antibody in 100% of cases. Considerably less frequent findings of herpetic antibody were in human sera from diseases of other etiologies and in donor sera. Titers of antibody detected in the PHA test were 2--10 times higher than in the CFT. However, no differences between the PHA test and the CFT were found in per sent of seroconversions and in increase of antibody titers. The method is simple, sensitive and easy to perform in any clinical laboratory.


[Age and sex distribution of biliary lithiasis]. The authors analyze the age and sex distribution of cholelithiasis in 388 patients. Cholelithiasis in those patients is diagnosed by X-ray method and in 24 of them -- was verified at operation. The incidence of cholelithiasis patients increases with age advancing. The percentage of patients with cholithiasis in the age group from 21 to 30 is 8,2 per cent, to reach 24,7 per cent among the patients from the age group 61 to 70. After that age the incidence of cholelithiasis decreases and among patients over 80 - the percentage is 0,5 per cent. Females are more frequently affected than males. From all the patients examined 77,9 per cent are females and 22,1 per cent are males; the ratio is about 4:1. Younger females suffer more after than the young males and the ration ranges about 15:1.


[Effect of the sinocarotid test on heart bundle-branch block]. The pressing effect of sinus caroticus upon an existing permanent heart bundle branch block is studied. The test was applied on 23 patients with bundle branch block (9 with left and 14- with right). A short-term disappearance of the bundle branch block was observed in five of them, accompanied with sinus bradycardia and in one case the restoration of normal intraventricular conductivity was not accompanied with frequency change. Theoretical reasonings upon the possible explanation of the phenomenon are reported.


[Male patient with anterior left hemiblock simulating anteroseptal infarct]. One case with left anterior hemiblock is described with ECG and image, simulating anteroseptal infarction. The precordial recording one intercostal space below facilitates the correct interpretation of the electrocardiogram. A short survey on the mechanism of septum activation is carried out and an explanation is given to the ECG changes, described, manifested with the appearance of Q peaks in the precordial V1-V3 leads.


Tuberculous enteritis.

Tuberculous enteritis. Tuberculous enteritis occurs in about 2 percent of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Although it is uncommon in the United States, tuberculous enteritis should be considered in any patient with active pulmonary tuberculosis and abdominal complaints. Eight cases of T. enteritis have been treated at Harbor General Hospital in the last 25 years. Associated pulmonary disease was shown radiologically to be present in seven of eight patients. Findings on contrast studies of the gastrointestinal tract showed disease in six of six patients examined. In five patients, surgical operation was required for diagnosis or complications. Resection of diseased bowel with primary anastomosis was done in five patients. Although medical therapy is the mainstay in the treatment of both pulmonary and intestinal tuberculosis, one staged resection of diseased bowel with primary anastomosis is the procedure of choice for complications such as obstruction, hemorrhage or perforation.


[Causes of death responsible for international and intertemporal variation in sex mortality differentials]. Relative to a particular level of female mortality, male mortality is lower than expected, currently and historically, in Northwestern Europe, Southeastern Europe, and Tropical Latin America; it is higher than expected in Western-Central Europe and in the Far East. The geographical pattern of differentials is attributable primarily to variation in the masculinity of mortality from cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms, and influenza/pneumonia/bronchitis. Over time, male mortality has increased relative to a particular level of female mortality, and these same causes of death are principally responsible. In the 1960's, high masculinity of mortality was associated independently with low proportions in primary activities, high proportions hiring in large cities, and with high discrimination against females in school enrollment combined with poor nutritional standards. The former two variables once again operate primarily through cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, and the respiratory diseases, whereas the discrimination-nutrition interaction appears to operate through infectious diseases. Variations in levels of economic modernization are capable of accounting for a substantial portion of the regional differences, although certain constitutional factors such as physiotype are also plausibly implicated, and they are also congruent with trends in sex mortality differentials.


Effects of 6-aminochrysene on liver microsomal enzyme activity. 1. No transformation of 6-aminochrysene took place during its incubation with rat liver microsomes under oxygen or anaerobic conditions. 2. 6-Aminochrysene inhibited the hydroxylation of aniline, O-demethylation of p-nitroanisole, and N-demethylation of aminopyrine by rat liver microsomes. 3. Pre-treatment of rats with 6-aminochrysene markedly decreased the N-demethylation in vitro but significantly increased the hydroxylation and the O-demethylation. Similar effects were observed also with microsomal preparations from livers perfused with 6-aminochrysene.


The metabolism of isopropylantipyrine in the rat and man. 1. The major urinary metabolite of isopropylantipyrine in the rat and man was an enol glucuronide of N-desmethyl isopropylanipyrine, which comprised about 80% of the whole urinary metabolites. 2. Six other minor metabolites occurred in rat urine; all lacked the N-methyl group of the parent drug, and some had undergone further oxidation at the isopropyl group, the phenyl group or in the C-4 position.


Comparative metabolic studies of phenacetin and structurally-related compounds in the rat. 1. A comparative study of the metabolism of [acetyl-14C]phenacetin, [acetyl-14C]methacetin, [acetyl-14C]paracetamol and [acetyl=14C]acetanilide in the rat is reported. 2. The extent of N-deacetylation, evidenced by the measurement of respired 14CO2, varied, being greatest with acetanilide (25-31%) and least with paracetamol (6%). 3. The major urinary metabolites in each case were N-acetyl-p-aminophenyl sulphate and N-acetyl-p-aminophenyl glucuronide; the relative proportions varied with the sex of the animals and as a result of extended dosage. 4. The metabolism of [ethyl-14C]phenacetin and [ethyl-14C]phenetidine was investigated and the extent of O-dealkylation determined by measurement of respired 14CO2. 5. The metabolic pathways of some related glycolanilides and oxanilic acids included N-deacylation, and in the glycolanilides, oxidation of the glycollic group.


Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of laevodopa and its metabolites in the rat. 1. Plasma levels of total radioactivity, unchanged laevodopa, dopamine, 3-O-methyldopa and non-amino phenolic acids were measured in rats treated orally with [3H]laevodopa at total laevodopa doses of 1, 10, 20 and 100mg/kg while the radioactive dose was maintained at 100muCi/kg for all animal groups. 2. Within the dosage range studied, non-linear pharmacokinetics were observed for unchanged laevodopa, non-amino phenolic acids and dopamine but not for 3-O-methyldopa. 3. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve for laevodopa increased exponentially with linear increments in the oral dose. This non-linear increase in laevodopa bioavailability is consistent with the hypothesis that high oral doses of laevodopa are required to saturate gastro-intestinal metabolism of the drug. 4. At the lower doses (1 and 20 mg/kg), only 2-3% of total radioactivity could be attributed to dopamine. At 100mg/kg, the dopamine metabolite fraction amounted to about 1/3 of total radioactivity in the plasma.


Paracetamol metabolism in the rat: relationship to covalent binding and hepatic damage. 1. The degree of liver damage observed 48 h after administration of 14C ring-labelled paracetamol (3-23 mmol/kg) to rats was proportional to the amount of a highly reactive metabolite retained in the liver, bound covalently to hepatocellular proteins. 2. With increasing doses of paracetamol, urinary excretion of the glucuronide and sulphate conjugates reached a plateau, whereas the output of cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates increased markedly. 3. The degree of covalent binding at 48 h was proportional to the rate of urinary elimination of these two latter conjugates in the first 24 h after dosing.


The formation of an N-hydroxymethyl intermediate in the N-demethylation of N-methylcarbazole in vivo and in vitro. 1. The metabolism of N-methylcarbazole has been studied in several mammalian species, both in vivo and in vitro. 2. An important metabolite after incubation of N-methylcarbazole with liver microsomes in vitro was identified as N-hydroxymethylcarbazole. 3. This metabolite was also found as a conjugate (probably the O-glucuronide) in the urine of some species. 4. N-Hydroxymethylcarbazole decomposed spontaneously in solution at pH 7-4 to formaldehyde and carbazole; this breakdown was enhanced by incubation with liver microsomes from several species, especially the guinea-pig. 5. The role of N-methyl hydroxylation, compared with N-oxidation, in the mechanism of N-dealkylation of non-basic N-methyl compounds is discussed.


Post-mortem survival of hippuric acid formation in rat and human cadaver tissue samples. 1. A rapid and sensitive semi-micro method for the determination of hippuric acid formation by tissue samples in vitro is described and applied to the determination of the post-mortem survival of hippuric acid formation in rat and human cadaver tissue samples. 2. Hippuric acid formation survived in rat and human cadaver liver for at least 72 h when corpses were stored at 4 degrees. 3. Hippuric acid formation was detected in human cadaver liver and kidney samples and was absent from brain, intestine, heart and lung. 4. Post-mortem liver samples from a case of acute pancreatitis failed to form hippuric acid as did kidney samples from a case of systemic lupus erythematosus with renal involvement.


The disposition of coralyne sulphoacetate in rodents. 1. The disposition of (14C) coralyne sulphoacetate has been examined in the mouse and rat at three dose levels. 2. In both species the major route of excretion is biliary following either intraperitoneal or intravenous administration. In rats, 18-24% of the 14C is eliminated in the bile in the first 24 h and only 1-2% in the urine. Transport into bile appears to be active and the transport system saturable at the doses employed. 3. The majority of the biliary 14C in the rats is unchanged parent compound and a minority is associated with a metabolite. The maximum amount of metabolite is 12% at 10-30 min following the administered dose. 4. The initial plasma decay of (14C) coralyne following intravenous administration is rapid. Half-life values are 12-3, 16-2 and 2-41 min after doses of 13, 26 and 52 mg/kg respectively. 5. No sex differences were found in the rat in the parameters studied.


Studies on metabolism of trazodone. III Species differences. 1. After oral administration of (14C) trazodone HCl (4 mg/kg) to rabbits, the blood level of radioactivity shows a peak at 3 h; unchanged trazodone concentration in brain is higher than that in plasma at 3 h after dosage. 29 The metabolic fate of trazodone in rabbits is different from that in rats and a new, basic metabolite is present in rabbit liver, brain, plasma and urine. 3. The concentration pattern in blood of humans given a single dosage (50 mg) of trazodone HCl is similar to that in rabbits rather than that in rats. 4. The rate of metabolism of trazodone by liver microsomes from mice is approximately 1-5 times higher than that with rat or rabbit liver microsomes.


[Carbohydrate tolerance and behavior of insulin in the glucose infusion test in persons with normal weight with prediabetic suspicion]. In altogether 289 persons with normal weight with suspicion of the existence of a prestage of diabetes the 2 hour's glucose infusion test was carried out. In these cases 61% of the test persons showed a normal, 8% a critical, 26% a pathological and 5% a manifest diabetic metabolic condition. A reduction of the initial and late phase of the insulin secretion provable with deterioration of the carbohydrate tolerance must be regarded as cause of metabolic disturbances. The lack of a significant relation between diabetic heredofamiliality and carbohydrate tolerance indirectly refers to the importance of the environmental factors which on the basis of a genetic defect have a decisive influence of the morbidity caused by diabetes. The reduction of the initial phase which is provable already in potential diabetes, particularly clearly it is to be demonstrated in pathological and manifest diabetic metabolic situation, may be regarded as an early symptom of diabetes. Carbohydrate tolerance and preparation of insulin were reduced in decenniums of older age.


[Aldosteroneia in acute kidney failure]. In 19 patients with acute renal insufficiency the plasma renin activity (PRA) and the aldosteronaemia were determined during the phase of anuria and oliguria. Significantly elevated PRA values were found while plasma aldosterone was only moderately elevated in the blood plasma. Apart from this a significantly negative correlation between the aldosterone level and the sodium and bicarbonate concentrations in the blood plasma were found. The lack of a significant positive correlation between PRA and plasma aldosterone levels suggests the participation of factors other than renin in the regulation of the aldosterone secretion in patients with acute renal insufficiency.


[Alcohol-induced lesions of the nerve and muscle]. A review is given on the most important neurologic sequelae after long lasting abuse of alcohol. The paper especially deals with the clinical features of neuropathic and myopathic disorders in alcoholics. Electromyography (including electroneurography) is considered to be a major diagnostic aid in these conditions.


[Drug-fever due to ajmaline (Tachmalin)]. A report is given on a patient in whom during treatment and prophylactic measures of paroxysmal tachycardias after intravenous application of ajmalin large attacks of fever with chills developed. The oral application evoked subfebrile temperatures and weakness. The drug-fever which was to be ascertained by exposition and omitting experiments was falsely explained for many years.