Intra-arterial basie dye studies of the blood-CSF and blood-brain barriers. 1. The permeability of the blood-CSF barrier was tested by injecting highly diffusible basic dyes into the common carotid artery and aspiration of the cisterna magna during or shortly after the injection. None of the dyes appeared in the CSF. 2. The appearance of similarly administered basic dyes were observed in the exposed cerebral cortex. Some of the basic dyes appeared in the cortex immediately after a few drops of dye were injected. This contradicts the assumption that staining of the brain by basic dyes is a post-vital process. 3. The difference between the permeability of the blood-CSF barrier and the blood-brain barrier proves the fundamentally different characters of the two barriers.


Superficial temproal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis for internal carotid occlusion. The observations presented are based on 11 patients who had suffered from stroke caused by internal carotid occlusion. In all cases an anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery (STA) and a cortical temporal branch of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) was done. This resulted in a considerable additional blood supply from the external carotid to the affected middle cerebral circulation. The extent of the territory of the MCA irrigated by the STA depends upon the different anatomical configurations of the MCA. There was a considerable improvement in neurological status even in the chronic post-stroke stage. A topographical correlation between the postoperative angiographically identified increase of rCBF and the recovery or considerable improvement of neurological functions was not ascertained.


Serum activities of hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) and the isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) as an index of traumatic brain injury. The lactate dehydrogenase (LD), the hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD), and the LD isoenzyme activities in serum were followed in the posttraumatic period in 113 patients with cranio-cerebral injury, 70 of whom had verified brain contusion--laceration. In patients with brain contusion the HBD activity, known to be exerted mainly by the anodal LD isoenzyme fractions dominating in brain tissue, was significantly raised in 91% of the blood samples taken within four hours, and in 92% of the samples taken between 12 and 24 hours after trauma, while it was within normal limits in all the samples taken within four hours in patients with brain concussion, and increased in only 17% of the concussion patients 12-24 hours after trauma. The LD1 and the LD1+2 activities were of less diagnostic importance in blood samples taken during the first 24 hours. However, after 24 hours the LD1 activity was as informative as the HBD activity. The LD1 activity was normal in all concussion patients from the third day after trauma, while 78% of the contusion patients still showed raised LD1 activity then. The determination of HBD activity in serum in the immediate post-traumatic period is recommended as an appropriate method for screening parenchymatous brain injury. A complete LD isoenzyme separation may later add some further information in doubtful cases.


Haematological aspects of hypophyseal tumours. This paper is devoted to the study of anaemia in patients with hypophyseal tumours. Anaemia with a red blood cell count of 2.4 million/mm3 to 3.9 million/mm3 was found in 60 of 280 patients (21.7%) with hypophyseal tumours; 52 of the 60 patients were operated on. Similar changes were observed in 25 of 60 cases (41.7%) of craniopharyngioma. Apart from anaemia and a low haemoglobin some of the patients also had anisocytosis, anisochromia, leucocytosis, and haemolytic shock.


[An investigation into the levels of a trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole combination in the ventricular fluid of neurosurgical patients (author's transl)]. Results of measurements of Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole (Bactrim, Eusaprim) levels in the CSF of seven patients with intact meninges are reported. The maximum fluid concentration of non-protein-bound SMZ was approximately 46.5%. The TMP value was 68.9%. With this combination of drugs it is possible to achieve a high CSF level of broadspectrum chemotherapeutic substances in neurosurgical patients.


Non-penetrating trauma to the carotid artery with secondary thrombosis and embolism: treatment by thrombolysin. A case of partially occluding post-traumatic thrombosis of the internal carotid artery and secondary embolism of the middle cerebral artery is reported. The patient was treated with Thrombolysin with coincident resolution of clinical symptoms and signs and clearing of the lesions on arteriography. This may have been fortuitous. The subject of traumatic carotid artery thrombosis is reviewed in detail, and its pathophysiology is discussed, especially in relation to facts known about occlusive vascular disease secondary to atherosclerosis and related embolic phenomena. Suggestions are made concerning the treatment of this condition, especially with regard to developing rational criteria for opening vascular beds through evaluation of collateral cerebral blood flow. The uses of microvascular surgical techniques and thrombolytic therapy are considered.


[Dural tension and skull growth (author's transl)]. By means of animal experiments on rabbits the significance of dural tension in relation to skull growth is emphasised. Our findings support our "new points of view on the pathology and therapy of craniosynostosis", previously published in this journal.


Nutritional significance of cross-link formation during food processing. When proteins are severely heated, in the presence or absence of sugars, the fall in nutritional value appears to be largely, although not completely, explained by reduced protein digestibility. All amino acids are considerably reduced in availability; which is in contrast to early Maillard damage which occurs under mild conditions of heating or storage in the presence of reducing sugars and affects mainly lysine. It seems that corss-linkages are formed in the severely heated protein or protein-sugar mixes and that these reduce the rate of protein digestion. When freeze-dried chicken muscle (15% H2O content) was severely heated its protein shown a great fall in digestibility but its value for supporting growth in the rat had fallen even more. Aspartyl-lysine and glutamyl-lysine cross-linkages, which had been formed during heating, appeared to be as digestible as the total N component and it seems that once they are released from the protein chain they can be absorbed and utilized.


Heat induced crosslinks in milk proteins and consequences for the milk system. The protein system of milk is rather unusual, there are nearly no interchain crosslinks found. Even intrachain crosslinks, especially disulfide bridges, are present only in about every fourth protein molecule. Heating causes dramatic changes in the structure of milk proteins, resulting in the formation of polymeric networks. The contribution of individual milk proteins, namely the beta-lactoglobulins, alpha-lactalbumin and chi-casein, to the formation of crosslinks is studied with respect to heating temperature and time, pH and atmosphere. Measured are changes in molecular weights and in the SH/SS-levels as well as the formation of dehydroalanine, lysinoalanine, lanthionine and isopeptide bonds. Some practical aspects of crosslinking in milk proteins are discussed.


The complete enzymic hydrolysis of crosslinked proteins. Procedures used for the complete enzymic hydrolysis of proteins are reviewed. The successful application of complete enzymic hydrolysis in the detection of naturally occurring isopeptide crosslinks and various other types of chemically introduced crosslinks is described. The method may fail if the level of crosslinking is too high, or if crosslinking is accompanied by racemization. Although it is usual to cleave disulphide crosslinks prior to enzymic digestion, the necessity for this in all cases is questioned.


The physical aspects with respect to water and non-enzymatic browning. Non-enzymatic browning is one of the major probles that occurs during the processing and storage of dehydrated and semi-moist foods. One type of browning is the Maillard reaction between reducing sugars and proteins or free amines. This leads to a darkening of color, protein insolubility with subsequent possible nutrition loss and a bitter off-flavor. The reaction has been extensively researched since the early 1940's. From a storage standpoint, browning rate increases as water activity (aw) increases up to a maximum where reactant dilution causes a subsequent decrease in rate. Use of liquid humectants in high moisture foods increase phase volume and viscosity, thereby lowering the aw of the rate maximum. These humectants thus act as inhibitors at high aw. Sorbitol also decreases the rate by a viscosity effect. Kinetic studies at normal storage conditions show browning to occur by a zero order reaction although the sugar and amine initial reaction occurs by first order. Studies with Tetrahymena show that the initial Schiff's base and reaction products may be partially biologically available although chemical assays show up to 50% loss of protein value. For dehydrated foods the zero order kinetics can be used to predict shelf life under a variable time-temperature-humidity condition.


The possible utilization of the 1-amino-1-deoxy-2-ketose compounds between amino acids and carbohydrates as foodstuff integrators. The behavior of the primary products (1-amino-1-deoxy-2-ketose-derivatives) from amino acids and monosaccharides in the Maillard reaction to the action of pepsin, trypsin, chymostrypsin and of heating has been investigated, in order to test the possibility of their utilization as foodstuff integrators. The behavior is very different from the corresponding behavior of the original amino acids.


Nutritional copper deficiency and penicillamine administration: some effects on bone collagen and arterial elastin crosslinking. Nutritional copper deficiency effects marked changes in the crosslinking of collagen and elastin, presumably in relationship to copper's role as a cofactor for lysyl oxidase. Lysyl oxidase controls one of the initial steps in the crosslinking of elastin and collagen, i.e., the conversion of peptidyl lysine or hydroxylysine residues to peptidyl alpha-aminoadipic-delta-semialdehyde derivatives. Once lysine-derived aldehydic functions in collagen and elastin are formed, crosslinks occur via aldol and Schiff-base type condensations. A decrease in the degree of crosslinking results in changes in the biomechanical properties of both collagen- and elastin-rich tissues. Some of these changes are described with respect to chick bone and aorta. Likewise, penicillamine blocks crosslinking reactions. In this case, however, it is probably because of the formation of thiazolidine complexes between penicillamine aldehydic functions. The administration of penicillamine at different levels to young growing chicks allows the isolation of fibrous insoluble elastin varying in aldehyde content.


[Dependence of age and cell-mediated immunity by newborn and adult children (author's transl)]. In a course study the parameters of cellular immunoreaction were elaborated in more than 100 childrens by means of the lymphocyte transformations test and the macrophage migration inhibitiontest. Homologous and autologous lymphocytes were used as antigens. In addition tests were performed with PHA-M, PPD and bacterial antigens. In the center of the research is the problem of the functional structure of the stem-cell pool and the regulatory mechanisms of the systems as a whole. This basis biological property is the prerequisite for many reactions of the cellular immune system. Therefore, lymphocyte transformation tests appear to be a valuable diagnostic approach to define primary and secondary immuno deficiency associated with different diseases. The various results in the lymphocyte transformation test are presented in relation to age, diagnosis and treatment.


[Anthropometric studies in healthy children of a large town. I. Methods]. Based on the development of systematic investigations into child growth in the GDR, the importance of normal values of exact anthropometric parameters, which have to be checked every 10 years, is to be emphasized. For this reason, 1500 patients of the Pediatric Clinic of the Erfurt Medical School in the age between 1 and 3,5 years, were anthropometrically measured applying the slightly modified definitions by Martin-Saller 1959. Body length, trunk length, width of shoulders and pelvis as well as 10 limb measures and 7 skull measures were taken.


[Anthropometric studies in healthy children of a large town. 2. Results and normal values]. Mean values and standard deviations found in a population of 1500 children in the age between 1 and 3,5 years of 21 anthropometric parameters are given. They are statistically different and can be used as normal values. The growth of boys and girls is shown to be steady with age, in particular, as for as length and width measures are concerned. There are some significant sex differences. The practical use of the results is tested at present.


[Sexual development and behaviour in young female workers (author's transl)]. With the help of a standardized questionnaire in 1968 100 young female workers and in 1976 133 were asked in anonymous and written manner about different sexual development and about sexual behaviour. In the center of the inquest were the following questions: age of sex enlightment--age of menarche--age of first sexual intercourse and its motivation--personal attitude to pregnancy and contraception. Both of the groups mentioned were workers under equal conditions. Within eight years sexual development and sexual behaviour of the youth were compared.


[From the shape of holidays for oligophren children and youth in the holiday camp at Pepelow at the Baltic Sea (Salt Bay) by rehabilitation (author's transl)]. It is reported from a holiday camp for children and youth arranged in summer 1975 at Pepelow on the Baltic Sea (Salt Bay) for the purpose of rehabilitation. By this shape of holidays the partical sphere of the process of training and education, namely the qualification of those oligophren ones in spending an ingenious leisure, should be noticed and contributed to educating those imbecile boys and girls, who are participating their holidays in a camp for their "relative independence*. The camp was a success for all the participators. Substantially contributed by appointed pedagogical assistors with a strong sense of duty, permanently accustomed to an exampled pedagogical-medical common task of rehabilitation.


Sources and dissemination of contamination in material handling operations. To assess the potential risks to personnel preparing feed for carcinogen bioassay research, a tracer was mixed with a meal diet to yield 10 kg batches of 100, 3,000 and 5,890 ppm. Wipe samples were obtained from horizontal and vertical surfaces, equipment and personnel before operations began, after they were completed, and following clean-up. Total and respirable suspended particulate matter samples were obtained. All operations led to contamination of clothing and equipment; cleaning did not remove all contamination. These results, obtained in a well controlled environment in which trained and well protected personnel were working, suggest that a higher level of process control may be required for adequate protection of personnel performing material handling operations with known or suspected carcinogens.


Further comments on novel schedule TLVs. The general formula approach for the development of TLVs for novel work schedules represents a reasonable first attempt in dealing with this new industrial health problem. However, several additional factors should be considered in the derivation of novel work schedule TLVs. They include: 1. the individuals who are at increased risk with respect to the pollutant in question; 2. the possible influences of rotational changes and disrupted circadian rhythms on health status of workers adopting the proposed novel schedules; 3. the type of toxicologic response to be affected and the degree of safety margin built into the TLV; 4. the metabolic rate and fate of the substance in the individual.


A plan for baccalaureat education in occupational hygiene. Educational requirements for industrial hygienists will continue to expand with the increasing need to monitor and control hazardous agents and to comply with more stringent OSHA regulations. A proposed baccalaureat program in occupational hygiene, designed to meet these needs, is presented. Emerging areas of responsibility in occupationally-induced disease prevention and the resulting educational requirements are discussed. A proposed curriculum and course descriptions are included.


A field study of near ultraviolet welding irradiance. Spectral irradiance in the near U.V. was measured for several welding operations at a large steel fabrication shop. The variations of spectral irradiance with time were measured and a brief study of the effects of amperage welding rod, and distance was performed. At the measurement distance used in this study the proposed standard for near U.V. was not exceeded.


Performance of single-use respirators.

Performance of single-use respirators. Six models of single-use dust respirators were evaluated for NaCl aerosol leakage while being worn by human test subjects. The respirators were evaluated for their ability to fit a wide range of facial sizes, for changes in efficiency after storage in a humid atmosphere; and for consistency of protection when worn for a six-hour work shift. Results indicate that only two of the six models tested provided a protection factor of 5 to all members of a 10 person test panel. Storage in a humid atmosphere had no detectable effect on five of the models, while one showed a decrease in the level of protection offered. Throughout a 6 hour work shift, four of the six models provided a consistent level of protection, while two showed variations in the level of protection offered.


Container blow molding noise.

Container blow molding noise. Evaluation of the environmental noise within a blow mold plant revealed borderline acceptability for hearing conservation. However, audiometric examinations did not appear to reveal appreciable work-related hearing loss. Octave band analysis of this nuisance noise provided the base for feasible engineering controls.


Performance testing of the NIOSH charcoal tube technique for the determination of air concentrations of organic vapors. The use of the charcoal tube-gas chromatographic method to evaluate workplace air contamination has proliferated greatly in the las 10 years. This report documents early efforts by NIOSH researchers to evaluate several sampling and analytical parameters and their effect on the reliability of the technique. The effects of humidity, sample stability, sample migration and variations in the desorption efficiency are presented. A protocol is suggested for basic testing of the method for new substances.


The predominance of binucleation in isolated rat heart myocytes. Myocytes of the heart of the newborn rat are mononucleated, whereas myocytes of the heart of growing, maturing rats become predominantly binucleated. This appears to be explained by mitotic division shortly after birth without cell division, i.e., karyokinesis without cytokinesis. Myocytes isolated from hearts of adult guinea pig and pigeon are also predominantly binucleated. Although only about an eighth of the cells of adult rat hearts are myocytes, most of the increase in size of the heart from birth to six months can be accounted for by change in size of these cells.


Electron microscopy of degenerating axons and terminals in spinal trigeminal nucleus after tooth pulp extirpations. Following multiple tooth pulp extirpations, electron microscopic preparations show degenerating axons and synaptic terminals in the same region of the brain stem trigeminal nucleus previously demonstrating degeneration by light-optical methods. The observations confirm the phenomenon of transganglionic degeneration in this system and identify the class of central nervous system axons and synapses specifically related to innervation of the teeth.


Specializations of the ependyma in the third ventricle of the developing hamster. Ependymal cells in the region of the hypothalamic sulcus, hypothalamus, infundibular recess and supraoptic recess exhibit large apical protrusions between day 12 and day 14 post coitus. The ependyma was examined using light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The protrusions contain ribosomes and cytoplasmic matrix. Occasionally other cytoplasmic organelles were found within the protrusions. The protrusions range in shape from a rounded elevation of the apical surface of the ependymal cell to spherical bodies attached to cell surface by a slender stalk. The unique transitory specialization of the ependyma may represent either a neurosecretory or mechanical folding mechanism.


Glial cells in the earthworm ventral nerve cord make an A-type nexus. Nexuses have been demonstrated between glial cell processes in the earthworm ventral nerve cord. The nexuses have been demonstrated by freeze-cleavage to be A-type neuxuses, thus demonstrating for the first time the type of nexus present in the Annelida. If the nexal cleavage pattern has physiological significance then the results suggest that physiologically the nexuses of the earthworm may be similar to those of vertebrates.


Effects of transfusion on serum iron, serum lactate dehydrogenase and platelets in megaloblastic anemia. In 11 patients with megaloblastic anemia, transfusion of packed erythrocytes or washed erythrocytes invariably resulted in a decline in plasma iron concentration to a range of 20-90 microgram/dl (3.6-16 mumol/l) after 36 to 48 hours. The same phenomenon was observed in two of six cases of ineffective erythropoiesis without megaloblastosis and in none of five cases of aplastic anemia. The observed changes did not result from a specific hematinic response or from iron uptake by a non-erythroid compartment. In megaloblastic anemia, alteration in marrow function in response to transfusion was reflected by plasma iron kinetics and serum lactate dehydrogenase values, which indicated marked reductions in both marrow hyperplasia and ineffective erythropoiesis. Transfusion in megalobastic anemia was also responsible for a 50% reduction in platelet count after 2 to 6 days. The significance of these changes is discussed.


Evaluation of a radioimmunoassay for serum unconjugated estriol using commercial reagents. A radioimmunoassay using a commercially available antiserum was evaluated for measurement of serum unconjugated estriol in pregnancy. The evaluation showed an inter-assay variance of 12.1%, intra-assay variance of 6.8%, sensitivity of 0.2-0.6 ng/ml (0.7-2.1 nmol/l), and average recovery of 85.3%. The assay is specific for unconjugated estriol, showing less than 1% cross-reactivity with estriol-3-sulfate and estriol-16-glucuronide. Normal limits were established from 7 to 40 weeks' gestation using 175 serum samples. No diurnal variation could be demonstrated at 8 a.m. and 3 p.m. Eighty-nine serum specimens and 82 urine specimens obtained from 18 high-risk pregnancies were within normal limits except in cases of intruterine fetal death, pre-eclampsia, and suspected placental sulfatase deficiency. Serial urinary estriol levels fluctuated as much as 75%, while serial serum samples varied by only 30%.


Effect of sodium ascorbate concentration on the stability of samples for determination of serum folate levels. Sodium ascorbate can be used as a preservative of patient samples for folate assay when freezing of serum is impractical. To evaluate the effect of sodium ascorbate on folate levels in human serum, it was added to pooled human sera in 1 g/l increments from 0 to 10 g/l serum. Free folate levels remained constant when the sodium ascorbate concentration was 6 g or less per liter of serum. At more than 6 g/l serum, free folate levels decreased. Bound folate levels increased when sodium ascorbate levels were 4 g/l or less, but remained stable at more than 4 g/l. A sodium ascorbate concentration of 5.0 +/- 1 g/l serum provided optimal preservation of folate in patient samples, indicated by obtaining constant values for four days when serum was kept at room temperature.


Scanning electron microscopy of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni as observed in the subarachnoid space. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the pathogenic protozoan, Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, in the leptomeningeal subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord of the experimentally inoculated dog. Know to inhabit such areas as moist soils, stagnant waters, and sewage around the world, these protozoans have been identified as etiologic agents in numerous cases of meningoencephalitis. Infection occurs via a nasopharyngeal inoculation, through penetration of the olfactory mucosal epithelium and cribriform plate, into the subarachnoid space, whence it gains access to the central nervous system. Stock preparations of these amebae extracted directly from their culture medium for scanning microscopic study provided an index for their identification within the subarachnoid space and also permitted a heretofore unobserved survey of their pleomorphic surface features. From the observations of others, it had appeared that the ultimate portal of entry into the central nervous system involved some type of cytolytic process; however, this study illustrates an action of simple diapedesis in which the organisms seek a pathway of least resistance; namely the naturally-occurring pial fenestrations.


Effects of cigarette smoking on intramyocardial arteries and arterioles in man. Proliferative lesions, which include collagen, elastic fibers and abnormally oriented muscle fibers, were found to develop in intramyocardial arteries more rapidly with age in cigarette smokers than in nonsmokers. The study attempted to determine whether these lesions reduce perfusion pressures in the subendocardial zone of the left ventricle. The amount of muscle in arterioles appears to reflect perfusing pressures, so measurements were made of decreases in muscle in arterioles between the subepicardial and subendocardial zones of the left ventricle to detect decreases in arteriolar perfusing pressures between the two areas. The decreases in arteriolar muscle between the two zones were then compared with the extents of the intramyocardial arterial lesions. Those individuals who had the most extensive arterial proliferative lesions had the greatest decreases in arteriolar muscle from the subepicardial to the subendocardial zones. In persons less than 60 years old the mean decreases in arteriolar muscle between the two zones were 1% for nonsmokers and 17% for smokers. For those more than 60 years old the values were 21 and 41%.


Immunologic studies of blood samples transported by a pneumatic tube system. The authors evaluated the suitability of using a pneumatic tube system for transport of patient blood samples to a hospital blood bank. Hemolysis and occasional reduction in serum antibody reactivity were found in some clotted blood samples after tube transport. Modifications would be necessary to make the system acceptable for routine blood bank use.


Lymph node identification. Specimen radiography of tissue predominated by fat. A method for identifying, by soft x-rays, lymph nodes in tissue specimens predominated by fat is presented. The method is quick and demonstrates lymph nodes as small as 1 to 2 mm in diameter.


A simple method for preparing ferruginous bodies for electron microscopic examination. A new method of preparing ferruginous (asbestos) bodies for electron-optical examination is described. Pulmonary tissue is dissolved in bleach and the residue collected on a Millipore filter. The ferruginous bodies are localized by light microscopy, and a portion of the filter containing a body is cut out and mounted on a coated electron microscope grid. The filter is dissolved in acetone vapor in a condensation washer, leaving the bodies, as well as uncoated submicroscopic fibers, on the grid. This method can be used to obtain bodies from the lungs of individuals after all degress of asbestos exposure, but it is particularly useful when dealing with minimally exposed or non-exposed individuals whose lungs contain very few bodies. The procedure allows easy identification of body cores by electron diffraction or electron microprobe analysis.


Extraovarian endometrioid carcinoma. Review of the literature and report of two cases with unusual features. Two cases of extraovarian endometrioid carcinoma are reported. The patients had had total hysterectomies and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomies 17 and 7 years before discovery of the endometrioid tumors. The ovaries in both cases contained endometriosis with adenomatous or atypical changes. Endometriosis should be routinely examined for hyperplastic or atypical features, as these may be significant harbingers of ovarian or extraovarian endometrioid carcinoma. Progestogen therapy for endometrioid neoplasm is theoretically promising, but has yet to be systematically investigated.


Strategy: basic management process.

Strategy: basic management process. The application of strategy as a dynamic process of management is discussed. Strategy is a conceptualization of an organization's (1) longterm objectives, (2) constraints that restrict activities and (3) near-term goals. The characteristics of good strategy and the formulation of strategy are discussed with reference to the hospital pharmacy department.


Treatment of diabetes insipidus with DDAVP. The treatment of a patient with diabetes insipidus (DI) is described, and the general treatment of the syndrome is reviewed. The patient was a 16-year-old male who had experienced pain, inflammation and tenderness in the left gluteal region owing to an abcess at the site of intramuscular injection of vasopressin tannate in oil (VTO). (He had been diagnosed as having DI at age 8. Since then, he had been maintained on VTO, lypressin and posterior pituitary snuff.) After the abscess healed during hospital treatment, VTO was stopped and the patient's urinary output increased sharply; urine specific gravity and osmolarity decreased correspondingly. Three days after stopping VTO, the investigational drug, 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP), was begun at 10 microgram every 12 hours. The dose was eventually increased to 20 microgram every 12 hours, and the patient was discharged on this regimen which controlled his urine output, specific gravity and osmolarity. Other treatments reviewed include antidiuretic-hormone-replacement agents (vasopressin, lypressin) and drugs used to potentiate low ADH levels (chlorpropamide, clofibrate and carbamazepine).


Comparative study of prospective surveillance and voluntary reporting in determining the incidence of adverse drug reactions. The results of a hospitalwide voluntary reporting program for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was compared with the results of a short-term, intensive, prospective surveillance program conducted by a pharmacist on a medical and a surgical patient care unit of a large teaching hospital. Data generated by the voluntary system were collected for a 45-day period; for the prospective surveillance, data were collected for 21 days. Strict definitions on the categories of probability, severity and mechanism of adverse reactions were employed. The incidence of definite and probable ADRs in the voluntary system was 0.08%; for prospective surveillance, the incidence was 7.2% (5.9% of 85 surgical patients and 9.0% of 67 medical patients). The incidence of ADRs in the prospective study, based on patient-drug exposures, was 1.0%. In the prospective study, patients experiencing ADRs received significantly more medications than those not experiencing ADRs. The operation of an ADR monitoring and reporting system for the purpose of maintaining incidence data was not judged to be cost effective. Periodic prospective surveillance programs on representative patient population samples may be valuable in determining true incidence figures.


Administrative case study: analysis of a hospital pharmacy's manpower requirements. Development of a method to determine the manpower requirements needed to adequately staff a pharmacy department in a 760-bed teaching hospital is discussed. The Michigan Hospital Staffing Methodology Manual, direct observations, interviews and diaries were used to gather data. An example of the data collected for the dispensing area is presented. The data provided a basis for developing productivity standards for current methods and procedures used in the pharmacy department. Also, the data facilitated the justification process for allocating existing and requesting future manpower resources.


Pharmacist faculty member in a family medicine residency program. Pharmacist involvement in a family physician residency training program is discussed. The pharmacist's duties include: (1) inpatient clinical responsibilities to the family medicine service for therapeutic decisions and drug information, (2) ongoing educational presentations to residents and faculty, (3) drug information and consultation to outpatient clinics, (4) participation in the development of standards of practice for resident training and (5) clinical education for medical students.


Computerized hospital information system for an intravenous admixture service. A computerized hospital information system as applied to a centralized intravenous admixture service in a 525-bed hospital is described. A comparison between the i.v. admixture service prior to and after the installation of the system is presented. The computerized system increased the accuracy, completeness, legibility and timeliness of data communication throughout the hospital.


Standardizing dopamine solution calculations. A procedure for standardizing dopamine solution calulations in the intensive care unit is presented. Dopamine solutions were standardized into two preparations: (1) 1 mg/ml, a concentration to be used for most patients, and (2) 2 mg/ml, for fluid-restricted patients. Both concentrations were prepared in dextrose 5% in water. Nomograms were prepared for each standard concentration to facilitate dosage and infusion rat calculations for patients of various body weight.


Pharmacokinetics in drug therapy III: Clindamycin dosage regimens for treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. A patient case which illustrates the application of pharmacokinetic principles to the dosing of clindamycin is presented. Based on calculations of a pharmacist, a patient wtih chronic osteomylitis was successfully treated at home with oral clindamycin 300 mg every four hours. The calculations showed that adequate blood and bone levels of the drug would be reached.


Interference of allopurinol and alloxanthine in ultraviolet theophylline assay. A modification of several spectrophotometric methods for assaying theophylline in biological fluids is presented; the maximum absorbances of theophylline, allopurinol and alloxanthine solutions were measured. Plots of absorbance vs wavelength from 320 to 190 nm wer made for four samples in 0.1 N sodium hydroxide. The maximum absorbances for the theophylline sample (20 microgram/ml) were at 274-275 and 217 nm; for allopurinol (1 microgram/ml), at 274, 275 and 216 nm; for alloxanthine (10 microgram/ml), a plot similar to that for allopurinol; and for an equal mixture of the three solutions, at 274 and 218 nm. Especially with allopurinol and alloxanthine, and possibly in the presence of drugs with similar basic structures, one might wich to use a method other than spectrophotometry for the assay of theophylline or discontinue administration of the interfering medication.


Evaluation of staff training in group homes for retarded persons. Staff in 12 group homes for mentally retarded persons were randomly assigned to either an experimental condition (N = 6), receiving eight 1.5-hour training sessions in behavior modification, or a waiting-list control condition (N = 6). Pre- to posttraining change scores showed that, compared to control home staff, experimental home staff increased significantly more in knowledge of behavioral techniques, had better evaluations of their residents, and indicated less decline in job satisfaction. Naturalistic observational data, collected with continuous real-time recording devices, showed trained staff superior in correctness and latency of their responses to residents. Trained homes also had significantly greater increases in the frequency and duration of positive staff and resident behavior.


Maladaptive behavior and community placement of mentally retarded persons. The prevalence of maladaptive behavior was investigated for retarded individuals residing in institutions, community facilities, or their own home. In addition, the relationship between behavior problems and sex, age, level of retardation, and race was examined. The findings confirmed a much higher prevalence of behavior problems in the institutions as compared to community placements. The data also suggested that the profoundly retarded individuals, unless handicapped by not being able to move around, exhibit more injurious behavior than moderately and mildly retarded persons.


Eye gaze and dominance hierarchy in profoundly mentally retarded males. Previous research on gaze aversion has suggested that avoiders are communicating subordinance in the social interaction. A study on aggression in profoundly mentally retarded persons provided the objective measure required to determine the relationship between duration of eye gaze and ranked position in a social group's dominance hierarchy. Results indicated that submissive individuals maintained significantly longer eye contact as contrasted with dominant individuals. Implications of the findings were discussed.


Delay of gratification: decisional self-control and experience with delay intervals. Actual and verbally reported decisional self-control choices (e.g., 1 penny now or 2 pennies in 1 minute) were obtained from 40 retarded adolescents who participated in a sheltered workshop. Prior to each of their eight choices, one-half of the students experienced the same time interval that was included in the choice for that day (e.g., 1 minute). Analysis of the number of actual and reported delay choices yielded a significant effect for experience, with the treatment group making more delay choices. In addition to suggesting that decisional self-control can be facilitated by prior exposure to delay intervals, the results indicated that verbally reported choices can be used as a reliable and valid indication of actual choices.


Sources of variation in clinicians' communication to parents about mental retardation. Sources of variation in clinicians' diagnostic communication to parents of mentally retarded children were identified and examined. Results demonstrated that the nature of clinicians' communication is related to the severity of the child's diagnosis, clinicians' perception of the parents' level of emotional adjustment, whether the clinicians' experienced difficulties in communicating the diagnosis, and their length of clinical experience in the field of developmental disabilities. The dynamics of these relationships were discussed, as were the implications of the findings for future research and for needed changes in the current priority structure of medical education.


Cardiac and respiratory responses during visual search in nonretarded children and retarded adolescents. The relationship between physiological response patterns and mental competence was investigated by evaluating heart rate and respiratory responses during a sustained visual-search task in nonretarded grade school children and retarded adolescents. The findings support the contention that, during tasks demanding sustained attention, retarded relative to nonretarded individuals exhibit physiological responses that parallel their poor performance. Consistent with previous research with nonretarded adults, the nonretarded grade school children exhibited a suppression of respiratory and heart-rate variability during attention-demanding tasks. In contrast, the retarded adolescents exhibited increases in respiratory and heart-rate variability. These qualitative differences in physiological and behavioral responses, observed during sustained attention, may be viewed as a manifestation of retarded adolescents' defective nervous system.


Array properties and conservation of number performance with retarded adolescents and young adults. A group of 31 institutionalized retarded adolescents responded to 18 conservation of number tasks. Within the range of each row containing 4 to 6 items, there was no significant effect on performance with variations in the total number of items or the numerical difference between rows. Unexpectedly, pre- and posttransformed arrays did not cause significant differences in judgment errors. When significant differences (p less than .01) did appear between transformed and untransformed arrays, it seemed to be due to a one-to-one correspondence existing in one of the arrays and not in the effect of a transformation. The optimal performance under one-to-one correspondence conditions and the observed, orderly decrease in correct responding was explained as a function of the number of contradictions in the stimulus array. The explanation of judgment errors being caused by contradictions between numerosity and length and/or density cues was interpreted within Brainerd's (1973a, 1973b) theory of the development of early number concepts.


Establishing words and objects as functionally equivalent through manual sign training. This study was designed to determine if sign-object and sign-word training would lead to acquisition of word-object associations and to test the proposal that if two stimuli control the same response, training a new response to one of the stimuli would increase the probability of the second stimulus also controlling that response. The participants were six institutionalized retarded males, each having some receptive and productive speech as well as imitative motor and verbal skills. Nonsense words, signs, and objects were used as the stimuli in this study. All participants were sequentially trained to: (a) pair the objects with their identical matches, (b) imitate the manual signs, (c) pair the manual signs with the objects, (d) imitate the nonsense words, and (e) pair the manual signs with the words. Following this training, participants were given receptive and productive word-object association probes. All participants performed at an 87 percent correct level or better on the first receptive probes, and all performed at a 73 percent correct level or better on the first productive probes. These individuals demonstrated that following sign-object and sign-word training, they could correctly associate the word with the object.


Processing of interactive and noninteractive pictures in PA learning by retarded persons. Retarded persons, at two MA levels, were exposed to a list of paired-associates (PAs) in which the stimulus terms were picture compounds of one animate and one inanimate object. One-half of the subjects in each MA group learned the associations with the stimulus components presented in meaningful interaction, and half learned the associations with the components depicted in noninteraction. Stimulus interaction facilitated list acquisition by the higher MA but not by the lower MA subjects. Transfer tests following PA learning indicated that the interactive stimulus components had been processed as units by the higher MA subjects, suggesting that these individuals may have spontaneously elaborated the interactive-stimulus components.


Behavioral training for parents of retarded children: alternative formats based on instructional manuals. A series of instructional manuals in behavior modification with retarded children was tested as a self-contained resource and as part of three larger training programs involving different amounts of professional assistance to parents: telephone consultations, training groups, training groups plus home visits. One hundred and sixty families were randomly assigned to the four training conditions or to a delayed-treatment control group. The 20-week treatment period emphasized the programming of self-help skills, but also provided an introduction to programming language skills and managing behavior problems. The manuals-alone format was as effective as the more expensive training formats in producing gains in children's self-help skills and fostering knowledge of behavioral principles in mothers. The two group-training formats produced more efforts at behavior-problem management, greater gains in knowledge of principles by fathers, and higher self-confidence as teachers. Telephone consultation was generally the least effective training format; the manuals-alone condition was surprisingly effective. Some implications of the results for future strategies of family intervention were discussed.


Brief reports influence of "mentally retarded" label on teachers' nonverbal behavior toward preschool children. Teachers (N = 12) were assigned to either an experimental (labeled) or control (nonlabeled) child. All children were, in fact, nonhandicapped and had no diagnosis or record of mental retardation. After reading a description (labeled or nonlabeled) of their child's developmental status, each teacher read their child a story. The results indicated that teachers were more immediate (i.e., showed less social distance) to children bearing the "mentally retarded" label. Implications of this finding were discussed.


Interpersonal distance behavior of mentally retarded and nonretarded children. The investigators compared interpersonal-distance choice behavior of 60 mildly retarded children and 60 nonretarded children of comparable MAs to a male adult stranger. Contrary to the original prediction, stemming from Zigler's negative-reaction tendency formulation, interpersonal distance by retarded children was not generally different from that of nonretarded children. However, analysis of the interaction between IQ group and approach condition (child approaching adult or adult approaching child) indicated that retarded children preferred greater distance from the approaching adult than did nonretarded children. This result raises the possibility that perception of lessened personal control by retarded children stimulated a stronger avoidance reaction.


Adaptive behavior scale, part II: a cautionary note and suggestions for revisions. Problems were discussed in interpretation of Part II of the Adaptive Behavior Scale based on skewness of distribution and the grouping of items used in the scoring procedure. Suggestions were made for possible future revisions of Part II of the scale.


Establishment of controlled arm movements in profoundly retarded students using response contingent vibratory stimulation. Because of recent legislation and litigation, profoundly retarded, multihandicapped individuals are now entering public school programs. These students are grossly underserved since systematic effort in providing individualized educational programs for them has had virtually no precedent. Various operant techniques utilizing contingent vibratory stimulation were demonstrated to be effective in establishing coordinated arm movement in seven such individuals. The practical significance of this finding was discussed.


Perceived problems of occupational therapists: a subset of the professional curriculum. Problem descriptions elicited from newly registered therapists were processed to produce 96 problem statements. These were clarified, assembled into a problem checklist, and mailed to 2,300 therapists registered subsequent to 1970 for the purpose of identifying the most frequent and bothersome problems encountered in practice. Factor analysis of the results revealed eight groups of problems, as well as four isolated problems, which were of statistical significance. This analysis suggested that basic skills of treatment planning and implementation are acquired by the new therapist before employment. Self-confidence and collaborative skills seem to be less well represented. It is suggested that these could be taught experientially by simulations within the classroom at several levels.


Comparison of the finger wrinkling test results to established sensory tests in peripheral nerve injury. The phenomenon that denervated skin does not wrinkle or shrivel like normal palmar skin after soaking in water was investigated. Forty-one patients with complete or partial peripheral nerve lacerations or traumatic nerve compressions were given a battery of tests to evaluate sensory and motor function. The results from patients' wrinkle tests were compared with the findings from their two-point discrimination and ninhydrin sweat tests. Twenty four patients with recent complete peripheral nerve injuries demonstrated an absence of finger wrinkling, two-point discrimination, and sweating over the cutaneous distribution of the damaged nerve. Nine patients with partial nerve lacerations demonstrated varied results depending upon the amount and location of the nerve injury. Eight patients with nerve compressions continued to wrinkle and sweat even when two-point discrimination was decreased or absent. These findings indicate that only in patients with a recent complete peripheral nerve lesion does an absence of wrinkling always correspond with a loss of other sensory modalities. The presence of wrinkling in a patient with a nerve compression does not correlate with the patient's sensory modalities.


A competency assurance program.

A competency assurance program. This concept of a competency assurance program, originated by the author, projects a structure capable of assuring the competency of the individual practitioners in a field. The components of such a program are role delineation, initial competency education, practitioner assessment, subsequent competency education, and practitioner evaluation. This article describes these components, defines their relationship, and emphasizes the importance of their contribution to competency assurance.


Competency assurance: applying the concept. The purpose of this paper is to increase understanding of the concept of competency assurance; to encourage associations of health professionals to develop a competency assurance program; and to motivate health care personnel to participate in a competency assurance program. The concept of competency assurance as defined by Wilson is used and its application and usefulness for a national association and its members are illustrated.


Telescopes, light vergence, and accommodation. This paper explains why the accommodative response to near objects is ineffective through a telescope. A simple formula is used to demonstrate the need for a bifocal spectacle objective or a change in vertex distance when viewing near objects with a contact lens spectacle lens telescope. Using this exact formula, clinicians can now more precisely compare refractions with and withoug a telescope. The formula also shows why refractions with telescopes used for driving should be accomplished at test distances of 20 feet or more.


Stereomovement from interocular delay in dynamic visual noise: a random spatial disparity hypothesis. This paper reports a series of tests of the assumptions entailed in the random spatial disparity hypothesis (Tyler, 1974) of the stereophenomenon that occurs on viewing dynamic visual noise with an interocular delay. The results support the hypothesis in opposition to 2 alternative hypotheses. A new stereophenomenon is reported in which reversed steromovement is perceived when viewing dynamic visual noise that has both an interocular delay and complementary contrast between the 2 eyes. Only the random spatial disparity hypothesis appears to account for this reverse stereophenomenon.


Visual response time to colored stimuli in peripheral retina: evidence for binocular summation. Simple onset response time (RT) experiments, previously shown to exhibit binocular summation effects for white stimuli along the horizontal meridian, were performed for red and green stimuli along 5 oblique meridians. Binocular RT was significantly shorter than monocular RT for a 45-min-diameter spot of red, green, or white light within eccentricites of about 50 deg from the fovea. Relatively large meridian differences were noted that appear to be due to the degree which the images fall on corresponding retinal areas.


Ulnar nerve entrapment syndrome in baseball players. Ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow has been described in the literature. This paper deals with 19 skeletally mature baseball players with ulnar nerve entrapment who underwent surgery for correction of the problem. The surgery consisted of anterior transfer of the nerve and placement deep to the flexor muscles. Six players quit baseball because of continuing elbow problems, nine returned to playing, and four were lost to follow-up. Ulnar nerve entrapment is thought to represent one syndrome in a spectrum of diseases involving the medial side of the elbow in baseball players. The lesion is amenable to surgery.


Isolation of Bhanja virus from ticks in Yugoslavia. Two strains of Bhanja (BHA) virus, an ungrouped arbovirus, were isolated from Haemaphysalis punctata ticks collected from sheep on the island of Brac in the Yugoslavian Adriatic. Serologic testing gave evidence of the endemicity of BHA virus on the island, and antibody prevalence rates were high for both man (35.8%--ranging locally to 61.3%) and sheep (100%). No antibody was found in 82 small mammals tested. Evidence of a natural cycle involving ticks and sheep, the potential significance of this virus for man and for animals of agricultural importance, and factors related to its epidemiology are discussed.


Identification of Culex species by electrophoresis. This paper extends the usefulness of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to studies of mosquito taxonomy and mosquito vector ecology. Using a newly developed double staining technique, it is possible to unambiguously separate several species of Culex mosquitoes found in northern Indiana. These include Culex restuans, Culex pipiens pipiens, and Culex territans. Preliminary work indicates that Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Culex salinarius can also be identified by this method. This technique enables precise taxonomic identification of individual mosquitoes or pooled samples whether intact or damaged beyond identification by standard taxonomic methods. The small sample required (20 microliter) per pool leaves sufficient material for virus isolation techniques.


Rearing of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata under axenic conditions in isolators. Germfree Biomphalaria glabrata were successfully reared through their life cycle in isolators. The snails were fed a diet sterilized either by heat or by irradiation. Snails fed an irradiated diet had a better growth and higher reproduction rate than the ones fed an autoclaved diet. There was no difference in survival between the two groups.


Pes anserinus transfer: an in vivo biomechanical analysis. Fifteen patients who had undergone pes anserinus transfer for anteromedial rotary instability were tested for peak internal rotation torque at three stations of knee flexion. Despite the fact that all patients had apparently benefited from surgery, from a strict analytical standpoint the conclusions of this study do not support the contentions of previous authors, who suggest that pes anserinus transfer results in enhanced stability by increasing rotary effectiveness; nor do they demonstrate a consequential decrease in knee flexion power.


Upper trunk brachial plexus injuries in contact sports. Cervical nerve pinch syndrome, a neurapraxia of the brachial plexus, is a common occurrence in contact football. The incidence at two universities was approximately 49%. The more serious injury, brachial plexus axonotmesis, has received little attention in the literature. We are reporting 13 cases of brachial plexus axonotmesis. Ten were documented by electromyography. All involved the upper trunk. All but one patient recovered within a 3- to 42-week interval. These brachial plexus axonotmesis injuries may initially present as a cervical nerve pinch syndrome. All significant or repeated cervical nerve pinch injuries should be reexamined at 2 weeks. Those patient with axonotmesis should not be allowed to return to competition until they have achieved normal strength in the involved muscles and the electromyogram shows no signs of active denervation.


Entrapment neuropathy of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve. This paper describes a syndrome of entrapment of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve attributable to its anatomical relationship to the sartorius muscle and justifies its identification as a distinct entity. Surgery was performed on four knees in three patients for localized pain and tenderness. The infrapatellar nerve was found entrapped behind the sartorius tendon against the prominent edge of the medial femoral condyle and sharply angulated while passing around the sartorius in two knees. Entrapment during passage of the nerve through a slit in the musculotendinous portion of the sartorius was observed in the others. All patients had complete relief of symptoms after translocation of the nerve away from the site of entrapment. The characteristic findings demonstrate the need to be aware of the possibility of entrapment of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve when evaluating patients with pain on the medial aspect of the knee.


Eosinophilic leukocytes in diffuse proliferative and exudative glomerulonephritis. Differential counts of glomerular eosinophils and neutrophils were performed on renal biopsies from 16 patients with diffuse proliferative and exudative glomerulonephritis. The results indicate that eosinophils and neutrophils are present in the glomerular exudate in the same proportion as in the peripheral blood. The eosinophilia present in some of the cases could not be etiologically related to the acute nephritis and probably represented a chance association, showing how a well known histological entity can sometimes be modified in a tropical environment. The functional effects, if any, of this modification require further study.


Renal failure following snake bite. A clinicopathological study of nineteen patients. Clinical, hematological, and renal biopsy findings in 19 unselected patients with renal failure following snake bite, including eight bitten by Russell's viper, are presented. Hematological findings were variable and did not influence treatment. Renal histology was a good guide to prognosis; patients with normal histology recovered with conservative management, those with tubular necrosis responded well to dialysis, while those with cortical necrosis responded only partially. Peritoneal dialysis was found to be an adequate form of treatment in the majority of patients.


Isolation of Leishmania braziliensis from a wild rodent in Costa Rica. Leishmania braziliensis panamensis has been isolated in culture from one spiny-pocket mouse (Heteromys dermarestianus) out of 43 examined, proving that rodents of this genus can be reservoirs of Leishmania of the braziliensis complex as well as of mexicana in Latin America.


The natural occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis in the bushy-tailed woodrat, Neotoma cinerea rupicola, in Wyoming. Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, is reported from Neotoma cinerea rupicola Allen in Wyoming. This report represents new host and locality records for the cestode. The larva had undergone active multilocular vesiculation in the liver with minimal host-tissue reaction. Protoscolices and calcareous corpuscles were absent.


Salmonella carmel infection in infancy: clinical observations. The features of Salmonella carmel infection were observed in eight infants under 1 year of age who were suffering from enteritis. While four of the infants who were over 6 months of age had mucous diarrhea and did not appear very ill, the four infants aged less than 4 months had severe bloody and purulent diarrhea, were "toxic", and needed intravenous therapy. Salmonella carmel appears to be causative of enteritis in infants under 1 year of age, severely affecting babies in their first half-year of life.


Differences in biological characteristics of three Leishmania isolates from patients with espundia. Two recent Leishmania isolates from nasal lesions involving the mucosa, one from an autochthonous case from Texas and one from a case from eastern Peru, were compared with a reference strain of Leishmania braziliensis from Brazil for the biological characteristics which distinguish the L. braziliensis complex from L. mexicana. The characteristics of in vitro growth, pathogenesis in the hamster, and position of the promastigotes in the gut of vector sandflies were determined and compared with the reference strain from Brazil. In spite of the nasal involvement which resembled the clinical picture considered characteristic of L. braziliensis infection, the Texas isolate was clearly L. mexicana. It is considered that the atypical clinical feature was the result of the patient's altered immune state due to neoplastic disease and subsequent radiation therapy. The Peru isolate constitutes the first example of a "fast growing" strain isolated directly from a patient with espundia, but otherwise it demonstrated the characteristics of Leishmania braziliensis.


Concanavalin A-induced agglutination of Naegleria. Concanavalin A (Con A) agglutinated all Naegleria gruberi strains tested but did not agglutinate any N. fowleri strains tested. Agglutination was time and temperature dependent and Con A concentration and ameba concentration dependent over certain ranges. Agglutination increased to maximum up to 1 h incubation with Con A. At least 1 X 10(6) amebae/ml were needed for maximum agglutination, and Con A concentrations higher than 100 microgram/ml did not appreciably increase agglutination. Incubation of 4 degrees C or with 10 mM alpha-methyl-D-mannoside inhibited agglutination of N. gruberi. These data indicate a difference in polysaccharide structure of cell membranes of N. fowleri and N. gruberi.


Intestinal function and morphology in strongyloidiasis. Divergent available information on the capability of Strongyloides stercoralis to cause malabsorption prompted a long-term observation in which the nutritional state of the subjects was carefully defined. In spite of moderate to severe symptoms, well nourished patients, even with segmental jejunitis, did not show malabsorption. All patients presenting this parasitic infection with concomitant malnutrition showed absorptive defects. Abnormal absorption persisted in spite of parasitic cure when malnutrition was not immediately corrected, and disappeared with correction of the malnutrition even if parasitic infection was allowed to continue. The present experience indicates that the malabsorption syndrome seen in some cases of S. stercoralis infection is secondary to the concomitant malnutrition and not to the parasite per se.


Epidemiology and mass-treatment of ascariasis in six rural communities in central Iran. In six villages near Isfahan in central Iran 1,455 persons were examined for intestinal parasites. Those with Ascaris infection were treated with pyrantel pamoate in a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight and all stools passed during 48 hours after treatment were collected in plastic pans and screened for worms which were then sexed and measured. Ascaris infection rates, 87--95% in the six villages before treatment, were reduced to 1--8% (average 5%) and the mean number of eggs in the feces was reduced from 19/mg to less than 1/mg. All age groups and both sexes were about equally infected, and the average number of worms expelled by treatment ranged from 16 per infected person below 5 years of age to 31 per person 20--39 years of age. Mature and immature worms together were expelled from persons treated at all seasons, indicating that worms were acquired and lost continuously throughout the year. Fecal examination at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months after treatment showed that the prevalence at 12 months had returned to the original level (87% vs. 91%) but the average intensity as reflected in egg-counts had not (10 vs. 19/mg feces). The findings confirm the necessity of repeated treatment at 2- to 3-month intervals.


Immunoglobulin E in Nigerian onchocerciasis. Total serum IgE was measured by radioimmunoassay in 58 adult Nigerian patients with untreated onchocerciasis. Levels in excess of 244.9 IU/ml, the mean level of the healthy Nigerian control subjects tested, were found in 86% of the patients. The levels were comparable to IgE levels found in 15 atopic Nigerian patients from the same residential area (mean = 1,028.7 IU/ml). The findings suggest that onchocerciasis, like allergy, is one of the causes of elevated total serum IgE, though normal levels may occur in this disease.


Control of Schistosoma mansoni transmission by chemotherapy in St. Lucia. I. Results in man. Control of Schistosoma mansoni transmission solely by treatment of all infected persons was attempted in Marquis Valley (population about 3,100), St. Lucia. Two-year results are reported. Excluding 26 pregnant patients, 709 to 729 persons who were found to be infected received treatment the first year. Most of these, 677, were given a single injection of hycanthone (2.5 mg/kg of body weight), and the same treatment was administered to 159 patients the second year. Side effects were not severe; the major side effect, vomiting, occurred in about 22% on both occasions. In villages with initially high transmission rates, the incidence of new infections in children 0 to 14 years fell from 20.8% before chemotherapy to 7.4% after 1 year and to 3.7% after 2 years. This pattern was significantly different from that in the comparison area where no control scheme exists. Chemotherapy alone appears to be a rapid, effective, and comparatively inexpensive method of controlling S. mansoni transmission in St. Lucia.


Control of Schistosoma mansoni transmission by chemotherapy in St. Lucia. II. Biological results. Chemotherapy of all persons infected with Schistosoma mansoni was begun in Marquis Valley, St. Lucia, in March 1974. From January 1972 to the start of chemotherapy, the infection rate in field Biomphalaria glabrata collected in the valley was 1.09% (117/10,736) and the rate in sentinel B. glabrata was 1.48% (56/3,790). From March 1974 through December 1975, no infections were detected in either field snails (11,742 collected) or sentinel snails (3,230 exposed). The accumulated date suggest that, because of differences in topography and average annual rainfall, S. mansoni transmission occurs in this valley during the rainy season, whereas in other St. Lucian valleys under study it occurs during the dry season.


Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. II. Occurrence of eosinophil-dependent cytotoxic antibodies in relation to intensity and duration of infection. Plasma samples from St. Lucians were tested for the presence of antibodies which cooperate in vitro with normal human leukocytes in causing cytotoxic damage to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. The in vitro antibody activity, which has been previously shown to depend on eosinophil effector cells was detected in 56% of the individuals with known, current S. mansoni infections and in 14% of control subjects from the same endemic area. Quantitatively, eosinophil dependent cytotoxic antibody (EDCA) activity, when expressed as the maximum amount of damage to schistosomula induced at high plasma concentration, correlated significantly with the intensity of S. mansoni infection as determined by fecal egg count, the highest levels of activity occurring in patients with stool counts of 60 eggs/ml or greater. In addition, plasma EDCA activity was found to correlate with the in vitro blastogenic responsiveness of patients' lymphocytes to three different parasite antigen preparations. In contrast, titrations of EDCA activity failed to reveal a relationship between EDCA titer and the most recent egg count performed on each subject. However, a significant correlation was observed when titers were compared to egg counts averaged over a 3-year period. Neither maximal EDCA activity nor titer was found to correlate with the duration of known schistosome infection.


Experimentally produced resistance of Schistosoma mansoni to hycanthone. Genetically transferred resistance to the antischistosomal drug hycanthone has been observed in several strains of Schistosoma mansoni: 1) in the progeny of worms to whose hosts hycanthone had been administered 54 to 70 days after exposure to cercariae (Type I); 2) in the progeny of worms to whose hosts hycanthone had been administered when the worms were still in an immature stage (27 to 29 days after percutaneous cercarial exposure) (Type II); and 3) in the progeny of worms from hosts that had been infected with cercariae of one sex followed by infection with the opposite sex 2 to 58 weeks later (Type III). In types I and II, drug resistance was transferred maternally. Hycanthone-resistant schistosomes were cross-resistant to antischistosomal drugs structurally related to hycanthone, such as oxamniquine and two chloro-indazole analogs of hycanthone, but not to niridazole and to another nitroheterocyclic compound.


Immunity and immunopathology following reinfection of mice cured of chronic schistosomiasis mansoni. The effect of curative treatment of murine schistosomiasis mansoni on resistance to reinfection and on granulomatous hypersensitivity following reinfection was studied. The sera of mice with light chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection of 32 weeks duration were tested by immunodiffusion analysis with soluble egg antigens for a precipitin band containing an antigen specific for eggs in order to identify bisexual infections. A group of the 32 week bisexually-infected mice were treated with niridazole, as was a similar group of uninfected mice. Six weeks later (at 38 weeks) the previously infected mice were injected subcutaneously with 30 cercariae and the uninfected mice with 20 cercariae. On perfusion 12 weeks later the secondarily infected mice had a percentage worm yield following infection of 16 while that in the primarily infected mice was 60. Twelve weeks after reinfection (at 50 weeks), the previously infected mice had moderate hepatosplenic disease similar to the mice which had remained constantly infected for 50 weeks, and formed relatively small granulomas around eggs injected into their pulmonary microvasculature. In spite of much lower liver egg counts, particularly severe hepatosplenic disease was seen in the previously uninfected mice. When eggs were injected into their lungs, however, very large granulomas were observed. These experiments suggest that both immunity and modulation of immunopathology are residual after curative treatment.


Incidence of leptospirosis in the detroit rat population. The rat population (Rattus norvegicus) in the city of Detroit was surveyed to determine the incidence of leptospirosis. Four methods of survey were used--serological, direct examination of urine, culture of urine, kidney and brain, and histopathological examination. Of 358 sera tested by the microscopic-agglutination test, 277 (77.4%) had significant agglutinins for serotype icterohaemorrhagiae. Significant differences were found between adult and young animals in both incidence and antibody titers, titers of 1:50 or higher being present in 90.3% and 38.8%, respectively, of adult and young rats. Examination of freshly drawn urine by dark field microscopy revealed that 59.6% of the animals were shedding leptospirae. When stained with Steiner's silver stain, 91.9% of the kidney sections were positive for leptospirae, showing this to be the most sensitive test of those used. Leptospirae were isolated from one or more cultures of kidney, urine, or brain from 221 (59.2%) of the 358 rats examined.


Hemostatic and platelet kinetic studies in dengue hemorrhagic fever. In an attempt to reveal certain aspects of the pathogenesis of the bleeding disorder in dengue hemorrhagic fever, hemostatic and platelet kinetic studies were carried out in 61 children with this disease. As has been shown by others, thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia were the two most prominent hemostatic defects constantly discovered. Increased intravascular clotting seemed to be one responsible factor, though not an outstanding one. This was evidenced by mildly and variably low factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XII, and by mild to moderate increase of fibrin degradation products as well as low platelet counts and fibrinogen. In 11 cases platelet kinetic study revealed increased destruction as a main cause for the thrombocytopenia, most probably due to the underlying immunologic mechanism, i.e., via the immune complexes formed. Another factor was platelet dysfunction--the release of adenosine diphosphate.


Aedes aegypti strain fitness for yellow fever virus transmission. Three geographical strains of Aedes aegypti from Thailand (Amphur), East Africa (Kampala), and the West Indies (Santo Domingo) were compared for susceptibility to infection with low-passage yellow fever virus (French viscerotropic) as well as for ability to transmit virus by bite at varying extrinsic incubation periods. Santo Domingo strain appeared the most competent and Kampala the least when mosquitoes were exposed to a low level virus-infecting blood meal; at higher virus levels, a similar trend was noted but differences were less evident and in no case were the differences statistically significant. All three strains were infected with and transmitted yellow fever virus.


Aedes triseriatus and LA crosse virus: geographic variation in vector susceptibility and ability to transmit. In laboratory tests, 20 strains of Aedes triseriatus differed widely in response to La Crosse virus. Infection rates ranged from 40% to 93%, and rate of transmission ranged from 20% to 90%. A control strain, tested in seven different trials, showed no significant variation in susceptibility (71--77%) or transmission ability (54--68%). A distinct geographic pattern was evident. The susceptibility and transmission rates of strains from areas where La Crosse virus is endemic were lower than that of strains from non-endemic regions, showing 71% vs. 87% for susceptibility to infection, and 46% vs. 74% for ability to transmit. Similar results have been observed in other mosquito-parasite systems, leading to the hypothesis that A. triseriatus in the upper Midwest is evolving resistance to La Crosse virus. Laboratory colonization had diverse and unpredictable effects on both transmission and infection, as might be expected with small populations and genetic drift.


[Heart rate of anaesthesiologists under physical and psychological professional stress (author's transl)]. The heart rate of anaesthesiologists under defined physical and psychological stress as well as during normal anaesthetic practice was studied. An acceleration of heart rate during induction and management of anaesthesia did not occur except in the presence of complicating circumstances. A phone call or a beeper alarm led to a rather ergotropic heart rate reaction (increase of 21%), especially when sleep was interrupted (increase of 75%). Locomotion for a professional reason, whether urgent or not, enhanced the heart rate up to 121/min. A simultaneous subjective feeling of psychological stress had no additional effect. The heart rate during the treatment of life-threatening situations remained at 109/min and often exceeded that of exhaustive running. The mean heart rate during the normal narcotic programe (90/min) was not uncommon and comparable with that of other surgical disciplines. However an increasing tolerance was seen with growing experience. Physical and psychological stress during the anaesthesiologist's work could be differentiated by means of heart rate except in some single observations. In the presence of both stressing factors the heart rate seems to be determined by the motor effort required.


[Ketamine-droperidol-dualanaesthesia for surgical and diagnostic procedures in pediatric ophthalmology (author's transl)]. 717 anaesthetics, consisting of a combination of droperidol and ketamine, were given to children aged between 2 months and 17 years for surgical and diagnostic procedures in ophthalmology. The administration of droperidol prior to ketamine resulted in (1) reduced doses of ketamine of 3.59 mg/kg body weight for a mean surgical duration of 18.11 min and (2) an absence of controversial psychomimetic side effects of ketamine. This procedure--called Dualanaesthesia--is simple and of low risk. Investigations were made concerning the cardiovascular and respiratory system, as well as the oculocardiac reflex, analgesic and antiemetic effects. Based on these positive experiences, this method is recommended for paediatric anesthesia.


[Central nerve blocks 2000 spinal anaesthetics with carticaine 5%-"heavy" (author's transl)]. We report on the use of Carticain in 2000 spinal anaethetics. Advantage include very short time of onset and low toxicity. The indications and contraindications are described.


[The effect of local anaesthetics on uterine blood flow and O2-consumption in pregnant sheep (author's transl)]. The local anesthetics bupivacaine, etidocaine, lignocaine and chloroprocaine were infused intravenously for 30 min to pregnant sheep, prepared for chronic studies. The amide compounds reached highere plasma concentrations than chloroprocaine. All local anaesthetics decreased uterine blood flow and O2 consumption without marked alterations of arterial or uterine venous blood gases. These changes were within the wide physiological range of variation, which was established in controls during 24 h. The findings may be of significance during paracervical block or pathological states of UBF or fetal homeostasis.


[Experimental definition of an optimal arrangement of electrodes for localisation of nerves (author's transl)]. The use of electrical stimulation for the localisation of nerves facilitates regional anaesthesia, especially by assuring a sufficient approach of the tip of the cannula to the nerve by the intensity and duration of an impulse necessary for its stimulation. This necessitates an adequate and constant distribution of the intensity of the stimulus in the surroundings of the tip of the cannula and the capability to define the current of the impulse. In the electrolytic tank the distribution of the stimulating intensity was studied in 4 different types of electrode arrangements. An electrode arrangement most suitable for nerve blockades was found. It may be produced by coating an injection cannula with 1 conducting and 2 isolating layers.


[Acute respiratory distress syndrome after near-drowning (author's transl)]. After successful rescue from drowning there may develop a situation which is called secondary drowning, resulting in acute respiratory distress characterized by interstitial pulmonary oedema, hypoxaemia, hypercapnia and acidosis during drowning, direct alteration of the alveolar membrane by aspirated water and particulate matters and a volume overloading by adsorption and--not seldom--inept therapy. This situation requires mechanical ventilation and forced diuresis, combined with high doses of steroids, antibiotics and digitalis. We present the case of an eleven year old patient whose clinical course demonstrate the necessity of exact clinical observation after rescue from drowning. After development of acute respiratory distress only the immediate utilization of the therapeutic modalities of an intensive care may result in a satisfactory outcome. Four months later our patient had normal pulmonary function except for a moderate reduction of compliance.


[Effects of halogenated hydrocarbons on polarographic measurement of oxygen partial pressure (author's transl)]. Halothane can be reduced polarographically. The presence of halothane in a probe therefore may lead to an erroneous determination of oxygen partial pressure with a greater or less overestimation of the actual oxygen tension. In this study we report extent to which halothane influences the polarographic determination of oxygen tension in blood samples and in the transcutaneous determination of arterial oxygen tension. A clear dependence on halothane concentration was found concerning the transcutaneous measurement of oxygen tension, while measurement of oxygen tension in blood samples by means of the Combianalysator (Fa. Eschweiler, Kiel) was not affected by halothane. The different effect of halothane on the oxygen measurement is apperantly due to the size of the polarizing voltage. Below values of 500 to 600 mV halothane is practically not reduced, whereas above this range reduction takes place which results in an additional polarizing current superimposing the signal of the reduction of oxygen.


[Artifical ventilation and spontaneous respiration under CO2-control (author's transl)]. In patients undergoing anaesthesia with controlled respiration the respiratory minutevolume required is not predictable! A "Compact-Respiratory-Monitor" enables the anaesthesiologist to observe simultaneously alveolar respiratory minute volume and end-tidal CO2-concentration as well. During anaesthetics with controlled respiration both values should be kept in parallel, while the end-tidal CO2-concentration has to be stabilized around 4vol% by adjusting the respiratory minute-volume to an adaequate level. Spontaneous changes of these parameters indicate disturbances due to ventilation/perfusion-relationship. This instrument was created for use in daily routine work. Over- and underventilation can be avoided by the use of this instrument.


[Quantitative analysis of particulate matter in infusion solutions, administration sets and additives (author's transl)]. There have been recevitly many comments on clinical and experimental reports which have demonstrated the safety problems associated with parenteral drugs contaminated with particles. Some countries have developed recommendations with a standard for counting of particles and their limits. Based on these limits, we have made a critical quantitative analysis of particulate matter in the most common commercially produced solutions, of particles added during manipulations in clinics and addition of drugs. Most authorities agree that particulate contamination should be kept to a minimum, above all in an intensive-care-unit where patients receive large quantities of solutions. As the risk to the patient is unacceptably high, many authors ask for filters to prevent the injection of particles in the bloodstream and their pathological consequences. A filter pore-size of 5 to 10 micron should be able to reduce this problem in a sufficient manner, without decreasing the infusion flow; whereas membrane-filters (0.22 micron), with their own problems, could also eliminate bacteria together with their microbiological hazards. Another source of particulate matter is represented by the injection of two or more drugs, administered at the same time, which may lead to chemical incompatibilities. This problem is not yet defined very well. To complete our quantitative  analysis, we decided to start a prospective clinical study.


[On the use of concentrated haptoglobin in the treatment of a haemolytic transfusion accident of the ABO-system (author's transl)]. The clinical course and the treatment of a case of severe haemolytic ABO-incompatibility are described. In addition to the routine therapy 3 times 2000 units of haptoglobinconcentrate were given since it is known according to the literature to metabolize free haemoglobin. The clinical result seems to confirm the beneficial effect. The course remained free of complications and the hospital stay was not prolonged. Further clinical experience is needed to confirm the effectiveness of the treatment with haptoglobin in cases with severe haemolysis.


[The closed system (author's transl)].

[The closed system (author's transl)]. It is appropriate to consider dose-regulated or quantitative closed-circuit anesthesia in terms of uptake of inhalation anesthetics from a reservoir bag which is never allowed to fill completely. The method which the authors have used routinely for 8 years requires reduction of the dose as a function of the inverse square root of elapsed anaesthesia time. Nitrogen does not accumulate because there is an inevitable loss of 20 to 100 ml/min between cuff and trachea. A simpler method, which has been well received, is that of "minimal flow" anesthesia (Virtue) with a constant fresh gas flow of 300 ml/min O2 and 200 ml/min N2O. "Low-flow" techniques typically entail use of 500 ml each of O2 and N2O per min.


[Closed system anaesthesia with continuous inspiratory oxygen measurement (author's transl)]. Relatively simple and inexpensive electrochemical oxygen-sensors have led to clinical evaluation of oxygen and nitrous oxide in completely closed circuits. Thus, a timely solution relating to possibilities of theatre-pollution and the economy this method allows, was obtained. "Fading" is a characteristic of electrochemical sensors; the principal factor involved seems to be the condensation of water vapor on the sensor, attenuating its sensitivity with the passage of time. However, a new model, that of Dräger, showed uniformly less than 1% fading after several hours of closed system anaesthesia, which is clinically negligible. Other failures were unmistakable and immediately recognizable. The techniques for neuroleptanalgesia and halothane anaesthesia with standard anaesthetic machines are described. The dosage of halothane with Vapor vaporizer, the reliability of absorption of CO2, the conditions which may be associated with accumulation of nitrogen up to 10 Vol.-%, as well as the relative merits of different ventilatores were explored. Studies performed with aid of oxygen sensors during clinical closed system anaesthetics are shown in relation to N2O-uptake and N2-elimination. In comparison with conventional methods the understanding of anaesthetic-uptake, the learning process and personal interest are enhanced, the patient's safety being ensured at the same time. The method of using a closed circuit here described was used in fifteen hundred patients ranging from 5-97 years without complications and is now routine at our clinic. Other advantages of the technique for the patient are retention of adequate humidification and heat of inspired gas and an almost complete dissociation of alveolar ventilation and uptake of anaesthetic.


Inspired O2 and N2O concentrations in essentially closed circuits. By simulation of the FRC (functional residual capacity), washin of N2O was conceptually separated from uptake at the alveolar-capillary membrane. Data collected by mass spectrometry and pneumotachography during a period of 2 years showed a near-constant body uptake of N2O which makes clinical application of closed circuit N2O--O2 anesthesia simple and safe. The data failed to confirm accelerated washin by higher concentrations of N2O ("the concentration effect"), although there was a concentrating effect according to the law of mass action.


[Rheographic monitoring of lung ventilation (author's transl)]. Electrical conductivity changes are measured with rheography. Changes of conductivity on the thorax caused by respiration, superimpose and exceed those caused by different circulatory conditions. Therefore rheography was adapted for monitoring of respiration. Changes in electric conductivity can be explained by the inflow of air to the alveoli, by increase of the distance between electrode, and by changes of the intrathoracic blood volume. Rheography developed by Polzer and Schuhfried was tested in the intensive care unit and the respiration therapy department. It was shown that this method is suitable for control of respiration, for demonstrating regional differences of pulmonary ventilation, for checking of respiration therapy and for monitoring the ventilated patient.


[Pulmonary gas exchange during isovolaemic haemodilution (author's transl)]. In experiments on 6 closed chest dogs the behaviour of pulmonary gas exchange during isovolaemic haemodilution with 6% dextran was studied. The dogs were ventilated artificially using an inspiratory gas mixture containing 25% O2. A slight increase of arterial Po2 values was found. This change was accompanied by a decrease in alveolar-arterial Po2 and Pco2 gradients. The size of effective pulmonary capillary blood flow varied in accordance with the size of cardiac output. The changes of pulmonary O2 diffusing capacity could be explained by the effect of haemodilution per se.


Development of the Weberian apparatus in Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Ham.). 1. The lateral processes of the first two vertebrae are developed from the ossification of the mesenchyme. 2. The centra of the second and third vertebrae are fused together forming a composite structure. 3. The "transverse processes" of the fourth vertebrae are homologous with the pleural ribs. 4. The ossa suspensoria are developed from the lateral and ventromesial processes from the basiventrals and form a kind of arch over the dorsal aorta. 5. The dorsal cartilaginous mass arching over the anterior vertebrae is formed by the basidorsals of the second, third, and fourth vertebrae. 6. The "perineural cartilage" serves to protect the spinal cord in the absence of the true neural arch of the first vertebra. 7. The claustrum is formed by the mesenchymatous rudiments which are intercalated structures. The claustrum rudiments ossify and get associated with some cartilaginous structures comparable to the supradorsals of the first vertebra. 8. The scaphium originates by the fusion of basidorsals of the first vertebra with the independent mesenchymatous tissue choncha stapedis. 9. The intercalarium is formed by the fusion of the basidorsals of the second vertebra and interossicular ligament. 10. The tripus is of complex origin and is formed by the basiventrals of the third vertebra, an independent mesenchymatous rudiment and a small ossification of the interossicular ligament.


Hematology of the common Indian Frog Rana tigrina. II. Leucocytes. A study extending over a period of two years has been made on Leucocytes differential count in common Indian frog R. tigrina. As the values of differential count are almost similar in males and females, the data obtained for the two sexes have been pooled together. A table is given to compare the values of different Leucocytes in R. tigrina with the values reported in other species of Rana. The month to month variation has been recorded in various counts and an inverse relationship is observed in the number of Lymphocytes and Neutrophils in different months of the year.


An atypical case of arising of some parietal branches of the Arteria iliaca interna in man. In the pelvis of a 78 year old man there have been observed deviations in the origin and course os some parietal branches of the A. iliaca interna dextra. Apart from this typically arising and passing branches (the A. glutaea superior dextra, the A. glutaea inferior dextra, the A. umbilicalis dextra) an atypical stem--the Truncus pudendo-obturatorius--comes out of the A. iliaca interna dextra. This stem divides into the A. obturatoria dextra and the A. pudenda accessoria. The A. pudenda accessoria goes through the pelvis and through the fissure between Symphysis and the Diaphragma urogenitale on the Radix penis as the A. dorsalis penis dextra. The A. pudenda interna dextra comes out of the A. pudenda accessoria in a quite atypical way. It enters the fossa ischiorectalis through the fissure in the hind part of the Arcus tendineus m. levatoris ani ventrally from the Spina ischiadica. Its terminal part goes to the right Corpus cavernosum penis as the A. profunda penis dextra. The parietal branches of the A. iliaca interna sinistra arise and go in a typical way. The A. pudenda accessoria is not formed on the left side of the pelvis.


[The topography and cytoarchitectonic of the diencephalon of the cow (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.). II. The internal structure of the diencephalon of the cow (Bos taurus var. domesticus L.) (author's transl)]. The five parts of the diencephalon of the cow are distinctly separated by fibrous tractuses or plates. The three main tractuses (Fornix, Tractus mamillo-thalamicus and Fasciculus retroflexus) are very strongly developed. Regarding the essential fibrous structures and the cytoarchitectonic features 62 nuclei can be differentiated in either half of the diencephalon, of which the thalamus contains 28 and the hypothalamus 23 nuclei. Epithalamus, Metathalamus and Subthalamus possess 2 big nuclei on each side. The findings are briefly compared with the data on the diencephalic structures of cow, sheep goat, pig and dromedar given in literature.


Anatomical studies on the corpus geniculatum laterale in the Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The CGL of the buffalo was convex, swung in a semicircle around the thalamus and was covered by the fibres of the optic tract. It was distinctly laminated, possessing a maximum number of 5 cellular laminae. The individual cell layers were separated from each other by clearly defined myelin interlayers. Laminae I and II were magnocellular and Laminae III, IV and V were parvicellular. No significant difference was found in the diameters of the neurons of the corresponding laminae of the two sides of CGL of the same specimen. From degeneration studies it was observed that the retina projected contralaterally to laminae I, III and V and ipsilaterally the input was to laminae II and IV with little or no overlap.


[Comparative radiological and morphological study of the human pancreas. 2. Morphometrical investigation of the human pancreatic duct system (author's transl)]. The diameter and the thickness of all the side ducts were measured in 27 normal or nearly normal human pancreata. The obtained data (about 5,000 pairs of Figures) were evaluated statistically. The relative thickness of the walls increases with growing distance from the papilla as well as with the reduction of the diameter of the side ductes. Beyond the age of fifty the diameter of the ducts is 10--13% higher than in younger age. In a logarithmical system there is a strong correlation between the diameter and the thickness of the side ducts, slightly diminished with aging. The regression coefficient is slightly diminished with aging. But the variance of the wall thickness in respect to the diameter of the ducts shows such a rise with aging, that the number of ducts with relatively thick and small walls increase with aging. By reason of the logarithmic system the positive variance has a higher weight. Therefore periductal fibrosis increases with aging.


Interaction between mesenchymal cells and the posterior iris epithelium in chicken embryos. The iris anlage of 3--10 day old chicken embryos was studied by both light and electron microscopy. Serial semithin sections showed that some of the mesenchymal cells overlying the eye cup moved into the primitive eye cavity by the 3rd day of incubation. On the 4th day some of these cells came into close contact with the basement membrane of the dorsal iris epithelium. The bases of the epithelial cells were flat at this stage. Towards the 10th day they formed cytoplasmic processes which did not penetrate the basement membrane. Fine mesenchymal cytoplasmic processes and a large number of extracellular fibrils developed in the epithelial--mesenchymal interface. The fine mesenchymal processes came into close contact with the basement membrane of the posterior iris epithelium but did not penetrate it. Collagen-like material was observed within the cisternae of the rough ER of the mesenchymal cells at certain stages of development. Both, the mesenchymal cells and the collagen fibrils adjacent to the posterior iris layer disappeared by the 10th day when the entire iris epithelium was completely pigmented. The possible origin of the collagen fibrils and the differentiation of the posterior iris epithelium are discussed.


Morphometric and autoradiographic studies on the growth of red and white axial muscle fibres in the shark Etmopterus spinax. The axial muscle growth of the shark Etmopterus spinax has been studied by means of morphometry, slide histology and autoradiography from radioactive thymidine and amino acids. Comparisons have been made between the red and white muscles fibres. While growing from 10 to 23 cm in length, the white muscle transverse sectional (ts) area increases 5.4 times, while the red area increases 3.7 times. The mean ts area of individual white fibres increases by 2.7, and the ts area of red fibres increases by 1.6. The number of white fibres does not increase significantly, while the red fibres increase slightly in number. Red fibres incorporate amino acids faster than the white fibres, and have a higher turnover rate. The myonuclei of the red fibres (satellite cell nuclei) incorporate thymidine more often than do those of white fibres, but the frequency of the satellite cells is similar in the two fibre types. Mitoses are extremely rare in the myonuclei. The nucleocytoplasmic ratio is higher in the red than in the white fibres.


Cell death in the optic tectum of the developing rat. The death of cells was studied by light microscopy in the optic tectum of normal, developing rats. Normal cell death in the tectum during development has previously been described in chickens but not in a mammal. The total period of cell death was from the 20th embryonic day through the 11th postnatal day. During this period the number of dying cells was comparatively small for the first 2 days, reached a peak at birth and then decreased over the next 11 days. In comparison to the number of surviving cells the number of dead cells in each section was small. The dead cells appeared to be randomly distributed in all layers of the optic tectum.