[Increasing the effectiveness degree of ovulation induction using clomiphene in combination with HCG in cases of functional sterility]. The authors gave functionally infertile women a combined treatment, of Clomiphen + HCG whom 19 had already been treated with Clomiphenor Epimestrol without success. If the number of ovulations considerably increase in consequence of Clomiphen + HCG treatment or the periods of ovulations, aphysiological periods, are of physiological duration the treatment may be successful. In these cases the effectiveness of Clomiphene induction can be intensified with HCG administration


[Investigations of the human isolated nonpregnant uterus contractility in the course of the menstrual cycle by measuring intramyometrial pressure (author's transl)]. In this work, the behaviour of the intramyometrial pressure, registered in the wall of the myometrium of the human isolated nonpregnant uterus, has been followed up. Intramyometrial pressure measurements were performed in 33 uteri. Simultaneously the intravascular pressure was monitored. The values of the intramyometrial pressure correspond with the intrauterine pressure, and the pressure  in the uterine cavity, measured with the use of inserted balloon, was a resultant of the intrauterine pressure measured in the corpus uteri and isthmus at the same time. It has been found that in the course of the sexual cycle, nonpregnant human uterus shows irregular contractile activity. The contractile activity of the nonpregnant human uterus is characterized by the lack of coordination of contractions among particular uterine regions registered simultaneously. During the course of the menstrual cycle the isthmus region  was dominating and revealed a pacemaker properties and during menstrual bleeding corpus uteri dominated. The results were discussed and the close relationship between uterine contractility and intravascular pressure was underlined.


[Cytological finding in the pre- and early stages of cervix carcinoma--a contribution to the evaluation of Papanicolau III]. Cytologic findings and the histologic diagnosis are compared in 326 cervical cones. We have found following ratio of the groups Papanicolaou (Pap) III: Pap IV--in dysplasia 1: 1: 1, in "more dysplasia than carcinoma in situ (CIS)" 1:2:2. The Pap IV dominates in "pure" CIS and in cones with "more CIS than dysplasia". We take out of the Pap III ("with cytologic control") cases named "Pap III with necessity for histologic diagnosis". We have found in this subgroup of Pap III prestages or early stages of cervical carcinoma.


[Differential diagnosis of cystic vaginal tumors]. A rare case of uterus duplex, atresia of the right vagina and a fistulisation of a praevesical and parametral absessus is reported. The importance of special gynaecological and urological investigations is stressed, especially if the cystic formation is located in the upper part of the vagina.


[Quantitative changes of glyco- and mucoproteins in the serum of patients with carcinoma of the uterus during treatment]. The mutations of serum glycoproteid and mucoproteid levels were examined in 40 patients with uterine cancer before, during and 4 years after treatment. In all the patients having become symptom-free the glycoproteid and mucoproteid concentration, that had shown an initial increase before, returned to normal in the course of successful treatment. There could be found no connection between the tumor extension and the otherwise increased serum values in carcinoma of cervix and uterus of stage I. and II.


[Determination of urinary estrogen in glycosuria]. The total urinary estrogen values of women with glucosuria were studied by 5 different methods in 287 samples. The spectrophotometry values obtained by Ittrich's reaction have been influenced by urinary glucose concentrations. An increased glucose content appeared to be connected with a decrease of the hormone values if the hydrolysis of conjugates was performed by mineral acids. The most effective method was enzymatic hydrolysis used also for the determination of the acid labile fractions. The determination of total estrogen excretion is necessary for evaluating intrauterine fetal well-being in diabetic mothers.


[Beta-glucuronidase activity in human ovarian tissue during the life- and cycle-phases of the woman]. The behaviour of the beta-glucuronidase activity during the life phases and the phase of the cycle of a woman has been studied in 51 human ovaries after the Dohrmann method. The study clearly indicates a dependency on age, that is demonstrated by a rise in beta-glucuronidase activity from 536 microgram Ph/h/g ovarial tissue during full functioning to 705 microgram Ph/h/g ovarial tissue in the premenopause and by dropping to 529 microgram Ph/h/g ovarial tissue in the menopause and the senium. The premenopause values are significantly higher compared to that of the other two functional phases. The activity of the beta-glucuronidase is significantly higher in the secretory phase than in the proliferation phase. Existing relations between the beta-glucuronidase of the ovary and the gonadotropic hormones of the hypophysis and the oestrogen metabolism are discussed.


[Incarceration of the ovary as an unusual cause of chronic adnexal process]. Report on a rare cause of a pelvic mass. This resulted from an early stage of incarceration of one of the ovaries in a deep-edged fossa below the bifurcation of the common iliac artery and the ureter (fossa ovarica). The complaints of the patient had been intensified by a major of the uterine and ovarian veins on either sides.


[Dynamic tests of the placental efficiency (author's transl)]. The paper presents a cycle of clinical investigations concerning an early detection of placental insufficiency states. It has been found that in cases of placental changes of a decreased function type, the transport of atropine through the placenta becomes difficult or inhibited, which is manifested by a decrease or lack of a reaction from the fetal side. In cases of the positive test, the fetus responds with tachycardia following atropine administration, which testifies to the normal atropine transport from mother to fetus and to the normal placental function. It has been pointed out that owing to its simple principle, atropine test should find a wide application in obstetric clinic in detecting an early placental insufficiency.


[Urinary tract infections in surgical gynecology with special reference to the urine withdrawal technic]. In a direct comparison series between 400 midstream urinesamples and 400 suprapubic aspiration specimens, but as well in an indirect comparison series of the same number of catheter urine-samples, bacteriological examinations were executed by means of the culture method before and after gynaecological operations. 19,5% of the suprapubic aspirates, 20,5% of the catheter specimens, and 25,5% of the midstreamsamples showed a significant bacteriuria. The number of false positive findings was in regard of the midstream urinesamples more than a quarter of the total infection rate. In midstreamsamples, mixed infections were 3,4 times more frequent than in catheter specimens. After a discussion of the results under special consideration of the high number of findings needing control in connection with operative problems, a valuation of the obtaining of urine in the field of operative gynaecology is demonstrated.


[Experiences in the use of suprapubic bladder drainage after gynecologic surgery]. Suprapubic catheterisation using a lately available puncture set for single use has been performed by us after major gynecologic surgery. Very favorable results of 48 suprapubic catheterisations performed under systematic control are reported.


[Therapy of bilateral lesions of the ureter during or after surgery for gynecologic carcinoma]. Special conditions for plastic surgery on the upper urinary tract in cases of gynaecological radical hysterectomy are discussed in conjunction with one case of bilateral ureteral injury inflicted during the operation and one case of postoperative bilateral ureterovaginal fistulas. Today, Boari grafting is preferred rather than direct implantation. Oblique submucous canalisation (antireflux effect) in unnecessary in most cases. Two-stage operations would provide a better protection of the bladder than one-stage restorative treatment. In emergency cases unilateral nephrostomy or ureterostomy in situ may be considered as interim solution. Transperitoneal access is necessary only in cases of injury during operation or when a one-stage plastic operation has to be carried out. For subsequent reconstructive operations performed in two stages we would prefer the extraperitoneal approach.


[Comparison of 2 isotope-nephrography-evaluation methods in normal pregnancy]. The isotope nephrograms of a total of 31 renally healthy pregnant women of different thirds of pregnancy are semiquantitatively investigated by 2 methods. The results are demonstrated graphically. This comparison show that a more correct result can be made with the describing method by taking a greater number of parameters describing the excretory phase.


[Isotope nephrographic studies in benign gynecologic diseases]. 1014 patients with benigne gynaecological diseases (functional incontinence of urine with and without displacement, myoma of uterus, ovarian tumors, chronic salpingoophoritis) were examined by means of isotope nephrogram before gynaecological treatment was begun. A group of 156 patients was parallely examined by means of chromocystoscopy and intravenous urography. For judgement of the ING-curves we applicated an extra parameter--the drain value "A"--, through which it was possible to differenciate between emptying disturbances and functional urinary transport disorders. To obtain this value it is necessary to change the position of the patients during examination. Under these conditions approximately 95% of ING-findings conformed with those vaised by intravenous urography. Giving weight to these conditions, we recommend the application of ING in gynaecology as a screening method. Criteria for optimal usage of this method are mentioned.


[ADP system for automatic production of physician's letters as well as statistics analyses in the area of obstetrics and perinatology]. Report about an electronic data processing system for obstetrics and perinatology. The developed data document design and data flowchart are shown. The continuously accumulated data allowed everytime a detailed interpretation record. For all clinical treated patients the computer printed out a final obstetrical report (physician report). By means of this simple system there is an improvement of the information and the typewriting work of medical staff has been reduced. Cost and work-expenditure for this system are limited in relation to our earlier hand made procedure.


[Hygienic studies of obstetric departments]. After a literature survey about problems of the infectious hospitalism in obstetrical departments it is reported about own examinations in nine clinics. The results of the general hygienic and microbiological studies are discussed, conclusions are being drawn.


[Intravenous induction of labor with prostaglandins F2alpha]. Report on 60 patients with induction of labour by intravenous infusion of prostaglandin F2alpha. The high rate of success (95%) was attributed to some favourable factors. Side effects were minimal. Moreover no effects on the metabolism were observed. During labour a electronical and biochemical supervision is neccessary.


[Clinical studies on the effect of long term progestagen administration on the elimination of noramidopyrine methanesulfonate (Analgin)]. Pharmacokinetic investigations with the drug noramidopyrinmethansulfonatnatrium (Analgin) were performed in 8 patients who, for a longer period, had taken the progestagene derivative norethisterone acetate. The half life of elimination as expression of biotransformation is clearly increased after intake of norethisterone acetate. As Analgin undergoes an oxydative mechanism of disintegration, possible explanations for this prolongation of the half life of elimination are discussed in the light of relevant literature.


[Cardiovascular effect of solcoseryl with low molecular dextran in normal late pregnancy]. By means of quantitative sphygmometry and the unbloody recording of arterial blood pressure the hemodynamic effect of an infusion of Solcoseryl in combination with low molecular dextrane on the maternal cardiovascular system in 9 normotensive healthy late pregnant women is examined. Solcoseryl causes no improvement of the cardiovascular effects known for low molecular dextrane.


[Ultrasonic diagnosis in hazardous or irregular early pregnancies]. 747 cases of ultrasonic B-scan examinations carried out over 528 patients, in threatened or deranged stage of early gestation, are reported, and this method is hereby recommended in therapeutic check-ups of imminent abortions. Concerning cases of missed abortion it is established on the basis of individual materials and other publications that the ultrasonic technique cannot be presently substituted by any other methods. The application of ultrasonic B-scan for the diagnosis and exclusive diagnosis of hydatidiform mole, ectopic pregnancy and incomplete abortions is discussed.


[Myomas and ovarian neoplasms during pregnancy in the ultrasonic-B-picture]. A report, backed up with 153 case studies of female patients, exploring the possibility of the application of ultrasonic-diagnosis in the case of a simultaneous coincidence of pregnancy and ovarian tumors and myomas is hereby forwarded. This method is suitable to differentiate ovarian tumors and myomas even during pregnancy. Cases, which are by normal clinical proceedings unintelligible, can be recognised through ultrasonic examinations. The ultrasonic course furnishes, in the ease of a normal treated tumor during pregnancy, besides parameters about the development of fetus also informations about the changes of size and position of the tumor.


[The effect of toxoplasma antibodies after reinfection with T. gondii. III. Communication: investigations on the question of placental transmission of toxoplasma in immunised pregnant animals (author's transl)]. Investigations on whether theprotective effects of maternal defence mechanisms against T. gondii could prevent a placental transmission of the parasite to the foetus were carried out on pregnant rabbits and mice. With rabbits which were infected 6 to 1 month before the conception and showed a high infection immunity, there was never a transmission to the foetus and likewise at no time after reinfection of such maternal animals during the pregnancy. In mice which were latent infected with 11 different Toxoplasma strains, placental transmission succeeded with only 6 strains intrauterine infection of the foetuses were confirmed in 1 to 3%. After active immunisation of rabbits with non-multiplying antigen before the conception and later primary infection during the pregnancy, intrauterine transmission to the foetus could be detected in 55%. After passive immunisation with hyperimmune serum, infected foetuses could be ascertained in 79% of rabbits and 24% of mice. Possible intrauterine transmission to foetus protected by maternal defence mechanisms is likely to be dependent on various factors. 1. On the host species, 2. the state of immunity (infection immunity), 3. on Toxoplasma strain. An infection immunity with the presence of living parasites in maternal organism is probably dependent on Toxoplasma strain in mice and offers in rabbits an apparently certain protection against congenital infection. On the contrary, serologically detectable humoral antibodies after active or passive immunisation do not prevent a transplacental transmission. On the basis of experimental findings it has been concluded that at least the immunoglobulins of type IgG, IgA and IgM in lower titer ranges offer no protection against congenital transmission after reinfection during pregnancy. Also, the protective effect can not be based on the structure of respective placenta. The roles of cellular immune defence and other possible factors in this connection are discussed.


Effects of freezing on the infectivity of toxoplasma gondii cysts for white mice. The infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in the brains of mice, after storage at -21 degrees C for various periods of time, was studied by intraperitoneally inoculation into mice. Infective parasites were not demonstrated after freezing for 5 hours or longer. Even after 1 1/2 hours exposure to -21 degrees C, many cysts seemed to lose their infectivity. The role of low temperatures as a limiting factor in the epidemiology of cyst-induced toxoplasmosis, is discussed.


[Seroepidemiological Investigations on the epidemiology of human rotavirus infections (author's transl)]. 263 sera of infants and children up to 10 years of age were tested for antibodies (CF-test) against Nebraska calf diarrhoea virus (NCDV) which is antigenically related to the rotavirus of man; in addition the mean antibody titers in different age groups were investigated. Antibodies of maternal origin were eliminated during the first year of life. Most of the infections occurred during the second year of life and at the end of this year 40-50% of the investigated children demonstrated antibodies against NCDV; this frequency persists during the rest of the investigated life period.


[No or little chemotactic activity of staphylococcal substances on macrophages (author's transl)]. Chemotactic effects of staphylococcal substances on macrophages from guinea pigs were studied using modified Boyden-chambers. Filters with an average pore-diameter of 12 micrometer allowed optimal migration of the macrophages. The macrophages were obtained from the peritoneal exsudates 96 h after stimulation with sodium-caseinate (fig. 1) and subsequently concentrated by centrifugation in a ficoll-ronpacon gradient (fig. 2, table 1). Casein had strong chemotactic effects on the macrophages with and without fresh guinea pig serum (fig. 3). Staphylococci, before and after extraction with guanidinium chloride, purified protein A and capsular substances were neither cytotaxic nor cytotaxigenic (in the absence resp. presence of fresh serum). Culture supernatants and staphylococci after incubation with their homologous antiserum proved cytotaxigenic, also lysates of granulocytes from the blood. Lysates of granulocytes from the peritoneal exsudates of guinea pigs were strongly cytotaxigenic for the macrophages.


Differential diagnosis of enterobacter agglomerans. On a number of instances, attempts to identify strains related to Ent. agglomerans by some of their characters were exemplified. Correlation with the tables proposed by EWING et al. was employed.


The isolation and characterization of some vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from salted herring and roe. 390 food samples (frozen, Kippered herring, Salted roe, fresh carp and salted ham) were investigated for the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. 8 V. parahaemolyticus strains were isolated from herring (6.2%) and roe samples (1.3%). Some biochemical characteristics are discussed. In food borne outbreaks, presence of V. parahaemolyticus must be investigated, especially when the epidemiologically incriminated food is fish or fish products.


Comparison of vaccines prepared from leptospires grown in a serum medium and in a chemically defined medium. Two types of leptospiral vaccines consisting of the organisms of four strains (strain Shibaura of Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup, strain Akiyami A of serotype autumnalis, strain Akiyami B of serotype hebdomadis and strain Akiyami C of serotype australis) were prepared; one type was prepared from these strains grown in KORTHOF'S medium containing normal rabbit serum (the serum medium vaccine), and the other was made from mutants grown in SHENBERG'S chemically defined medium (the chemically defined medium vaccine). The protein nitrogen was lower and electron microscopical impurities were fewer in the chemically defined medium vaccine than in the serum medium vaccine. The rabbit serum was detected by the precipitation test in the serum medium vaccine. The results of the potency test did not differ between the two vaccines. The decrease in body weight of animals one day after intraperitoneal injection was induced equally by both vaccines. These results indicate that the chemically defined medium vaccine is preferable to the serum medium vaccine.


The effect of exogenous histone on the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins in Coxsackie B4 virus infected cells. The incorporation of labelled precursors of DNA, RNA and proteins in F. cells infected with Coxsackie B4 virus has been traced both in the presence and absence of total histone from nucleated erythrocytes during the infectious process. In comparison with the virus infection alone, the exogenous histone supressed the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in early hours and the incorporation of 3H-uridine and 14C-leucine in the 9th hour after virus infection. The established repression of the incorporation of the labelled precurssors for RNA and proteins correlates with a drop in the order of 90 to 99% in the yield of infectious virus.


[Candida tropicalis as causative agent of septicemia (author's transl)]. In connection with microbiological findings in two patients, a report on septicemia caused by C. tropicalis is given. C. tropicalis is second in frequency to C. albicans in man. Because for the different biological properties of Candida species in each case of isolation of such fungi from clinical specimens an identification of the species is obligatory, because the generalizing diagnosis of "Candida mycosis" may be insufficient for the detection of epidemiological and pathogenetic associations. The possible primary resistance of C. tropicalis against the antimycotic 5-Fluorocytosine (Ancotil) is discussed. It is shown that the antigen similarity within the most important Candida species as e.g. between C. albicans and C. tropicalis may cause a false interpretation of serological results concerning the causative agent of the infection. For a safe inactivation of C. tropicalis on human skin, cleaning with 70% isopropyl alcohol for ten seconds is proposed. Because C. tropicalis is entering the human body preferably through food it is discussed whether a microbiological control of food for patients predisposed for such infections should be performed.


[Changes in the rate of hexobarbital detoxication in rats during postnatal ontogenesis]. Studies have been made on changes in detoxication rate of hexenal in male and female rats ageing from 1 day to 32 months as revealed by the duration of sleep after the injection of a standard dose (100 mg/g) of the drug. It was shown that in the newborn rats of both sexes, the detoxication rate is the highest, decreasing 3-fold to the age of 45 days. Sexual differences were observed beginning from the 55-60th day, resulting originally from the increase in the duration of sleep in females during their earlier sexual maturation, and being significantly enhanced to the 75th day due to a sharp decrease of the duration of sleep in males. From the 3-4th day up to the 20-32nd month, sexual differences in the duration of sleep increase due to its progressive increase in females. In 3-32-month males, significant changes in the duration of sleep were not noted. Sexual differences in detoxication rate of hexenal persist also in old animals.


[Physiological and biochemical characteristics of the blood of the Greenland seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus]. High hemoglobin concentration, rich hemoglobin supply of the body and high specific weight of the blood were found in harp seal cubs. The erythrocyte number is relatively low which agrees with our previous studies on aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals. Serum proteins from both adult and young harp seals are separated into 5-8 fractions during agar-agar gel electrophoresis. Diving of seals for considerable periods is partly accounted for by high hemoglobin and myoglobin concentrations adn also by perfect supply of the organism by these pigments.


[Rodent thyroid gland function under hot climatic conditions]. Studies have been made on the effect of high temperature and intensive insolation upon the uptake of iodide and hormone formation in the thyroid of rodents (Rhombomys opimus, Spermophilopsis leptodactylus, Citellus fulvus) with different adaptation to the environment. It was shown that high temperature in combination with solar radiation significantly decreases functional activity of the thyroid and affects some of the physiological indices of the organism. Animals with different ecological specialization differ in their reaction to factors of the hot climate.


[Influence of the limbic cortex on lymph flow in dogs during ontogenesis]. In acute experiments on puppies from the age of 1 day to 6 months, the influence of the anterior limbic area of the cortex on the lymph-flow in the thoracic duct was studied. Electrical stimulation of the anterior limbic area of the cortex in 1-7 days old puppies did not change neither the lymph-flow, nor the arterial pressure. Beginning with the age of 8-9 days, a decrease of the lymph-flow and a rise in the arterial pressure following electrical stimulation were noted. In 3 months old puppies, a functional discrimination of the influence of different limbic cortex areas on the lymph-flow was observed which is characteristic for adult dogs.


[Functional structure of the feeding behavior of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus]. Analysis of the motor component in feeding behaviour of the crayfish enabled to differentiate it into separate fragments with respect to the targets which are reached due to realization of each of these fragments. It is suggested that separate fragments are realized by some functional blocks which are activated from their own receptive zones by trigger mechanisms. With changing the coordinates of food stimulus the whole structure of the behaviour also changes due to the inclusion of additional fragments (locomotions, rearrangement of postures, activation of the claw extremities, etc.). Since this rearrangement favours the animal in reaching its final target, it may be considered as adaptive one.


[Structure of acoustic signals in the larvae of Dolihovespula wasps and Vespa crabre hornets]. Studies have been made on factors which account for the structure and noise-resistance of signals emitted by larval wasps and hornets. It was shown that temporal structure of a signal is determined by the roughness of cell walls against which the larva rubs by its mandibulae. Spectral structure of a signal depends on the size and configuration of combs. Maximum of spectral energy of each signal lies in the same frequency band from the very first up to the last impulse. This fact together with constant duration of the signal makes the latter different from other similar sounds emmitted by other members of a wasp family.


[Vestibulospinal synaptic influences on the lumbar motor neurons of rats]. In acute experiments on rats, studies have been made by intracellular recording of synaptic effects in lumbar motoneurons during stimulation of the ipsilateral Deiters nucleus. The nucleus was identified by recording antidromic responses of the vestibulo-spinal neurons during stimulation of the ventral surface of the II-IV lumbar segments. It was found that vestibulo-spinal fibers with different conduction velocity (from 18 up to 69 m/sec.) reach lumbar parts of the spinal cord via the ventral columns. Excitatory and inhibitory responses in the mononeurons were elicited more readily by stimulation of the Deiters nucleus by two and more stimuli. In 152 motoneurons out of 241, excitatory synaptic reactions were recorded. In all functional groups of motoneurons of muscles of the hindlimbs, predominantly polysynaptic EPSP were registered. Disynaptic EPSP were observed occasionally and only in motoneurons of the extensors. Monosynaptic vestibulo-motoneuronal EPSP was recorded in one of the 46 G-S motoneurons.


[Relationship between the ionic composition of blood and urine and the salinity of the external environment of the crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus]. Studies have been made on the dependence of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium concentrations of the blood and urine on the salinity of the external milieu in the crab H. sanguineus. Effective regulation of sodium and potasssium balance at low salinities was found. Within the salinity range investigated, magnesium level in the blood is maintained at lower level as compared to that in the environment. At low salinities, regulation of potassium and sodium concentrations in the blood is monitored by extrarenal mechanisms. Uber high salinity conditions, regulation of magnesium and potassium concentrations in the blood is accomplished at the expense of the activity of antennal glands. Calcium concentration in the blood is regulated by extra-renal mechanisms. The antennal glands affect regulation of calcium balance.


[Responses of sensomotor cortex neurons of rats to stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation]. High frequency stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation produces significant inhibition of neuronal activity in the sensorimotor cortex, the effect being equally observed in both hemispheres. In case of low frequency stimulation, marked difference was observed between the reaction of ipsi- and contralateral neurons. Under these conditions, contralateral neurons produce mainly facilitation responses. In both hemispheres evident predominance of tonic effects was observed which revealed itself in the continuation of the reaction in the poststimulation period. Single shocks applied to the midbrain reticular formation elicited in the cortex the evoked potentials of two types: one with a constant and the other with varying latent periods. The former exhibited a latency of 4-18 msec. Responses with varying latencies were predominant. In general, latent periods were longer in contralateral hemisphere.


[Enzymatic characteristics of blood lymphocytes during postnatal rabbit ontogenesis]. Studies have been made on ontogenetic changes in the activity of succinic dehydrogenase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase from the lymphocytes of rabbit blood. It was found that maturation of alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase takes place at later stages as compared to other enzymes. The activity of succinic dehydrogenase gradually decreases. Acid phosphatase activity, being rather high in very young animals, also decreases with ageing.


[Descending connections of the dorsal cortex in turtles]. Efferent connections of the dorsal cortex have been studied in the tortoises Emys orbicularis and Testudo horsfieldi using the degeneration tracing after dorso-medial lesions of this zone. Terminal degeneration was found in the hippocampal and piriform cortex, in the structures of striatum (d.v.r. bandle, putamen) and in the nucleus (centralis) lateralis and nucleus geniculatus lateralis of the thalamus. Fiber degeneration was also found in the fornix, hippocampal commissure, in the medial and lateral forebrain bundles including dorsal and ventral peduncies.


[Photochemical formation of pyruvic acid in a solution of acetaldehyde and ammonium nitrate]. It has been demonstrated that UV irradiation of acetaldehyde (2.5%) and ammonium nitrate (1.5%) solutions results in the synthesis of the pyruvic acid (PA). With the increase in the duration of irradiation, the yield of the produced PA decreases which is associated both with its photolysis and with its further transformations, for instance, into amino acids. The results obtained are discussed in relation to abiogenic synthesis of biologically important compounds in prebiological evolution and to possible development of metabolic pathways which are found in contemporary organisms.


[Sterols of several Black Sea crustaceans]. Sterol content has been investigated in lower (Artemia salina) and higher crustaceans--the isopods Idotea baltica and S phaeroma pulchellum, decapod Palaemon adspersus and several amphipods. In lower crustaceans, as well as in isopods and amphipods, no 7-dehydrocholesterol was found. This fact may be associated with peculiarities of feeding of these animals. It confirms the absence of sterol synthesis in some of the crustaceans reported in the literature. Cholesterol, demosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol were found in shrimps.


[Insulin-like substance containing cells of the intestinal epithelium of the mollusk Unio pictorum]. Insulin-like immunoreactivity can be localized in the cells of the mid-gut of Unio pictorum Lam. The cells containing the substance immunoreactive to mammalian anti-insulin serum, can be stained with paraldehyde-fuchsin or alcian blue and give positive PAS reaction. Intramuscular glucose administration produces degranulation of the cytoplasm in these cells: the quantity of cells stainable with paraldehyde-fuchsin significantly decreased 24 hours after glucose injection.


[Preparative isolation of progesterone, testosterone and estrogens from marine invertebrate tissues]. Extraction and quantitative determination of progesterone, testosterone and oestrogens have been made in tissues of cephalopod molluscs and crustaceans. Extraction was made by acetone and ethyl ether. Purification was performed by thin layer chromatography on aluminium oxide and silicagel in different systems. The quantitative assay of progesterone and oestrogens was made by fluorimetric and radioimmunological techniques, that of testosterone--by spectrophotometric determination of hydrozones and radioimmunological procedure. Progesterone and testosterone were obtained from the gonads and liver of cephalopods and from the whole body of crustaceans. During sexual maturation of the animals concentration of these hormones tends to increase. Oestrone and oestradiol were found only in the gonads of cephalopods.


[Changes in the concentrations and synthesis of DNA and RNA in tissues during accelerated growth and development of rats]. Daily administration of low doses of caffeine to 5-30 day old rats increases their growth, mainly due to the increase in muscle weight and results in acceleration of maturation of vegetative functions. DNA and total RNA levels in skeletal muscles and liver increase together with the increase of incorporation of labeled uridine and lysin into total RNA and proteins. These findings indicate stimulation of protein synthesis in these tissues. Significant increase in the relative weight of the thymus, its DNA and RNA contents, as well as its uridine-14C uptake may indicate anabolic effects of this gland upon growth. In control and experimental animals, the level of DNA and RNA in the thymus is 5-10 times higher as compared to that in muscles, liver and heart.


[Volume regulation in Rana ridibunda frogs and rats]. In experiments on the frog Rana ridibunda and albino rats, studies have been made on water and electrolyte excretion after intravenous injection of isotonic solution of NaCl, water and saline (0.35% solution of NaCl for frogs and 0.45% solution for rats) loadings which amounted to 3% of the body weight. All types of this stimulation increase renal excretion of sodium and potassium in rats. In frogs, intravenous injections of isotonic solution of NaCl increased sodium and potassium excretion to a lower extent, as compared to that in rats; in experiments with water and saline loadings, the excretion of sodium increased to a higher extent, whereas potassium excretion remained practically unchanged. The increase of water and electrolyte excretion on frogs is due to the appearance in the blood of a humoral natriuretic factor, which in these animals does not practically affect potassium excretion.


[Evoked motor activity and maturation sequence of striate complex structures during chick embryogenesis]. Morphological and functional maturation of different structures of the striatal complex takes place heterochronously, as revealed in studies on motor activity of 17--21-day chick embryos evoked by electrical stimulation of these structures. Phylogenetically more ancient structures, i. e. archi- and paleostriatum, are the first to be involved into regulation of the motor activity. These structures together with the structures of the midbrain and cerebellum are considered as "the primary" step of regulatory mechanisms which develop during functional maturation of the motor analyser. Neostriatal mechanisms operate from the 19th day of incubation, whereas hyperstriatal ones--only to the day of hatching.


[Temporal resolving capacity of the auditory analyzer of the dolphin Tursiops truncatus]. Differential threshold of discrimination of paired stimuli in relation to interimpulse interval has been investigated in man and porpoise. Similar features in mechanisms of discrimination of paired impulses in man and porpoise are noted. It was shown that threshold-interimpulse interval surve may be divided into several parts: two zones in which discrimination is made by different characters, and single transitional zone from one character to another.


[Action potentials of the fast and slow muscle fibers of the bog turtle Emys orbicularis]. In skeletal muscles of the tortoise E. orbicularis, fast and slow muscle fibers were found which differ in the lipid content and electrophysiological properties. Fast fibers contain small amounts of lipid inclusions. In response to direct electrical stimulation they produce fast action potentials (AP) which are capable of rhythmic activity during prolonged depolarization. Slow fibers are rich in lipid inclusions. Their AP differs from that of fast fibers by slow onset, and decay, lower gradient of rise, lower amplitude and lower velocity of propagation. These fibers are not capable of rhythmic activity. The data obtained show that with respect to their morphological and physiological properties slow muscle fibers of the tortoise differ from tonic amphibian fibers, but exhibit the most similarity to slow avian fibers.


[Oxygen utilization by muscle tissue of the dolphin Phocaena phocaena]. Studies have been made on the oxygen consumption in different parts of the cardiac muscle, as well as in deep and subcutaneous muscles of the porpoise Phocaena phocaena. It was shown that oxygen consumption in the heart (especially in the left ventricle) is higher than in skeletal muscles. The intensity of tissue respiration of deep body muscles is approximately 4 times higher than that of subcutaneous ones. Experimental and predicted data were compared. It was suggested that the intensity of oxygen consumption in the skeletal muscles of the porpoise is not uniform during the respiratory cycle.


[Heterosensory interaction in neocortical neurons of the hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus]. Reactions of neurons in different areas have been investigated in the hedgehog cortex by means of the microelectrode technique. A wide dispersion of afferent inputs was shown over the whole neocortex, alongside with the existence of definite projection foci of appropriate modalities. In the specific projection zones the conditioning heterosensory stimulation did not influence the onset of the response of the testing specific stimulus. Blocking of responses was observed in the so-called "associative" area, irrespectively of the mode of the conditioning and testing stimulation. It is suggested that the onset of responses by the specific projection zones to other stimuli depends on the specific impulsation irradiation to the specific projection pathways. Reciprocal heterosensory blocking in the "associative" zone may indicate the existence of an integrative formation in the hedgehog thalamus, possessing its own projection to the neocortex.


[Electrical activity of the cerebral ganglion of the mollusk Helix vulgaris upon acoustic stimulation of the statocyst]. Responses in the cerebral ganglia to acoustical stimulation were studied at the frequencies 30, 60, 150, 300, 500, 1000 Hz. The lowest threshold of response was at the frequency 30 Hz 60 dB spl. The reaction was in the form of evoked response or different patterns of spike activity. Responses could take place at one frequency of stimulation or in the wide range of frequencies. The reaction lasted sometimes even after the stimulation had ceased. After 3-4 stimulations by one frequency the reaction disappeared as a rule. But if the stimulation continued, but with another frequency, the response restored. The acoustic stimulation of the statocyst evokes various types of response in the cerebral ganglia.


[Concentration and properties of the SH-groups of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the muscles of the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis]. SH-groups of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) from lamprey muscle were investigated by Ellman's technique [4]. Three SH-groups per 1 monomer were determined in the presence of 8 M urea. The kinetics of the reaction of SH-groups of lamprey GADP with DTNB in non-denaturating conditions is intermediate between that of GAPD from mammalian muscles and sturgeon muscles, resembling the kinetics of SH-groups of the enzyme from halibut muscles.


[Sensitivity of the cholinoreceptive membrane of Lymnaea stagnalis neurons to mono- and bisquaternary ammonium compounds]. The depolarizing potency of polymethylene-bis-trimethylammonium and alkyl-trimenthylammonium compounds with 3-10 methylene groups was studied on the identified giant central neurons of gastropod mollusc Limnaea stagnalis using intracellular microelectrode technique. The bisquaternary salts with 4-7 methylene groups were inactive while the mononitrogen analogues showed cholinomimetic activity. The similar results were obtained by other authors on Vertebrate skeletal muscles with substances studied. The possible explanations of this fact are suggested.


[Gastric motor activity in Varanus griseus lizards]. Motor activity of the stomach in V. griseus consists of contractions which follow the rhythm of 7-10 movements per 15 min. In contrast to tortoises, no periodic hunger activity of the stomach was observed in the lizard. Subcutaneous injection of 0.6% NaCl solution does not affect contractile activity of stomach muscles. Pilocarpine in a dose 100 microgram/kg of body weight did not change the gastrogram, doses 500 and 1,000 microgram increased the frequency and the amplitude of contractions. Atropine in a low dose (100 microgram) did not affect stomach movements. Doses 500, 1,000 and 2,000 microgram induced biphasic response. Sunflower-seed oil (10 ml) decreased twofold the frequency and the amplitude of contractions within 45-60 min.


[Protection of inventions in the field of vaccines and sera]. Requirements admit a possibility of protection of a vaccine-serum preparation by the author's certificate only in case of approbation of the preparation. The formula of invention should describe the preparation in such a way that it could be differentiated from similar preparations. In accordance with these requirements the preparation can be described only with reference to the method of obtaining it, since this method determines its quality. The most rational form of protection of suggestions in the field of vaccines and sera is a complex protection of the preparation and of the method of obtaining it. Protection of the method of obtaining the preparation alone limits the authors' rights.


[Afferent influences of the vagus nerves on the vasomotor center during cat ontogenesis]. It has been found in cats under urethane anaesthesia that already in newborn animals the reactions of arterial blood pressure to test stimulation of the central end of one vagal nerve could be increased, depressed or reversed during the conditioned pre-stimulation of the central end of contralateral vagal nerve. During the conditioned stimulation, polyphasic changes were observed in the modulating effect which was different for pressor and depressor test-responses and exhibited complex changes in ontogenesis.


[Role of different central nervous system structures of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus in realizing food-getting behavior]. After cutting the nervous chain at different levels, separate fragments of motor component of foodgetting behaviour of the crayfish disappeared. Separation of the supraoesophageal ganglion from the nervous chain results in the abolition of food searching phase, control and organization of aimed locomotions, fixation of the body with respect to the target objects. At the same time the activity of separate functional blocks becomes more evident being realized in automatic regime with the trigger type of its onset. Suboesophageal ganglion structures initiate the spontaneous non-coordinated locomotor activity of the postural and locomotor apparatus and provide for realization of the whole algorhythm: grasping the food, driving the claw to the rostral part of the body, transmission the food to the II-III pairs of walking legs and then to the mouth opening. Structures of the 1st isolated thoracal ganglion realize grasping and holding reflex which is going on slowly and inactively.


[Effect of arecoline on the structure of rest and active wakefulness in the catfish Ictalurus nebulosus]. The investigation demonstrated, that in the representative of the Osteichthyes--Ictalurus nebulosus, the hematoencephalic barrier for quaternary ammonium compounds is strongly pronounced. The difference in ability of tertiary and quaternary cholinergic substances to penetrate from the blood into the brain of this fish can be used for study of the presence and functional role of cholinoreceptive brain neurons. The pharmacological analysis showed the presence of cholinoreceptive neurons in the fish brain, participating in the activity of the functional systems which generate the "swimming automatism"--rhythmic movements of the tail, that are not accompanied by progression of the body. Apparently, this "swimming automatism" is the element of the future paradoxical sleep, which appears in its complete form in birds and mammals.


[Intracellular development of Rickettsia]. Microcinematography, cytological and cytochemical studies revealed new features of D. sibericus, D. murinus, and R. tsutsugamushi biology, mainly a very active movement in the cell. In contrast to D. sibericus, development of D. murinus and R. tsutsugamushi in cells is characterized by severe irritation of the infected cells early in the infection, a greater speed of movement of rickettsiae and their active release from the affected cells, as well as the development of necrobiotic changes in the latter. The mitotic activity of the cells increased early in cultures infected with Cox. burneti, R. prowazeki, D. sibericus, and T. tsutsugamushi. Subsequently, cell nuclei shrink and different cytotic changes develop in various rickettsia. Studies on the metabolism of the affected cells revealed activation of nucleic metabolism and redox enzymes associated with mitochondria in the course of the first 3 days followed by a low activity in 5 postinfection days. The lysosomal apparatus of the cells underwent drastic changes and the activity of acid phosphatase increased markedly with further elevation in the permeability of lysosomal membranes.


[Electrophysiologic study of pretecto-cortical connections in rats]. In response to electrical stimulation of the pretectum in rats, the evoked potentials and extracellular neuronal reactions were recorded in the ipsilateral neocortex. Functional characteristics of the responses depended on the localization of the stimulated pretectal zone. During stimulation of the anterior pretectal nucleus, maximum evoked activity was found at the border between the 17th and the 18th areas, as well as in the area 18a. The evoked potentials are superficial and exhibit negative polarity. Unit responses are of phasic and phasic-tonic "on"-type.


[Transfectable strains of Salmonella].

[Transfectable strains of Salmonella]. It the Ca2+-dependent system of an intact bacterial recipient the efficacy of DNA transfection of P22 H5 bacteriophage was determined in 48 strains of bacteria belonging to the Salmonella genus and in 5 Escherichia coli strains with known genetic characteristics and phenotypical properties. The sensitivity of the salmonella strains under study to R- and RS-specific bacteriophages, and also their capacity to ferment galactose were determined. Transfectable mutants of bacteria belongin to the Salmonella genus were referred to the Ra-type. The salmonella P22 H5 bacteriophage of the heterologous E. coli recipient isolated DNA transfection was demonstrated.


[Role of adrenal cortex hormones in the realization of the biological action of cholerogen]. Experiments were conducted on albino mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits. The role played by glucocorticoids in the realization of the biological action of cholerogen--cholera exotoxin (edema of the limbs in mice and the skin test after Craig in guinea pigs and rabbits) was studied. Tissue sensitivity of these animals to the action of cholerogen diminished under the effect of stress factors (intramuscular injection of formalin, intraperitoneal injection of cholerogen, immobilization, hunger, laparatomy, etc.) and in case of glucocorticoid administration. A hypothesis is put forward that cholera exotoxin entering the blood from the intestine and activating the adrenal cortex function in vivo promoted the development of cholera intoxication.


[Effect of surface-active agents on staphylococcal coagulase]. The influence of catamine AB, sulfonol NP-3, sodium alkylsulfate homologues (C10-C16) and of syntanol DT-7 on the reaction of fibrin formation under the action of the partially purified coagulase was studied. Catamine and sulfonol inhibited the velocity of the reaction in the the concentrations over 0.002 and 0.01%, respectively. A reduction of the rate of reaction with catamine occurred chiefly as a result of the enzyme inactivation, whereas sulfonal influenced the intermediate products of the reaction. Inhibition of the rate of the reaction with the sodium alkylsulfate homologues was enhanced with the increase of the alkyl radical length and was the greatest for the tetradecyl sulfate sodium. Syntanol failed to influence the enzyme activity, but increased its amount in the staphylococcus culture on the medium with subbacteriostatic concentrations of sulfactants. Catamine, sulfonol and, to a lesser extent, syntanol retarded the coagulation process of human citrate plasma with pathogenic staphylococcus.


[Methodologic principles of epidemiology]. The author presented the nature of the epidemic process and formulated the methodological principles in epidemiology. In the author's opinion, the main principles were that of evolutionism and of unity (social and biological, continuous and interrupted, general and individual) in the epidemic process. The author is against bringing the special methodology only to the illustration of general materialistic dialectics laws on the example of a definite medical science. Methodological direction of the study, teaching and practice in epidemiology should be realized in organic association with the specific subject of the given science.


[Comparative assessment of the means and methods of immunizing humans against smallpox]. Serological efficacy of oral smallpox vaccination was studied in comparison with the scarification and jet methods (1677 persons were vaccinated orally, 148 by scarification, and 1864 by the jet method). In all the three groups percentage of persons with increase of antibodies in comparison with the initial level proved to be statistically equal, constituting about 80% the first 5 months, and falling to 39-61% in 12 months. After revaccination by the scarification and jet methods the mean geometrical antibody titres increased 11--14-fold, and after oral revaccination--5-fold. However, not in a single case they were below 1:25 (observation time--up to 5 months). Vaccination teams consisting of 2--3 persons were capable of vaccinating by the oral method 1456 persons, by the jet method 891 persons, and by scarfication 27 persons per hour.


[Necessity of serologic confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of measles under conditions of massive vaccination]. Serological examination of 84 foci of measles infection demonstrated that measles diagnosis was confirmed only in 69% of the foci and in 75.9% of the sick individuals. This pointed to the difficulties in the differential diagnosis of measles and other exanthema diseases, and led to the overstatement of the recorded measles foci and cases, particularly among the vaccinated. Therefore, serological confirmation of clinical measles diagnosis is necessary along with epidemiological morbidity analysis at the period of mass immunoprophylaxis.


[Secretion by tumor and non-tumor cells of substances modifying macrophage migration and the cytopathogenic effect of immune lymphocytes in vitro]. Tumour cells were shown to secrete substances stimulating macrophage migration in vitro and also those depressing the cytopathogenic action of immune lymphocytes in vitro. Embryo fibroblasts (examined in paralled as nontumour cells) secreted as did tumour cells, substances stimulating the macrophage migration, but not substances capable of depressing the cytopathogenic action of immune lymphocytes. L-cells secreted substances inhibiting macrophage migration, but failed to secrete substances depressing the cytopathogenic action of immune lymphocytes.


[Chemical and immunogenic properties of the capsular antigen of Staphylococcus aureus. I. purification and chemical characteristics of the capsular antigen]. Crude capsular material isolated from S. aureus strain 1193/74 was characterized chemically and subjected to purification by 4 different methods. The best results were obtained by the method including deproteinization of the material with a mixture of chloroform and butanol, fractional precipitation with ethanol and separation on SE-Sephadex. Galactose, uronic acids, and a small amount of protein served as components characteristic of the purified capsular material.  Galacturonic and glucuronic acids were identified amoung the uronic acids. Besides, there were revealed other acids with a carbohydrate base, whose nature is still obscure.


[Sensitivity of repair-defective mutants of the plague microbe to the action of physical and chemical agents]. By the character of the sensitivity of UV-irradiation, to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, 5-bromuracil, mitomycin C, crystalviolet, and by the capacity to restore phage injuries the 1435-A and 1435-24 mutants were referred to the uvr-hcr-, 17 mutant--to the uvr-hcr+, and 35 mutant--to lon genotype. As a result of UV irradiation the experimental strains formed heteromorphic forms of bacteria, spindle-shaped, filamentous cells, were sensitive to the action of static electrical field of high frequency, this pointing to disturbance of cellular membranes structure in these mutants.


[Halophilic vibrios isolated from the Sea of Azov]. Halophilic vibrios (V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus) were for the first time isolated from the Azov sea in the Eisk district. These vibrios proved to be typical representatives of Vibrio genus and were distinctly differentiated by species according to the following signs: saccharose splitting, growth in peptone water with 10% NaCl solution, and acetylmethylcarbinol production. Swarming capacity on 1.5% agar with 3% NaCl proved to be a more variable sign. All the cultures isolated were typed by means of Japanese O- and K-sera and had the following antigenic formulae: O1:K32; O2:K28; O3:K57; O5:K17; O6:K18. Only in 3 cases it was impossible to determine completely the antigenic formula of vibrios referred by the O-antigen type +o the 7th and 11th groups. Thus, parahemolytic vibrios isolated from the Azov sea were referred to the serological types revealed in Japan in the sea water, hydrobionts and feces of patients with acute gastrointestinal diseases.


[Alteration of the natural humoral immunity in experimental diphtheritic infection induced by different doses of the agent]. The authors carried out a complex study of natural humoral immunity factors in rabbits experimentally infected with various doses of diphtheria bacillus (500, 200, 100, 50 and 1 million, 10 000 and 1000 microorganisms). Natural protection factors--the complement, properdin, and lysozyme proved to undergo similar dynamic changes with each infection dose. The extent and direction of the changes depended on the infection dose. No significant natural immunity changes were caused by a low dose. A dose of 10 000 microbes caused stimulation of properdin and lysozyme activity. Dose of 1, 5, and 50 million suppressed the activity of all the components, the most pronounced with the later dose. Changes occurring with the doses of 200 and 100 million microbes were phasic in character.


[Neutrophil damage index (NDI test) and leukocytosis response in the diagnosis of scleroma]. Clinical, bacteriologica and serological study was carried out in 57 patients with various forms of scleroma. In the same patients and also in 35 donors and 10 persons suffering from other ENT diseases a study was made of the allergy test (the NDI test) and the leukocytolysis test. Various microbial preparations were approbated, specificity of phenolen was studied. A possibility of using the mentioned allergy test in the capacity of an auxillary method in laboratory diagnosis of scleroma was demonstrated.


[Dynamics  of immunoglobulins M and G formation in experimental tularemia]. There were revealed certain differences in the structure and the level of immunoglobulins, the time of their persistence in the blood of the infected and vaccinated experimental animals in tularemia. IgG were characteristic chiefly of the infectious process and served as an index of the immunological response intensity. Vaccination conditioned the production of IgM. IgG were revealed in low titres and at earlier periods of study. The results coincided in using cystein hidrochloride and 2-mercaptoethanol (reducing agents).


[Several controversial problems in the epidemiology of intestinal infections. III. Features of the mechanism of transmission and systematization of the source of infection in salmonelloses]. Features peculiar to the transmission mechanism in anthroponosis and zoonosis salmonelloses were formulated on the basis of studying the sources of salmonella infection in the Ukkrainian SSR for 10 years and analysis of the literature data. Inequality of different representatives of the animal world in the spread of salmonelloses was determined by these peculiarities permitting to differentiate the source of infection with the leading zoonosis mechanism of the infection transmission and the sources with the anthroponosis transmission mechanism.


[Histamine levels in the blood of humans experimental animals under normal conditions and following vaccination]. The authors present the results of study of the blood histamine content in intact rabbits and in the animals to which commercial vaccines with a different degree of reactogenic property for man were administered. The blood histamine level was also studied in practically healthy individuals and in those vaccinated with inactivated tick-borne encephalitis vaccine. The blood histamine content varied in intact rabbits from 4 to 10 microgram/ml, averaging 6.4 +/- 0.09 microgram/ml. Animal immunization caused elevation of the blood histamine content correlating with the reactogenic properties of the preparations for man: vaccines with low reactogenic properties--inactivated encephalitis and live measles vaccine produced no significant changes in the index under study; as to the typhoid vaccine with sextatoxoid, and smallpox vaccine with marked reactogenic properties--they stimulated significant histaminemia in rabbits. Revaccination of man against tick-borne encephalitis with  the inactivated cultural vaccine caused an increase in the blood histamine content.


[Validation of the subcutaneous-jet method of smallpox vaccination]. Reactogenic properties and survival of the smallpox vaccine virus in the organism of the vaccinated rabbits were studied for the purpose of experimental substantiation of the subcutaneous-jet method of smallpox vaccination; serological shifts were determined, and also the intensity of the immunity created to the intracerebral and intranasal infection with the pathogenic strain of the causative agent was assessed. The results of experiment were confirmed in revaccination of humans pointing to weak reactogenic properties and high immunological efficacy of the subcutaneous-jet method of smallpox vaccination.


[Determination of the intensity of antimicrobial immunity in diphtheria during an acute experiment]. The authors elaborated a method of determination of the antimicrobial immunity intensity in diphtheria in an acute experiment: guinea pigs were infected with a virulent culture of Corynebacterium diphtheriae grown on agar with iron in a concentration depressing the toxinogenesis. A temporary absence of the toxin formation permitted to evaluate the antibacterial immunity except the antitoxic one. Guinea pigs preimmunized with somatic Corynebacterium diphtheriae antigen or an immune antimicrobial serum constituted the experimental group. The antimicrobial protection level was assessed by the difference in the mortality rate of guinea pigs in the experimental and control groups.


[Biological properties of strain of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from humans]. A total of 1300 patients were examined; this number included patients suffering from food poisoning and with suspected dysentery hsopitalized at the isolation hospital; patients with diarrheal diseases under observation of the intestinal unit of the sanitary-epidemiological station, and patients with acute or exacerbation of chronic affection of the bile tracts. A total of 28 Yersinia enterocolitical strains were isolated from these patients, this constituting 2.1% of the total number os examinations. The strains isolated were typical by ciological properties and were referred to the 3rd and 9th serological and the 3rd and 4th biochemical types.


[Quantitative patterns in changes in the intestinal microflora of irradiated mice]. Experiments were conducted on 3 groups of mice, gamma-irradiated in doses of 900, 600 and 300 r. Development of acute radiation sickness was accompained by development of intestinal dysbacteriosis. Characteristic was reduction of lactobacilli content and increase in the content of purulent microbes (E. coli, clostridia, Proteus, and enterococcus) in the large intestine, and an increase of enterococcus and Proteus content in the small intestine. Changes in the microbial count in the intestine, depending on the time lapse after the irradiation can be represented as a formula of linear dependence; this permitted to compare the rate of changes in the intestinal content of the microbes during the development of acute radiation sickness.


[Strengthening the immune response to typhoid vaccine by subcutaneous RNA administration]. The authors demonstrated the adjuvant activity of the RNA preparations injected subcutaneously. In the treatment of mice with the vaccine with a stimulant there was increase of antibody production and of their resistance to infection with typhoid causative agent in comparison with the animals which were only immunized. When the adjuvant was used the vaccine dose could be devreased 2- to 8-fold without any reduction of the immunity formed. RNA injection to the immunized animals on the 25th day after the onset of the experiment produced a revaccinating effect.


[Value of vestibular symptomatology in the differential diagnosis of slight closed injury to the skull and brain]. The authors performed otoneurological studies in 1118 cases, where in 152 such examinations were done repeatedly (on the 2, 7, 14 and 20 day following the brain trauma). One of the methods was a calorization of the labyrinth with a registration of the nystagm. A modified method (after A. A. Serdtseva) was used to study the optokinetic nystagm (the nystagm registration was done before and after labyrinth calorization). This method permitted to detect larvated disorders of the optokinetic nystagm, making it possible to differentiate the signs of mild brain concussion and contusion. These symptoms are not discernible neurologically and may facilitate the determination of the side of the heaviest damage during contusion.


[Diagnostic value of auxiliary methods of study in severe cranio-cerebral injury with compression of the brain]. X-ray contrast and surgical neurodiagnostical methods permit to distinguish acute intracranial pressure in the early stages of the trauma. These methods were used in 129 cases where in 84 of them intracranial pressure was diagnosed and which permitted to accomplish urgent surgical operations. Pneumoencephalography, intracarotid angiography, an imposement of milling apertures are considered by the authors as possible methods to be used in a neurosurgical ward of a general hospital, taking into consideration its high diagnostical informativeness with a strict registration of the degree of severity and the clinical form of brain concussion.


[Indices of hospital and total mortality from stroke]. The indices of hospital lethality in cerebral strokes to a great extent depend upon the percentage of hospitalized patients and the contingent of admitted patients by their severity. For this reason the indices of hospital lethality cannot serve as a criteria for the quality of hospital services in this form of disorder. The coefficient of general lethality is also inadequate for the characteristics of changes in the therapeutic effectiveness of patients with acute changes of cerebral circulation, inasmuch as it does not take into consideration the decisive significance of the duration, character of disorders of cerebral circulation and the main vascular disease. The most complete characteristics of changes and therapeutic effectiveness in patients with cerebral strokes may be received only from survival coefficient of patients, homogenous according to the main vascular disease, character of disturbed cerebral circulation, age and sex of the patients.


[Clinical picture and diagnosis of acute disorders of cerebral venous circulation]. The authors studied 4 patients with acute disturbances of cerebral venous circulation. In 2 cases the diagnosis was verified by carotid angiography and sinusography, in 2 cases--by autopsy. The authors consider that for diagnostical purposes of paramount importance is the anamnesis which in some cases permits to reveal in the past thrombophlebits with different localization, an appearance of the first symptoms after delivery. Cerebral venous thrombosis is characterized by a polymorphism of neurological symptoms, their migration and multifocal localization. In some cases convulsive syndromes were observed and in half of the cases engorged popilla on the eye ground. Of special importance are the x-ray contrast methods and first of all carotid angiography which helps to eliminate a newgrowth of the brain and to detect thrombosis of the cerebral veins.


[Mnestic defect characteristics in lesions of the left and right cerebral hemispheres]. The report contains some results of an experimental psychological study of memory in 144 patients with lesions of the right and left temporal lobes and in 25 patients with parkinsonism, who had undergone stereotaxic operations on the nuclear structures of the thalamus for dominant and subdominant speech of the brain hemisphere. For control purposes 88 normals were studied. The achieved results were subjected to a statistical and correlational analysis done on a computer "Minsk-20". The results of such studies demonstrated certain differences in these groups. These differences were expressed both in a quantitative character of reproduction and in a qualitative structure in the memory defect, which was connected with a different representation of correlational bonds between the indices of reproduction as well as with the role of the right and left temporal lobes in the formation of memory dependence on the probability prognosis.


[Clinical-correlation analysis in lesions of the temporal lobe]. The report deals with the role of nonspecific and specific brain systems in the clinical picture of brain lesions of the temporal lobe. In this connection special attention was drawn to the correlation between the etiology of the disease, the model of epileptical seizures and the symptoms of the disease, as well as to the clinical traits connected with hemisphere functional asymmetry. The author examined 164 patients from 20-60 years. The clinical data, clinico-psychological studies and the results of laboratory methods were processed for a clinicocorrelational analysis. Expressed vegetative, endocrine, emotional and mnestic disturbances of sleep and wakefulness are related with dysfunctions of the nonspecific brain systems and correlate with a certain model of the seizure, etiology and side of the lesion.


[Electron microscopic study of the interaction between lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients and human embryo brain cells under tissue culture conditions]. The authors convened an electron microscopic study of the interaction of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients with the brain cells of the embryo after a 24-hour joint cell incubation. It was found that in comparison with the lymphocytes of the normals, the lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients much more frequently come into contact with the cells of the brain culture. The lymphocytes of the patients are characterized by an increased amount of cytoplasmatic processes. A maximum amount of lymphocytes which came into contact was seen in experiments on population enriched in activized cells of the lymphocyte in schizophrenic patients. It is particularly the activized lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients that coming into contact called forth degenerative changes in the cells of brain culture in the area of contacts.


[Neuropsychologic study of schizophrenic patients with a "substitution syndrome"]. Using neuro-psychological methods the authors studied 10 schizophrenic patients with the syndrome of "substitution" and 10 schizophrenic patients without it, where they were selected by the principle of pair control. It was established that disturbance of identification of faces on photographs and a reproduction of simple rhythmical structures was significantly more frequently found in patients with the syndrome of "substitution" in comparison with the control group. The remaining tests did not detect any significant differences between the groups. The conclusion is made that the formation of the syndrome of "substitution" is related to a lesion of the right occipital and possibly the right temporal lobe.


[Arrangements for and probabilistic prognosis by schizophrenic patients]. The authors created in experimental conditions different sets: in one case sets for guessing accidental successive stimula, in others--to situations "play with an opponent". It was established that paranoid schizophrenic patients with a short period of the disease create their prognoses on the basis of a probability structure to produced stimula. In a protracted form of the disease the outcome of experience (to win--to lose) becomes more significant. In simple forms of schizophrenia the capability of making a prognosis appears to be more impaired. These disturbances are related either to the ability to catch the probability structure of the succession of stimula, either to use the correct knowledge of it.


[Clinical picture and course of early recurrent schizophrenia at a late stage of the disease]. The clinico-follow-up study of 90 patients with recurrent schizophrenia with an early onset (up to 20 years) permitted to depict peculiarities of the clinical picture and the course at a remote period of the disease depending upon the clinical manifestations of the previous stage and the degree of the progressiveness. An analysis of the clinical material has demonstrated that periodic schizophrenic with an early onset contains, as well as in adults, various variants of the course that differ in the degree of progressiveness (mild cyclothimuc, reduced, "cliche" and complicated states) which most likely condition a different level of "outcome": from the mild ones on the level of psychic asthenia up to more expressed in the form of personality autization of a different degree. The stated negative symptomatology was determined on the background of asthenical remission of a combined character (affective and asthenical disorders).


[Long remissions in schizophrenia following single and serial episodes in adolescence (clinico-catamnestic study)]. The report is related to a study of 56 cases of schizophrenia with protracted remissions, following acute psychotic attacks in adolescence. A relatively high frequency of such attacks was established in adolescent attack-like schizophrenia (26.9%). It was possible to determine the clinical traits of such cases and the differences in the premorbid personality. The conclusion is made on the necessity of differentiated evaluation of the criteria of social and working prognosis in such cases.


[(Clinico-catamnestic study) Clinical picture, treatment and social-occupational adaptation of patients suffering schizophrenia with a sluggish, uninterrupted course]. The authors examined 100 patients with sluggish continuous schizophrenia and distinguished 4 clinical variants of the pathological process: pseudoneurotic, psychopathlike, paranoial and a sluggish simple form. The paper contains data in relation to the description of the clinical phenomenology and pathokinesis of such forms of schizophrenia in Mongolia and an analysis of its clinical regularities, effectivity of therapeutical measures and a sociooccupational characteristics of the social adaptation of this contingent of patients.


[Family conditions of patients with schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis according to epidemiologic findings (marriage)]. The authors studied the familial (marital) state in schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis. The marital level in these patients is considered as one of the indices of social adaptation. It was demonstrated that the marital level differs significantly from the general populations in malignant schizophrenia where most of the patients do not marry at all. In other forms of schizophrenia these differences appear to be much less, while some people being not married by 50 years do not differ significantly from the respective indices for the population. In manic-depressive psychosis the differences are less. Among the patients who did get married the age at the time of marriage and the duration of the marriage is comparable with the data on the population and consequently these indices are determined to a large extent by general demographic regularities rather than by the disease.


[Clinical features of the syndrome of hysterical hypochondriasis]. The author studied 40 patients with the syndrome of hysterical hypochondria (27 of them were with slowly progressive schizophrenia), where the structure of the clinical picture was composed of hysterical and anxious-phobic disturbances of a hypochondriacal content, as well as of affective disorders appearing in the process of the disease. In nonprogressive states (psychopathy and pseudopsychopathy) there was an insignificant modification of the syndrome with a reduction of the vegetative and phobic symptomatology. A progressive development of the schizophrenic process was accompanied by modification of the whole syndrome and complication of it by an adjoinment of cenesthopathy. The disease in such cases was accompanied by mild negative personality changes (mainly within the framework of psychopathlike disturbances of the asthenic pole).


[Nosologic independence and features of the treatment of alcoholic paraphrenia]. The report deals with a study of 16 patients with alcoholic paraphrenia and 30 patients where the paraphrenic syndrome was a stage in Gaiie-Wernicke's encephalopathy, alcoholic paranoid state and alcoholic pseudoparalysis. Alcoholic paraphrenia was more frequently expressed in the form of systematized and confabulatory forms with a monotonous and primitive delusion accompanied by a psychoorganic syndrome. In the complex treatment injections of bijochinal (up to 40-50 ml) were used; this brought about a sufficient resocialization of the patients.


[Effect of moditen-depot therapy on the duration and quality of remissions in schizophrenia patients]. The authors studied the effectiveness of out-patient treatment by Moditen-Deppt of 128 schizophrenic patients. A comparison of the previous remissions appearing during usual pharmacotherapy and remissions seen during Moditen-Depot treatment depicted statistically significant differences, indicating a distinct prevention of exacerbations due to this preparation, an increase in the duration and improved quality of remissions. Such improved remissions were expressed in lesser severity, in a decrease of psychopathological disturbances, changes qualified as a "mollification of a defect" and an improvement of some socio-clinical indices.


[Atypical symptoms and their pathogenesis in extrapyramidal tumors]. In 124 patients with extramedullary tumors of different histological structure atypical syndromes were detected in 61% and were verified by surgical methods. The following atypical syndromes were marked: a nonconformity of the level of sensorial conductivity and the level of the tumor (19%), a dissociated type of spasticity of a cervico-thoracal localization (17%), disorder of cranial innervation (23.4%), swelling of the optic papilla (2.4%), etc. The pathogenesis of these changes was most frequently conditioned by hemo- and liquor dynamical disturbances, as well as by intoxication. Diagnostical errors related to the character of the process were seen in 18.5%, topico-diagnostical discrepance--in 19.3%.


[Amino acid composition of ventricular and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid in brain tumors]. In 58 patients with brain tumors of a different histological structure the authors examined the amino acid content in the CSF (in 30 cases ventricular and in 28--lumbar fluid). The most expressed changes in the amino acid content (an increased amount and their concentration in the fluid) were found in patients with tumours, closely located to fluid conducting paths. The most characteristic of brain tumors was the prevalent increase of the content of crystine, thyrosine, valine, phenylalanine and a drop in the concentration of liquid methionin. The ventricular fluid, compared to the lumbar, contained a siggnificantly higher histidine content, while in high concentrations of glutamic acid--a higher content of asparagenic acid. In average concentrations of glutamic acid in the ventricular fluid the concentration of cystine, treomine, and valine was decreased. There were no correlation between the amino acid content in the liquid and the histological structure and clinical signs of the brain tumor.


[Echotomography of the posterior cranial fossa]. The use of ultrasound tomography for the study of the posterior cranial fossa through intact bones of the skull permits to detect the contour of the cerebellar hemispheres. A scanning of the operational defect of the occipial bone allows one to determine the echotographical structure of the posterior cranial fossa and the adjacent area in a 2 plane picture which is easily correlated with the anatomical sawing of the head in the same plane. It was also possible to eliminate the contours of a recurrent cystous tumour of the cerebellum. The clinical results are correlated with the data of autopsies in experimental studies. The authors are of the opinion that the method of echoencephalotomography during surgical operations of the posterior cranial fossa is quite perspective.


[Dynamics and pathogenesis of alterations in the bioelectrical activity of the brain following pneumoencephalography]. In 40 patients with remote sequalae of closed brain injury the authors studied the brain bioelectric activity before and following pneumoencephalography in dynamics. Changes in the EEG after PEG were seen in all cases in the form of decreased alpha-activity and a significant increase in the index of slow theta and delta waves. The dynamics in the EEG changes did not depend upon the clinical syndrome and were the same in patients with epileptical seizures, as well as in patients with posttraumatic syndrome. The EEG changes following PEG were transitory and were usually combined with distinct disturbances of metabolic-vegetative functions. This permits to allocate a certain place in the pathogenesis of detected EEG changes to the action of the air and x-ray on the brain membranes, as well as on the reticular structure, hypothalamic centers of metabolic-vegetative functions.


[Hierarchy of nervous system structures in regulating muscle tone]. An analysis of mechanisms regulating the muscular tone, conducted on the basis of a study of the phylogenesis of nervous structures, as well as on experimental and clinical studies of the mascular tone in normal conditions and in pathology permitted to distinguish the following 6 levels of muscular regulation: segmento-peripheral, general suprasegmental, cerebellar-stem; pallidal, strial, cortical. The author discusses some clinical syndromes of disturbed muscular tone (parkinsonism, hormetonia, decerebrated regidity). It was demonstrated that each higher level exerts an inhibitory action on the lower level of muscular tone regulation and in this way there is a distinct ierarchy of the tone regulation. The ierarchy system of muscular tone regulation should be taken into consideration when determining the level of the nervous system lesions and in intervention in order to normalize the muscular tone.


[Familial cases of disseminated sclerosis]. The report contains a description of 3 families with disseminated sclerosis (2 siblings in each family). The detected changes in the immunological reactivity of these patients are correlated with the data of the previously studied 112 patients with disseminated sclerosis and speaks in favour of a neuroallergical reaction, the important role of which in the pathogenesis of disseminated sclerosis is at present generally acknowledged. Having in view the heredity of developing allergic reactions the authors suggest that there is a certain relation between the state of the immunocompetent systems and the predispositional factors in disseminated sclerosis. This serves as a basis for the assumption that disseminated sclerosis can be attributed to diseases with a hereditary predisposition where for the manifestation of the disease there should be an effect of exogenous (viral?) factors.


[Respiratory resuscitation in severe forms of hemorrhagic stroke]. In 48 patients with hemorrhagic strokes accompanied by disorders of vital functions the authors conducted respiratory resuscitation. Artificial lung ventilation was made from 1 day to 6 months. Among the studied patients 10 of them with a lateral localization of the hematoma and blood penetration into the subarachnoidal spaces and perhaps into the brain ventricules survived, 27 died during the first 2 weeks from the beginning of resuscitation due to destruction of wide brain areas with penetration of blood into the brain ventricules. In more remote periods (from 2 weeks to 8 months following a stroke)--11 patients due to a pathology of the internal organs died. The achieved data indicate that respiratory resuscitation in a very severe development of a hemorrhagic stroke may be used in a limited group of patients with lateral localization of the hematoma.


[EEG, REG and ECG correlations in transient disorders of cerebral circulation in the carotid bassin]. The study is based on analysis of the EEG, REG and ECG correlations under conditions of their synchronous registration in 70 patients with transient disorders of circulation in the basin of the internal carotid artery. The results indicate to certain relationship between disturbances in the rhythm of cardiac activity (cardiac fibrillation, paroxysmal tachycardia, etc.), worsening of the brain hemodynamics and the appearance of hypoxic reactions in the EEG. Most frequently the EEG changes had a character of desynchronized cortical rhythmics. Focal changes in the EEG were registered in 1/4 of the patients and were characterized by inconstant groups of slow and sharp waves mainly in the temporal leads ("transitory" foci). The REG data indicate to an atherosclerotic process and a mild diffuse drop of cerebral blood repletion. The relative stability of the detected EEG changes (1-3 weeks following a regress of neurological disturbances) permit to assume the existence of a latent developing insufficiency of cerebral circulaion.


[Water-electrolyte disorders in the acute period of a stroke]. In 100 patients with different forms of cerebral strokes the author studied the general water content. Its distribution in the organism. Na and K concentration in the plasma and erythrocytes and the general electrolyte content in spaces of the body. It was established that the most frequent syndromes of water-electrolyte disorders in the acute period of strokes is intracellular or general hydratation (81%). In parenchymatous-subarachnoidal hemorrhages the general dehydratation was combined with a hyperhydratation of the extracellular space, while in sichemic strokes there was an anhydridemia up to 10-18 days. A disturbance of the electrolyte metabolism was also expressed in a transmineralization with a drop of the general Na and K content due to intracellular losses. The K deficit was averagely 29% and the Na--15.5% and should be taken into consideration in a substitutive hydro-electrolyte therapy. Solutions with an increased K content should be used in order to compensate its deficit.


[Role of endogenous and organic factors in the origin of endoform psychoses in the presence of senile-atrophic processes in the brain]. A clinical study of 50 patients with late schizophrenia and 150 with senile dementia demonstrated an involvement of the endogenous predisposition in the origin of schizoform psychoses in senile dementia, as well as close relation of these psychoses with atrophic processes. The author suggests that a slowly developing atrophic process creates specific, especially favourable conditions for the accomplishment of the endogenous predisposition in some cases and for the exacerbation and depending on the already existing endogenous disturbances in other cases.


[Patients with paranoid schizophrenia continuing into old age]. On the basis of a study of 67 elderly patients it was established that the majority of them (38 patients or 56.7%), despite the existence of productive disorders demonstrated a high level of social adaptation. They did not require hospitalization, their mental condition remained stable, even in long-term absence of psychopharmacological treatment. The conclusion is made that in paranoid schizophrenia in old age (as well as in other forms of schizophrenia) there is a reduction in the progressivenses of the morbid process and a tendency towards a stabilization of clinical signs. The adaptation of such patients is promoted by the existence of a family and favourable relations with relatives.


[Relationship between the form of the disease and several constitutional characteristics of epileptic patients and their relatives]. A clinical analysis demonstrated an increased frequency of athletic-displastic body built in 252 patients with epilepsy and in 204 cases of close relatives in comparison with the control group (151 cases). The data indicate to a correlation between the body built and premorbid characterological traits (162 patients) with clinico-etiological forms of the disease. The author discusses the influence of constitution (type of body built, epileptoidity), premorbid characterological shifts of the organic type on the phenotypical expressions of epilepsy and their relative role in the genesis of different clinico-etiological forms (genuine, symptomatical, generalized, facal) of the disease.


[Electromyographic analysis of movement disorders in epilepsy]. The authors studied EMG features in epileptic patients during conditions of an exacerbation of the disease and in remissions. A wide spectrum of motor disorders was detected during the intraparoxysmal period in the stage of an exacerbation of the disease: along with changes of the tonic muscle activity in calm conditions there is a disturbance of the tonic reaction in preparing voluntary movement. The accomplishment and completion of the motor function is also altered. Changes in the relationships of muscles antogonists in an isometric tension depends upon the lateralization of the epileptical focus. In left-side foci there is an asymmetry of the EMG with expressed changes of its parameters on the contralateral right hand, while the right side foci led to symmetrical disturbances of the EMG on both sides, but less expressed. In patients with therapeutical remissions ther are no constant changes of the EMG, although according to the EEG the focus of convulsive activity remains.


[Features of schizoid states, constitutional and acquired]. The authors conducted a clinical comparison of schizoid traits of asthenic pole in 2 nozological heterogenic groups of patients. In one group they were of a constitutional character (the group of effusive schizoids), in the other--they were formed following a schizophrenic attack (the group of patients with mildly progressive schizophrenia in the state of remission of asthenic type). It was possible to demonstrate significant differences between the patients of these groups not only in specific schizophrenic traits (autism, the emotional sphere, social adaptation), but in their development. These differences testify to the existence of constitutionally conditioned stable schizoid states and the necessity to distinguish them from acquired psychopathic traits of the schizoid spectrum.


[Epidemiologic study of psychopathies from the aspect of the sex and age structure of the population]. The author studied psychopathy with the aid of epidemiological materials. The data demonstrated some correlations between the frequency of detecting psychopathy and its incidence in different age groups. The causes of some irregularities of the respective indices are analyzed. The report also contains an analysis of the variability in the frequency of detecting different clinical variants of psychopathy and the influence of sex and age in respect to the psychopathological peculiarities of different forms of psychopathy and their age structure.


[Features of acute alcoholic psychoses in the Far North]. An analysis of the clinical picture and development of acute alcoholic psychosis in 300 inhabitants of the North Region permitted to distinguish some traits of these conditions. Psychoses were characterized by an expressed atypicity of the psychopathological picture, somato-vegetative disorders, a complication of the development of the psychoses in comparison with the inhabitants of the middle latitudes. The authors also distinguished some differences in the predilectiveness of some syndromes or symptoms, the character and content of them in alcoholic psychoses in natives and newcomers. It was also possible to establish disorders of psychophysiological adaptation to conditions of the North Regions in the newcomers and first of all in the clinical picture and development of alcoholic delirium.


[Refining the indications for atropine-coma therapy]. Atropine-comatose therapy was performed in 18 patients with schizophrenia and disorders in the framework of an obsessive-syndrome. Improvement was seen in 11 of the 18 patients. A psychopathological analysis of obsessive disorders in this group of patients demonstrated that they were characterized by manifold traits, instability, abstract content of obsessions, a tendency towards their complication and expansion of obsessional disturbances. The absence of any effect was seen in 7 of the cases. They were characterized by montony, monomorphism, everday content and by their structure were near to constitutionally conditioned psychasthenic doubtfulness.


[Clinico-anatomic and virologic findings in a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis]. The report contains a description of I case of a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in a 12 year old girl. The diagnosis was determined clinical and confirmed by serological studies which detected very high titres of antimeasle antibodies. The autopsy demonstrated pathomorphological changes typical for subacute slcerosing panencephalitis. An infectious agent was eliminated from the brain which according to its antigenic properties was identical to a measle virus.


[Morphology of cirrhosis of the liver in hepato-cerebral dystrophy (according to needle biopsy findings)]. The paper presents data of a luminous microscopy of the liver that were obtained by aspiration biopsy in 23 patients with hepato-cerebral dystrophy in comparison with 25 patients with cirrhosis of a hereditary etiology. In the majority of the cases (21 from 23) the method of puncture biopsy of the liver provides the diagnosis of cirrhosis in hepatocerebral dystrophy. The complex use of histochemical methods and especially staining for reticuline and cuprum significantly increases its informativeness. In 15 of 28 patients cirrhosis was of a mixed character (postnecrotic and portal), in 5 patients--postnecrotic and in a preneurologic stage it corresponded to the initial features of portal cirrhosis. The damage of the liver precedes the brain damage and is connected with an excessive accumulation of cuprum in it, the amount of which is significantly higher (559 +/- 89 mkg/g of dry weight) in the patients with hepato-cerebral dystrophy in comparison with the patients with cirrhosis of some other etiology (111.0 +/- 19.0 mkg/g of a dry weight).


[Degenerative-dystrophic process in the cranio-vertebral area, its clinical and social significance]. A clinico-x-ray study of the cranio-vertebral area permitted to define the most frequently encounted forms of degenerative-dystrophic processes in this region. Some in an increased load. Others (depending upon the localization and expressiveness of the process) create conditions for development of neurological disturbances accompained not only by a temporary loss of working capacity, but by long-term incapacity, even invalidity, the severity of which depends upon the expressiveness of neurological disorders.


[Adhesive lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of schizophrenic patients]. The blood of schizophrenic patients compared to that of normals contain 3, 4 times more adhesive lymphocytes. A blood analysis of 59 schizophrenic patients demonstrated that approximately 60% of the patients have a high content of such cells. Among the adhesive lymphocytes there are 5 times more activated, 3 times more wide plasmatic, but twice less narrow plasmatic lymphocytes compared to normals. According to the indices of adhesivity and according to ultrastructure signs it was found that the lymphocytes of schizophrenic patients react weaker to PHA than the lymphocytes of normals. It is assumed that the blood of schizophrenic patients contains biologically active substances, which bring on an increase of adhesive properties in the lymphocytes and their physiological activation.


[Correlation of immunologic and pathomorphologic shifts in mother and fetus following experimental neurosensitization]. The authors studied mother-rats and their fetuses during the 3 main stages of pregnancy in a sensitation of the rats to homologous brain antigens. Such studies were performed by means of immunological, visual, neurohistological and cytochemical methods. Dystrophical changes were found in the brain of mother-rats and the foetus, while as inflammatory reactions and immunocompetent cells were not seen. The regularities which were detected in the correlative interconnections between the degree and character of immune reactions, the viability of the foetuses, morphological changes and the character of reactions of lysosomal enzymes speak in favour of immune genesis. It appears in the first period and especially in the second period of embryogenesis in nonviability of the foetus and dystrophic brain pathology in the mother and foetus.


[Comparative electron microscopic and autoradiographic study of the "dark" and "light" neurons of the cerebral cortex]. Among the neurons of the frontal pole of the brain cortex in rats in the norm there is a small, increasing with years, amount of "dark" cells, Regularities in their distribution in the cortical layers were not detected. In transition from the optical picture with the use of halfthin sections for the identification of the corresponding cells to an electronomicroscopic study of "dark" neurons it was found that these cells possess a certain type of ultrastructure: an increased number of ribosomes, deep invagination of karyolemms, an expansion of the perinuclear space, a significant number of slit, tortuose channels of the endoplasmatic reticulum, a somewhat increased laminar Golgi complex with large vacuoles. With the aid of autoradiography it was established that there is a drop in the level of the RNA synthesis in the nucleus and a drop in the velocity of the migration of newly formed RNA into the cytoplasma of "dark" cells.


[Adrenergic--sympathetic nervous apparatus of the cerebral arteries and its role in regulating cerebral circulation]. By means of fluorescence microscopy of catecholamines the authors studied the adrenergic innervation of cerebral arteries in mammals (dogs, cats, rabbits). It was demonstrated that the basis of a sympathic nervous apparatus of pial arteries in all animals is a well developed adrenergic plexus. In different calibre arteries of the pial membrane the nervous plexus differs significantly in its structure and degree of saturation of nerve fibers. Besides, in the points of artery branches and sometimes just along the vessels there are peculiar structures consisting of circular windings of adrenergic nerve fibres. In this connection the authors discuss histophysiological organization of the adrenergic component of pial arteries through which the sympathic nervous systems exerts influence on the functional state of the cerebral arteries and cerebral circulation.