New progesterone metabolites in human myometrium. Homogenates from human myometrium with an added NADPH regenerating system and ATP were incubated with 4-(14)C progesterone. Six metabolites were identified: 5alpha-pregnane-3, 20-dione, 5beta-pregnane-3, 20-dione, 3alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one, 3beta hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one. 20alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and 20beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. The identification of these metabolites was based on their behaviour in paper and thin layer chromatography and especially in radiogaschromatography either as free compounds or after formation of derivatives. The identification of the two allylic metabolites was supplemented by specific microchemical and enzymatic reactions. The formation of 5beta-pregnane-3, 20-dione, 20beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and of the two allylic alcohols 3alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one and 3beta-hydroxy-4-pregnen-20-one in human myometrium homogenates was demonstrated for the first time.


The metabolism of estrone and estradiol-17beta and their 3-sulfates by female guinea pig liver microsomes. The metabolism, by female guinea pig liver microsomes of estrogen 3-sulfates (estrone-3-sulfate and 17beta-estradiol-3-sulfate) was compared to that of the unconjugated estrogens, estrone and estradiol-17beta. Metabolites identified indicated that 16beta-hydroxylated products (16beta judrpxuestrpme amd 16 epiestriol) arose mainly from the free estrogens while 16alpha-hydroxy steroid sulfates (16alpha hydroxyestrone-3-sulfate and estriol-3-sulfates and estriol-3-sulfate) were predominantly formed from the sulfated estrogens. These results show that the sulfate moiety at position 3 of the steroids directs 16-hydroxylation from the beta to the alpha configuration.


An enzyme-linked immunoassay of testosterone. An enzyme-linked immunoassay of testosterone is described. The conjugation of testosterone with high specific activity horseradish per-oxidase and a highly sensitive assay for this enzyme having previously been studied, here we describe the immobilization of the anti-testosterone antibody and the development of assay conditions permitting the determination of 50 pg to 1.5 ng testosterone in one working day. In this work attention has been paid to keeping the assay method as simple as possible. The method is discussed in terms of other enzyme-linked immunoassays for steroids.


High pressure liquid chromatographic separation of C18 and C19 Steroids. High Pressure liquid chromatographic procedures for the resolution of mixtures of C18 and C19 steroids of biologic importance are described. On-line monitoring of the absorbance and refractive index of the eluate was found to be suitable for the quantitative measurement of the amounts of eluted steroids. Using a high sensitivity absorbance detector, reliable measurements of as little as 5 ng delta(3)-3 keto steroids were possible.


Androgen receptor protein binding properties and tissue distribution of 2-selena-a-nor-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol in the rat. 2-selena-A-nor-5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol was studied in vitro and in vivo in the rat prostate gland. The data demonstrates the ability of this compound to selectively complex with the specific receptors of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) in the cytosol and to be retained in the nuclei in an unaltered form. Studies with selenium-75 labeled material suggests that the uptake and localization is similar to endogenous 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone.


A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol in plasma. A reliable radioimmunoassay for the determination of 5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol in plasma is described. Antisera were obtained by immunization of rabbits with 3beta, 17beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-16-one coupled to bovine serum albumin in position 16. The antiserum was characterized by titer, affinity, and specificity. Only dehydroepiandrosterone (24.3 percent) and pregnenolone (2.7 percent) showed a small cross-reactivity. The assay method consisted of extraction with ether, thin-layer chromatography and endpoint determination. The reliability of the method was studied. The interassay variability was 7.5 percent at a concentration of 1.22 microgram/l. The limit of detection was 0.068 microgram/l. Specificity was achieved by chromatographic separation of the crossreacting steroids. Mass recovery experiments with 250 and 500 pg were performed, in which 99.0 + or - 4.6 percent of the smaller and 97.6 +/- 11.3 percent of the greater mass were recovered. In 45 healthy adult males plasma concentrations between 0.44 and 1.80 microgram/l were found. The median was 1.06 microgram/l. Stimulation of the Leydig cells with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) increased plasma concentrations by 93 percent (average in 12 males). Thereapeutic castration in 8 men caused an average decrease of 55.4 percent in plasma values.


Production of antisera against contraceptive steroids. A four step synthesis of 6-(0-carboxymethyl) oximinoethynylestradiol is reported. This compound, 6-(0-carboxymethyl) oximinomestranol, the 3-(0-carboxymethyl) oximes of norethindrone and norgestrel and the 3-hemisuccinate of ethynylestradiol were synthesized and conjugated with bovine serum albumin. Rabbits were immunized at 3 dose levels of haptene (20, 66 and 200 nmoles) and eight weeks later with a booster containing 66 nmoles of haptene. The antibody titer and association constant of responding rabbits was nearly independent of dose although most antibody production occurred after the booster injection. Antibodies to mestranol crossreacted more than 100 percent with ethynylestradiol and to a small extent with norethindrone and norgestrel.


Progestin binding sites in the rat hypothalamus pituitary and uterus. Specific, estrogen-inducible, nuclear radioactivity uptake has been demonstrated in the uterus, pituitary and hypothalamus of immature female rats after injection of a highly potent labelled progestin, R 5020 (17, 21-dimethyl-19-nor-pregna-4, 9-diene-3, 20-dione). A cytoplasmic progestin "receptor" has been characterized in these target tissues by an in vitro Dextran-coated charcoal adsorption method. R 5020 binds with the  same intrinsic dissociation constant to the receptor present in these tissues; it dissociates at the same rate from the uterine and pituitary receptor (k-1 = 1 multiplied by 10(-2) min (-1), but about 6 times slower than progesterone. This evidence, together with the similar hormone specificity in the uterus and pituitary, suggests that the progestin "receptor" is a similar entity in central and peripheral target tissues.


Haemodynamic side effects of antilymphocyte serum. Haemodynamic side effects of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) have been studied in six dogs treated with equine anti-dog ALS. All animals responded with a severe but transient reduction of cardiac output and, in most cases, a drop in aortic pressure. This effect is best explained by a direct negative inotropic action followed by secondary vasoconstriction. An indirect effect of ALS by release of cardiotoxic substances from damaged blood cells seems to be a more probable explanation than a direct action of ALS on cardiac cell membranes.


Immune status of mice tolerant of living cells. III. Presence and evolution of cells cytotoxic to the tolerated strain. Spleen cells from CBA mice neonatally rendered highly tolerant to A/Jax (keeping a skin graft in perfect shape for more than 1 year and without detectable hemagglutinating or cytotoxic antibodies) contain cells cytotoxic for YAC 222 (A/Jax) in Cr release assay. The degree of the cytotoxicity depends on the age of the mouse, following a curve lower than, but parallel to, the one followed by the cytotoxicity of cells from CBA rendered immune by injecting them with A/Jax cells 1 week  previously. The maximum of the cytotoxicity curve is reached during the 9th and 10th weeks. Normal CBA cells themselves are moderately cytotoxic to YAC 222. This "natural" cytotoxicity, significantly less intense and presumably directed against Moloney virus-related determinants, does not follow the same time pattern. The cytotoxic indices from both immune and tolerant cell populations are significantly reduced by CBA and anti-A/Jax immune serum. The tested sera of the tolerant mice did not contain hemagglutinating or in vitro-blocking antibodies in the Cr release assay (only the sera from unsuccessfully treated mice, having rejected their skin grafts, had some degree of blocking activity). However (and in agreement with previous experiments), these sera often contained synergistic hemagglutinins and in vivo enhancing properties of A/Jax tumors (Sal) grafted on CBA recipients.


Selective reactions in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Selective reactions associated with HLA specificity were sought in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic tests against HLA-typed lymphoblastoid lines using operationally monospecific HLA sera and effector cells from healthy individuals. Precise detection of HLA specificities was disturbed by the presence of natural antibodies in HLA antiserum and the effect of the serum and cells on target cell viability. Detection of HLA specificity was improved by absorption of the serum to remove natural antibodies and correction of the results for extraneous cell and serum effects.


[Spatial arrangement of chromosomes in somatic cell nuclei. IV. Homologous chromosomes in guinea pigs and domestic pigs]. Space location of chromosomes in metaphasic cells was investigated using brains of 30 Cavia cobaya and 30 Sus scrofa, in norm and under X-ray treatment (500 r) and dipin action. Conjugation of homologous chromosomes under normal conditions was determined, with a high rate reliability, to be equal to the 0.99 level of measuring, within the limits of the elaborated mathematical model. High rate of translocations of homologous chromosomes were discovered in animals subjected to the above mutagen treatments. The architecture of cell nuclei is discussed.


[Aldolase binding by ghosts and plasma membranes of differentiating erythroid cells in pigeons]. During the differentiation of pigeon erythroid cells their aldolase activity considerably decreases, which is more obvious during the erythroblast reticulocyte development compared to the reticulocyte erythrocyte development. There are some common patterns in the character of aldolase binding by plasma membrane (PM) of the erythroid cells of different degrees of maturation: a high binding lability and the availability of a small portion of enzyme firmly bound to PM. During erythropoesis an increase of aldolase binding occurs. The provided data show a specific character of interaction of aldolase with erythroid membrane. The shown increase of aldolase binding may partly explain a decrease of its activity in the course of erythropoesis and is, perhaps, of adaptive character.


[Effect of strychnine, morphine and serotonin on dry weight dynamics in cultivated glial cells]. The dry mass of glial cells was studied after their introduction into nutrient media or application of neurotropic drugs (strychnine, morphine and serotonin). Drug concentrations disturbing synchronous fluctuation of dry mass of contracting glial cells were established (0.025 and 0.25% for strichnine and morphine, resp.). Similar changes were induced by a local application of strychnine and serotonin to a confined region of the cell membrane of one of the contracting cells.


[Mitotic cycles in diploid strains of human fibroblast-like cells]. Determination of parameters of the mitotic cycles in 5 human diploid embryonic strains and in 4 human strains from donor skin biopsies was conducted in termal room (37 degrees C). Diploid strains of postnatal origin have a longer duration both of the whole mitotic cycle (P less than 0.001) and of particular stages G1 (P less than 0.001), G2 (P less than 0.001) (duration of S-phase was not deviated) as well as lower values for the proliferative pool during the whole cultivation to the embryonic diploid strains.


[Ultraviolet cytophotometry of a single live neuron in the crayfish mechanoreceptor]. Measurements of ultra-violet absorption by a live neuron, with 5-minutes' intervals, have shown variations in RNP content amounting almost 20% with a period of 30 min. The fact that these variations and their phase were independent from changes in the volume of RNP zone allows to relate them to the rhythm of macromolecule synthesis. When ultra-violet radiation was delivered in large doses, mean RNP content decreased with a latency 20 to 40 min, and 30- minutes' variations of RNP content were suppressed.


[Fluorescent-cytochemical study of the action of benz(a)pyrene on subcutaneous connective tissue cells during malignant transformation in vitro]. Alterations in the secondary DNA structure of cell nuclei of the rat's subcutaneous connective tissue exposed to benz(a)pyrene (BP) action have been revealed using the Roshlay fluorescent-cytochemical method in cultivating in vitro. Alterations in the luminescence of the acridin orange complex with DNA, i.e. displacement towards the red region of spectrum, indicates the changes in the secondary structure of DNA. The strongest action on the primary cultures were noted after the injection of carcinogen (on the 3rd day of explanation). The toxical effect was lower after a repeated BP injection (on the 10th and 20th days of explanation). Cells undergone malignization and transformation, due to the BP action on the primary explantates, were more resistant to carcinogen action than the normal cells. However, the spontaneously malignized cells were more sensitive to the BP action than the cells transformed under the carcinogen action.


[Electrophoretic characteristics of beef brain proteins extracted by acidic ethanol]. A protein fraction was isolated from the TCA residue of beef brain water-soluble proteins by 80% ethanol treatment. This fraction accounts for 3% of the total brain protein. The heterogeneity and tissue specificity of its component are studied by electrophoreses in 10% polyacrylamide gel (pH 8.3). The fraction consists of three proteins with different electrophoretic mobility and tissue specificity.


[Characteristic of antithromboplastic activity of human blood serum]. The ability of human blood serum for inactivating tissue thromboplastin is established to be due to the presence of two inhibitors: thermolabile inhibitor characterized by a progressive effect and thermostable one having an instant effect. Thromboplastin inhibition by the thermolabile inhibitor is partial, whereas inhibition by the thermostable one is completely reversible. In the latter case inhibition is intermediate character, between the competitive and incompetitive one. The inhibitory activity is found in Cohn's fraction V, is removed during DEAE-cellulos chromatography and gel chromatography with the first portions of eluating liquid.


[Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of Theragra chalcogramma and bovine opsins in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate]. Fish and bovine opsins were found generally in monomeric forms with slight content of dimers at electrophoresis in 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate--0.005 M sodium phosphate buffer (system I). Opsins have a high tendency to oligomerization and formation of trimers and higher oligomers in 1+5 M urea (system II). The molecular weight of nonomers and dimers of opsins in system I calculated according to the standard proteins, increased with a rise of acrylamide concentration. The authors believe that in both systems the hydrophobic interactions that not the reactions of intermolecular S-S bonds formation are supposed to be on the basis of opsins oligomerization.


[Thyroxine induction of aminotransferases in subcellular fractions of rat heart]. Administration of thyroxine toxic doses to rats results in a considerable increase in the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity in nuclear, mitochondrial and supernatant fractions of the rat heart. The hormone action is more pronounced in the mitochondrial fraction. A simultaneous administration of thyroxine and actinomycin D decreases the hormone effect in case of nuclear and supernatant enzymes. The enzymes of mitochondrial fractions do not change after actinomycin D injection. It is possible to suggest that in mitochondria there occurs a synthesis of some enzymes.


[Metabolism of biogenic amines in rats under the effect of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and polychlorcamphene]. Some indexes of catecholamines and serotonin metabolism were studied when animals were effected by dichlorodiphenyl trichlorethan and polychlorocamphene. It is shown that the mentioned pesticides cause in the animal organism intensification of serotonin metabolism and increase the sympatho-adrenalic system activity. Under the effect of polychlorocamphene the shifts in the catecholamines metabolism are more pronounced.


[Dependence of the 14C label determination efficiency in proteins under certain experimental conditions]. A simple, economical, highly productive and easily reproducible method is suggested for making 14C-labelled preparations of denaturated proteins to determine their radioactivity by the liquid scintillation counter. The advantages of the methods are as follows: it is possible for a short period of time to make a large number of preparations; the counted vessels are not contaminated during the work; scintillation liquid consumption is considerably reduced.


[Effect of x-irradiation, nicotinic acid and neostigmine methylsulfate on the interrelation between methylation and biosynthesis of tRNA]. Experiments on rats established that tRNA of the liver under the effect of total X-irradiation (800 R), nicotinic acid and neostigmine methylsulphate proves to be hypermethylated. In this case tRNA molecules undergo conformation changes. Nicotinic acid and neostigmine methylsulphate administered to the animals under experiment an hour before irradiation favour the normalization of these indexes. As a rule, a correlation is observed between changes in methylation of tRNA and activity of their methylases. Irradiation inhibits the processes of tRNA synthesis which are normalized under the effect of nicotinic acid administered before the irradiation. Nicotinic acid and neostigmine methylsulphate produce no effect on synthesis of tRNA in the liver of normal animals. The activity of acid tRNase under the effect of nicotinic acid is not changed, under other conditions of the experiment it decreases. Irradiation against a background of nicotinic acid and neostigmine methylsulphate administered to animals and neostigmine methylsulphate administration to the intact animals inhibit the activity of alkaline tRNase.


[Glutamate deamination and transamination in the presence of dinitrophenol]. Oxidation of glutamate by the brain mitrochondrial fraction was studied in the in vitro experiments in the presence of 2,4-DNP in concentrations of 5.10(-6) and 1.10(-3) M. 5.10(-6) M DNP is shown to stimulate ammonia and aspartate formation when glutamate in a concentration of 10 mM was used. Under these conditions an increase in O2 consumption occurred. When 1.10(-3) DNP was used, O2 consumption was inhbited. In this case ammonia formation was more intensive and simultaneously aspartate production was decreased. An increase in the glutamate concentration up to 20 mM diminished 2,4-DNP effects on ammonia and aspartate production.


[Studies in the fibrinogen molecule D fragment inactivation protecting fragment]. The interaction was studied between two fragments of bovine fibrinogen isolated from its tryptic hydrolysate: the D fragment, an inhibitor of fibrin-monomer polymerization, and the protector, a fragment inactivating the D fragment. This reaction is relatively rapid: it is completed for several minutes at room temperature and at 37 degrees and is slowed down at 5 degrees. However, the reached level of the D fragment inactivation does not depend upon temperature (within a range from 5 degrees to 37 degrees). Dilution of the incubation mixture under applied conditions caused no dissociation of the D fragment-protector complex. Inactivation of the D fragment by the protector depends on the solution ionic strength; ionic strength 0.13-0.16 is optimal.


[Dependence of ammonia nitrogen utilization in rabbits on concentration of carbonic acid in tissues]. Under conditions of an increase in the carbonic acid concentration in blood of rabbits (experimental group) utilization of ammonia nitrogen administered to the organism intensifies and simultaneously the level of keto-acids in blood as well as of free amino acids and urea in the liver tissue increases. In these animals as compared to the control ones the content of glutamine in blood and in the liver tissue decreases; the level of alpha-glutarate and glutamate in the liver tissue increases and that of pyruvate lowers. An increase is also observed in reducing power of the liver and kidney cell cytoplasm.


[Oxidative phosphorylation in rat heart mitochondria under administration of hydrocortisone and insulin]. The rate of oxidative phosphorylation was studied in heart mitochondria of rats which were administered hydrocortisone and then corticoid in combination with insulin. It is established that 5 h after a single administration of hydrocortisone oxidative phosphorylation increases slightly and is statistically insignificant. Injections of corticosteroids to animals for 14 days inhibit considerably the rate of oxidation and phosphorylation, cause a decrease in the values of respiratory control and APD/O coefficient. Administration of insulin simultaneously with hydrocortisone to animals normalizes these disturbances to a considerable extent.


[Cholesterol biosynthesis in stomach and intestinal tissue of rat]. Biosynthesis of cholesterol and its precursors (metastenol, latosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol) was studied in the mucous and serous membranes of small intestine, secretory and esophageal regions of the normal rat stomach. The content of these sterols was also determined. The intensity of sodium 2-14C-acetate incorporation into cholesterol and its precursors in the mucous membrane of the small intestine and stomach secretory region is considerably higher than into the same sterols of the serous membrane and esophageal region. Cholesterol synthesis is most intensive in the small intestine mucous membrane and stomach secretory region.


Calculation of the cross sections of electron interaction with matter. Electron scattering cross sections have been calculated and measured for aluminium, copper, silver and gold samples. The energy of the incident electrons ranges from 300 to 1200 keV. We have developed a theory similar to that of Lenz using a modified form of the Wentzel potential. The theoritical results give a good representation of the measurements.


Magnetic spectrometers: approximate and ideal designs. A produce for determining spectrometer parameters on the basis of specified criteria is illustrated by the design of an energy loss spectrometer for The John Hopkins University high resolution scanning transmission electron microscope. The design tutorial not only includes general expressions for uniform field magnets but also shows how published first and second order transfer coefficients which are available for both uniform field and field gradient magnets may be applied. Within the context of the sharp cutoff fringe field approximation, expressions are derived which enable one to construct ideal pole contours for comparison with prospective second order designs. Moreover, exact expressions for certain first order transfer coefficients permit one to study the aberrations of a proposed design without the need for high precision ray tracing.


Fresnel fringes in STEM.

Fresnel fringes in STEM. Experiments carried out with a field emmission STEM show several Fresnel fringes along specimen edges, similar to CTEM observation. Analysis of the data shows agreement with computer profiles for idealized edges and the influence of defocusing distance and collector aperture size is discussed. In very coherent detection conditions the number of visible fringes is limited maily by signal-to-noise ratio considerations. In order to observe the maximum number of fringes, a collector aperture must be chosen so that there is a compromise between the limits imposed by the coherence of the detection and the signal-to-noise ratio.


Transmission microscropy of unmodified biological materials: comparative radiation dosages with electrons and ultrasoft x-ray photons. The minimum radiation dosage in a specimen consistent with transmission microscopy at resolution d and specimen thickness t is calculated for model specimens resembling biological materials in their natural state. The calculations cover 10(4)-10(7) eV electrons and 1.3-90 A photons in a number of microscopy modes. The results indicate that over a considerable part of the (t,d)-plane transmission microscopy on such specimens can be carried out at lower dosage with photons than with electrons. Estimates of the maximum resolutions obtainable with electrons and photons, consistent with structural survival of the specimen, are obtained, as are data on optimal operating conditions for microscopy with the two particles.


Asymmetrical dark field detectors in the STEM. Although the annular dark field detector in the STEM collects a large fraction of the elastically scattered electrons, it does not use all the information carried by these electrons because it ignores the distribution of electrons over its surface. This information can be obtained by dividing the detector into sections. This paper calculates the number of electrons scattered by a single atom onto each side of an annular dark field detector split in half by a line passing through its center. This scattering problem is unusual becuase the incident wave is not a plane wave in the STEM. The sum and difference signals are calculated for a single atom from its scattering amplitude for a STEM limited by primary or secondary spherical aberration operating at 10 kV, 70kV, or 100 kV. All the cases calculated show that a single thorium atom should give an observable difference signal which is very sensitive to the focal conditions of the STEM.


Bragg diffraction imaging of defects at crystal surfaces. Scanning Bragg diffraction images of lattice defects are calculated for a medium energy electron beam at grazing incidence. A stacking fault intersecting the surface introduces additional dynamical beams which interfere to produce a band of fringes near the fault. A dislocation emerging at the surface perturbs the local lattice orientation and therefore changes the reflected beam intensities. It is shown that for a probe size of 10 A the contrast for these defects is about 50 percent while the reflected intensity is 1-10 percent of the incident intensity.


Cd-metallothionein-a test object for dark-field studies of protein structure. Cadmium-metallothionein contains about six metal atoms per 6,000 molecular weight, reflecting the high proportion of cystein residues in the structure. Because of the strong scattering from probable Cd-S (Cyst)3 complexes, the protein is unambiguously visualized by conventional tilted beam dark-field electronmicroscopy. The projections of the structure correspond to free, aggregated and partially denatured forms of the presumed native structure, a hexahedral mass, 36 multiplied by 25 multiplied by 16 A. Relaxed states of this structure show that the molecule is comprised of two similar, covalently linked "half-metallothineins", each comprised of three domains. Each of the six domains of the native structure is evidently formed by stacking of two characteristic scattering centers together, at a separation of 9 A. A speculative scheme for the folding of the native structure is presented. The results are interpreted as substantiating the fidelity of dark-field images of small proteins, and the cadmium-metallothionein molecule is suggested as a standard test object for the method.


Repeated, rapid fill CO2-cystometry.

Repeated, rapid fill CO2-cystometry. 114 consecutive patients were subjected to double, rapid fill CO2-cystometry. In 106 the two cystometries were of the same type, although several cystometric values changed statistically significantly. In eight patients the two cystometrograms were of a different type with uninhibited detrusor contraction in one but not in the other. A possible explanation for this is discussed.


Experimental normocalcaemic hyperparathyroidism induced by renal venous congestion. Ligation of the inferior vena cava above the renal veins in male Sprague-Dawley rats produces a predominantly transient renal injury with vascular congestion, tubular degeneration and necrosis with calcification. This is accompanied by impaired renal function with temporary azotaemia, hyperkalaemia, phosphate retention but with a normal calcium level. The parathyroid glands on the second postoperative day show cellular hypertrophy and on the third and fourth days signs of rapid cell proliferation with numerous mitoses. Thereafter the glands remain enlarged.


Prevention of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis by low-dose heparin in urological surgery. A double-blind, randomised study. The efficacy of low-dose heparin in preventing deep-vein thrombosis (D. V. T.) after urological surgery was investigated in a double-blind trial. Thromboses were detected by the 125I-labelled fibrinogen technique. The incidence of D. V. T. was 36% in the control group (25 patients) and 9% in the treated group (22 patients) (p less than 0.05). Contrary to the current opinion this form of prophylaxis was effective following open prostatectomy.


Evaluation of different types of emboli in transcatheter embolization of rat kidney. The properties and characteristics of a variety of embolic materials (Clots--surgicel--gelfoam--barium--cyanoacrylates) were investigated by transcatheter embolization of the rat kidney. Clots and surgicel result in temporary embolization, with return of normal renal function. Gelfoam barium and cyanoacrylates produce definitive embolization. Only barium was found in veins.


Antigen(s) on human transitional cell carcinoma detected by a xenogeneic antiserum. In studies concerning human bladder cancer, antisera were raised in rabbits against human tumours, normal tissue, and cell lines derived from human tumours and were analysed by absorption and complement dependent microcytotoxicity tests. No significant selective cytotoxicity was discernible with any unabsorbed antisera. After absorption of A53, (an antiserum against the transitional cell carcinoma derived cell line T24) with peripheral blood cells and normal adult tissues, it was cytotoxic to two bladder cancer cell lines (T24 and J82) but not to four other cell lines. This activity was removed by absorption with each of two specimens of transitional cell carcinoma but not by normal bladder and by absorption with T24 or J82 but not with four other non-bladder cell lines. This functional specificity for transitional cell carcinomas could be due to a tumour associated antigen, a significant quantitative difference between tumour and normal cells, or an embryonic specificity re-expressed on the tumor. Further experiments are necessary to investigate these alternatives.


Embryology of urinary incontinence.

Embryology of urinary incontinence. Congenital incontinence may be divided into primary and secondary types. Primary incontinence refers to the development of a conduit which bypasses the normal sphincter mechanism, while secondary incontinence develops after a congenital outlet obstruction leads to bladder decompensation and overflow. The embryogenesis of the various forms of primary incontinence is described in detail and management is discussed.


Management of simple ureterolithotomy closure. Two methods of ureterotomy closure, loose adventitial closure and an unsutured incision, were evaluated and compared in 89 cases of simple ureterolithotomy. The loose adventitial closure was associated with a significantly shorter period of postoperative urinary drainage and a lower incidence of ureteral narrowing found at follow-up urographic examination.


Interstitial cystitis: experience and review of recent literature. The history, clinical findings, endoscopic appearance, and physiopathology of this disease is reviewed. The different modalities of therapy are analyzed and compared with our series of 110 patients with this disease. This group was treated on a conservative but more efficient form with superficial electrofulguration and overdistention with silver nitrate solution. The importance of the cancer incidence in the male patient is also stressed.


Ultrastructural changes in gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Although described in laboratory animals, the ultrastructural changes in the kidneys of humans with gentamicin-induced acute renal failure have not been well documented. This report details the clinical and pathologic features of a patient with gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity with special emphasis on the electron microscopic findings.


Spenic artery aneurysm presenting as left renal mass. A case of splenic artery aneurysm presenting as a left upper quadrant mass represents a diagnostic challenge due to its paucity of clinical signs and symptoms. The condition must be distinguished from urologic pathology. Celiac angiography is necessary for diagnostic confirmation. Surgical resection is advised for most patients.


External sphincter activity and recurrent urinary tract infection in girls. Urodynamic investigations, including pressure studies, anal sphincter electromyography, and cystourethrography, done in young girls having symptomatic urinary infection show hyperreflexive activity of both striated sphincter and detrusor muscles, due to increased afferent input. In our series, this activity ranged froma a pattern similar to "uninhibited" bladder contractions, with normal voiding, to hyperactivity causing frequency, with voiding interrupted by frank sphincter spasms. The wide range and epidemiology of urinary infection in girls suggest that urethral dilatation (or urethrotomy) with long-term chemoprophylaxis is indicated only at one extreme--where the hyperactivity persists in the absence of infection. The role of persistent hyperactivity of detrusor and sphincter in recurrent urinary infection of childhood needs to be defined by a long-term longitudinal study; the high over-all recurrence rates of both covert bacteriuria and overt infection in girls still constitute a major medical problem.


Urodynamic evaluation of boy with myelodysplasia and incontinence. Twenty-two boys with myelodysplasia and incontinence were evaluated urodynamically. Three types of bladder function were noted, but each could not be correlated with any particular neuroligic level. The integrity of the external sphincter innervation was determined by electomyographic monitoring of periurethral striated muscle. Bladder sphincter dyssynergia was found in one of the boys with voluntary control, five with involuntary bladder contractions, and five with adynamic bladders who voided by Credé's method. A radiologically narrow external sphincter on voiding cystography could only be correlated with the bioelectric activity in children with dyssynergia. A narrow sphincter was also noted in three children with synergy and four with complete lower motor neuron lesions. Marked fibrosis was found to be the cause of narrowing of external sphincter area in these boys. Thus, urodynamic evaluation helped define the etiology of outlet obstruction when it was present in the boy with myelodysplasia. A classification of bladder sphincter function is proposed.


Vesicourethral continuity in bladder neck activity. Electromyographic study of the bladder neck during vesical filling and emptying was performed in anesthetized dogs. Increased electrical potentials denoting active contraction of bladder neck were obtained on vesical filling. The bladder was then completely divided just above the vesical orifice, and the resulting apertures were closed to form two separate compartments. Still increased electrical potentials of bladder neck were recorded on filling the proximal compartment. We conclude that vesical neck activities are not directly dependent on the detrusor or on any anatomic continuity between bladder and urethral muscles.


Carbon dioxide urethral pressure profiles in males. Carbon dioxide urethral pressure profiles were obtained in a group of continent and incontinent male patients. Cystometry, needle electromyography of the striated urinary sphincter, and cystourethroscopy were also performed in most patients. A characteristic reproducible urethral pressure profile can be obtained in the continent, obstructed, and incontinent groups. The results also showed that the urethral pressure profile is influenced by the activity of the periurethral striated muscle. The urethral profile when performed with other established urodynamic procedures is a useful test in delineating normal and abnormal urinary sphincter function.


Histamine receptors in urethrovesical smooth muscle. Through the method of pharmacologic antagonism, the contractile effect of histamine was studied simultaneously on isolated smooth muscle preparations obtained from the body and base of the bladder and from the proximal urethra of the guinea pig. Histamine had a contractile effect mediated specifically through H1 receptors, with no H2 activity. This effect was most marked in the body of the bladder, comparatively moderate in the base, and slight in the proximal urethra. It appears that histamine effect is not mediated through either a cholinergic or an adrenergic mechanism. Clinical implications are discussed.


Acute urinary retention in women: complete urodynamic evaluation. Sixteen women underwent complete urodynamic investigation of acute urinary retention. Simultaneous recordings of intravesical and rectal pressures allowed an easy distinction to be made between bladder contractions and abdominal straining. Needle electromyograms, viewed on an oscilloscope by an experienced electromyographer, permitted an exacting neurologic diagnosis. Although the cause was psychogenic in 7 patients, 9 others had subtle evidence of organic pathology, one of whom had a spinal cord tumor. A logical format for evaluating acute urinary retention is presented.


Recording urethral pressure profile: comparison of methods and clinical implications. Urodynamic evaluation of urethral sphincter efficiency can be carried out by constant carbon dioxide perfusion, constant water perfusion, or the use of membrane catheters. A comparison of these three techniques was made in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results, and advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. From all factors considered in this study--responsiveness to pressure changes sensitivity to pressures at various levels along the urethra, and reproducibility and accuracy of the profile--the membrane catheter system was by far superior to either of the flow systems.


Urologic implications of imperforate anus. Recent clinical studies have documented the high association of genitourinary and lumbosacral spine anomalies with imperforate anus. Many of these associated anomalies may go undetected unless special diagnostic studies are performed, and these genitourinary anomalies can be the cause of significant clinical morbidity in later life if not managed properly initially. All neonates with imperforate anus should therefore undergo radiographic examination with lower spine films, intravenous pyelography and voiding cystourethrography, and cystoscopy should be reserved for those with cloaca deformity or those whose x-ray films demonstrate urinary anomalies requiring further workup. Significant morbidity involving the genitourinary tract may be encountered after surgical treatment of the anorectal anomaly, particularly if total anorectal reconstructions are performed in the neonatal period.


Medical therapy of experimental infection stones. Struvite bladder calculi were induced in rats with an intrarenal injection of urease-producing human T mycoplasma strain T960. Acetohydroxamic acid was effective in inhibiting calculous formation. Methylene blue, tetracycline, orthophosphate, diphosphonate, and hydrochlorothiazide had no inhibitory effect.


Congenital giant hydronephrosis in adults. Giant hydronephrosis is the term designating the presence of more than 1,000 ml. of fluid in the collecting system. Of 4 cases of congenital hydronephrosis found over a three-year period at the Ochsner Medical Institutions, 2 were associated with unsuspected carcinomas. Hydronephrosis may first be detected as a mass palpable in the abdomen and displacing the intestines on gastrointestinal films. Excretory urography, retrograde pyelography, and angiography confirm the diagnosis. The treatment of choice is nephrectomy.


Ureteral stone: diagnosis in emergency room patients. In an attempt to identify the important factors in diagnosis of ureteral stone, a prospective study was done on 100 consecutive emergency room patients in whom the diagnosis of ureteral stone was ultimately established. Distribution of patients by age, sex, and race, and the presenting symptoms, signs, and laboratory and radiographic findings are presented. Ureteral stone was suspected on the basis of history, physical examination, and laboratory findings, but the diagnosis was established by radiographic examination in most instances. Stones located in or near the intramural ureter produced characteristic symptoms, otherwise there was no correlation between the presenting symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings, and the size and location of th 0reteral stone.


Serum immunoglobulin E and incidence of allergy in group of enuretic children. Serum immunoglobulin E levels were determined in 34 enuretic children and 20 age-matched controls. No differences were detected. Additionally, the incidence of allergic disorders in these enuretic children was no different from the general population.


Intestinocystoplasty in treatment of interstitial cystitis. Nine cases of interstitial cystitis treated by intestinocystoplasty are reviewed. The longest follow-up is seventy-eight months. Two patients have since died of unrelated causes. The results reveal seven symptomatic cures and two failures. Long-term renal and vesical function have been well maintained.


Inhibitory effects of Estracyt on R-3327 rat prostatic carcinoma. Estracyt (estramustine phosphate) injected intraperitoneally, 100 mg, per Kg. three days a week for four weeks, retarded growth of the R-3327 tumor in intact rats and in orchiectomized rats given androgen. The growth inhibition was accomplished by reduction of tumor deoxyribonucleic acid concentration and of the activities of acid phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, and other hydrolases. Histologic examination revealed cellular necrosis particularly prominent in the orchiectomized, androgen-treated rats. Estracyt did not affect the uptake of 65-Zn in the tumors but markedly reduced the high uptake in the dorsolateral prostate. There was no accumulation of 3H or 14C in the tumors after intravenous administration of 3H, 14C-labeled Estracyt, but the isotope concentrations decreased much in the same way as they decreased in the dorsolateral prostate. The isotopes were retained in the ventral prostate, where their concentrations were approximately twenty times higher than those in the muscle four hours after injection. The results demonstrate the value of the R-3327 tumor in the evaluation of drugs of potential clinical use for the treatment of prostatic cancer. The results also  show that Estracyt has an antitumor effect which is not dependent on the antigonadotropic action of the drug.


Varicocelectomy: 986 cases in a twelve-year study. Over a twelve-year period, surgical correction of varicocele was performed on 986 selected subfertile men. They were followed up for at least two years after surgery. Semen quality was improved in 70 per cent, and 53 per cent of the wives became pregnant. Statistically, the results were better in terms of semen quality improvement and pregnancy for patients who had preoperative sperm counts over 10 million per milliliter (85 per cent improved, 70 per cent pregnancy rate) than for patients who had preoperative sperm counts of less than 10 million per milliliter (35 per cent improved, 27 per cent pregnancy rate). The empirical use of postoperative human chorionic gonadotropin therapy in this latter group improved results significantly (55 per cent improved, 45 per cent pregnancy rate).


Nitrofurazone: vas irrigation as adjunct in vasectomy. Intraoperative nitrofurazone vas injection has been utilized to hasten sterility in the immediate postoperative period. Clinically 100 outpatient vasectomies were performed in which nitrofurazone was utilized in a 1 mg. per milliliter concentration to irrigate the distal (penile) vas segment resulting in early attainment of azoospermia postoperatively in 90 per cent of the patients.


Vasovasostomy. Experimental comparative study of polyglycolic acid and polypropylene sutures in the dog. Experimental vasovasostomy in dogs using polyethylene tubing for splints and comparing polyglycolic acid to polypropylene sutures demonstrates the following: Polyglycolic acid sutures result in a higher vasovasostomy patency rate. Grossly and microscopically, polyglycolic acid sutures are associated with less vasal and perivasal fibrosis. Postoperative use of very small polyethylene tubing for splints appears feasible. Leaving splints entirely intraluminally at the time of surgery may be advantageous. It would necessitate vasotomy for removal of the splint postoperatively, but this is easily accomplished and not associated with increased morbidity. A transscrotal approach is associated with a much higher vasal patency rate than is an inguinal approach.


Horseshoe kidney with multicystic dysplasia associated with ureterocele. This is a case report of a horseshoe kidney one side of which contains a multicystic dysplastic element associated with a ureterocele. The surgical management and embryologic basis are reviewed.


Acquired vulvar lymphangiectasis in a child. A unique case of extensive acquired vulvar lymphangiectasis without lymphedema in a child is described. This lesion developed after pelvic exenteration, lymphadenectomy, and radiation therapy for rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder. These acquired etiologic factors simulated the pathophysiology of congenital lymphangioma. She was successfully treated with surgical excision and vulvar reconstruction.


Mesotheliomas of spermatic cord.

Mesotheliomas of spermatic cord. Mesotheliomas of the spermatic cord are exceedingly rare and scarcely mentioned in the urologic literature. An additional case of spermatic cord mesothelioma is presented and the literature reviewed.


Malakoplakia of kidney simulating renal neoplasm. In a nine-year-old girl with renal hypertension and a urinary infection, angiographic studies of the left kidney suggested an intrarenal pheochromocytoma. After nephrectomy, the kidney was found to contain only a cystic lesion characterized by multiple small, friable excrescences. Under the light microscope these appeared to be formed by granulovacuolated macrophages. Electron microscopy showed intracytoplasmic inclusion identified as Michaelis-Gutmann bodies in various stages of formation. Images suggestive of degraded bacteria were also observed within phagolysosomes.


Pseudoureterocele: a uroradiologic entity. An analysis of 5 patients with an acquired dilatation of the distal ureter, simulating a simple ureterocele, is herein reported. Radiologically, pseudoureteroceles are more likely to be associated with ipsilateral upper tract obstruction and have asymmetric intravesical dilatation. The urologist should be aware of this urographic deformity, for the majority of pseudoureteroceles are related to malignancy involving or invading the bladder.


Combined radiographic and ultrasonographic approach in diagnosis of renal inflammatory lesions. Seven cases of inflammatory lesions of the kidneys are reported. In 6 of the 7 patients, there were clinical and/or laboratory signs of urinary tract infection. The lesions occurred without any preference to age, sex, or location as to the right or left kidney. The diagnostic approach was individualized, and a correct preoperative diagnosis was made in 6 of the 7 cases. This high diagnostic accuracy was reached by using the following diagnostic principles. The lesions are detected and localized by urography and nephrotomography. Ultrasonography is used to decide whether the mass is solid or cystic. A percutaneous needle puncture is done in cases in which ultrasonography indicates a cystic lesion. The diagnosis of renal cyst is confirmed or excluded by cytology and analysis of the cyst fluid. Renal angiography is performed when the mass displays a solid or mixed ultrasonographic pattern and also in cases of hematuria and in cases in which the clinical symptomatology suggests malignancy.


Simplified protocol for management of malar fractures. Our simplified protocol for the management of malar complex fractures of facial bones has shortened the operating time by one third to one fourth, produced consistent, satisfactory results, and reduced intraoperative and postoperative complications. In addition, with moderate training of residents, it has been installed as the primary method of treatment of this type of facial fracture in a residency training program that has a heavy load of these patients.


Multiple head and neck malignancies.

Multiple head and neck malignancies. Case histories of 47 patients with multiple head and neck neoplasms were reviewed at the Henry Ford Hospital. Data were obtained on the site of the malignancy and treatment program. Follow-up data have been good, utilizing clinic records. Several patients have had more than two malignancies of the head and neck, and one patient has just completed treatment for his fifth epidermoid carcinoma. The incidence of carcinoma of the esophagus is high in this series (16 of 47 patients). The literature is reviewed in relation to the present findings. Follow-up care is described at the Henry Ford Hospital.


Sialoceles: medical treatment first.

Sialoceles: medical treatment first. There are numerous methods described in the literature for sialocele treatment. Surgical modalities usually involve an operation with possible facial nerve injury, with the risk of a general anesthetic, and with prolonged hospitalization to be considered. Among non-surgical modalities radiation and laissez-faire are of questionable efficacy. Propantheline bromide, which medically interrupts the parasympathetic control of salivary secretion, has proved a safe, effective means of rapid sialocele control.


Spontaneous cerebrospinal rhinorrhea from the sphenoid sinus. A case of spontaneous cerebrospinal rhinorrhea from the sphenoid sinus is presented. Surgical exploration of the sinus revealed a defect of the clivus leading into the posterior fossa. Intrathecal fluorescein dye intraoperatively enabled easy identification of the site. Leakage was stopped by tamponading the sinus, using muscle from the anterior thigh.


Chondrosarcoma of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. Thirteen patients, six men and seven women, were seen at the Mayo Clinic with chondrosarcomas of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, or nasopharynx in a 25-year period. Nasal obstruction, discharge, and bleeding were the major symptoms and a nasal mass was the most common sign. The typical chondrosarcoma is low in grade but malignant and it arises in the nasal cavity as a large, pale, glistening mass. Local excision was employed initially in seven patients and five had local recurrence. Definitive block excision cured four of six patients and the two others had a protracted clinical course and ultimately died of the disease. Long-term follow-up shows that chondrosarcomas are insidious, locally progressive tumors. Radiotherapy, used for palliation after recurrence, failed to produce any cures. Lateral rhinotomy and block excision are advocated as the primary treatment.


[Sepsis after catheterization of the femoral artery]. The catheterization of the femoral artery in a case of necrotic stage of obliterating endarteritis resulted in the development of sepsis. Catheterization of main arteries and intraaterial medication in patients, suffering from obliterating diseases of the arteries of the lower extremities, holds the risk of bringing the infection into the arterial bed, and, hence, such medication should be performed only under especially strict aseptic conditions.


[Puncture method of treating amebic abscesses of the liver]. In surgical treatment of hepatic amebic abscesses by means of extensive dissection and drainage the postoperative lethality remains high. The literature data and the author's own observations on 30 patients, who underwent puncture of amebic abscess of the liver together with specific and antibacterial therapy, which resulted in their recovery, permit to consider paracentensis as a method of choice, when there are no complications, such as a purulent discharge into the adjoining organs and tissues, which calls for surgical intervention.


[Insufficiency of the urea-synthesizing function of the liver and its correction in mechanical jaundice]. From the moment of the rise of blood bilirubin level extrahepatic bile stasis is accompanied by hepatic insufficiency, the first preclinical manifestation of which is the increase of urea level in the liver tissue. Parallel with the hyperbilirubinaemia there is the increase of inhibition of urea-synthetizing liver function, resulting in the rise of ammonia level in the liver tissue and in the blood, which has both local and general toxic effect. The injection of retabolil 2 to 7 days preoperatively produces a favourable clinical effect, which permits to recommend this procedure to be introduced into the preoperative therapeutic complex in case of mechanical jaundice.


[Hepato-biliary-pancreatic lesions in secondary duodenostasis]. The secondary postoperative duodenal stasis (afferent loop syndrome, chronic vicious circle) is underlain by evacuational disturbance of the duodenum. The duodenal stasis and hypertension lead to the stasis of the bile and pancreatic-secretion, which in turn results in inflammatory-dystrophic changes in the hepato-biliary-pancreatic system. In such cases the success of surgical treatment will derive from the application of complex intervention both on the digestive tract and hepato-biliary system.


[Diagnosis and treatment of complicated pancreatic cysts]. The results of the treatment of 18 cases with complicated pancreatic cysts (11 men and 7 women) were studied. Good results were obtained after cystectomy and resection of the pancreas together with the cyst, when the latter was uncomplicated. With complications, external and more seldom internal drainage were preferred. In the postoperative period 3 patients developed persistent pancreatic fistula, one patient developed malignization of the cyst and another one -- thrombosis of the splenic vein.


[Registration of the dynamics of acute pulmonary edema development by means of rheoplethysmography]. The dynamics of acute lung edema development caused by injection of oleic acid into the right heart chambers was traced experimentally on dogs by means of impedance plethysmography. The most of information was collected with the help of electrodes applied to the chest. The development of acute lung edema was followed by decrease of the impedance respiratory undulations and by changes in their characteristics.


[Experience with the surgical treatment of benign tumors and tumor-like processes in the bones]. Experience with surgical treatment of 445 cases of benign tumors and border-line processes is summarized in this paper. In 98 cases there were pathological fractures. Within the rehabilitation treatment complex bone alloplasty was applied in 196, bone autografting -- in 15 and the combination of bone auto -- and allografting -- in 4 cases. The results of the treatment are reported.


[Expediency of plastic surgery methods with osteomyelitic cavities]. The fitness of plaster filling, Schede's method, muscular pedicled autograft and of 3 biopolymeric compositions with the use of ultrasound for the grafting of bone cavities was tested in 206 experiments on dogs. The basic possibility of bone cavity filling with a biopolymeric composition was demonstrated.


[Blood plasma level of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in peridural and combined anesthesia]. Studies of the effect of peridural anesthesia applied as an independent method or together with combined narcosis has proved that peridural anesthesia does not cause adrenocortical tension, maintains, the natural level of adrenocortical secretion, contributes to rapid normalization of corticosteroids level in the postoperative period. The increase of corticosteroids blood level in case of peridural anesthesia, applied together with combined narcosis, should be referred on account of direct effect of ether-oxygen narcosis.


[Macroergic phosphate metabolism of the erythrocytes in the early postoperative period]. 125 cases of hernia, cholelithiasis, peptic and gastric ulcer, carcinoma of the stomach of stages III and IV were examined before operation and in the postoperative period. The peculiarity of the studied indices of energy metabolism was established in each group of patients. The authors believe, that the difinition of ATP level and of the erythrocytes energy charge can be used as one of criteria of patients' condition and of medicamental correction of metabolism.


[Restructuring of the hemodynamics of the lesser circulation in surgical pathology of the lungs in children]. The authors compared the main parameters of pulmonary circulation in accordance to the data obtained at pulmonary artery catheterization (137 patients) and at the electropneumoplethysmography (102) patients). Comparative assessment of the obtained data permitted to find the regularity of the reconstruction of pulmonary circulation hemodynamics in children.


[Orthopedic sequelae of hematogenic osteomyelitis of the pelvis and proximal section of the femur in children]. The deformities of the locomotor system in patients, who suffered from osteomyelitis of the pelvis and proximal femur in childhood, are described. The drawbacks, occuring in the treatment of osteomyelitis, are analyzed. The authors suggest some recommendations on the organization of the treatment.


Spontaneous listeric encephalitis in sheep. Electron microscopic studies. The brainstems of four sheep with spontaneous listeric encephalitis had scattered small foci of inflammatory cells (neutrophils or macrophages, or both) with scattered fragments of degenerating nerve fibers and glial cells. In extensive areas of malacia in the pons and medulla oblongata, there was loss of parenchyma with massive accumulation of macrophages, a few neutrophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells. In both types of lesions, phagocytes contained debris of myelin and axons, lipid vacuoles and occasionally bacteria. Neutrophils contained bacteria in phagocytic and digestive vacuoles. No bacteria were detected in macrophages but were detected in neurons and in one axon in tissue previously used for paraffin sections.


Scirrhous eosinophilic gastritis in dogs with gastric arteritis. Three adult spayed female hunting dogs had an unusual form of chronic active gastritis. The disease lasted for months to several years. Vomiting was the most consistent clinical sign. One dog had leukocytosis with 30 percent eosinophils. The stomach of each dog was enlarged and greatly thickened. Collagen deposits, granulation tissue and eosinophils replaced most of the gastric wall. Disease of the gastric arteries ranged from fibrinoid necrosis to panarteritis. Granulation tissue obstructed the omental arteries of one dog. There also was splenic reticuloendothelial hyperplasia with fibrosis, hemorrhage and congestion, and chronic eosinophilic lymphadenitis. Although the cause of this disease was not determined, its basis probably was immunologic.


Spontaneous lesions in Chinese hamsters. One hundred and fifty-seven Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) from the Lovelace Foundation Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute colony had pulmonary granulomas, nodular hyperplasia of the liver, granulocytic bone marrow hyperplasias and myelogenous leukemia, nephrosclerosis and uterine adenocarcinomas. These Chinese hamsters had a median life span of 1 075 days. The long life span and information on naturally-occurring diseases suggest that this species might be more widely used for toxicological and biomedical research.


Renal secondary hyperparathyroidism in aged Sprague-Dawley rats. Fourteen aged Sprague-Dawley rats had typical renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. The renal disease was severe glomerulosclerosis with tubular dilation. The parathyroid glands were enlarged and had hyperplasia of chief cells. Bone lesions were generalized osteodystrophia fibrosa and osteosclerosis. All rats had osteodystrophia fibrosa and it was severe in 10 rats. Only four rats had osteosclerosis and it was moderate. Metastatic calcification was seen in various soft tissues in 13 rats.


Central neurofibromas in two dogs.

Central neurofibromas in two dogs. Two dogs each had a fibrous tumor of the central nervous system. One tumor involved the spinal cord and ventral nerve root, and the other involved the midbrain and posterior brain stem. Both tumors had spindle-shaped cells arranged in rhythmic patterns. There was perivascular tumor cell infiltration in the adjacent parenchyma. The tumor cells strongly resembled fibroblasts and seemed to produce collagen. Because both tumors were near nerve roots and because their histological appearances were characteristic of nerve sheath tumors they were classified as central neurofibromas.


Ischemic myelopathy caused by fibrocartilaginous emboli in a horse. A horse that suddenly became recumbent had a focal ischemic infarct of the spinal cord between C6 and C7. The infarct was attributed to multiple fibrocartilaginous emboli. Adherence of fibrocartilaginous debris to the outer surface of the dura was interpreted as evidence that intervertebral disc degeneration and displacement of the nucleus pulposus had occurred and that the emboli arose from the disc.


Breeding record analysis in pig herds and its veterinary applications--1: Development of a program to monitor reproductive efficiency and weaner production. Analyses of breeding records and herd efficiency factors are important for veterinary surgeons supervising reproductive efficiency and piglet performance in breeding herds. These data include: the number of litters produced per sow per year; the distribution of weaning to service intervals; the number of sows returning to service by 30, 60, 90 and 120 days; the percentage of sows farrowing to first service; the percentage of sows found to be not pregnant; and the percentage of sows aborting. Boar performance data, piglet mortality percentages, piglet growth rates, feed efficiency factors and the percentage of sows culled from the herd are also analysed. A computer program was developed to produce these and other data from simple breeding records.


Long term results of excision arthroplasty of the canine hip. An analysis has been made of the long term results of excision of the canine femoral head and neck. The most frequent postoperative findings include shortening of the operated limb and restricted movement of the hip pseudarthrosis. Although few dogs show lameness or pain in the operated hip, muscle atrophy is a frequent finding even after eight years. Difficulty in jumping and in climbing stairs are more commonly found postoperatively in the larger breeds of dog. Despite these noted abnormalities almost all owners expressed their satisfaction with the outcome of excision arthroplasty.


Experimental Salmonella dublin infection in calves. An experimental model of Salmonella dublin infection in calves for the purpose of evaluating antibacterial compounds was developed. Oral administration of the bacterium produced variable results and subsequently the organism was injected intravenously into one-week-old calves. Symptoms observed were consistent with those described in naturally occurring cases. An analysis of the mortality and clinical signs in both control and treated calves showed that the severity of the disease was exacerbated by the presence of specific antibody. It is argued that some symptoms presented were consistent with anaphylactic or Arthus-type hypersensitivity. Anaphylaxis was associated with antibody probably derived from maternal colostrum whereas Arthus hypersensitivity was probably due to antibody synthesised by the calf itself. There was an inverse relationship between low initial antibody titres and the survival period. Tests of antibacterial efficacy may best be done in colostrum deprived animals in which the symptoms will be dissociated from passively acquired antibody.


Oestrogen receptors in canine mammary tumours. One hundred and twenty-nine canine mammary tumours of varying histological types were examined for the presence of oestrogen binding protein by the dextran-coated charcoal method with the binding parameters of the reaction determined by Scatchard plots. By this method, 39 per cent of the 129 mammary tumours were shown to contain oestrogen receptor protein. This figure fell to 25 per cent for benign tumours and rose to 52 per cent for malignant tumours. There was no correlation between the histological nature of tumours and oestrogen receptor content in either benign or malignant forms. Oestrogen receptors were not demonstrable in normal mammary tissues. Whether the presence of oestrogen receptors in a tumour is indicative of hormonal dependence as is reported for human breast tumours is being investigated in the bitch.


The incidence of ovarian activity, pregnancy and bovine genital abnormalities shown by an abattoir survey. All female genital tracts removed during the slaughtering process in a West Country abattoir were collected on two days a week from February 1974 to May 1974 inclusive and thereafter collections were made on one day each week from June 1974 until September 1975 inclusive. A total of 8071 tracts was examined; 1885 (23-36 per cent) of these were pregnant. The stage of pregnancy and the number and location of the fetuses is recorded. Cyclic activity in the non-pregnant tracts was assessed by the presence of a current corpus luteum on one or both ovaries and the number and location of these are reported. Any macroscopic abnormalities of ovaries, Fallopian tubes and uteri were recorded, 804 (9-96 per cent) of the tracts were affected. The most commonly encountered abnormality was cystic ovaries and 307 (3-80 per cent) of the genitalia showed this condition.


Thrombosis of the cranial vena cava in a cow. Thrombosis of the cranial vena cava in a cow was followed by the formation of aneurysms in the pulmonary arteries. Embolism, pulmonary hypertension and the development of a collateral venous and lymphatic circulation are the suggested causes of these uncommon arterial lesions.


[Routes of pathogenic staphylococcal contamination of slaughter poultry]. The contamination of birds with pathogenic staphylococci was followed up during their slaughter handling and trimming at two poultry-dressing houses. It was found that water cooling and evisceration were mostly contributing to contamination. Taking part in the dissemination of Staphylococcus infection were also the female workers on the slaughter belt, especially those that had wounds on their hands. Studied were the properties of a total of 881 strains of staphylococci, 43.35 per cent of them being defined as Staph. aureus, and 56.64 per cent--as Staph. edidermidis.


[T. faviforme sensitivity to the disinfecting action of various preparations]. Tested was the resistance of T. faviforme in pathological material to various disinfection agents. It was demonstrated that 1 per cent vofasteril, and 1.62 per cent perfumaric acid together with 1 per cent lauril sulphate and 5 per cent fessiasept kill the fungus at a 10 min. exposure. Perfumaric acid (1.62%), veraform (5%), fessiasept (3%) destroy T. faviforme for 15 to 20 min, and 0.6% vofasteril and 7-10% Cusulphate produce a fungicidal effect for 30 to 45 min. Fungicidal effects are produced with the use of veraform and vofasteril at the rate of 0.51/m2 of the disinfection solution. Aerosols, obtained by a method using no apparatus, employing 40 cm3 formalin, 20 cm3 water, and 30 g potassium permangante produce a fungicidal effect at a 20 h. exposure.


[Studies of the decontamination of the sewage from animal husbandry farms]. Investigations revealed that under the conditions prevailing in the districts of Sofia and .pernik Ascaris suum and Trichocephalus suis eggs remained viable at the conventional storage of liquid manure on the large farms for about a year, and Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum sp. eggs--for 2 to 3 months. The methods of electrocoagulation and electroflotation could be employed with success in the cleansing and rendering harmless of the sewage waters after the preliminary treatment with calcium hydroxide. In terms of stabilizing the process, enhancing the cleansing effect and harmlessness, and lowering the use of electrical energy better results are obtainable with the use of pulsating current and constant current perdiodically changing its polarity.


[Pathohistological changes in splenectomized sheep experimentally infected with Babesia ovis]. Studied were histopathologically the viscera (liver, lung, kidneys, heart lymph nodes, and brain) of 15 animals (10 ewes and 5 lambs), experimentally infected with blood taken from sheep donors having acute babesiasis. During the experimental period 9 of the animals died, and 6 were killed within the interval from the 4th to the 9th day. Dystrophic changes were observed in the epithelial cells of the liver and the kidney tubuli as well as pycnosis of the gangliar cells. In some of the tubuli there were hyalin cylindroids. The heart presented an edema of the endocardium with leucocyte infiltration. In the lymph nodes there were hyperemia with hemorrhages and edema with leucocyte infiltration of sinuses and follicles. It was established that in sheep babesiosis the characteristic morphologic changes appear on the fourth day. The dystrophic foci in the liver, the activation of the endothelium, the finding of hemosiderin in the Kupffer cells as well the diffuse leucocyte infiltration associated with the presence of parasites in the erythrocytes may well be referred to as histomorphologic signs in the postmortal diagnosis of babesiasis.


[Biochemical properties and antibiotic resistance of the staphylococci isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis]. A total of 33 strains of staphylococci, isolated from Black Pied cows with subclinical mastitis (conformed by the brom-thymol test), were studied to establish their biochemical properties and resistance to antibiotics as well as the occasional correlation between enzyme activity and resistance. It was found that no such dependences existed so far as the biochemical indices of the investigated strains were concerned. All strains proved strongly sensitive to chrolamphenicol, tylan, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, oleandomycin, erythromycin, ampicillin, and were resistant to tetracycline and polymixin. The resistance of staphylococci to antibodies is probably manifested in connection with some of their biochemical properties. It has been found that resistant strains of staphylococci are more active biochemically.


[Age-related dynamics of agglutinin formation in poultry experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum]. Agglutinin production in birds experimentally infected with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum directly correlates with age. The older the birds, the earlier setting on of agglutinogenesis, and the better the immune response. Along with this agglutinins persist longer in the blood serum. It is suggester to carry out the first serologic examination in infected flocks of the Leghorn breed when the birds are aged 50-55 days. This term may be essential only in cases where the birds have been infected at the earliest age. The second investigation should take place when the birds are six months old.


[Increase of cholesterol hydroxylation in rat liver as a result of induction of microsomal enzymes]. A possibility to increase 7alpha-hydroxylation of 4-14C-cholesterol was studied in vitro, using microsomal enzymes from rat liver tissue, under effect of such inductors of these enzymes as 5-ethyl-5-phenyl barbituric acid (phenobarbital), pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile, 16-dehydropregnenolone, 3-acetate-16alpha-isothiocyanogen pregnenolone. These inductors were administered per os within 5 days as an aqueous suspension, stabilized with Tween 80 at a dose 50 mg/kg daily; ethyl ester alpha-(p-chlorophenhydroxy)-isobutyric acid (klofibrate "Miskleron*) was administered at a dose of 150 mg/kg daily within 5 days. All the inductors studied increased the activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase: pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile--by 50%, 16-dehydropregnenolone--by 80%, 3-acetate-16alpha-isthiocyanogen pregnenolone--by 110% and phenobarbital--by 200%. Klofibrate did not affect the intensity of the cholesterol hydroxylation.


[Hypocholesterolemic effect of hepatic microsomal enzymes in rats]. An inductor of microsomal enzymes 9-acetate-16alpha-isothiocyanogen pregnenolone (ATCP), administered into rats within 5 days after termination of feeding with an atherogenic diet, caused normalization of cholesterol content in blood, of beta-lipoproteins spectrum as well as the structure of liver cells. At the same time, in animals, which were not treated with ATCP, high level of cholesterol was maintained in blood serum; reducing smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a decrease in content of glycogen in hepatocytes were also observed. Enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol into 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol, distinctly stimulated by ATCP, appears to be the cause of increased elimination of cholesterol from the organism. ATCP might be used as a drug decreasing the content of cholesterol in blood of patients with hypercholesterolemia.


[Effect of immobilized noradrenaline on the contact phase of blood coagulation]. Specificity of interaction between factors of contact phase of blood coagulation and noradrenaline was studied. Human blood plasma lost the capacity to contact activation after chromatography on a column with noradrenaline-Sepharose. High specificity in binding of factors of contact phase with ligand-noradrenaline, "utilization" of factor XII during interaction with the ligand, the high specific activity of factor XII bound to noradrenaline-Sepharose were observed.


[Fucoglycoproteins in the biological fluids of relatives of peptic ulcer patients]. Comparative studies of 89 people originating from healthy families and of 103 relatives of patients with ulcerous disease revealed in the latter group more frequent occurrence of the O (I) group of blood, nonsecretory status as evidenced by ABH or secretion of group antigen "H", an increase in content of high molecular fucoglycoproteins in blood serum and increased urinary excretion of fucoglycopeptides. The data obtained suggest that impairment of secretion of fucoglycoproteins in ulcerous disease is hereditary determined; the impairment may faster development of chronic ulcer in the gastroduodenum due to weakening of the barrier function of the system


[Activity of glutamine deaminating enzymes in the kidneys, liver and serum of dogs with renal failure and under normal conditions]. Among all the glutamine deaminating enzymes the highest activity was exhibited by phosphate-dependent glutaminase (72% of the total activity) in kidney cortex and blood serum of healthy dogs and by phosphate-independent glutaminase (47% of the total activity)--in liver tissue. A distinct decrease in the activity of both isoforms of glutaminase I (phosphate-dependent and phosphate-independent enzymes) and of glutaminase II (pyruvate-dependent enzyme) occurred in kidney under conditions of acute and chronic kidney insufficiency. The phosphate-independent glutaminase activity was decreased and, by contrast, activities of phosphate- and pyruvate-dependent glutaminases were increased in liver tissue under the conditions of acute kidney insufficiency. In blood serum under conditions of acute and chronic insufficiency the glutaminase I (both forms) activity was distinctly dcreased, but the glutaminase II activity had a marked trend to elevation. Possible mechanisms responsible for an alteration of glutamine deaminating enzymes in kidney, liver tissue and blood serum of dogs under acute and chronic kidney insufficiency are discussed.


[Disorders in the phenylalanine hydroxylase system of the liver in alcoholism]. Metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine was impaired in chronic alcoholism as shown by an increase in concentration of phenylalanine and by a decrease in content of tyrosine in blood serum as well as by elevated urinary excretion of phenylalanine and phenylpyruvic acid and by decreased excretion of homogentisinic acid. Loading with L-phenylalanine made these impairments more distinct. The data obtained suggest that the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase system from liver tissue is decreased in chronic alcoholism. The most distinct impairment in phenylalanine metabolism was observed in alcohol withdrawal syndrom. The decrease in the activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase system may cause an accumulation of phenylalanine and its metabolites in brain tissue at well as an impairment of biogenic amines metabolism in central nervous system.


[Deamination reactions involving several nitrogen compounds and mammalian radioresistance]. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase (substrates tyramine or serotonin) with simultaneous appearance of diamine oxidase (substrates histamine or putrescine) and distinct increase in AMP-deaminating activities were found after total body X-ray irradiation (700 r) of white mice or rats in mitochondrial fractions isolated from their liver and intestines. These impairments in deamination of nitrogenous compounds in liver mitochondria of guinea pigs, which are must less radioresistant as compared with mice or rats, were noted after the irradiation at a dose 300 r, but in the liver mitochondria of mongolian gerbyls (Mariones unguiculatus), which are highly radioresistant, the irradiation even at a dose 1500 r did not cause appearance either of histamine or of AMP-deaminating activities while the decrease in the monoamine oxidase activity was not statistically significant. Feeding to the mice the grasses, which comprize the fodder of mongolian gerbyls under natural conditions, increased radioresistance of the animals and prevented at the same time appearance in the mitochondrial fractions of liver and intestines of those impairments in deamination of nitrogenous compounds which accompanied development of irradiation injuries.


[Effect of insulin and insulin deficiency on the activity of hexokinase, malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzyme composition in the smooth muscle of the rabbit stomach]. Decrease in the activity of hexokinase was found in soluble fraction of stomach smooth muscles of rabbits with alloxane diabetes. Administration of insulin into intact rabbits led to distinct decrease in the activity of lactate and malate dehydrogenases in cells of the stomach fundal part. In smooth muscles of rabbits with alloxane diabetes pyruvate was formed from lactate at a higher rate (increase in content of LDH1 and LDH2) and after administration of insulin into the animals--lactate was formed from pyruvate at an increased rate.


[Serum thermostable and thermolabile inhibitors of tissue thromboplastin]. Besides a thermolabile inhibitor of tissue thromboplastin a thermostable inhibitor was found in human blood serum; molecular weight of the inhibitor (estimated by gel filtration) is 210000-235000 daltons, while molecular weight of a thermolabile inhibitor--480000 daltons. Inhibition of the thrombin formation system by the termostable inhibitor was reversible and was characterized kinetically as a mixed type of inhibition. Both inhibitors were found in blood of rats. Their content varied irrespectively of the state of hemocoagulation. Content of the thermostable inhibitor was distinctly decreased in blood serum after the blockade of reticuloendothelial system by administration of tripane blue.


[Characteristics of the pentose phosphate pathway of carbohydrate metabolism in the gastric mucosa of persons with peptic ulcer]. Activity of the main enzymes of pentose phosphate pathway of carbohydrate metabolism was studied in human mucosa of the stomach. In the mucosa glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in gastric ulcer and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in normal stomach were shown to be less active as compared with these enzymatic activities in duodenal ulcer. A distinct decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was observed in the ulcerous region, independently of the ulcer localization either in corpus ventriculi or in duodenum, as compared with the parts of the mucosa away from the impairment; the lowest enzymatic activity was estimated in the gastric ulcer zone. Activities of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and transketolase were the same in the ulcerous and normal mucosa and did not depend on the localization of the impairment. Contents of lactic and pyruvic acids were similar in mucosa of the stomach both in gastric and duodenal ulcer.


[Catecholamine storage in schizophrenia]. After administration of isadrine excretion of noradrenaline was increased in schizophrenic patients with symptoms of depression or anxiety. This phenomenon was not observed in healthy persons and in patients with circular depression. Data on liberation of noradrenaline by other amines in schizophrenia and displacement of noradrenaline in schizophrenia by isadrine, which does not accumulate in normal storage sites, suggest that storage of noradrenaline is impaired in schizophrenia.


[Effect of enteric oxygen therapy and vitamin E on the secretion and chemical composition of bile in experimental dystrophy]. Effects of enteral oxygenotherapy and vitamin E were studied using rats with acute liver dystrophy caused by CCl4. The enteral oxygenotherapy with simultaneous administration of vitamin E were shown to accelerate the restoration of liver function, to improve the bile formation and secretion, to stimulate the synthesis of initial biliary acids as well as to increase the conjugation of the acids with glycine and taurine, to increase the stabilizing properties of bile.


[Influence of the physical structure of phospholipid membranes on peroxidation induced by Fe2+ ions]. Kinetics of free radical lipid peroxidation, induced by Fe2+ in presence of ascorbic acid, was studied in phospholipid membranes. The maximal rate of peroxidative oxidation was observed at 2.5 muM concentration of Fe2+, in this case a half of the maximal amount of peroxidative oxidation products was formed within 20-30 min at 20 degrees and at 200 muM concentration of ascorbic acid. The rate of peroxidative oxidation depended on addition of substances modifying the membrane structure (linoleic acid, cetyl trimethylammonium, Tween-60, derivatives of phenothiazol). Charge of the membrane surface was shown to have a distinct effect on the peroxidative oxidation. Loosening of membranes by non-ion detergent (Tween-60) increased the rate of the process, whereas the increase of the membranes rigidity by cholesterol did not cause any effect. Uneffectiveness of cholesterol is discussed with relation to diffusion of radicals, participating in peroxidative oxidation, from depth of the membrane to its surface and in the opposite direction.


[Combined chemotherapy of lymphogranulomatosis]. Fourty two patients with lymphogranulomatosis (LG), mainly in stage IIIB and IVB, received polychemotherapy- a combination of N-nitrosomethyl urea, vinblastine, natulan and prednisolone (scheme L-I). The treatment comprised repeated courses. The first course lasted for 3 weeks, the remaining-for 2 weeks. An objective effect estimated by figure "3" was noted in 33 (78.6%) patients, "2"--in 6 (14.3%), "1"--in 2 (4.7%) and "o"-in 1 patients (2.4%). In 25 out of 33 patients with the objective effect "3" the complete clinical remission was gained, being maintained in 21. An average duration of the remission was 14 months. In overwhelming majority of case the maximum effect of the treatment was observed after the first (1-3) course of polychemotherapy. No grave complications relative to the treatment were noted.


[Neoplastic alveolitis complicating chronic pneumonia]. The author describes two observations on cancerous alveolitis and bronchiolitis developed in the foci of chronic (interstitial) pneumonia under squamous metaplasia and anaplasia of epithelial cells of alveoli and bronchioli. Two cases were diagnosed by roentgenologists, one case was found pathoanatomically; in the first two cases the patients died due to grave hypoxia and cardiopulmonary insufficiency, in the third case-due to encephalomalacia in ischemic brain disease. Cancerous alveolitis and bronchiolitis made 2.4% to all lung cancer, the disease shows an acute course, the duration of the lesion-4-6-months.


[Celiacography in the diagnosis of stomach cancer]. Selective celiacography after the Seldinger technic was performed in 24 patients with stomach pathology (cancer, ulcer, leiomyoma, cicatricial deformation of the stomach). Angiographic symptoms in gastric cancer are found to be mostly similar with those in ulcer and an inflammatory process. Celiacography fails to form an adequately precise judgement on the degree of gastric cancer local speed.


[Certain problems of the organization of oncological studies and anti-cancer campaign in Great Britain]. The characteristics of the principal institutions representing oncological service in Great Britain are given. The role of the state official organs in the organization of oncological service among the population and cancer researches is discussed. The governmental control of most research institutions in the country makes it possible to coordinate the researches under way within the range of the unique scientific programme.


[Lymphogenic metastasis of cervical cancer and selection of the optimal method of extent of pelvic lymphadenectomy in Wertheim's operation]. The frequency and sequence of metastatic invasion of pelvic and retroperitoneal lymph nodes in patients with cervical cancer have been studied. It was found that inferior and superior ileac lymph nodes in this category of patients are the main zone of regional metastasization. These should be included in a block of tissue to be resected in Wertheim's operation. The rationale of an extened variant of lymphadenectomy is supported by the data that characterize the immediate, early and remote results of the treatment in patients with cervical cancer and lymphogenic metastases. A high percentage of 3-year survival was gained in patients operated after an extended variant of Wertheim's operation.


[Cytological study of the puncture biopsy specimens of the Douglas' pouch for early diagnosis of ovarian tumors]. The conducted studies indicated the diagnostic opportunities of a cytologic analysis of exudates and smears from the Douglas space in patients with a suspicion to ovarian tumor. Tumor cells may be present in the peritoneal cavity not only in different stages of malignant ovarian tumors, but also in secernent and proliferating cystadenomas. A correlation between the peritoneal cell content in patients with different forms of ovarian neoplasms and press-smears from the dissected surface of the removed tumors and histological sections indicated the morphological identitiy of tumor elements and enabled the determination of the cytological criteria for the differential diagnosis of ovarian tumors prior to surgical intervention.


[Relationship between the number of mast cells and neoplastic prolideration of the mammary gland epithelium]. The results of the experiments make it possible to regard the number of mast in mammary glands as an index correlating with the intensity of the proliferative reaction of the mammary gland epithelium reflecting the course of the pathological process in the tissue. This index is higher to the moment of benign tumor formation. The second more intensive rise of this index characterizes malignant transformation of the epithelium. A decrease of the mast cells level since the moment of malignant transformation and their rather low content in malignant tumors manifest the decompensation of the organism antiblastic system.


[Evaluation of the protective effect of Prussian blue, sodium alginate and calcium phosphate according to tumor development after single and chronic exposure to strontium 90 and cesium 137 mixture]. The mixture of radionuclides was employed in the concentrations of 100.0, 400.0 and 0.8, 2.0 mc/rat for strontium-90 and cesium-137 in single and chronic administration correspondingly. Prussian blue, sodium alginate and calcium were employed in amounts of 50 mg, 800 mg and 258 mg per rat a day. The data obtained are correlated with the results of the same experiments without using the protection. In compared doses of the irradiation the protective action of the substances under study was noted only in chronic experiments. In this case, the appearance of malignant neoplasms was nearly twice less, and the survival was 120 days longer. The absorbed doses were decreased by 17 times for cesium-137 in the whole body and nearly by 4 times for strontium-90 in the skeleton.


[Immunologic reactivity of the body after laser irradiation of experimental neoplasms]. The irradiation of Garding-Passey and B16 melanomas results in an increased number of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in the spleen and an increased level in blood serum of autoantibodies against antigens of the irradiated tumor and of the liver and kidneys of the same animals, as well. Some increase of these indices was noted also in the irradiation of normal tissues.


[Benzopyrene metabolism in cultured liver cells of human embryo]. The hepatic cells of human embryos cultivated as a monolayer retain their ability to metabolize the carcinogenic hydrocarbon benz (a) pyrene (BP). The intensity of BP metabolism is higher in the "young" cultures of hepatic cells than in fibroblast cultures obtained from the same embryo. At later terms the former becomes equal for both tissues as a result of a decreased metabolic activity of hepatic cells.


Possible linkage between the major histocompatibility complex and the immune response to factor VIII in classic haemophilia. The pattern of HLA segregation was analyzed in 10 sibships of haemophilia A patients, each of which included 1 or 2 haemophilic brothers with an antibody to factor VIII. The observed HLA distribution is suggestive of a linkage between the major histocompatibility complex and a gene responsible for immune response to isologous factor VIII.


HLA and hereditary spherocytosis.

HLA and hereditary spherocytosis. The HLA types of two families with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) suggest that the HS gene(s) may be linked with the HLA locus. If sustantiated by further family studies, this linkage would place HS on chromosome 6.


Conceptual framework shifts in immunogenetics. I. A new look at cis AB antigens in the ABO system. The so-called 'cis AB' blood group is accounted for by proposing that 'normal' anti-A and anti-B reagents are cross-reacting with partially overlapping reaction ranges. Hence, they are labelled anti-AX and anti-BX, respectively. Some consequences of a complex-simple model where 'cis AB' is accordingly produced by a simple (mono-factorial) antigen X (produced a simple gene X at the ABO-locus) are briefly explored.


Inheritance of cis-AB in three generations (family Lam.). In a case of disputed paternity genetic incompatibility was observed in the ABO blood group system between mother (O) and child (AB). From biostatistical evaluation of 21 genetic markers, including HLA phenotypes, a high value of probability for paternity, maternity and parentage was found between the child, the child's mother, the accused man and his mother. Substitution of the newborn was thereby excluded. The serostatistical evaluation of maternity and paternity could be supported by anthropological opinion. In serological investigations of the ABH system the A and B antigens of the 'A2B' cells were found to be abnormal in the child, the child's father, and the father's mother: the A was weaker than normal A1 but stronger than normal A2; the B was found to be abnormal which in addition was documented through occurrence of irregular anti-B antibodies in the child. In comparison to normal controls (A1, A2, B, A1B, A2B) diminished activity of alpha-D-N-acetylgalactosamine and alpha-D-galactosyltransferase were observed in the three 'A2B' propositi. These facts confirmed the existence of a cis-AB gene in the Lam. family which the child inherited from her father and the child's father from his mother. Assuming a population frequency of 1.1 X 10(-5) for the cis-AB gene, the probability for paternity was calculated from all genetic markers to be W = 99.9999985%.


Acute hypoproteinemic fluid overload: its determinants, distribution, and treatment with concentrated albumin and diuretics. We simulated the use of massive volumes of crystalloid fluids as a treatment of acute plasma loss in a standardized experimental model and studied the factors determining the retention or excretion of the resulting acute hypoproteinemic fluid overload, its distribution within the body, and its treatment with concentrated albumin and diuretics. In accordance with the classic Starling concept, the serum protein level, i.e. the serum colloid osmotic pressure, determined the excretion/retention ratio of a given water and sodium load. Of the total fluid retention, fat and muscle each accommodated 25%, whereas the skin, which contributes only 7% to the total body weight, accounted for 37% and increased its volume by roughly one third. Concentrated albumin promoted fluid excretion in direct proportion to the achieved increment of the serum protein level and abolished the edema of fat, muscle and skin. Furosemide was virtually ineffective. The implications of these results for the 'adult respiratory distress syndrome' and disturbed wound healing are discussed and related to the concept of a critical threshold of the serum protein level.


[Effect of accomodation conditions of isolated contingents on the course of the epidemic influenza process]. The influence of accomodation conditions on the intensity of influenza A2 virus spread was studied annually in 1970-1975 during the periods of rises in influenza incidence, November--April, in contingents isolated from the general population. The influence of the main accommodation conditions (number of subjects in a bed-room, the area and air volume of the bed room per person), on the influenza incidence was shown to occur only in the periods of moderate incidence rises which preceede large outbreaks. In the interepidemic period or during large outbreaks no such influence occurs. These results confirm the concept on the epidemiological importance of heterogeneity of two interacting systems, the causative agent population and the contingent composition (V. D. Belyakov, 1975). It is assumed that when the circulating influenza virus population is heterogeneous and contains a certain number of potentially epidemic strains, they are activated most intensively in large groups of human subjects. Therefore, large contingents living under specific accommodation conditions are the likely place of most early emergence of new epidemic influenza virus strains. The lack of influence of the accommodation conditions of the influenza incidence indicates that the epidemic process of this infection in closely communicating contingents occurs intensively and continuously due, to a large extent, to latent, clinically inapparent forms.


[Study of the sensitivity of different strians of the influenza A2 virus of rimantadine]. The sensitivity of different influenza A2 (H3N2) virus strains to rimantadine in ovo was studied. The reference strains of influenza virus A/Hong Kong/1/68, A/England/42/72, A/Scotland/840/74 as well as new epidemic strains isolated in the USSR and Mongolia in 1974-1975 antigenically related to influenza A/Port Chalmers/1/73 virus were found to be sensitive to rimantadine.


[Effect of neuraminidase treatment of chick embryo fibroblasts on the adsorption and reproduction of the fowl plague virus]. Treatment with neuraminidase (100 units/ml) of chick embryo fibroblasts in vitro only partially inhibits adsorption of fowl plague virus on these cells. Cultivation of chick embryo fibroblasts in the presence of 50 units/ml neuraminidase had no effect on the sensitivity of these cells to fowl plague virus and on the extent of virus reproductions. It is suggested that neuraminic acid which is a component of the external cell membrane is not only substance responsible for adsorption of orthomyxoviruses.


[Secondary amyloidosis in Hodgkin's disease]. One case with secondary amyloidosis is described, manifested by a nephrotic syndrome, 13 years after the establishment of lymphogranulomatosis in a male, ages 46. Amyloidosis diagnosis with biopsy, after a long-term remission in a patient with a relatively restricted lymphogranulomatosis is of certain interest. The diagnostic difficulties of secondary amyloidosis in Hodgkin disease are discussed as well as the mechanism origination and the role of certain medicaments in amyloidosis origination and treatment.