Contribution of pantomography to forensic odontology. Dento-maxillary pantomography is an excellent means of investigating the oral sphere and its maxillary connections. This type of radiographic recording can be particularly useful in forensic odontology when trying to identify a person from certain selected indications [9] or from a greater range of data [7]. In the first case, the original picture provides sufficient support for the evaluation of the reference indications. In the second case, our proposed method should enable the expert to normalize his examinations with the assistance of analytical patterns consistent with a conventional classification. The processing of the pictures submitted to the expert is performed by the use of 3 different analyzers which facilitate the integral transcription of the data. It thus becomes possible for the expert to establish a rigorously exact relation through comparison and assimilation of previously recorded standards. This method should permit specialists to construct information files for all particularly exposed professional groups. It is suited for data processing of the collected formulas and may allow certain statistical evaluations (e.g. pathological, anthropological).


Toxicological investigations of cases of death involving codeine and dihydrocodeine. Drug levels in post-mortem specimens from 6 cases of poisoning involving codeine or dihydrocodeine have been determined using a direct extraction method followed by gas liquid chromatography. The relevant case histories are described. A preliminary qualitative investigation of dihydrocodeine metabolism has been described involving the analysis of urine samples by thin layer and gas chromatography.


Fatal poisoning by potassium in human and rabbit. An unusual case of suicidal poisoning by intra venous injection of K+ is presented to demonstrate the limitations of toxicological analysis of post-mortem examination in such a case. Its potential for a "clean undetectable murder" in a homicidal situation is indicated, the parallel being intra muscular insulin/penicillin poisoning which on the other hand are detectable. The intra venous lethal dose is approximately 30-35 mg K+/kg (Human/Rabbits).


[The copper IUD as an alternative to the "pill". Experiences with the intrauterine device Gyne-T]. The author reports upon his experiences with the copper-IUCD Gyne-T in 100 cases. With careful selection of appropriate patients and wary procedure there were no difficulties of insertion, not even in nulliparous women. In the majority of cases the IUCD was inserted because of contraindication or intolerance of hormonal contraceptives. 68 women had no complaints at all, 32 showed unwanted reactions, mostly bleeding disturbances, dysmenorrhoea or inflammation. These, however, occurred only temporarily or could be relieved by therapy. In 4 cases only the IUD had to be removed for medical reasons; in 2 cases it was expelled. Perforations or pregnancies did not occur. Thus the insertion of Gyne-T seems to be an effective, practicable and acceptable contraceptive method, particularly as alternative to hormonal contraception.


[Injuries and emergencies in othorhinolaryngology. Diagnosis and immediate therapy. 1. Injuries of the ear]. Following the general discussion of the causes of accidents and emergencies in the ENT-field, important accident-situations are classified and explained according to anatomical criteria. The differential diagnostic aspects as well as possibilities of first aid are discussed. The most important aspect of first aid is to assess the situation correctly in regard to acute dangers and prospective damage. Important problems and correct guide-lines for first aid at the site of accident are mentioned and discussed.


[Therapy of herpes zoster through active premunization. 2. Treatment of zoster patients, results of experimental and clinical studies, treatment results]. A brief review of the previous and generally inadequate methods for the treatment of  Herpes Zoster is presented. The concept of "active premunization" by appropriate inducer to provide an objective treatment is  defined. A "Premunization Inducer" (PIND) based on a particular non-infectious preparation of an avian pox ("avipox") virus has been shown to enhance non-specific defence mechanisms in the host by T-cell stimulation and to inhibit virus proliferation by the induction of Interferon. The mode of action, efficacy against different viruses and the safety of the preparation is described and discussed. 114 patients with Herpes Zoster were treated with this "premunization Inducer" either orally (for buccal absorption) or by means of a nasal spray. There were no side effects and in all cases there was a marked reduction in the duration of the illness up to the shedding of the last scab (about 15 days instead of the more usual 31 days). Pain was relieved in some cases within 6 hours and in the remainder within 2 days: a rapid resolution of the inflammation could be observed. There were practically no signs of postherpetic neurological complications among the patients treated (the usual incidence of post-herpetic neuritis is around 18%). The treatment of Herpes I and Herpes II infection other viral conditions will be reported elsewhere.


Possibilities of determining the person steering a surface-craft or an aircraft at the time of accident (impact). Accident investigators are often confronted with the fact that there are doubts with regard to the person who has piloted a vehicle at the time of the accident. By securing all traces in or on the vehicle and on the clothes of the persons on board it will be possible to identify the person who has been piloting the vehicle. Evidence can also be obtained from blood-traces, the remnants of human tissue and hair and textile fibres and by the abrasion of synthetics and of paint as well as by characteristic deformations. The controls (steering-wheel or horn, pedals, etc.) and their traces on the gloves and shoes of the pilot must be taken into account, and vice versa.


[Urinary tract infections and abnormalities of the urinary tract in childhood]. The results of an ambulant two-year kidney diagnostic study are compared with those of in-patients from the same period. In 932 intravenous urographies and 616 voiding urethrocystographies the rate of pyelonephritis and vesico-ureteral reflux in girls was significantly higher than in boys (p less than 0.005). Furthermore pyelonephritis was found more often in out-patients (p less than 0.01) than in in-patients. Focal scarring of kidneys occurred in 60% of children with reflux, and only in 6% of those without reflux. The correlation between pyelonephritis and reflux is confirmed. Urinary tract anomalies were seen in 25,8% irregular urographies in 39.3% of our patients. Double kidneys were seen in girls in a statistically higher rate than in boys (p less than 0.05), hydronephrosis and urinary calculi occurred more often in boys (p less than 0.05). Corrective surgery was performed in 71.4% of the children with reflux, follow-up control (54.7%) showed a relaps in no case.


Forensic toxicology of some orphenadrine-related deaths. Toxicological data for orphenadrine in ten cases of fatal poisoning are presented together with results for a further eight cases in which orphenadrine was present in combination with alcohol or another drug. Collapse and convulsions occur within an hour of ingestion of an overdose and death supervenes soon after. Autopsy blood concentrations of orphenadrine in such acute fatal poisonings range from 5.5-37 mug/ml. The unchanged drug was found in the bile and urine and the concentrations in the liver, lung and kidney, though differing between cases, were of the same order in any one case.


[Echoencephalography in premature infants. Normal values and limitations]. The study includes a continuous and unselected group of 125 premature infants whose birth weight was below 2500 gr. The echo-encephalogram was done at the time when the infants had reached a weight of 2500 gr. The width of the third ventricle and the brain mantle index (relation between the distances of midline echo-end echo and echo of the lateral wall of the temporal horn-end echo) were measured. The third ventricle showed a normal width of 2--3 mm which was independant from birth weight and gestational age. There were only two infants with higher values, one of them had different symptoms of brain damage. The calculation of  the brain mantle index showed unsatisfactory results. The values varied between 2,35 and 4,91. They were markedly beyond the normal value of 2,4 of adults and bigger children. Technical difficulties in temporal horn and inaccuracy in reading the results on the screen as a possible cause of these discrepancies are disussed.


[Changes in the benefit of immunization]. The beneficial effects and the risks of vaccinations may be calculated by means of special formulas (N,Q,D). Changes in the effect of vaccinations may be substantiated by constant (eventually computerized) reevaluation of the present epidemiologic situation with the help of the above mentioned formulas. Another possibility lies in the calculation of the epidemiologic trend and determination of Rlim, the latter meaning the borderline number of complications of a certain disease, when risks as consequence of the disease or of the vaccination are about equal (D = 0). The follow-up of the epidemiologic situation over many years allows the estimation when this will be the case or, in other words, when the vaccination against the disease in question is not meaningful any more and has lost its beneficial effect and practical importance. In case of smallpox the risk of importation of the disease is practically zero; this means that N and Q less than 1 and D less than 0 thus underlining the view that the compulsory vaccination of the newborn is obsolete. A follow up of the case mortality of whooping cough in Austria over the past 15 years leads to the conclusion that Rlim, when calculated according to Ehrengut (that means that deadly risks of vaccination, r, are considered to be 2,4 x 10(-5), has been reached already in 1971. When calculated according to the WHO(r = 0,1 x 10(-5)) this will be the case by the end of 1976. In case of BCG vaccination the borderline mortality (Rlim) is not yet reached in Austria. The total number of deaths from tuberculosis that have been prevented by vaccination is already very low. The beneficial effect of this vaccination is much more expressed however when the prevention of leucemic deaths, as quoted by Davignon et al. (1970, 1971) and Rosenthal et al. (1972), is taken for granted. More observations will be necessary to clarify that point.


[Myocardial excitability under the influence of digitalis glycosides and anti-arrhythmia agent]. Using the technical procedure of transvenous cardiac pacing right ventricular myocardium was stimulated with various pulse duration (voltage-duration curves) and with paired stimuli utilizing double pacing technique, to determine diastolic threshold profile up to the absolute refractory period. Two kinds of cardiac drugs were tested: Digitalis glycosides increase distolic excitability and shorten refractory period. Anitarrhythmic drugs have different effects: Lidocaine and Phenytoine in several cases decrease slightly the stimulatory threshold and can shorten the refractory period. Procainamide and Ajmaline prolong the refractory period and increase the stimulatory threshold. Propranolol and Verapamil have no significant effect. Their major action is supraventricular. The results are important in view of clinical pharmacology of cardiac drugs and of long term cardiac pacemaker therapy.


[Antiphiogistic drugs. Sudies on the pharmocokinetics of anti-inflammatory agents]. The kinetic behaviour of radioactively labeled acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), phenylbutazone (PBZ), indometacin and dexamethasone in rabbits with knee joints experimentally inflamed can be summarized as follows: 1. Under control (non-inflammation) conditions as well as during inflammation, subthreshold doses of 14C-ASA intravenously (i.v.) administered were eliminated from the blood in a fast and slow biphasis process. The changes of the concentration in the perfusion fluid were very similar compared to the changes in the blood. However, they were enhanced during experimentally induced synovitis. 2. Subthreshold does of 3H-phenylbutazone i.v. administered were eliminated from the blood like 14C-ASA in a biphasic process. During an experimentally produced inflammation of the joints, the blood level decreased rapidly. The concentration of radioactivity in the perfusion fluid was very low. 3. In constrast, 3H-indometacin injected like ASA and PBZ in subtherapeutic dosage diappeared from the blood in a threephasic process. The uptake into both the normal and the inflamed synovial space was biphasic. Under both conditions the perfusion fluid contained low concentrations of the drug. 4. 3H-dexamethasone (subtherapeutic dosage) displayed a biphasis fall of concentration in the blood: a fast first phase and a slower second phase. With inflammation of the kneejoint, the elimination was characterized by a three-phase slope and was significantly faster compared with control animals. While the alterations of ASA and indometacin level in the perfusion fluid were corresponding to the decrease of the blood concentration, the uptake of dexamethasone into the synovial space did not show any change. 5. Under control conditions. 3H-dexamethasone (subthreshold doses) injected intraariculary was rapidly detectalbe in the blood. However, systemic absorption was considerably faster under inflammation conditions; the blood level was lower than following administration of 3H-dexamethasone into the normal knee-joint, the distribution from which was not uniform. After pretreating the animals with high does of hydrocortisonacetate, the i.v. application of 3H-dexamethasone was followed by a delayed first phase of the biphasis process of elimination. 6. Autoradiographic studies revealed 14C-ASA to be accumulated in the synovial fluid under normal conditions and in the periaricular connective tissue under inflammation conditions.


The mechanism of adipocere formation 1. Identification and chemical properties of hydroxy fatty acids in adipocere. The hydroxy fatty acid purified from the adipocere, m.p. 78.5 degrees -79.0 degrees C, was optically inactive and the adipocere contained about 3 to 20% hydroxy fatty acid of the total fatty acids. The melting point of the hydroxy fatty acid was nearly identical with that of the 10-D, L-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid synthesized organically, suggesting that the hydroxy fatty acid in the adipocere appears to be converted non-enzymatically. In the adipocere two hydroxy fatty acid components were detected by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The major and minor components were identified as 10-hydroxyoctadecanoic and 10-hydroxyhexadecanoic acids, respectively, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These hydroxy fatty acids found in the adipocere appear to play an important role on the formation of adipocere.


[Anatomic principles as a prerequisite for the diagnosis of knee-ligament injuries in skiing]. The anatomy of the capsulo-ligamentous structures is most important because of its immense significance for the physiology of the knee joint and its high danger to lesions. On the other hand there exists new knowledge of anatomy which leads to a revision of the importance of the clinical findings. It must be emphasized that the capsule is as essential for the passive stability of the joint as the 4 known main ligaments. Therefore, the instability of varus and valgus must be tested in full extension and in slight flexion of 20 to 30 degrees. To exclude rotatory instability the anterior drawer test of Slocum and Larson (1968) must be routinely performed. If the rotatory drawer sign is positive a lesion of the dorsal capsule and the anterior cruciate ligament is to be suspected.


[Incidence and type of injuries in icehockey]. This investigation analyzes 79 injuries of players of the German Ice-Hockey-National-Team which happened in 37 international games from 1974 to 1976. 36% of the injuries are caused by the stick, which corresponds to the reports of literature. Serious injuries, especially head injuries can be reduced if the following rules are observed: Good conditioning of the players, equipment according to regulations with helm and mouth protection during training and game, exact control of the game by the referees.


[Weather and disease].

[Weather and disease]. About one third of our population is weather-sensitive. The specific symptoms depend from age, sex, health state and social class. A great number of meteorotropic diseases are either caused or intensified by certain meteorological events. The same is true for both alterations of common fitness and physiological parameters. The most important correlation-statistical results from different meteorological study-groups of the past decennials are summarized. By means of these tabularies the physician is able to recognize weather-dependent diseases. The telephone-service of the Deutschen Wetterdienst (bioprog) keeps him informed of the actual weather-situation. Taking advantage of these possibilities every physician can give prophylactic medicare.


[Pilon fracture of the skier].

[Pilon fracture of the skier]. Comminuted intraarticular fractures of the distal end of the tibia have considerably increased. This is due to the modern manner and equipment of skiing. Skiing is the cause of these lesions in about 80%. According to the mechanism of the accident and to the localization of the damage of the bone there are special types of fracture. The diagnosis on the X-ray picture is easy. A great problem is the therapy as the joint is mostly considerably damaged. Today the operative reconstruction with the modern procedure of osteosynthesis accoriding to the principles of ASIF is generally accepted. Even if the operative therapy is optimal the late results are not satisfactory in a high number of cases. A chance for prophylaxis is only expected in the responsible behaviour of the skier.


[Model of intramedullary compression-osteosynthesis procedure for the humerus]. A method of osteosynthesis is being tested for its effectiveness by means of physican and experimental study and animal research. This could make it possible to stabilize fractures of the humerus diaphysis safely with pressure produced intramedullary on the interfragmentary, that is to say through "Kompressions-Bündelnagelung" (compression bundle nailing). Rating tests on skelleted animal bones have shown stability on quasi natural fractures surpassing the exercise load called for the upper arm. This procedure, however, does not prove rating stability by sole means of staying osteosynthesis with only one pair of nails on diagonal (sawed through) fractures of tibia diaphysis. Rating stability is gained however--even with unrelenting use--through "Kompressions-Bündelnagelung", that is an additional filling in the medulla ossium with a bundle of nails, the fracture having been braced already with the first pair of nails. To use this technique routinely a further simplification of process is necessary much like the one solving the distal guying. Also a reposition instrument is needed which would anable simple nailing. Such a repositor is now being tested at our clinics.


[Vaccination in childhood. Indications towards change]. Indications of vaccinations in childhood are changing due to the development of new vaccines and to changes of the epidemiological situation. In Germany one of the most controversial vaccinations is the BCG-immunization. Regarding our own experiences in the northern part of Bavaria we recommend the BCG-vaccination of all newborn infants. Indication of vaccination against tetanus remains unchanged. All children should be immunized against diphtheria. To protect against measles and parotitis epidemica we use the combined measles-parotitis-vaccine in the second year of life. The indication of vaccination against smallpox changed meanwhile due to the changed legal situation and the nearly complete eradication of smallpox in the world. Before puberty all girls should be vaccinated against rubella. To fight poliomyelitis oral vaccination is necessary.


[Risk factors in juveniles. Indications of cardiovascular risk in higher-grade school children of Cologne]. During the last years several studies on the cardiovascular risk-profile of children and adolescents have been started. About 6000 pupils between 15 and 19 years of age have been examined in a cross-sectional investigation in Cologne 1975. One third of them underwent a reexamination in 1976 (80% of the eligible population). The results of the 1975-survey indicate that between 5 and 15% of these adolescents show the following risk-factors in varying combinations: systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg, cholesterol above 225 mg/100 ml, uric acid above 7 mg/100 ml, smoking of more than 20 cigarettes per day, Broca-weight-index of more than 1,0. The gross partial correlation factors indicate a relatively close association between systolic blood pressure, cholesterol and weight. Some of the risk-factors in adolescents can probably be traced throughout longer periods, thus systolic blood pressure was measured repeatedly in high categories for the same individuals (with a predicitve value of about 50%). The Cologne-study is to be continued for high risk-groups as a long-time-follow-up study.


[Radioimmunologic determination of immunoglobulin E in neoplasms]. 3000 IgE serum concentrations were determine d radioimmunologically in a large group of 1616 tumor patients and a group of 308 controls. Because of a wide scattering the individual IgE levels do not give a diagnostic indication. On the other hand we have found a highly significant difference (p less than 0.001) between the IgE levels of male and female tumor patient-groups, which does not exist among the controls. Female patients tend to lower, male patients to higher levels. In patients with carcinoma of the testis three times higher IgE levels were found. Their relation to a coincidence with high HCG levels is discussed. Furthermore IgE follow up-studies are described. They correlate close by with the clinical picture. Consequently IgE follow up-studies are applicable to tumor prognosis and possibly to tumor therapy.


[Acute liver damage due to thioacetamide. Morphology, biochemistry and neurophysiologic comparison with cerebrotoxic substances]. Morphology, biochemistry and neurophysiological comparisons with effects of brain-toxic substances. The acute damage of the liver by thioacetamide is characterized neurophysiologically by a far--reached synchronous beginning of cortical and subcortical alteration of activity, a retardation of cortical and subcortical EEG, threshold increase of the EEG--arousal reaction, reductions in amplitude of centrally evoked potentials and increase of acoustically evoked potentials. We impute that according to an acute "toxic" damage of the liver a "membrane hyperpolarisation" results in all or nearly all areas of the brain. A general decrease of excitability of the brain seems consequently plausible. In opposition to this results only activities of the cortex or structures nearby the cortex (areas above the midbrain reticular formation) will be affected by exogenous arterial hyperammoniemia up to 1700 mug/100 ml.


[Macromolecular biochemistry of normal and pathological white blood cells in man]. Leucocytes from normal donors and leukemia patients were isolated and lebelled in vitro with 32P-orthophosphate in order to compare labelling characteristics of nuclear high-molecular weight RNA, labelling characteristics, nucleotide compositions and oligonucleotide frequencies of ribosomal 28 S RNA. These studies revealed 1. structural microheterogeneity of 28 S RNA between the various leukemia cells studies without presenting a leukemia-specific structural marker, 2. an impaired production of ribosomal 28 S RNA from its nuclear precursor 45 S RNA in acute myeloblastic leukemia compared to PHA-stimulated normal lymphocytes. In the second part of this work, the influence of RNA from immunocompetent lymphocytes on the PHA-stimulation of M. Hodgkin lymphocytes was analyzed; the third part deals with studies on macromolecular carriers forcytostatic anthracyclines in human leukemia cells.


[Important occupational diseases and their prevention]. In spite of the increasing industrialization no increase in tht total number of occupational diseases has been registered during the past 10 years. This fact must mainly be attributed to the improvement in the security measures taken in all occupational fields and the extension of the occupational medical care. Nevertheless, we are actually faced with a high number of occupational diseases. While the frequency of diseases diminished obviously for some occupational diseases, it increases for others partly considerably. The change in the structure of the statistics concerning occupational diseases is, amongst others and besides the continuous change of technic and the development of new products, also due to alterations of the law respective to the accident insurance right. In this connexion it is referred to the deafness due to noisy working conditions. Among the 10 most frequent occupational diseases, which are mainly manifested in internal organs, some--like pneumoconioses and lead-poisoning--are regarded as classic but still actual occupational diseases. Contrary to this, other occupational diseases--like asthma bronchiale or health injuries by halogen-hydrocarbon--became increasingly important only during the last few years. Corresponding details are given. The danger of health through working material or working methods will in most cases be recognized only after years of occupation. Very often the discovered diseases at that time are no longer reversibel. Consequently, the main task of the doctors for occupational diseases is the prevention of occupational diseases. In 1971 the professional associations put together, in cooperation with occupational medical experts, uniform principles for the necessary preventional examinations in the field of occupational medicien. The quality of the tests carried out with reference to suitability and supervision of working places as well as the extension of such tests to all fields of occupational danger will determine whether or not the number of occupational--therefore not fatal-diseases will decrease essentially.


[Pindolol as an antihypertensive agent]. 26 hypertensive patients groupded according to the severity-index and the WHO-index were treated with pindolol (monotherapy, 15 mg daily). The response of blood pressure depression was statistically significant, although not always sufficient when judged by clinical parameters. Plasma renin activity responded variably to the treatment in different patients and different groups. In 18 patients a statistically significant increase of serum potassium could be observed. No major side effects of therapy were encountered.


[Syndrome of the unilateral or partially "hyperlucent lung"]. The paper presents the picture of the unilateral or partial "hyperlucent lung" syndrome. The most common causes of this anomaly are described according to pathological and anatomical criteria. The difficult diagnosis of its X-ray-appearance is discussed. The value of differential diagnostic criteria is demonstrated in suitable cases. Differentiation from the pseudo-syndrome is also outlined. Various methods of radiological examination are described and evaluated.


[Cryptogenetic facial paralysis. Studies on the disease course]. A report on 22 patients with idiopathic facial paralysis is given. A systematic interdisplinary examination in short intervals was carried out. The efficiency of the more time consuming and technically more difficult methods was checked. At the same time it was investigated whether as a result of these findings new aspects of early therapy and prognosis could be expected.


[Psychological reactions due to death of spouse]. Bereavement is one of the most frequent and severe stress situations in human life. Studies on the work of mourning are reviewed and discussed. Bereavement produces reactive depressions very similar to those after other severe losses. Cultural influences are of importance. Results of the first trials on prevention of ill-health following bereavement are reviewed.


[Anemia in terminal kidney failure. Pathogenesis and therapy]. Various factors are involved in the pathogenesis of anemia in dialysis patients. Reduced erythropoiesis is mainly attributed to erythropoietin deficiency. Stimulation of erythropoiesis may be promoted by androgens. Substitution of iron is recommended in case of iron deficiency. As a rule, supplementation of vitamin B12 is not necessary, but administration of folic acid is recommended. Treatment of anemia in renal failure is rendered more effective by increased technical efficiency in hemodialysis permitting a relatively protein-rich diet. Blood transfusions are not necessary during routine treatment of dialysis. Since bilateral nephrectomy will always provoke severe anemia, it should be reserved to special cases of severe hypertension. Until now, no conservative therapy has been developed which would allow optimal treatment of anemia in dialysis patients. Successful renal transplantation still is, and will be, the best therapeutic intervention.


[Experimental induction of maligant tumors in the urinary bladder of the rabbit]. Suspended material of Brown-Pearce carcinoma is qualified for producing bladder tumors in rabbits after injection into the wall of the exposed, but not opened bladder. The advantages are the rapid growing and the possibility of controlling by endoscopy and radiography. At present we use this tumor-pattern for examination of the effect of different laser beams in experimental bladder tumors.


[Results of irradiation in recurrent collum carcinoma]. From 1961 to 1970 82 patients with recurrent carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated by Co60 biaxial pendular rotation therapy. The applicated dose was 4000 R, in some cases supplementary radium implants. This method of irradiation is especially suitable for treatment in recurrent cancer by the augmentation of the relative tumor dose. 46 cases were histologically confirmed, the others were parametric recurrences. The 5-year-survival-rate was 20.7%.


[Optimum delivery methods in breech presentation]. In 581 cases of breech presentation during the years 1966--1974 in 90% of cases delivery was possible vaginally. We prefered the method of Lövset und Veit-Smellie. Casarian section was performed in 9,5% of the cases, the mortality of the newborns was 14%. Without the premature newborns (less than 1000 gr), the cases of intrauterine deaths and not viable children with malformations the mortality was 5,6%. The perinatal mortality of the children or more than 2500 gr was merely 0,69%. The general enlargement of the indication for Caesarian section is not recommended.


[Health hazards due to industrial substances. A toxicologic environmental problem]. Work-site chemicals are substances which are employed in manufacturing industrial operations. Contact with such materials may present a hazard to health. Substantial hygienic significance is to be attached to the detection of such injurious potentials by experimental and theoretical toxicology. The preparation of toxicologic expertises on industrial materials presents many problems. The standard approach is to utilize scientific methods on the basis of defined experimental models and quantitative relationships. Judgment of the toxicologic relevance is guided by well-documented epidemiologic or experimental data and the study of case histories. After scientific validation the result is used in practice for setting threshold limit values (MAK's, MIK's) for occupational health purposes.


[A21-Asparaginimide] insulin. Saponification of insulin hexamethyl ester, I. [Asn A21]Insulin is formed as the main product during alkaline saponification of insulin hexamethyl ester. Purification was achieved by gel chromatography followed by ion-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose at pH 4 or by preparative isoelectric focusing in a granulated gel over a narrow pH range. Two main products could be isolated. One of them showed the electrophoretic behaviour of insulin (A), whilst the other corresponded to insulin with a blocked carboxyl function (B). Incubation of this product B with carboxypeptidase A liberated only the C-terminal alanine of the B-chain, but not the asparagine of the C-terminus of the A-chain. Chymotryptic digestion of the isolated S-sulfonate A-chain derivative (C) followed by high-voltage electrophoresis confirmed that the carboxyl function of asparagine A21 was blocked. In order to determine the free carboxyl functions of the A-chain derivative C, it was coupled with glycine methyl ester yielding D. Amino acid analysis of the chymotryptic peptides of D showed that the carboxyl functions of glutamic acid A4 and A17 had been free prior to coupling. The amino acid analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysate (subtilisin, aminopeptidase M) of the A-chain derivative C showed an additional peak with an elution position identical to the model compound aminosuccinimide. The biological activity of the [Asm A21[insulin was found to be about 40% in the fat cell test and 13.2 units/mg measured by the mouse convulsion method.


The fate of 131 I-labelled human pancreatic elastase after intraduodenal administration. Human pancreatic elastase labelled with 131 I was administered into the duodenum through the fiberoptic gastro-duodenoscope in eight persons. Radioactivity was measured in their plasma, urine and feces during 72 h. 131 I was present in the plasma in a dialyzable form 15 min after administration in all but one person. In one case labelled elastase bound by alpha1-antitrypsin and alpha2-macroglobulin was recovered from plasma indicating absorption of elastase from the intestine. In all individuals most of the radioactivity (28 - 73%) was recovered in the urine. Their feces contained low amounts of labelled substance (0.9 - 7.0%), except in two individuals where large amounts of radioactivity were found in the feces of one person with diarrhoea (43%) and of another, who received oral treatment with antibiotics two months previously (22%). In the latter case endogenous elastase was also present in feces in considerable amounts.


Galactosylation of different monogalactosyldiacylglycerols by cell-free preparations from pea leaves. The formation of digalactosyldiglycerol (DGD) from monogalactosyldiglycerol (MDG) was studied in cell-free preparations from pea leaves. Under optimized conditions UDP-[U-14C]galactose was incorporated into a single lipid which was shown to be DGD by cochromatography before and after deacylation and by cocrystallization of the acetyl derivative. Seven MGD species were prepared which had different fatty acids and from zero to eight double bonds. These substrates were dispersed at identical overall concentrations by sonication in Triton X-100 solution and galactosylation rates were measured under optimized conditions. Galactosylation rates increased with the number of double bonds up to a total of six, beyond which the rate decreased again. These galactosylation rates cannot be related to difference in the diglyceride moieties of natural MGD and DGD.


Hemoglobin M Oldenburg identified as HB alpha 2 87(F8)His replaced by Tyr beta 2. The abnormal hemoblobin designated as Hb M Oldenburg and already characterized as alpha 2 (72,87 or 89)His replaced by Tyr beta 2 was further identified by isolation, amino acid analysis and automated sequencing of the altered tryptic peptide alpha TIX. In this peptide the histidine in the position 87 is replaced by a tyrosine reside. Thus Hb M Oldenburg has to be described as alpha 2 87(F8)His replaced by Tyr beta 2 and is, therefore, identical with the mutant hemoblobins M Iwate and M Kankakee.


The topography of porcine lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme H4. The identification of lysines on the surface. Porcine lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme H4 was treated with methyl 6-(2,4-dinitrophenylamino)hexanimidate hydrochloride and the lysines modified hereby were identified. For this purpose 20 chymotryptic-tryptic N epsilon-[6-(2,4-dinitrophenylamino)hexanimidoyl]lysine containing peptides were isolated by means of gel chromatography, countercurrent distribution, thin-layer chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. Their amino acid composition, the amino end groups and their electrophoretic mobilities were determined. With these data, the known primary structure of the procine lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme H4 and the 6-A resolution structure analysis performed by Rossmann et al.[1] we identified the following lysines on the surface of the quarternary structure of the enzyme: no. 4, 6, 60, 77, 82, 121, 157, 179, 226, 230, 241, 306, 308, 316, 327 and 330. No modified lysine peptides were found in the intersubunit binding sites.


X-ray photoelectron spectrometry of copper-thiouracil complexes. X-ray photoelectron spectrometry was applied to evaluate the correct oxidation number of copper in complexes with 2-thiouracil, 6-amino-2-thiouracil and 6-methyl-2-thiouracil. Regardless of the mode of preparation exclusively Cu(I) was bound to the different thiouracil compounds, producing one homogeneous signal of the Cu2p3/2 electrons at 932.5 eV. Upon oxidation with H2O2, a typical Cu(II) satellite appeared in the main signal of the Cu2p3/2 level was shifted to higher binding energy values. The reaction of Cu(II) with thioracil yielded identical complexes as above, in which Cu had the formal oxidation state +I. During this reaction portions of the thiouracil were oxidized to 2,2'-dithiobis(4-pyrimidinol) [bis(4-hydroxy-2-pyrimidinyl)disulphide], as seen by the shifted sulphur 2p signals to 163.5 eV. After treating the Cu-thiouracil complexes with H2O2, the simultaneous presence of sulphur species having the oxidation states RStheta (161 eV), RSSR (163.5 eV) and RSOtheta3 (168.5 eV) is indicated by the ESCA signals monitored.


The influence of glycosaminoglycans on the synthesis of polyphenylalanine by rat liver ribosomes. Of the natural glycosaminoglycans tested, only heparin was a potent inhibitor of poly (U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis by rat liver ribosomes (50% inhibition at 10 mug/ml). A chemically oversulfated chondroitin sulfate was twice as effective, and another synthetic polyanion, sodium pentosan polysulfate was ten times more effective than heparin. Chondroitin-4,6-sulfate was inhibitory at very high concentrations (15 mg/ml) and heparan sulfate at concentrations above 100 mug/ml. The compounds interfere with the formation of ternary complex consisting of the ribosome, poly(U) and phenylalanyl-tRNA. The inhibitors prevented the attachment of the mRNA to the ribosome, probably by competition with poly(U) for the ribosomal binding site of mRNA. However, they were ineffective in doing so once phenylalanyl-tRNA has bound to the ribosomepoly(U) complex. Sucrose gradient analysis in presence of the inhibitors revealed a selective effect on the sedimentation of the small ribosomal subunit; the large subunit was unaltered. This effect, however, was dependent on the concentration of magnesium. In contrast to Escherichia coli ribosomes, no binding of the inhibitors to the particles could be demonstrated.


Snake venom toxin. The amino acid sequence of three toxins (CM-2h, CM-4b and CM-6) from Naja haje annulifera (Egyptian cobra) venom. Three toxins CM-2h, CM-4b and CM-6 were purified from the venom of Naja haje annulifera by gel filtration on Sephadex and by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose. They comprise 60 amino acid residues and are cross-linked by four intrachain disulphide bridges. The complete amino acid sequences of the three toxins have been elucidated. The toxicities, the serological properties, the sequences and the invariant amino acid residues of toxin CM-2h, CM-4b and CM-6 resemble the corresponding properties of the cytotoxin group.


Drug bioavailability studies.

Drug bioavailability studies. All drugs are not created equal even if the pharmacopoeia seems to suggest they are. Factors that affect bioavailability among drugs of the same type (especially oral drugs) include not only disintegration and absorption rates but also the amount of food taken before or with the dose, interactions with other drugs, the physical state of the patient, and the "first-pass effect" upon drug with high liver clearance.


Implications of biologic rhythms for clinical practice. The fact that many bodily functions display rhythmicity has an important bearing on resistance to toxins, response to drug or irradiation, and weight gain or loss according to when food is ingested. Though considerable clinical research remains to be done, "chronobiology" has already made available techniques for establishing predictable human rhythms, opening the way to more specific treatment of many condtions.


Ileal bypass for obesity: postoperative perspective. Initially, diarrhea is almost universal but becomes self-limited unless the patient persists in overeating. Weight loss averages 75 to 100 lb the first year, with a stable level generally achieved after 18 months. Among the serious potential complications are enteritis, kidney stones, gallstones, and hepatopathology. Some can be anticipated and kept at bay by prophylactic measures like high-protein intake.


The metabolic basis of alcohol's toxicity. The mechanisms by which excess alcohol directly damages the liver cells have been elucidated by studies in the baboon, which have shown that inability of the liver's enzyme systems to cope with hydrogen and fat overloads is far more significant in the progression to cirrhosis than any indirect effects of malnutrition. With the appearance of mitochondrial deformation, the process may have reached the stage of irreversibility.


Detecting early colon cancer.

Detecting early colon cancer. Techniques enabling detection of early colon cancer already exist, but to be more productive in terms of improving survival they must be applied in a meaningful sequence and repeated regularly in high-risk patients. Positive findings in specific screening steps based on well-known risk factors in colon cancer always call for aggressive follow-up. The advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques are discussed.


CNS regulation of salt and water intake. The brain has evolved a number of mechanisms to maintain body fluid balance. They include the sensation of thirst, which stimulates water intake, the secretion of vasopressin, which helps prevent water loss, and the secretion of aldosterone, which helps prevent sodium depletion. In the research described here, all three mechanisms are shown to be mediated by the actions of angiotensin on the brain.


Pediatric otolaryngologic crises.

Pediatric otolaryngologic crises. In the second article on pediatric otolaryngology, speed of diagnosis is stressed as vital to prevent permanent aftereffects such as deafness or facial paralysis. Aggressive education of parents in preventing emergencies is recommended.


Monocyte and neutrophil chemotactic activity of normal and diluted human serum and plasma. The chemotactic activity of normal and diluted human serum and plasma for human monocytes and neutrophils was investigated. Undiluted, neither serum nor plasma attract monocytes, but this is attributable to an inhibitor masking chemotactic activity. When diluted 3- to 100-fold, appreciable activity for monocyte is detected. In contrast, chemotactic activity for neutrophils is already demonstrable in undiluted normal serum. Chemotactic activities are heat-labile, behave as pseudoglobulins, do not pass through a Diaflo PM 30 membrane and are not inactivated by treatment with di-isopropylfluorophosphate. They seem to be unrelated to the recognized components (or split products) of complement, kallikrein formation, clotting, fibrinolysis or isoantibody-blood cell-complement interaction. Upon complement activation of serum, neutrophil and monocyte chemotactic activities were generated which differed in several respects from the normal serum activities. The relative increase in activity upon activation of serum compared with normal serum was generally high for neutrophils but low for monocytes.


Different concentrations of chemotactic factors can produce attraction or migration inhibition of leukocytes. Parallel tests were conducted utilizing, the capillary tube migration test and the Boyden chamber assay, in order to determine whether the decrease in leukocyte chemotaxis that occurs if overoptimal cytotaxin concentrations are applied is due to migration inhibition. Overoptimal doses of casein produced decreased chemotactic response and migration inhibition for both rabbit macrophages and neutrophils. However, guinea pig neutrophils exhibited no decrease in chemotaxis despite high casein doses. Overoptimal doses of acid-denatured anaphylatoxin produced a decreased chemotactic response and migration inhibition of neutrophils. In both assays, this agent showed no effect upon macrophages. It is concluded that a chemotactic signal at different concentrations can elicit unidirectional migration or migration inhibition. Accordingly, chemotactic leukocyte attraction could be antagonistically regulated not only by serum-derived and lymphocyte-derived migration inhibitory factors but also by high doses of the chemotactic factor itself. Thus, the Boyden chamber technique can measure both chemotactic migration and migration inhibition phenomena.


Relationships between IgE antibody production and other immune responses I. Ontogenic development of IgE antibody-producing capacity in mice. In adult C57BL/6 mice, a high-responder strain to ovalbumin, PCA and HA antibodies appeared at the same time after immunization. In young mice, on the other hand, the capacity to produce IgE antibodies against ovalbumin developed earlier than that to produce IgM or IgG antibodies.


Plasma cells in vertebrate paraocular glands. The Harderian and lachrymal glands of eight mammals and two reptiles were examined histologically for plasma cells and the extent of infiltration compared to that in the Harderian gland of the fowl. Moderate accumulations were observed in one or both glands of the goat, sheep, cow, horse, dog and pig, but only few cells were present in the glands of the mouse and rabbit. No plasma cells were encountered in snake glands but some were detected in both glands of lizards. It is suggested that glandular secretions contribute to local immunity.


Immunochemical studies on a nephritis-associated ubiquitous tissue antigen. A ubiquitous tissue antigen (UTA), associated with chronic renal diseases was partially purified and characterized. The antigen was extracted by solubilization in 0.5% sodium deoxycholate (DOC) of various organs of human and animal origin. UTA was soluble in ammonium sulfate at 50% concentration and precipitable in 71% ethanol. Considerable purification of UTA was achieved by fractional ammunium sulfate precipitation, zone electrophoresis and gel filtration. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and velocity gradient centrifugation through 10-40% sucrose gradients suggested that the main antigenic component is a macromolecule, although aggregability of DOC-extracted proteins upon removal of the solubilizer prevented more accurate determinations. UTA appeared to be a heat-stable glycoprotein which did not contain lipids detectable by Sudan black B staining. The yield of purest UTA preparations, which did not contain components of homologous serum as tested by double diffusion gel precipitation or immunoelectrophoresis, was 0.1-0.2 mg/100 g of starting tissue. Immunization of rabbits with homologous UTA-containing preparations resulted in anti-UTA antibody formation.


Are cellular and humoral components of the immune response linked by a dispatcher cell? Variations in opposite directions of cellular and humoral reactions observed during desensitization and immune deviation could reflect a balance controlled by a cell which dispatches information towards cells involved in delayed hypersensitivity and those involved in antibody synthesis. This dispatcher cell could be one of the targets of antigen-antibody complexes which modulate both cellular and humoral components of the immune response.


Failure to demonstrate involvement of prostaglandins in the immune expulsion of Trichostrongylus colubriformis from the intestine of guinea pigs. The intraduodenal injection of synthetic prostaglandins did not lead to the expulsion of Trichostrongylus colubriformis from the intestine of guinea pigs. Treatment of immune guinea pigs with aspirin and indomethacin failed to inhibit the expulsion of a challenge infection with this nematode. These results suggest that in this infection, unlike Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection in the rat, prostaglandins do not play an important role in the immune expulsion of the parasite from the intestine.


Long-term administration of DDT or phenobarbital-Na in Wistar rats. In lifespan studies, outbred male and female Wistar rats were given either technical DDT mixed into the diet at a dose of 500 parts per million (ppm) or phenobarbital-sodium dissolved in drinking water at a dose of 500 ppm. Liver-cell tumors developed in treated animals but not in controls. The incidence of liver tumors was 45% in the DDT-treated group and 44% in the phenobarbital-sodium-group. When evaluated by sex, DDT-treated females and males had incidences of 56% and 35%, respectively, while in the phenobarbital-sodium group, the respective incidences were 32% and 59% in females and males. These data show a varying susceptibility between the sexes, with regard to induction of liver-cell tumors by the two compounds. In both treated groups, the number of nodular tumors per rat and the average size increased with age and were greater in females. None of these tumors and metastasized. Histologically, the liver tumors were nodular growths, which compressed surrounding parenchyma did not infiltrate it. The total incidence of extrahepatic tumors was higher in controls than in treated animals. In this connection, we must mention the apparent, but not significant, reduction of adrenal tumors in treated rats compared to the controls.


Cellular effects of combined adriamycin and x-irradiation in human tumor cells. The effects on cell survival in tissue culture of Adriamycin, of various Adriamycin derivatives and of the parent compound, daunomycin, have been studied. Adriamycin and three of its C-14 derivatives show similar toxicities towards cells chronically exposed in culture. Acute (30 min) exposures are significantly less toxic than exposures to the drug throughout the period of colony formation. Daunomycin, the parent compound, is significantly more toxic than any Adriamycin compound. Both high-dose, pulsed exposures and low-dose, chronic exposures result in shoulders on the cell survival curves. Split-dose experiments show little evidence for a significant acute repair of Ad damage. Ad toxicity is additive to X-rays at high levels of cell survival and synergistic at low levels of cell survival. Both excision repair-competent and excision-deficient cells show sensitization to X-irradiation when significantly cytotoxic levels of Ad are used. No evidence for an induction of Ad resistance by previous irradiation was found. Ad does not appear to inhibit the repair of sub-lethal X-ray damage. Since Ad produces molecular lesions similar to those induced by X-rays it is hypothesized that both radiation "enhancement" and the recall of latent X-ray injuries result from the induction of Ad of DNA damage similar to that occurring following X-ray exposure. The implications of these findings with respect to clinical drug and X-ray scheduling is discussed.


Gross-virus-induced lymphoma in the rat. IV. Cytotoxic cells in normal rats. Lymphoid cells from normal W/Fu rats are cytotoxic in vitro for syngeneic Gross-virus-induced lymphoma cells in a 4 1/2 h 51Cr release test, and protect against tumour growth in vivo when adoptively transferred to syngeneic recipient rats. Cytotoxicity by normal lymphoid cells was greater with in vitro rather than in vivo passaged target cells, and was increased by preincubation of the lymphoid cells at 37 degrees C for 3 h in vitro before their addition to the target cells. Cytotoxic activity, which was localized predominantly in the spleen, was absent at birth but increased until adulthood with some decline in older age. Histocompatibility at the major Ag-B locus was not required for the killer cell--target cell interaction; normal spleen cells of many Ag-B genotypes were cytotoxic for W/FuG-1 target cells, although BDIX and (BDIX X W/Fu)F1 were less active and BN were inactive. The specificity of cytotoxicity was studied by the techniques of direct lysis, competitive inhibition or adsorption to cellular monolayers, using a variety of cell lines. Selectively of lysis or binding was observed and was restricted to rat target cells releasing exogenous or endogenous C-type viruses.


Cortisol secretion rate during beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol therapy in bronchial asthma. Beclomethasone dipropionate is a new synthetic corticosteroid for the inhalatory treatment of bronchial asthma. The effect of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol (400 mug/day/j weeks) on the cortisol secretion rate in comparison with prednisone per os (10 mg/day/4 weeks) was investigated in 12 patients with allergic bronchial asthma. There was no suppression of the adrenal cortex in the course of beclomethasone dipropionate inhalation, while prednisone significantly suppressed adrenal cortex function.


Lack of hypertensive and hyperglycemic effect of diazoxide after intraventricular injection. In adult fowls intravenous but not intraventricular injection of diazoxide produced hypotension and a rise in blood glucose concentration. Since noradrenaline microinfused into the hypothalamus produced a fall in blood pressure, it does not seem that hypotensive effects of diazoxide are mediated through release of noradrenaline in areas of the luain accessible from the ventriculus tertius cerebri. Present experiments also indicate that the hyperglycemic effects of diazoxide is unlikely to be due to an action on central adrenergic receptors.


Comparative effect of intravenous administration of atenolol and practolol on resting and exercise-evoked increase in heart rate and cardiac work load in normal human subjects. A comparative study of the intensity and duration of action of intravenously administered single doses of atenolol and practolol on the resting and exercise-evoked increase in heart rate and rate-pressure product was carried out in six normal human subjects. On a weight to weight basis, atenolol was 8 times more potent than practolol. There were only marginal differences in the intensity and duration of action of the two drugs. Atenolol, like practolol, was well-tolerated and no side effects were observed. If found safe on longterm use, atenolol may be a suitable alternative to practolol. The daily administration of atenolol in two divided doses should suffice for therapeutic purposes.


The heart rate response as an indicator of changes in activation induced by alcohol. This experiment was conducted in order to examine different alcohol-induced states of activation as indicated by the acoustic evoked heart rate response (HRR). Twelve healthy male subjects received 0.7 g/kg alcohol in one session of a cross-over designed experiment. In the control session no alcohol was given. The measurements of three parameters of the heart rate response as well as the self-assessments of mood were repeated five times along the course of the venous blood alcohol concentration. Significant depressant alcohol effects were reflected in a decrease in the HRR acceleration as well as in a decrease in vitality, vigilance, and self-estimated startle reaction. Stimulating effects could be observed in an increase of the mean heart rate and the second HRR deceleration. We conclude that different alcohol-induced states of activiation represent different patterns of inhibitory and facilitatory processes, each manifesting itself in different parameters. The results suggest three major components of alcohol action: 1) an inhibition release with immediate onset,2) a slower processing inhitition,3) attention focussing as a compensatory response to inhibition.


Interaction of tolbutamide and chloramphenicol in diabetic patients. In study 1 we investigated 8 diabetic female patients treated with tolbutamide who received chloramphenicol to combat urinary tract infections. In 5 patients, chloramphenicol was found to produce a distinct decrease of glycemia. Evaluation of the whole series revealed that the latter averaged 31.5%. No patient developed a marked hypoglycemia. With one exception, the values of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) in serum were within normal. In study 2 we investigated another series of 8 diabetic patients. Given chloramphenicol, 7 patients registered an almost twofold increase in the mean morning tolbutamide level in serum and glycemia decreased by one fourth. No patient developed severe hypoglycemia. Tolbutamide increase in serum was not associated with a rise of IRI level in serum. All patients displayed steady chloramphenicol level in serum. Potential reasons for the development of hypoglycemia during the treatment with sulphonylurea antidiabetics are discussed.


Symmetry patterns in trypsinogen.

Symmetry patterns in trypsinogen. When the primary structure of bovine trypsinogen is searched for the existence of regularities, according to Greller & Erhan (1974), one finds eight pairs of peptides, arranged in a symmetrical pattern along the molecule. These peptides cover 49% of the length of the molecule-112 of the 227 amino acids-and each pair folds in a similar way. This observation is in agreement with the observation that "Trypsin folds into two halves, each of which contains a pseudo-cylindrical arrangement of hydrogen bonds...", Stroud et al. (1971). Thus the above mentioned method is capable not only of detecting regulatities along the primary structure but also of predicting the folding of a protein.


Des-Nalpha-acetyl-alpha-melanotropin: a synthetic substrate for specific N-terminal directed enzymatic acetylation. Application of the 2-methylsulfonylethyloxycarbonyl group for temporary amino protection enables the synthesis from one precursor of des-Nalpha1-acetyl-alpha-MSH, the two mono N-acetylated forms (in positions I and II) and the diacetyl form of this tridecapeptide amideq The free tridecapeptide amide, although structurally unrelated to the normal substrate, was recognized by an enzyme occurring in calf eye-lens tissue. The product of the enzymatic reaction was exclusively alpha-MSH. Partial sequences derived from the N-terminus were less rapidly acetylated or not at all, depending on their chain length. The enzyme, therefore, appears to direct its activity to free N-terminal alpha-amino groups of peptides exceeding a certain critical chain length. Acetylation of epsilon-amino functions did not occur.


The solid phase synthesis of porcine secretin with full biological activity. The solid phase synthesis of procine secretin is described. The C-terminal residue was attached to a polymeric amino support and all the Boc-amino acids, including Boc-glutamine, were coupled by a modified carbodiimide method. A preliminary test synthesis showed that the couplings of several amino acids of the N-terminal section were unsatisfactory. This problem was overcome in the main synthesis by executing all the major reactions twice. Cleavage of the peptide fromthe resin as well as the removal of all the side chain protecting groups was achieved with liquid HF. The product was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex to obtain a highly purified heptacosapeptide amide with full biological activity.


Bee venom peptides XVIII. Peptide-m and mcd-peptide: Isolation and characterization. A simple method is described for the purification of peptide-M and MCD-peptide from bee venom. The steps are Sephadex G-50 gel filtration of pH 4.5 (Steps 1 and 2) and chromatography on silica gel (Steps 3 and 4). The peptides are homo geneous with respect to thin-layer chromatography, electrophoresis at pH 2.0, and amino acid analysis. Peptide-M contains 24 amino acid residues and has a calculated molecular weight of 2750.


Studies on trypsin inhibitors. Part VII. Synthesis of protected peptides related to sequences 1 - 14 and 36 - 52 of porcine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor II (Kazal). The synthesis, by fragment condensation, of protected peptides related to the N-terminal (positions 1-14) and C-terminal (positions 36-52) portions of the amino acid sequence of porcine pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor II (Kazal type) is described. The alpha-carboxyl function of the lysyl residue in position 14 was used as the free acid, or protected by the tert-butyloxycarbonylhydrazide. Two different synthetic pathways were used in the preparation of the 36-52 sequence of the inhibitor. The identity and purity of the synthesized peptide derivatives were established by amino acid analysis of acid hydrolysates, optical rotation and this layer chromatography in two solvent sytems. The final products were also evaluated, after partial deprotection with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride or aqueous 90% trifluoroacetic acid, by paper electrophoresis at different pH values and enzymic digestion with papain and aminopeptidase M followed by quantitative amino acid analysis.


A note on the two-dimensional representation of hydrogen bonding scheme in triose phosphate isomerase. When the backbone hydrogen bonding scheme of the protein triose phosphate isomerase is represented in the two-dimensional map where the donor residue number (i) is taken along the x-axis and the acceptor residue number (j) is taken along the y-axis, the (i, j)-map shows a characteristic pattern of (beta alpha)8-super-secondary structure.


A photolabile protecting group for the phenolic hydroxyl function of tyrosine. The ortho-nitrobenzyl group (ONBzl) was utilized to protect the phenolic functions of the side chain of tyrosine. Optimal conditions for its mild photolyti removal were established. This paper describes the preparation and properties of some (O-ONBzl)-tyrosine derivatives of potential value in the synthesis of tyrosine-containing peptides. Their use in the synthesis of the dipeptide, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-tyrosyl-glycine ethyl ester is presented as an example.


Dissociation, aggregation and denaturation of sesame alpha-globulin in urea and guanidine hydrochloride solutions. The effect of urea and GuHCl on the major protein of sesame seed (Sesamum indicum L.), alpha-globulin, has been investigated by turbidity, sedimentation velocity, viscosity, difference spectra and fluorescence spectral measurements. The protein undergoes dissociation, aggregation and denaturation in the presence of the above denaturants. There is a critical concentration of the denaturant where aggregation is maximum. Both denaturation and aggregation are lower in buffers of high ionic strength. Dissociation and aggregation have been explained by considering two types of subunits present in the protein molecule, one leading to smaller sedimenting component and the other producing the aggregate. The amino acid analysis shows that the aggregated fraction is rich in aliphatic amino acid residues. The endothermic nature of the aggregation process has been considered to arise from hydrophobic interaction of aliphatic side chains of the relevant subunits. The protein exists in a more denatured state in GuHCl than in urea solution.


Rhinorrhea, ventricular radiopharmaceutical stasis and communicating hydrocephalus: evaluation by serial cisternography. Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea has been known to occur in association with hydrocephalus. The specific pathophysiology which results in a potential communication between the cerebrospinal fluid space (subarachnoid space) and the nasopharynx is unknown. The relationship of CSF movement and rhinorrhea was evaluated in ten random source mongrel dogs. These data suggest that spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea may occur during the early developmental phase of communicating hydrocephalus in dogs. At this time radiopharmaceutical movement showed ventricular entry and clearing. When the lateral ventricles enlarged, ventricular radiopharmaceutical stasis was seen and the rhinorrhea disappeared. This suggests that CSF rkinorrhea may act as a compensatory mechanism which partially protects the CSF compartment to withstand the extra CSF during the early development of communicating hydrocephalus.


Xenon and krypton as radiographic inhalation contrast media with computerized tomography: preliminary note. Computerized tomography (CT) scans of samples of the inert gases xenon and krypton inside a Lucite phantom, show these gases to be potentially useful inhalation contrast media with CT scanning of the chest.


Computerized tomography in the evaluation of pituitary adenomas. Computerized tomography during the past few years has been unequivocally been proven to be of extreme value in the evaluation of intracranial disease. Despite earlier reports, accuracy of diagnosis in the area of the sella turcica is found to be high despite the close proximity of both bony and air-containing structures. Correlation between computed tomographic images, angiography and pneumoencephalography has been performed and demonstrates that CT scans with a low margin of erro depict the relationships of pituitary adenomas to the surrounding brain parenchyma. The continued importance of angiography, and to some degree pneumoencephalography, in the diagnosis of pituitary tumors is discussed.


Focal spots: II. Models.

Focal spots: II. Models. A new "smeared filament image" focal spot model is suggested. This model and previous models are compared to experimental results. It is found that the proposed model fits the experimental data in a self consistent and accurate manner. The rectangular model also gives satisfactory results in situations where the focus MTF does not dominate the system MTF.


Focal spots: III. Field characteristics. Experimental results for focal spot field characteristics are presented. These results do not agree completely with results published by Moores and Roeck but are in agreement with Doi's theory as applied to separable focal spots. A new image plane origin called the principal ray is proposed. The variation of the star test pattern image for separable, symmetric focal spots is described. The equation for the field variation of the RMS equivalent rectangle is presented.


Diatrizoate in computed cranial tomography: a quantitative study. Plasma diatrizoate concentrations during computed cranial tomography were measured by UV spectrophotometry in 14 patients. A loading dose of 0.82 mg diatrizoate/kg followed by a stead infusion of 0.01 mg/kg was required to attain and maintain plasma concentrations of approximately 400 mg/100 ml. Lowering the beam energy resulted in a substantial increase in the EMI numbers of diatrizoate and significant improvement in the delineation of contrast containing lesions. A contrast index estimating the volume of pixel containing diatrizoate was calculated for five diagnosed lesions and this factor appears to be related to vascularity and extravasation.


Focal spots: I. MTF separability.

Focal spots: I. MTF separability. Focal spot models have been based on the implicit assumption that the two dimensional MTF is mathematically separable in the form P(u, v) = P(u)P(v). Experimental results for nine foci are presented. It is concluded that the assumption of separability can be used without introducing a large error. As a consequence of this property, considerable simplification is brought to the measurement and mathematical description of the two dimensional focal distribution.


Iothalamate ethyl ester as hepatolienographic agent. In search of a hepatolienographic agent, the iothalamate ethyl ester particulate suspension was prepared with the average particle size of 1.5 mu in diameter. When mixed with plasma of different animal species, the physical properties of the particular suspension changed significantly. The nature of this difference is not understood but is probably related to protein-particle interaction in the different species. Doses of 550 mg iodine per kg body weight as a single intravenous infusion of the particulate suspension resulted in satisfactory opacification of liver and spleen in rats, followed by complete loss of radiopacity within three days. Larger doses resulted in the death of the rats within 12-14 hours. In general, the mice tolerated larger doses than rats, but there was very poor opacification of the liver, despite good opacification of spleen. Further work is being carried out to improve the suspension and to better understand the difference in behavior of the particulate suspension in different animal species.


Heterogeneity of Wilson's disease in Israel. In a survey in Israel of 50 patients with Wilson's disease, it was found that this disease occurred in all ethnic groups. In the Arab patients there was a significantly early age of onset and the disease followed a more severe course than that in the Jewish patients. The overall sex ratio of patients was nearly 1:1, and genetic analysis of 20 families confirmed an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The very similar age of onset and type of disease within sibships and the varying ages of onset noted between the Arab and Jewish patients suggest that the disease is genetically heterogeneous.


The biliary and urinary excretion of sodium tyropanoate and sodium ipodate in dogs: pharmacokinetics, influence of bile salts and choleretic effects with comparison to iopanoic acid. The biliary and urinary excretion of sodium tyropanoate (Bilopaque) and sodium ipodate (Oragrafin) were studied in unanesthetized bile-fistula dogs using stepwise, increasing, intravenous infusions of the contrast materials. A constant intravenous infusion of sodium taurocholate was administered at the rate of either 0.5 or 2.0 mu moles per min per kg throughout each experiment. The biliary excretion of sodium tyropanoate or sodium ipodate was not effected by the rate of sodium taurocholate infusion. The maximum rate of biliary excretion of sodium ipodate was significantly greater than that of sodium tyropanoate with the low taurocholate infusion, but there was no significant difference between the two with the high taurocholate infusion. With the low taurocholate infusion the maximum biliary excretion rate of sodium tyropanoate (0.956 mu moles per min per kg) and sodium ipodate (1.472 mu moles per min per kg) were significantly greater than the maximum biliary excretion of iopanoic acid (Telepaque) (0.671 mu moles per min per kg). With the high taurocholate infusion the maximum biliary excretion rates of the three contrast agents were not statistically different. Both sodium tyropanoate and sodium ipodate produced an increase in canalicular bile flow (8-11 ml per millimole). These data suggest that in clinical cholecystography sodium tyropanoate and sodium ipodate are not excreted in bile more rapidly than iopanoic acid, except when the rate of biliary excretion of bile salts is low; that is, except in patients who are fasting or those who are on a fat-free diet.


Small blood vessel involvement in childhood dermatomyositis. An ultrastructural study of a case. The electron microscopic changes in a muscle biopsy from a child with the clinical picture of acute dermatomyositis are described. Skin and muscle tissue examined by light microscopy did not revealed vascular alterations. Degeneration of isolated muscle fibers was detected with complete loss of myofilaments and disintegration of the Z-band material. Muscle arteries and veins were free of thrombi, but striking ultrastructural changes were seen in the smallest blood vessels in the muscle. These consisted mainly of vascular occlusion due to necrotic cells mixed with degenerated platelets. Dissoluted endothelial cells and denuded basement membrane were usually seen in the wall of the occluded capillaries. Cytoplasmic  tubular particles were present in otherwise unaltered endothelial cells. The possibility that the capillary lesions are related to an acute immunological injury is mentioned.


Cervical incompetence: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. During a seven-year period, 311 women with cervical incompetence were treated by cerclage. Fifty-three of the women were treated twice during the study period, 12, three times, and one, four times, so that a total of 391 pregnancies was studied. There were only 45 emergency procedures. Candidates for elective cerclage were selected on the basis of hysterographic findings and the Hegar test. Cerclage was performed by the simple McDonald procedure, usually during the 11th to 12th week of gestation, after the presence of fetal life had been established by ultrasonic detection of the fetal heartbeats. Apart from antibiotics no medical treatment was given. Hospitalization following cerclage was reduced to less than 24 h. The fetal salvage rate was 89%, with minor differences among four etiologic subgroups. The minimum benefit rate of the operations was 64.6%. The degree of cervical patency, as established by the Hegar test, was found to be of prognostic value in cerclage-treated pregnancies. Ultrasonic detection of fetal heartbeat before cerclage significantly improved fetal salvage by almost complete elimination of early fetal loss. Simplification of the surgical procedure is recommended.


Traumatic hemolysis after aortofemoral bypass. A study of 25 cases. The prevalance of traumatic intravascular hemolysis was estimated in 25 patients following aortofemoral bypass. Stigmata of mild red cell fragmentation were noted in approximately one third of the patients, but in only one of them was hemolysis of sufficient severity to be of clinical significance. The case history and laboratory findings in this patient are described in detail. This study indicates that traumatic hemolysis should be considered as a possible cause of anemia developing after aortofemoral bypass.


Constrictive pericarditis in familial Mediterranean fever. Fibrosing peritonitis and constrictive pericarditis occurred in an 18-year-old patient who manifested the classic features of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Pericardial calcification had been present in chest X-rays taken when the patient was five years old. Intermittent intestinal obstruction and congestive heart failure were relieved by appropriate surgical intervention, but attacks of FMF subsided only after colchicine therapy. This is the first instance of nonuremic pericarditis in our experience with over 1,000 FMF patients. Critical analysis of the reported cases in which pericarditis was attributed to FMF strengthens our belief that the occurrence of pericarditis in a patient with FMF probably represents a fortuitous intercurrent disease.


Life-threatening "vagal reaction" to emotional stimuli. "Vagal reactions" may follow sudden emotional or physical strain in "vagotonic individuals" and are usually benign. In the case described, emotional stimuli caused life-threatening vagal reactions in a "healthy individual." Implantation of an artifical pacemaker was necessary to control the attacks.


A comparative study of hepatitis B and non-B in hospitalized adults in an endemic area. The epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory features of 40 adults with acute viral hepatitis type B were compared with those of 40 adults with hepatitis non-B. Overall, the clinical presentations were remarkably similar and the etiology could not be determined in individual cases. An exception to this was that all post-transfusion cases in this series were affected by hepatitis B. Men predominated in both the hepatitis B and non-B groups. There was a tendency to seasonal clustering in summer/autumn in both groups. Hepatitis B patients were significantly older and 59% of them had a history of possible parenteral exposure during the six months preceding admission. On the other hand 76% of patients with hepatitis non-B had no apparent parenteral exposure. Dental treatment, injections and contact with jaundiced patients were recorded in both groups and were therefore of no value in determining the exact etiology in individual cases. Fever was more common in hepatitis non-B, while the onset of the disease was insidious and afebrile in 80% of patients with hepatitis B. As a group, patients with hepatitis B had more extensive liver injury and a more prolonged clinical course, and the only fatality was in this group. Cholestatic features were rare and extrahepatic immune complex disease was extremely uncommon in both hepatitis B and non-B.


[Idiopathic and sclerodermic facial hemiatrophy with generalized myopathy. Clinical, electromyographic and histologic examinations of six patients]. Six patients with facial hemiatrophy (H.f) were thoroughly examined by clinical and laboratory investigations. Two were found to have idiopathic and four facial hemiatrophy due to different types of localized scleroderma. In all cases a generalized myopathy was present, demonstrated by electromyographical, histological, and biochemical means. In none of these cases a hereditary or neurological cause for the facial hemiatrophy was found. However, in two cases autoantibodies against nuclei and muscle were repeatedly obtained. No prolongation of sensory or pain chronaxy occurred in either the patients with sclerodermal or idiopathic facial hemiatrophy. These observations suggest that facial hemiatrophy can originate (a) in a localized scleroderma in the involved part of the face, (b) in an ipsilateral "sclérodermie en coup de sabre", or (c) in the coexistence of both. There is a close pathological and physiological correlation between idiopathic and sclerodermal facial hemiatrophy. In both forms of facial hemiatrophy the disease involves skeletal muscle tissue systematically. This myopathy is similar to that of progressive scleroderma, far exceeding the limited muscular involvement of localized scleroderma. Sclerodermal facial hemiatrophy can be associated with autoimmune phenomena.


[Oral florid papillomatosis or "speckled" leukoplakia? A discussion with reference to three cases (author's transl)]. Three patients in whom the  diagnosis of oral florid papillomatosis or speckled leukoplakia was made are reported. All three patients were elderly men, who had been heavy smokers for years. In two of the treated patients the disease recurred. Histologically pseudohyphae of Candida could be demonstrated of all three cases. The etiology and the differential diagnosis of oral florid papillomatosis and speckled leukoplakia are discussed. In our opinion, there is no essential difference between oral florid papillomatosis and speckled leukoplakia.


[Skin syphilids, only incidental findings]. Six cases of syphilides- rarely seen cutaneous manifestations today--are reported and the difficulties in finding the correct diagnosis are stressed. Considerations with particular reference to the differential diagnosis of clinically and histomorphologically similar diseases are discussed. Beside case history and serological tests it is of overall importance to bear in mind the possibility of late syphilis.


[Tinea capitis in school children in London]. An account is given of the increase in incidence of scalp ringworm seen in London school children over a twelve year period. The increase was accompanied by the isolation of a greater variety of species of dermatophytes some of which are not indigenous to Britain, such as Trichophyton soudanense. Four main radical groups of children were investigated and the distribution of the fungi causing scalp infections among them determined.


[Malignant granular cell tumor].

[Malignant granular cell tumor]. A case of malignant granular cell tumor is reported. A 44-year-old male patient presented a tumor starting from the left side of the neck which finally extended shoulder and left thoracic region. Despite repeated gammatron radiations and cytostatic therapy death occurred three years after the discovery of the primary tumor due to spreading of metastases into the cervical spinal cord, para-aortic lymph nodes, lungs, kidney and liver. The differential diagnosis of the morphological substrate is discussed and the preference of the termination introduced by Stout and Lattes is established.


[Psoriasis: a general disease?].

[Psoriasis: a general disease?]. Though particular immunological findings are reported in some cases of psoriasis (increased IgA-, IgE- and IgG-levels, decreased IgM-level, and occurrence of antiglobulin-factors), psoriasis should not be considered as an autoimmune disease. Likewise psoriasis is not a general disease, nor is it a systemic disease. The vascular alterations in the upper corium which are quite regularly found in the apparently-non-affected skin, are probably restricted to the extracerbations of the disease.


Catecholamine histofluorescence using cryostat sectioning and glyoxylic acid in unperfused frozen brain: a detailed description of the technique. This paper presents a technique for glyoxylic acid-induced monoamine histofluorescence in the central nervous system. Unperfused rat brains are sectioned in a cryostat, immersed in 2% glyoxylic acid solution, warm-air dried and gassed at 100 degrees C. Intense, well-localized catecholamine fluorescence is produced and all known catecholamine-containing structures are demonstrated. The fluorescence obtained by this method was evaluated by a variety of agents and was shown to be catecholaminergic in origin. In contrast to the Vibratome-glyoxylic acid technique, this procedure reliably produces thin, whole-brain sections of even thickness and allows protracted use of the tissue block. Because unperfused tissue is used, the technique can be applied to a broad variety of material, such as post-mortem tissue or invertebrate preparations. Alternate sections can be prepared for a variety of techniques requiring unperfused tissue (e.g., enzymatic localization, chemical assay, anatomical techniques). The reasons for choosing each of the parameters in the technique are discussed.


An enzymatic method for the histochemical localization of free and esterified cholesterol separately. An enzymatic method for the histochemical localization of cholesterol is presented. It makes possible the localization of free cholesterol, cholesterol esters, or both and is compatible with routine histological staining procedures. The method is based on the production of H2O2 from free cholesterol by cholesterol oxidase. Sites of peroxide production are visualized by a brown reaction product formed in a peroxidase-catalysed reaction between diaminobenzidine and H2O2. Cholesterol esters can be demonstrated as cholesterol after hydrolysis by cholesterol ester hydrolase. Some examples of the application of the method are given.


Electron histochemistry of mucosubstances in normal human rectal epithelium. The electron microscopic histochemistry of mucosubstances in sigmoidoscopically and microscopically normal rectal biopsies was studied using techniques currently available. The deposition of Alcian Blue and Ruthenium Red and the distribution of Concanavalin A receptors were limited to the epithelial cell borders. Mucosubstances in the fuzzy coat, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and secretory vesicles were demonstrated by the periodic acid-chromic acid oxidation methods. Glycogen was demonstrated in the epithelium by periodate oxidation methods and the complex cyanide technique. There was little difference in the distribution of mucosubstances in the epithelial cells at any level of the crypts. Phosphotungstic acid staining under controlled conditions gave a similar distribution of mucosubstances to those revealed by the oxidation techniques.


[Greater petrosal nerve surgery in long-term cluster headache (author's transl)]. Report on three cases with cluster headache for a period of 10 to 20 years, respectively. This was healed by resection of the greater petrosal nerve. In these patients the nerve was found in a bony canal of a length of 5 to 6 mm between the geniculate ganglion and the facial nerve hiatus. In this region the nerve was blurred free, luxated from the canal, and resected. Histological control of this part of the nerve revealed a fibrosis of the peri- and epineurium and a degeneration of some nerve fibers. Histological control in a greater number of cases is recommended.


[Spontaneously occuring and experimentally induced enzymatic changes in the rat parotid gland: a possible experimental model of ageing (author's transl)]. The activity, specificity and stability of many enzymes decreases in ageing organisms. This fact is attributed to the accumulation of errors in protein biosynthesis. Due to its very active protein metabolism, the parotid gland is a suitable experimental model for the investigation of such age-dependent processes. By administration of 5-bromodeoxyuridine to young rats, changes of isoamylase.activity were induced in the parotid glands which were strikingly similar to those found earlier in control normally-aged animals.


[Surgical correction of vocal cord synechia (author's transl)]. Anterior webs of the larynx, whether congenital or traumatic in origin, are conventionally treated by excision and subsequent interposition of a stent between the raw surfaces of the defect to prevent regrowth of the web. The present paper describes a new technique which does not require interposition of a stent. The web is divided through a laryngofissure and adjacent connective tissue is removed. The cut raw surfaces of the vocal cords are covered by the adjacent mucosa, which is carefully mobilized, adapted and sutured with interrupted silk sutures. The method described has been used in eight patients, with a good result obtained in seven of the patients. In the eighth patient, post-tranumatic scars with web formation were removed so that the condition was improved but not completely corrected.


[Isotopic cisternography in detection of CSF Rhinorrhea (author's transl)]. The radioisotope cisternogram has proven itself to be a valuable diagnostic procedure during the evaluation of patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea. If it is not possible to define the origin of such a leak, extensive intracranial explorations may be required, which may or may not result in successful correction of the defect. As a functional examination with limited risk to the patient and minimal radiation exposure, the isotopic cisternogram can either establish a diagnosis of CSF rhinorrhea or eliminate cerebrospinal fluid as a cause for rhinorrhea. When occurring, CSF leaks can be shown by demonstrating a "path" from the cranial fossage into the nasal cavity. The present technique utilizes tampons placed in each nostril. A positive diagnosis of CSF rhinorrhea is made by finding a tampon impregnated with at least twice the radioactivity of a control tampon from the opposite nostril (in the presence of an intact septum). Conclusions indicate that a positive anterior fossa cisternogram may be the only evidence for hidden site of CSF leakage, especially when other signs are lacking.


Clinical and histologic evaluation of bilateral hemilaminectomy and deep dorsal laminectomy for extensive spinal cord decompression in the dog. Various forms of 2 techniques for maximal decompression of the thoracolumbar spinal cord in dogs were evaluated clinically and histologically. Based on the results of this study, the veterinary surgeon could consider the following spinal decompression procedures: (1) deep dorsal laminectomy over 1 vertebra; (2) bilateral hemilaminectomy on 1 vertebra, with removal of articular processes and dorsal spinal plating; and (3) bilateral hemilaminectomy on 2 vertebrae, with the articular processes left intact. Of these 3, the 1st and 3rd techniques would probably be considered for use more often than the 2nd. Deep dorsal laminectomy over 2 vertebrae should be considered with reservation. Bilateral hemilaminectomy on 2 vertebrae, with rigid dorsal spinal plating and without articular processes at the ends of the defect, should not be used. Before using one of the techniques, the surgeon should consider the indications, advantages, and disadvantages for that technique.


Canine urolithiasis: retrospective analysis of 438 cases. In a retrospective analysis of 438 cases of canine urolithiasis, a total of 561 urolithic episodes were found to have occurred in a 6 1/2-year period. The hospital incidence of urolithiasis during that period, defined as the proportion of dogs hospitalized with urolithiasis to the total number of dogs hospitalized, was 2.8%. The major chemical component of the calculus in 307 dogs was phosphate; in 95 dogs, cystine; in 21 dogs, urate; in 12 dogs, oxalate; and in 3 dogs, carbonate. The Miniature Schnauzer, Dachsund, Dalmatian, Pug, Bulldog, Welsh Corgi, Beagle, and Bassett Hound were breeds that had a significantly higher (P less than 0.05) incidence of calculi than did breeds of other dogs hospitalized. Predisposition for calculi, by sex, was not found. Most dogs with calculi were between 3 and 7 years old. Most calculi were radiopaque and were located in the bladder or in the bladder and urethra. Specimens for bacteriologic culture were obtained by catheterization or by swabbing of tissue at the surgical site. Of 259 specimens obtained, 181 were culture-positive. The most common organisms isolated were Staphylococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, Streptococcus spp, and Klebsiella spp. Most of the bacteria were sensitive to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, cephalothin, and methanamine mandelate.


Recurrence of canine urolithiasis.

Recurrence of canine urolithiasis. A retrospective analysis of urolithiasis in the dog was done at the Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, and involved a review of case records from Jan 1, 1968, to June 30, 1974. The study involved a total of 438 dogs that had a total of 561 urolithic episodes. Of the 438 dogs, 111 had 155 known recurrences of calculi. The types of recurrent calculi were phosphate (54 dogs), cystine (45 dogs), urate (7 dogs), oxalate (3 dogs), and carbonate (2 dogs). Two-thirds of the recurrent cases involved only 2 episodes. One-half of the population was composed of mixed breeds, Schnauzers, and Poodles. With the exception of 25 females that had phosphate calculi, all of the dogs with recurrences were males. Sixty-six dogs were tested for urinary bacteria and of these dogs, 40 had infected urinary tracts. The infected dogs had both phosphate and cystine calculi. In addition, most dogs with phosphate calculi had Staphylococcus infections, whereas the cultures from the dogs with cystine calculi had a wide range of bacteria.


Associations in the hominoid facial skeleton. A comparative study has been made of the correlations between numerous linear and angular dimensions of the facial skeleton of man and the three great apes. The Varimax (rotated orthogonal) factor analysis was found to be an essential aid in analysing the very large correlation matrices obtained. It indicated that three groups of association can be identified in the hominoid skull. The first reflects co-ordonated variation in total skull size; the second, co-ordinated variation within common anatomical regions; the third, co-ordination between the jaws and dentition. A broadly similar pattern was found in each group for all four genera. The principal contrasts between man, on the one hand, and the apes, on the other, were found in groups 1 and 2. The most prominent of these was a generally much tighter degree of association between the size and position of upper and lower jaws in the apes, and a consequently reduced tendency for disruption of the occlusal relationship of the teeth.


The presence of fine elastin fibrils within the elastin fibre observed by scanning electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy of critical point dried, enzymically and chemically purified fetal and adult elastin fibres from bovine ligamentum nuchae has shown that the fibres are composed of fine elastin fibrils (110-130nm diameter). In the fetal tissue the elastin fibres were of relatively uniform thickness and did not bifurcate, but in the adult, much thicker, branching fibres were present. It would appear that, during maturation of the elastin fibre, thickening is the result of the aggregation of many fine fibrils, and bifurcations result form bundles of such fibrils crossing over from one fibre to another.


Fine structure of the olfactory epithelium in some primates. Electron microscopy of the olfactory epithelium of two prosimian primates, the trees shrew and slow loris, and two simian primates, the macaque and gibbon, has shown that this epithelium consists of three cell types, receptor cells, supporting cells and basal cells, as in other mammals. Receptor cells were ciliated in all the animals investigated except the tree shrew, where, in addition to ciliated receptors, nonciliated receptors bearing only microvilli were occasionally present. Developing receptor cells containing numerous centrioles between nucleus and cell surface were occasionally observed and these cells had poorly developed olfactory knobs and few mitochondria. The olfactory epithelium was similar in morphology in all four species, except that supporting cells showed progressively more numerous, more slender and longer microvilli on their distal surface from tree shrew to slow loris to macaque to gibbon. This may imply a more discriminatory surface in the higher primates in view of the close relationship of these microvilli to the receptor cell surface.


Studies on the postnatal growth of the rat adrenal cortex. In the male rat the volumes of the several zones of the adrenal cortex were measured using a point-counting technique at various ages. The resulting growth curves were fitted by the Gompertz method, and the specific growth rate calculated for each zone at 14 days of age. Also at 14 days the flash labelling index was measured in contiguous bands each three cells in thickness across the cortex; maximum indices were found in the outer cortical layers. Calculations of the birth rate for each zona were compared with the growth rates. In the zona glomerulosa, the birth rate exceeded the growth rate, giving a cell migration rate of 4 cells/1000 cells/hour. In the zona reticularis there was a net cell gain of 5 cells/1000 cells/hour; in this zone, for every 100 cells born by cell division, nearly 2000 were added by cell migration. The results support the migration hypothesis of adrenocortical cytogenesis.


Identification of keratohyalin in freeze-fracture replicas of rat buccal epithelium. In freeze-fracture replicas of rat cheek epithelium structures representing various forms of keratohyalin granules as seen in stained thin sections have been identified. Discrete spherical granules present in nuclei and cytoplasm are represented in replicas by aggregates of 6 nm particles, and composite granules by similar aggregates associated with a homogeneous component. The observations tend to support the concept of the structural heterogeneity of keratohyalin granules.


Ultrastructural morphometry of the rat neurohypophysis. Standard sterological methods have been used to determine the morphometric parameters of the rat neurohypophysis. Sectioned material from six neurohypophyses was analysed at four levels of magnification in the electron microscope. Quantitative data was obtained about the volume, number and surface area of the various cytological components, and was expressed as density per mm3 of tissue and as absolute dimensions for the average neurohypophysis.


Experiments concerning the initiation of the choroid fissure in Gallus domesticus. 121 experiments are reported in Gallus domesticus, in which the left optic primordium from donor embryos ranging from stages 9 to 17 (Hamburger & Hamilton) was grafted upside down into host embryos at approximately stage 11-(12 somite stage), replacing the host right primary optic vesicle, which had previously been removed. In 36 experiments, up to donor stage 12+, the choroid fissure in the graft developed in hostwise ventral orientation, i.e. from the original dorsal quadrant of the graft. In four cases no fissure appeared. In donor stage 17 grafts, the fissure was invariably in graftwise dorsal orientation. In the intermediate donor stages 14 and 15, hostwise fissures occured in 12 out of 23 experiments, and in the donor stages 15 and 16, in 7 out of 28. Six cases were seen in which the fissure was in a position approximately midway between the hostwise and graftwise positions. Multiple fissures were not encountered. The results are compared with those reported in Trition by Sato (1933).


Influence of ovarian surface epithelium and rete ovarii on follicle formation. Early follicle development has been studied in mouse ovaries grafted to immunologically incompetent hosts. Early follicular formation and growth is apparently dependent on the presence of the rete ovarii: the surface epithelium does not seem to play a decisive role. This was shown in transplantation studies of fetal gonads which had been divided into parts with and without the rete ovarii. None of the rete-depleted ovaries exhibited normal follicular differentiation regardless of the presence or absence of the surface epithelium, whereas follicles developed normally in all the implants containing the rete system.