Recruitment and discharge patterns of single motor units during speech production. Recruitment and discharge patterns of single motor units (MUs) in the anterior belly of digastric were studied during speech in three subjects, using electrodes facilitating selective recording at high force levels. Fixed recruitment order was observed in over 99% of all comparisons. Later recruited units invariably possessed muscle action potentials of higher amplitude, suggesting that units were activated in accordance with the "size principle." Additional evidence for this was that later recruited units, of a set of three studied during speech, motor unit training, and isometric force ramps, showed greater sensitivity to input, and greater dynamic range than earlier recruited units. Units in this set were much more sensitive to rapid changes in input associated with speech gestures than to static activation even at high force levels. Several significant relations between discharge characteristics and aspects of movement dynamics were observed, including relations between (1) recruitment interval (MU1 to MU3) and latency of mandibular lowering, (2) onset of initial discharge of MU1 and relative mechanical advantage of the mandible, (3) number of MUs active and velocity and displacement of the mandible, and (4) discharge rate of MU3 and velocity and displacement of the mandible.


Contextual-coarticulatory inconsistency of /r/ misarticulation. Ten children who misarticulated /r/ participated in a task designed to survey inconsistent misarticulatory behavior. Children repeated 51 sentences during each of three trials. All sentences contained a single occurrence of an allophone of /r/ in systematically permuted, lexically constrained (LC) or nonlexically constrained (NLC) CrV contexts or nonlexically constrained (NLC) contexts. Results suggested that reliable judgment procedures were employed and that a high degree of internal consistency was present for the sentence repetition task. All children demonstrated inconsistent misarticulation of the target phonemes. Target allophones, in order of least to more often correctly produced, were (NCL) [r], (LC) [r], and (NLC). Correct production of [r] within NLC contexts occurred more frequently when preceded by /k/ and when followed by the vowels /i/, /ae/, and /u/. The target allophone [r] in LC clusters was produced correctly more often within /k/ and /t/ contexts than in /p/ contexts. Vocalic was produced correctly more often within and contexts than when in others in which /k/, /n/, /t/, and /p/ were permuted. Data suggest that certain anticipatory and carry-over coarticulatory variables result in positive influences during inconsistent misarticulatory behavior.


Subjective evaluation of articulatory effort. Thirty-two adult speakers repeated pairs of CV syllables, each embedded in a carrier phrase, and designated the consonant member of the pair they believed required more articulatory effort. The task was performed under three speaking conditions (1) normal conversational speech, (2) whispered speech, and (3) pantomimed speech. Voicing and fricative manner of production appeared to be related to judgments of greater articulatory effort. Highly consistent responses across the three speaking conditions suggest other psychological factors to which subjects respond during conditions of normal as well as subvocal modes of speaking. Analyses yielded significant correlations between articulatory effort responses and current data concerning children's phonological acquisition, children's phoneme substitution patterns, and frequency of occurrence of consonants in conversational English.


Calibration force levels for bone conduction vibrators. Two bone conduction vibrators (Radioear B71 and B72) and a headband (Radioear P-3333) have been developed to meet specifications of both the International Electrotechnical Commission and the American National Standard Institute. Pure-tone thresholds for air conduction and bone conduction were obtained from 24 normal-hearing young adults at audiometric frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz. Results of this study are in good agreement with the standard air conduction threshold sound pressure levels (ANSI) and with bone conduction threshold force levels reported in the literature.


Laryngeal behavior during stuttering.

Laryngeal behavior during stuttering. Laryngeal behavior associated with 101 stutterings (part-work repetitions, sound prolongations, and broken words) produced by a group of 10 stutterers was observed by means of a flexible fiberoptic naso-laryngoscope. Results indicated that 60% of part-word repetitions were different from fluent productions of the same speech segment in terms of laryngeal behavior, and 72% of sound prolongations were similar to fluent productions of the same speech segment. Findings indicate that there are differences in laryngeal behavior among the various types of stutterings.


Loudness perception for short-duration tones in masking noise. The effect of masking noise on the temporal summation of loudness is investigated here by performing loudness balances between a standard 500-msec tone burst (1000 Hz at either 20-, 50-, or 80-dB SPL) and either masked or unmasked comparison tone bursts (1000 Hz with durations between 10 and 640 msec). In all but two instances, the obtained functions relating SPL for equal loudness to stimulus duration could be plotted as two line segments that met to form a knee. The slopes of the line segments at durations less than the kneepoints are altered by the masking noise, becoming less steep with increased masking. The rate of the slope decrease is related to the standard sound pressure level (SPL) and is greatest using the 80-dB SPL standard and least with the 20-dB SPL standard. Temporal summation of loudness continues at durations above the kneepoints. However, the obtained slopes are less than those found below the knee, and are independent of the test conditions. The slope changes are found to be related to the noise producing a power transformation on the operating characteristics of the auditory system. These latter findings are discussed in relation to Zwislocki's quantitative theory of the temporal summation of loudness.


Effect of auditory prestimulation on naming in aphasia. In five aphasic subjects, picture naming alone was compared with picture naming in the presence of four different auditory cues. Eighty words represented by pictures were associated with the following auditory cues: the first phoneme of the target word; an open-ended sentence designed to elicit the target word; three words, one of which was the target word; three words, all semantically related to the target word. Three conditions--the phonetic cue, the open-ended sentence, and the set of three words containing the target word--facilitated naming significantly. The condition making use of semantically related words resulted in a significant decrease in naming performance. Implications of these findings for theories of verbal recall, impairment of verbal recall in aphasia, and language therapy are discussed.


Oral sensory and motor behaviors of children with /s/ or /r/ misarticulations. Measurements of lingual two-point discrimination, oral form discrimination, and alternate motion rate of the tongue were made in 15 children who had normal articulation, 15 children who misarticulated /s/, and 15 children who misarticulated /r/. The two groups of children with misarticulations were found to differ from each other as well as from normal children on various aspects of oral sensation and motor abilities. These findings are interpreted as evidence for the existence of different bases for the misarticulations of the two disordered groups.


Delayed judgment speech-sound discrimination and /r/ or /s/ articulation status and improvement. A delayed judgment test of speech-sound discrimination was correlated with measures of articulation status and articulation improvement with training in two groups of subjects, an /r/ group and an /s/ group. While the discrimination measures were reliable and internally consistent, discrimination-articulation correlations were low. Several possible psychometric explanations for the nonsignificant results are ruled out, and subject and task variables that might interfere with children's performance on discrimination measures are discussed.


A comparison of four hearing aid measurement systems. Measurements of hearing aid performance were made using four different electroacoustic systems. Nine hearing aids were evaluated three times in each of the four systems: a standard Bruel and Kjaer apparatus, a Fonix 5000, and both a Phonic Ear HC 1000 and HC 2000. Tests included frequency response and, when possible, total harmonic distortion, second harmonic distortion, and third harmonic distortion. Results were equivalent for frequency response and second harmonic distortion, whereas significant differences occurred for total harmonic distortion and third harmonic distortion at both the low and high frequencies. The degree to which the sum of second harmonic distortion and third harmonic distortion fails to equal the total harmonic distortion was also examined. In the low frequency region, second harmonic distortion plus third harmonic distortion yielded values considerably less than the total harmonic distortion, although good agreement was found in the midfrequencies.


Perception of temporal order of vowels and consonant-vowel syllables. Recent findings indicate that the presence of formant transitions aids the perception of the order of stimuli in repeating sequences of vowels or consonant-vowel (CV) syllables. In this study, 12 listeners reported the perceived order of four vowels or CVs in repeating sequences. Stimuli ranged in duration from 75 to 300 msec in 25-msec steps. Four stimulus sequences were used (1) varying vowels (Vv), (2) CVs with varying consonants but a constant vowel (CvVc), (3) CVs with a constant consonant but varying vowels (CcVv), (4) CVs with consonants and vowels varying (CvVv). Percentage of correct identification of order was significantly higher and mean threshold duration significantly lower for the CvVv and CvVc conditions than for the Vv condition. Mean number of sequences per response was significantly smaller for the CvVv condition than for the other conditions. Threshold durations ranged from 100 msec for the CvVv sequences to 135 msec for the Vv sequences. Ordering performance was nearly perfect for stimulus durations of about 225 to 250 msec. The results support the hypothesis that as stimuli in repeating sequences more closely resemble connected speech, listeners can more easily correctly identify the order of the stimuli.


Effects of auditory masking on lip movements during speech. This study describes the effects of unpredictably presented masking noise on selected parameters of lip movement during speech. Four normal subjects produced a simple speech utterance while vertical displacements of the upper and lower lips were transduced and recorded. During selected productions a masking noise was presented dichotically at one of two distinct phases of lip movement. Analysis of the resulting data revealed the following for all subjects: (1) significant changes in the duration, displacement, and velocity of lip movement caused by masking and (2) significant reductions in the velocity of lip movement occurring approximately 50 msec after the onset of the masker. Possible explanations of these and certain speaker-dependent effects are discussed.


Visual-neural correlate of speechreading ability in normal-hearing adults. Significant product-moment correlations ranging from -0.90 to -0.91 were computed between a selected peak-latency in average visual electroencephalic responses and speechreading scores. Subjects were 20 adults with normal hearing and assumed normal vision who had had no formal training in the speechreading process. The negative peak selected as this study's measure of visual-neural firing time occurs at an average of 130 msec from stimulus-onset in average visual electronencephalic responses evoked from either the right or left side of the head of normal adults. Speechreading measures included word and sentence scores obtained using a videotape of a female speaker presenting the 31 sentences that appear in the Utley Sentence Test of Lipreading Ability, Form B.


Developmental changes in speech discrimination in infants. A visually reinforced infant speech discrimination (VRISD) paradigm is described and evaluated. Infants at two ages were tested with the new paradigm on the following speech contrasts: [sa] vs [va], [sa] vs [fa], [sa] VS [za], [as] vs [a:s], vs [a:z], [at] vs [a:d], [a:t] vs [a:d], [at] vs [a:t], [fa] vs [thetaa]and [fi] vs [thetai]. The data reported are compared with data on the same speech contrasts obtained from three month olds in a high-amplitude sucking paradigm. Evidence suggesting developmental changes in speech-sound discriminatory ability is reported. Results are interpreted in light of salience of available acoustic cues and in terms of new methodological advances.


Middle components of the AER to tone-pips in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects. Tone-pips of 500, 1000, and 3000 Hz were presented at 0-, 10-, 20-, 35-, and 50-dB HL to 10 normal-hearing subjects and at 0-, 10-, 20-, 35-, and 50-dB SL to 10 subjects with conductive, sensorineural, or mixed hearing losses. Middle component (latencies 8-90 msec) averaged electroencephalic responses to the tone-pips were analyzed in terms of peak latencies and peak-to-peak amplitudes. Properties of the responses were generally the same for both normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects except that the hearing-impaired subjects showed slightly greater amplitudes overall. The small reduction in latencies with increasing stimulus frequency seen in the normal-hearing subjects was not observed in the hearing-impaired subjects.


Sound pressure in insert earphone couplers and real ears. It is known that sound pressure, measured in couplers via a probe-tube microphone, often shows a pressure vs frequency response that drops sharply at a single frequency. In this study sound pressure was theoretically determined at various locations within a hard-walled cylindrical cavity, driven by a constant-volume velocity source with circular symmetry. At each location in the volume, a transfer impedance was defined as the ratio of pressure to inlet-volume velocity. In the region around the inlet, the transfer impedance passes through zero as it changes from negative to positive reactance with increasing frequency. Two hard-walled cavity examples were examined in detail (1) the main cavity of a 2-cm3 HA-2 coupler, and (2) a cavity having dimensions approximately equal to the occluded ear canal between an ear-mold tip and the eardrum. Contours of constant minimum sound pressure vs frequency are given for these two cylindrical volumes with experimental verification. Implications for probe microphone calibration and measurement of sound pressure in ears are discussed.


Estimation of lung volume change from torso hemicircumferences. A technique for estimating lung volume change is described. Voltages proportional to rib cage and abdominal hemicircumferences are produced by Whitney-gage transducers in a standard bridge circuit. The weighted sum of these voltages can be adjusted to produce a good estimate of lung volume change. The instrumentation does not obstruct articulatory movements, load the chest wall, or require restraint of the subject. In addition, it is easy and inexpensive to construct.


Kinetics of Na+-dependent D-glucose transport. The kinetic parameters of the Na+-dependent glucose transport system have been determined in isolated membrane vesicles for D-glucose, Na+, and phlorhizin. The D-glucose flux measurements were carried out by the equilibrium exchange procedure at constant external and internal Na+ concentrations and zero potential. Equations were developed to extract information about Km and Vmax from uptake measurements into a vesicle population that is heterogeneous with respect to size (surface to volume ratio). The Km for D-glucose was 14 mM and independent of the Na+-concentration, while the Vmax was strongly Na+-dependent and increased 15-fold between 1 and 100 mM Na+. The Km of Na+ for activation of the Vmax was 18 mM. The calculated KI values for phlorhizin were 2.7 and 1.9 micrometer when determined under active and equilibrating D-glucose flux conditions, respectively.


Structural analysis of a membrane glycoprotein: glycophorin A. Glycophorin A is the major sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane. Structural studies indicate that this molecule is made up of 3 domains composed of 2 hydrophilic segments which are separated by a region of 22 nonpolar amino acids. The N-terminal half of the molecule contains all the carbohydrate associated with this protein. Glycophorin A forms high-molecular-weight complexes which can be dissociated only under certain conditions. The site of subunit interaction is located within the hydrophobic segment, which serves both to mediate protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions within the bilayer membrane. Glycophorin A spans the membrane presumably as a dimeric complex with the carboxyterminal ends extending into the cytoplasm of the red cell. The transmembrane nature of the polypeptide chains finds strong support from the use of specific antibody-ferritin conjugates applied to thin sections of fixed and frozen intact cells. Preliminary information on the analysis of human red cell variants which may lack some or all of the sialoglycopeptides are consistent with the presence in normal cells of a second sialoglycoprotein, provisionally labeled glycophorin B.


Distribution of glycoconjugates in mouse fibroblasts with varying degrees of tumorigenicity. Analysis of glucosamine labeled glycoconjugates in cultured cells has been made comparing 2 clones and the parent embryonic mouse cell line. Hyaluronic acid, heparan sulphate, and chondrotin sulphate as well as a complex mixture of glycopeptides were found in the medium, the trypsinate, and the trypsinized cells, although the distribution was not uniform. The 3 cell lines had very similar in vitro growth properties, including their plating efficiency in viscous medium. However, the tumorigenicity of the cells, determined syngeneic mice, was found to differ. All 3 cell lines were found to have similar glycoconjugate distributions, although a slight relative increase in labeled hyaluronic acid was found in the more tumorigenic mass cell line than either of the clones. The possible significance of this increase is discussed.


Prediction accuracy of body density, lean body weight, and total body volume equations. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of percent fat estimates derived from regression equations with functions of predicting body density (BD), lean body weight (LBW), and total body volume (TBV) from anthropometric variables. BD, LBW, and TBV equations were derived from the data of 95 young, adult men (percent fat X = 13.4%). The multiple correlations for these equations were: BD, 0.86-0.83; LBW, 0.96-0.95; and TBV, 0.99. The zero order correlations between laboratory determined percent fat and percent fat derived by the BD, LBW, and TBV equations ranged from 0.80 to 0.86 with standard errors from 3.1% to 3.7%. This shows that BD, LBW, and TBV equations have similar accuracy when transformed to percent fat. The derived equations were cross validated with three additional, but diverse, samples (percent fat X = 5.1%; 16.7%; 27.1%). The cross validations results revealed that all equations exhibited similar accuracy. With samples differing in percent fat, systematic prediction errors occurred. The results further confirm population specificity of prediction equations.


The reliability and internal consistency of the motivation rating scale and the general trait rating scale. The Motivation Rating Scale (MRS) and General Trait Rating (GTRS) Scales have been proposed as methods for assessing personality traits of athletes. The scales are easily accessible and are proposed for use as coaching tools. A coach's form and athlete's form of each test was administered to 149 male and female varsity high school basketball players and their coaches in eight different states. Means and standard deviations for all variables as well as test-retest reliability coefficients, trait inter-correlations, correlations between test forms, and Alpha coefficients were calculated. Results suggest that each of the four scales was independent of the others, with the coach's form of the MRS showing reasonable reliability and reasonable internal consistency for selected traits. There is some indication that "trait generalization" among coaches may inflate the test-retest reliability of the coach's form of the MRS. No convincing evidence is presented to support the notion that any of the four scales measure the traits the scales are purported to measure.


Computer generated track and field scoring tables: III. Model evaluation and analysis. An investigation is made into the subject of scoring tables for track and field with emphasis on the application of computers to calculate and output the tables. The resulting scoring tables represent an attempt to describe the effective quality of performance for track and field events. This paper is published in three parts. The first part reviewed the historical development of scoring tables. The second part presented a theoretical foundation and the development of a model which could be utilized for all scoring tables. In this final part, the model is evaluated and an analysis of the model validity is made. Sample computer generated scoring tables are included.


Experimental preparations to understand the cardiovascular effect of training: in situ preparation. Although exercise training is generally thought to exert a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system, additional experimental work is required to determine the mechanism(s) by which training influences cardiovascular function. The utilization of an in situ preparation for cardiovascular studies should provide valuable information since both peripheral circulatory and myocardial performances can be evaluated. However, this paper specifically considers functional evaluation of the intact, in situ heart. The underlying physiological basis for ventricular pump performance evaluation in the intact heart is presented. Isolated muscle mechanics (force-velocity) principles are discussed and their application to the intact heart is illustrated. Proposed biochemical correlates of total tension development, the maximal rate of tension development, and maximal velocity of shortening are presented. The methods and procedures currently available for functional evaluation are described. Finally, the results of previous exercise studies where in situ cardiac functional evaluation has been utilized are reviewed.


The unanesthetized instrumented animal preparation. The use of the unanesthetized instrumented animal preparation in exercise training studies is discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of this preparation are given. Several examples of the type of data that can be collected using this preparation are cited and a scheme is proposed to aid in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the cardiac adaptation to exercise training. One example given was the response to the infusion of isoproterenol before and during training. The results clearly demonstrate an increased responsiveness to the beta-receptor agonist. Another example was the change in coronary flow with atrial pacing and the use of this relationship as an index of a changed coronary vascular bed. Some future direction for research efforts are discussed with the main thrust being the role of the autonomic nervous system in the mechanism of training.


Demonstration of specific antibodies in the central nervous system of horses naturally infected with Borna disease virus. From 18 horses with clinical symptoms of an affection of the central nervous system and with histopathologic alterations in the brain, four were demonstrated to have Bornavirus-specific antibodies. The antibodies are monospecific, recognizing identical antigens from infected brains of different animal species as well as from persistently infected tissue culture cells. Discrete immunoglobulin species (oligoclonal IgG) can be demonstrated in concentrated horse cerebrospinal fluid; they carry Bornavirus antibody specificity. Their presence, together with the higher antibody titers in the cerebrospinal fluid as compared to those in the serum, indicate that in these natural Bornavirus infections local antibody production occurred in the central nervous system.


Salt-starch xylose lysine deoxycholate agar. A single medium for the isolation of sodium and non-sodium dependent enteric gram-negative bacilli. Salt dependent gram-negative bacilli responsible for gastroenteritis and tissue infections are often not recovered because proper media for isolation are not used. A salt-starch XLD agar with 1.5% NaC1 and 0.5% starch medium has been found to permit the isolation of pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae, non-Enterobacteriaceae gram-negative bacilli, and salt-dependent gram-negative bacilli, among which is Vibrio parahemolyticus. As far as the Enterobacteriaceae are concerned, the selectivity and sensitivity of the medium are the same as with standard media with the added advantage of isolating salt-dependent organisms, thereby saving time and money. It can be used for routine blood cultures, investigation of sea water, seafood and tissue infections related to marine activities.


Polypeptide composition of mumps virus.

Polypeptide composition of mumps virus. The Enders strain of mumps virus grown in ovo was purified by differential and equilibrium sucrose gradient sedimentation. Purified virus contained seven polypeptides of mol. wts 68,000, 66,000, 61,000, 54,000, 52,000, 49,000, 47,000. Nucleocapsids isolated from DOC-treated virus contained two polypeptides of mol. wts 66,000 and 61,000.


A radioimmunoassay for tetanus antibodies using protein A - containing Staphylococcus aureus. To measure tetanus antibodies a trace amount of 125I-labeled tetanus toxin is mixed with appropriate dilutions of human serum or blood. The labeled antigen-antibody complexes are adsorbed to heat-killed staphylococci (Cowan I) via their surface protein A. The radioactivity of the washed solid phase is a function of the initial antibody concentration. The test allows the measurement of 6 X 10(-0) U of tetanus antitoxin in a volume of 0.03 ml. In order to avoid possible interferences, serum has to be diluted 20-fold before use. Taking that into account, the real border limit of sensitivity is 4 X 10(-3) U/ml serum. Antibodies may be measured in serum, in plasma, and even in heparinized blood. As to its sensitivity, the test compares well with the toxin neutralization procedure. It is superior to the previous radioimmunologic, enzymoimmunologic, and hemagglutination techniques with respect to sensitivity and reproducibility. It reflects the values obtained in the toxin neutralization test better than the other in vitro procedures, as shown by parallel assays of 17 sera.


Influence of 4'-6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole on the secondary structure and template activities of DNA and polydeoxynucleotides. The interaction between 4'-6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole-hydrochloride (DAPI) and a variety of DNAs and synthetic polydeoxynucleotides was investigated in order to delineate the nucleic acid structural features necessary for binding. The spectra of DAPI-DNA complexes, measured at various DAPI:DNA molar ratios (r), are hypochromic relative to DNA in the region of its maximum absorption. All the curves pass through an isosbestic point at 268 nm. A new maxima appears in the region of 380-392 nm for DAPI-DNA COMplexes. The magnitude of the peaks in the region are directly proportional to the amount of drug present in the complex. Studies with various DNA types and synthetic polydeoxynucleotides indicate that the drug preferentially binds to dAT-rich regions of DNA. This was also confirmed by enzymatic studies. The inhibition of template action by DAPI in a purified DNA-polymerase reaction was dependent on the dAT-content of the template. The implication of these data to explain a selective binding of DAPI to mitochondrial DNA have been discussed.


Electrocardiographic observation on goats with urea-ammonia poisoning and a consideration on the main cause of death. Changes in electrocardiograms, blood pressure, pH, and partial pressure of gases (Po2 and Pco2) in arterial blood were studied in goats poisoned by urea or ammonium compounds under spontaneous and artificial respiration and in nonconvulsive state. Abnormal electrocardiogram patterns, such as ventricular flutter, ventricular premature beat, atrioventricular dissociation, depression of ST-segment and sinus tachycardia, were all observed after the occurrence of tetanic convulsion. The electrocardiogram pattern seen at the respiratory arrest showed sinus or supraventricular tachycardia; respiratory arrest preceded cardiac arrest in all the goats, but one. Blood pressure was markedly elevated, accompanied with tetanic convulsion. Po2 decreased gradually and the level was below 30 mm Hg (37.0 degrees C) at respiratory arrest and the final opisthotonus. Artificial respiration starting at the final opisthotonus could delay the cardiac arrest. Under nonconvulsive urea-poisoning with gallamine triethiodide and with artificial respiration of air or a mixture of air and oxygen to elevate the Po2 level, changes of electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and Po2 were similar to those seen under convulsive urea-poisoning. The main cause of death was discussed and presumed to be respiratory and cardiovascular failure.


Prototype of simulation models for epizootics in domestic animals. Based on the Reed-Frost model (Model I), the authors conducted computer simulation of an epizootic model (Model II) constructed on the assumption that any infected animal in a group, after a given time-period of infectivity, would be removed from the group at the beginning of the next time-period. Models I and II were simulated 100 times for each of the different conditions, viz. the initial size of group, 100 and 1,000, the five steps of contact rate or contact size, and the five more steps of contact rate for the group of 1,000 animals in Model I. From the results obtained, it is believed that as a constant parameter, contact size may be preferably used instead of contact rate in these models. Model II mostly gave higher morbidities than Model I, and earlier termination of epizootics, except the simulation with the smallest contact size. This fact may be due to the effect of herd immunity involved only in Model I. The long duration of epizootic was demonstrated in two of the 100 simulations of Model II with 1,000 individuals and contact size 1. This is characteristic of probabilistic models which are really instructive to studying the flow of epizootic.


Secular trends of annual morbidities of animal infectious diseases. Supposing two mathematical models, additive and multiplicative, the authors estimated the secular trends of annual morbidities (1949 approximately 1975) of twelve infectious diseases of domestic animals. For each diseases ten different trend curves were fitted. It was found that five regression equations, namely, those for bovine trichomoniasis, bovine tuberculosis, equine infectious anemia, pullorum disease in chickens, and foulbrood, gave the coefficient of determination of 97.9, 92.7, 91.0, 93.5, and 85.2%, respectively. Four of them were multiplicative, and the remaining one for equine infectious anemia was additive. From the viewpoint of practical utility, there was little doubt that even these secular trends might be used for predicting the relevant morbidities with fairly good preciseness.


A comparative analysis of various developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni with respect to their protein composition. The protein composition of Schistosoma mansoni was analysed by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide slab gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. A high degree of identity existed between protein patterns obtain from immature and adult parasites of the two sexes. Some stage-and sex-specific components were indentified and their possible origin discussed.


Perception of the figure-ground continuum. Confirmation was obtained that the phenomena of figure obscured by random noise and embedded figures form a triangular, planar continuum. 80 preschoolers, third- and sixth-graders, and college students searched for and recognized a nonrepresentational figure obscured to different degrees by noise that varied form random and unrelated to the contours of the figure to highly embedding contexts. Response time varied directly with the amount of noise and with embeddedness, and inversely with age, producing analogous response planes along the age dimension.


Decline in oral perception from 20 to 70 years. 120 adults were given a task to determine whether performance on an oral perception task declines with increasing chronological age. Subjects in their 70's performed significantly worse than those in their 60's and younger. This loss of oral perceptual skills is considered relevant to the remediation and training of older individuals with difficulties in speech articulation.


Age at onset of blindness in visual imagery development. Eleven college students who were born blind, 16 blinded at approximately 15 years of age (range 6 to 30 years), and 16 with normal vision were asked to visualize the letters of the uppercase, typeset, English alphabet. If the shape of a letter had one or more curves, like B, subjects were to classify it as curved. If the shape of the letter had no curves, like A, they were to classify it as straight. Letters were presented one at a time in random order. Reaction time and errors were recorded. Controlling for knowledge of the alphabet, the early blind took longer and made more errors than did the late blind and sighted, who did not differ from each other. The results suggest that age of onset of blindness influences the development of visual imagery.


Social aspects of body image: perception of normalcy of weight and affect of college undergraduates. Two aspects of body image, perception of normalcy of weight and affect, were studied by means of a paper-and-pencil test with 62 male and 117 female undergraduates. The relationship of the social characteristics of sex, age, race, and actual body weight (underweight, normal weight, overweight) to body-image distortion was investigated. Individuals who were underweight or overweight were more likely to perceptually distort their weight-related appearance than were normal weight respondents. Among those who misperceived their weight-related appearance, both underweight and overweight persons tended to normalize their appearance. Among those who misperceived their weight-related appearance, sex was also related to the type of perceptual distortion experienced. Females tended to perceive themselves as appearing heavier, whereas males tended to perveive themselves as appearing lighter, than they actually were. There was no relationship between perceptual distortion of body weight and body affect. Age, race, and actual body weight were related to affect. Affect was more negative among young respondents than older respondents. White individuals had poorer affect scores than non-whites. Overweight respondents also had more negative affect scores than other respondents.


Handedness classification: preference versus proficiency. Relative hand preferences as indicated by questionnaire were compared with asymmetries in manual proficiency at three levels of task difficulty (N equal to 63 adults). Correlations between odd/even trial relative hand proficiency scores were .887 and .879 attesting to their stability. Test-retest (6-wk. interval) reliabilities for relative hand proficiency ranged from .831 to .893. Spearman rbos between the questionnaire responses and relative hand proficiency were .733, .689, and .619. These relatively low relationships, especially at the highest level of task difficulty (r2 = 38%), indicate that hand preference does not reflect relative hand proficiency at moderate to high levels of task difficulty.


Visual and phonetic memory in preschool children: evidence for coding flexibility. This study examined visual and verbal (phonetic) memory coding in 22 preschool children 4 to 5 yr. of age. A major goal was to determine whether these children would code visual items phonetically during input in a short-term memory task as older children and adults often appear to do. Items to be remembered were visually presented letters that varied in visual as well as phonetic similarity. Subjects labeled each letter during presentation, and serial recall was probed either visually or verbally. Recall scores were analyzed according to planned individual comparisons and a 4-factor analysis of variance: probe modality (visual, verbal) X visual similarity (low, high) X phonetic similarity (low, high) x serial position (1, 2, 3, 4). Data indicated (1) a significant detrimental effect of high phonetic similarity for subjects whose recall was probed verbally, (2) a significant facilitating effect of high visual similarity, and (3) significant interactions indicating differential effects of phonetic similarity and probe modality on the serial position curve. These findings suggest flexibility of coding in children of the age range tested.


Color associations to mood stories in first grade boys. Choices of color crayons to portray mood stories were studied in a sample of first grade boys. The total sample (180) was divided into three treatment groups (60 subjects in each) who were told either the "Angry Boy" story, the "Happy Boy" story, or the "Sad Boy" story. Each subject selected one of six color crayons (red, yellow, green, blue, brown, or purple) to color the boy "to look" angry, happy, or sad. Racial, socioeconomic, and within-group differences were not significant, but significant differences were found between groups given angry and sad stories (x2 equal to 22.23, df equal to 5, p is less than .01). red was significantly associated with the angry boy when compared with the sad boy, while brown was significantly more often preferred for the sad boy than for the happy boy. By the age of first grade consequently the general preference for red by children is already significantly altered.


Effects of age, sex, and brightness of rield on open-field behaviors of rats. 48 male and 48 female Holtzman rats, ages 50, 100, and 150 days, were tested in a black or white open field to determine the effect of varying brightness of the field upon ambulation and defecation scores. There were significant negative correlations between all ambulation and defecation scores, except for the 50-day-old animals. Ambulation scores decreased over trials for all animals; defecation scores remained the same. Trials did not interact with age, sex, or brightness on either measure. In both fields females crossed more squares than males at ages 100 and 150 days, but there were no sex differences in ambulation at age 50 days. Most notable was a sex difference as a function of brightness of field; whereas male scores did not differ, females ambulated significantly more and tended to defecate less in the white field. Results are described in terms of the need for standardization of the open field.


Black teachers' perceptions of the ideal pupil. Torrance's Ideal Child Checklist was administered to 76 black teachers. A comparison of their 10 most and least valued traits with those of the expert panel on the creative personality showed that the two groups agreed only once on the 10 most valued traits and three times on the 10 least valued traits.


Birth order and perceptual motor performance. To examine the relationship between performance on the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception and birth order, 578 first-graders were tested. Later-born children performed significantly better than did firstborns on specific subtests of the Frostig (Visual-motor Coordination and Figure-ground Perception). There was a significant interaction on Perceptual Constancy which indicated that later-born males performed significantly better than did firstborn males. A secondary finding was a r of .547, a stronger relationship between intelligence level and global perceptual performance than previously reported.


Memory load, critical features and retrieval processes in facial recognition. A Sternberg-type varied set procedure was used in which the set of stimuli associated with the "different" response was, in some cases, large and unspecified. A 3-factor design was used with repeated measures on list length (1, 2, or 4 faces), decision ("same" or "different"), and number of critical features varied between memory and target faces (0, 2, 4, or 7). Reaction times of college students for recognition of faces were analyzed to determine the nature of the retrieval processes employed. Reaction times were faster as the number of feature changes increased, and both parallel and serial processes were indicated for both "same" and "different" responses.


An electronic apparatus to measure the retinal-neural fading phenomena. Fading and regeneration of visual stimuli is a phenomenon which occurs under the condition of redundant visual stimulation in the human eye. By totally encompassing a subject's visual field with large sheets of colored cardboard, which provided an undifferentiated ground, it was found that the color spontaneously disappeared and reappeared. This evidence suggested that the cycle is a fundamental aspect of the visual process. The Retinal-Neural Fading Phenomena Device was developed using light-emitting diodes (LED) as the stimulus source. This allowed the quantitative measurement of the rate of fade and degree of satiation the eye undergoes under a redundant presentation equivalent to stabilized images. The rate and degree of satiation to redundant stimulation appears to correlate highly with a subject's reading efficiency. The data suggested that rapid and deep satiation was the favored outcome if one is to be free from reading or perceptual disorders. This leads to the speculation that rapid fade of afterimages of previously read symbols is required to prepare the visual system for new material. Conversely, the inability to suppress afterimages may be a physiological factor in the "dyslexic syndrome."


Body boundary and field-dependence.

Body boundary and field-dependence. This study investigated the relationship between body boundary articulation, as measured by Fisher and Cleveland, and Witkin's field dependence-independence dimensions of perception. While these two concepts seem to be logically connected, no significant relationships (rs of .15 to .35) were obtained for 20 undergraduates. There is a need for further clarification and refinement in the concepts of Penetration and Barrier scores for body image.


Personality correlates of successful biofeedback training. This study was designed to examine the role of personality in effectiveness of biofeedback training. The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule was administered to 37 subjects assigned to Accurate Information and Misinformation groups in a heart-rate conditioning experiment. The treatment effect was not significant, but personality variables of exhibition, succorance, deference, and aggression were reliable predictors of success in biofeedback training. Post boc analyses for treatment x high-low score classification on the Edwards variables indicated that accurately informed subjects high in succorance or exhibition demonstrated significantly greater heart-rate reduction than subjects given other treatment.


Intra-cultural differences in the perception of visual illusions: an urban/rural comparison. Urban and rural college students, men and women (n equal to 6 each, N equal to 24), were compared (2 x 2) on six geometric illusions using materials and procedures of Herskovits, Campbell, and Segall (1969). As expected, no significant differences in susceptibility were found for the Müller-Lyer, Sander parallelogram, or Poggendorf illusions. Rural subjects proved more susceptible to the perspective illusion; however, the urban group was more susceptible to the L-form of the horizontal-vertical illusion, but not to the T-form.


Relation of birth order, family size and social class to psychological functions. Findings are reported on birth-order and family-size effects for five psychological functions measured by the military preinduction test battery which was administered to a total population of 19-yr.-old Dutch men. These men were born between 1944 and 1946, were members of 1- to 6-child families and were from the two major social classes. A clear birth-order gradient was present on all test measures for both social classes. Family-size effects, however, differed by social class. The results extend to a range of psychological functions the findings previously reported for a single test of non-verbal intelligence, suggesting that family-structure variables play a role in understanding intellectual development.


Relationships between area-specific measures of self-concept, self-esteem and academic achievement for junior high school students. Physical maturity, peer relations, academic success and school adaptiveness self-concept and self-esteem measures were correlated with reading, language, mathematics, and composite achievement scores for 26 male and 48 female junior high school students. Academic success self-concept was significantly correlated with each of the achievement measures. Peer relations self-concept and self-esteem correlated with language, math, and composite achievement. Academic success self-esteem measures did not correlate with any of the measures of achievement.


Individual differences in self-conception: a multivariate approach. The present study investigated the determinants of the affective and denotative semantic structures in the process of self-conception. Three-mode data of semantic differential ratings of 11 ego-related concepts on a representative set of scales were obtained from a homogeneous group of 29 male college sophomores. Results for the scale mode indicated that after Osgood's three affective components were recaptured, three other orthogonal dimensions were interpretable denotative features. The concept mode consisted of five distinctive factors representing the multidimensional nature of self concepts. Differences among four types of subjects in their interactions between meaning systems and concept factors were highlighted by the rotated core matrix. Characteristics of subject-type homogeneities were further identified by regressions of their factor coefficients on a set of variables representing personality development, social behaviors, and attitudes.


Correlations between Gesell scores in infancy and performance on verbal and non-verbal tests in early childhood. Since infant developmental tests are heavily loaded with perceptual-motor items and are relatively free of auditory-verbal items, it was hypothesized that performance on infant tests would correlate higher with those later tests which measure non-verbal skills and lower with those tests that measure mostly verbal skills. The Gesell performance of 26 normal, male white infants at 7, 9 and 15 mo. correlated significantly and consistently with performance on the Merrill-Palmer Scale at 27 mo. and the visual-motor channel of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities at 5 yr. and showed consistently non-significant correlations with the Stanford Binet at 3 yr., the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test at 5 yr., and the auditory-vocal channel of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities at 5 yr.


Methylphenidate effect on attentional and cognitive behavior in six- through twelve-year-old males. Attentional and cognitive behavior was studied in 84 learning disabled boys aged 6 through 12 yr., before and during treatment with methylphenidate (Ritalin). The WISC Digit Span and Coding, identified as measures of primarily attentional behavior, showed significant improvement with methylphenidate treatment. Block Design, Picture Arrangement, Mazes, and Non-verbal IQ showed significant improvement as a result of general increase in attentional behavior but the WISC Verbal IQ showed no improvement. Covariates were pretest and posttest age, parental occupational group, and length of treatment. A multivariate analysis of covariance supported the concept that methylphenidate (Ritalin) did improve performance on tests with high attentional component. Implications for the treatment of learning disabled children are discussed.


Hemispheric asymmetry in reaction time to color stimuli. The simple detection of colored stimuli in the right, center, and left visual fields was examined. 10 male subjects were used in a reaction time paradigm with color (red, green, or blue), field, and hand as independent variables. A significantly faster RT to stimuli presented in the left visual field was observed, and further the left visual field-left hand combination was the fastest of all the combinations of visual-field x hand. A significant interaction of color x field suggested that red may be processed on a higher order level even in a simple detection task.


Matching of normally oriented and mirrored words by good and poor readers. 10 good and 10 poor Grade 6 readers judged tachistoscopically presented word pairs to be "same" or "different" when the words making up the pairs were both normally oriented, both mirrored, or one was oriented and the other was mirrored. Good readers made fewer errors than poor readers on normally oriented "same" pairs but showed no advantage on other configurations. Poor readers were more accurate in detecting mismatches than good readers. These results were discussed in terms of the mechanism that may have been implicated.


Visual masking of targets displayed against two- and three-dimensional backgrounds. Detection thresholds for targets displayed against two- and three-dimensional backgrounds were measured under backward masking and non-masking conditions. The results indicate that planar ring targets displayed against a two-dimensional ground are easier to mask than identical targets portrayed against a three-dimensional background. Also, the detectability of a planar ring target is enhanced when it is included within a three-dimensional rather than an identical but two-dimensional visual display. These results confirm and extend previous findings and suggest a processing asymmetry biased toward three-dimensional visual displays.


Typewriting rate as a function of reaction time. This study was designed to determine the relationship between reaction time and typewriting rate. Subjects were 24 typists ranging in age from 19 to 39 yr. Reaction times (.001 sec) to a light were recorded for each finger and to each alphabetic character and three punctuation marks. Analysis of variance yielded significant differences in reaction time among subjects and fingers. Correlation between typewriting rate and average reaction time to the alphabetic characters and three punctuation marks was --.75. Correlation between typewriting rate and the difference between the reaction time of the hands was --.42. Factors influencing typewriting rate may include reaction time of the fingers, difference between the reaction time of the hands, and reaction time to individual keys on the typewriter. Implications exist for instructional methodology and further research.


Sound, affect, and visual autokinesis.

Sound, affect, and visual autokinesis. Sound and the absence of sound were used during the adaptation period of a conventional experiment on autokinetic effect conducted in anechoic and reverberation rooms of equal size. Only the room condition led to significantly different results: more visual autokinesis in the reverberation room. The data are discussed in light of the results of an earlier, similar experiment where the reverberation room yielded less visual autokinesis. It is suggested that affect rather than sound influenced the autokinetic phenomenon.


Effects of modality of presentation on delayed recognition. Auditorily and visually presented lists were either tested or not tested immediately after input and were later tested on a delayed recognition test. For those lists given the immediate free-recall test, auditory presentation was superior on this immediate test. On the delayed recognition test the tested lists led to higher performance than non-tested lists. For tested lists auditory presentation led to superior recognition for the terminal serial positions, while for non-tested lists visual presentation led to higher performance on the last few positions. The fact that modality of presentation had opposite effects on delayed recognition of the lists was discussed in terms of current models of modality effects.


Incidental cues and picture/word differences in recall. 80 university undergraduates attempted free recall of 20 objects presented as either (a) normally printed words, (b) words enriched with iconic sign characteristics, (c) normal line drawings, or (d) schematic line drawings constructed from a limited set of elements. Enriched words were better recalled than normal words, whereas differences in recall between the two types of line drawings just failed to reach significance. The results were discussed in reference to the dual coding- and incidental-cue hypothesis.


Left-handedness among architects: partial replication and some new data. As predicted, over a 6-yr. period, more left-handed proportionately than right-handed architecture students successfully completed their 6-yr. program. Contrary to expectation, the entering class in 1976 had 21% left-handed males, 12 of 57. Lastly these left-handed men had high factor scores in a group of academic predictors, design scores, and grade point averages during the first quarter. The 45 right-handed men in the entering class had almost zero mean scores on the predictors and negative mean scores on performance. The 19 right-handed women in the class had negative scores on the academic predictors and positive ones on performance.


Inter- vs intra-modal performance of college men and women. Intermodal and intramodal functioning in the auditory and visual sensory modes within the temporal dimension was investigated with 19 male and 18 female college students, ranging in age from 17 to 32 yr. Auditory and visual stimuli were presented by electronic means in a same-different matching task. Four separate conditions were investigated: Auditory-auditory, visual-visual, auditory-visual, and visual-auditory. An analysis of variance was conducted for three main effects: sex, modality, and sensory mode. Women made significantly more correct responses than men. No significant differences were found between the groups' performances on intramodal and intermodal functioning tasks. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that modal functioning reaches asymptote prior to adulthood. Results indicating a difference in modal functioning between the sexes were unexpected.


Abstraction and use of categorical and physical information: a developmental study. Children in nursery school and Grades 1, 3, and 5 (total N equal to 75) were asked to match one of two picture choices to a previously presented stimulus. Two types of matches were based upon the physical information in the stimuli and two types of matches were based upon categorical information. A comparison of mean reaction time for the two physical matches indicated a large change between nursery school and Grade 1 in the ability to use specific visual information in the matching of pictures of familiar objects. The efficiency of matches based upon category information showed a steady increase across the ages tested. Category matches based upon pictorial information were as efficient as category matches based upon verbal information  for all groups.


Baseline variability as a predictor of EMG biofeedback performance. Data from two studies are presented which indicate a consistent negative correlation between EMG-baseline variability and subsequent biofeedback-assisted EMG reduction. The implications and utility of this finding are discussed.


Temporal patterns of the use of non-prescribed drugs. Licit and illicit non-prescribed drugs, regardless of their classification, are used in a common temporal pattern with the possible exceptions of caffeine and cocaine. The temporal patterns of drug use are highly correlated with the nationwide temporal pattern of TV watching, suggesting a pleasure-oriented, recreational use. The peak times for substance use and abuse may have implications for the delivery of professional or paraprofessional services.


Children's comprehension of time-compressed speech: effect of speaker's familiarity. An experiment was conducted with 42 third grade children from a parochial school system in a large metropolitan area. 21 classmates whose teacher served as the speaker for this experiment comprised the experimental group. A matched group of 21 classmates from another third grade classroom formed the control group. Each subject individually listened to a 940-word narrative passage that had been compressed at a rate of 45% or 275 words per minute. 10 questions about the material presented in the final three-fourths of the passage were asked of the subjects. The difference between the mean number of correct responses produced by the experimental group (5.5) and the control group (4.9) was not statistically significant. The results indicate that familiarity with the speaker does not facilitate 8-yr.-olds' comprehension of time-compressed speech.


Brunswik ratios: a ratio scale for comparative analyses of size constancy data from different experiments. The literature on visual size constancy implicitly assumes that the perceived size of any dimension of a thing is evidence of how well (a) any other dimension of the thing will be perceived and (b) any visible dimension of any other thing will be perceived under comparable conditions of perception. For tests of these assumptions Brunswik ratios (1956) are described as a common conceptual and numerical basis, a ratio scale, for testing statistically for differences among or the equivalence of two or more sets of data from different experiments on visual size constancy.


Correlations of sighting-eye dominance tests and comparison of combined scores in classroom, clinic, and ophthalmological populations. Contingency coefficients for near- and far-point binocular and monocular sighting tests determined from data of 240 classroom children in Grades 4, 8, and 12 were significant. Also significant differences were noted for distributions of sighting tests combined two at a time (correlated) when compared with distributions of responses on a single test. Comparison of combined test distributions for classroom and clinic populations yielded significant differences in near-point sighting and between near- and far-point tests. Comparison with the ophthalmological data of Fink confirmed the validity of the findings. All simple and combined score distributions deviated from normalcy. Near-point binocular sighting exerts a strong influence on combined score distributions because more mixed-eyedness is is indicated by that test.


An automated procedure for correlation of q-sorts. A set of computer programs which calculates correlations between Q-sort decks is described. These programs automatically process Q-sort decks in which the items are printed directly on IBM cards, thus enabling the rapid analysis of large volumes of Q-sort data. An application of this method to the assessment of family interaction is described.


Global detection of symmetry.

Global detection of symmetry. Two experimental approaches examined observers' ability to characterize shape symmetry based upon the information obtained within a single fixation. Exp. I tested observers' ability to discriminate among three levels of symmetry on the basis of a 25-msec. presentation. Results indicated that identification accuracy was higher for symmetrical and asymmetrical shapes than for mixed shapes, which contained both symmetrical and asymmetrical components. Exp. II tested observers' ability to detect a given level of symmetry by means of a signal-detection approach. Symmetrical shapes were detected better than asymmetrical shapes. Detectability of mixed shapes was lower than that for both symmetrical and asymmetrical shapes. The results of Exps. I and II demonstrate that observers can characterize shape symmetry on the basis of information available within a single fixation. The data are supportive of the hypothesis that a global response to the over-all configuration of the shape serves to facilitate form perception.


A film technique for assessing children's self-estimation of body size under static and dynamic conditions. A film technique was developed to obtain children's self-estimates of selected aspects of their own body dimensions under static and dynamic conditions. Subjects were 40 children, ranging in age from 6.10 to 10.10 yr. They estimated their own heights and shoulder widths while viewing projected images of themselves in two conditions, static and dynamic. The condition films displayed the projected image of the subject from 6 in. below to 6 in. above his or her actual height. The subject responded by stopping a remote-controlled projector when the projected image was perceived by the subject to be his or her own body dimension. A nested factorial design was utilized to determine significant main effects of age, sex, condition, and mode (direction of trials). A paired difference test indicated whether the subjects' estimates were in fact significantly different from the actual body dimensions. Analysis showed no significant differences in main effects of age or sex. Self-estimates of selected body dimensions were significantly different from actual, measured, body dimensions. The motion-picture technique was considered successful in obviating several difficulties encountered in the past by workers using other techniques and was effective in introducing dynamics as a condition under which subjects could make self-estimates of their own body dimensions.


Sex differences in clerical speed: perceptual speed versus comparison and decision speed. The hypothesis that sex differences in clerical speed are based on differences in perceptual speed was tested in an experiment using tachistoscopic presentation of pairs of items requiring same-different judgments. This procedure eliminated the attentional shifts from item to item as well as the repetitive nature of the task. 10 females still were significantly faster than 10 males. Also no significant sex differences were found in an additional visual search task requiring rapid recognition and shifts in attention. Results were interpreted in terms of sex differences in comparison and decision time as opposed to perceptual speed.


Comparison of self-report and performance measures of attention: a second look. The present study examined the failure of earlier researchers to find relationships between the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style and behavioral measures of attentional processes. Data are presented which illustrate the attenuation in correlations as a result of improper selection of subjects. When this problem is addressed, the predicted relationships between subjective and behavioral measures of attention are obtained. Results provide additional evidence of construct validity for the Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style.


Visual masking by translation equivalents in bilinguals. Masking thresholds for common words as a function of the relationship between target and mask were assessed using French-English bilingual subjects. Five target-mask combinations were employed. Two control conditions involved unrelated pairs presented in either the same or both languages. The experimental conditions employed masks that were subordinate to the target, e.g., animal-horse, masks that were thr translation equivalents of the targets, and masks which were homophones of the target. Homophones were superior masks compared to same-language, unrelated masks which were in turn superior to subordinately related masks. Translation equivalents were less effective masks than different-language, unrelated masks but were similar to subordinate same-language masks. The results suggest that the relationship between the representations of translation equivalents is similar to that between same-language superordinate and subordinate words.


Maximum duration of phonation: objective tool for assessment of voice. 30 male and 30 female adults sustained the vowel /a/ under specified conditions. Analysis of the data for 10 trials suggests that four trials produced at a comfortable pitch and loudness level and interrupted by a 60-sec. rest would reliably evaluate prolonged vocalization. Males' superior performance was noted. Clinical applications and research implications are discussed.


Laboratory apparatus for studying visual space perception of the pilot in simulated night approaches to landing. The device provides a relatively inexpensive means of assessing a number of perceptual and human factors parameters in the night approach to landing situation. A technique for modeling airport runway lighting is described along with electromechanical and optical systems for precise control of simulated approach speed, model slant, and direction in the visual field of the simulated radial approach axis. The realism of this display is enhanced by preservation of the natural relations of size and brightness of simulated runway lights to distance.


A color image hierarchy.

A color image hierarchy. There is renewed interest by psychologists in mental imagery. While practical uses of imagery are being rapidly developed, there still remains a great deal to learn about imaging itself. One aspect of imaging is color. A review of the literature provided no research data as to which colors were easiest or hardest to image. Using the method of pair comparisons, an interval scale was devised, indicating the relative ease with which various colors could be imaged. The final scale, from easiest to most difficult to image, was black, red, yellow, blue, green, white, orange and finally purple. Implications for image training are suggested.


Effects of social reinforcement for visual attention on classroom learning by disadvantaged preschoolers. To investigate the relationship between visual attention and classroom learning in a disadvantaged preschool population students' attending was experimentally maintained at high levels, using a social reinforcement procedure, and recall of visual and auditory educational materials was examined. Subjects were 16 white children of low income whose mean age was 5.1 yr. and who were students at a Head Start center. A two-group, randomized-blocks design was employed. Reinforcement of attending resulted in greater recall of auditory stimuli by experimental subjects, while a decline was found in recall performance by control subjects. Recall of visual material was not significantly affected by the treatment. Correlations between attending and both auditory and visual recall were statistically significant.


[The treatment of trigeminal neuralgia by retro-gasserian differential electro-diathermy. One hundred cases (author's transl)]. Controlled thermocoagulation of Gasserian ganglion has been used in 100 patients presenting trigeminal neuralgia. Facial pain disappeared immediately in all cases, except four where it persisted at a minor degree during few days. Post-operative deficits are quite minimal and consist of hypoalgesia more or less marked; numbness to touch has never been observed except in a limited area in 12 patients. There have been no corneal problems. Paresthesias were noted immediately in 10 patients; they disappeared gradually and were troublesome only in four. The rate of recurrence (with a mean post-operative survey of 11 months is 13%). This technique of controlled thermocoagulation re presents the safest way of treating trigeminal neuralgia when it is uncontrollable with drugs.


[The radioimmunological assay of fibrinogen breakdown products with E antigen during postoperative venous thromboses. Study in 46 cases of arthroplasty for osteoarthrosis of the hip (author's transl)]. Twenty six patients (without thrombosis) had a normal 125I-fibrinogen test, among whom 15 had a normal phlebography; 18 patients (with thrombosis) had a positive 125I-fibrinogen test among whom 11 had a positive phlebography. There was a discrepancy between phlebography and 125I-fibrinogen test in 2 patients. In patients with thrombosis, there is a significantly increase of FgE levels for several days after the intervention. However the measurement of FgE is not a reliable test (4% of false positive and 38% of false negative); but it is always elevated in femoral and popliteal thrombosis.


[Initial assessment of a behavioural therapy anti-tobacco programme (author's transl)]. The principle of behavioural therapy was used in anti-tobacco treatment. An assessment of the first 100 patients is given here. From the beginning of treatment, which was individual and lasted for one week, the subjects, with three exceptions, stopped smoking between the treatment sessions. After treatment was completed, 93 subjects maintained this abstinence for at least 15 days; 74 patients have not started to smoke again, with a follow-up period ranging from 2 to 18 months. The degree of motivation of the patients would seem to be the only parameter related to relapse.


[Drug-induced thyrotosic crisis or the dangers of an allegedly homeopathic preparation (author's transl)]. Acute thyrotoxicosis following the ingestion of massive doses of thyroid hormone may pose diagnostic problems when the intoxication is clandestine, and may endanger life. The authors report here the case of a previously euthyroid young woman. The outcome was favourable, though assisted ventilation was required for a number of days. The particular features of this case (relatively low blood thyroxinelevels, anaemia and thrombocytopaenia following regression of the thyrotoxicosis, presence of parotid swelling) are discussed in the context of data from the literature.


[Extrachromosomal antibiotic resistance of the intestinal bacterial flora. I. Prevalence. Role of the ingestion of exogenous bacteria (author's transl)]. Studies on the antibiotic resistance of bacterial flora isolated from stool, over these last ten years, have shown an increase of resistant strains to antibiotics. This resistance may depend on genes localized on the chromosome, or more frequently on extra-chromosomic DNA (R plasmid) which carries resistance to several antibiotic groups and which is spreading. The origin of multiple resistant bacteria could be twofold. The only one, which is considered in this paper, is the intake of exogenous bacteria already resistant and carried in food: beef, pork, chicken, having had some form of antibiotics--either supplementation to feeding to improve growth-or for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes.


[The use of a new type of haemostatic forceps in trauma of the liver (author's transl)]. Clamping of the hepatic pedicle is an emergency act, limited in time and ineffective in cases of vena cava-hepatic vein reflux. The single forceps suggested are particularly well suited to the morphology of the right lobe, affected in 70% of cases of liver trauma, providing equipotential parenchymatous stereocompression. They have the advantage of being selective, complete, and reversible, and may be applied for an indefinite period. They provide rapid biliostasis and haemostasis and provide time for thorough exploration of the abdominal cavity without any risk of total hepatic ischaemia.


Abdominal aortic aneurysms. Ultrasonic measurement of the transverse diameter and its prognostic significance in the light of pathological observations. The risk of rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is related to size. Pathological observations suggest that there is usually an asymmetric formation of mural thrombus in the aneurysm sac and that rupture occurs more commonly through the lateral walls where there would be less. Ultrasonic estimation of the transverse diameter of an aneurysm offers a useful clinical method of monitoring size and likelihood of rupture.


Ultrasound in the diagnosis and measurement of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. One hundred cases clinically diagnosed as aneurysm of the abdominal aorta were examined by ultrasound. The findings are described and the value and limitations of the method assessed.


Recovery of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function after intermittent high-dose prednisolone and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Hypothalamic/pituitary and adrenal (HPA) function was assessed in ten patients who received intermittent high-dose prednisolone and cytotoxic chemotherapy for 5-40 months. Standard insulin hypoglycaemia (IHT), thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and tetracosactrin tests were performed 36 hr after the last dose of prednisolone and subsequently 10 days--52 weeks after completion of all chemotherapy. In the first tests there was evidence of impaired hypothalamic-pituitary function judged by peak adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH) and thyrotrophin (TSH) responses, and corresponding plasma corticosteroid responses were sub-normal in five patients. In the final IHTs, seven patients had persistently subnormal ACTH responses but all the corresponding plasma corticosteroid responses returned to normal. Mean peak corticosteroid responses to insulin and tetracosactrin and peak GH responses were significantly greater than in the first tests. Such chemotherapy regimens may have prolonged effects on hypothalamic/pituitary function but the demonstration of normal corticosteroid responses to hypoglycaemia and tetracosactrin indicates that these patients' stress responses will be normal as early as 10 days after treatment is stopped.


Cimetidine in the management of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The first case of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome treated from the outset continuously for more than a year with the histamine H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine is reported. Symptomatic response has been dramatic and sustained, marked endoscopic improvement has been observed with healing of oesophageal, gastric and stomal ulcers.


Malignant lymphoma and extensive viral wart formation in a patient with intestinal lymphangiectasia and lymphocyte depletion. A patient is described, the subject of a previous report (Ross et al., 1971), who subsequently developed gross peripheral mosaic warts and a malignant small bowel lymphoma in association with marked lymphocyte depletion.


Quadriceps myositis: an appraisal of the diagnostic criteria of quadriceps myopathy. A patient with the clinical picture of quadriceps myopathy was shown to have an underlying myositis. Review of the literature showed myositis to be a rare cause of the 'quadriceps syndrome' but it is important to identify this group because they are potentially treatable with corticosteroids.


The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion associated with acute myocardial infarction. A 72-year-old man developed the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after sustaining an acute myocardial infarction. Other documented causes of this syndrome were excluded, and this case is therefore reported as a new association.


Thrombophlebitis migrans in ulcerative colitis. A case of thrombophlebitis migrans in ulcerative colitis in a Maltese housewife is reported. The association of thrombo-embolic disease and ulcerative colitis is reviewed.


Pseudomonas pneumonia in status asthmaticus. A case of Pseudomonas pneumonia developing in a patient on treatment for status asthmaticus is described. The use of broad spectrum antibiotics, high dose steroids and humidifiers or nebulizers may be of aetiological importance. Pseudomonas pneumonia is increasing in prevalence although it has not previously been described in association with status asthmaticus. It carries a high mortality and its prevention is, therefore, clearly important.


Leukaemoid reaction in a case of leiomyosarcoma of the bladder. The first case of leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder associated with leukaemoid reaction is herein presented. There was no secondary involvement of bone marrow to explain the leukaemoid reaction. It may have been due either to tumour necrosis or to an unknown humoral substance elaborated by the tumour.


Comparison of Cardiopulmonary Parameters in awake and anesthetized chickens. Steady state cardiovascular and respiratory parameters in adult male chickens while they were awake and after anesthetization with a mixture of chloral hydrate, magnesium sulfate, and pentobarbital were compared. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), peripheral resistance (TPR), tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate (RR), minute ventilation (V), end-experatory carbon dioxide partial pressure (PACO2), and arterial blood gases and pH were measured simultaneously on birds spontaneously breathing air. Anesthetization resulted in increased HR and RR and decreased BP, CO, TPR, VT, PACO2, and blood gas tension. The data indicate a depression of cardiovascular function but no change in total ventilation although the relative contributions of VT and RR were changed. Anesthetization increased variability in SV although the other parameters were maintained in a steady-state condition over a 2-h period.


The relative efficiency of DL-methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue-calcium (MHAC) in the diet of turkey poults. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the relative efficiency of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue-calcium (MHAC) in the diet of turkey poults. A corn-soybean diet containing 25% protein and 2583 kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram was utilized. Five experimental diets were fed: basal, 0.04 and 0.08% supplemental DL-methionine and 0.04 and 0.08% supplemental MHAC. In both experiments eight pens of seven poults were fed each experimental diet. This resulted in a total of 16 replicate pens receiving each diet. Body weight and feed efficiency were measured at four weeks of age. The MHAC, on a weight basis, was found to have 82.4 and 82.8% activity of DL-methionine based on body weight and feed efficiency, respectively.


Comparison of the efficacy and transmissibility of conventional NDV vaccines and vaccines prepared after back-passage through chickens. In laboratory trials B1 and Lasota stains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) back-passaged in chickens were found to have a greater spreading potential than presently available B1 and Lasota vaccines. Although the regular B1 and Lasota strains of NDV gave a routine serologic response when administered to 4-week-old chickens via the water, both vaccines had a low spreading potential since the geometric mean titer of the birds in contact with the B1 vaccinated birds did exceed 3.4 and the HI response of the nonvaccinated birds placed with the Lasota vaccinated birds did not exceed 4.1. The results from this study also indicate that these back-passaged vaccines elicit higher HI titers and are possibly more invasive than the regular B1 and Lasota vaccines. The data also suggest that the Lasota strain possesses a slightly greater spreading potential than the B1 strain of NDV.


Riboflavin requirement of starting chickens in a tropical environment. Growth rate of broiler chicks tends to be lower in the tropics than in the temperate zone. Results show that up to 17% of dietary riboflavin is destroyed within 24 hours of exposure of the feed to light hence the level of 3.6 mg. of vitamin B2 recommended does not meet the requirement for growth of broilers. Growth study as well as accumulation of riboflavin in meat and organs of the birds showed that increasing levels of dietary riboflavin increases its deposition in meat and organs of the birds. Optimum growth of birds and storage of riboflavin in the body is attained in the tropical environment when 5.1 mg. of the vitamin is added per kg. of practical ration.


The effect of pokeberry ingestion on immune response in turkeys. The experiments were conducted to determine the effect of pokeberry ingestion on immune response in turkeys. In the first experiment, addition of pokeberries to a control diet at levels of 2.5% or 5.0% had no significant effect on feed consumption or production or sheep's red blood cell (SRBC) antibodies. In the second experiment, drenching with a pokeberry suspension had no significant effect on production of SRBC antibodies.


Effect of thyroxine and thiouracil additions to diets containing rapeseed meal, on chick growth and carcass composition. Experiments have been conducted to study the hypothyrotic status of chicks fed rapeseed meal. Protamone supplementation did not correct growth depression due to feeding rapeseed meal although inclusion levels up to 0.1% may have induced a hyperthyrotic condition which in itself leads to a growth depressing effect. Changes in liver and carcass composition were observed when diets containing rapeseed and soybean meal were supplemented with protamone and thiouracil. It is concluded that although birds fed rapeseed meal are abnormal with respect to thyroid metabolism, it is likely that factors other than a simple reduction in serum thyroxine concentration are responsible for the growth depression observed for such birds.


The response of turkeys to varying doses of live oral Pasteurella multocida vaccine. Groups of 30 turkeys were vaccinated by the drinking water route against fowl cholera with varying doses of the low virulence, CU strain, of Pasteurella mulocida. One group (heavy dose) received 1.2 x 107, another (medium dose) 1.5 x 105, and a third (light dose) 1.0 x 103 bacteria per ml. of drinking water. Two (6.7%) vaccine induced cholera deaths occurred in the heavy dose group. No deaths resulted in the other groups. Maximum serum antibody titers per group were; light dose 1:32, medium dose 1:128, and heavy dose 1:256. Three weeks after vaccination all turkeys  were challenged with a large dose of virulent P. multocida (P-1059). Mortalities resulting from the challenge were 100% in the light group, 23% in the medium group, 4% in the heavy group, and 100% in the unvaccinated controls.


Susceptibility of a dwarf strain of chickens to rickets. A sex-linked dwarf strain of chickens fed a practical chick starter had a high incidence of rickets while other strains, including the Cornell K strain reared under the same conditions, had no evidence of this disease. In studies of the calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D requirements of the dwarf and K strains, no strain differences in requirement for phosphorus or vitamin D for maximal bone mineralization were apparent. The vitamin D requirement for growth was less for dwarfs than for the K strain; the reverse was observed for phosphorus. A marginal level of calcium (0.6%) did not depress growth or bone ash in either strain. Dwarfs had significantly lower bone ash than chicks of the K strain when dietary levels of calcium, available phosphorus and vitamin D were adequate (1.0%, 0.73% and 400 I.U./kg., respectively). When the diet contained a low level of one nutrient (0.6% calcium, 0.33% of phosphorus or 100 I.U./kg. vitamin D), neither strain was affected. Low levels of two nutrients significantly decreased bone ash in dwarfs but not in the K strain. Low levels of all three nutrients depressed bone ash in both strains, but most markedly in the dwarfs. These studies indicate that chicks of the Cornell dwarf strain have a low bone mineral content and are unusually susceptible to rickets.


Effect of wet litter and supplemental biotin and/or whey on the production of foot pad dermatitis in broilers. An experiment was conducted to determine whether increasing the moisture content of the litter would increase foot pad dermatitis in broilers, and to determine whether supplemental biotin or dried whey would affect this condition. Broilers grown on wet litter had significantly increased incidence of foot pad dermatitis. The addition of 3% of partially delactosed whey to the diet resulted in increasing the foot pad dermatis. The addition of biotin decreased foot pad dermatis. Examination of foot pad tissue indicated that the birds receiving the control diet were deficient in biotin.


Evidence for mechanoreceptors in the muscular stomach of the chicken. Single-fiber, vagal recordings were made from mechanoreceptors in the muscular stomach of the chicken. These receptors increased discharge frequency (i) during gentle compression of the wall of this organ and (ii) when coordinated contractions of the organ were induced pharmacologically.


A mutual protective effect of mercury and selenium in Japanese quail. Dietary interactions between methylmercury (Ch3Hg) and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) were studied in Japanese quail. Addition of 0.35-6 p.p.m. Se to diets containing toxic levels of Hg (5-30 p.p.m. Hg) reduced the toxicity of methylmercury and increased the survival of Japanese quail. The survival increased with increasing levels of Se in the diet. Selenium as 6 p.p.m. did not cause any mortality in males and caused only relatively low mortality in females. However, 12 p.p.m. Se depressed the survival of quail, especially females. No consistent effect of Hg, Se or both was observed on body weight or feed consumption. High levels of Hg reduced egg production, fertility and hatchability, and the addition of Se lessened these effects of Hg. Selenium in the diet alone (6 or 12 p.p.m.) generally produced lower hatchability and a high percentage of deformed embryos, and 12 p.p.m. Se also depressed egg production. Addition of 5-15 p.p.m. Hg to such Se diets overcame these effects and reduced the percentage of abnormal embryos more than 50%. Analysis of tissues for total Hg showed that Hg was distributed in a pattern typical for alkyl mercurials. Hg levels in Se-protected birds equaled or exceeded the levels in those fed Hg without Se. Se levels in tissues were generally elevated by feeding Hg, especially in brain. Extremely high brain Hg levels, up to 58 p.p.m., were observed in birds fed 15 p.p.m. Hg plus 6 p.p.m. Se for 20 weeks prior to sacrifice. The levels of Se in the brain of these birds was elevated (4 p.p.m.), but not equimolar to Hg.


Accidental suppression of the accumulation of radioiodide by the thyroids of Japanese quail exposed to an iodinated disinfectant. The walls and floor of a room housing a Japanese quail colony were treated with a commercial disinfectant containing iodine complexed to organic molecules. The room was washed vigorously with hot water using a pressure hose, a procedure discouraged by instructions on the shipping container. A condensate, tinged yellow-brown presumably by elemental iodine, settled on the walls, ceiling and quail pens. Accumulations of tracer doses of iodide-125 or iodide-131 by the thyroid glands of these birds were approximately one-seventh (6-hour uptake) to one-thirtieth (18-hour uptake) as great as for control birds from non-disinfected areas.


Protein requirements of Coturniz coturnix japonica for reproduction using purified diets. Not more than 20% protein is needed in purified diets based on isolated soybean protein, starch supplemented with vitamins and minerals containing about 2700 kcal./kg. metabolizable energy for optimum egg production, fertility and hatchability. A protein level as low as 16% gave slightly inferior egg production, but the data were statistically insignificant. Levels of 24 and 28% protein were not superior to the 20% protein level for the reproductive performance.


The significance of adipost tissue and liver as sites of lipid biosynthesis in the turkey. A study was conducted to determine the significance of adipose tissue and liver as sites of lipid biosynthesis in the turkey. Seven-week-old turkey males were injected intravenously with either acetate-U-14C or glucose-U-14C. Ten, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after injection, adipose tissue, liver and plasma samples were taken. Total lipids were extracted from these samples and 14C incorporation into the lipids was determined. Acetate-U-14C incorporation into liver lipid was 516.2, 493.2, 382.7 and 364.7 x 103 d.p.m./gm. lipid as compared to 2.7, 2.9, 3.1 and 1.3 x 103 d.p.m./gm. lipid for adipose tissue after 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes, respectively. The incorporation of glucose-U-14C into liver lipid was 27.4, 63.4, 157.8 and 243.6 x 103 d.p.m./gm. lipid after 10, 30, 60 and 120 minutes, respectively; whereas glucose-U14C incorporation into adipose tissur was 1.1, 1.3, 3.1 and 5.9 x 103 d.p.m./gm. lipid after the same time intervals. The results of this study showed the liver is the primary site of lipid biosynthesis and acetate was converted into lipid more rapidly than glucose.


Relationship of dietary protein, iron, niacin or thiamin to intestinal mineral metabolism. Young chicks were fed diets deficient in proteins, iron, niacin or thiamin to study the effects on various parameters of mineral metabolism in the duodenal mucosa. None of the treatments affected mucosal alkaline phosphatase activity; however, a five-day deprivation of protein reduced the inorganic phosphate content of mucosal cell nuclei. Iron deficiency reduced mucosal Ca, Zn, Fe and phosphate content, while niacin deficiency decreased mucosal Ca and phosphate. Thiamin deficiency reduced only the phosphate centent of intestinal mucosa. Duodenal phosphatase activity was positively correlated with tissue Ca and Fe and negatively with Zn.


Dietary sodium for laying hens.

Dietary sodium for laying hens. Dietary sodium requirements of laying hens in open type and evaporatively cooled housing were determined to be 0.126 and 0.145% of the diet, respectively. The lowest level of 0.04% sodium supported average rates of production of 49.1 and 60.3% in the two houses for the 28 weeks of the study.


The effect of dietary phosphorus level and strain of bird on the apparent metabolizable energy content of a laying hen diet. An experiment was made in which laying hen diets containing four different levels of dicalcium were each fed to two replicate groups of 10 strains of S.C.W.L. hens. The apparent metabolizable energy (A.M.E.) values of the diets were measured. There was a small but significant (P less than 0.01) linear increase in the dietary A.M.E. value associated with decreasing levels of phosphorus. The A.M.E. values did not differ between strains of birds (P greater than 0.05) and there was no phosphorus level x strain interaction (P greater than 0.05).


The effect of methionine or methionine hydroxy analogue supplementation on chick response to total sulfur amino acid intake. The results of four battery trials were used to compare the relative effectiveness of DL-methionine (DLM) and DL-methionine hydroxy analogue (M-analog) as supplements to soybean meal diets fed to broiler strain chicks. A total of 108 observations of 28-day body weight and corresponding total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) consumption were divided equally to form regression models based on TSAA intake containing either DLM or molecular equivalent amount of M-analog. At maximum effective TSAA intake, the predicted chick body weight resulting from DLM supplementation was 695 grams as compared to 693 from M-analog supplementation. At mean TSAA intake, predicted chick weights were 651 and 650 grams resulting from DLM, and M-analog supplementation, respectively. The pooled mean weight of unsupplemented controls was 584 grams. At low levels of supplementation, the linear change in weight per gram TSAA consumed was predicted to be 77.2 grams with DLM and 76.6 grams with M-analog.


"Palatal pits"--a new trait in chickens? During a genetics study of the cleft palate trait in the chicken, another traint, names "Palatal pits" was observed. In the S.C.W. Leghorn inbred line used in the cleft palate study the incidence of palatal pits was 0.79%. Preliminary analysis indicated that the trait was recessive and followed the segregation of a simple Mendelian gene. The symbol pt was suggested to identify this gene.


Social rank, mating and egg fertilization in willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus lagopus). When captive ptarmigan were allowed to choose their mates freely, the social rank of the male and female correlated significantly. When mates were allocated by the experimenter, without regard to similarity in social rank, fertility was low. When birds of similar social rank were paired, the fertility was high. It is suggested that fertility in captive ptarmigan may be increased if the relative social rank of mating birds is considered.


The available lysine requirements of 7-9 week old sexed broiler chicks. The experiments were conducted to determine the available lysine requirement of broiler chicks during the 7-9 week growing period. The chicks were sexed at day old, and the sexes were reared in separate pens in the same facility. Commercial-type broiler rations were fed from day old to 7 weeks of age. At 7 weeks the sexing errors were removed and the pens equalized to 50 birds per pen. The eight dietary treatments were replicated three times per sex. Graded levels of L-lysine-HCL were added to the basal ration to give a stepwise increase of 0.07% lysine per level. The available lysine requirement for female during the 7-9 week period was 0.64% for both growth and feed conversion. When this was expressed as a function of energy, 0.187% available lysine per megacalorie of metabolizable energy (M.E) per kg. of diet was required. The available lysine requirement for males during this period was 0.69 and 0.66% for gain and feed conversion, respectively. Expressed as available lysine per megacalorie of M.E. per kg. of diet, the values would be 0.202 and 0.193%, respectively.


Effects of monensin-feeding regimens on flock immunity to coccidiosis. Feed medication with monensin caused delays in development of immunity in two floor-pen experiments which simulated commercial broiler production. Development of immunity was retarded with the higher level of monensin (120 p.p.m.) but was progressively less delayed as the monensin level was decreased (100, 60 or 0 p.p.m.). Delay was greatest with Eimeria tenella, but also occured with intestinal species including E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mivati, and E. necatrix. Drug withdrawal permitted earlier development of immunity. Plans involving use of monensin on layer replacements which later will be maintained on the floor without medication should consider: 1) prevalence of infective oocyst exposure in the area, 2) the lowest possible level of drug required for protection, and 3) its use for the shortest possible period of time.


The efficacy of chlordimeform for the control of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylvarium (Canestrini and Fanzago) (Acarina, Dermanyssidae). Chlordimeform applied as a 0.06% low pressure spray controlled the northern fowl mite (NFM) for at least 90 days. Tetrachlorvinphos applied as a 0.5% low pressure spray was equally effective. Chi square analysis of NFM population estimates indicated that NFM populations on the untreated control birds stayed essentially the same throughout the test, whereas, the NFM populations on both acaricide-treated groups were significantly lowered by the seventh day of the test (P less than .01). Chlordimeform seemed to work more slowly than tetrachlorvinphos in controlling NFM.


Effects on laying hens of feeding corn invaded by two species of Fusarium and pure T-2 mycotoxin. Balanced rations containing 2.5 and 5.0% of corn invaded by Fusarium tricinctum, (with 8 and 16 p.p.m. of T-2 toxin) were fed to White Leghorm laying hens. The ration containing 5% of the fungus-invaded corn resulted in reduced feed intake and reduction in weight gain and in egg production. Rations containing 2.5 and 5.0% of corn invaded by F. roseum 'Gibbosum' (with 25 and 50 p.p.m., respectively, of monoacetoxyscirpenol) resulted in an abrupt decrease in feed intake to 10-20% of normal, subsequent loss in weight, and cessation of egg production. Purified T-2 toxin consumed at the rate of 16 p.p.m. in the ration resulted in loss of body weight and decreased egg production; lesser amounts of T-2 toxin resulted in lessened but still detectable injurious effects. Mouth lesions developed in the birds fed these rations, their severity being proportional to the amount of toxin present.


Relationships between number of sperm inseminated, number of eggs laid and fertility in turkeys. Three trials were conducted in which a series of different quantities of semen was used for inseminations. Relationships between total number of sperm inseminated (TNS) and fertility and number of viable sperm inseminated (NOV) and fertility were examined. Interrelationships between numbers of sperm inseminated, number of eggs laid, and fertility were also examined. It was found that TNS and NOV were significantly correlated (P less than .05) with fertility. When the number of eggs laid was considered (sperm to egg ratios), correlations were highly significant (P less than .01). Multiple correlation using number of sperm inseminated and number of eggs laid as the independent variables showed that TNS and the number of eggs laid were significantly correlated (P less than .05) with fertility. When the number of sperm inseminated was corrected so that only live, normal, and motile sperm were considered, the correlation became highly significant (P less than .01). It was concluded that the number of sperm required for optimum fertility was dependent on the number of eggs laid.


The influence of a genetic change in egg production, body weight, fertility or response to cold stress on semen yield in the turkey. Egg production and semen yield, sperm concentration and total sperm per ejaculate were positively associated in a line (E) selected for increased egg production. Semen yield was decreased in a line (F) selected for increased 16-week body weight in comparison to a randombred control population (RBC). The effect may be attributable to decreased egg production in this line, as another line (I), developed from the same RBC, which exhibited genetic increases in body weight but no reduction in egg production, did not differ significantly in semen yield from the RBC. Genetic increases in body weight reduced sperm concentration and total sperm per ejaculate. Genetic changes in average clutch length, total days lost from broodiness, fertility, and response to cold stress did not have a major influence on semen production in the turkey.