Adaptation of the domestic chicken, Gallus domesticus, to continuous feeding of albumin amylase inhibitors from wheat flour as gastro-resistant microgranules. Albumin amylase inhibitors were extracted from wheat flour, precipitated by salting out the extract with ammonium sulphate, and enclosed in cellulose-coated microgranules resistant to the peptic action in the chicken gizzard. Continuous intake of gastro-resistant wheat albumins significantly (P less than 0.01) depressed chicken growth rate, whereas native wheat albumins did not show such an effect. After 4 weeks of treatment, treated chickens showed a growth rate identical to that of control chickens thus showing that an adaptation to the presence of wheat albumins in the diet had occurred. Treated chickens also showed pancreas hypertrophy and a number of histological changes in the pancreas indicating degenerative processes in progress. Moreover, in treated chickens the production of pancreatic amylase was markedly increased (P less than 0.02), whereas pancreatic protease activity was less affected. The data obtained suggest that the synthesis of pancreatic amylase in chicken is under some homeostatic control of alpha-amylase in the intestine.


The effect of non-protein energy source and age on hexokinase concentration in chick muscle. Muscle hexokinase was ascertained in the gastrocnemius muscles of 160 male chicks. Observations were made in four age groups and two diets. No differences in enzyme activity were observed which could be attributed to the feeding of either the high-carbohydrate or high-fat diet. Hexokinase activity declined significantly between 6 and 12 days of age in the chicks fed the respective diets.


Effect of time of day of insemination and the position of the egg in the oviduct on the fertility of turkeys. Turkeys were inseminated at six different times of the day (1:00 p.m., 3:00 p.m., 5:00 p.m., 6:00 p.m., 9:00 p.m., and 12:00 a.m.) to determine the effect of time of day of insemination and the stage of egg formation on fertility. Significantly (P less than .01) lower fertility resulted from insemination at 1:00 p.m. than from inseminations thereafter. Significantly higher fertility resulted from 9:00 p.m. and 12:00 a.m. insemination than from preceding times. Highest fertility resulted when inseminations were performed 8 to 18 hours prior to oviposition whereas lowest fertility resulted from hens inseminated both in the last seven hours of shell deposition and during the approximate time of ovulation.


Experimentally induced "fatty liver syndrome" condition in laying hens. Two experiments were conducted with aged laying hens to determine the influence of feeding 5,000 p.p.m. of iodine as potassium iodine (KI) and/or injecting 12 mg. of estradiol upon fat accumulation in the liver and serum cholesterol levels. The KI was fed for 8 days before making liver and blood determinations, and the estradiol was injected 3 days prior to making the determinations. The feeding of KI or injection of estradiol resulted in significantly increased liver weight. When the two treatments were combined a further significant increase in liver weights was obtained. The percent of fat in the liver was significantly increased by the injection of estradiol. However, the feeding of KI in the presence or absence of estradiol did not affect the percentage of fat in the liver. Neither of the treatments significantly affected the fatty acid composition of the liver fat. Feeding of KI or injection of estradiol significantly increased total serum cholesterol levels. When the two treatments were combined a further increase in serum cholesterol level was observed. Histological changes of the livers of hens treated with KI and estradiol were similar to those previously described for the "fatty liver syndrome."


Effect of force-feeding diets containing varying amounts of lysine on plasma free amino acids in laying hens. Effects of force-feeding in contrast to ad libitum-feeding diets containing 0.35, 0.50, 0.65 and 0.80% lysine on plasma free amino acids were investigated in laying hens. The feed intake and body weight gain of hens fed ad libitum were less than those in hens force-fed: this was more prominent in hens fed low-lysine diets. The concentrations of plasma arginine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, valine, alanine, glutamic acid, proline, serine and tyrosine were greater in hens fed ad libitum while plasma threonine, asparagine plus glutamine, ammonia and uric acid were greater in hens force-fed. Plasma lysine was increased slowly by increases of dietary lysine from 0.35 to 0.65%, but rapidly from 0.65 to 0.80%. The concentrations of plasma leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, half-cystine, taurine and uric acid were greater in hens fed a low-lysine diet (0.35%) than in hens fed a high-lysine diet (0.80%). The plasma ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids was decreased when dietary lysine was increased from 0.35 to 0.50% and 0.50 to 0.65%. These results indicated that force-feeding apparently increased the catabolic rate of dietary protein. Plasma free lysine changed in response to the dietary lysine level in laying hens.


Cyclic changes in serum phosphorus of laying hens. Three trials were conducted to measure changes in the serum phosphorus level of laying hens over a 24-hour period. Sixty-three-week-old hens were selected for blood sampling according to the criteria that: 1. they laid an egg the day prior to and the day of blood collection and 2. the oviposition time on both days was 10 a.m. +/- 2 hours. Blood samples were obtained via heart puncture. Serum was collected by centrifugation, deproteinized and analyzed colorimetrically for phosphorus content. Sampling times were as follows: Trial 1--6 p.m., 12 midnight, 6 a.m. and 12 noon; Trial 2--6 a.m., 8 a.m., 10 a.m., 12 noon, 2 p.m., 4 p.m. and 6 p.m.; Trial 3--12 midnight, 4 a.m. and 7 a.m. Hens used in this study received natural and/or artifical light from 4:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. each day. Results indicated that serum phosphorus reached a peak of 6.08 mg.% at 7 a.m. At 8 a.m., the phosphorus level dropped to 4.88 mg.% and remained within 0.08 mg.% of this value until 12 noon. From 2 p.m. to 6 a.m. it gradually increased from 5.29 mg9% to 5.80 mg.%. Observed changes in serum phosphorus over time are related to changes in shell calcification, bone resorption and remineralization, and renal clearance.


Basal metabolic rate in growing chicks Gallus domesticus. Basal metabolic rate (B.M.R.) of broilers and Leghorns was measured to assess whether a fundamental change in B.M.R. has occurred in the two types of fowl. A Haldane respirometer was used to quantitate gaseous exchange over variable periods of time. Data were converted to kcal., and covariance analysis was used as a statistical control of the influence of body weight on B.M.R. Measurements were obtained from hatch to 8 weeks of age in both types of poultry. Broilers were found to have a significantly lower B.M.R. from hatch to 500 g. body weight. Above 500 g. body weight, the B.M.R. of the broilers was not found different from Leghorns. After logarithmic transformation, B.M.R. data were regressed on body weight to compute the exponent b for metabolic equations of the form M = aWb where M = metabolic rate, Wb = metabolically effective body weight, a = a constant of proportionality. The b exponent for growing chicks, 40 to 500 g. body weight, was found to be unity (r = 0.98) for both broilers and Leghorns. For growing chicks up to 500 g., it is recommended that a b of 1.0 be used in place of 0.75 for estimating the metabolic rate of chicks.


Effects of T-2 toxin on reproductive performance and health of laying hens. Purified T-2 toxin was fed to S.C.W.L. hens at levels of 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 p.p.m. of an otherwise balanced diet. Feed consumption, egg production and shell thickness were significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased in hens fed 8 p.p.m. as compared with control hens. The fertility and progeny performance were not depressed by feeding T-2 toxin, but the hatchability of fertile eggs of hens fed 2 and 8 p.p.m. was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than that of hens fed the control diet. The weights of liver, heart, gizzard and spleen were not influenced by T-2 toxin. Serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, LDH and uric acid of hens fed high concentrations of T-2 toxin were greater than those of control hens. SGPT in hens fed 8.0 p.p.m. was lower when compared with control hens. No outward changes in hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocyte, leukocyte and differential leukocyte counts were noted with feeding T-2 toxin. Most hens fed T-2 toxin developed oral lesions: circumscribed proliferative yellow caseous plaques at the margin of the beak, mucosa of the hard palate and angle of the mouth, and tongue. The incidence and severity of lesions were proportional to the dietary level of T-2 toxin. The only other lesion observed in necropsy examination at the end of the experiment was the small mucosal ulcer in the anterior portion of the gizzard in hens fed high levels of T-2 toxin. Microscostrointestinal tract, etc.) revealed no significant pathological change except the necrotic lesions in the gizzard and crop.


Growth of fungi in broiler houses.

Growth of fungi in broiler houses. The growth of fungi in broiler houses with and without histories of problems of unknown etiology or of mycotoxicoses was studied. Fungal growth data were obtained by the strip bait method and results expressed as frequency and relative density. The frequency and relative density of fungal growth of several species were higher in problem houses than in those without problems. In problem houses many known toxic fungi and several fungi of unknown toxicity were found growing, increasing in density and frequency during the rearing period. Houses without problems (control houses) were dominated throughout the rearing period by the growth of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. This fungus grew infrequently and in low relative density in problem houses. There was no correlation between species composition and litter removal, pH, and moisture in problem and control houses. Fungi did not grow in inside feed hoppers or in dust on rafters in the broiler houses. One thermotolerant and two thermophilic species of fungi were found growing in outside feed bins. Three generalized fungal growth patterns in litter are described and theoretical consideration of environmental factors on these patterns are discussed.


Growth and mineral content of cultured chick embryos. In order to assess mineral uptake by chick embryos cultured outside of the shell, growth and mineral (Ca, Mg, K, Na) composition of control and cultured embryos and total egg contents (embryo plus residual egg contents) were measured from 8 through 21 days of incubation. At day nine and thereafter, cultured embryos contained significantly less Ca and Mg than did control embryos. At day 11 and thereafter, ash weight of cultured embryos was significantly less than that of controls. At 13 days and thereafter, wet weight, dry weight, toe length, K and Na content of cultured embryos were significantly less than in controls. To assess relative mineral uptake of cultured embryos, mineral (Ca, Mg, K, Na) content per gram embryo dry weight was plotted against incubation age. Values for the ratio of Mg, K and Na per gram dry weight were similar for control and cultured embryos. Control values for Ca per dry weight were consistently higher than those for cultured embryos during the period from 9 to 21 days. The data suggest that Ca may not be present in sufficient quantity, even on a relative growth basis, to perform its normal physiological functions in cultured embryos.


Spontaneous spondylolisthesis in embryonic and adult chick. The incidence of spontaneous avian spondylopathy was maintained between 58 and 66% in the progeny of one flock (Flock A) and less than 40% in the progeny of another (Flock B), by proper selection and breeding for 4 generations. Spondylolisthesis, the major type of spondylopathy present, was observed at the first and sixth vertebral levels. Spondylolisthesis was progressive in nature and consisted of a ventrodorsal rotation of the 1st and/or 6th thoracic vertebrae leading to spinal cord injury and paraplegia or partial crippling in some birds. There was occasionally extensive muscle degeneration and connective tissue proliferation around the distorted vertebrae and the spinous ligaments bridging the defect were stretched and appeared heavier than normal. Spondylopathy was also observed in 20-day chick embryos. Spondylolisthesis was observed in 33% of the embryos examined from Flock A-G2 and the other conditions present consisted of scoliosis and abnormal lordosis and kyphosis. Using a grading scale of +1 (mild) to +3 (severe), all cases of embryonic spondylopathy were graded as +1. The back defects present in Flock B-G2 embryos were entirely due to abnormal kyphosis.


Adult mortality rates in Leghorn X Red reciprocal crosses at three North Central stations. Adult mortality rates among progeny of Leghorn X Red reciprocal crosses were observed concurrently at three North Central Region experiment stations. Female mortality rates were significantly (P less than or equal to .05) higher at all locations among progeny of the Leghorn male parent. Male mortality rates (observed at two locations) between crosses were not different and thus suggested a sex chromosome involvement with mortality rates in these crosses.


Reproductivity of Japanese quail fed mercuric chloride in the absence of vitamin D. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) was tested at 16 p.p.m. Hg for vitamin D sparing activity by presenting it dietarily in the presence and absence of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC) to Japanese quail (Coturnix c. japonica) for 25 days. No gross signs characteristic of mercury poisoning were observed, but some predictable effects of vitamin D deficiency on avian reproduction were manifested within 10 days. Rate of lay, egg shell thickness, and hatchability of fertile eggs decreased markedly for birds on vitamin D-deficient diets. Shell-less eggs were laid by these birds after 20 days and laying stopped entirely on the 23rd day. Laying resumed within 5 days after diets were refortified with 25-HCC. There was no detectable interaction between HgCl2 and vitamin D.


In vivo inhibition of grey partridge (Perdrix Perdrix) creatine-kinase by methoxy ethyl mercury silicate. In grey partridge, methoxy-ethyl-mercury is a potent reversible inhibitor of muscular creatine-kinase. This effect is probably the result of a fixation of mercury by the thiol groups of the enzyme molecule.


Uptake of iodide into growing chicken oocytes. Sodium 125iodide was injected intraperitoneally into laying hens and two modes of experimentation utilized to determine the nature of its distribution into plasma and yolk compartments.


The effects of ahemeral light and dark cycles on growth and sexual maturity in chickens. Replacement pullets were reared in environmentally controlled chambers in which the lighting schedule was 14L:7D, 14L:10D or 14L:14D. Both temperature and humidity were constant throughout the experiment. Neither body weight nor age at sexual maturity were altered by these lighting schedules. It was concluded that a unifying hypothesis to explain the various effects of photoperiods on growth and sexual maturity would probably not involve circadian rhythms.


The effect of inherited chondrodystrophy on the hexosamine content of cartilage from turkey embryos. The effect of inherited chondrodystrophy on the composition of embryonic turkey cartilage was studied. Cartilage from embryos homozygous for the mutant gene contained less than one-half the normal amount of galactosamine containing mucopolysaccharides. Histological examination also showed that there was a substantial decrease in extracellular matrix content of the chondrodystrophic cartilage.


Response of chicken intestine to calcium omission on electrical potential and short-circuit. A comparison of the endogenous PD and ISC, galactose transfer PD and ISC, and leucine transfer PD and ISC by rat and chicken intestine in a buffer with and without calcium, was made. The electrical activity in presence or absence of actively transported substrates was altered in the chicken intestine when a calcium-free buffer was used. No significant differences were observed with rat intestine.


Effects of glycerol on turkey sperm cell viability and fertilizing capacity. To test the cryoprotective action of glycerol, intravaginal (I.V.A.I.) and intramagnal (I.M.A.I.) artificial inseminations were performed on 100 turkey hens using semen treated with glycerol; treated with glycerol then diluted and centrifuged; treated with glycerol and frozen-thawed; treated with glycerol, frozen-thawed then diluted and centrifuged; and untreated control. With I.V.A.I. no progeny were obtained from any turkeys within the treated group. I.V.A.I. subsequent to semen dilution and centrifugation to lower the glycerol level yielded only two poults from one of the 36 hens inseminated. When I.M.A.I. was used, many poults were hatched from eggs produced by hens in the four treated groups. To study the cause of glycerol's antifertility action, histological sections of uterovaginal junction (UVJ) and infundibular (INF) tissues were observed. Following I.V.A.I., no sperm cells were found in either the UVJ or INF regions except in the controls where they were readily seen in the UVJ region. Conversely with I.M.A.I., sperm cells were seen in the INF region in all treatment groups while in the controls, sperm cells were also found in the UVJ region.


The effect of Marek's disease vaccination and day-old debeaking on the performance of growing pullets and laying hens. In a 2 X 2 completely randomized factorial design, four hundred day-old Single Comb White Leghorn pullets were randomly assigned to four treatment combinations of vaccinated, non-vaccinated, debeaked and non-debeaked groups. Vaccination and debeaking were performed at day-old by administering 2,000 P.F.U. of HVT vaccine/chick and by removing approximately 2/3 of the upper beak, respectively. All the data were analyzed at 5% level of probability. Vaccination reduced feed consumption significantly only during the early growing period of the first 12 weeks, whereas debeaking caused a significant reduction in feed consumption throughout the experimental period of 80 weeks. Mortality during the 20-week growing period was not affected by either vaccination or debeaking. During the laying period (20-80 weeks of age), vaccination reduced the mortality numerically, while debeaking reduced the mortality significantly. Final body weight, hen-day egg production, egg weight, albumen height and egg shell thickness were not influenced by either vaccination, debeaking or a combination of the two. Debeaking had no effect on the incidence of blood-spotting in the eggs. Vaccination, however, significantly reduced percent blood spots in the eggs. Day-old debeaking effectively prevented the occurrence of cannibalism.


Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) effects on serum and liver lipid levels in Gallus domesticus. The food antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxy-toluene (BHT) were fed to chickens to determine their effect on lipid metabolism. BHA and BHT did not affect chicken growth, blood lipid levels or liver lipid levels when the birds were fed a normal ration. When a high fat, high cholesterol ration was fed, chickens developed increased levels of blood and liver lipids and experienced decreased growth rates. The addition of either antioxidant in the presence of a high fat high cholesterol diet maintained higher serum lipid levels and caused decreases in liver lipid levels.


Social status and sex ration effects on mating frequency of cockerels. Cockerels of 3 early- and 3 late-maturing strains of White Leghorns were observed for agonistic and mating behavior while housed with pullets in floor pens. All male strains were equally represented in each of 6 flocks; replicated flocks contained 6, 12, or 18 males with male:female rations of 1:24, 1:12, or 1:8, respectively. Differences associated with selection for early or late sexual maturity were not detected for either social status or mating frequency. Contrary to expectation, social status of cockerels had little effect on frequency of mating. Flocks with fewer males had lower fertility, but sex ratios (in the range used) had no effect on frequency of mating of individual males. Implications of these results are discussed.


Sodium dependence and counterflow of some amino acids in chick intestine. By incubating chicken intestinal rings in buffer containing either sodium or mannitol, it was demonstrated that uptake of L-lysine and L-histidine is sodium dependent. Double reciprocal plots of the data indicated that Vmax was independent of sodium concentration. KM values, however, were increased considerably in the absence of the metal, indicating a decreased affinity of the amino acid for a hypothetical carrier. A failure to demonstrate mobile carriers for L-lysine and L-arginine in chick intestine is reported. Counterflow results are briefly discussed in terms of fixed binding sites.


Clearance of sulfamethoxazole in eggs and tissues of chickens. Clearance of sulfamethoxazole (SMX, or sulfisomezole) in eggs and tissues of chicken after withdrawal of the drug which was medicated feed additively (at 0.2 or 0.4%) or administered intramuscularly (100 mg./kg., twice daily) for 5 successive days was determined using a fluorescamine reagent. Clearance patterns of SMX were found to be different between albumen and yolk. SMX level in albumen diminished linearly to below 0.1 p.p.m. (sensitivity level) by 5 days after the cessation of medication. On the other hand, SMX level in yolk remained at a plateau until 4 days, and thereafter decreased linearly to below 0.1 p.p.m. by 10 days. SMX levels in most tissues diminished below 0.1 p.p.m. by 3 days and those in kidney and skin by 4 days. Clearance patterns in tissue were quite similar to those in egg albumen. Proportion of acetylated-SMX to total-one in both albumen and yolk tended to increase up to 10% with the lapse of time after drug withdrawal. Acetylation was high in liver (36.5-43.6%), spleen skin and fat, but low in breast muscle and kidney (3.7-11%) in the groups of feed addition; while acetylation was low in liver of the group of intramuscular injection.


The application of an electronic particle counter with a mean cell volume computer and an hematocrit accessory to avian hematology. The accuracy and precision of an electronic cell counter equipped with a mean cell volume and packed cell volume accessory were evaluated for avian blood, and the results were compared with those of "standard" avian hematological techniques. Precision on replicate determinations with the electronic instruments was excellent and the mean results compared well with those of standard methods when the instrument was carefully standardized and calibrated.


Residues in broiler chickens fed low levels of hexachlorobenzene. Male broiler chicks (Hubbard-Hubbard) were fed graded levels (0, 0.0006, 0.006, 0.03, and 0.120 p.p.m.) of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) for 8 weeks. Gel permeation chromatography was used to prepare tissue samples from fat, heart, gizzard, leg muscle, breast muscle, kidney, and liver for analysis by gas-liquid chromatography employing electron capture detection. No treatment related trends could be determined for body or organ weights. Histopathologic examination of brain, liver, testes, pancreas, small intestine, ventriculus, spleen, kidney, lung, and heart failed to reveal lesions in either control or treated groups. A linear relationship was found between HCB accumulation in tissues and the dietary HCB level. HCB accumulation was greatest in adipose tissue followed by the heart, gizzard, leg, kidney, liver, and breast. The biomagnification of HCB in adipose tissue of broiler chickens was 11 to 18 times the concentration in the diet. For example, a concentration of 0.03 p.p.m. of HCB in the diet resulted in the accumulation of HCB in adipose tissue in excess of 0.5 p.p.m. After 7 weeks, birds were taken off rations containing HCB. After a withdrawal period of five weeks, 0.5 p.p.m. of HCB remained in adipose tissue of birds that had been fed 0.12 p.p.m. of HCB.


Duration of the antifertility effect on glycerol in the chicken vagina. To determine the duration of the antifertility effect of glycerol in the chicken's vagina, groups of 15 Leghorn-type hens were each given 0.1 ml. of a 2.076 M glycerol solution at time intervals from 0 to 10 minutes before and after insemination with 0.1 ml. of pooled semen. Eggs were set weekly and candled at 7 days of incubation to determine fertility. Fertility of eggs collected during days 5--7 was significantly (P less than .01) reduced by the glycerol solution when it was administered between 5 minutes before and 10 minutes after insemination. The antifertility effect disappeared within 10 minutes after glycerol deposition.


Anticoccidial activity of salinomycin in battery raised broiler chickens. Infections with single species of Eimeria acervulina, E. mivati, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix, and E. brunetti, and the six species mixed, were utilized in three separate battery experiments to evaluate the anticoccidial efficacy of various levels of salinomycin (AHR-3096), a fermentation product of a strain of Streptomyces albus. At the 60 to 100 p.p.m. treatment levels, this compound showed significant anticoccidial activity for all parameters studied (mortality, weight gain, feed conversion, dropping scores, and lesion scores). The mortality due to coccidiosis was reduced to 0.1% in the medicated infected birds. Some activity, as measured by weight gain, was seen in the lower levels of salinomycin medication (12.5 to 50 p.p.m.), but other parameters, including mortality and lesion scores, indicated less activity than that seen with the higher treatment levels. At 100 p.p.m., there was no apparent effect on the compound on bird performance in uninfected control birds. Salinomycin at the 100 p.p.m. treatment level was statistically as effective as 121 p.p.m. monensin (reference anticoccidial) in controlling coccidiosis.


Anticoccidial activity of salinomycin in floor-pen experiments with broilers. The anticoccidial agent salinomycin (AHR-3096) was compared at various treatment levels (60 to 100 p.p.m.) in two experiments against unmedicated and either 100 or 121 p.p.m. monensin-medicated groups to evaluate its performance under floor-pen conditions. Various methods for the initial rearing of birds and coccidial exposure were employed to test the efficacy of salinomycin against severe, moderate, and mild coccidiosis. Salinomycin at all treatment levels showed definite anticoccidial activity resulting in improved weights, feed conversion ratios, lesion scores, and mortality compared with unmedicated controls. In pens with severe coccidiosis, this compound demonstrated a significant improvement in all parameters when compared with the corresponding unmedicated controls. Salinomycin-treated pens exposed to light coccidiosis usually had a numerical increase in the parameters over the unmedicated control groups. Statistical analysis of overall main effects on mortality, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio showed no significant differences between the activity of any level of salinomycin and monensin.


A technique for the exposure and detection of inhaled aerosols in poultry. The respiratory activity of poultry is highly susceptible to changes in respiratory dead space volume, airstream pressure, ambient temperature, and body position. A technique has been developed which will minimize these variables; yet permit the exposure and detection of inhaled aerosols. Monodispersed latex spheres of a known size are radioactively labeled following polymerization of iodine-127 onto the surface of the spheres. The bird is anesthetized and placed in a whole-body plethysmography. The liquid dispersed latex spheres are aerosolized from a nebulizer attached to a 10 p.s.i.g. compressed air line. The particles are electrostatically neutralized and routed to a plenum at near ambient pressure. The bird breathes at will through a unidirectional mask attached to the plenum. Following exposure the bird is euthanatized, the plethysmograph calibrated and the deposition in the respiratory tract measured at each of seven sections by a collimated, scintillation detector.


Effects of lasalocid and monensin in combination with roxarsone on lesion reduction and oocyst suppression in chicks infected with Eimeria tenella field isolates. The anticoccidial activity of lasalocid, monensin, and roxarsone, alone and in combination, was evaluated against eleven Eimeria tenella recent field isolates. Lasalocid was used at 0.0075. 0.01, and 0.0125% activity drug in feed; monensin at 0.0099 and 0.0121%; and roxarsone at 0.005%. Further studies with lasalocid 0.0075%, monensin 0.0099% and roxarsone 0.005 and 0.0025% combinations were carried out against three E. tenella field isolates selected from the aforementioned strains. Lasalocid and monensin each exhibited a high degree of anticoccidial activity at all concentrations tested. Lasalocid and monensin fed in combination with roxarsone showed, in addition to high anticoccidial activity a further reduction in gross lesions and oocysts production, more pronounced at 0.005% level of roxarsone than at 0.0025%, compared to either medication alone or the roxarsone combinations. These positive effects were noted with all strains tested. The practical aspects of these findings are discussed.


Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase--a sensitive indicator of lead exposure in Japanese quail. Red blood cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (RBC-ALAD) activity has proven to be a sensitive indicator of lead exposure in humans. The depressed enzyme activity and its negative correlation to blood lead concentrations are well-known effects of lead exposure in man. The sensitivity of RBC-ALAD activity in young Japanese quail exposed to low levels of lead as lead acetate was investigated. Two groups of nine birds each were fed purified diets containing either no added lead or 25 micrograms of lead per g. of diet. After 2 weeks, blood samples for hematocrit, hemoglobin, and enzyme determinations and renal, hepatic, duodenal, and tibial tissues were collected. There were no significant differences between controls and lead-fed birds in body, kidney, duodenal, and tibial weights, or in hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations. However, the renal, hepatic, duodenal, and tibial lead concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.001) greater in the lead-treated birds. The activity of RBC-ALAD in the group fed lead was 45% of that in the control group; these values were significantly different (P less than 0.001). RBC-ALAD activity expressed as the log. base 10 showed significant (P less than 0.02) negative correlation with both hepatic and tibial lead. The study demonstrates that the activity of RBC-ALAD in the Japanese quail is a very sensitive indicator of lead exposure.


Connective tissue constituents of the fowl. Effects of exogenous estrogen. The levels of connective tissue constituents (hexosamine, hexuronic acid, hexose and hydroxyproline) and the composition of isolated mucopolysaccharide-peptide complexes were determined in some organs and tissue of male and female fowl treated and not treated with estradiol-17beta. Most of the changes occurred in the male. Estrogen administration brought statistically significant increases in the contents of hexosamine and hexuronic acid in the cartilage of the male and of hexose in the spleen of both males and females. It also increased the hydroxyproline in the testis and in the cartilage of the male. Estrogen decreased the content of hexosamine in the combs of both males and females, and in the wattle of the female, of hexuronic acid, hexose and hydroxyproline in the liver of the male, and hydroxyproline in the breast muscle of the male. Hexosamine, sialic acid, lipid and protein contents of blood sera of estrogenized birds were substantially higher than that of the controls. Gas liquid chromatography of the lipids of the tissues indicated that estrogen administration brought about an increase in the proportion of the unsaturated fraction to the total fatty acid content.


Evaluation of Rofenaid and a commercial bacterin for prevention of cranial form of fowl cholera in turkeys. Rofenaid, a potentiated sulfadimethoxine at drug concentrations of 0.04, 0.02, and 0.01% in feed, a combination of vaccination with a commercial bacterin and 0.01% potentiated sulfadimethoxine (Rofenaid), and vaccination separately, significantly (P less than 0.05) increased livability of turkeys experimentally induced with the cranial form of fowl cholera as compared to that of the nonmedicated nonvaccinated exposed turkeys. Turkeys were exposed by the administration of Pasteurella multocida (isolate 8579) in the drinking water.


Evaluation of Aureomycin for prevention of arthritic, pulmonary and cranial forms of fowl cholera in turkeys. Aureomycin fed at concentrations of 55, 110, and 220 mg./kg. of feed significantly (P less than 0.05) increased livability as compared to that of the nonmedicated exposed and increased average body wieght gained per turkey as compared to that of both the nonmedicated exposed and nonmedicated nonexposed turkeys. The increase in survival was proportional to the increase in concentration of Aureomycin in the feed. Turkeys were exposed, in the drinking water, to three isolates of Pasteurella multocida which had inclinations for localizing in the joints, lungs, and air spaces of the head. There were no carriers of P. multocida in either the medicated or nonmedicated turkeys three weeks after exposure.


Feed consumption and protein efficiency by Bobwhite quail in response to dietary energy levels. Two experiments were conducted to determine if Bobwhite quail chicks would adjust feed consumption according to energy intake from hatching to five weeks of age. Three starter diets, which were calculated to contain 2850, 3010 and 3170 Kcal. M.E./Kg., were fed throughout the five-week experiments. As energy was increased, the protein level was increased proportionally. Each treatment group consisted of four replicate pens containing 125 chicks each. Body weight at two and five weeks of age was not affected by treatment, except for a reduction at two weeks for birds on the 3170 Kcal./Kg. diet. There were no significant treatment effects on mortality. The feed consumed/bird/day decreased as dietary energy was increased. The calculated energy consumption/bird/day was 15.44, 15.31 and 14.79 Kcal., respectively, for the 2850, 3010 and 3170 Kcal. M.E./Kg diets during the five-week period. The energy and protein consumption per gram of body weight was slightly reduced at the high energy level indicating a more efficient use of energy and protein of the high energy diet. These data indicate that the Bobwhite quail adjusts feed intake according to the energy content of the diet.


The effect of prolactin on reproductive function in female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The anti-gonadal or anti-gonadotropic actions of prolactin in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were re-investigated. Treatment of mature regularly laying quail with 16 I.U. of ovine prolactin (NIH-P-S11) per day for 7 or 14 days caused significant (P less than .05) decreases in ovarian and oviductal weight and a reduction in egg production by the third day of treatment. The most frequent response to prolactin was complete cessation of ovulation for the duration of the experiment, but some birds showed no effects from the hormone treatment. Prolactin caused a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in body weight of the quail. Serum LH, measured during the expected time of the preovulatory LH surge, was significantly lower in birds treated with prolactin the day before sampling than in control birds. It was concluded that prolactin has a distinct anti-gonadal or anti-gonadotropic action in this species.


Inhibition by atropine, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol of the autonomic nervous system of the domestic fowl. Because of the paucity and inconsistency of information on blockage of the chicken autonomic nervous system for extended periods, the effects of atropine, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol in the anesthetized hen were examined. It was found that cholinergic blockade by atropine was very short lived. For effective (80%) parasympathetic blockage a priming dose of 0.25 mg./kg;, followed by an infusion at the rate of 17.5 microgram/kg./min., was required. Similarly, inhibition of the beta-sympathetic system required propranolol in a priming dose of 0.25 mg./kg. and an infusion of 5 microgram/kg./min. The alpha-sympathetic inhibitor, phenoxybenzamine, was effective when given as a single dose of 5 mg./kg. Using these levels of inhibitor it was possible to ensure blockade in all cases for periods of two hours or more.


Prophylactical and therapeutical efficacy of Tiamuline in mycoplasmosis of chickens and turkeys. To evaluate efficacy of Tiamuline in mycoplasmosis of chickens and turkeys under controlled field conditions 2 prophylactical and 3 therapeutical trials were conducted. The compound was administered via drinking water for 3 days in comparison to Tylosin tartrate. In both prophylactical and therapeutical tests, Tiamuline showed a superior efficiacy, as measured by clinical symptoms, pathological lesions and microbiological findings. Therefore, Tiamuline can be recommended for treatment of mycoplasmosis in chickens and turkeys in a dosage of 0.025% and in a dosage of 0.0125% for prophylaxis in flocks at risk.


The effect of sex, dietary energy, meat protein, ascorbic acid and iron on broiler skin collagen. Two studies were conducted to determine if variation of sex, dietary energy, meat protein, ascorbic acid or iron had any effect on collagen metabolism in broilers. In the first experiment day-old broiler type chicks were fed diets which contained 3190 or 3410 kcal. M.E./kg. of diet, 0 or 15% meat and bone meal and 0 or 1 g./kg. ascorbic acid. In the second experiment the day-old broiler chicks were fed diets which had 3190 or 3410 kcal. M.E./kg. of diet and 60 or 260 p.p.m. of iron. At 56 days of age the broilers were weighed, a representative number of birds killed from each group and skin samples collected. The skin samples were analyzed for the degree of collagen cross-linking and the total and insoluble collagen contents. An alteration of energy, meat protein, ascorbic acid or iron in the diet had no effect on collagen formation in the skin of broilers reared in cool environmental temperatures. Female broilers had a significantly higher percentage of insoluble collagen in the skin tissue but the level of total collagen and insoluble collagen was higher in the male birds.


The control and prevention of necrotic enteritis in broilers with zinc bacitracin. The effectiveness of zinc bacitracin in controlling andpreventing necrotic enteritis was tested by growing broilers in a facility where necrotic enteritis outbreaks had previously occurred. Broiler-crossed chicks were fed a commercial-type broiler diet containing 0 mg./kg., 33 mg./kg., or 55 mg./kg. of zinc bacitracin in the diet. Each treatment was replicated six times. Mortality, weight gain, feed conversion, and pigmentation were measured. The control group had 7.4% mortality due to necrotic enteritis as determined by necropsy of each bird upon death. Zinc bacitracin at 10 grams per ton had two mortalities, or 0.4% mortality due to necrotic enteritis. No mortality due to necrotic enteritis occurred with the higher levels of zinc bacitracin. The addition of zinc bacitracin significantly improved (P less than 0.01) the parameters of weight gain, feed conversion, and pigmentation.


Ultrastructural observations of the adenohypophyseal gonadotrophs from growth selected lines of chickens. The ultrastructure of adenohypophyseal gonadotrophs (GT-cells) from pullets of lines selected for high (HWS) and low (LWS) body weight was studied at various physiological ages. Increasing the photoperiod beyond 14 hours in a 24-hour cycle did not have a significant effect on the ultrastructure of GT-cells in either line. A qualitative analysis, based on the extent and complexity of the protein synthetic apparatus, suggested that the synthetic activity of gonadotrophs from HWS pullets was greater than that of LWS pullets at each of the ages studied. Although no significant differences were found in the frequency of pullets showing evidence of intracellular digestion of secretory products, the condition was more severe in the HWS than in the LWS females. Crinophagy tended to be positively correlated with cell activity in both lines. These observations suggest that selection for growth rate had a correlated effect on hypophyseal proteinaceous secretions. They also indicate that interactions between fluctuations in gonadotrophic cell activity, secreting mechanisms and neural thresholds for hormone action may be implicated in the manifestation of the erratic ovulation patterns.


Lithium-induced inhibition of 125I accumulation by thyroids and growing oocytes of Japanese quail. A single dose of 975 mumol. Li Cl suppressed thyroidal accumulation of iodide in laying Japanese quail as measured at 1, 6, and 18 hr. after injecting 125 I and in mature male quail at 1 hr. Thyroidal accumulation was above control values in males by 18 hr. Levels of 125 I were unchanged in growing oocytes but in testes were 3 to 60 times the control levels. When accumulations were expressed relative to the concentration of 125I in the plasma, in lithium-treated quail levels in thyroids were 0.02 to 0.5 times, in oocytes 0.2 to 0.9 and in testes 0.7 to 0.8 times control values. Results indicate that a single large dose of LiCl caused retention of 125I in the extracellular fluid of Japanese quail and thereby in the testes but inhibited transport of the tracer into the thyroid and growing oocytes.


The phospholipid content of ejaculated fowl and turkey spermatozoa. Chicken and turkey spermatozoal lipids were separated into acidic and non-acidic fractions by DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The phospholipid composition of each fraction was examined by thin-layer chromatography, followed by phosphorus analysis. Chicken sperm phospholipid comprised 38.21% phosphatidyl choline, 9.04% phosphatidal choline, 12.62% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 8.04% phosphatidal ethanolamine, 8.28% sphingomyelin, 9.76% phosphatidyl serine, 6.5% phosphatidyl inositol, and 7.49% cardiolipin. Turkey sperm phospholipid comprised 34.15% phosphatidyl choline, 7.14% phosphatidal choline, 15.61% phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 11.34% phosphatidal ethanolamine, 9.91% sphingomyelin, 8.83% phosphatidyl serine, 4.80% phosphatidyl inositol, and 8.22% cardiolipin.


Immunological comparisons of the sera of chicken, turkey, pheasant, quail and their intergeneric hybrids. Sera from chicken, turkey, pheasant, quail and their intergeneric hybrids were compared by their reactions in two-dimensional immunoelectrophorsis with homologous and heterologous antisera. As many as 44 antigenically distinguishable components were resolved in these sera by use of this technique. Sera from the intergeneric hybrids, when allowed to react with rabbit anti-White Leghorn antiserum, gave more precipitin peaks than did any of the parental sera in reaction with this same antiserum. Thus it appeared that intergeneric hybridization induced a propagation of avian serum antigens recognized by rabbit antiserum to a single parental serum. For example, all parental sera, in reaction with homologous or heterologous antisera, appeared to contain only one precipitin peak which migrated in the albumin area. Sera from the intergeneric hybrids of chicken X turkey, chicken X pheasant, and chicken X quail had two antigenetically distinguishable peaks in the albumin area. Sera from turkey X pheasant and pheasant X quail had only one peak in this region. These results agree with the observations obtained from polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis of the plasma proteins.


Hypercalcemic effect of potassium iodide on serum calcium in domestic fowl. Five experiments were conducted to determine the influence of potassium iodide (KI) on serum calcium in the laying hen. Serum calcium was significantly increased when hens were fed a diet containing 5000 p.p.m. I as KI. This occurred even though feed consumption, egg production and size of ovary and oviduct were significantly decreased. In some hens fed KI, serum calcium was increased to as high as 70 mg. %, a 163% increase. Most of the increase was in the form of non-diffusible calcium. Hens fed a diet containing 0.05% calcium had significantly reduced serum calcium values. When these calcium-deficient hens were fed 5000 p.p.m. I as KI, a significant increase in serum calcium occurred within 3 days and within 7 days their average serum calcium value was significantly greater than that of hens fed a diet containing 3.00% calcium. A combination of KI plus estradiol was significantly more effective in increasing serum calcium than was either compound alone. Although these data gave no indication as to the mechanism of action of KI on serum calcium they do offer a new model in which to study calcium metabolism in the laying hen.


A limited restraint harness for use in long-term infusion of chickens. A limited restraint harness was developed which permits long-term infusion of chickens under near normal conditions. The harness allows the birds to stand, sit, move forward and backward, and turn 180 degrees in either direction without twisting the cannula.


The effect of caproic acid, handling technique and storage times on the fertility of fowl spermatozoa. The effects of three levels of caproic acid in glycine-citrate extender on preservation of fertilizing capacity of fowl spermatozoa were tested. Extended semen stored for 6 and 28 hours was used for insemination in diluted or reconcentrated forms. The results indicated that semen stored in the extender with the highest concentration of caproic acid provided superior fertility and showed the importance of proper handling of hens during insemination.


Production of citrinin by Penicillium citrinum in different liquid media. Citrinin production by Penicillium citrinum NRRL 5907 and NRRL 1842 on liquid media was investigated. Maximum yields of pure citrinin (1.7 g./1.) were produced by P. citrinum NRRL 5907 growing on 2% yeast extract and 5% sucrose.


A study in the pharmacodynamics of oxytetracycline in the chicken. Oxytetracycline HCL was administered to 24 hr. old and 1 week old chicks at a dosage of 5 mg./kg. The routes of administration were oral and intramuscular and in addition the week old chicks received the drug subcutaneously. The birds were killed in groups of 5, representing each of the routes of administration of the experiment, at the following intervals, 1 hr., 2 hr., 4 hr., 6 hr. and 24 hr. after administration. Oral administration of oxytetracycline results in very low levels of drugs in the tissues of both age groups, but the levels appeared lower and absorption less complete in the 1 week old birds. Intramuscular and subcutaneous administration resulted in higher levels in all the tissues of the birds in both age groups. Kidney and liver samples contained the highest tissue levels of oxytetracycline in all experiments, whereas lung and serum levels were in all cases very low and at some intervals entirely absent.


Electroretinograms from broilers fed aflatoxin and T-2 toxin. Thirty chicks were fed a commercial broiler grower ration from hatching to 26 days of age. Ten birds received aflatoxin (5 microgram/g. of ration) and 10 received T-2 toxin (5 microgram/g. of ration). The remaining 10 birds served as controls. After the 26 days, electroretinograms were recorded on a graphic recorder from the anesthetized birds. On the basis of wave amplitudes and durations from electroretinograms recorded in light and darkness and from different colored stimuli, no differences were detectable between treated birds and controls. Thus, the photochemistries of the retina were not sufficiently altered in this study to permit early detection of mycotoxicoses by electroretinograms.


A new poultry semen extender. 1. Effects of extension on the fertility of chicken semen. Maximum extension of chicken semen in the Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender was determined by varying the dilution rate and the number of sperm per insemination. Levels of fertility were high (greater than 88%) in White Leghorn hens inseminated weekly with diluted (1:4) semen containing as few as 20 million sperm. The results also showed that (a) insemination intervals greater than 7 days resulted in a significant decline in fertility, (b) fewer sperm were needed in the insemination dose when diluted semen is held at 5 degrees C. than at 25 degrees C. and (c) high fertility levels (greater than 90%) can be achieved with semen diluted 1:10 provided the insemination dose contains at least 100 million sperm.


The effects of glycerol removal on cation concentration and morphology of chicken spermatozoa. Cation concentrations and ultrastructural morphology were used to determine the effects of glycerol removal on chicken spermatozoa. The addition of 15% glycerol decreased magnesium and potassium concentrations of the spermatozoa. Glycerol removal by either centrifugation and resuspension or dialysis did not restore cation levels to the values obtained with untreated spermatozoa. The glycerol-treated spermatozoa appeared normal after glycerol addition but were bent or coiled after both glycerol removal procedures.


Serum calcium and phosphorus levels in hens relative to the time of oviposition. An experiment was conducted to examine the serum calcium and phosphorus level of hens in relation to time of oviposition. Sixty-eight-week-old hens were selected for blood sampling according to the criteria that: 1. they laid an egg the day prior to and the day of blood collection, and 2. the oviposition time on both days was 10 a.m. +/- 2 hours. Samples were taken at hourly intervals, from five hours before through two hours after, and again at four hours after oviposition and were analyzed for serum calcium and phosphorus. All birds received natural and/or artificial light from 4:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. each day. Results indicated that serum phosphorus increased from 6.46 to 6.82 mg.% during the period from five to three hours prior to oviposition. Between three and two hours before time of lay, it dropped to a level of 4.75 mg.%, where it remained (+/- 0.35 mg.%) for the remainder of the test period. Serum calcium did not change appreciably during the 10-hour test period. It was hypothesized that the serum phosphorus cycle of the hens is composed of two segments of approximately six and 18 hours duration. The segments were delineated on the basis of activities of bone resoprtion and remineralization and egg shell formation.


Comparison of anticoccidial efficacy, resistance and tolerance of narasin, monensin and lasalocid in chicken battery trials. The anticoccidial efficacy, host tolerance, and projected resistance development of the three polyether antibiotics, monensin, narasin, and lasalocid were compared. The efficacy of narasin against different coccidial strains was found to parallel that of monensin in as much as strains which were refractory to monensin were also refractory to narasin. In contrast, lasalocid easily controlled some strains which were not well controlled by either narasin or monensin and failed to control one strain readily controlled by these two antibiotics. In growing chicks, lasalocid at the projected use level of 75 p.p.m. and narasin at an efficacious level of 100 p.p.m. were both better tolerated than monensin at the recommended use level of 121 p.p.m. The frequency of mutants resistant to each of these polyether compounds was found to be less than 8.6 X 10(-9) per drug sensitive oocyst for one strain of Eimeria tenella. This corresponds to less than 0.036 and 0.148 as frequent as mutants of this strain resistant to glycarbylamide or to amquinate, respectively.


Availability of oxidized sulfur amino acids for the growing chick. In four trials, experimental diets were fed to one week old broiler cockerels for a period of 14 days to compare the availability of oxidized sulfur amino acids to DL-methionine on an equimolar basis. The data were analyzed by the slope-ratio technique. Chick weight gain per unit feed consumed was the dependent variable and dietary level of supplemental amino acid was the independent variable. There was no significant (P=.05) differences in availability of DL-, L-, and D-methionine. D-, DL-, and L-methionine sulfoxide were 52, 59 and 77%, respectively, as available as DL-methionine. The differences in availability between the three sulfoxides and DL-methionine were significant. Both DL- and D-methionine sulfoxide were significantly less available than L-methionine sulfoxide. No response was obtained from L-cysteic acid or DL-methionine sulfone.


Studies of methods for in situ observation of gastric motility in domestic turkeys. The normal gastroduodenal contraction cycle of turkeys is believed to be controlled and coordinated by the myenteric plexus which lies just under the serosa of the muscular stomach. Methods which would permit direct application of chemical and physical stimuli to these gastric nerves were studied in intact and decerebrate turkeys using both radiographic and direct observations to monitor contraction cycles. In intact turkeys, general anesthetics (sodium pentobarbital, halothane; and ketamine hydrochloride) inhibited gastric motility. A local anesthetic (lidocaine hydrochloride) injected into the skin and abdominal muscles caused a depression of motility. In both intact and chronically decerebrate turkeys laparatomy (after local anesthetic in intact birds) and a neuromuscular blocking agent (gallamine triethiodide) also depressed gastric motility. Motility was slightly reduced by artificial respiration and exposure of the serosal surface of the stomach and intestines to air via an abdominal fistula.


Effects of ascorbic acid and vitamin E on serum lipids of cockerels fed Wesson oil-cholesterol diets. The major lipid changes caused by adding 5% Wesson Oil and 1% cholesterol to cockerel diets were large increases in serum cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, and triglycerides. Lecithin and cephalin were not affected. Ascorbic acid significantly increased serum triglycerides; vitamin E significantly lowered serum cholesterol. Percentages of the saturated acids (palmitic, stearic, and arachidonic) of cockerels on the Wesson Oil-cholesterol diet decreased significantly; unsaturated linolenic and linolenic acids increased, and oleic acid remained the same. Dietary ascorbic acid seemed not to affect fatty acid distribution significantly, but when vitamin E was added to the diet, the stearic acid percentage rose and oleic acid percentage was lower. Acrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed that changes the vitamin E caused in the lipid and protein constituents of cockerel serum differed from changes the Wesson Oil-cholesterol diet caused.


Application of the cell-free turkey herpesvirus vaccine by the aerosol route for the prevention of Marek's disease in chickens. In field trials approximately 300,000 birds were vaccinated against Marek's disease (MD) by aerosol spray with 1,000 to 5,000 PFU of cell-free HVT vaccine per chick. Chicks were sprayed in the trays of the hatchers which still contained dust and down after hatching. Prior to spraying, the incoming and outgoing air ducts were closed. The chicks were sprayed for 12--15 min. with HVT in 250 to 300 ml. of diluent, and after completion of spraying the chicks remained in contact with the aerosol for approximately 10 minutes. In birds vaccinated by aerosol spray the incidence of MD ranged from 0.0% to 24.4%; while the incidence of MD in birds vaccinated by subcutaneous inoculation varied from 0.02 to 23.9%. In trial 1 the incidence of MD in birds vaccinated by aerosol spray was essentially the same as those vaccinated by subcutaneous inoculation; whereas, the incidence of MD (Trial 2 and 3) was higher in birds vaccinated by aerosol as compared to chickens vaccinated by subcutaneous inoculation.


DDT and metabolite accumulation in adrenal, liver, and brain of broiler chickens. Four-week old broiler chickens were fed rations with varying levels of technical grade DDT for a 4-week period. DDT and metabolite concentrations were measured in adrenal, liver, and brain. Accumulations per gram of tissue were greatest in the adrenals, followed by those in the liver, then in the brain. All birds fed 2700 p.p.m. of DDT died with 12 days after beginning feeding, and moderate signs of toxicity, such as ataxia and trembling, appeared in those fed 900 p.p.m. Although both DDT metabolites, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD, were found in the tissues, the higher levels of the former indicated that the aerobic conversion of DDE occurs more readily than the anaerobic conversion. Significant quantities of o,p'-DDT appear only in tissues of birds fed high levels of the technical grade DDT.


Increased resistance of chickens to acute aflatoxicosis by acclimation to low environmental temperatures. Young broiler chickens were acclimated to environmental temperatures of 8, 19 and 30 degrees C for five weeks. After acclimation, the birds were administered a single oral dose of aflatoxin (8 mg./kg. body weight) by crop intubation and subsequent mortality were noted. Birds acclimated to the 8 degrees C. environment were more resistant to acute aflatoxicosis than birds acclimated to the other environments. Transferring birds from one environment to another at the time of aflatoxin administration had no effect on their resistance to aflatoxin.


Calcium binding protein in the turkey and in the Japanese quail. Detection of immunologically similar calcium binding proteins (CaBP) in the duodenum and the uterus of both laying turkey hens and laying Japanese quail by a 45 Ca binding assay yielded results highly correlated with the actual concentration of CaBP measured by radial immunodiffusion. Levels of duodenal CaBP in laying turkeys maintained on normal laying hen rations are lower than those found in hens just starting egg production and than laying hens fed a Ca-restricted diet for one month.


A new technique in avian semen evaluation. Modification of a technique used in human fertility is presented and shown to be a simple, inexpensive and quantitative method for estimating the subsequent fertility of a semen sample.


Purification of plasma membrane of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. A method using sucrose density gradient centrifugation is described for the purification of plasma membrane of guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages. Assays for composition and for marker enzyme activities have been modified for use with the small amounts of subcellular macrophage material. The plasma membrane was obtained in 57% yield and contained 7% of the protein. The purified plasma membrane fraction is five-fold enriched in phospholipid to protein ratio and contains no contaminating DNA, none of the cytoplasmic marker lactate dehydrogenase, no detectable mitochondrial contamination and a low contamination with lysosomal enzymes (7%). Purified plasma membrane containing 4 mg of protein can be prepared from 1 ml of pelleted macrophages in a one-day operation.


Zinc metabolism in infection.

Zinc metabolism in infection. 1. Multiple sequential changes in zinc metabolism occur during infectious illnesses. These are characterized by early redistribution and by the late occurrence of direct zinc losses. Redistribution is accompanied in many infections by a decline in plasma concentrations before or with onset of illness. Although late losses of zinc have not been confirmed by metabolic balances during infection, losses may be inferred because: a) they accompany the catabolic phase of other illnesses, b) urinary losses have been observed during infections in which they were measured, and c) infections may exaggerate losses via sweat or diarrhea. 2. Leukocytic endogenous mediator (LEM), appears to stimulate the initial changes in zinc redistribution. Although LEM has not been isolated in pure form, it can now be separated by physiocochemical means from endogenous pyrogen and other mediator substances released by activated phagocytic cells. 3. Early zinc redistribution may be a purposeful physiological event which serves as a host defense mechanism. Redistribution may influence the stability of cellular membranes, augment the functional ability of phagocytic cells and certain classes of lymphocytes, aid in the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, and contribute to the production of various zinc metalloenzymes. 4. Zinc therapy has not been shown experimentally to produce a beneficial effect in any infectious disease studied in animal models.


Zinc metabolism in renal disease and renal control of zinc excretion. Serum zinc concentrations are decreased in patients with a variety of clinical disorders including cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency. Urinary zinc excretions are increased in the first two disease states. Symptoms of acute zinc deficiency (anorexia, dysfunction of smell and taste, and mental and cerebellar disturbances) and chronic zinc deficiency (growth retardation, anemia, testicular atrophy, and impaired wound healing) are common in these patients. It remains unresolved whether these disease states are indicative of true symptomatic or asymptomatic zinc deficiency or merely reflect a decrease in available zinc binding proteins. The low serum zinc concentrations and high urinary zinc excretions in patients with nephrotic syndrome do not appear to be due to loss of zinc bound to urinary proteins. Studies in dogs indicate increased serum and urine concentrations of certain amino acids(cysteine, histidine) greatly increase urinary zinc excretions. Studies are now underway to determine if the hyperzincuria and hypozincemia of cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and hyperalimentation can be explained by an increase in these urinary amino acids.


The binding of zinc to human deoxyhemoglobin and its possible relevance to the anti-sickling effect of zinc. We find only one major zinc binding site in crystals of deoxyhemoglobin A. It is located at an interface between adjacent tetramers where residues histidine 116, histidine 117, and glutamate 26 on the beta 1 chain of one tetramer are in close proximity to lysine 16 and glutamate 116 on the alpha 2 chain of a neighboring tetramer. If this intertetramer contact does not exist in the rigid fibers of polymerized deoxyhemoglobin S, then low levels of zinc may promote its formation at random points along the fiber and thereby inhibit the formation of long fibers.


Zinc deficiency and alterations of free amino acid levels in plasma, urine and skin extract. The effects of zinc deficiency, in rats, on the levels of free amino acid in urine, plasma and skin extract were studied. In urine, significantly higher concentrations of taurine, urea, threonine, glutamic acid, valine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine were observed in zinc-deficient rats. In plasma, however, the levels of most individual amino acids in zinc-deficient rats were about the same as those in zinc-supplemented pair-fed controls with the exception of threonine, leucine and isoleucine. These three were significantly higher in rats receiving zinc-deficient diet. On the other hand, the zinc-supplemented ad libitum-fed rats had a significantly increased concentration of taurine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, lysine and arginine than either the pair-fed zinc-supplemented rats or zinc-deficient rats. In skin extracts, threonine, valine, leucine tyrosine, lysine, methionine, cystine, aspartic acid and alanine levels were significantly lower in zinc-deficient rats as compared to zinc-supplemented ad libitum-fed controls. However, the zinc-deficient rats had the same amount of methionine, cystine and glycine as the zinc-supplemented pair-fed rats. This observation suggests that the impairment of skin protein synthesis from injected labeled amino acids in zinc-deficient rats as opposed to zinc-supplemented pair-fed controls is not related to the availability or pool size of the precursors.


Bodyweight following lateral hypothalamic lesions: set point upset by glucose infusions. Rats which had recovered to Stage 3 or 4 following lateral hypothalamic lesions maintained their bodyweight at a chronically lowered level when eating dry food. Continuous, long term intravenous and intragastric water infusions increased food intake and promoted a slow weight gain. Infusions of a similar volume of 30% glucose led to a small reduction in food intake and a rapid weight gain. Four rats doubled their weight during infusion; when the infusions were stopped all lost weight back to their starting level. These results are discussed in terms of the problems they present for lowered set point interpretations in such animals.


Pain modulation in the adrenergically stimulated area postrema in the alert guinea pig. The effect of chemical stimulation of the area postrema (AP) with noradrenalin (NOR) and its blocking agents was studied in alert guinea pigs submitted to noxious peripheral stimuli (electric shock). The animal's motor defense and vocalizing responses during and after nociceptive stimulation were studied. Topical administration of NOR in the AP at a concentration of 150 microgram/microliter decreased the vocalizing and movement responses with both threshold and overthreshold stimulation. Phentolamine (5 microgram/microliter) elicited the opposite response, i.e. increase in vocalization and movements. Propranolol elicited a brief reduction of the threshold response. These results suggest an involvement of the AP in the mechanism of nociceptive stimulation through alpha-adrenergic mediation. The inhibition of the response to the noxious stimulus may be the consequence of a vagal activation triggered by the AP.


Impairment in a T-maze task following unilateral lateral hypothalamic lesions. Rats with unilateral LH lesions showed great difficulty performing a contraversive turn to escape shock in a T-maze. Rats that were required to turn to the side ipsilateral to the side of their lesion did not show this performance deficit. The impairment in contraversive responding was shown to dissipate over time. It is proposed that animals with LH lesions do not suffer learning disabilities in escape-avoidance tasks, but can not activate motor behavior directed toward the side contralateral to their lesion.


Castration and reproductive behavior in the paradise fish, Macropodus opercularis (L.) (Osteichthyes: Belontiidae). The effects of castration on male spawning behavior, nestbuilding and fertility were measured in a five day spawning trial with an intact female. Spawning and fertility decreased one week following castration while nestbuilding was unaffected. Sham operated males showed normal spawning and fertility. Two weeks postoperatively, fertility and spawning were increased paralleling partial regeneration of the testes. The antigonadotropin methallibure blocked testes regeneration and recovery of spawning in castrated males but it had no effect on reproductive functions of intact males. Spawning did not decrease in one-week castrated males which were administered testosterone enathanate. The results suggest that gonadal androgen facilitates sexual behavior in Macropodus.


Computer assisted determination of brain-behaviour correlates. A computer method allowing determination of correlations between EEG signals and behaviour and the statistical assessment of their validity is described. The basic features of this method are: (1) Determination of averages of EEG spectral parameters and behavioural parameters within a set of time periods. Statistical assessment of the degree to which these averages differ. (2) Event related averages of EEG- or behavioural parameters in real time. Statistical assessment of the significance of the fluctuations in these averages. By way of illustration some examples of correlations between hippocampal EEG and behaviour are given.


[Control of the rat olfactory bulb activity induced by biologically significant odors (author's transl)]. In acute experiments, unitary activity was recorded from mitral cells of the rat olfactory bulb. The animals were stimulated with odors that have been shown in previous experiments to give a distinct emotional behavior. In curarized rats an odor giving alarm behavior evoked a greater number of inhibitory than excitatory responses was elicited by a neutral odor. In rats under Nembutal anesthesia an alarming odor evoked a greater number of inhibitory than excitatory responses; a reassuring odor evoked a greater number of excitatory than inhibititory responses; and equal number of inhibitory and excitatory responses; a reassuring or a neutral odor evoked an equal number of inhibitory and excitatory responses. After sectioning the olfactory peduncles, the difference in ratio between excitatory and inhibitory responses for alarming or reassuring odors was no longer present. The results are discussed in terms of a modulation of mitral cell activity by higher nervous centers in relation to the biological significance of the stimulating odors.


Light-dark patterns in running-wheel activity in rats during chronic administration of theophylline. Running-wheel activity for 24 hr and activity patterns were studied during chronic theophylline administration. Theophylline altered the normal relations between activity level and illumination. Dark-time activity was decreased to approximately 50% and 24 hr activity was unaffected. These observations were consistent with previous results showing that theophylline suppressed dark-time feeding but had no effect on 24 hr food intake. A possible mechanism to account for these results may be dependent on levels and turnover of brain norepinephrine.


Epileptiform lesions in rat hippocampus and acquisition of two-way avoidance. Three experiments were conducted to examine the effects on the acquisition of two-way active avoidance of implantation into the hippocampus of rats of two substances (aluminum hydroxide, penicillin) known to produce epileptogenic electrical discharges. In Experiment 1 bilateral deposits of aluminum hydroxide (ALOH) were placed in the hippocampus and the effects of this manipulation were compared to the effects of bilateral hippocampal aspiration. Sufficient postoperative time (130 days) was allowed such that epileptogenic discharges developed in the ALOH-implanted rats. Both bilateral hippocampal-ALOH deposits and bilateral hippocampal aspiration resulted in facilitated acquisition of the two-way avoidance. The results of Experiment 2 replicated this observation, but also indicated that bilateral hippocampal deposits of penicillin did not cause detectable effects on acquisition of the avoidance. Epileptiform activity produced by the penicillin was observed to disappear by postoperative Day 4. In Experiment 3 unilateral hippocampal aspiration was combined with contralateral implants of either ALOH or penicillin and avoidance training was begun 13 days postoperatively. Epileptiform activity was not observed in the ALOH-implanted rats and disappeared by postoperative Day 4 in the penicillin implanted rats. No significant changes were observed in the rate of acquisition of two-way active avoidance as a result of the manipulations done in Experiment 3. It is concluded that epileptiform discharge initiated focally within the hippocampus produces effects on the acquisition of two-way active avoidance which are similar to the effects produced by bilateral ablation.


Social-olfactory experience and initiation of copulation in the virgin male rat. Two experiments examined the role of olfactory sensation for initiation of normal copulatory behavior of mature male rats. Experiment 1 compared copulatory performance of peripherally anosmic social isolates with that of intact isolate controls. The results revealed significantly lower mounting, intromission, and ejaculation frequencies of the anosmic group and suggested that nonolfactory cues attain significance via an associative-learning process. Experiment 2 compared three social isolate groups of mature males with varying sexual experience prior to anosmia. Four 1-hr tests were conducted at 5-day intervals. The results indicated comparable copulatory performance of the experienced groups and absence of copulation by the majority of the nonexperienced group. With a 12-day continuous exposure to intact females, all noncopulators eventually impregnated. The results are discussed with reference to the requirement of social experience for initiation of normal sexual performance in the male rat.


Simple probe for localized cryogenic blockade in the brain. The construction of a simple probe utilizing an air-space thermal insulation and circulating coolant for localized cooling of brain tissue is described. Results of isotherm studies in the cerebellum and electrophysiological observations in the motor cortex are presented indicating the effectiveness of localized cooling by the probe.


Some effects of a split litter cross foster design applied to 15 day old rat pups. Rat litters were divided and cross fostered on a postnatal Day 15 so that each mother had 4 of her own pups and 4 pups of a second litter, until weaning at 21 days. Daily weight and body temperature measurements made between Day 15 and 21 showed no differences between foster pups and pups who stayed with their biological mothers. However, by the age of 30 days, foster pups weighed less than pups reared by their own (biological) mothers; and foster pups at that age did not survive food deprivation as well as the pups reared by their biological mothers. In their Day 30 weights and the capacity to survive food deprivation, foster pups resembled pups that had been permanently separated from their mothers on postnatal Day 15. We conclude that the split cross foster design may introduce variability rather than reduce it. Nonetheless, this design may be useful in the experimental investigation of maternal behavior and mother-pup interactions in the rat.


Facilitation of tonic immobility by stimulation of the vaginal cervix in the rat. Stimulation of the vaginal cervix with a plunger from a 1 cc syringe induced tonic immobility (i.e., blocked gross movement including the righting reflex) in response to inversion combined with brief manual restraint, in otherwise insusceptible female rats. In a second experiment, estradiol benzoate administration potentiated this effect somewhat, as measured by the latency to immobilization, although the duration of immobility was not significantly affected. Results are discussed in terms of the possible relationship between tonic immobility and lordosis, the immobile mating posture of the female rat, which is also potentiated by cervical stimulation.


Simple device for the tape recording of complex behavioral situation on one track. A low cost electronic device is described to record on one a.m. tape track the occurrence of any combination of four signals. The fast read out of recorded signals makes the apparatus reliable and helpful for coding behavioral situation and automatic averaging of event related phenomena. A detailed circuitry is included and discussed.


Microdrive and method for single unit recording in the active rat. A technique for recording single unit activity in the active rat with microelectrodes is described. The microdrive used is small and light enough to be carried in a well that is chronically implanted on the head of the rat. The device permits standard microelectrodes to be lowered without rotation, a feature which reduces chance of damage to the fine tips and to the brain tissue. The microdrive itself may be rotated in the well and several penetrations in a single preparation are possible. The electrodes used are capable of recording unit activity of high amplitude and stability. Units may be held for minutes or hours depending on the intensity of the rat's behavior.


Effect of preoptic administration of angiotensin on lateral hypothalamic unit activity. The effect of administering angiotensin II to the preoptic region on lateral hypothalamic single unit activity was studied in unanesthetized, freely-moving rats. Angiotensin (100 ng) reliably initiated drinking behavior and caused an increase in the discharge frequency of single neurons located in the perifornical area but had no effect on units in the zona incerta, ventromedial hypothalamus or farlateral hypothalamus. These results suggest that efferent pathways from preoptic receptors for angiotensin pass through the midlateral hypothalamus.


Relationships of hippocampal theta cycles with bar pressing during self-stimulation. Previous reports have demonstrated a relationship between hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (theta) and movement, and have suggested that rhythmical movements tend to occur during certain phase of theta. Therefore, the relationships between theta cycles and voluntary motor activity were investigated. Bar pressing for electrical brain stimulation provided the reference to relate hippocampal activity. Ongoing theta increased in amplitude and frequency before and after pressing. Periodic waves preceding and following pressing. These waves only appear if the presses occur at particular phases of the theta cycles. They gradually disappeared during sessions lasting 4 to 8 hr. Light weights ( less than 90 g) added to the lever did not alter theta, but heavier weights (greater than 90 g) produced averages without periodic waves and with movement-related potentials. Introduction of a delay between pressing and electrical stimulation delayed evoked potentials, while averaging indicated that periodical waves persisted before and after bar pressing. Total lesions of the septum or superior fornix abolished theta and increased the frequency of self stimulation. In animals with partial lesions, theta reappeared during pressing. The above results indicating that the rats tended to lever press during particular phases of theta, suggest that phase-locked theta may be a corollary of motor mechanisms, and perhaps of the timing of motor responses.


Effects of monosodium glutamate on eating and drinking behavior in rats. The effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on eating and drinking behavior of rats was studied by means of preference tests in free choice situations. Low or high protein casein diets containing up to 3% MSG were selected indifferently compared to plain casein diet in 7 day trials. The acceptability of diets containing 7% MSG, particularly those of low protein level, was significantly reduced. Except for Day 1, the proportional intake (MSG flavored diet intake/total diet intake) of 9% protein--7% MSG diet was consistently lower than 18% protein--7% MSG diet. In brief exposure tests (10 min) solutions of MSG (0.02-8%) were preferred over deionized water. The acceptance of solutions containing higher concentrations of MSG was significantly reduced. The total volume intake of both choices (MSG flavored water and water) was significantly increased in tests using solutions containing 3-8% MSG. In long-term tests (1-14 days), solutions containing 0.05-1% MSG were preferred over water. The acceptance of a solution containing 5% MSG was significantly reduced. For maximum intake of moles of MSG, rats selected solutions which offered 3-5 x 10(-1) M MSG whether the experimental period was 10 min or up to 2 weeks. In a series of two choice preference tests using solutions where Na+ content and pH were kept equal, MSG was preferred over sodium acetate and over sodium glutamate but was less preferred than monosodium aspartate. The results of this study can be explained in terms of sensory quality.


Effects of subcortical lesions on visual intensity discriminations in rats. The role of several subcortical structures in visual intensity discrimination was examined by comparing the effects of localized lesions on a variety of intensity discriminations. In Experiment 1 light avoidance was unimpaired after lesions of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv), nucleus lateralis posterior (TLP), nucleus posterior of Gurdijian (NPG), dorsal pretectum (PTd), and ventral pretectum (PTv). The LGNv, TLP, NPG and PTv, but not the PTd, groups were impaired on a simultaneous black versus white (BW) discrimination in Experiment 2. None of these groups was impaired on a horizontal versus vertical discrimination (HV). The TLP group showed a transient impairment on a successive light versus dark discrimination, not present with the LGNv and NPG groups (Experiment 3). In Experiment 4 all three groups were impaired on a successive BW discrimination. In Experiment 5 rats with LGNv lesions but not with TLP lesions had elevated relative brightness thresholds. Both groups had normal absolute thresholds. The results are related to the possibility that information about intensity and pattern is coded in separate visual pathways.


Deficits in visual learning by cats with lesions of the visual cortex. Cats were trained for food reward in a divided straight maze or in a V-maze on a light-dark discrimination and on a series of horizontal-vertical stripe discriminations. Errors were scored by both door-push and alley-entrance criteria. After lesions of the visual cortex, cats could relearn or initially learn the light-dark discrimination but were not successfully trained to shift from brightness to pattern cues when learning the series of horizontal-vertical stripe discriminations, using a modified method of limits procedure. Both unoperated cats and cats with lesions of the visual cortex committed alley-entrance errors when learning the light-dark discrimination.


Circling and consumatory behavior induced by striatal and neocortical spreading depression. Single waves of spreading depression (SD) were induced in freely moving Sprague Dawley rats by microinjection of KCl solution into either neocortex or caudate nucleus. DC recordings of slow potential changes (SPC) revealed that a wave of SD propagates from the neocortex to the caudate nucleus in only a very few cases (12.5% of trials, involving 4.3% of the SPC waves). This result contrasts with earlier reported higher incidences of neocortical-striatal transmission of SD, and suggests that such transmission may vary across rat strains. Invasion of the caudate nucleus by a wave of neocortical SD was accompanied by contralateral circling in 50% of the cases. Similarly, SD induced by injection of KCl into the striatum was accompanied by circling in 43% of trials. It was also found that neocortical SD-induced feeding generally occurred only upon recovery of neocortex from the slow potential negativity, and that invasion of the caudate nucleus by SD is not involved in the elicited feeding phenomenon.


Sex and hormone dependent alterations in responsiveness to caloric dilution. Potential sex differences in the long-term control of feeding behavior in rats was tested by comparing male and female rats in terms of their responsiveness to a 20 and 40 percent diet dilution challenge. During three-day test periods with both levels of diet dilution, female rats increased their daily food intake (FI) significantly more than did male rats. As a further index of greater precision in the long-term control of feeding behavior by female than by male rats, body weight (BWt) was less affected in female than in male rats during the caloric dilution challenges. In a second experiment, gonadectomy was found to attenuate this sexually dimorphic response to a 40% diet dilution test, whereas daily injections of gonadal hormones reestablished the sex difference in FI and BWt changes produced by the dilution challenge. Since responsiveness to the dilution challenge of female rats, but not males, was altered by gonadectomy and steroid treatment, it appears that estrogen shifts the control of feeding behavior in female rats towards more long-term factors.


Development of odor-guided behavior in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rat pups. The odor of home-cage shavings attracts Sprague-Dawley and Wistar pups 3-4 days old. Attraction increases during postnatal week one in both strains. Lemon odor repels Sprague-Dawley pups 3 and 8 days old equally, while Wistar aversion to lemon increases during the first postnatal week. Shavings from the nests of strange litters 4 or 8 days old attract Sprague-Dawley pups 4 but not 8 days old equally. Sensory changes appear to underlie Sprague-Dawley response development, while locomotor and sensory changes may mediate Wistar response ontogeny.


Techniques for acute single neuron recording in newborn rats. Techniques are described for artifically respiring, anesthetizing, head-holding, operating on and recording from single neurons in the VIII nerve of newborn rats weighting as little as 4.9 g.


Effects of septal lesions on shock thresholds in weanling male and female rats. Twenty-four-day old weanling male and female rats were either lesioned in the septal area, gonadectomized, lesioned and gonadectomized, or untreated. Tests for reactivity to electric shock were conducted at 26 and at 40 days of age. Neither males nor females showed any effect of the lesions are measured by flinch and jump thresholds to electric shock immediately following surgery; both male and female lesioned groups showed a significant lowering of thresholds when tested at 40 days of age. The effects of septal lesions on response to electric shock were dissociated from the effects on hyperemotionality measured over the same period of time after the lesions, and appeared to have their effect independent of the sex or hormonal condition of the animals.


[Group therapy of schizophrenia in the inital phase of the disease]. The initial (prepsychotic) period of schizophrenia is characterized by different degrees of involvement of various levels of personality organization depending upon the basic tendencies of the disease process, and the going forward of unimpaired personality reactions, which are not related to processes of alteration (including inadequate forms of psychological defense), allows the states of patients and the characteristics of their adaptation to be determined. There is a need to differentiate the functions of group psychotherapy and its methods at the level of emotional stimulation, social activation and stimulation of communication, development of certain behavioral stereotypes and increasing the degree of social security, optimizing associations, partial changes of attitude and behavior, discussion of conflicts, finding adequate forms of psychological compensation, and development of a behavioral pattern. It is in this way that it is possible to work out a certain "hierarchy" of methods that may be used successively.


[Definition of psychotherapy from a methodologic viewpoint]. Psychotherapy is the psychological treatment of disturbed person-environment relationships, associations or connections which are learned in a lifelong process of socialization. Accordingly, psychotherapy is a process of learning for the patient and a process of educating for the therapeutist, a process which is controlled by specialists in the case of children as well as adults with serious psychic disorders and which is usually a means of self-education in the case of subjects with slight psychic disorders. The primary objective of psychotherapy is to modify both the attitude and behavior in the sense of improving a subject's ability to fulfill his duties in society.


[Use of a mechanical variant of the Pauli test and the influence of several subjective and situational testing conditions]. Comparative examinations of the paper and pencil form and a mechanical variation (using a performance testing unit) of Pauli's performance test, in which a total of 100 students were included, showed differences in the specific requirements of the two variants and in the performance rating of the test subjects. Consequently, their mutual substitution appears unjustifiable. It was not possible for effects of a number of situational test conditions upon performance results to be demonstrated for this test sample. Hypothesized relationships between the Pauli test performance, on the one hand, and proficiency motivation, attainments, and variational motivation, on the other, could be verified in part of the cases only.


[Conflict play and its modification in the course of treating children]. The authors report their experience with a special form of psychodrama for the treatment in small groups of neurotic children aged five to fifteen. The acting out of ambivalent, partly unconscious and restrained tendencies and inclinations by playing, i.e., by taking roles in spontaneous performances, is followed by alternation of identification in the group and, possibly, careful indirect verbalization by the therapeutist and/or group, of which the purpose is to arrive at a reorientation of the attitudes of patients and a consolidation of the newly won attitude.


[Research with a complaint questionnaire for healthy persons and neurotic patients]. This is a report of experience obtained with the use of complaint questionnaires introduced by Kasielke, Möbius, and Scholze. The persons available to us in this study included 460 normal subjects and 180 patients diagnosed and treated on an outpatient basis. Results to date indicate that a complaint questionnaire may be of use to a clinical psychologist in the individual determination of the nature of disease, if the data contained in the questionnaire is evaluated and analyzed critically. This is true especially for its use as a screening test for the recognition of neurosis within the framework of preventive examinations.


[Diagnostic value of the so-called brain stem function tests]. The results of so-called midbrain function tests of 563 neuropsychiatric patients were examined for their relative diagnostic importance. It was not possible to find any differences in the relations of normal and anomalous curves between individual groups of diseases. Also, there were not found any significant differences from the results obtained for nonneuropsychiatric subjects. Therefore, the authors recommend against a further use of these methods. Newly developed biocybernetic and rhythmological test methods may be used as alternative methods for the analysis of most neurovegetative disorders.


[Pathomechanisms of cervical headaches]. Various types of disorders of the cervical region may produce headache. In many of these increased tension of the neck musculature plays an important role. The following mechanisms underlying headache are described and differentiated: 1. Headache due to faulty muscle pattern (stereotype) resulting in overstrain of the upper fixators of the shoulder girdle (upper part of the m.trapezius and levator scapulae); faulty respiration with the aid of the upper auxillary muscles even at rest is pointed out. 2. A forward drawn head position producing static overstrain in the posterior neck muscles and compensatory retroflexion of the cranio-cervical junction resulting in blockage in this region. 3. Anteflexion and ligament pain mainly due to faulty position at work and jolting. 4. Static disturbance in the frontal plain due to obliquity producing asymmetrical strain in the neck musculature. 5. Increased muscular tension due to psychological stress. 6. Blockage in the regions of the cervical spine, shoulder girdle and upper ribs with reflex muscular spasm. 7. Reflex spasm of the neck musculature in visceral disorders causing in addition blockage of the cervico-thoracic junction (heart, gall bladder). 8. Pain arising from the posterior arch of the atlas (here described for the first time). 9. Headache due to vertebral artery involvement. The type of headache seems to be determined rather by the individual mode of reaction than by the mechanism underlying it. As a rule a combination of mechanisms is actually found.


[Spinal manifestations of sarcoidosis].

[Spinal manifestations of sarcoidosis]. This is a report on the spinal manifestation of sarcoidosis, which has heretofore been infrequently dealt with in the specialized literature. In addition to diffuse manifestation, there has become known circumscribed and solitary manifestation with tumorous symptomatology as a result of spinal compression. Transverse syndromes, pareses, manifestations of sensibility, and disorders of the bladder and rectum are of major clinical importance in this connection. Pathomorphologically, it is possible to distinguish granulomatous leptomeningitis, myelitis, and (poly-) radiculitis, combined simultaneous involvement being frequently observed. So far as differential diagnosis is concerned, considerable difficulties are encountered especially in the case of isolated spinal monosymptomatology. Prognosis, because of special topographic conditions, is less favorable than for other organic manifestations. Secondary phenomena and complications are often responsible for the consequences of spinal sarcoidosis. In addition to spontaneous healing, treatment with corticosteroids (of acute disease processes which, however, are a relatively rare occurrence) and surgical operation (in the case of solitary spinal sarcoid granulomata with compression syndromes) have proven to be most successful.


[Electroencephalographic and rheoencephalographic studies of cerebral meningovascular tumors]. For forty-one meningovascular tumors, which were verified pathologically and anatomically, the authors tried to find electroencephalographic and rheoencephalographic criteria of the recognition of the location and particular kind of tumor. Electroencephalographic results obtained for meningovascular tumors are characterized by insignificant to moderate general and focal alterations. The results of rheoencephalographic examinations were found to add to the possibilities of topical diagnosis. Angioarchitectural characteristics of the rheoencephalographic curve, together with bioelectric phenomena, enabled a specific diagnosis to be established for twenty-four of the meningovascular tumors.


[Observations of the course of patients with hyperkinesis]. This article reports observations made on thirty-six patients suffering from oral dyskinesia (tardive dyskinesia). In thirty cases, dyskinesia was observed to occur in the course of neuroleptic therapy. Occurrence of dyskinesia was dependent upon the use of a higher dosage rather than upon the duration of medication. Persons showing dyskinesia were not always subjects with previous cerebral lesions or patients of advanced age. Of patients with schizoform diseases, those were usually affected with oral hyperkinesia who had either partly or completely lost the process symptomatology, but who were unable to live a life satisfying them in every respect.


The teaching of clinical administration: opportunities and problems of role ambiguity. The challenge of teaching clinical administration can felicitously be met by the ward director of the psychiatric inpatient ward. The theory of patient management centers around formation of an administrative alliance such that the patient becomes "coadministrator" of his treatment. The ward director must convey this and other basic principles; must deal with a variety of resistances to learning and practice of clinical administration; must function as supervisor while simultaneously administrating; and, finally, must orchestrate power and influence in relation to his role to achieve the most effective functioning of the ward team.


The elements of community consultation.

The elements of community consultation. Psychiatrists are involved in both clinical and institutional consultations. Although the tradition of psychiatric consultation for medical patients is well established and adequately described, there are few contributions concerning the conceptual framework for community consultations and few case examples. In order to provide a framework for conceptualizing consultation work this communication presents an example of a consultation to a community agency and discusses some of the specific elements in community consultation. Thus it may help professionals to practice the science and art of consultation to community agencies.


A systems approach to management training for mental health professionals. As an example of progress, a program is described, undertaken, by the New York School of Psychiatry, to train and educate psychiatrists and related professional groups in management and administration.


A preventative approach to emotional illness in psychiatric residents. Emotional illness in psychiatric residents and its relationship to psychiatric postgraduate training is examined. First, the pertinent literature is reviewed. Psychological and social factors which predispose, precipitate, and perpetuate these emotional disturbances are discussed. The significance of emotional illness in psychiatric residents to the teaching and learning of psychiatry and to the psychiatric profession is clarified. Second, the currently unresolved dilemma of the psychiatric resident "Teach or Treat?" is presented. It is the author's contention that by redefining "treatment" in terms of the goals and philosophy of public health this dilemma can be resolved to the satisfaction of resident, faculty, and the psychiatric profession.


Interaction patterns between psychiatric aides and patients. The present study investigated the manner in which psychiatric aides used their time when not involved in staff meetings or off-ward activities. Aides' behaviors on two shifts were observed during times they had the greatest likelihood of interacting with patients. It was found that aides were most likely to be observed in the Nursing Station on both shifts. Aides typically had a specific purpose for interacting with patients when they were on the wards. It was concluded that increased structuring of patient-aide interactions was necessary along with more stringent guidelines regarding the use of the Nursing Station.