The Roger Anderson device in the treatment of fractures of the distal end of the radius. One of the more common as well as difficult fractures to manage is the extension compression fracture of the distal end of the radius. In the physiologically younger patient we believe that every effort should be made to preserve the integrity of the radiocarpal joint and maintain motion of the hand. We have used the technique described by Anderson and O'Neil to treat comminuted, displaced fractures of the distal end of the radius in twenty-five patients from April 1972 through April 1978. Twenty-one of these patients were available for follow-up examination at an average of nineteen months (range, six to forty months) following injury. There were sixteen satisfactory and five unsatisfactory functional results, and three complications. This form of external fixation should be avoided in the older, obese, and osteoporotic patient as well as in the unreliable and uncooperative patient. If these guidelines are followed, we believe that the Roger Anderson device provides satisfactory immobilization and functional results in the treatment of comminuted fractures of the distal end of the radius in the physiologically younger patient, who may be expected to place heavy demands on the wrist.


Quantitation of fat in liver by xenon uptake. Xenon uptake in fatty livers of seven patients has been quantitatively measured, and correlated with the amount of fat in the hepatic cells. Quantitation of the Xenon uptake correctly predicted the amount of fat seen histologically in six of the seven patients studied. In the seventh patient, analysis of the wash-in and wash-out curves showed that equilibrium conditions had not been reached. It is concluded that the establishment of equilibrium conditions is a prerequisite to the use of this test in a quantitative fashion.


Native children's lung.

Native children's lung. A high proportion of Cree and other North American Indian children have a chronic cough and many have bronchial wall thickening on radiographs, reminiscent of white children with asthma, mild cystic fibrosis, or immune deficiency. When compared to postmortem studies, radiographs underestimate the degree of bronchial wall thickening present. As compared to white children, Indian children in the first two years of life are more susceptible to recurrent bronchitis and pneumonia, are much more likely to develop pneumonia with rubeola and pertussis, and are more likely to develop chronic lung disease after adenovirus infections. Staphylococcal complications with pneumatocele formation are more common. A greater number acquire pneumonia while in hospital with other medical or surgical problems. Indian children with pneumonia recover more slowly, and some continue to deteriorate even after admission to hospital.


Ewing's sarcoma in adults.

Ewing's sarcoma in adults. Twenty-two adult patients, aged 18 and over, with Ewing's sarcoma of bone, were evaluated clinically and radiographically.  They had clinical findings similar to younger patients with Ewing's sarcoma, except that they presented with fewer systemic symptoms. The radiographic characteristics included a preponderance of flat bone involvement (54%) over long bone involvement (36%). A soft-tissue mass was detected in only 55% of the cases. CT scans, when used, proved to be helpful in delineating a soft-tissue mass associated with the bony lesion, and in follow-up after therapy.


Angiographic diagnosis of aorto-inferior vena caval fistula. Two cases of spontaneous aorto-caval fistula are reported. In the first, following laparotomy for an erroneous diagnosis of acute appendicitis, retrograde aortography was conclusive. In the second case, an attempted renal angiogram for acute renal failure and hematuria failed but a flush aortic injection showed the fistula.


Radiologic staging of granulomatous enteritis. A staging of granulomatous enteritis (Crohn's disease) based only on roentgen findings is proposed. This would provide a common base to the analysis of different groups of patients and to the evaluation of management results. Twenty of the most relevant signs have been selected and divided into four stages, each referring to an increasing involvement of the bowel. Every case of disease should be classified in the stage to which its more advanced sign belongs.


Percutaneous localization of breast lesions: experience with the Frank Breast Biopsy Guide. The advantages of a wire localization guide for nonpalpable breast lesions have been demonstrated in 16 patients. The hooked end will not move after placement when the external end is anchored by a strong clamp. The malleable wire permits post-insertion compression mammograms to be performed. With the wire left in situ, orientation of the biopsy specimen with post-localization mammograms can guide the surgeon if further resection is necessary.


Cryptic cause of renal malrotation.

Cryptic cause of renal malrotation. An intravenous urogram in a child with left adrenal neuroblastoma and bone metastases deomonstrated malrotation of the left kidney but no visible mass. A bone scan showed uptake of 99mTc by the tumor which suggested the diagnosis, confirmed by an abdominal echogram.


Lymphomatous masses simulating cysts by ultrasonography. Ultrasonography has proven to be extremely useful in the evaluation of lymphomatous masses within the abdomen and pelvis. However, these masses can at times appear extremely anechoic, exhibiting many features of fluid-filled or cystic masses.


Radiolographic exhibits in gross anatomy. The discipline radiology is well suited to teach anatomy to first-year medial students. A series of exhibits of radiographic anatomy in the dissection laboratory, in conjuction with small group teaching sessions, serves this purpose well. Such displays are readily constructed from materials available in most radiology departments and are easily reproduced.


Giant lymph node hyperplasia of the posterior mediastinum. Giant lymph node hyperplasia is a rare cause of a mediastinal mass. When it occurs in the posterior mediastinum, it has no characteristic features. It simulates a neurogenic tumor, from which it may be indistinguishable, even angiographically.


Cerebral aterial ectasia on computed tomography. With computed tomography, dilated tortuous carotid and/or basilar arteries appear as tubular, fusiform or ring-shaped densities on the non-enhanced scan, or they may only be apparent after iodine injection. They can be differentiated by their shape and anatomic location. They may be multiple and are mostly seen in patients with a long history of atherosclerosis and hypertension.


Giant ureteral calculi.

Giant ureteral calculi. Giant ureteral calculi are defined as weighing at least 50 g or measuring more than 5 cm in greatest diameter. Two patients with this rare entity are described.


Improving results in combined aortic and mitral valve replacement using cold potassium cardioplegia. Our entire experience (33 patients) of combined aortic and mitral valve replacement was reviewed. In 20 patients, coronary perfusion with moderate hypothermia (28-32 degrees C) was used with 7 operative deaths (35% mortality). Catecholamines were used in 14 patients (70%). Potassium cardioplegia was used in 13 patients with no mortality (P less than 0.02) and use of catecholamines in only 4 (P less than 0.05). These data suggest that potassium cardioplegia is the method of preference for myocardial preservation for combined aortic and mitral valve replacement.


Management of tricuspid valve insufficiency. Replacement with Hancock bioprosthesis or suture annuloplasty. Forty-seven patients who underwent tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) or tricuspid annuloplasty (TA) combined with aortic (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) at Henry Ford Hospital, from 1971 to 1977 are reviewed. Thirty-three patients underwent TVR with a Hancock valve combined with MVR or AVR; hospital mortality was 30% (10 to 33) and was higher at the beginning of the series when smaller valves were used. No valve dysfunction has been seen with mean follow-up time of 36.7 months, ranging from 4 to 60 months. Good functional improvement was accomplished in all patients. Fourteen patients underwent TA; hospital mortality was 21% (3 of 14) with one late mortality (9%); good functional improvement was accomplished in all patients. However, one patient presented 11 months following surgery with tricuspid insufficiency after a period of improvement. For patients with severely deformed valves a large size Hancock valve is recommended. For insufficiency alone tricuspid annuloplasty is recommended.


Surgical management of carotid artery aneurysm with ball valve thrombus. Operative repair of extracranial carotid artery aneurysms has been infrequently reported. A unique case is presented in which an aneurysm of the cervical internal carotid artery contained a ball valve thrombus. The patient experienced transient ischemic attacks whenever a position was assumed which permitted occlusion of the internal carotid artery by the free floating thrombus. The aneurysm and thrombus were successfully resected and primary anastomosis of the internal carotid artery carried out to the common carotid artery. The patient has remained free of cerebrovascular ischemic symptoms for 18 months following operative repair. The previously reported surgical experience with extracranial carotid artery aneurysms is reviewed.


Partial repair followed by total correction in congenital heart anomalies. A two stage corrective operative approach is required for a variety of complex heart anomalies. Different anomalies require different approaches in the various age groups. The technique, results, and complications of elective primary partial repair followed by full correction are described.


Associated aneurysms of celiac axis, infrarenal aorta and right common iliac artery. (Report of a successful operated case). A successful operated case of associated aneurysms of celiac axis, infrarenal aorta and right common iliac artery is reported. The hepatic artery was reanastomosed with the splanchnic artery after aneurysmectomy; the other two aneurysms were treated with resection and aorto-iliac by-pass. The unfrequent association of this type of arterial lesions is stressed. A brief world's literature review is also reported.


Combined severe vascular and skeletal trauma. Management and results. The viability and final functional ability of a limb following a vascular trauma will depend upon many factors, among these are the associated injuries. Thirty three patients suffering from combined vascular and skeletal injuries are presented. The presence of associated fractures weighed heavily upon the prognosis in these patients. Thus, twelve patients, or 36.3%, underwent limb amputation. Two patients died. In war wounds, the high velocity missile had caused severe and extensive destruction of tissues and the presence of the skeletal injury reflected well the degree of severity of the injury sustained by many of these wounded. The site of the fracture had a definite influence on the prognosis. For instance, all patients with a popliteal vessel injury lost their limb. The post operative complications noted in this series were essentially infectious complications. Internal fixation of the fracture, when used, was followed by a 45% rate of infection against a 27% rate when external fixation had been used. A higher rate of amputation was however observed in patients who had external fixation of the fracture (45.3%) rather than in those with internal fixation of the fracture (45.3%) rather than in those with internal fixation (30%). This is explained by the severity of the injury sustained in the former group. Nineteen patients were discharged with a viable limb, a success rate of 57.5%. The functional result was excellent in thirteen patients only (39.3%). Six patients remained with residual functional disability due to the associated injuries.


Postcoarctectomy mesenteric arteritis presenting as neonatal appendicitis. A case of mesenteric arteritis complicating the post-operative coarctectomy in a 5 day old infant is described. This case was of interest due to diagnostic difficulties and the fatal outcome. In order to avoid the disastrous consequences of this syndrome, the following symptoms including fever, intestinal bleeding, ileus, nausea, vomiting, leucocytosis, hypertension or abdominal pain should alert the physicians and treatment should start without delay.


An unusual late complication of superior mesenteric embolectomy. Few complications of superior mesenteric artery embolectomy have now been reported. We present the case history of a patient who developed duodenal obstruction due to a haematoma forming in the root of the mesentery following successful superior mesenteric embolectomy. The aetiology is discussed and a method of avoiding this complication suggested.


Thoracic outlet-syndrome with vascular complications. 1. In thoracic outlet-syndrome arterial lesions--such as poststenotic aneurysm with or without peripheral arterial emboli--are mostly caused by permanent compression of the vessel. In 48% of cases arterial emboli show to be the first clinical manifestation of a subclavian artery lesion. 2. Venous lesions usually classified as "spontaneous axillar vein thrombosis" are probably initiated by intimal lesions of the axillary vein caused by compressionof this vessel in the costoclavicular space. 3. Unilateral ischemia of fingers or hand--especially in young patients--should be considered first of all as a peripheral manifestation of a cervical rib-syndrome. Surgical correction should include besides rib resection, lumen control of the poststenotic dilated artery, disobliteration of occluded main arteries and thoracic sympathectomy in cases with several distal arterial embolic occlusions. 4. Venous thrombectomy for acute thrombosis of the axillary and subclavian vein should be combined with the resection of the first rib in order to prevent any further compression to the vein in the costoclavicular space. The use of a temporary a.v.-fistula may be used as an additional mens for keeping the disobliterated vein patent. 5. In the thoracic outlet-syndrome neurological signs and complaints caused by intermittent or permanent mechanical nerve irritation represent the most frequent clinical findings (i.e. 90%). On the other hand in two thirds of patients with arterial or venous complications neurological signs are missed and therefore do no help for diagnosis.


Patch angioplasty of the superior vena caval obstruction (case reports with long follow-up results). Four cases of the superior vena caval obstruction caused by mediastinal tumor and fibrous mediastinitis are presented. Palliation was achieved by resection of tumor or scar tissue and placing a Teflon or autogenous vein patch to the resected defect of the superior vena cava. One of the patients died of metastasis at 8 months postoperatively, but patency of the patch graft was confirmed. The other three are alive and well at 14, 14 and 11 years, respectively. Continued patency has been confirmed by venographies in two of them.


Obstruction of the iliac vein by mucoid cyst: successful result of surgical excision. The third case, if the literature's survey has been exhaustive, of mucoid cyst of the venous wall is reported. Venous obstruction with palpable tumour in the iliac fossa is not always of poor prognosis.


Hypoplasia of the abdominal aorta.

Hypoplasia of the abdominal aorta. A case of a 10 year old girl with hypoplasia of the inter-reno-mesenteric region of the abdominal aorta, which was accompanied by other pathological entities, is reported. The classification, etiology, clinical manifestations and diagnosis is discussed in detail. Successful treatment was accomplished with aorto-aortic bypass grafting and additional saphenous vein bypass from the aorta to the right renal artery. The conclusion of this study is that the hypoplasia of the abdominal aorta is a rare disease which may affect beyond the confines of the aorta and may involve the origins of vital arteries. Surgery offers the only chance of a favourable outcome.


Morphological aspects of the human intimal surface at scanning electron microscope. A preliminary approach in surgical material (iliac arteries). Human iliac arteries, obtained at surgery, were examined at SEM. The ultrastructural aspects has evidenced pathological pictures, quite unexpected. The material observed resulted very adapt for scanning electron microscope.


The great saphenous vein used in situ after vein valve extirpation. Long term results. In 227 patients 252 extremities were operated on with femoropopliteal bypass using the in situ vein technique. The valves were extirpated through incisions in the vein. At discharge 14 grafts were thrombosed, mainly because of inadequate size of the vein graft. Ten years after surgery more than 50% of the patients had died, and only 25% of the implanted grafts were patent. The dominating cause of death was coronary infarction. Thirty one limbs were amputated. At the end of follow-up 51 grafts were patent 10 to 17 years after surgery, mean 10.84 ears. With regard to mortality and long term patency the most important factors were: Preoperative history of myocardial disease, smoking, size of the vein graft and peripheral "run-off".


Venous function after thigh vein thrombosis diagnosed by the 125I-fibrinogen test. A study with occlusion plethysmorgraphy. The long-term venous function after postoperative thigh vein thrombosis according to the 125I-fibrinogen test was analysed. 50 patients with a positive fibrinogen test postoperatively were investigated with strain gauge plethysmography 74 (27--103) weeks after operation. In five patients (10%), all female and all hip operated, pathological plethysmograms were seen.


Surgical resection of acute post-myocardial infarction ventricular aneurysm. A clinical study. Clinical follow-up of 24 patients who developed left ventricular aneurysm early after myocardial infarction is presented. All patients developed left ventricular failure within two weeks of infarction. The indication for operation was resistant left ventricular failure in 21 patients and a combination of left ventricular failure and unstable angina in three. Complete occlusion or severe stenosis (greater than 70 per cent) of the left anterior descending coronary artery was the most common findings. There were 3 hospital (12.5 per cent) and 2 late (8.3 per cent) deaths. Impairment of septal mobility was associated with a poor prognosis. All patients who develop progressive left ventricular failure early following myocardial infarction should be clinically and haemodynamically evaluated for the presence of left ventricular aneurysm. Surgical resection of the aneurysm and correction of associated lesions should be aggressively pursued.


Experimental and clinical studies of the inverted autogenous vein grafts. The vein was inverted (inside-out) and used as a new arterial substitute. Experimental study showed more than 90% patency rate and clinical experiences were satisfactory. Autogenous inverted vein grafting is a safe procedure and should be considered another way to widen the indication of the vein.


Visceral artery aneurysmosis. Case report. Visceral artery aneurysms have been reported which involve most major visceral arteries. However, these are usually isolated and limited to one or, at most, two visceral vessels or are related to specific systemic disorders such as the collagen vascular diseases. we have identified a patient who presented with an asymptomatic upper abdominal mass which proved upon angiography to be a splenic artery aneurysm. The patient also proved to have aneurysms of the superior mesenteric artery, the left and right hepatic arteries and the gastroduodenal artery. Histologic examination revealed normal and elastic tissue content of the vessels. Review of the literature has not revealed a similar type of case of multiple aneurysmal degeneration of visceral arteries as domonstrated by this case.


Dispersal and reformation of acetylcholine receptor clusters of cultured rat myotubes treated with inhibitors of energy metabolism. The effects of energy metabolism inhibitors on the distribution of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in the surface membranes of non-innervated, cultured rat myotubes were studied by visualizing the AChRs with monotetramethylrhodamine-alpha-bungarotoxin. Incubation of myotubes with inhibitors of energy metabolism causes a large decrease in the fraction of myotubes displaying clusters of AChR. This decrease is reversible, and is dependent on temperature, the concentration of inhibitor, and the duration of treatment. Cluster dispersal is probably not the result of secondary effects on Ca++ or cyclic nucleotide metabolism, membrane potential, cytoskeletal elements, or protein synthesis. Sequential observations of identified cells treated with sodium azide showed that clusters appear to disperse by movements of receptors within the sarcolemma without accompanying changes in cell shape. AChR clusters dispersed by pretreating cells with sodium azide rapidly reform upon removal of the inhibitor. Reclustering involves the formation of small aggregates of AChR, which act as foci for further aggregation and which appear to be precursors of large AChR clusters. Small AChR aggregates also appear to be precursors of clusters which form on myotubes never exposed to azide. Reclustering after azide treatment does not necessarily occur at the same sites occupied by clusters before dispersal, nor does it employ only receptors which had previously been in clusters. Cluster reformation can be blocked by cycloheximide, colchicine, and drugs which alter the intracellular cation composition.


Endocytosis and chloroquine accumulation during the cell cycle of hepatoma cells in culture. Variations of endocytic and of lysosomal functions during the cell cycle have been investigated in synchronized hepatoma cells (derived from Morris hepatoma 7288c) by following the cellular uptake of horseradish peroxidase, dextran (mol wt. 70,000), and chloroquine. Cell fractionation and cytochemistry show that in asynchronously growing cells exposed for 1 h to 5 mg/ml peroxidase, the bulk of the enzyme taken up by the cells is found in phagosomes. By using the same experimental system with synchronized HTC cells, large variations of endocytosis are observed during the cell cycle. Peroxidase uptake is lowest during mitosis, increases 5--10 times during G1 phase, reaches a plateau, and finally decreases at the end of S phase and during G2 phase. A similar evolution is observed for the uptake of dextran (0.5 or 1 mg/ml), but it is likely that a significant part of the polysaccharide is still associated with the pericellular surface after 1 h. Moreover, dextran is transferred more slowly than peroxidase to lysosomes. Cellular accumulation of chloroquine is related to intralysosomal pH or to the buffering capacity of lysosomes. Our results show that this drug is taken up more rapidly during G1 and S phases while the rate of accumulation is lowest in mitotic cells. The results are discussed in relation to the modifications of the physical properties of lysosomes during the cell cycle observed previously by cell fractionation and electron microsocopy, and to the possible role of lysosomes in the initiation of mitosis. Cyclic changes of endocytosis in actively dividing cells are demonstrated by our observations and may induce large differences in the uptake rate of extracellular substances.


Intercellular adhesion as a function of the cell cycle traverse. Intercellular adhesion is assumed to play an important role in a multitude of biological phenomena governing cellular behavior. The rate of intercellular adhesion as a function of the cell cycle traverse has been investigated using, in the monolayer assay, synchronized Chinese Hamster Ovary-K1 cells. Results obtained demonstrate that cells in G1 adhere to G1 cells at twice the rate that S cells adhere to each other. G1 cells adhere to S cells at an intermediate rate. The additive adhesiveness seen in G1 is abolished by brief trypsinization, suggesting that in G1 a qualitative or quantitative change occurs with respect to the presence or exposure of components involved in intercellular adhesion.


Immunocytochemical localization of amylase and chymotrypsinogen in the exocrine pancreatic cell with special attention to the Golgi complex. Affinity-purified, monospecific rabbit antibodies against rat pancreatic alpha-amylase and bovine pancreatic alpha-chymotrypsinogen were used for immunoferritin observations of ultrathin frozen sections of mildly fixed exocrine pancreatic tissue from secretion-stimulated (pilocarpine) rats and from overnight-fasted rats and guinea pigs. The labeling patterns for both antibodies were qualitatively alike: Labeling occurred in (a) the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) including the perinuclear cisterna, in (b) the peripheral area between the RER and cis-Golgi face, and (c) all Golgi cisternae, condensing vacuoles, and secretory granules. Labeling of cytoplasmic matrix was negligible. Structures that appeared to correspond to rigid lamellae were unlabeled. Differences in labeling intensities indicated that concentration of the zymogens starts at the boundary of the RER and cis-side of the Golgi complex. These data support the view that the Golgi cisternae are involved in protein processing in both stimulated and unstimulated cells and that Golgi cisternae and condensing vacuoles constitute a functional unit.


Heparin dose for accurate anticoagulation in cardiac surgery. A simplified technique relating individual heparin dose to desired anticoagulant effect was used in 152 patients during cardiac surgery. Activated clotting time (act) was measured by semi-automated technique (Hemochron) before and after heparin, 200 U/kg I.V. Two point linear dose-response curve allowed calculation of any additional heparin required for uniform ACT of 480 seconds. Mean heparin requirement was 330 U/kg) (range 200--600 U/kg) mean requirements for adults (mean = 310 U/kg) were significantly less (p less than 0.001) than for children (mean = 430 U/kg). Individual dose-response curves suggested 20 patients (13%) could have been below adequate anticoagulant levels (ACT less than 300 seconds) using our previous formula for heparin dosage (9000 U/m2). At completion of cardiopulmonary bypass, measurement of ACT provided circulating heparin level from the dose-response curve. Protamine dose (1.3 mg/100 U. heparin) was individualized to precisely reverse anticoagulant effect to control ACT in 127 of 152 patients (84%) with a single dose. Elimination of patient and product variability by simplified semi-automated dose-response technique for heparin therapy provides uniform anticoagulant effect and its accurate neutralization. This technique is recommended for precise anticoagulant therapy during open heart surgery.


Atrial septal defect: repair in patients over thirty-five years of age. Fifty-eight patients over age 35 underwent repair of atrial septal defect. The operative mortality was zero for the seven N.Y.H.A. class I and 26 N.Y.H.A. class II patients. One of 16 class III patients and two of nine class IV patients died; consequently, overall hospital mortality was five percent. The operative mortality was not related to age or level of pulmonary hypertension. Long-term clinical improvement was documented in 75 percent of patients who had been symptomatic preoperatively. The suggestion in early reports that pulmonary hypertension, or age per se, many contraindicate repair of an ASD cannot be supported by our results.


Regional differentiation of the sperm surface as studied with 125I-diiodofluorescein isothiocyanate, an impermeant reagent that allows isolation of the labeled components. The regional differentiation of the sperm surface has been studied with the aid of a novel covalent labeling technique that permits concurrent cytological, biochemical, and immunological analyses. For these studies isothiocyanate derivatives of fluorescein (FITC) and diiodofluorescein (IFC) were employed: the latter can be prepared with radioiodine to high specific activity (125IFC) and is an impermeant reagent for the erythrocyte surface. Sperm of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), medaka )Oryzias latipes), and golden hamster bind the fluorescent chromophores with a nonuniform distribution, most of the fluorescence being associated with the midpiece. The radioactive derivative 125IFC permits an analysis of the proteins that are responsible for most of the binding. Additionally, 125 IFC-labeled sperm are capable of fertilizing eggs, as assessed by autoradiography. That IFC labels the surface of the sperm was inferred from the following: (a) the labeling of the surfaces of other cells by fluorescein isothiocyanate and its derivatives; (b) the agglutination of labeled sperm by antibodies directed against IFC; (c) the use of peroxidase-dependent immunocytochemical reaction using anti-IFC antibodies, with analysis by electron microscopy; and (d) extraction of labeled sea urchin sperm with Triton X-100 under conditions that preferentially solubilize the plasma membrane. The antiserum directed against IFC was used to isolate the labeled surface components from Triton X-100 extracts of whole sperm, by immunoprecipitation, with Staphylococcus-A protein serving as a coprecipitant. The results support previous data showing that the sperm surface is a heterogeneous mosaic of restricted domains, one notable zone being the midpiece, where common molecular properties may be shared by sperm with distinctly different morphologies. In addition, IFC-mediated covalent alteration of specific cell surface proteins may be used to label, to identify, and, with the use of anti-IFC antibodies, to isolate such proteins from other cellular constituents.


Agonist-induced myopathy at the neuromuscular junction is mediated by calcium. Inactivation of cholinesterases at mammalian neuromuscular junctions (nmj) produces extensive muscle "necrosis." Fine-structurally, this myopathy begins near the nmj with an increase in large-diameter vesicles in the soleplasm, the dissolution of Z-disks, dilation of mitochondria, destruction of sarcoplasmic reticulum, and often a highly specific contracture of the muscle under the endplate. Since a Ca++-activated protease which specifically removes Z-disks is known to exist in mammalian skeletal muscle, we tested the possibility that the myopathy after esterase inactivation is due to the prolongation of acetylcholine lifetime and thus of Ca++ influx. We first produced the myopathy near endplates by inactivating esterases with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) followed by nerve stimulation for 1--2 h in vitro. The myopathy was later mimicked by bath application of carbamylcholine without esterase inhibitors. This myopathy could be prevented by inactivating the acetylcholine receptors (AChR) with alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BGT) or by removing Ca++ from the bath with EGTA. These results favor the hypothesis that esterase inhibition leads to an agonist-induced myopathy, which is mediated by Ca++ and requires an intact AChR.


Acute bacterial endocarditis requiring emergency triple valve replacement and pace-maker implant. A case of triple valve involvement in acute bacterial endocarditis is reported. Replacement of aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves and permanent epicardial pacing were successfully accomplished.


Rapid, sequential changes in surface morphology of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells in response to nerve growth factor. The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF), a substance that promotes the differentiation and maintenance of certain neurons, was studied via scanning electron microscopy utilizing the PC12 clonal NGF-responsive pheochromocytoma cell line. After 2-4 d of exposure to NGF, these cells acquire many of the properties of normal sympathic neurons. However, by phase microscopy, no changes are discernible within the first 12-18 h. Since the primary NGF receptor appears to be a membrane receptor, it seemed likely that some of the initial responses to the factor may be surface related. PC12 cells maintained without NGF are round to ovoid and have numerous microvilli and small blebs. After the addition of NGF, there is a rapidly initiated sequential change in the cell surface. Ruffles appear over the dorsal surface of the cells with 1 min, become prominent by 3 min, and almost disappear by 7 min. Microvilli, conversely, disappear as the dorsal ruffles become prominent. Ruffles are seen at the the periphery of cell at 3 min, are prominent on most of the cells by 7 min and are gone by 15 min. The surface remains smooth from 15 min until 45 min when large blebs appear. The large blebs are present on most cells at 2 h and are gone by 4 h. The surface remains relatively smooth until 6-7 h of NGF treatment, when microvilli reappear as small knobs. These microvilli increase in both number and length to cover the cell surface by 10 h. These changes were not observed with other basic proteins, with alpha-bungarotoxin (which binds specifically to PC12 membranes), and were not affected by an RNA synthesis inhibitor that blocks initiation of neurite outgrowth. Changes in the cell surface architecture appear to be among the earlist NGF responses yet detected and may represent or reflect primary events in the mechanism of the factor's action.


Transformation and motility of human platelets: details of the shape change and release reaction observed by optical and electron microscopy. Blood platelets from 10 normal human subjects have been examined with a sensitive differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope. The entire transformation process during adhesion to glass is clearly visible and has been recorded cinematographically, including the disk to sphere change of shape, the formation of sessile protuberances, the extension and retraction of pseudopodia, and the spreading, ruffling, and occasional regression of the hyalomere. The exocytosis of intact dense bodies can be observed either by DIC microscopy, or by epifluorescence microscopy in platelets stained with mepacrine. Details of fluorescent flashes indicate that the dense bodies usually release their contents extracellularly, may do so intracytoplasmically under the influence of strong, short wavelength light on some preparations of mepacrine-stained platelets. The release of one or more dense bodies leaves a crater of variable size on the upper surface of the granulomere. Such craters represent the surface component of the open canalicular system and their formation and disappearance can be directly observed. Because these techniques permit quantitation of several parameters of motility which are not readily observable by other techniques, it is suggested that high extinction DIC microscope examination may become a rapid and useful method of studying congenital and acquired platelet disorders. Many features of platelet transformation have been confirmed and extended by scanning electron micrographs. These can in turn be interpreted by reference to time-lapse films of living platelets.


Early events in neuromuscular junction formation in vitro: induction of acetylcholine receptor clusters in the postsynaptic membrane and morphology of newly formed synapses. The development of clusters of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors at newly formed synapses between embryonic chick spinal cord and muscle cells grown in vitro has been studied by iontophoretic mapping with ACh. A semi-automated technique using on-line computer analysis of ACh responses and a photographic system to record the position of each ACh application permit the rapid construction of extensive and detailed maps of ACh sensitivity. Clusters of receptors, evident as peaks of ACh sensitivity, are present on many uninnervated myotubes. The distribution of ACh sensitivity closely parallels the distribution of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites on the same muscle cell. In all cases where individual myotubes were adequately mapped before and after synapse formation, ingrowing axons induced new clusters of receptors rather than seeking out preexisting clusters. Synapses can form at active growth cones within 3 h of nerve-muscle contact. New receptor clusters can appear beneath neurites within a few hours. Many of the uninnervated clusters on innervated myotubes disappear with time. In contrast, receptor clusters on uninnervated myotubes remain in the same location for many hours. Synaptic clusters and clusters on uninervated myotubes are stable even though individual receptors are metabolized rapidly. The morphology of several identified sites of transmitter release was examined. At the scanning EM level, synapses appeared as small, rough-surfaced varicosities with filopodia that radiated outwards over the muscle surface. One synapse was studied by transmission EM. Acetylcholinesterase and a basement lamina were present within the synaptic cleft.


Involvement of membrane calcium in the response of rabbit neutrophils to chemotactic factors as evidenced by the fluorescence of chlorotetracycline. We have utilized the fluorescent chelate probe chlorotetracycline to investigate the possible involvement of membrane calcium in the response of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils to chemotactic factors. Two chemotactic factors, the small molecular weight fragment of the fifth component of complement C5a and the synthetic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (F-Met-Leu-Phe), were tested and found to decrease the fluorescence of cell-associated chlorotetracycline in a manner strongly suggesting stimulus-induced displacement of membrane calcium. The time-course, concentration dependence, and receptor specificity of the calcium redistribution induced by the stimuli are consistent with its early role in the initiation of the various neutrophil functions. F-Met-Leu-Phe and C5a appear to interact with the same pool of membrane calcium and to release it to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. Intracellular calcium then binds back to the membrane(s) from where it can be displaced by additional stimulation. The release of membrane calcium, experimentally defined here, appears to play a central role in the initiation of the various neutrophil functions.


Characteristics of the polar assembly and disassembly of microtubules observed in vitro by darkfield light microscopy. We describe here the continuous observations of the polymerization of individual microtubules in vitro by darkfield microscopy. In homogeneous preparations we verify that polymerization can occur onto both ends of microtubules. The assembly of microtubules is polar, with one end growing at three times the rate of the other. The differential rate of elongation can be used to determine the polarity of growth off cellular nucleating centers. We show that the microtubules grow off the proximal end of ciliary axonemes at a growth rate equal to that of the slow growing end of free microtubules, while growth off the distal end proceeds at the same rate as the fast growing end. Applying this technique to microtubule growth from metaphase chromosomes isolated from HeLa and CHO cells, we demonstrate that chromosomes initiate polymerization with the fast growing end facing away from the chromosome nucleation site. The opposite ends of free microtubules show different sensitivities to microtubule depolymerizing agents such as low temperature, Ca++ or colchicine as measured directly by darkfield microscopy. The differing rates of assembly and disassembly of each end of a microtubule suggest that a difference in polarity of growth off nucleating sites could serve as one basis for regulating the polymerization of different groups of microtubules in the same cell.


Microsomal T system: a stereological analysis of purified microsomes derived from normal and dystrophic skeletal muscle. Heterogeneous populations of microsomes obtained from normal and dystrophic chicken pectoralis muscle were separated into two subfractions by an iterative loading technique. The buoyant density of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) microsomes was increased after loading them with calcium oxalate. Several incubations in the transport medium were necessary to load all of the SR. The fraction that did not form a pellet contained microsomes which displayed freeze-fracture faces that had a low density of particles. A stereological analysis was used on membrane fracture faces of intact muscle to generate reference particle density distributions, which were compared with the distributions measured on the microsomal fracture faces. The concave microsomal fracture faces of purified microsomes which did not load calcium oxalate had particle distributions nearly identical to the distributions of intact P-face T tubules. The morphological data suggest that this subfraction is microsomal T system. Biochemical measurements show negligible amounts of specific Na+, K+-ATPase activity, suggesting that there was little contamination from the surface membrane in this subfraction. Furthermore, an active Ca2+-ATPase is demonstrated in both normal and dystrophic T-tubular membranes.


An electron microscope autoradiographic study of the carbohydrate recognition systems in rat liver. I. Distribution of 125I-ligands among the liver cell types. Electron microscope autoradiography was used to study the cellular localization of seven glycoproteins rapidly cleared from the circulating plasma of rats and taken up by the liver. 1 and 15 min after intravenous administration of the 125I-glycoproteins, livers were fixed in situ by perfusion and processed for autoradiography. Autoradiographic grains in the developed sections were found to represent the intact 125I-ligand. A quantitative analysis of the distribution and concentration (density) of autoradiographic grains over the three major cell types of the liver was then performed. Three molecules, asialo-fetuin, asialo-orosomucoid, and lactosaminated RNase A dimer, the oligosaccharide chains of which terminate in galactose residues, were bound and internalized almost exclusively (greater than 90%) by hepatocytes. Conversely, four molecules, the oligosaccharide chains of which terminate in either N-acetyl-glucosamine (agalacto-orosomucoid) or mannose (ahexosamino-orosomucoid, preputial beta-glucuronidase, and mannobiosaminated RNase A dimer), were specifically bound and internalized by cells lining the blood sinusoids--that is, by Kupffer cells and endothelial cells. Endothelial cells were two to six times more active (on a cell volume basis) than were Kupffer cells in the internalization of these four 125I-ligands. Mannose and N-acetylglucosamine-terminated glycoproteins competed with each other for uptake into either endothelial cells or Kupffer cells, indicating that a single system recognized mannose or N-acetyl-glucosamine residues. Finally, agalacto-orosomucoid and ahexosamino-orosomucoid were also associated with hepatocytes, but competition experiments utilizing excess asialo-orosomucoid demonstrated that residual galactosyl residues were responsible for this association.


An electron microscope autoradiographic study of the carbohydrate recognition systems in rat liver. II. Intracellular fates of the 125I-ligands. Electron microscope autoradiographic and biochemical methods were used to study the intracellular fates of several 125I-glycoproteins, known to be specifically bound and internalized by the different cell types in the liver. At the earliest times examined (1--2 min), 125I-glycoproteins (ASGP) were localized predominantly along the sinusoidal front of hepatocytes. Analysis of the distribution of autoradiographic grains indicated that: (a) approximately 40--60% of the 125I-ligand could be ascribed to the plasmalemma; (b) a significant fraction had already been internalized; yet (c) very little 125I-ligand was present in the lysosome-Golgi region. Between 4 and 15 min after administration of 125I-ASGPs, there was a dramatic redistribution of autoradiographic grains from regions of the plasmalemma and peripheral cytoplasm (30% decrease) to the lysosome-Golgi region (30% increase). At longer times (30 min), there was continued drainage of 125I-ASGP into this region. The grain density over secondary lysosomes was 60--90 times higher than that over recognizable Golgi elements, clearly indicating that lysosomes were the ultimate destination of the 125I-ASGP. However, no more than 60% of the total 125I-ligand could be localized to lysosome-rich regions of the hepatocyte, with the remaining 40% primarily in the intermediate cytoplasm. Biochemical evidence for proteolysis of the internalized 125I-ASGP (presumably within lysosomes) was obtained when [125I]-mono-iodotyrosine was found in the liver (i.e., hepatocytes) at times later than 15 min. The temporal redistribution observed for mannose and N-acetylglucosamine-terminated glycoproteins (ahexosamino-orosomucoid and agalacto-orosomucoid, respectively) in endothelial cells indicated that the 125I-ligands resided in macropinocytic vesicles (1--15 min) before their ultimate residence in dense bodies (15 min). The same 125I-ligands were also localized to structures resembling secondary lysosomes in Kupffer cells. The lysosomal nature of "these organelles" was implied from the appearance of [125I]mono-iodotyrosine in the liver at later times. 125I-beta-glucuronidase followed the same intracellular pathway in both cell types but was not degraded.


The chemotactic factors induced movement of calcium and sodium across rabbit neutrophil membranes: effect of densensitization to cytochalasin B. The preincubation of rabbit neutrophils with the chemotactic factor F-Met-Leu-Phe and the subsequent addition of cytochalasin B has previously been shown to induce a time, concentration and calcium dependent loss of secretory responsiveness in neutrophils. This has been termed desensitization. The results reported here first confirm that lysosomal enzyme release from neutrophils will still occur in the absence of extracellular calcium. In addition, a time dependent decrease in the magnitude of the cytochalasin B induced influxes of 45Ca and 22Na was found upon preincubation with F-Met-Leu-Phe. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+, this decrease in ionic responsiveness reaches a maximum by five minutes preincubation with F-Met-Leu-Phe. In the absence of added extracellular Ca2+ an initial and rapid (less than 1 minute) loss of ionic responsiveness is followed by partial recovery as the length of the preincubation with the chemotactic factor is increased from one to five minutes. These changes in ionic responses correspond exactly to the changes in secretory behavior of the neutrophils. Desensitization can thus be explained on the same ionic basis as that underlying the secretory response of the neutrophils. In addition, these results provide information about the sequence of events involved in the cytochalasin B and chemotactic factor induced release of lysosomal enzymes in neutrophils.


Cell cycle analysis of sodium butyrate and hydroxyurea, inducers of ectopic hormone production in HeLa cells. Sodium butyrate and hydroxyurea, effective inhibitors of DNA synthesis in HeLa cells, cause these cells to produce increased levels of the ectopic glycopeptide hormones human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and free alpha chains for these hormones. The objective of this study was an assessment of the role of modulation of cell cycle events in the action of these two chemical agents. A variety of experimental approaches was employed to obtain a clear view of the drugs' effects on cells located initially in all phases of the cell cycle. Cells in early G1, G2, or M phase at time of addition of either inhibitor were not arrested at early time points, but by 48 hours became collected at a location characteristic for each drug, near the G1-S phase boundary. Flow microfluorometry (FMF) and thymidine labeling index revealed that butyrate-treated cells arrested late in G1 phase very close to S phase, while hydroxyurea-blocked cells continued to early S phase. Both inhibitors prevented cells originally in S phase from reaching mitosis. S cells exposed to hydroxyurea were killed by 48 hours, but those growing in 5 mM butyrate progressed to the end of S or G2 phase where they became irreversibly arrested although not removed from the monolayer. Analysis of the cell cycle location and viability of each subpopulation resulting from 48 hour exposure to butyrate or hydroxyurea is important for the study of the function of each cellular subset. Treatment of HeLa cells with lower concentrations of butyrate (1 mM) resulted in slowed yet exponential growth. Fraction labeled mitosis (FLM) analysis shows that this is a result of prolongation of the G1 phase.


Electron probe microanalysis of elemental composition of mouse cardiac myocytes during post-natal maturation. Elemental concentrations in the cytoplasm and nucleus of t tests post-natal mouse myocytes were measured at 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 days and in adults using electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Using an analysis of variance test, significant age dependent changes were found in intracellular potassium, sulfur, phosphorus, and chlorine concentrations (mg/kg dry weight), while sodium and magnesium concentrations did not show significant changes. The application of  t tests following linear regression analyses (age versus concentration for each element) did, however, give a significant slope for cytoplasmic sodium, potassium, sulfur, and phosphorus values. The findings correspond closely with an emission spectroscopy-titrimetric study of whole heart ventricle of the same developmental period (Hazelwood and Nichols, '70).


Effect of temperature on protein and immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion in two mouse myeloma cell lines. Protein synthesis in differentiated MOPC-21 and MPC-11 mouse myeloma cells was studied to determine the basis for the differences in the temperature and actinomycin D sensitivity of translation between non-differentiated mouse L-cells and differentiated rabbit reticulocytes. The temperature dependence of total protein synthesis was similar to that of L-cells and reticulocytes, being biphasic in Arrhenius plots with apparent activation energies of approximately 25 and 42 kcal/mol, above and below 25 degress C. The dependence of the secretion process was different since it was not biphasic, having a single activation energy of about 22 kcal/mol. Myeloma polysomes were like L-cell polysomes in their response to lower temperature and reached a minimum level of 50% at 15 degress C. This response was also found for the specific polysomes synthesizing the IgG H- and L-chains. In the presence of actinomycin D, myeloma polysomes declined exponentially with a half-life of approximately 6 hours. These two L-cell-like responses were not found in reticulocytes. Translation of both the IgG mRNAs and the non-IgG mRNAs was reduced by lower temperatures and actinomycin D, even though the L-chain mRNA was slightly more resistant, suggesting that this mRNA is slightly more efficient. The results of these experiments suggest that the translational differences between L-cells and reticulocytes are not mRNA dependent, but are cell type differences.


Inhibition by glucocorticoids and choleragen of the conditional growth of poorly adherent mononuclear phagocytes of newborn hamster liver and lung (hormonal control of macrophage growth). Conditions for in vitro growth of mononuclear phagocytes from newborn hamster liver and lung were studied. In the primary cultures of liver and lung, round cells outgrew and frequently floated off into the culture medium. They were separated from fibroblast-like cells adherent to plastic by collecting the medium. The round cells were identified as mononuclear phagocytes on the criteria of phagocytic capacity of heat-killed bacteria and IgG-coated erythrocytes, fine cell structure and cytochemistry. The phagocytes that had not been activated previously proliferated for about ten generations in F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum depending on a growth factor produced by hamster brain, liver or lung cells. Without the factor, the cells quickly cytolysed. Mononuclear phagocytes from blood had the same characteristics of growth and cytochemistry, but had fewer IgG receptors at the cell surface than similar cells from the liver and lung. The effects of a variety of chemical compounds on the growth of the liver and lung cells were studied. Insulin stimulated their growth by 20-30%, but was not replaceable for the growth factor. Glucocorticoids, dexamethasone and hydrocortisone, inhibited the growth of the phagocytes at the physiological concentrations: 3 x 10(-9) M and 2 x 10(-8) M for 50% inhibition, respectively. Indomethacin, non-steroid anti-inflammatory reagent, at 10(-8) M to 10(-6) M gave no effect. Choleragen that increases the intracellular cyclic AMP level, inhibited the growth at a concentration as low as 5 pg/ml. These data suggest that the growth of mononuclear phagocytes is controlled not only by a growth factor produced by other cells but also by glucocorticoids.


Estrogen receptors and effects of estrogen on membrane electrical properties of coronary vascular smooth muscle. The effect of estrogen stimulation in vitro on the electrical properties of vascular smooth muscle (VSM), and the concentration of estrogen receptors in VSM were measured in isolated coronary arteries. Microelectrode measurements of the dog coronary artery membrane potential (Em) showed quiescent values of -51 millivolts (mV) and an input resistance (rin) of 10 megohms. Addition by diethylstilbestrol (DES) at 10(-6) M hyperpolarized the membrane to -64 mV and reduced input resistance (rin) to 5 megohms within 15 minutes. Extrapolation of the Em vs. log [K]o curve to zero potential gave similar values of [K]i of around 170 mM in both normal and DES treated muscles suggesting that the DES induced hyperpolarization is not due to increased Na-K pump activity. The 0.5% ethanol vehicle alone had no effect on the membrane potentials. Tetraethylammonium ion (TEA) induced action potentials in the previously quiescent tissue. When DES was applied in the presence of TEA, the membrane potential increased and the action potentials were abolished. Scatchard analysis of the estrogen receptor binding demonstrated both a high and a low affinity receptor for estrogen in the VSM. These data indicate that DES hyperpolarizes the VSM cells by a mechanism other than an increased Na-K pump activity. The mechanism of this increased Em may be due to factors which increase K+ conductance either mediated directly through estrogen interaction with its cytosolic receptors or through some unidentified second mechanism.


A new cell surface marker of aging in human diploid fibroblasts. The relationship of cell surface changes to proliferative decline of human diploid fibroblasts was investigated using the concanavalin A-mediated red blood cell adsorption assay. The amount of the red blood cells adsorbed to human diploid fibroblasts via concanavalin A increased continuously from the early phases of cell passage up through cell senescence, while the amount of 3H-concanavalin A binding did not change to a significant extent. The red blood cell adsorption is not a function of cell cycle phase and time spent in culture. Cocultivation of young cells with old cells also did not affect the adsorption capacity of respective cells. Thus, the concanavalin A-mediated red blood cell adsorption can be expected to serve as a new cell surface marker for aging in vitro. Using this marker, it was revealed that transient cell size or 3H-thymidine incorporating capacity di not have a direct relationship with the division age of a cell. Small rapidly dividing cells in old populations resemble large slowly dividing or nondividing cells of the same populations and differ from small rapidly dividing cells in young populations, in terms of cell surface properties.


Replicative activity of isolated chromatin from proliferating and quiescent early passage and aging cultured mouse cells. Replicative activity of isolated chromatin from late passage cultured mouse cells has been compared to the activities of chromatin preparaions from dividing and quiescent early passage cells. Rates of endogenous DNA synthesis are similar for chromatin from growing or resting cells but this activity is stimulated 2.5-fold in senescent cell chromatin. Chromatin from growing young cells copies exogenously added single stranded DNA at the highest efficiency. Chromatin of senescent cells copies this template at a lower rate and resting young cell chromatin replicates single stranded DNA at the lowest efficiency. Similar relative rates are obtained when activated DNA is copied by the various chromatin preparations. Total activity of DNA polymerase extracted by salt from chromatin is similar for dividing and quiescent young cells but the proportion of DNA polymerase beta is higher in the latter. Elevated activities of DNA polymerases are extracted from chromatin of old cells. It is concluded, therefore, that chromatin-directed replication is differently arrested in non-dividing senescent cells and in quiescent early passage cells. The possible regulatory mechanisms of DNA replication in quiescence and aging are discussed.


Studies on the penetration of mammalian cells by deoxyribonucleoside-5'-phosphates. We have tested the ability of [5'-32P]-deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates (dNMPs) to penetrate living mouse fibroblast L cells and human HeLa cells. Under the conditions of our experiments, small numbers of apparently intact dNMP molecules appeared to penetrate into the interior of L cells and be incorporated into DNA. This incorporation was not due to mycoplasma contamination nor to extracellular hydrolysis of the dNMPs followed by resynthesis inside the cell. Under these same conditions, penetration of HeLa cells by intact dNMPs did not occur to a significant extent. However, HeLa cells were capable of hydrolyzing extracellular dNMPs to Pi and deoxyribonucleosides at a much faster rate than L cells. These experiments provide a starting point for attempts to specifically label the DNA in intact, living eukaryotic cells with [32P]-dNMPs.


Specific cellular defects in patients with Fanconi anemia. Measurements of plating efficiency, accumulation of metaphases and generation times have shown that fibroblast from patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) have decreased probability of completing a further division after successful mitosis. Thus FA cells show decreased growth rates and increased generation times. We have also measured the survival of FA fibroblasts and lymphoblasts after treatment with a variety of mutagens. All FA cells show an increased sensitivity to drugs such as MMC and psoralen plus long wave length UV which cause DNA interstrand crosslinks. FA strains show varying degrees of sensitivity to these drugs and the extent of this sensitivity seems to be characteristic of each patient. FA cells are equal to controls in their sensitivity to other alkylating agents such as ethyl methane sulfonate, N-methyl-N1-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and actinomycin D. Both the decreased growth and increased drug sensitivity may result from defect in DNA replication or repair.


Reversible inactivation of autosomal alleles in Chinese hamster cells. Evidence is presented which suggests that a CHO-derived thymidine kinase (Tk) heterozygote, ts201, can reversibly inactivate the wild type Tk allele, and that this event may result in simultaneous inactivation of a linked allele, galactokinase (Glk). The clone ts201 was isolated as a revertant of a stable Tk- 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-resistant mutant of CHO. The reacquired Tk activity differed from that of the wild type with respect to Km and heat resistance, supporting the contention that ts201 was genetically heterozygous (Tk+/-). At frequencies varying from 0.02-0.5, segregants of ts201 could be isolated by cloning in BrdU at 39 degrees. These derivatives were phenotypically Tk- (by enzymology and by autoradiography of 3H-dT labeled cells), but after removal of BrdU, reacquired the Tk+ phenotype at frequencies varying randomly from clone to clone. From mutagenized populations of ts201 two variants were isolated, 71t and 72c, by selection at 39 degrees in 2-deoxygalactose (2-dgal). Resistance to 2-dgal has been correlated with a mutation in the gene for Glk, which is syntenic with that for Tk and evidence is presented suggesting that 71t and 72c are Glk+/-. Cloning efficiencies in doubly selective media and autoradiographic data showed that at 39 degrees a coordination existed between the levels of Tk and Glk, which in 71t was inverse, and in 72c, direct. These data led to the hypothesis that pairs of linked alleles can be inactivated or re-expressed simultaneously. The inactivating effect was temperature-sensitive, since at 33 degrees, the cloning efficiency in BrdU and in 2-dgal was very low.


Ribosome biosynthesis in Tetrahymena thermophila. III. Regulation of ribosomal RNA degradation in growing and growth arrested cells. We have measured the turnover rate of ribosomal RNA in exponentially growing Tetrahymena thermophila cells, cells entering the plateau phase of growth, and nutrient-deprived (starved) cells. Ribosomal RNA is stable in cells in early log phase growth but it begins to turnover as the cells begin a deceleratory growth phase prior to entering a plateau state. Likewise, rRNA in cells transferred from early log phase growth to a starvation medium begins to be degraded immediately upon starvation. In both cases the degradation of rRNA exhibits biphasic kinetics. A rapid initial exponential degradation with a half time of nine and one-half hours lasting for six hours is followed by a slower exponential degradation with a half-life of 35 hours. When starved cells are transferred to fresh growth medium turnover of rRNA ceases. The evidence presented suggests that the alteration in degradation rate is a regulated process which is most likely independent of the cell cycle.


Catecholamine metabolism in primary anorexia nervosa. Abnormalities in neuroendocrine function and sympathetic nervous system activity appear to be present in primary anorexia nervosa. Hypothalamic catecholamines are involved in control of endocrine function and norepinephrine is released from sympathetic nerve endings. Because of possible abnormalities in catecholamine metabolism, plasma levels of norepinephrine and urinary excretion of homovanillic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol were studied in female patients with primary anorexia nervosa before and after significant clinical improvement and compared with normal female volunteers. During the phase of the disease in which body weights were more than 20--25% below ideal, patients' blood pressures and pulse rates, plasma levels of norepinephrine, and 24-h urinary excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol glycol and homovanillic acid were lower than those of a group of normal volunteers. After weight gain, these parameters increased to near-normal levels. At no time was plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity abnormal. The results suggest that abnormalities in catecholamine metabolism in primary anorexia nervosa are caused by starvation, and that neuronal functions dependent on aminergic neurotransmission may be altered as a result.


Decreased insulin binding to monocytes from normal pregnant women. To ascertain whether the decrease of glucose tolerance in pregnancy might be mediated by changes in insulin receptors, we have studied insulin binding to monocytes in 12 normal women during late pregnancy and 14 healthy, young, normal weight, nonpregnant female controls. The pregnant women had significantly higher fasting insulin concentrations in plasma than the controsl (18 +/- 3.5 vs. 8 +/- 1.1 microU/ml; P less than 0.01). Fasting concentrations of glucose and ketone bodies in plasma were not significantly different in the two groups. Insulin binding to monocytes from pregnant women was about 35% lower at each insulin concentration tested compared to the nonpregnant controls (P less than 0.01 at tracer insulin concentrations). Changes in cellular insulin binding were due to changes of the receptor number per cell, whereas the receptor affinity was unaffected. Insulin binding was not significantly correlated with the fasting plasma insulin in either of the two groups (P less than 0.1). Our results suggest that the deterioration of glucose tolerance in normal late pregnancy might be explained by a decrease of insulin sensitivity caused by a reduction of the number of insulin receptors.


Cholesterol metabolism in diabetes: the effect of insulin on the kinetics of plasma squalene. The turnover of isotopically labeled squalene formed in plasma from [14C]mevalonate has been used to measure cholesterol synthesis in diabetics over a 7-h period. Five patients were studied while in poor diabetic control (mean daytime glycemia, 349 mg/dl) and at a later date once improved control was established by multiple daily insulin injections (mean glycemia, 175 mg/dl). This degree of diabetic control resulted in an increase in the fractional conversion of [14C]mevalonic acid to [14C]squalene from 55.2 +/- 1% to 67.5 +/- 4% (P less than 0.025). These data together with the area under the squalene specific activity curve yeild an estimated rate of cholesterol synthesis based on the likely assumption that mevalonate pool size did not decrease. Insulinization increased this calculated mean rate of cholesterol synthesis from 961 +/- 151 to 1206 +/- 223 mg/day (P less than 0.025). The use of squalene kinetics to evaluate changes in cholesterol synthesis deserves further study, particularly in metabolically unstable states such as diabetes in which conventional methods for measuring cholesterol synthesis are difficult to apply and to interpret.


Minoxidil increases aldosterone metabolic clearance in hypertensive patients. It has been shown that despite an effect of minoxidil to increase PRA, plasma levels of aldosterone do not change. We observed similar findings in seven hypertensive patients undergoing treatment with minoxidil; PRA activity increased markedly, whereas the plasma aldosterone concentration showed no consistent change. The aldosterone MCRs in these patients increased by 41% in response to minoxidil, from 1110 +/- 91 to 1570 +/- 180 (SEM) liters/day; this appeared to explain why plasma aldosterone levels did not increase in parallel with renin activity. Hepatic blood flow (estimated from the clearance of indocyanine green) in a group of patients receiving minoxidil was greater than that in an otherwise comparable group (P less than 0.02). This increase in hepatic perfusion may, at least in part, have accounted for the increase in aldosterone MCR.


Is human decidua a specialized endocrine organ? The production of protein hormones by human placenta, amnion, chorion, and decidua capsularis was studied in in vitro experiments to establish whether the decidua could be considered a specialized structure for the release of PRL. The tissues were incubated in the incubation medium, we found a highly significant rise of PRL during culture of the decidua, while no increase was noticed during culture  of the placenta or amnion. Conversely, chorionic somatomammotropin and CG increased greatly and quickly during culture of placenta but not during culture of other tissues. No significant change was found in GH. The total PRL released into the medium from decidua was 3 times higher than the initial PRL content of this sittue; addition of puromycin to the incubation medium reduced both the tissue content and the release of PRL to almost 50% of the control values. This result raises the possibility of a specific endocrine activity of decidua capsularis. The PRL-secreint cells of the decidua probably do not possess dopamine receptors, since bromocriptine, when added to the medium, did not influence the release of PRL, confirming our previous in vivo observations.


Origin of estrogen in normal men and in women with testicular feminization. The purpose of this study was to quantify the various sources of estrone (E1) and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) production in normal men and in women with testicular feminization. The mean production rate of E1 in four young adult men was 58 micrograms/24 h, while that of E2 was 44 micrograms/24 h. In these men, E1 production could be accounted for totally by extraglandular formation through 1) aromatization of plasma androstenedione, 2) conversion of E2 which was formed from the aromatization of plasma testosterone, and 3) conversion of secreted E2. In these men, only 12 micrograms or less of E2 production could not be accounted for by extraglandular formation from plasma C19 precursors, and is presumed to have arisen by testicular secretion. In six women with testicular feminization, the mean production rate of E1 was 99 micrograms/24 h, while that of E2 was 77 micrograms/24 h. THe amount of E2 production that arose by glandular secretion could be computed in four of these women and was considerably greater than that found in the young adult men. In these women with testicular feminization, an average of 44 micrograms/24 h E2 could not be accounted for by extraglandular formation and is presumed to have arisen by testicular secretion. The mean plasma production rate of testosterone in the normal men was 5.7 mg/24 h, while that in the women with testicular feminization was 8.3 mg/24 h. However, the range of plasma production rates of testosterone in the women with testicular feminization was large (1.3--17.0 mg/24 h).


Widespread distribution of a chorionic gonadotropin-like substance in normal human tissues. Recent studies have demonstrated that the normal human testes, colon, and liver contain a substance that resembles hCG. To extend these findings, we examined aqueous extracts of a variety of normal human tissues for the presence of this material. The beta-hCG RIA, rat Leydig cell radioreceptor assay, and a newly developed, highly specific hCG RIA were used to measure hCG activity in a serial dilutions of the extracts. Detectable concentrations of the hCG-like material were found in 146 of the 149 individual tissue samples studied. Parallelism was noted between the hCG standard and serial dilutions of extracts of testis, ovary, pituitary, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, stomach, placenta, and some small intestinal tissue samples in the beta-hCG RIA, radioreceptor assay, and the highly specific hCG RIA. An absence of parallelism was found between extracts of nonpituitary tissues and LH in the beta-LH RIA. Pancreatic extracts altered the [125I]hCG used as the labeled ligand in these assays, which led to spurious results. Chromatography of the extracts on Concanavalin A-Sepharose columns revealed that the hCG-like materials from different tissues varied widely in their adsorbtion to Concanavalin A, possibly reflecting differences in their carbohydrate contents. These results indicate that an hCG-like substance is widely distributed throughout normal human tissues and further supports the concept that the fetal genome responsible for hCG production is not completely suppressed in adult tissues.


Lack of a role for glucagon in the disposal of an oral glucose load in normal man. The present study was undertaken to determine the role of glucagon in determining the disposition of an oral glucose load in normal man. To accomplish this, the plasma glucose response to an oral glucose load was determined in four normal men who were studied on two occasions. During one study, glucagon (3 ng/kg.min) was administered to prevent the fall in plasma glucagon noted after oral glucose ingestion. Despite elevation of plasma glucagon levels to 350 pg/ml in this protocol, the plasma insulin and glucose levels achieved were virtually identical to those obtained after oral glucose alone. These results indicate that neither physiological elevations of plasma glucagon nor the suppression of plasma glucagon seen during oral glucose administration alter glucose tolerance in normal man. Thus, in a normal man capable of secreting appropriate amounts of insulin in response to the ingestion of glucose, glucagon plays no appreciable role in the disposition of this glucose load.


Absence of measurable 2-hydroxyestrone in the rat brain: evidence for rapid turnover. The free 2-hydroxyestrone content of female rat brains was measured by two independent methods, including a direct radioimmunoassay and enzymatic conversion to stable O-methylated derivatives followed by a specific radioimmunoassay for the latter. The sensitivities of the two procedures were 10 pg and 5 pg respectively and the recoveries were greater than 85%. Neither assay method was able to detect any measurable endogenous 2-hydroxyestrone in the female rat brain at any stage of the ovulatory cycle. It is suggested that a high turnover rate of 2-hydroxyestrogens in the rat brain precludes the accumulation of detectable quantities of these metabolites in central tissues.


A mid-day surge in cortisol levels.

A mid-day surge in cortisol levels. A dramatic mid-day surge of cortisol with its onset concomitant with food intake was observed. Cortisol levels were unaffected by the evening meal. The magnitude and time course of the initiation of this mid-day peak of cortisol are markedly attenuated by food deprivation. These observations establish that within the circadian periodicity there exists a mid-day rhythm of cortisol secretion which appears to be synchronized by food intake.


Use of a semiselective medium to culture Legionella pneumophila from contaminated lung specimens. Legionella pneumophila was successfully isolated, using a semiselective medium, from two of three lung specimens heavily contaminated with other organisms. This medium is composed of charcoal yeast extract agar, supplemented with vancomycin and polymyxin B. L. pneumophila was observed at 8 days on plates containing less than or equal to 40 units of polymyxin B and less than or equal to 1 microgram of vancomycin per ml.


Airway colonization by Flavobacterium in an intensive care unit. A total of 195 patients admitted to a respiratory-surgical intensive care unit became colonized with species of Flavobacterium during a 70-month prospective study. By biochemical, cultural, and morphological criteria and a comparison of antibiotic susceptibilities, all patient isolates of Flavobacterium were apparently related. The origin of these organisms was sought. Flavobacterium were recovered from different water-associated areas of the hospital and from the hands of respiratory-surgical intensive care care unit staff. The organisms were also found in university dormitory sinks. The isolation of these organisms from tap water led to their recovery from reservoirs supplying drinking water to the city of Boston and surrounding communities. These organisms are resistant to chlorine concentrations found in municipal water. There was no proven case of pneumonia caused by Flavobacterium in 2,329 consecutive patients studied in our respiratory-surgical intensive care unit.


Medium for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica. A new differential plate medium, CAL (cellobiose-arginine-lysine) agar, was developed and evaluated for the isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica. For all but two isolates tested, distinctive colonies were formed on CAL agar within 40 h of incubation at 25 degrees C. These colonies were readily recognized and isolated from a mixed inoculum containing 10 other bacteria commonly found in water and fecal specimens. Y. enterocolitica was presumptively identified based on colonial morphology from 9 of 10 fecal cultures containing the organism when inoculated to CAL agar and incubated for 40 h at 25 degrees C. No false-positive identification were made. The medium has been shown to be as sensitive as MacConkey agar in supporting growth of Y. enterocolitica, and it can be used in broth from for enumeration of the organism from water and liquid specimens. The medium is easily made and does not need to be autoclaved.


Obligate anaerobes in clinical veterinary practice. Clinical specimens obtained from domestic animals were examined to determine the relative prevalence of obligate anaerobic bacteria and the species represented. Of 3,167 samples cultured anaerobically as well as aerobically, 2,234 were bacteriologically positive. Of these positive samples, 583 (26%) contained species of obligate anaerobic bacteria in a total of 641 isolates. Most positive samples contained anaerobes admixed with aerobic species, although 6% of such samples yielded pure cultures of obligate anaerobes. The most common sites from which anaerobes were isolated were abscesses (32% of abscesses cultured contained species of obligate anaerobes), peritoneal exudates (24%), and pleural effusions (20%). Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides spp., Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Bacteroides ruminicola accounted in the aggregate for approximately 50% of all anaerobic isolates. Bacteroides fragilis accounted for 1% of all the isolates, and members of the genus Clostridium accounted for 8%.


Solid-phase radioimmunoassay of serum immunoglobulin A antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for detecting respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies was developed. An antigen consisting of purified adenovirus type 2 hexons or a crude lysate of respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells was first adsorbed onto polystyrene beads. The coated beads were then incubated with dilutions of serum, and IgA antibodies which attached to the solid-phase virus antigen were subsequently detected with 125I-labeled anti-human alpha antibodies. The anti-human alpha antibodies used were isolated by immunosorbent chromatography from rabbit antiserum produced by immunization with IgA purified from serum of an IgA myeloma patient. A total of 46 serum specimens from 13 patients with respiratory syncytial virus infections and 10 patients with adenovirus infections were tested. Complement fixation, homologous IgG and IgM radioimmunoassay, and heterologous IgA radioimmunoassay testing were also done. Specific values higher than 10,000 cpm were often reached with convalescent serum specimens, and positive-to-negative serum binding ratios of 50 or more were frequently obtained with lower serum dilutions. IgA titers of convalescent sera were from 1,000 to 16,000, and with few exceptions a fourfold or greater rise in the IgA titer was detected in the homologous IgA radioimmunoassay.


Cellular fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas paucimobilis and groups IIk-2, Ve-1, and Ve-2. The cellular fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas paucimobilis (IIk-1) and group IIk-2, Ve-1, and Ve-2 was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The unnamed groups were readily distinguished from P. paucimobilis by cellular fatty acids. The data strongly suggest that these bacteria may be additional species of Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium.


Counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay for detection of adenovirus antigen. A rapid, sensitive counterimmunoelectrophoresis assay was developed to detect adenovirus in stools of patients with gastroenteritis. The parameters of the assay were optimized, and its sensitivity and efficiency was examined. The assay promises to be a useful alternative to conventional techniques of cell culture isolation or electron microscopy for the detection of adenovirus in stool specimens.


Detection of adenovirus antibody by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was adapted as a rapid, sensitive assay for detection of adenovirus group-specific antibody. This assay was six times more sensitive than the complement fixation test and was successfully adapted for use with microliter quantities of serum or whole blood.


Evidence for organicity in concrete vs. overinclusive thought-disordered schizophrenics. Matched 20 overinclusive schizophrenics, 13 schizophrenics with a concrete thought disorder, defined in terms of performance errors on a conceptual ability test, and 11 brain-damaged patients on age, education, vocabulary proficiency, severity of illness and length of hospitalization. Ss then were given the Combined Test Battery for Organicity. No differences were found between the overinclusive and concrete schizophrenics on any measure of organicity. The Organic Test Battery had poor concurrent validity in distinguishing between brain-damaged and schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenics with a concrete thought disorder have a relatively rare condition that continues to defy explanation, though on the basis of past research an organic involvement seems to be the most parsimonious explanation.


Anomie and United States Suicide rates, 1973--1976. Related annual variations in United States suicide rates between 1973 and 1976 to concomitant annual variations in expressions of anomie obtained on the 5-item Srole anomie scale by a representative sample of the United States population. Expressions of anomie increased significantly for persons in the age groups (15--24 and 25--34 year) that displayed increases in suicide rates, annual variations in endorsement of anomie statements were correlated significantly with the concomitant annual variations in the suicide rates of the 15--24 year age group, and there was a nonsignificant tendency toward this relationship in the other (25--34 year) age group with increasing suicide rates. However, expressions of anomie also increased significantly for persons in the older age groups that showed no increases in suicide rates. Thus, Durkheim's hypothesis was not supported among older persons as it was among younger persons. Previous studies suggest that measures of anomie that focus explicitly on perceptions of internal-external control may be related more closely to suicidal behavior (especially for older persons) than measures that focus on other components of anomie.


Empirical descriptions of mental patient syndromes and types. Used a cluster analytic procedure to describe mental illness. Data for 2,600 mental patients from a research record system were clustered into six symptom and four antecedent dimensions. The patients were typed into seven antecedent and seven symptom types according to their patterns of scores over these dimensions. The types were related to diagnostic data, the antecedent and symptom dimensions, impairment ratings, outcomes and biodata. Significant relationships of the types with all the classes of data are reported. The relationships of the types with four diagnostic classes and the merits of typing as a means of defining mental illnesses are discussed.


First memories of "normal" and of schizophrenic, paranoid-type individuals. Compared the early recollections of 40 schizophrenic, paranoid-type patients and 37 "normal" individuals. The themes of the early recollections of the two groups were significantly different. The normal group reported events such as illness, injury, and attention-getting more frequently than the schizophrenic group, whereas the early recollections of the schizophrenic group contained more variety of the themes than those of the normal group.


Stress in families of children with neuromuscular disease. Compared parents of children with neuromuscular disease to parents of children with psychiatric diagnoses using the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress. The groups showed different patterns of stress, with three of the subscales correctly classifying 93% of the cases in a discriminant function analysis. Parents of neuromuscular cases were more pessimistic, while those of psychiatric cases reported more problems in family integration and in the child's personality. For the neuromuscular group alone, parents whose children were in wheelchairs scored significantly higher than those whose children were ambulatory on six QRS scales: Excess Time Demands, Overcommitment/Martyrdom, Limits on Family Opportunity, Physical Incapacitation for Index Case, Lack of Activities for Index Case, Occupation Limitations. Hence, not only does the type of personal and family stress differ for the Neuromuscular and Child Psychiatry respondents, but within the neuromuscular sample the increase in stress as the disease progresses is related to higher scores on QRS scales.


A note on the pathology of anhedonia.

A note on the pathology of anhedonia. Tested the hypotheses that anhedonia afflicts only a minority of schizophrenics and is bimodally distributed among them by comparing the Anhedonia scale distributions of schizophrenic and psychiatric control samples (N = 90). Only 45% of the schizophrenics produced scores higher than those characteristic of the controls. While the schizophrenics' distribution appeared to be bimodal, its irregularity precluded a definitive assessment of the bimodality hypothesis. The correlation between age and Anehodina was positive for anhedonics but not for non-anhedonic schizpohrenics or controls; these findings suggest that anhedonia is a mildly progressive disorder among those schizophrenics who experience it.


Diagnostic implications of parental ratings of children. Evaluated parental ratings on aggressiveness and social responsibility for 120 school-age children and a cross-validation sample of 67 children referred to a university-sponsored developmental evaluation center in association with 10 commonly used interdisciplinary diagnoses . Parental ratings consistently and significantly related to staff diagnoses of behavior disorder and to hyperkinesis. A number of "expected " relationships, e.g., between learning disability and social irresponsibility, did not occur. In general, the results indicate: (1) that parental ratings show consistent relationships to selected interdisciplinary staff diagnoses; (2) that hyperkinesis may be related more strongly to aggressiveness than to the lack of socially responsible behavior; and (3) that parental ratings are potentially valuable in the diagnostic process.


Endorsement of Ellis' Irrational Beliefs as a function of age. Administered to a total of 788 children from grade 5 (N = 133), 7 (N = 193), 9 (N = 151), 11 (N = 158), and 13 (N = 153) a modification of Ellis' 11 irrational beliefs questionnaire reformulated for use with younger children. Results showed a linear decrease of percent item endorsement from younger to older children on 8 of 11 irrational ideas. Analysis of variance on the mean number of irrational ideas endorsed showed significant differences between children. Results indicated that endorsing irrational beliefs is a function of age and provided construct validity for the instrument presented here. Research and counseling uses of the scale are discussed.


The orthogonal rotation of factors in clinical research: a critical note. Examined the current trends in rotation procedures used in factor analyses in clinical research. It was found that orthogonal rotations, usually varimax procedure, were overwhelmingly the rotational choice. It was suggested that in many analyses, investigators in this area of research may be imposing orthogonality on data that might better be interpreted as oblique factors. Guidelines were presented for consideration in the selection and reporting of rotational procedures in clinical research.


Depressives' cognitive appraisal of their mood states. Assessed the self-perceptions with regard to depressive mood states among high depression scoring Ss and non-depressed Ss. Twenty high scorers and 20 low scorers on the MMPI D scale were selected from a larger group and were given three adaptations of the DACL: A present or "Now" version, an ideal-self or "Like to Be" version, and a new "Deserve to Be" form of instructions. Results showed significant differences between the two groups on the "Now" and the "Deserve to "Be" adaptations of the DACL, but not on the "Like to Be" adaptation. Results were discussed in terms of the cognitive theory of depression.


Relationship of level of functioning to self-reported and rated psychopathology. Performed a principal components analysis on the intercorrelations among the nine same-named scales of the Symptom Check List-90R (SCL-90R) and the Symptom Check List-90 Analogue (Analogue) for 118 female and 62 male outpatients admitted to a community mental health center. The SCL-90R scales constituted one component that reflected self-reported psychopathology, whereas the Analogue scales revealed two components that represented rated psychotic and nonpsychotic aspects of psychopathology. When the three latter components, age, race, sex, marital status, educational attainment, and employment status were correlated with Philadelphia's Adult Level of Functioning Scale (LOF scale), only the two clinically rated components and educational attainment were related significantly to level of functioning. The findings were discussed as supporting use of both self-report and clinical measures for evaluating psychopathology.


Predictive utility, sex of rater differences, and interrater reliabilities of the NOSIE-30. Results suggest that the NOSIE-30 may have predictive utility. Twelve Token Economy patients rated by nine staff members were followed for 1 year. Patients discharged within a year after the NOSIE-30 was administered had higher scores on Social Competence, Personal Neatness, Total Positive Factors, Total Patient Assets and a lower score on Total Negative Factors than patients who remained hospitalized. Generally, there were higher interrater reliabilities on subscales for which behaviors could be observed easily, such as social competence, neatness, and irratability, and less agreement on subscales such as manifest psychosis and social interest. Sex differences found in the raters' perception of a patient behavior indicated that male raters tend to be more tolerant of a patient's negative behaviors. The NOSIE-30 can be a useful tool in staff training and in patient evaluation with a multidisciplinary approach.


A comparison of response exaggeration techniques. Compared the effectiveness of several response exaggeration techniques. Socially anxious college males (N = 34) were instructed to exaggerate some component of social anxiety onset. One group exaggerated their attending to manifestations of their anxiety, two groups exaggerated either a relevant or irrelevant anxiety response, a fourth group imagined an exaggerated consequence of their anxiety, and a fifth group served as a placebo control. All groups reported a greater willingness to initiate and maintain an interaction with a female and displayed less anxiety in a role-playing situation; no differential treatment effects were found. These findings fail to support results from other studies that attested to the efficacy of response exaggeration techniques.


A factor analyzed semantic differential form useful to the clinical or community psychologist. Administered a 20-item semantic differential three times (week 0, week 4, and week 10) to 110 junior and senior level psychology undergraduates. Each S evaluated six concepts. After collapsing across concepts, each administration was factor-analyzed separately to obtain a relatively stable factor structure. Three factors emerged. They were labeled: General-evaluative (factor one), active-independence (factor two), and passive acceptance (factor three). Utility of this particular device for the applied clinical psychologist was discussed.


Information processing components of Koppitz errors on the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test. Correlated performance and latencies on the Bender, Matching Familiar Figures Test and Draw-a-Person along with the Slosson Intelligence Test for 39 male and 35 female middle-class black first graders. The results suggest that the Bender may owe much of its clinical validity to loadings across all stages of human information processing. General intelligence accounted for 9% of Bender variance. With the higher order variable intelligence partialed out, the preprocessing and central processing stages accounted for 16% and the response selection and response execution stages accounted for 6% of Bender variance. Kagan's hypothesis with retard to the involvement of conceptual tempo in Bender performance was not supported. However, Kagan's contention that impulsivity is measured only in situations with high response uncertainty did receive some support.


A short form of the Category Test for adults. Proposed a 120-item version of the 208-item Category Test for adults. When the test protocols of 70 diverse Ss including 18 with definite brain impairment were scored for both the standard and short form, a very high degree of correlation (r = .95) was found, which suggests that the two forms are nearly equivalent. The application of cut-off scores (normal vs. brain impaired) resulted in only 3 Ss changing classifications from the standard to the short form, with 2 of those changes in the correct direction. A savings in administration time of about one half was observed.


The effects of personality traits on Memory-For-Designs performance. Examined 241 Memory-For-Designs protocols for the drawing styles of closure difficulty, figure-size expansion, and figure-size constriction. Chi squares then were employed to compare those data with the personality traits of the Ss. Personality traits were assessed through use of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. The major conclusion drawn from the data analysis was that regardless of his or her personality trait, a S will perform like most other Ss in relation to Memory-For-Designs test behavior. The Ss were university students between the ages of 18 and 23, male or female, who were U. S. citizens attending Emporia State University. Initially, Ss were given the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire in groups. Ss who met sample qualifications on the personality test were asked to return for an individual follow-up test with the Memory-For-Design.


Category Test score as related to age in two brain-damaged populations. Concerned with the relationship between age and the Category Test, which is alleged to measure abstract reasoning deficits among brain-damaged patients. Scores on the Category Test from the Halstead-Reitan Battery were used. Sixty-two scores from brain-damaged patients and 417 from alcoholics were compared in terms of the age of the patients. It was found that age was an important variable for the alcoholic, as opposed to those not so diagnosed. These results put into question the findings of a previous study, which showed that years of drinking is the distinguishing variable when Category Test is considered. Discussion focuses upon speculation that chronic alcoholism is tied to age as a progressive illness.


The generalizability of verbal IQ as an estimate of full scale IQ on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. To assess the validity of the Verbal IQ as a short form for the WAIS, 231 high-IQ outpatient test protocols were analyzed. Correlations between Verbal and Full Scale IQ were positive and significant for both males and females. The average Verbal IQ exceeded the average Full Scale IQ for both sexes as well, but these differences were small. A high percentage of Full Scale IQ classifications were changed when Verbal IQ was used. Thus, Verbal IQ appears partially valid as a WAIS short form for this higher IQ outpatient population. Results are interpreted in terms of Resnick and Entin's short form validity criteria.


The utility of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale profile analysis with prisoners. Determined the efficacy of profile analysis with a prison population (63 white, 63 black) of the Petersburg Federal Correctional Institution as Ss. By use of Veldman's Hierarchical Profile Analysis, five distinctive WAIS profile types were derived empirically for each racial group. Analyses of covariance that controlled for full-scale IQ differences revealed significant differences among the profile types within each race in terms of Stanford Achievement Test scores and MMPI T-scores. Further, partial correlations indepepdent of full-scale IQ revealed significant relationships between some of the profile types and the commission of rule infractions while incarcerated. These findings are interpreted as supportive of profile analysis with inmate populations. However, it is suggested that further research be effected to cross-validate these findings.


The Personality Research Form as a therapy outcome measure of social behavior. Reported two studies that examined the efficacy of the Personality Research Form (PRF) as an outcome measure for interventions designed to increase social competence. In the first study (N = 83), the degree to which PRF scales can predict criteria frequently used in social skills training outcome research was examined, and the PRF was shown to be sensitive to such criteria. The second study (N = 24) assessed the relative degree to which the PRF scales and more frequently used outcome measures, including the above criteria, are affected by factors non-specific to social skills training interventions (suggestion for improvement). While three PRF scales were affected significantly, demand effects were much more pervasive on the other measures, which suggests that those measures can be used to obtain valid estimates of treatment effects only when experimental control of non-specific effects is possible. Two PRF scales, Affiliation and Exhibition, were shown to be both sensitive to criteria and resistant to demand effects, and as such may be useful as outcome measures in non-controlled clinical settings.


Psychological test comparison of day hospital an inpatient treatment. Tested hypotheses, empirically generated from rating scales, which predicted that patients treated in partial, day hospital settings improve more in intellectual efficiency and social interaction than patients treated in full-time, inpatient settings. Thirty matched pairs of day hospital and inpatient volunteers were administered a group psychological test battery at the beginning of treatment and then 5 weeks later. The day hospital sample differed significantly on 7 of 24 pre- and posttest measures, the inpatient sample on 2. Gains occurred primarily in increased intellectual efficiency and social interaction. Multiple discriminant function analyses yielded no significant pretest differences, but posttest differences approached significance (p less than .06); day hospital patients registered increased Extraversion (Eysenck Personality Inventory).