The prevalence of brucellosis among sheep and goats in northern Iraq. Out of a total of 2,368 sheep and 3,156 goats tested against brucellosis by the Brewer's card test in the 5 Mohafadhas of the northern region of Iraq, 0.93% and 4.4% respectively were recorded as positive reactors. The highest incidence (1.36%) among sheep was found in the Kirkuk region while the lowest (0.78%) was in the Mosul (Nineveh) region. Among goats the highest incidence (11.55%) was revealed in the Dukho region while the lowest (1.47%) was in the Sulaimaniya region. The need for more detailed work on the incidence and on the isolation of the local strains, as well as the need for a control programme, is also discussed.


A computer-aided three-dimensional display system for ultrasonic diagnosis of a breast tumour. This paper describes a three-dimensional (3-d) display method by which the shape of an abnormal tissue, say, a breast tumour is represented as a line picture on a cathode ray tube (crt). The 3-d image consists of a set of overlaid contour lines, each of which shows the boundary of the tissue and is obtained from the corresponding B-scan digitized image by using image processing techniques such as smoothing and Laplacian. The system together with the 3-d algorithm is explained and some of the experimental results and pertaining problems are discussed.


Effect of intermittent exposure to 3% CO2 on respiration, acid-base balance, and calcium-phosphorus metabolism. One subject was exposed for six days to increasing levels of CO2, rising at a constant rate from 0.03 to 3.0% CO2 within a 15-h period followed by 9 h of air breathing. To assess acid-base parameters, arterialized capillary blood was taken from a finger twice daily (at 8 a.m. and 11 p.m.) at times corresponding to the beginning and end of the intermittent exposure to CO2. Venous blood samples were obtained on alternate days at the same times. Urine specimens were collected twice daily. The subject was on a liquid diet. Resting respiratory minute volume (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide excretion (VCO2), alveolar carbon dioxide and oxygen tension (PACO2) and PAO2) were measured twice daily. PACO2 and PAO2 were also determined at the end of breath-holding twice daily; CO2 tolerance tests and lung function tests were also carried out. In contrast to the effects of chronic exposure to 3% CO2, the CO2 tolerance tests showed an increased sensitivity (increase of slope) and breath-holding PACO2 did not change, indicating that acclimatization to CO2 did not develop. The ventilatory response to CO2 was not sufficient to prevent CO2 accumulation in the body; this accumulation was eliminated during the nightly air-breathing periods on the fourth and fifth days, indicated by higher values of PaCO2 and PACO2. The known renal response to hypercapnia, consisting of an increased excretion of titratable acidity, ammonia, and hydrogen ion excretion, occurred but was interrupted after the first day and was triggered again on the fourth and fith days when accumulated CO2 was released from body CO2 stores. The second renal response was associated with a marked calcium excretion, which suggests that bone CO2 stores were involved.


Proliferation of pneumocyte II cells in prolonged exposure to 1% CO2. Guinea pigs were exposed to 1% CO2 in a mixture of 21% O2, balance N2 and were killed at weekly intervals, together with control animals housed in the same type of environmental chamber and exposed to normal ambient CO2. The exposed animals showed a persistent elevation of PaCO2, averaging about 4 mmHg, and a small decrease in pH (-0.04 units). During the whole exposure period standard bicarbonate remained 1-1.5 mEq below control levels, indicating a failure of the kidney to increase bicarbonate reabsorption. Electron microscopic studies after 4 and 6 weeks of exposure to 1% CO2 showed ultrastructural changes of the lungs, consisting of marked increases in the size and number of pneumocyte II cells that were still present two weeks and to a lesser extent four weeks after recovery. Changes in the pneumocyte II cell were postulated to be compensatory reactions to impairing CO2 effects on the alveolar lining cell (Type I cell).


Physiological stresses related to hypercapnia during patrols on submarines. Physiological studies on hypercapnic effects carried out on 13 Polaris patrols are summarized. The average CO2 concentrations ranged from 0.7-1% CO2; CO2 was identified as the only environmental contaminant of the submarine atmosphere that has a direct effect on respiration in the concentration range found in the submarine atmosphere. A comparison has been made of physiological effects produced during 42 days of exposure to 1.5% CO2 during laboratory studies (L.S.) with those observed during 50 to 60 days of exposure to 0.7-1% CO2 on patrols (P.S.). A close similarity was found in the effects on respiration and blood electrolytes under both conditions. Respiratory minute volume was elevated by 50-63% because of increased tidal volume. The physiological dead space increased 60%. Vital capacity showed a trend toward a decrease. Studies of acid-base balance carried out during patrols demonstrated cyclic changes in blood pH and bicarbonate; pH and blood bicarbonate fell during the first 17 days of exposure, rose during the subsequent 20 days, and decreased again after 40 days. These cycles cannot be explained on the basis of known renal regulations in CO2-induced acidosis and were not found during exposure to 1.5% CO2. The hypothesis is advanced that these changes in acid-base balance are caused by cycles in CO2 uptake and release in bones. The time constants of the bond CO2 stores fit the observed length of cycles in acid-base balance. Correlation with cycles of calcium metabolism provides further support for this hypothesis. Red cell electrolytes showed similar changes under 1.5% CO2 (L.S.) and 0.7-1% CO2 (P.S.). Red cell sodium increased and potassium decreased. Moreover, red cell calcium also increased under both conditions. The significance of these red cell electrolyte changes in regard to changes in permeability and active transport remains to be clarified. An increased gastric acidity was found during patrol (exposure to 0.8-0.95% CO2). The changes observed during patrols disappeared during the recovery periods.


Effect of prolonged exposure to 0.5% CO2 on kidney calcification and ultrastructure of lungs. Guinea pigs were exposed for up to 8 weeks to 0.5% CO2, 21% O2, and balance N2. Control groups of the same age were kept simultaneously in environmental chambers on air. A slight increase in PaCO2 and decrease in pH were observed at various periods of exposure to 0.5% CO2. After eight weeks of exposure, an increased kidney calcification, indicated by increased kidney calcium content, was found. Plasma calcium was significantly elevated at this point, apparently because of the release of calcium from bone. After 8 weeks of recovery on air that followed 8 weeks of exposure to 0.5% CO2, values had returned to control levels. No significant ultrastructural changes were found in the lungs after 4, 6, and 8 weeks of exposure to 0.5% CO2.


Vision of submariners.

Vision of submariners. A variety of vision tests have been administered to submariners over the years. The results show that the average submariner, though maintaining a normal, healthy visual system, has distant acuity somewhat below normal and manifests more myopia, esophoria, and less accommodative power than men of comparable age, as documented in the literature. The reasons for these changes are unknown but probably involve confinement; whether confinement peculiar to the submarine of the "confinement" of urban living is the more important for these changes is discussed.


Attitude changes during and after long submarine missions. To assess the kind and degree of attitude changes occurring during a 2-month submerged mission, two enlisted crews of one fleet ballistic missile submarine (FBM) (n = 101 each) were administered the Submarine Attitude Questionnaire before and after two 55-day submerged missions interspersed with a rehabilitation period of the same duration. Results showed that time-in-service and pay grade bore a U-shaped relationship to positive attitudes toward the service. During submergence, most attitudes became negative and then reversed polarity during rehabilitation. However, there were no cumulative effects upon attitudes during successive missions. Attitudes pertaining to the realities of the mission (for example, boredom, hazardous aspects) became more negative but recovered faster. On the other hand, attitude changes related to long-range expectancies in terms of goal achievement of the crew members were less likely to recover. Several possible explanations for these attitude changes are discussed in the context of the mission of the FBM submarine. Suggestions for preventing or alleviating untoward attitude changes during long submarine missions are also presented.


Biochemical and hematologic profiles of 1000 submariners. Control biochemical and hematologic data were gathered for 1017 healthy submariners who ranged in age from 19.5 to 43.5 years. Means, standard deviation, and frequency distribution are presented for 24 whole blood and serum variables and, where appropriate, for 11 urinary variables. After statistical separation of the effects of aging and length of submarine service, it has been determined that the following correlations were significant in this sample: neutrophil and leucocyte levels, serum cholesterol, and both fasting and postprandial glucose correlated positively with age; serum alkaline phosphatase levels and age correlated negatively. Age-corrected positive correlations were demonstrable between length of submarine service and both serum cholesterol content and alkaline phosphatase activity; after a loading test, glucose levels showed a negative relationship to length of submarine service. Split-sample correlation analyses verified these significant correlations, with the exception of the apparent rise in alkaline phosphatase activity with increasing length of submarine duty.


Cardiovascular risk factors in submariners. A sizeable group of biochemical, hematologic and physiologic variables that significantly affect the prognosis for diseases of aging, especially for coronary heart disease (CHD), were studied in 1017 submariners. Skinfold thickness in these subjects was determined to be higher than in most other groups of men of similar age; the total level of body fat was within the range of high normality. Serum cholesterol levels, cigarette smoking, relative weight, and blood pressure appeared to be the factors most directly responsible for the extent of cardiovascular risk in this group of submariners. Though submariners as a group do not apparently have appreciably higher levels of CHD risk than other American men, there was a significant tendency for total risk to increase with length of submarine service as well as with age. A similar age-independent increase in serum cholesterol correlating with length of submarine service was reported earlier. Split-sample analyses support the reliability of the age-corrected correlations of CHD risk with time of submarine service. Although no attempt was made to prove a direct relationship between alcohol consumption or coffee drinking and cardiovascular risk, there were strong correlations noted. These factors, combined with serum cholesterol levels, cigarette smoking, and relative weight, deserve consideration as potentially modifiable CHD risks.


Analysis of health data from 10 years of Polaris submarine patrols. Medical reports from 885 Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM) submarine patrols (7,650,000 man-days) were analyzed. The data were categorized and compared with data obtained by medical personnel from surface fleet personnel (1,215,918 man-days) during a continuous 7--8 months' deployment of surface vessels in 1973. Surface fleet personnel had a higher illness rate in the categories of respiratory, traumatic, gastrointestinal, dermal, infections, and miscellaneous illness, and a lower rate in genitourinary, systemic (including mononucleosis), cranial, and neuropsychiatric illness compared to submarine personnel. Because of improved atmosphere control, a sharp decline in the level of submarine contaminants occurred between 1965--67. Reports from the 1968--73 period showed a decrease in: 1) respiratory; 2) ear, nose, and throat; 3) gastrointestinal; 4) cardiovascular; 5) urologic; and 6) general medical illness categories; the number of general surgery, orthopedics, dental, and eye illness cases was not affected. Neurologic and psychiatric disease showed the only increases in incidence for this period. The overall decrease in illness can be attributed mainly to the fall in the incidence of respiratory disease, known to be affected by reduced air pollution, and the decline in gastrointestinal illness. This decline occurred in a period during which the incidence of both classes of illness went up in the general population, according to the Health Interview Survey published by DHEW. The improvement of atmosphere control in submarines caused a substantial reduction in contaminants (a decline in tobacco smoking also occurred in this period), which led to a decrease in incidence of illness, particularly respiratory disease. No direct causal relationship between reduction in air pollution and reduction in the incidence of disease could be proven within the framework of this study, however.


Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus metabolism, and parathyroid-calcitonin function during prolonged exposure to elevated CO2 concentrations on submarines. Studies of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and acid-base balance were carried out on three Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM) submarines during prolonged exposure to elevated concentrations of CO2. The average CO2 concentration in the submarine atmosphere during patrols ranged from 0.85% to 1% CO2. In the three studies, in which 9--15 subjects participated, the urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate fell during the first three weeks to a level commensurate with a decrease in plasma calcium and increase in phosphorus. In the fourth week of one patrol, a marked increase was found in urinary calcium excretion, associated with a rise in blood PCO2 and bicarbonate. Urinary calcium excretion decreased again during the 5th to 8th week, with a secondary decrease in blood pH and plasma calcium. During the third patrol, the time course of acid-base changes corresponded well with that found during the second patrol. There was a trend toward an increase in plasma calcium between the fourth and fifth week commensurate with the transient rise in pH and bicarbonate. Plasma parathyroid and calcitonin hormone activities were measured in two patrols and no significant changes were found. Hydroxyproline excretion decreased in the three-week study and remained unchanged in the second patrol, which lasted 57 days. It is suggested that during prolonged exposure to low levels of CO2 (up to 1% CO2), calcium metabolism is controlled by the uptake and release of CO2 in the bones. The resulting phases in bone buffering, rather than renal regulation, determine acid-base balance.


Effect of 18-h watch schedules on circadian cycles of physiological functions during submarine patrols. Circadian rhythms of body temperatures, pulse rate, and respiration rate were measured in 11 subjects every 4 h during certain periods on two submarine patrols. Data on systolic and diastolic blood pressure were also obtained on five crew members during the first period. All the subjects of the first patrol were on an 18-h watch schedule (6 h on, 12 h off). During the second patrol, three subjects were on an 18-h watch schedule and three were on a 24-h watch schedule. Cosinor analysis for positive (P less than 0.05) detection of rhythm demonstrated that all subjects on the 18-h watch schedule developed 18-h cycles of body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which were then superimposed on the persisting 24-h cycles of the same function. The three subjects on a 24-h watch schedule did not show the 18-h cycles. Moreover, additional 12-, 36-, and 48-h cycles (harmonics and subharmonics of 24-h cycles) were found in all subjects on both patrols, attesting to the disintegration of circadian cycles under these conditions. Average sleep time tended to decrease toward the end of the patrol.


Effects on man of 30-day exposure to a PICO2 of 14 torr (2 %): application to exposure limits. Pulmonary function, acid-base balance, renal electrolyte excretion, hematology, biorhythms and psychomotor test results were studied in six men during 30 days of exposure to a PICO2 of 14 torr (FICO2 = 0.02) with pre- and postexposure periods on air. Alveolar and arterial PCO2 increased and remained constant throughout the CO2 exposure (delta PACO2 = delta PACO2 = 2.5 torr); the rise in expiratory minute volume (delta VE = 60%) was related to the increased tidal volume. Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output increased about 10% because of the ventilatory work overload. Physiological dead space increased 8% without an alveolar-arterial PCO2 difference. Respiratory acidosis was mild (delta pH approximately or equal to 0.01) and the renal response was slight. There was no variation in plasma electrolytes, except a slight decrease in potassium. Red blood cell count decreased, showing a confinement effect. Adaptation to exercise was slightly impaired. Results of electrobiological and psychomotor tests and biorhythm evaluations showed no variation; application of these findings to CO2 exposure limits is discussed.


The Whitaker test.

The Whitaker test. Since obstruction can be satisfactorily defined only in dynamic terms, it is not surprising that in a difficult case, a dynamic means of investigation is needed. The dynamic approach described in detail has been proved to be of great value in a variety of clinical situations. Further, both the apparatus and the technique are well within the scope of any urologist with access to radiologic equipment.


Nephroscopy.

Nephroscopy. Nephroscopy has become an increasingly important adjunctive procedure in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with suspected calyceal calculi, essential renal hematuria, and selected forms of renal tumors. Great advances have been made in the instrumentation and technical aspects of the procedure, and it is hoped that further progress in these areas will render nonoperative renal endoscopy useful even in cases of renal hematuria and infected kidneys.


Retrograde brush biopsy of the ureter and renal pelvis. In resonse to the limitations of urinary cytology which have resulted in a high incidence of false negative reports, a technique of retrograde brush biopsy has been developed. This technique aids in the diagnosis of carcinomas of the ureteral and renal collecting systems, thereby permitting earlier and more intensive treatment of malignant lesions of the urinary tract.


Urine cytology of transitional cell neoplasms. The extrinsic and intrinsic factors which influence the interpretation of cytologic findings are explained in detail. Although plagued by limitations that have yielded false-positive and false-negative results, through research, attempts are being made to improve the efficacy of urine cytology in the detection of neoplasms of the urinary tract.


Observations upon techniques for reconstruction of the urethral meatus, the hypospadiac glans deformity and the penile urethra. Many minimal defects of the terminal urethra may be left untreated; others may be considerably improved by a simple one-stage extension to a terminal position by one of the many one-stage "flap-strip" procedures. Patients with a marked ventriflexed glans are much better treated by the "kippered-glans" procedure; undertaken as a two-stage procedure, the functional and the cosmetic results  of this procedure are extremely good and reliable. The results of one-stage procedures reflect the experience and the judgement of the surgeon but they tend to be less perfect and furthermore there is always an element of "double or quits" inasmuch as complications may require revision procedures. Thus a minor surgical dilemma arises because both the cosmetic and the functional results of a two-stage "kippered-glans" procedure for severe hypospadiac deformities tend to be better than those achieved for minor deformities by one-stage flap-strip or glans-flap procedures.


Stone incidence as related to water hardness in different geographical regions of the United States. A survey of 1974 discharge data from United States hospitals shows an apparent increase in urolithiasis. A negative correlation has been found between the geographical distribution of the relative frequency of hospital discharges, a diagnosis of urolithiasis, and reported water hardness.


Composition of renal stones and their frequency in a stone clinic: relationship to parameters of mineral metabolism in serum and urine. Stone analyses (kidney, upper urinary tract) of the department of Urology, University of Erlangen, from a four-year-period (1974-1977) have been recorded with emphasis to stone composition, sex and age of the pertinent stone forming patients. During this time period there were no substantial changes as regards the per cent frequency of the various stone types. The most frequent type was calcium oxalate (CaOx), followed by uric acid, calcium phosphate (CaP), struvite and cystine. Stone analyses were mostly requested for patients between 46 and 55 years of age. Stone incidence in our clinic is calculated to be 1.22 times higher in males than females, especially beyond 36 years of age. The frequency peaks are: pure (= 100 per cent) CaOx 36-45 years; CaOx with additional mineral phases (mostly CaP) 46-55 years; uric acid 56-65 years; CaP 26-35 years. From those patients who underwent further investigations in searching for metabolic abnormalities serum concentrations, urine mineral clearances in fasting urine samples, and activity products of stone forming mineral phases in sequentially collected specimens from 24 h and 2 h fasting urine had been measured and compared with values from healthy control subjects. In urolithiasis (idiopathic) there is a normal parathyroid hormone blood level, a generally lower serum inorganic phosphate and magnesium concentration. In pure (= 100 per cent) CaOx and uric acid lithiasis serum uric acid and creatinine are higher than in controls, urine pH and calcium clearance in some groups are different too. Clearances of magnesium, uric acid, phosphate, sodium are within normal limits in urolithiasis. When expressing the propensity to form stones in terms of activity products, then only uric acid lithiasis deviates substantially from normal. All other stone types differ only slightly or not at all from each other and controls respectively. It is concluded that 1) in our geographic region the various stone types prevail in different age periods; 2) there are distinct alterations of parameters of mineral metabolism in urolithiasis; 3) measuring urine clearances may lead to assume falsely normal mean urine excretion of stone forming constituents.


Pitfalls in parathyroid evaluation in patients with calcium urolithiasis. Primary hyperparathyroidism is a major cause of calcium urolithiasis and is easily recognised when it is classically manifested. However, subtle presentations of primary hyperparathyroidism may cause confusion with other causes of calcium stone disease or cause diagnostic difficulty. Several pitfalls of parathyroid evaluation and treatment are illustrated by four cases of calcium urolithiasis. Cases 1 and 2 represent ineffective or useless parathyroid surgery rendered for renal hypercalciuria and absorptive hypercalciuria, respectively. Cases 3 and 4 had mild or intermittent hypercalcaemia. The correct diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was made in Case 3 by parathyroid venous sampling and bone densitometry. In Case 4, the thiazide provocative test was used to establish the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism.


The incidence of urinary tract calculi after small-intestinal bypass operations for treatment of obesity. Jejunoileal bypass operations have been used for more than 20 years for the treatment of massive obesity. This treatment results in malabsorption with diarrhoea, especially during the first year after the operation. A high incidence of urinary tract calculi have been found in these patients (4, 5, 15, 19, 24). Other known late complications are transient disturbances in liver function and electrolyte balance (5).


A contribution to the formation mechanism of calcium oxalate urinary calculi. IV. Experimental investigations of the intrarenal crystallisation of calcium oxalate in rabbit. Rabbits were given glyoxylic acid to induce intrarenal calcium oxalate crystal formation. The point of crystallisation in the renal tubule, the structure and the composition of the intrarenal crystals were studied. The initial crystallisation takes place in the proximal tubule. Calcium phosphate formation was excluded by microprobe examination. The comparison of the structures of the intrarenally formed crystals with those of Whewellite stones by scanning electron microscopy and the examination of isolated crystals by x-ray diffraction showed the intratubular crystals to consist of Whewellite.


Rapid and direct gas chromatographic determination of oxalic acid in urine. The known methods of oxalic acid determination are not suitable for reliable, rapid and economical routine analysis. A rapid gas chromatographic method has been developed which dispenses with separation operations and measures oxalic acid as a diethylester by means of back-flushing, and using malonic acid as an internal standard. One determination can be conducted within 6 to 8 min. and preparation of the specimen takes about the same amount of time. If the gas chromatographic conditions are changed and more time is permitted for analysis, numerous other extractable acidic metabolites can also be determined.


Seasonal and geographic variations in urinary composition in England, Scotland and Wales. Aliquots of 24 hour urine samples were collected from a series of normal doctors in various areas of England, Scotland and Wales. The total volume was recorded and aliquots sent in for analysis for sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphate, urate, magnesium and oxalate. Geographical variations in urinary composition were small except for a raised oxalate content in Scotland. Likewise, seasonal variations were small and not systematic with the notable exception of a summer rise in oxalate content in all areas.


[Sonographic examination of scrotum and testes with a new scanning technique (author's transl)]. The subject of this report is an improved technique for sonographic examination of the scrotum and the testes. The method is simple; by using a waterbath, a mechanical compression of the testes is avoided. In all sections the scrotum may be continually observed and a good picture reproduction is possible. The report concerns the results of a prospective examination of 37 patients. The diagnoses of their condition could be confirmed by surgery or by follow-up examinations.


[Spontaneous fistulae and abscesses of the upper urinary tract (author's transl)]. Spontaneous cutaneous fistulae and abscesses of the renal pelvis and ureter have become rare. Six case reports demonstrate their etiology and differential diagnostic problems. If there is no underlying urologic disease, above all no urolithiasis, other causes of fistulae and abscesses should be kept in mind, the most frequent of these being Crohn's disease.


[Lipid A antibody titers in patients after ureterosigmoidostomy (author's transl)]. Lipid A antibody titers were determined over a period of 6 months by passive hemolysis test in 10 patiens who underwent cystectomy and ureterosigmoidostomy. Preoperative the sera of all patients had no detectable anti lipid A activity. After 4 weeks 4 patients showed significant elevation of lipid A antibody titers. Only in these 4 patients the titers remained elevated up to six months. The significant elevation of lipid A antibody titers in these patients were caused by a non-obstructive infection of the kidneys. The serological determination of lipid A antibody titers appears to be an appropriate method for detecting pyelonephritis after ureterosigmoidostomy.


[Aspiration biopsy cytology in malignant tumors of the testis? (author's transl)]. Fine-needle aspirates and tissue prints of 23 malignant tumors of the testis were obtained after surgery. In all cases malignancy was recognized by cytological examination. Only in two cases there was a discrepancy between cytological and histological classification. Malignant teratoma undifferentiated (MTU) was cytologically diagnosed in two cases verified as malignant teratoma intermediate (MTI) by histology. The value of fine-needle biopsy in diagnosis of malignant tumors of the testis is discussed.


[Renal arteriovenous fistula due to blunt trauma (author's transl)]. A rare condition of formation of a renal arteriovenous fistula after blunt renal trauma is described. Renal angiography confirmed the diagnosis. The auscultation of a vascular murmur in the upper abdomen is most suggestive of this lesion.


[Antibiotic therapy after prostatectomy? (author's transl)]. This prospective study shows, that, neither an antibiotic prophylaxis of abacteriuric patients nor postoperative treatment of an asymptomatic urinary tract infection after transurethral prostatectomy have a significant influence on the clinical complications or the microbiologic results. After suprapubic prostatectomy complications in the control group were not significantly more frequent than in the group with antimicrobial prophylaxis. Patients with asymptomatic urinary tract infections before suprapubic prostatectomy had better clinical results, if they were treated with antibiotics as compared to a control group, although the difference control group was not significant. The correlation between consumption of antibiotics and development of resistant in pathogenic organisms forced us to use a more critical approach in the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis and therapy. This study shows clearly, that aseptic operations do not need an antibiotic protection and that faulty of asepsis cannot be corrected by antibiotics.


[Late changes of the testicular tissue in experimental torsion of the spermatic cord (author's transl)]. In three experimental groups and a control group unilateral or bilateral torsion of the testicle were carried out in 195 mature rats. The testicles were retorted at various intervals up to 24 hours. Four weeks and three months following the torsion the retorted as well as the contralateral normal testicles were examined morphologically and histologically. A total testicular torsion is fully reversable after one hour in all cases and after 2 hours in 40% of the cases. The Sertoli cells are destroyed after 6 hours and the Leydig cells after 10 hours. The time causing irreversable tissue damage therefore appears to be shorter than generally assumed, and the germinative epithelium is reacting faster than the testosterone producing Leydig cells. No changes were noted in the contralateral normal testis.


Techniques of urinary undiversion surgery in children. During the past eight years, reestablishment of previously diverted urinary tracts has become more frequent. During the past three years, 11 patients have been evaluated and 7 subsequently operated on to reestablish continuity of the urinary tract. Four patients were eliminated from surgical consideration because of the extent of renal disease. The surgical procedures involve the use of ileum as well as the transureteroureterostomy with the psoas hitch procedure to reestablish urinary continuity. Examination of the over-all results illustrates urinary undiversion surgery in children is worthwhile. The initial results with neuropathic bladder disease has been a little discouraging, and more data will be required before a conclusion can be reached.


New surgical method for one-stage total remodeling of massively dilated and tortuous ureter: tapering in situ technique. During the past five years a surgical technique for extensive ureteral tailoring and preservation of its blood supply has been developed. Seventeen congenitally dilated and tortuous ureters were operated on. One-stage surgical remodeling involved excision of the ureteral kinks, total tapering from the ureterovesical to the ureteropelvic junctions, and ureteroneocystostomy. The rationale, technique, pitfalls, and results are discussed. In situ ureteral remodeling is indicated in massive ureteral dilatation and tortuosity, secondary operation following previous diversion or tailoring, and multiple obstructions in the same ureter. The success with these procedures suggests that one-stage surgical reconstruction in the most dilated and tortuous ureter, that would have been considered for skin exteriorization or multistaged tailoring can be accomplished safely with gratifying results.


Technetium-99 pelvic scan: use in follow-up of penile revascularization bypass operations. Technetium-99 scans have been tried to demonstrate patency of a graft in patients who have had vascular bypass procedures for vascular impotency. In 4 of 6 patients, patency was demonstrated. The technique is of value in assessing postoperative graft patency of the penile bypass procedures and may obviate the need for postoperative angiography.


Cold knife optical urethrotomy.

Cold knife optical urethrotomy. Cold knife optical urethrotomy with the Sachse urethrotome was used in 44 patients with urethral strictures. Appraisal if the results, after a mean follow-up of fourteen months, showed 77.3 per cent success rate regarding urine flow rates and 81.8 per cent regarding subjective response of the patient.


Invasive bladder carcinoma treated by radical cystectomy: survival of patients. Sixty-three patients underwent radical cystectomy for invasive bladder carcinoma at West Virginia University Medical Center from 1961 to 1978. Survival statistics are presented and discussed in comparison with alternative modes of therapy. A brief discussion of complications is also presented.


Pattern of urolithiasis in Brooklyn, New York. Crystallographic analysis of 261 upper urinary tract calculi from patients in Brooklyn is presented. Calcium oxalate, uric acid, and struvite stones predominate. We could not confirm the hypothesis that uric acid forms a nidus in calcium oxalate urolithiasis in spite of a percentage of uric acid calculi more than twice the national average.


Endarterectomy and patchgraft angioplasty in treatment of atherosclerotic renovascular hypertension. From 1962 to 1978, 56 patients underwent transrenal endarterectomy as surgical treatment for renovascular hypertension. Over-all results were 39 per cent cured, 36 per cent improved, and 25 per cent failed. Criteria for selecting patients with atherosclerotic renal artery disease for surgical treatment are reviewed. Transrenal endarterectomy is a simple operation and should continue to be applied in the management of properly selected patients.


Papillary adenocarcinoma of kidney: a new perspective. A retrospective review of cases of renal adenocarcinoma during a five-year period revealed 6 cases with a papillary histologic organization. Closer examination indicates that papillary adenocarcinoma of the kidney is a slow-growing neoplasm with a clinical prognosis that appears to be considerably better than in other types of cellular organization.


Simultaneous, contralateral hypernephroma and renal transitional cell carcinoma. The second case of simultaneous, contralateral hypernephroma and renal transitional cell carcinoma is described. Methods of managing bilateral renal tumors are reviewed.


Adenocarcinoma in multilocular renal cyst. The fifth case of a patient with a multilocular cystic nephroma with an associated adenocarcinoma is reported. The histology of the tumor and biochemical analysis of the cyst fluid are presented and the literature summarized.


Cholesterol granuloma of right testis.

Cholesterol granuloma of right testis. A case of cholesterol granuloma of the testis is presented. This lesion might be caused by trauma and inflammation. The difference between cholesterol granuloma and lipogranuloma of the external genitalia is emphasized.


Malignant pericystitis plastica.

Malignant pericystitis plastica. A case of infiltrative bladder tumor presenting as diffuse perivesical and periureteral fibrosis is presented and termed malignant pericystitis plastica.


Computed tomographic evaluation of pear-shaped bladder. Computed tomography (CT) was used to distinguish between pelvic lipomatosis and idiopathic inferior vena caval thrombosis as a cause of a pear-shaped bladder seen on intravenous urography. The findings on CT were explicit in explaining the patient's clinical problem.


Angiomyolipoma: characteristic images by ultrasound and computed tomography. The ultrasonographic and computed tomographic images of renal angiomyolipoma are sufficiently characteristic to permit accurate radiologic diagnosis. If low-density, fat-containing areas are demonstrated, a confident diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma may be made and appropriate management planned.


Use and abuse of retrograde pyelography. Retrograde pyelography to demonstrate the renal pelvis and ureters is a common urologic procedure. Newer contrast materials and better radiographic techniques have obviated many of the previous indications for retrograde studies were independently reviewed by two urologists and a radiologist to determine if the studies were indicated, appropriately timed, informative, and complete. Our results indicate a high percentage of these examinations are incompletely performed and uninformative and could have been replaced by noninvasive studies. What constitutes a complete retrograde study and when to utilize this examination is discussed.


[Surgical treatment of osseous paronychia in children]. Bony panaritium was treated in 48 children from 1 to 15 years of age by a new method consisting in the early and careful removal of the purulent-necrotic substrate and making the continuous suture. The most rational access to the injured phalanx (oval and semioval incisions) were found. Local regional forms of anesthesia (conduction and intraosseous anesthesia) and general anesthesia were used. The analysis of remote results has shown the children treated by this methods to be able to work, play and perform fine and exact manipulations.


[Prolonged peripheral arteriovenous perfusion with a membrane oxygenator]. The authors have developed the optimal method of performing prolonged veno-arterial perfusion and studied its influence on the animal organism. In 22 experiments a membrane oxygenator on the national film "Sigma" was used. It has been established that for successful performing of prolonged veno-arterial perfusion it is necessary to strictly maintain the circulating blood volume and take measures to prevent disorders in the microcirculation. The blood trauma in the membrane oxygenator with the "Sigma" film is inimal.


[Use of fiber endoscopes for a therapeutic purpose in gastrointestinal tract diseases]. The authors' experience counts more than 8000 endoscopic examinations of the gastro-intestinal tract. The possibilities of the curative use of fibroendoscopes are analyzed. The indications and contraindications for transendoscopic polypectomy and questions of the technique of endoscopic polypectomy are discussed. The operations and treatment with the use of fibroendoscopes are highly effective and well endurable by the patients including elderly and old people.


[Hyperbaric oxygenation in the prevention of wound infection in open injury to the locomotor apparatus]. Hyberbaric oxygenation in altitude chambers OKA-MT was used in the complex of prophylactic measures against wound infection in 91 patients with open traumas of the extremities (fractures, amputations, etc.). The effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on the external respiration was studied by the method of spirography. Tetrapolar rheography was used to follow the central hemodynamics. A number of immune parameteres were also studied. Hyperbaric oxygenation was established to abolish hyperventilation and myocardium hyperdynamia, to accelerate the recovery of the neutrophil phagocytic activity and immunoglobulin level, to contribute to the quicker diminishing of edema in the wound area and healing of the stump and open fracture without suppuration, early formation of dry necrosis with a distinct line of demarcation.


[Surgical errors in acute diseases of the abdominal cavity organs]. Case histories of dead patients were analyzed in whose life-time errors were made in diagnosis of acute abdomen. It was established that in 90 patients acute abdomen was hypodiagnozed, in 10 cases the abdominal catastrophe was hyperdiagnozed, in 4 patients the localization of the injured organ was not determined properly. The error found mainly resulted from atypical course of the disease due to age of the patients, medication effects and abnormal disposition of the injured organ, as well as to concomitant diseases and complications. The role of the attention factor in the genesis of errors is emphasized.


[Dynamics of the total proteolytic activity and kinin system components of the blood in acute cholecystitis]. Under study was the dynamics of changes of the activity of components of the kinin system and proteolytic activity of blood in 32 patients with acute cholecystitis. The results have shown that cholecystic patients and patients with the diseases of biliary ducts, especially in the exacerbation stage, have pronounced shifts in the kinin system components and in the proteolytic activity of blood as a whole. In clinical conditions the proteolytic activity data can be used for determining the severity and development of acute cholecystitis. The use of protease inhibitors in the inflammation of the gallbladder and biliary ducts results in a decreased blood proteolytic activity and thereby contributes to more rapid recovery of patients with such disorders.


[Artificial circulation method in operations on the liver]. The method of parallel and isolated artificial circulation in the liver is described on the basis of 97 experimental operations on dogs of various weights. The paper gives a brief description of the apparatus for the regional perfusion of the liver and portable oxygenator. The composition of the perfusate and main criteria of the liver perfusion adequacy are considered, including the hemodynamic shifts and disorders in the hepatic functions under the artificial circulation in the liver. The perfusion is estimated in different temperature regimens, the advantages of the hyperthermal perfusion over normal and hypothermal ones being also shown. The method of artificial circulation is recommended in vast resections of the liver, in transplantation and in the treatment of hepatic malignancies.


[Cryosurgery of alveolar hydatid disease of the liver]. The authors describe an original cryoapparatus for cryosurgical operations on the liver. They have studied cryostimulation of the liver in experiment in 22 dogs and established that the destroyed portions of the liver turned into a tender cicatrice within 2--3 weeks. Cryoresection created homeostasis only of fine vessels. Large vessels and ducts require isolated ligation in the incision plane. Operations were performed on 6 patients with alveococcosis of the liver subjected to cryodestruction of parasitogenic nodes and 1 cryoresection of the liver with a favourable outcome. The authors positively estimate the effect of cryosurgery on parasitogenic nodes in alveococcosis because such procedures result in the death of the parasite.


[Characteristics of operations on the thoracic lymphatic duct in emergency surgery]. On the basis of 73 operations on the thoracic lymphatic duct (TLD) its cervical part is analyzed anatomically. A proposition is made to divide TLD into four types: magistral, dendroid,scattered and discontinuous. Four variants of the discharge of TLD are distinguished. The anatomical data obtained allowed using a tourniquet on the thoracic duct in order to increase the lymphoresis depending on the anatomical structure of the duct. This technique gives a 30% increase of lymphoresis, and increased desintoxication effect of the operation and a better recovery of the natural lymph flow after removing the tourniquet.


[Results of the surgical treatment of hypertension due to a bilateral lesion of the renal arteries]. The paper analyzes experience of the surgical treatment of bilateral lesions of the renal arteries in 52 patients who were subjected to 64 operations. The authors have shown that lesions of the both renal arteries in patients with renovascular hypertension can be observed in 28,9% of cases. In most cases atherosclerosis and aorto-arteritis are responsible for such lesions. The authors support the two-step operations in bilateral lesions of the renal arteries. Late results of such operations are favourable in 82% of cases.


[Change in pancreatic exocrine function in acute appendicitis]. In order to study changes in the functional state of the pancreas 1572 investigations of the blood and urine amylase, atoxylresistant lipase of the blood serum before operation were performed in different postoperative periods in 131 patients with acute appendicitis. The enzyme activity was established to increase, especially in destructive forms of appendicitis and in elderly patients.


[Colonic diverticulitis and appendicitis]. A retrospective analysis of the clinical data has shown that a complicated diverticulitis can often simulate the clinical picture of acute appendicitis. The methods of diagnosis and surgery of the complicated diverticulum are recommended in which the operations in many steps (extraperitonization, colostomy, cecostomy, resection) are considered to be preferable.


[Pathogenesis and the diagnosis of postoperative thromboses of the mesenteric vessels]. The examination of 36 patients with postoperative disorders of the circulation in the mesenterial vessels has shown postoperative infarctions of the intestine to be most frequently observed in elderly patients after surgery on the abdominal organs. Inflammatory-purulent diseases of the abdominal organs against the background of cardiovascular diseases are of special importance.


[Changes in the autonomic ganglia after a laparotomy and in diffuse peritonitis]. The pathomorphological alterations of the vegetative ganglia of the stomach, intestine and celiac plexus were found by the authors to be identical in the dogs subjected to laparotomy and in those dead of diffuse peritonitis within the first 3 days. The severity of the injury is dependent on the degree of the functional stress due to traumatic injury and the development of intoxication--on the inflammation. In peritonitis these alterations are observed against the background of the disturbed regional blood circulation.


[Relapse symptom complex in rectal cancer after radical surgical interventions]. The analysis of 78 questionnaires of patients with recurrence of rectal cancer was performed which revealed this complication of surgery to occur in 60% of cases within a year after operation. Recurrences of the rectum cancer show a characteristic complex of symptoms with a certain structure of painful sensations as a central criterion.


[Electroexcision method of treating hemorrhoids in the acute period]. Electroexcision of hemorrhoidal nodes was performed in 71 patients with hemorrhoids in the acute phase complicated with anorectal thrombosis, ulceration and hemorrhage. The stages of surgery are described. Data of coagulograms, expediency of the local durant analgesia in the postoperation period are presented. The method is radical, bloodless. It allows shortening the time of stationary treatment and the duration of disability. All the operated patients showed good near and late results.


[Diagnostic and treatment problems with osteoblastoclastoma in adults]. Under analysis were 199 patients with osteoblastoclastoma (OBC), 178 patients having benign and 21 malignant forms. Rentgencontrast and radioisotopic methods were used in addition to clinical general X-ray methods for diagnosis of OBC. For the treatment of benign OBC preserving-restorative operations were made, while in malignant forms both preserving-restorative and invalidating operations had to be fulfilled. Late results of treatment of all the patients within the period from 1 to 10 years are described.


[Optimal local hypothermia regimen in the experimental resection of the single kidney]. The morphological and functional changes of the single kidney were investigated in experiment on 133 dogs after removal of 45--50% of its tissue. Resection of the single kidney under normothermal conditions was established to result in the animal's death within 1--14 days due to acute renal insufficiency. The operation executed under conditions of cooling to 25 degrees C is of high risk. Resection under 5 degrees C hypothermia fails to cause an acute renal insufficiency but considerably disturbs the renal function. The use of local hypothermia to 15 degrees C in resection of the single kidney gives the optimal temperature regimen since it prevents the development of acute renal insufficiency and the compensatory-restorative processes in the kidney can develop successfully.


[Substantiation of the surgical approaches in Dupuytren's contracture and the technic of the operations]. The work substantiates the operative access in aponeurectomy for the Dupuytren's contracture realized by a wave-shaped incision in the zone of pathologically changed aponeurosis depending on the individual disposition of nodulous indurations and on a certain height of skin grafts in relation to the base. The operation technique is also described with special reference to possible errors resulting in serious sequelae. The complications observed are also described. Their number is less than that in the data of other papers which shows the positive result of the work as a whole.


[Endarterectomy of the femoral and popliteal arteries]. The experience of 127 operations for endarterectomy of occlusions of the femoral and popliteal arteries in 122 patients is analyzed. The remote results were observed for 10 years. The cumulative analysis within 10 years after operations have shown 27% of endarectomized arteries to remain passable. The best results were obtained when using the gaseous method modified by the authors, for correction of short occlusions in combination with good outflow pathways. With this form of pathology 68% of arteries are found to be passable within 10 postoperative years.


[Metabolic activity of the gastrocnemius muscles in atherosclerotic lesion of the abdominal aorta and arteries of the extremities]. The histochemical investigation of the oxidizing-reducing enzymes in the gastrocnemius muscle was carried out on the material of 42 patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the abdominal aorta and the extremity arteries. The results obtained were compared with the muscle blood flow value and the level of the partial strain of oxygen in the gastrocnemius muscle. A conclusion is made that it is expedient to investigate the level of metabolic activity of muscles of the injured extremity for the estimation of the vitability of muscles which is very important for solving the question about the possible revascularization of the extremity in severe ischemia due to chronic occlusing process in the extremity arteries.


[Interrelationship of the venous and arterial blood flows in chronic venous diseases of the lower extremities]. The data obtained evidence that the tone of the arterial vessels increases in 55% of patients with decompensated varicose dilatation of the lower extremity veins. In the postthrombophlebitic disease the arterial tone is disturbed in 80% of patients. It is supposed that the spasm of the arterial vessels of the lower extremities in chronic phlebopathology is a compensatory-adaptational response to the deteriorated venous outflow.


[Aneurysms of operated vessels].

[Aneurysms of operated vessels]. Basing on the experience of treatment of 17 patients with 19 aneurisms which appeared after different operations on the vessels the authors propose a classification of this new kind of aneurisms and a more moderate tactics of surgery in such pathology. They propose the types of reconstructive operations and discuss their results.


[Subfascial ligation of the communicating crural veins in the comprehensive surgical treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities in light of the late results]. The authors show that subfascial ligation of the communicating veins in the operation of choice in complex surgery of the varicose disease of the veins in decompensated stages. It is supported by absence of relapses in the near and late results of 300 cases.


[Prevention of asphyxia in tracheomalacia after operations of the thyroid gland]. A new technique for prevention of asphyxia in tracheomalacia has been developed. The technique consists in suturing the softened portion of the trachea to the dura mater graft which had been previously fixed to its healthy portions. Such a technique allows performing reliable fixation of the tracheomalacia portion in an extended state and thereby to prevent asphyxia, The technique was used in 11 operated patients and gave good results.


[Organ conserving operations in children with spleen injuries using glues]. A method of organ-preserving operations in children with injured spleen with the use of glue is described. The method is recommended for a wider use in child surgery.


[Treatment of noma of the face and its results]. The authors treated 53 patients with face noma and its sequelae. The method of treatment and the technique of plastic operations on the face are described.


[New method of "shunt-respiration" in the resection of the thoracic trachea]. A method of intubation of the terminal portion of the inferior lobular bronchus through the lung tissue in resection of the thoracic portion of the trachea is described. The method of "shunt-respiration" was used in experiment.


[Continuous peridural anesthesia in thoraco-abdominal surgery in children]. The authors have generalized the experience of using continuous peridural anesthesia in 204 children of different ages after operations on thoraic and abdomenal organs in acute pneumonias and marked enteroparesis. The efficiency of this method (96,1%) is shown. The authors believe the continous peridural anesthesia to be the method of choice after injuring operations and in stable enteropareses caused by peritonitis, pneumonia.


[Effect of panangin on potassium level in patients with non-specific ulcerative colitis]. Daily injections of panangin to patients with non-specific ulcerative colitis results in the increased concentration of potassium in biological media of the organism.


[Surgical treatment of acute suppurative destructive lesions of the lungs and pleura in sepsis]. Eleven patients with metastatic acute purulent-destructuve processes in the lungs and pleura in sepsis were operated on. Fifteen operations were performed: 3 lobectomy, 1 pneumonectomy, 8 drainages of the pleural cavity with its sanitation, 1 drainage of a pulmonary abscess with thoracocentesis and 1 thoracotomy. Sepsis was treated by complex methods. Nine patients were discharged in a good condition. Two patients died.


[Treatment of experimental osteomyelitis with dimexid, protease inhibitors and proteolytic enzymes]. Acute osteomyelitis of the tibial bone was induced in 100 young rabbits. Four series of experiments were conducted. Treatment of osteomyelitis began from the 15th day after challenge. Antibiotics were used for the treatment of all the animals. The best results were obtained in the series where rabbits were injected dimexid intraosseously in addition to antibiotics. Unsatisfactory results were obtained in the series where the animals were given tripsin in addition to antibiotics. In 14 rabbits extensive phlegmonas developed and 8 rabbits died. Roentgenograms revealed extensive destruction of bones.


[Surgical treatment of cardial and gastroesophageal neoplasms]. The experience in surgical treatment of cancer of the proximal portion of the stomach in 1003 patients is described. The transpleural access was used in 452 operations. The authors believe that long-term results of the surgery are mostly dependent on the spread of tumour and the type of tumour growth.


[Bacterial proteolytic enzymes in the treatment of purulent wounds]. The enzyme therapy, the application of microbial proteases in particular, is one of rational ways of removing necrotic tissues from purulent wounds. The use of proteolytic enzymes combined with the methods of early closure of granulated wounds (primary, primary-delayed, early secondary sutures) considerably reduces the terms of treatment of patients with purulent wounds.


[Postoperative complications and mortality in 3d stage cancer of the proximal part of the stomach]. The author has made an analysis of postoperative complications and fatal outcomes in cancer of stage-III of the proximal portion of the stomach. An increased volume of the operation, involvement of the esophagus, transpleural access used in patients older than 50 increased the number of complications and fatal outcomes.


[Role of splenectomy in the surgery of acute and chronic pancreatitis]. The authors have formulated the indications for splenectomy in acute and chronic pancreatitis. Clinical observations are presented.


[Pancreatitis and hyperlipemia].

[Pancreatitis and hyperlipemia]. Hyperlipemia was revealed in 3 of 26 patients who died from an acute destructive pancreatitis. The level of lipids was as high as 2000--5000 mg%. Hyperlipemia when combined with destructive pancreatitis should be considered to be a poor prognostic sign.


[Working capacity of patients subjected to surgery for acute pancreatitis]. Under study was the state of 215 patients operated upon for acute pancreatitis. Rehabilitation of their working capacity was noted in 84 cases. 73,7% of the patients resumed their former activities, 16,6% of the patients did it 2--10 months later, 4 patients dropped their work due to the family circumstances, 4 patients were recognized to be invalids.


[Morphology of the pancreatic gland following Billroth-2 resection of the stomach and reconstructive surgery]. The results of clinical and experimental studies suggest that dystrophic changes arise in the pancreas following resection of two-thirds of the stomach after Hofmeister-Finsterer due to inadequate stimulation of its function during digestion and proceed according to the "atrophy due to unfunctioning" type. Early recovery of the duodenal passage of food by the reconstructive gastrojejunoduodenal plasty is an effective method of surgical correction of postgastrectomy disorders in the pancreas functioning and prevents the development of irreversible morphological changes in it. Reconstructive operations performed against the background of a pronounced postgastrectomy pancreatodystrophy in most cases result in aggravation of chronic pancreatitis and give unsatisfactory results.


[Late results of supraduodenal choledochoduodenostomy in the light of clinico-rentgenological and clinico-endoscopic findings]. The authors discuss remote results of choledochoduodenostomy in 105 patients examined clinically, rentgenologically and endoscopically for 1--7 years. Good and excellent remote results were obtained in 87,6% of patients. Poor and staisfactory results were shown by patients with stenosis of anastomosis and recurrent pancreatitis. One of the causes of jondice and cholangitis is an obstruction of the ducts with food masses in patients with anastomosis of less than 0,5 cm size, believed by the authors to be critical.


[Surgical treatment of tuberculosis of the single kidney]. A technique for the surgical treatment of patients with cavernous tuberculosis of the solitary kidney has been developed. An early surgical treatment of tuberculosis of the solitary kidney with the ureteral stricture is proved as well as the advantages of ureteropyelostomy over other ways of elimination of urine.


[Revascularization of the left side of the heart using splenocoronary anastomoses]. An original technique developed by the authors was used in 51 experiments on dogs. Under study were the ECG-dynamics, the volume of the retrograde bloodflow and blood pressure in the splenic and anterior interventricular arteries before and after creating the retrograde spleno-coronary anastomosis. The results of studies of hemodynamics at this operation have confirmed its physiological adequacy.


[Reconstructive surgery for acute disease of the arterial circulation in the extremities]. On 40 operated patients 41 operations were performed for acute arterial obstruction and arterial lesions. The reconstructive operations were most frequently performed on the femoral-popliteal zone (23 operations). Positive results were obtained in 36 cases. Amputations were performed in 2 patients. 3 patients died.


[Clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment of ectasia of the deep veins of the lower extremities]. Ectasia of profound veins is a peculiar form of the venous insufficiency of lower extremities resulting in disturbed blood outflow. Ectasia may be congenital and acquired. In the latter case phlebectasia of profound veins may develop without phlebitis or as a result of it. The cardinal symptoms are bursting pains and edemas due to loads in the vertical posture. A reliable diagnosis of this disease can be made by means of angiography only. It is expedient to differentiate compensated and decompensated ectasia of profound veins. In the latter cases it is necessary to perform a resection of communicating veins in combination with fascioplasty and removal of subcutaneous veins. In compensated cases veinectomies might be sufficient but the patients should be given more strict recommendations.


[Achievements, problems and prospects of hand surgery]. The paper briefly describes the experience of the Leningrad center of hand surgery and accident stations.


[Natural immunity in destructive appendicitis in children]. The activity of natural immunity factors in appendicitis reached its maximum in the period from 24 till 48 hours and then decreased. In most patients with low level of natural immunity preoperative clinical manifestations were less pronounced, the postoperation period being inactive.


[Late results of the surgical treatment of pulmonary and pleural complications following pneumonia in children]. Study of remote results of the surgical treatment of pulmonary-pleural complications of acute pneumonia in children permitted evaluating the efficiency of various methods. Drainage of the pleural cavity resulted in complete recovery if the suffering was caused by a small subpleural zone of necrosis. Suturing of destructive foci and atypical resections failed to result in a recovery. Anatomical resections gave favourable results in most critical patients. In acute period a differential approach to such patients is necessary.


[Functional and morphological basis for surgical treatment of tuberculous empyemas in children and adolescents]. The experience of surgery of tuberculous empyemas in 67 children and juveniles aged 5 to 18 shows significantly better indices of pulmonary ventilation in the postoperative period. The pathologic study of pleural layers removed during operations has shown that prolonged therapy of tuberculous empyemas with non-specific chemical drugs fails to eliminate morphological signs of the specific process in the pleural layers.


[Tumors as a cause of acute abdomen in children]. The authors share their experience in treating children aged 1 day to 14 years with acute processes in the abdomen induced by various tumors. During 10 years 51 patients have been observed. "Acute abdomen" was induced by tumors and cysts of ovaries (16 patients), lymphangiomas, cysts and tumors of the mesentery, greater and lesser omentum, retroperitoneal cavity (14 patients), intestinal tumors (7), small  pelvis tumors (6), tumors of kidneys (4), liver (3), cyst of the pancreatic gland (1). The clinical picture of the disease, possible timely diagnosing and tactics are presented. All the patients were operated urgently. After operation 44 patients recovered and were discharged from the hospital, 7 patients died.


[Status of peripheral circulation in children with ununited fractures of the forearm bones]. Malunions of bone fractures is one of the causes of changes in the circulation of the injured extremity. Reography is the most effective method to diagnose vascular disorders in children.


[Endoscopic evaluation of gastrointestinal wound healing after gastric resection for ulcer and cancer]. Fibrogastroscopy was performed in 125 patients operated for ulcer and gastric cancer in the early postoperation period. In 26 patients the examination was performed urgently when postoperative complications were suspected. The comparative endoscopic evaluation has revealed that in patients with gastric cancer, when inflammatory processes of the stump mucosa were less pronounced, the wounded surface of the gastroenterostomy epithelized more slowly. The method of fibrogastroscopy allows to early diagnose a failure of gastrointestinal sutures.


[Role of hospital infection in the occurrence of suppurative complications in children with the use of compression-distraction osteosynthesis]. The authors have performed clinico-bacteriological investigations in 100 patients. Compressional-distractional osteosynthesis was used to correct deformities of the extremities. In 56 children purulent-inflammatory complications were observed. The main pathogenic agent of purulent complications was staphylococcus. The same phagotypes of staphylococcus were isolated from the skin around the wire, rhinopharynx of the children and medical personnel as well as the air of the hospital rooms.


[Effect of premedication and various anesthetics on intraocular pressure]. On the basis of investigations of the intraocular pressure in 172 patients the authors conclude that when choosing anesthetics and other drugs it is necessary to take into consideration their influence upon the intraocular pressure. In patients with high intraocular pressure the peridural anesthesia is expedient.


[Diagnostic significance of the morphological dissociation of coagulated blood reaction in mechanical jaundice of varying origin]. The authors report on the diagnostic value of the reaction of morphological dissociation of the coagulated blood, which, in addition to other clinico-rentgen-laboratory data, can be used as an additional and helpful hematological test for differential diagnosis in a mechanical jaundice of various geneses (obstructive jaundice, hepatocirrhosis, malignant tumors).


[Ways to decrease the number of diagnostic errors and to improve the treatment results in acute appendicitis]. The investigation of 2114 patients admitted for acute appendicitis has shown that after an examination by the surgeon and the blood and urine tests the diagnosis of acute appendicitis was rejected in 922 patients (43%). Out of 1192 patients admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis 183 patients (15,4%) did not confirm the diagnosis of acute appendicitis after additional examination and observation of the patients.


[Rheoencephalography and the study of the pulsation of the cervical vascular network in the diagnosis of goiter and neck and mediastinal tumors]. The authors have applied rheography of the brain and sphygmography of the vessels of the neck and mediastinum for the diagnosis of compression of the neck vessels and organs in goiter and tumors of retrosternal and deep cervical localization. The methods allow to recognize stenosing of the vessels in early stages and facilitate the diagnosis of these conditions.


[Multiple primary stomach tumors].

[Multiple primary stomach tumors]. The observations over 15 cases of primary multiple stomach tumors (1.93% of cases of stomach cancer) are presented in the article. The synchronous tumors were diagnosed in 5 patients, the metachronous ones--in 10. As a rule, the synchronous lesion of the stomach is recognized at the operation or at histological study of ablaed stomach. In metachronous evolution of tumors cancer of the stomach stump was found within the follow-up period--from 2 to 26 years. To choose the volume of a surgical intervention for cancer of the stomach, it is expedient to carry out the biopsy of the mucous membrane from various sites during gastroscopy. The patients, operated upon for cancer of the stomach, need an active follow-up without time limitation.


[Use of large doses of hydrocortisone in the overall treatment of the victims of severe mechanical injury at the prehospitalization stage]. The combination of infusion preparations with large doses of hydrocortisone (15--20 mg/kg) is highly recommended for severe mechanical traumas at the prehospital period stage. In so doing, a less amount of infusion preparations is needed to combat a dangerous hypotension and the period of its noxious effect upon the organism shortens, as well. Besides, more favorable conditions for the transportation of the patient to hospital and for his further management are set up.


[Method of extrafocal osteosynthesis of compound fractures of the lower end of the radius]. The Ilizarov device was used for extrafocal osteosynthesis in complex fractures of the distal end of radius. With the aid of the device the bone fragments can be joined and kept in a correct position till a callus is formed. The mean time of fixation in the apparatus is equal to 21 days. In 114 patients 117 operations were performed. Good remote results were obtained in 73 of 99 patients (73,7%), satisfactory results in 25 (25,3%).


[Conservative drainage of the pleural cavity in children]. New kinds of polyvinylchloride drains of the given shape providing their parietal position in the pleural cavity are proposed. It gives more complete expansion of the lung and excludes pressure upon it. The proposed method of the introduction of the given drains into the pleural cavity is not very injurying and provides tight closing of the injury canal around the drain. Drains of various diameters are used according to age groups of the patients. The use of the drains described allows to considerably decrease the number of complications in drainage.


Polioencephalomalacia associated with canine distemper virus infection. Eight dogs with severe neurologic signs, including seizures, had polioencephalomalacia of the pyriform cortex, Ammon's horn and deep structures in the temporal lobe. The polioencephalomalacia was considered to be a consequence of canine distemper virus infection based on clinical signs, typical inclusions, the demonstration of viral antigens in the lesions and of characteristic paramyxovirus nucleocapsids by electron microscopy. Little evidence for neuronal destruction by direct viral activity was found. Selective nerve cell necrosis was attributed to ischemia (vascular lesions and seizure induced consumptive anoxia) and immune mechanisms. The selective involvement of the rhinencephalic structures was thought to be related to the mode of entry and spread of the virus.


Polioencephalomalacia in the dog.

Polioencephalomalacia in the dog. Disturbance of cerebral blood flow from causes such as meningitis, thromboembolic disease and atherosclerosis was considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of polioencephalomalacia in 25 dogs. In dogs with polioencephalomalacia of undetermined cause, the distribution of lesions in neocortex and paleocortex suggested a change of neuronal metabolism secondary to cerebral anoxia/ischemia. Five dogs with canine distemper infection had bilateral necrosis of the hippocampus and pyriform cortex. Convulsions, central visual impairment and hemiparesis were the most prominent neurologic signs.


Lesions of spontaneous canine viral enteritis. Spontaneous enteric disease characterized by hemorrhagic diarrhea and high mortality occurred in puppies from commercial kennels in three midwestern states. Microscopic lesions resembling those of panleukopenia in cats were seen in the intestines. The predominant features were necrosis of crypt epithelium, collapse or dilation of crypt lumina and villous atrophy. Viral particles morphologically resembling parvovirus were found in the feces by direct electron microscopy. The canine virus reacted with antibody to feline panleukopenia virus by immunoelectron microscopy and fluorescent antibody technique. Fluorescent antibody was used to detect virus in the crypt epithelium of affected dogs. Feline kidney cells inoculated with fecal preparations had cytopathic effect and positive fluorescence by fluorescent antibody technique.


Feline anaplastic giant cell adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. An 8-year-old castrated, male, domestic short-haired cat had anaplastic giant cell adenocarcinoma in the thyroid gland. The cat had difficulty in breathing and swallowing because of a rapidly growing mass in the left thyroid region that partially enclosed the trachea and esophagus and had evidence of diffuse discrete interstitial pulmonary metastases. The neoplasm, which was locally invasive, was formed by groups of pleomorphic cells arranged in an endocrine-like pattern. The cells were found, spindle, fusiform or irregular; some were large and multinucleated with up to 50 nuclei. Metastases were in the lungs, pleura and regional lymph nodes. Microscopically, both thyroid glands were involved; areas of transition from a well differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma to an anaplastic form were seen.


Ultrastructure of canine urinary bladder carcinoma. Luminal and intraepithelial asymmetric unit membrane plaques were found in the urinary bladder urothelium of normal dogs. Tight junctions were found only at the apical poles of the luminal cells. In four dogs with spontaneous urinary bladder carcinomas the asymmetric unit membrane plaques were replaced by symmetric unit membrane. In the neoplastic luminal cells the tight junctions were partially attenuated. Invasive and metastatic neoplastic cells had some tight junction at the stromal interface. Some gap junctions were seen in the normal urothelium but not in the neoplastic cells. The amount of desmosomes in the neoplastic cells varied according to their direction of differentiation (transitional, squamous or glandular).


Mycotoxicosis produced in swine by cultural products of an isolate of Aspergillus ochraceus. II. Clinicopathologic changes. Rice culture of a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus ochraceus was fed at a concentration of 25% to weanling pigs for 10 days. The clinicopathological abnormalities reflected renal damage. Activities of lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were increased in the urine but not in the serum. Serum concentrations of urea nitrogen and creatinine were high. Cellular and granular casts, blood, protein, and glucose were in the urine of pigs fed toxic diet. Serum concentrations of K+, Na+ and Cl- were unchanged, but concentrations of these electrolytes were reduced in the urine.


Reversal by testosterone of atrophy of accessory genital glands of castrated male sheep. A histologic and morphometric study. The histologic features of male accessory genital glands of entire sheep (group I), castrated sheep (group II), castrated sheep treated with 40 daily intramuscular injections of 50 milligrams testosterone propionate (group III), and castrated sheep treated with 600 milligrams testosterone propionate 72 hours before death (group IV) were compared. Sheep were castrated at 3 months old and all sheep were killed when 15 months old. Volume fractions of glandular tissue, intralobular fibromuscular tissue and perilobular fibromuscular tissue of the seminal vesicles and Cowper's glands fluctuated significantly (P less than 0.05) during postcastration atrophy and after repeated testosterone treatment. Atrophy in sheep in group II was least in the prostate but greatest in Cowper's glands, seminal vesicles and ampullae of vasa deferentia. Seminal vesicle plexi, whose cytons had a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) degree of shrinkage, also were atrophied. After treatment with testosterone the postcastration atrophy of plexal neurons was almost reversed in sheep in group III. There also was hypertrophy of epithelial cells but the testosterone treatment failed to reduce to normal the fibromuscular volume fraction of the accessory genital glands. Testosterone propionate treatment of sheep in group IV failed to elicit appreciable morphologic changes. These results are compared with our previous findings on the content and uptake of zinc by the accessory genital glands. It is suggested that accumulation of zinc in the accessory genital glands of sheep is not necessarily closely linked to normal histologic appearance.


A disc growth-inhibition test for differentiating Treponema hyodysenteriae from other intestinal spirochaetes. A disc growth-INHIBITION (GI) test was developed for differentiating Treponema hyodysenteriae from other intestinal spirochaetes. Tests with antisera against six spirochaetes, including two strains of T hyodysenteriae revealed four serological types among the six strains. The two strains of T hyodysenteriae represented one type. The test was specific in that there were no cross-reactions between the four types. Using antisera to two strains of T hyodysenteriae, it was possible to distinguish 11 strains isolated from cases of swine dysentery from nine other intestinal spirochaetes, seven from pigs, one from a cat and one from a chicken. The GI test seems to have potential as a simple, specific screening test for T hyodysenteriae.


Surgical intervention to relieve dystocia in a python. The surgical procedure adopted to remove non-riable eggs from the oviduct of a python, Python anchitae, is described. Recovery was satisfactory, although it was not possible to establish whether reproduction was impaired. Reasons for the type of anaesthesia used and the choice of incision made are given.


The irritancy of chlorhexidine gluconate in the genital tract of the mare. Uterine irrigation was carried out in eight Welsh pony mares using 50 ml of chlorhexidine gluconate solution diluted to give active ingredient concentrations of 0.25 per cent to 2 per cent. Treatment was repeated up to twice in mares showing no adverse effects and irritancy of treatment judged on clinical symptoms and uterine biopsy. Results indicated the inadvisability of using a higher concentration than 0.25 per cent. Three daily applications of a diluted surgical scub solution containing 2 per cent chlorhexidine gluconate to the penis of an arab stallion failed to produce symptoms or irritation. An in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration test performed with the contagious equine metritis organism confirmed its high sensitivity to both chlorhexidine gluconate preparations.


An epizootic of Rift Valley fever in Egypt in 1977. A disease causing increased mortality and abortion in domestic animals during a 1977 epizootic in Egypt was identified as Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus. The epizootic included extensive human involvement reflected clinically as either an acute febrile, ocular, encephalitic, or fatal haemorrhagic form of RVF disease. The virus was again isolated from humans and animals during a second RVF epizootic in the summer of 1978.


Acute immunoallergic hemolysis with acute renal failure induced by catechin. A young woman, 25 years old, being treated for her veinous system with EucatexR (a drug including catechins) presented an acute intravascular hemolysis with an acute renal failure. The finding of anti-Eucatex and anti-catechins antibodies in the serum and on the red cells of the patient proved the immuno-allergic nature of this hemolysis. A renal biopsy showed lesions of acute tubular nephritis but no immune depots. The patient recovered after a treatment by hemodialysis.


Paraquat poisoning: Experience of Poison Control Centers in France. Seventy acute intoxications with paraquat have been collected in 11 out of the 17 French Poison Control Centers from 1970 to 1977. The main route of intoxication is oral ingestion and accounts for all the lethal cases (24). Accidental ingestion may be severe : 7 deaths out of 25 cases but suicidal intoxications have a more important morality rate : 17 deaths out of 22 cases. The addition of an emetic to the formulation of this herbicide will lower the severity of this acute poisoning and will be demonstrated by the survey of the next cases of paraquat poisoning.


Selection of a high performance liquid chromatographic cleanup procedure for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in fatty biological extracts. Two different high performance liquid chromatographic cleanup methods, absorption chromatography and nonaqueous reversed-phase chromatography, were investigated and their respective adventages discussed. The first was performed on 5 cm silica and alumina columsn, while for the latter a 5 cm octadecylilica column was used. Optimum mobile phase moderator concentrations were selected in order to achieve complete separation between the most retained organochlorine pesticide (endosulfan sulfate) and lipids on absorption columns. Separation efficiency was controlled by monitoring the eluate at 205 nm. The specific application fields of the described approaches were indicated and their possibility to preclude extracts from up to mg of lipid substances proved.


Determination of terbutaline in post mortem human tissues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A method is described for the quantitative analysis of terbutaline in human tissues. Gas chromatography and chemical ionization mass fragmentography are used for selective and sensitive detection. A detection limit of 1.5 ng of the free drug per gram tissue is observed when 0.5 g of the dry tissue is used. No interference from the major metabolite, the sulphate conjugate of terbutaline, is found. Finally the method is applied to the post mortem tissues of two persons who used terbutaline frequently.


EC-GLC determination of the herbicidal monohalogenated phenoxyalkyl acid mecoprop in tissues, urine and plasma after derivatization with pentafluorobenzylbromide. An EC-GLC method for the determination of the systemic herbicide methylchlorophenoxypropionic acid (meco prop), a monohalogenated phenoxyalkyl acid, in 0.5 gram of rabbit tissues and in one ml human urine and plasma, is presented. Monohalogenated chlorophenoxyalkyl acids can reach a high sensitivity for electron-capture detection as pentafluorbenzylester derivatives; so their minimum detectable amount is about 5 pg. A test-tube micro-extraction method for MCPP fromurine, plasma and homogenized tissues with benzene, after acidification with 2 N HC1, the derivatization the residue, and the column clean-up over silicagel, are described in detail. Results of recovery studies with variation-coefficient determination are given by analysis of spiked tissues liver and brain, urine and plasma using p-chlorophenoxy-isobutyric acid (CPIB) as the internal standard. With this method other chlorophynoxyalkyl acid herbicides also can be determined in biological post-mortem material


Acute intoxication by phenformine hyperlactatemia reversible with extra-renal purification. The authors report the observation of an acute intoxication with 25.5 g of metaformin, 2.5 g of phenobarbital and 12.5 g of belladonna extract in a 53 year-old diabetic patient having been treated with metformin for 5 years. The evolution was dominated by the association of a barbituric coma with an hyperlactatemia which reached 21 mmol/l during the 18th hour and normalized at the 36th hour thanks to an hemodialysis on polyacrilonitrile membrane, which was carried out for 24 hours. The biological evolution was determined in considering the barbitemia, lactacidemia and metforminemia rates. An hepatic biopsy made during the decrease of the hyperlactatemia enabled to consider histological lesions of steatosis and ultrastructural lesions of mitochondrial alteration, already described in the course of pathological hyperlactatemia.


Isolation and determination of quaternary ammonium compounds by means of XAD-columns and thin layer chromatography. The potentials of XAD-columns for the isolation of quaternary ammonium compounds from aqueous media have been investigated. When adequate amounts of counter ions (perchlorate, chloride, phosphate, nitrate) were added to the aqueous sample, to the column pretreatment fluid and to the aqueous washing fluid, most quaternary compounds investigated were retained on the column and could be recovered by elution with methanol. Quantitation of decamethonium isolated in this way from urine samples could be performed on silicagel thin layer plates through visualization with iodine, followed by densitometric evaluation. Detection limits were 0.1 microgram/ml. Recoveries at the 1 microgram/ml level were between 80-90% with variation coefficients of less than 10%.


2, 2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide, a sedative of new importance. The introduction of prescription duty in the F.R. of Germany for bromo-ureas has led to a substitution by 2,2-diethyl-4-pentenamide in some common sedatives. Extraction of this drug and its main metabolite from biological material and detection by TLC and GLC is described. Concentrations is blood and urine are determined after therapeutic dosage and in cases of chronic and acute intoxications including monitoring. Post mortem levels in specimen and body fluids after suicides are reported.


Chloral hydrate poisoning: its mechanism and therapy. Chloral hydrate is a dangerous hypnotic drug to prescribe. Lethal dose can be a small as 4 gm. Nowadays the effects on the circulatory system are most dangerous. Which metabolite is responsible remains to be investigated. Haemoperfusion seems to be best method of lowering plasma levels of the metabolites, although the clearance of trichloroacetic acid is considered lower than of trichloroethanol.


The effects of physostigmine on amitriptyline induced cardiotoxicity in dogs. When 0.5 mgs of physostigmine salicylate was injected intravenously into adult beagle dogs which had been severely poisoned with amitriptyline, a transient improvement in cardiac output, systolic blood pressure, intraventricular conduction and in the maximum rate of rise of arterial blood pressure (arterial dP/dT max.) was observed. These effects were maximal at 15-20 minutes after injection and had largely disappeared 30 to 35 minutes after the injection.


Accidental acute mercury vapor poisoning. Accidental acute mercury vapor poisoning in three persons is reported. Three hours after exposure, symptomatology began by chills, vomiting, diarrhea and chest pain. Two patients, respectively 67 and 77 year old, presented severe pulmonary edema, then neurological symptoms with tremor and coma. This toxic pulmonary edema, which entailed artificial ventilation, was followed in both cases by an acute interstitial pulmonary fibrosis which led to death respectively after six and sixteen days. In the third case (a thirty eight year old patient) a skin rash, erythematous and pustuliform was observed. Analysis for total mercury by flameless atomic absorption showed very high mercury levels in blood and urine of the three patients. The effect of treatment by Dimercaptopropanol on renal excretion of mercury was studied. Optic and electron microscopy of the lung of the two patients who died showed the pulmonary changes of acute interstitial fibrosis.


Prussian blue in the treatment of thallium intoxication. Five cases of severe thallium poisoning are presented. Dithizone treatment in one case resulted in worsening of the clinical signs with death of the patient. All the other patients, including a newborn baby with transplacentar intoxication, were successfully treated with Prussian Blue.


Death from acute poisoning in man.

Death from acute poisoning in man. This retrospective study concerns the fatal cases of human poisoning which were collected by computer in the french Poison Control Centers. It involves 865 toxic deaths mainly suicides. The most frequent toxic substances which accounted for lethal cases were in order of importance : psychotropic and cardiotropic drugs (tricyclic antidepressants, digitalis, ajmaline), domestic products (caustics, carbon monoxide) and other chemicals (trichloroethylfene, paraquat, and organophosphates).


An evaluation of the use of hemoperfusion in acute poisoning. We considered the use of hemoperfusion in the treatment of severe intoxications frequently seen in the Netherlands, primarily involving barbiturates and especially Vesparax (a combination of secobarbital, brallobarbital and hydroxyzine HCl) overdoses. In about 60% of the cases in which hemoperfusion seemed indicated, at least one barbiturate was involved; in about 20%, a Vesparax poisoning was found. From the obtained results it has been proven that for an adapted evaluation of hemoperfusion, in most cases it is not sufficient to determine merely the pre- and post-perfusion plasma levels, but also plasma levels have to be monitored during perfusion at the in- and out-let of the hemoperfusion column. Using these data, clearances and the total amount of drug removed were calculated. A comparison has been made with the elimination by forced diuresis. In some cases plasma elimination half-life values during and after perfusion have been computed and compared.


Outline literature retrieval in poison control. As for the systems to choose, we would advocate to start with only one, in order to learn perfectly a first retrieval language. TOXLINE, at the time being, is probably the best choice. EXCERPTA MEDICA, on the other hand, if it can be made more up-to-date, could become a very important competitor. As for the most recent literature, SCISEARCH is likely to remain unbeatable.


An unusual case of carbamazepine poisoning with a near-fatal relapse after two days. A severe case of carbamazepine is described in which the drug and its major metabolite were monitored by means of HPLC. After two days of treatment a dramatic rise in plasma concentration of carbamazepine and its metabolite was observed, accompanied by a relapse into deep coma, then followed by a rapid elimination of the drugs and complete recovery within 4 days. The possible mechanisms underlying these phenomena and potential therapeutic measures are being discussed.


[Metablism of DL-selenomethionine in growing chicks]. The experiments made use of growing male birds. They were given orally 4 muCi of 75Se per kg liveweight each under the form of DL-selenium-methionine, and were bled (via the wing vein) at fixed intervals. Studied was the radioactivity in the liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, brain, testes, femoral muscles, and breast bone. The amount of 75Se excreted through the feces and urine was examined at the 24th, 48th, and 72nd hour following the introduction of selenium-methionine. It was found that the resorption of 75Se-selenium-methionine through the digestive tract of birds as registered by the radioactivity of the blood was most intensive between the 3rd and the 6th hour, after which a decline was observed. Most intensive was the metabolism of selenium-methionine in the kidneys, spleen, testes, and pancreas, Comparatively lower is the metabolism of this agent in the breast bone and in the brain. Radioactivity of selenium-methionine was lowest in the femoral muscle. No substantial differences were established in its metabolism in the various organs and tissues studied at the 6th, 24th, 48th, and 72nd hour. As musch as 18.19 per cent of the introduced amount of selenium-methionine was excreted for 72 hours through the feces and urine.


[Changes in the serum proteins and blood picture of cows suffering with chronic vesical hematuria]. Studies were carried out in a region where hematuria has been recorded. Examined were 79 cows--32 with macrohematuria, 23 with microhematuria, 22 with no deviations, and 2 with experimentally induced hematuria. op in the total proteins was found in the animals of the first group. A lowering trend was observed also of the percent content of albumins as well as a rising one of the total albumins in cows with chronic vesical hematuria, the rise of the globulin percent being chiefly due to changes in the gamma-globulin fraction. Pronounced erythropenia was likewise observed in such animals along with a drop of the hemoglobin content. No substantial changes, however, were established in the ratio of the individual leukocyte classes nor were there any visible deviations in the total leukocyte count.


[Serum sialic acid concentration in healthy cattle and cattle with bronchopneumonia]. Studied was the content of sialic acid in the blood serum of cattle at different age and in the conditions of bronchopneumonia. It was found that at birth the calves showed considerably higher values of sialic acid as against the adult normal animals. At the age of 15--30 days sialic acid in calves reached the level in adult animals. In diseased animals (bronchopneumonia and arthritis) sialic acid rose dependably. It is believed that this is the result of inflammatory and destructive processes as with intensive treatment the blood level of sialic acid drops to that in normal animals. The determination of sialic acid level in the blood serum is suggested as a routine method in veterinary medicine to control the general status and the recovery of animals.


[Effect of the triazine herbicide herbazine-50 on the nitrate-nitrite concentration of corn]. Studied were the changes in the nitrate-nitrite content of maize grown on areas treated with herbazine-50 and artificial nitrogen fertilizers. The chemical analysis of various parts of the plant (stem. leaves, flowers and grains) revealed that the content of nitrates and nitrites was highest in the ears, and lowest in the leaves. Highest was also the content of nitrates and nitrites in all parts of the plant in maize from areas treated with herbazine-50 at the rate of 4 kg of a. i. per hectare as well as with artificial nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium nitrate and superphosphate at 450 kg/ha), followed by maize obtained from areas where ammonium nitrate and superphosphate at 450 kg/ha were introduced only. Slightly lower amounts of nitrates and nitrites were found in maize from areas treated with herbazine-50 at 4 kg/ha only, and lowest was their content in maize from areas that were neither fertilized nor treated with herbazine-50.


[Conformational changes in the membranes of cells infected with Newcastle disease virus]. Studied were the conformational changes in the membranes of BHK cells infected with two ND virus strains varying in their virulence, by means of determining the binding sites in the membranes with the fluorchrome ANS. These changes set in immediately after the adsorption of the strongly virulent strain Petleshkov as well as from the second to fourth hour following the infection of the cells with the less virulent strain Rousseff. It is believed that such changes in the membranes of infected cells are due to the invasion of the virus into them, which is accompanied by fusion.


[Several pharmacokinetic studies on "Farmakhim" tylosin phosphate]. Studies were carried out on the resorption in the digestive tract the binding with the tissue elements, the dissemination within the body, and the residual amounts of tylosine "Pharmachim" phosphate and its pelleted drug formulation tylosine-200. It was found that tylosine-200 was well resorbed by the intestinal mucosa of pigs and birds, and was weakly and variably utilized by calves. The blood concentrations of tylosine-200 in pigs and birds in the first hours following treatment surpassed by 1 to 5 times those resulting from the administering of the analogous therapeutic formula Tylan AF 99 of the Elanco Firm. The tylosine phosphate was found to combine reversely with the tissue in birds and pigs. The quantitative indices of this process were used to specify the actual content of the antibiotic in the body. Experiments with birds and pigs revealed that the tylosine phosphate released from tylosine 220 pellets invaded to a virious extent organs, tissues, and fluids and passed through seroses, and the blood-brain and blood-ocular barriers. It was excreted in substantial amounts with the urine and the bile. It was established that on the 5th day after the administration of the drug was discontinued the body of mammals and birds was practically free from the preparation. No differences in the distribution within the body and the retention were found between tylosine-200 and Tylan AF 99.


[Clinical TNM classification of malignant soft tissue neoplasms]. A project for the classification of malignant soft tissue tumors according to the TNM system is suggested for a wide discussion. The classification takes into account the effect of some leading factors (histological type of a tumor, its size, the state of regional lymph nodes, the degree of the adjacent tissues infiltration) on the prognosis of this affection. Tumors staging is done through combining various grades of T, N, M criteria.


[Differential diagnosis of nodular fasciitis]. A clinico-morphological analysis of 32 observations of nodular fascitis enabled the recognition of a number of signs (a rapid growth, polymorphism of the cellular and structural content, infiltration of the adjacent tissues), which might simulate a malignant character of the lesion. Whereas the analysis also revealed some distinguishing features of soft tissue neoplasms resembling nodular fascitis.


[Radioisotope and biochemical methods in the study of exocrine function of the pancreas and small intestine at early periods after gastrectomy for cancer]. 77 patients were examined during a period from 1 to 30 days following gastrectomy for cancer. Depression of the exocrine function of the pancreas was observed. The concentration of amylase, lipase and trypsin was found to be reduced during the first 5 days after the operation. Following 19-30 days the amylase concentration is restored, the lipolytic activity is enhanced, whereas the tryptic one remained considerably impaired. The small intestine functioning is markedly disturbed, the processes of hydrolysis and fat absorption suffering most of all; the protein absorption is changed but to a less extent.