[Distribution of chromosome material during division of giant nuclei by fragmentation in rodent trophoblast. Morphologic and cytophotometric study]. A study was made of a population of secondary giant cells (in the placenta of white rats and mice), of which a rather high polyploidy (128c--1024c) is characteristic, and which remains viable up to the end of pregnancy. At a certain stage of cell differentiation, some giant nuclei, looking as interphase nuclei, are divided into numerous smaller nuclear fragments bound with nuclear membranes. Two ways of division have been described: by a progressive budding of small nuclei into the cytoplasm, and the total division of the original nucleus into numerous tightly contracting nuclear fragments. Multinuclear cells originating from the nuclear fragmentation rather soon degenerate. The cytophotometrical measurement of the DNA amount in newly formed fragments has shown their ploidy extending from 1 to 32c, di-, three-, tetra-, and octoploid nuclei predominating. The distribution of chromosomal markers of the interphase nuclei (nucleoli, heterochromatinous blocks of nucleolus-forming chromosomes) confirms the photometrical evidence on the trends of chromosome fragmentation into genes. The fragmentation of the giant nucleus is preceded by a complex rearrangement of genetical material in the original nucleus, resulting in becoming polygenomal from polytene, with individual genomes separating to be segregated again, during division.


[Sorption of neutral red by actomyosin threads during contraction and heating]. Studies of the equilibrium distribution of the cation dye-neutral red by actomyosin threads allowed to establish the fact that different concentrations of dye reveal the existence of different bonds with contractile proteins. Firm bonds (7.3 ccal/M) are discovered at low dye concentrations, and weaker bonds (4.5 ccal/M) are seen at higher concentrations. The contraction of actomyosin threads evoked by ATP or heating is accompanied with similar changes, i. e. by the diminishing of the maximum dye sorption within the range of low dye concentrations and by the increase in the maximum dye sorption within the range of high concentrations.


[Method of determining the concentration of glycogen, DNA, 3H-thymidine label and dry weight in one and the same cell]. A method is proposed for determination of glycogen, DNA, 3H-thymidine incorporation and dry weight in the same cell, the technique being based on successive discovery and measuring of each of these indices. Cells are obtained from animals, previously injected with 3H-thymidine, to be charted on preparation, made pictures and measured in square units. Then on preparations embedded into glycerine or vaseline oil, the optical path difference of rays for the nucleus and cytoplasm of selected cells is measured with the interferencial microscope. This is followed by the fluorescent PAS reaction and the content of glycogen is registered microfluorimetrically in the same cells. Preparations after that are treated with a freshly prepared water solution of 0.025% borohydride sodium, stained with the routine or fluorescent Feulgen reaction, and DNA content is determined in the same cells in which glycogen and delta delta were previously measured. The stained nuclei are photographed, their areas are measured and the dry weight of the nucleus and cytoplasm of marked cells is calculated from the values of the nuclear areas and of delta delta. Eventually the preparations are covered by emulsion and exposed, and 3H-thymidine-containing nuclei are determined, the index of marked nuclei and the marking intensity over the nucleus are calculated. As a result, a precise and reliable determination of glycogen, DNA, dry weight and 3H- or 14C-thymidine incorporation is made in either of the marked cell.


[Effect of cycloheximide, 2,4-dinitrophenol and papaverine on ribosomal RNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cells]. The influence of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), papaverine and cycloheximide on RNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells has been investigated. All above mentioned agents inhibit selectively synthesis of high-molecular rRNA precursor, when the cell population density is 3.10(7)--5.10(7) per 1 ml of suspension. When the density of cells decreases as far as 1.10(6) cells per 1 ml. the rRNA synthesis loses the sensitivity to all these agents. The effects of both cycloheximide on the protein synthesis and DNP on ATP level do not depend on the cell population density in suspension. It is suggested that either with a decrease of cell population density the protein synthesis and ATP level cease playing the role of a rate-limiting factor in the rRNA synthesis, or the influence of agents studied is realized by means of their interaction with other cell system.


[Ultrastructure of the ring-shaped nucleoli in the hepatocytes of chick embryos]. The fine structure of ring-shaped nucleoli in hepatocytes of chick embryos at different terms of development was studied. Structural differences were shown between annular nucleoli and nucleoli with typical nucleolonemal organization. Ring-shaped nucleoli, as a rule, are devoid of nucleolonemal structure and their fibrillar component is reduced. The material which fills the central cavity always appears similar to the nucleoplasm in its structure. On the basis of serial sections, we propose that central cavity is isolated from the nucleoplasm. From the hypotonical treatment and EDTA staining application it is concluded that the central cavity of ring-shaped nucleoli contains DNP associated with the intranucleolar chromatin. The number of these nucleoli increased after the injection of a liver homogenate cytoplasmic fraction extracted from adult hen. The physiological significance of such nucleoli is discussed.


[Interrelationship between the striated structure of muscle and the distribution of calcium in it. I. The changes in the protofibrillary structure of the frog fast muscle fibers in steady potassium contracture]. The ultrastructure of protofibrillar apparatus of frog fast fibers was studied during a prolonged contracture initiated with KSCN. SCN anion inhibited Ca-pump, which resulted in maintaining a high intracellular Ca2+-concentration. It was suggested that stable connections between action and myosin filaments were formed within the region of overlapping. Under these conditions, thick and thin filaments were able to change their length from 1.3 to 1.9 micrometer, and from 0.83 to 1.2 micrometer, correspondingly, according to the sarcomere length. The structural non-uniformity of I-band was observed in contracted sarcomeres: a low electron density zone 30--40 nm wide was formed at the I/A band boundary.


[Interferometric study of a single living neuron in relation to its electrical activity]. Interferometric microscopic study of living neurons of the isolated brain of Limnaea stagnalis has revealed some fluctuation of dry weight of the cytoplasm and the nucleolus in the absence of electrical activity of the neuron. The character of these changes was different for different neurons. During the neuron-induced generation of action potentials in response to the intracellular electrical stimulation, the changes in dry weight became similar for all neurons: the dry weight of the cytoplasm increased and the dry weight of the nucleolus decreased. This effect grew with the time of stimulation.


[Nature of the orientation of the tryptophan residues in the myosin and actin from striated muscle fiber]. The mode of tryptophan residue orientation in myosin and action myofilaments of the muscle fiber was studied using polarized ultraviolet (UV) fluorescent microscopy of the muscle fiber was studied using polarized ultraviolet (UV) fluorescent microscopy technique. During an elective extraction of proteine from thick and thin myofillaments changes in UV fluorescence anisotropy of muscle fibers were detected, thus suggesting that tryptophanil residues in myosin may be oriented by their own short axes mostly parallel, but in actin--perpendicular to the muscle fiber axis. The use of acrylamide, an UV fluorescence quencher, is proposed for the control of extraction electivity of proteins from muscle fibers.


[Effect of glycerin and urea on rat skeletal muscle twitches]. The dynamics of changes in the amplitude of isometric twitches of isolated EDL and SOL muscles of young rats influenced by low molecular non-electrolytes has been studied. Incubation of EDL in hypertonic glycerol or urea solution (400 mM) leads to a 80 and 60% decrease of twitches, respectively, within 15 minutes. During the following 1--2 hours the twitches restore the initial level or exceed it by 60% (urea). Removal of glycerol or urea causes a stable reduce of contraction up to 5--10% within 1 hour. Reincubation in these non-electrolytes increases twitches 3--4 fold during 1.5--2 hours. Alterations of SOL twitches in urea are the same as of EDL, while glycerol even in concentration of 600 mM produces only small changes. This appears to be determined by a higher permeability of slow muscle fibers to glycerol as compared to EDL. It is suggested that the decrease of twitches and their restore in non-electrolyte solution are determined by the hypertonic effect of the latter while reduction of twitches during non-electrolyte removal is caused by alteration of T-system.


[Biological activity of exogenous DNA in rat thymocytes]. The thymocyte's viability and hybridization of one fraction thymocyte RNA with exogenous DNA have been studied after the incubation of cells with this DNA. The exogenous DNA decreases the number of viable cells and increases the hybridization percentage of pulse-labeled RNA. The above changes failed to be induced after the incubation of these cells with the complex DNA with actinomycin D, despite the fact that this complex penetrates into the cells as easily as does the free DNA.


[Functional activity of the lymphocytes of mouse lymph nodes in a system of viral carcinogenesis]. A study was made of the PHA-induced lymphocyte blastransformation (BT), and lymphocyte antitumor activity, using a model of progressive and regressive neoplastic process induced by the Moloney virus in mice BALB/c. The antitumor acitvity of lymphocytes was estimated by their ability to inhibit spheroid production by tumor cells. A lymphocyte BT and their antitumor activity was registered during a progressive growth of the tumor and its restoration as the tumor is regressing.


[Effect of UV radiation of varying wave length on the tumoringenicity of Zajdela ascitic hepatoma cells determined by transplantations into the anterior chamber of the eye in rats]. Potentialities for evaluating the viability of the Zaidela ascitic hepatoma cells by the number of tumours formed after transplantation of cells to the rat's eye anterior chamber have been considered. Dose effect of far (254 nm) and near (300--380 nm) UV light on the cell tumoregenecity has been studied.


[Patterns of the cytogenetic changes in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of children immunized against smallpox and parotitis]. A positive correlation between the frequency of acrocentric chromosome associations (AChA) and the accumulation of antibody titers in children immunized against smallpox and parotiditis has been discovered. The decrease of AChA in proliferating lymphocytes is accompanied with the lowering of D/G ratio due to group G predomination in AChA. The aberration frequency was kept unchanged throughout the whole observation of children immunized against parotiditis. A lower degree of cytogenic alterations in lymphocytes and accumulation of titers of antibodies in children immunized against paratiditis, as compared with those in the other group, may suggest a weak immunological effect of the given inoculative preparation.


[Effect of ATP on protein synthesis in cultured nerve tissue of the edible snail]. External ATP in concentrations of 10(-6)--10(-3) M is shown to stimulate the label incorporation from intracellular labeled pool of 14C-leucine into proteins of mollusc nervous tissue. The maximum effect (by 45% higher than in control) is observed at the 10(-5) ATP concentration. In solutions with high concentration of bivalent ions, ATP action increases by 10--15%. Being incubated for an hour in physiological solutions without energic substrates nervous tissue loses 30--50% of labeled amino acids. Outwashing of 14C-leucine depends only a little on the bivalent ion concentration in the external solution and on the presence of helating agents. Addition of 10(-4) M ATP into the solution, completely inhibits the washing of amino acids out of tissue. At low bivalent ion concentrations 14C-leucine incorporation into nervous tissue in the presence of ATP changes inversely to the ATP concentration: low ATP concentrations (10(-5)--10(-6) M) activate label incorporation by 60--40%, whereas high concentrations lead to the corresponding inhibition. This inhibition is due to helating action of ATP.


[Effect of diphtheria toxin on the release and extractability of histones from the liver cell nuclei of guinea pigs]. The release and extraction of histones from the nuclei of guinea pig liver under the influence of diphteria  toxin was investigated in vivo and in vitro. A considerable loss of nuclear histones, increase of easily extracted arginine-rich histones and a more complete extraction of lysine-rich ones have been shown. A possible role of histones in the development of diphteria intoxication is discussed.


[States of the organism and cytology].

[States of the organism and cytology]. New ways are suggested in studies into the cell being in various natural states, differing in the intensity and completeness of life processes--from the active life to the non-active state of anabiosis. Besides, possibilities of investigating viable structures in a non-functioning state at anabiosis and some results of such investigations are set forth. Special attention is paid to the study of the interaction of viable structures with water as the basis of the life process, and to the study of the activity of a self-regulating cell system in ranges of natural states, in addition to the leap-like boundaries between anabiosis, intermediate states (mesabiosis) and active states.


[Interaction between Karyolysus sp. and rock lizard liver cells during hibernation]. During the rock lizard hibernation, no nuclear division occurs in the exoerythrocytar trophozoites of Karyolysus sp., found in hepatocytes or Kupffer's cells. In addition, organelles of the apical complex are seen persisting in these trophozoites, unlike the situation routinely observed in the majority of other intracellular sporozoans. Thus, the parasites under study can be compared with hypnozoites of other coccidia. The material being examined from natural rather than experimental conditions, during lizards' hibernation, the dynamics of host-parasite interrelations can be followed that involves the appearance in the infected cell of autophagous vacuoles, changes in mitochondrial structure and pattern of endoplasmic reticulum, the connection of the system of lamellar channels with the space of the parasitophorous vacuole. The results of the present observations may suggest, first, that during the host hibernation, exoerythrocytar trophozoites of Karyolysus being intracellular in their spatial distribution, are able to obtain nutrients from the outer, extracellular space, through the system of lamellar channels; second, that these channels can represent intercellular connections, which makes one consider the exoerythrocytar trophozoites as intercellular rather than intracellular parasites.


[Ultrastructure of goose intestinal epithelial cells infected with Eimeria kotlani]. The ultrastructure of goose intestinal epithelial cells infected with various stages of E. kotlani has been described. No changes in the ultrastructure of the nucleus and cytoplasm were detected in cells, containing asexual stages. Damage of host cell structures, except Golgi complex, was not observed until gamogenesis. It is suggested that these changes are caused by the intensive "exploitation" of differentiated epithelial cells by large coccidian stages (macro- and microgametocytes). It is concluded that the epithelial cell of the goose, as of other animals, may function beyond crypts without the regulating influence of the nucleus.


[Cytochemical study of free-living flagellates of suborder Bodonina. I. Morphology and nucleic acids]. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) have been discovered in the kinetoplast of free-living Bodonina: Bodo caudatus, Pleuromonas jaculans, Rhynchomonas nasuta--by means of cytochemical methods. The kinetoplast has variable contents of nucleic acids whose chemoarchitectonics is due to their non-homogeneous distribution within the kinetoplast. The Feulgen reaction in the kinetoplast is more intensive than in the nucleus. Kinetoplast is closely connected with the cytoplasmic RNA metabolism. Many individuals of R. nasuta were found to have two kinetoplasts, no other signs of cell division being observed. P. jaculans has up to 45% of dyskinetoplastic forms.


[Ribosomal RNA synthesis in the kinetoplasts of 2 species of Crithidia]. A study was made of the possibility of ribosomal RNA synthesis in kinetoplasts of two crithidian species--C. oncopelty and C. fasciculata. The RNA synthesized by isolated kinetoplasts in sucrose gradients was resolved into the following five fractions; 23S, 16S, 12S, 9S and 6--4S. Since pure kinetoplast ribosomes contain 23S and 16S RNA, a supposition was made that the first two transcripts might be ribosomal RNAs. It is suggested that the kinetoplast DNA contains genes for rRNAs and that the synthesis of these RNAs occurs in the kinetoplast.


[Effect of local UV irradiation of the generative nuclei of Paramecium caudatum on the sexual functions of the cells]. A study has been made of the functional pattern of the micronucleus (Mi) during the sexual process in ciliates Paramecium caudatum which are descendants of those individuals whose Mi was locally irradiated with UV in dose of 3060 erg/mm2. It was demonstrated that these descendants (cells of UV-clones) were able to enter into the sexual process whatever morphological type of their Mi might be. In 4 of 14 tested clones, the initial mating type got changed for the opposite one, which may be associated with the Mi genome alteration following UV irradiation. The nuclear reorganization during the sexual process was studied in three UV irradiated clones. The local UV irradiated of the Mi is followed by the number of abnormalities in the derivates of Mi during the metagamic phase of the sexual process in clones whose Mi underwent serious changes. Exconjugants obtained from UV-clones with such changes in Mi and normal test-clones demonstrated a lower viability.


A prosthetic aid for a developing blind child. An experimental ultrasonic sonar for use as  a sensory aid with blind children is described. Novel signal processing techniques make the aid relatively simple to construct, yet allow many of its parameters to be changed in the field. In particular, the aid has two features, a variable range code and an automatic level control, which make the device very versatile in a wide variety of environments. The ultrasonic tranducers used in the aid are described in some detail.


Three-dimensional display of ultrasonic images using a fly's-eye lens. In order to form a three-dimensional image from a set of two-dimensional cross-sectional ultrasonic images, a simple method making use of a fly's-eye lens in proposed. The depth perception obtained from the reconstructed image using the fly's-eye lens is analysed and an optical configuration that maximizes the depth perception is devised. With this configuration, the synthesis of a three-dimensional image is performed by using a simple object. Results of the experiment show clearly the three-dimensional aspect of the reconstructed image.


Nocturnal enuresis.

Nocturnal enuresis. Primary enuresis is essentially of two main types - the common diurnal-nocturnal type with associated bladder instability and the less common nocturnal type which shows normal cystometry. The importance of depth of sleep in both types is stressed, particularly the former. A rationale of treatment, self-monitored, voluntary, escalating cystometry, is described.


Bladder denervation procedures.

Bladder denervation procedures. Bladder denervation can provide useful rehabilitation of bladder function when other measures have failed. Idiopathic hyperactivity may respond best to hyperbaric distension or bladder transection. Procedures performed close to the bladder seem, at present, to be more effective than those near the central nervous system. Procedures have little morbidity, apart from transection. On the average a 50 per cent improvement may be expected, but in all cases it is most important to consider the length of follow-up in reported series.


[Nephrogenic adenoma of the urinary bladder with concomitant multiple adenomatous polyps of the large bowel. An abortive form of Gardner's syndrome? (author's transl)]. For the first time, a nephrogenic adenoma of the urinary bladder coinciding with multiple adenomatous polyps of the large bowel, in a 64-year-old male, is reported. The relationship of these tumors at different sites to a known clinical systemic disease is questionable; they could conceivably be ascribed to an abortive form of Gardner's syndrome. On the basis of a case report, the essential aspects of the nephrogenic adenoma of the urinary bladder are reviewed and discussed.


[Sclerosing lipogranuloma of male genitalia (author's transl)]. The term "sclerosing lipogranuloma" was coined in 1950 to name a peculiar granulomatous fatty tissue reaction that according to Smetana and Bernhard represents a "local reactive process which sometimes follows injury to subcutaneous fat tissue". Later other investigators have pointed out that injections of exogenous lipids probably cause this lesion. A case of sclerosing lipogranuloma in the scrotum is presented, in which paraffin hydrocarbon could be identified. As prior to the appearance of the lipogranuloma a paraffin containing ointment had been applied locally for three weeks a percutaneous resorption of paraffin as a possible etiology is discussed together with a review of the literature.


[Papilloma of the prostate (author's transl)]. A report is presented of a male patient who had been operated on the prostate because of prostatic hyperplasia. The dissection of the resected specimen showed a nodular lesion ten millimeters in diameter. Histologically, this nodule presented the uncommon pattern of a papilloma of the prostate. The structure, histogenesis and probable benignity of this rare lesion are discussed.


[In-vitro-technique for autoradiographic investigations of cell proliferation in benign and malignant alterations of the human urinary bladder mucosa from biopsy specimens (author' transl)]. An in-vitro double labelling technique with 3H- AND 14C-Thymidine was applied to biopsy specimens of the human urinary bladder mucosa in order to determine proliferation kinetics of normal bladder epithelium as well as its benign and malignant alterations. Application of above mentioned technique led to evaluable autoradiographs. The mean 3H-Thymidine labelling-index in bladder cancer was remarkably higher than in normal bladder epithelium and in benign papillomas. There was a good correlation between histologic grading of malignancy and increase of the mean 3H-Thymidine labelling index. Addition of 5-Fluorodesoxyuridine to the incubation medium had no influence on the labelling of the incubated tissue.


[Do biopsies and operations lead to formation of distant metastases? (author's transl)]. In medical and public literature the radiologist Krokowski states that diagnostic and operative procedures of cancer disease often stimulates the development of metastases. He believes that 30--90% of metastatic disease is the result of prior operations. Consequently he requires a prophylactic radiation therapy before any operative therapy is done. The authors question the theses of Krokowski since there is no detail presentation of this methods, which therefore cannot be repeated.


[The reliability of needle puncture in the diagnosis of benign renal cysts? (author's transl)]. Confirmation of the diagnosis of a benign renal cyst through needle puncture is being reported with increased frequency. The puncture reveals either a clear, cloudy or bloody fluid, or no fluid at all. The authors analyze 88 of their own and 805 cyst punctures from the literature. A benign cyst was always present when the aspirated fluid was clear (763 cases). When the aspirated fluid was cloudy or bloody (130 cases) a malignant kidney tumor was found in 35% of the cases. Complications from cyst punctures are described. The authors feel that needle puncture is a highly effective method in the differential diagnosis of renal masses. It can also be used when multiple cysts are present on one or both sides.


[Treatment of prostatic carcinoma stage C with combined perineal and transurethral cryosurgery (author's transl)]. 31 patients with prostatic carcinoma stage C were treated by combined perineal and transurethral cryosurgery. Additionally in all patients a subcapsular orchiectomy was performed. A distinct tumour reduction was found in all patients. Six months after the freezing a palpable tumour could be detected only in 4 cases out of 29. At different time intervalls after the operation 57 biopsies of the prostate were obtained with the tru-cut-needle. In 14 patients no tumour tissue could be detected whereas tumour cells were found in the biopsies of the remaining patients. Combined perineal and transurethral cryosurgery therefore is a palliative form of treatment in prostatic carcinoma.


[Problems concerning diagnosis and therapy of poorly vascularized malignant kidney tumors (author's transl)]. Clear directives for the indication of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures have as yet not been formulated. We postulate a solution using poorly vascularized and avascular tumors of the kidney verified by x-ray studies and surgical exploration. An attempt was made to achieve an exact diagnosis of poorly vascularized space occupying processes of the kidney (the available figures range from 3--10% among kidney tumors) using optimal economical standardized test methods. We suggest that the time between the first diagnosis and the surgical exploration be kept as short as medically responsible.


[Treatement of malignant renal tumors by selective embolization of the renal artery (author's transl)]. The embolization of tumors in the treatment of hypernephromas is discussed on the basis of 13 cases. The method involved the use of three different substances: thrombin (Topostasin), homogenized muscle pulp, and fibrin from the patients own body, 600 units of thrombin being subsequently injected. In each case the embolization material was introduced into the tumorous kidney via an indwelling terminally open Kifa catheter after preoperative selective angiography. A differentiation is made in the indication between prophylactic embolization, which is performed preoperatively to prevent extensive hemorrhaging and increased tumor cell dissemination, and curative embolization applied in the case of patients presenting a greatly increased operation risk, inoperable tumor, or large-scale hematuria. The paper discusses the course of the treatment, possible complications, and postembolization in terms of case histories. The fibrin-thrombin method, beause of the small expenditure of time and technical resources involved, presently appears to be most favorable form of renal tumor embolization. Other methods are discussed on the basis of the literature.


[Adenocarcinoma of the bladder (author's transl)]. During a 10 year follow-up, 18 patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder or urachus were treated operatively. We report on the therapy and results. The criteria for differentiation between primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder and urachal carcinoma are stressed. Chronic irritation of the urothelium is most likely involved in the natural histroy of primary adenocarcinoma. Cystectomy should be the therapy of choice for the adenocarcinoma of the bladder. A partial resection is recommended for urachal carcinoma. Palliation is possible with cytotoxic agents. Irradiation seems to be of no beneficial effect on tumor growth.


[Bromocriptine and prostatic carcinoma: testosterone metabolism in relation to tumor grading (author's transl)]. Since Prolactin has intra- and extrapostatic effects on growth and function of the prostate, the influence of the anti-prolactin bromocriptine (PRAVIDEL) was investigated in 15 patients with untreated prostatic carcinoma of various grades of differentiation in vivo. A five-days treatment with 15 mg Pravidel daily significantly suppressed prostatic androgen uptake, unrelated to tumor grading. 5 alpha-Reductase was favored in poorly differentiated lesions with a decreased testosterone/dihydrotestosterone ratio. The pretherapeutic accumulation of 5 alpha-androstanediol was diminished after Pravidel and the tissue/plasma ratio decreased. The 17 beta-hydroxy-pathway of testosterone is predominant as compared to the 17-keto pathway; both pathways are favored after Pravidel in poorly differentiated tumors. Intraprostatic metabolic effects of Pravidel are not related to peripheral androgen levels nor are they dependent on altered prostatic hormone uptake. In the poorly differentiated prostatic tumors Pravidel initiates a metabolic situation as observed in prostate cancer responding to androgen depletion or estrogen therapy.


[Fibrosarcoma in onocytoma (author's transl)]. In a 69-year-old male patient a leftsided renal tumor was found. The patient who initially refused an operation, was treated surgically 3 1/2 years later, when loss of strength and weight as well as pain in the upper abdomen were noted. The tumorweight was 920 g and represented histologically, besides a oncocytic adenoma, a fibrous sarcoma. Both tumors were intermingled. We assume that the malignant growth originated in degenerated areas of the benign adenoma.


Inflammatory gastrointestinal disease presenting as genitourinary disease. Chronic inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulitis, and appendicitis may be complicated by genitourinary tract problems. Patients with these diseases occasionally present with a genitourinary problem as an initial complaint prior to diagnosis of the underlying primary bowel disease. The correct diagnosis in these difficult cases will be arrived at sooner if the genitourinary manifestations of inflammatory diseases of the bowel are actively considered.


Bone pain in metastatic cancer of prostate. The characteristics of bone pain in metastatic cancer of the prostate were studied in 23 patients. The pain may be continuous or intermittent, show diurnal variations, and be migratory. The effects of activity, rest, and alcohol vary in different individuals. Relief of bone pain by analgesic medications is unsatisfactory. Aspirin-containing compounds are often more effective than narcotics for pain relief. The effects of external beam irradiation for palliation of pain are unpredictable.


Vasectomy with transurethral resection of prostate. A retrospective study was made of 200 patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy. Half of these patients received bilateral vasectomies. The vasectomized patients had a 5-percent incidence of epididymitis as compared with a 2-percent incidence in the nonvasectomized patients. Vasectomy failed to provide adequate protection against postoperative epididymitis and cannot be recommended as a routine procedure with a transurethral prostatectomy.


H-Y antigen and disorders of sexual differentiation. The process of sexual differentiation has been further clarified by the discovery of histocompatibility -Y(H-Y) antigen. A patient with abnormal sexual differentiation whose workup included testing for H-Y antigen is presented. The discovery and clinical applicability of H-Y antigen in intersex patients are presented.


Reevaluation of vest technique of vesicourethral reconstruction in radical retropubic prostatectomy. Vesicourethral reconstruction after radical retropubic prostatectomy was done by the Vest technique in 36 patients and by direct vesicourethral anastomosis in 100 patients. Complications resulting from the two methods of vesicourethral reconstruction were similar. Incontinence after radical retropublic prostatectomy appears not to be related to the method of vesicourethral reconstruction but occurs because of damage during surgery or postoperative scarring of the distal sphincteric mechanism.


Ureteropelvic junction obstruction and sibling uropathology. Thirty-seven siblings of 20 probands with ureteropelvic junction obstruction were evaluated with an intravenous pyelogram (IVP) and a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Fourteen of 37 (38 per cent) had uropathology and 13 of 14 (93 per cent) required some form of therapy. Fifty-five per cent of the families had an additional child with uropathology. The recommendation concluded from this and a previous study on reflux is that all siblings of children with uropathology be investigated with an IVP and VCUG regardless of age or sex.


Value of selective parathormone radioimmunoassay in primary hyperparathyroidism. Nine cases of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) in patients with urinary calculi are reported and discussed. Selective venous catheterization and parathormone (PTH) radioimmunoassay confirmed the diagnosis in all cases, preoperatively discriminated between adenoma and diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia, and permitted exact preoperative localization of 5 of 7 adenomas. The interest of the urologist in PHP and the usefulness of selective PTH radioimmunoassay are discussed and emphasized.


Multiple sampling for parathyroid hormone by subclavian approach. Selective venous catheterization with parathyroid hormone assay is a valuable procedure in the diagnosis and treatment of parathyroid tumors. The multiple sampling via the femoral vein is sometimes frustratingly uncertain and time consuming. The technique herein described is simpler, quicker, and less hazardous. It is accomplished via the subclavian approach, a relatively easier anatomic way, and utilizes a short single-curve catheter that gives a high degree of torsion control.


Inflatable penile prosthesis: Mayo Clinic experience with 175 patients. Sex prosthetics have become an established alternative of therapy for both the organically and the psychogenically impotent male patient. Functional success with the implantation of the inflatable penile prosthesis can be anticipated in 90 to 95 per cent of the patients. Both mechanical and pathologic complications occur, but with relatively low frequency. There have been no reported operative or postoperative deaths associated with the implantation of more than 6,000 devices. The availability of penile prostheses to impotent patients should be limited only by the patient's ability to meet the rigid criteria for selection of patients. When these criteria are fulfilled and the patient's expectations are in harmony with the known results that can be provided by implantation, uniformly successful results can be expected.


Avulsion of ureter by blunt trauma.

Avulsion of ureter by blunt trauma. Six cases of avulsion of the upper ureter by blunt trauma are presented: 5 in children and one in an adult. One of these also involved the entire renal pedicle. A review of the literature shows that this type of trauma is rare, about 30 cases having been reported. They are seen mostly in children, and the right kidney is more prone to injury. Often, there is absence of hematuria which leads to considerable delay in diagnosis and surgical repair. On account of this delay, hydronephrosis, infection, and sometimes pseudocyst formation can complicate the initial pathologic condition. Despite these delays, successful repair can be accomplished and the kidney salvaged. In some instances, as we found out in our cases, a retrograde pyelogram was helpful in establishing the diagnosis and localizing the site of the lesion preoperatively.


Plasma androgens and estrogens in paraplegic men. The plasma testosterone, estrone (E1), and estradiol (E2) levels were measured in paraplegic men and age-matched controls. Sephadex LH-20 columns and the celite technique were used to extract the sex steroids and a radioimmunoassay was used to measure them. Leydig cell stimulation was achieved with human chorionic gonadotropin administration.


Transcatheter renal artery embolization in treatment of ureterocutaneous fistula. We report a case of a critically ill patient who had a ureterocutaneous fistula develop after placement of a Dacron bypass graft from the aorta to the right popliteal artery and the left femoral artery. We describe a successful nonsurgical method to terminate renal function in this patient, who was a poor operative risk.


Nonoperative diagnosis of pyelocalyceal deformity due to venous impressions. Two patients with filling defects on films of the upper urinary tract caused by venous impressions are reported. To date, the literature includes 22 other cases. These cases are frequently associated with hematuria, flank or abdominal pain; the filling defect might be found incidentally during the evaluation of another problem. The two most frequent causes are varices--of renal vein, renal pelvic vein, ureteral veins, and normal renal vessels. Generally, the lesions were not diagnosed without surgical intervention. The filling defects of our cases were caused by other types of lesions. Their diagnosis was made nonoperatively through the use of intravenous pyelography, renal arteriography, and retrograde phlebography. Filling defects caused by venous impressions on the upper urinary tract should be diagnosed by the use of these three studies rather than surgically.


Ultrasonic spectrum of adrenal masses.

Ultrasonic spectrum of adrenal masses. Adrenal masses are amenable to ultrasonic examination. The ultrasonic characteristics of eight adrenal masses in 6 patients are described. In particular, an ultrasonic study of the natural history and progression of a large adrenal adenoma is reported. Adrenal masses on the right side may mimic right posterior liver masses on transverse scans alone. They may compress and displace the liver with expansion. Posterolateral impressions on the inferior vena cava occur. Differentiation from a superior pole renal mass is not always possible.


Computed tomography in diagnosis of pelvic lipomatosis. Pelvic lipomatosis is a disease characterized by abnormal deposition of mature adipose tissue within the confines of the pelvis surrounding the bladder, prostate, and rectosigmoid. The presenting symptoms are vague and nonspecific, and it has typical radiologic features. Computed tomography is extremely useful in the differential diagnosis because of its ability to differentiate fatty infiltration from other conditions which can cause elevation and compression of the urinary bladder and sigmoid colon. Computed tomographic confirmation of the presence of fat surrounding the bladder and rectum eliminates the need for surgical biopsy, unless indicated for other reasons. The course of this disease is usually benign and indolent, however a close follow-up is mandatory to rule out those cases in which ureteral obstruction may develop requiring surgical relief of the obstruction. When cystitis glandularis is found in association with pelvic lipomatosis, periodic cystoscopic examinations are recommended because of the potential risk of malignant transformation.


Conservative surgical management for noninvasive distal ureteral carcinoma. Distal ureterectomy with direct ureteroneocystostomy facilitated by the psoas bladder hitch procedure has been used in 6 patients for management of low-grade, noninvasive primary ureteral carcinoma. All patients are alive, two to ninety-six months postoperatively. Recurrent ipsilateral urothelial malignant disease has occurred in only 1 patient, twenty-six months postoperatively, necessitating a secondary nephroureterectomy. Renal function has been preserved in the remaining 5 patients. The continued practice of conservative surgery in these cases appears warranted.


Flap ureteroplasty for segmental structure of middle third of ureter. A technique is described for repair of segmental stricture of the middle third of the ureter utilizing spiral or vertical flap from the proximal dilated ureter. In all cases a 10 F polyethylene ureteric stent with a ureterotomy exit 5 cm. distal to the repair site was used. Twenty-eight ureters in 27 patients were repaired by this technique, with good results in all except 3 cases which showed postoperative residual dilatation three months after surgery.


Proximal stent displacement as complication of pigtail ureteral stent. The indwelling ureteral stent recently introduced by Cook offers relative ease of placement with a self-curling end which prevents migration down the ureter. We have seen 4 cases of proximal migration of these stents. The reasons for this event are described. Our experience suggests the placement of a suture in the distal portion of the catheter to allow retrieval of the catheter should migration occur.


Topical levarterenol in control of bladder hemorrhage. Topical levarterenol was evaluated for the control of bladder hemorrhage. Its possible toxic effects were investigated in the intact dog bladder, and its use was compared with saline irrigations in experimental massive bladder hemorrhage. Eight mg.% levarterenol was found to be safe and effective in our model.


Fibrous contracture of bladder neck: cause, prevention, and treatment. Through a retrospective study of bladder neck contracture it was found that bladder neck resection and incision were equally effective for treatment of postoperative bladder neck contractures. It was also found that incising the bladder neck at the end of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) did not cause vesicoureteral reflux and did not improve the incidence of postoperative bladder neck contracture.


Transurethral resection combined with steroid injection in treatment of recurrent vesical neck contractures. Vesical neck contractures occur following 5 to 10 per cent of transurethral prostatectomies and an even smaller number of enucleative prostatectomies. Recurrences following both conservative and surgical treatment are common and present management problems to the urologist. Seven patients with recurrent vesical neck contractures were managed with reresection and steroid injection. One hundred per cent of patients responded to this although 1 patient required two procedures. The use of hydrocortisone sodium succinate (Solu-Cortef) versus triamcinolone acetonide (Kenalog) preparations are discussed.


Evaluation of female urinary incontinence device. A new silicone rubber inflatable vaginal pessary has been evaluated in 33 patients with stress incontinence due to urethral sphincter dysfunction (genuine stress incontinence), confirmed by urodynamic assessment. Nine of 20 patients who used the device for one month showed subjective improvement and 2 patients have continued to use the device. Urodynamic changes include a marked increase in maximum urethral closure pressure and elevation of the bladder neck.


Transient blindness: unusual initial symptom of transurethral prostatic resection reaction. Transient blindness was seen in 2 patients undergoing transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate as the initial symptom of a severe TUR reaction. Cerebral edema of the occipital cortex is the most probable mechanism. Both fully recovered their vision when appropriately treated. Patients with visual disturbances during transurethral prostatectomy should be suspected of having a TUR reaction.


Seminoma testis tumor with ipsilateral pelvic kidney. Abdominal external beam radiation (3,000 rads) is our standard treatment for Stage A testicular seminoma. We have encountered 2 patients with localized seminomas, in each of whom excretory urography demonstrated an ipsilateral pelvic kidney. Because of significant risk of radiation nephritis and renal loss in the unshielded ectopic pelvic kideny, retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy is recommended in place of abdominal radiation.


Practical aspects of banking patient's semen for future artificial insemination. The necessary information is provided for the urologist to answer the question, "Doctor, can I freeze my semen before surgery and use it later to impregnate my wife?" A listing of all semen banks presently storing homologous semen and registered with the American Association of Tissue Banks is presented. The methods used, ancillary tests that are done or recommended, and costs are provided. The logistics of arranging for deposits and withdrawals are also discussed.


Obstructing posterior urethral valves in octogenarian. A unique case of bladder outlet obstruction secondary to posterior urethral valves in an octogenarian is presented.


Imipramine for aspermia after lymphadenectomy. During radical retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy the hypogastric sympathetic plexus is necessarily partially sacrificed, with resultant failure of part of the ejaculatory mechanism and aspermia. We have observed this condition to be reversible with imipramine.


Teratoma in horseshoe kidneys.

Teratoma in horseshoe kidneys. Renal tumors are uncommon, but they are significantly increased in horseshoe kidneys. Although nephroblastomas frequently occur in horseshoe kidneys of children, no teratoma has been observed in the past. A teratoma in the horseshoe kidney of a child with unusual congenital anomalies is described.


Fibroxanthosarcoma of kidney.

Fibroxanthosarcoma of kidney. The clinicopathologic features of a case of fibroxanthosarcoma of the kidney are reported. This case represents the third reported case in the literature. The nine-year disease-free survival following nephrectomy in this case suggests that this tumor may have a prognosis different from that of the renal cell adenocarcinoma and that reporting of additional cases should be encouraged.


Gray scale ultrasound in identification of lymphoma complicating lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a necrotizing vasculitis involving multiple organs which may be associated with lymphomatous transformation. A case of lymphomatoid granulomatosis is presented in which gray scale ultrasound identified lymphomatous transformation involving the right kidney and retroperitoneum, thus preventing unnecessary surgery. Ultrasound is a valuable modality for identifying and characterizing abdominal masses in patients at risk for neoplastic disease.


Renal hemangioma: cause of massive hematuria. Renal hemangiomas are an unusual cause of renal hematuria. Although a preoperative diagnosis of renal hemangioma is not always possible, the diagnosis of this case of marked blood loss from a renal hemangioma was made angiographically. The clinical characteristics of hemangiomas, as well as the use of angiography in the investigation of hematuria, are discussed.


In vitro study of antispasmodic effects of dicyclomine hydrochloride on vesicourethral smooth muscle of guinea pig and rabbit. Dicyclomine inhibition of acetylcholine-induced and barium chloride-induced isotonic contractions of the smooth muscle from three segments of the lower urinary tract (bladder body, bladder base, and proximal urethra) of the guinea pig and the rabbit was studied in vitro. In the guinea pig dicyclomine caused competitive inhibition of acetylcholine-induced contraction of the bladder body (1 x 10(-7) M to 1 x 10(-5) M) and the bladder base (1 x 10(-6) M, 1 X 10(-5) M) and was less potent than atropine and propantheline. In the rabbit significant blockade of acetylcholine-induced contractions occurred at dicyclomine concentrations of 5 x 10(-6) M to 3 x 10(-5) M in the bladder body and at 1 x 10(-5) M and 3 x 10(-5) M in the bladder base. In both species dicyclomine inhibitory effects were most marked in the bladder body, moderate in the bladder base, and minimal in the proximal urethra. Dicyclomine failed to cause inhibition of the barium chloride-induced contractions in the guinea pig vesicourethral smooth muscle. In rabbits,  however, significant antagonism P less than 0.01) of barium chloride-induced muscle contraction was observed with dicyclomine at concentration 1 x 10(-5) M in both bladder body and the bladder base. The clinical implication of such properties of dicyclomine are discussed.


Pressure recording catheter.

Pressure recording catheter. A simple, inexpensive pressure-recording balloon system to determine abdominal or rectal sphincter pressures without difficulty is described.


[Treatment of acute pancreatitis and cholecystopancreatitis with accompanying diabetes mellitus]. A clinically reliable diabetes mellitus was present in 7.5% of 386 patients with pancreatitis and cholecystopancreatitis. In a number of these patients (6.4%) diabetes mellitus was an immediate aftermath of recurrent pancreatitis. After having carried out sugar tolerance test in 104 patients with pancreatitis and cholecystopancreatitis the authors showed a potential risk of  the occurrence of diabetes mellitus. Only administration of simple insulin under a permanent laboratory control should be used. When determining the indications for operation one ought to remember about the possibility of the occurrence of pseudoperitoneal syndrome.


[Repeated operations in the treatment of cancer of the extrahepatic biliary tracts]. Repeated interventions in carcinoma of the ducts were carried out upon 14 patients. The operations happened to  be very beneficial for the most of patients and raised the survival period by 3 month to 2 years 4 months. The clinical course of carcinoma of the gallbladder is the most unfavorable. Only in 1 of 3 cases with mechanical jaundice--an aftermath of carcinoma of the gallbladder--the repeated intervention resulted in the formation of the biliodigestive anastomosis. Repeated interventions in carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts are expedient and should enter the scope of routine interventions.


[Treatment of acute mediastinitis].

[Treatment of acute mediastinitis]. The observations concern 41 patients with acute mediastinitis. 35 of them were operated upon; 28 of these patients recovered, and 7 (20%) died. 3 of 6 patients subjected to the conservative treatment died. The authors' experience proves that the possibility of improving the outcomes in acute mediastinitis correlates directly with an early diagnosis of this severe disease and an early surgical intervention.


[Structural changes in the lung and the serum lipid content in pulmonary hypertension after an experimental pulmonectomy]. In the experiments on 20 dogs with the left-side pulmonectomy it has been shown that the removal of one lung results in a progressive rise of the pulmonary circulation blood pressure which, in turn, causes some changes in the structure of the lung and of its function in the lipid metabolism.


[Lethality in postoperative peritonitis and the characteristics of its clinical diagnosis]. Within 30 years of their work the authors observed 151 cases of postoperative peritonitis, which made 1.1% of all the laparotomies carried out during this time. None of the known symptoms of peritonitis can be taken as a constant sign of this dangerous complication. In the early recognition of postoperative peritonitis and the determination of the indications for repeated laparotomy the experience of a surgeon, well acquainted with the diagnosis of postoperative complications in the abdominal organs, is the most essential. The diagnostic laparotomy (microlaparotomy) is quite justified even in case when peritonitis symptoms are not well marked, but a progressive general intoxication cannot be explained through any other causes.


[Problems in the surgical treatment of the thromboembolic complications of rheumatism]. After having studied the results of the surgical and conservative treatment in thromboses and emboli of the aorta and main arteries of the limbs in 32 patients with rheumatism the authors note a high percentage of mortality and postoperative complications. A valuable intense antirheumatic therapy, complex of measures combating inclusion syndrome allow to improve the results of the treatment of these severe cases.


[Restorative operations in atherosclerotic lesions of the arteries of the lower extremities and severe ischemia]. The results of surgical treatment of patients with atherosclerotic occlusion of the lower extremities arteries have been analysed. In 29 of 45 patients with severe ischemia of the lower extremities regional circulation disorders of stage III and in 16 patients of stage IV (gangrene) were found. The preservation of the peripheral vascular bed served as an indication for operation. The effect of the surgery was assessed on the basis of the analysis of immediate and late results. The authors believe that an adequately performed restorative operation allows to obtain good late results in 70% of patients operated upon in stage III and in 50% of those operated upon in stage IV of regional circulation disorders.


[Modified technic of puncture and catheterization of the femoral vessels in children and its effect on blood circulation to the extremities]. A modified technique of puncture and catheterization of the femoral vessels in children and a detailed description of the stages of the examination are presented. An analysis of 350 angiographies with the use of the modified puncture and catheterization technique in children aged from 1 month to 15 years was carried out. Technical errors were noted in 16 children (4.3%) and complications in 3 (0.85%). The presented observations prove that the given modification of the catheterization technique is not a very traumatic one and allows to avoid many undesirable complications which may arise especially at the stage of mastering the described method.


[Surgical correction of skeletal deformations in children with osteoarticular tuberculosis]. On the grounds of the experience with the surgical treatment of 268 children of different age with tuberculosis of the spine and big joints the types of surgical interventions, aimed at the correction, prevention or elimination of marked skeletal deformities concomitant with the main disease are defined. A high effectiveness of early necrotomies in the prophylaxis of such deformities is emphasized. A critical assessment of resection of the main joints in children of the first 7 to 9 years of age is given, and the indications for this operation are restricted.


[Role of comprehensive mass prophylactic examinations in detecting breast cancer]. The current methods of an active recognition of cancer of the mammary gland are not effective enough. 84% of 950 patients treated in the P. A. Hertsen Oncologic Institute found their tumors themselves. A complex prophylactic examination organized by the workers of the Institute has proved to be the most simple and effective method of the detection of mammary gland cancer.


Experimental Sarcoptes scabiei infestation in pigs: (1) pathogenesis. Animals were experimentally infested with Sarcoptes scabiei var suis at weekly intervals between birth and five weeks of age. Excoriations were observed on the luminal surface of the ear seven days after the initial infestation. Encrusted lesions developed in the ears of all pigs between the third and eighth weeks but spontaneously regressed and disappeared by the 14th week. A generalised pruritus, accompanied by focal erythematous skin lesions developed in a majority of pigs between seven and 11 weeks of age. The presence of pruritus was associated with an eosinophilia and histological changes in the skin which were consistent with an allergic reaction. The results are discussed in relation to their diagnostic significance and their importance in the control and eradication of the disease.


Diagnostic aspects of cerebrocortical necrosis. Specimens from cattle and sheep suspected of having cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN) were studied. Rumenal contents were examined for thiaminase-producing bacteria. Thiaminase activity was assessed in rumenal contents. The thiamine concentration of liver, brain and heart was determined and erythrocyte transketolase assessed. Diagnosis in each case, whether positive or negative for CCN, was decided by histopathological examination. There was a substantial agreement between the biochemical findings and the histological diagnosis indicating that a provisional diagnosis may be made on clinical and biochemical data alone. The findings are discussed in relation to other diseases which have the same neuropathological features. Attempts to isolate thiaminase-producing bacteria, which may be implicated in the aetiology of CCN, were inconclusive.


Seasonal reproductive inefficiency in large pig breeding units in Britain. The reproductive performance of five large, intensive pig breeding units was monitored over a period of 930 days. During this time three periods of reproductive inefficiency were noted, these mainly involving animals served during the summer months of July and August. Manifestations of this inefficiency were returns of oestrus, abortions and animals reaching 95 days of presumed gestation not-in-pig. It is suggested that ambient temperature stress, a hitherto unidentified arbortifacient factor, and a seasonal tendency towards suboestrus may have been contributory factors.


Post mortem survey of diseases in young rabbits. Over 25 conditions were identified in 417 rabbits dying within the first six months of life. Conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract were the most common and involved 124 (29.7 per cent) and 81 (19.4 per cent) cases. No obvious gross lesions were identified in 161 (38.7 per cent) of the animals.


Diseases produced by feline caliciviruses when administered to cats by aerosol or intranasal instillation. Specific pathogen free cats were infected by two feline calicivirus isolates of different plaque type, an extra-large plaque (ep) former and a minute plaque (mp) former. A comparison was made of the disease produced when these isolates were administered by either aerosol or direct intranasal instillation. With both isolates, aerosol infection produced lesions and gave rise to virus replication throughout the respiratory tract. The effects of intranasal infection were more confined to the upper respiratory tract and oropharynx. By both routes of infection the disease produced by the mp virus was clinically and pathologically less severe than that produced by the ep virus.


Identification of spring viraemia in carp (Cyprinus carpio L) in Great Britain. An investigation into a mortality of carp revealed a virus which was identified serologically and morphologically as being identical to SVC virus. SVC is a serious disease of European carp farms and this is the first positive identification of this disease in Great Britain.


Sensitivity in vitro to dimetridazole of treponemes associated with swine dysentery. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of dimetridazole (DMZ) against Treponema hyodysenteriae (55 isolates) obtained over the period 1974-77 from individual pigs with swine dysentery from 41 herds where DMZ had been in use was determined. The MIC was less than or equal to 5.0 microgram per ml for 54 of the isolates and differences in the distribution of MICs between the annual sampling periods were not significant (P less than 0.05). There was no decrease in sensitivity of T hyodysenteriae to DMZ during the survey.


Biosynthesis of the oligosaccharides of influenza viral glycoproteins. Glycosylation of influenza viral glycoproteins was investigated by pulse-labeling of infected BHK21-F cells with radioactive sugar precursors and by cell fractionation and analysis of Pronase-digested viral glycopeptides by gel filtration. The results with short pulses of [3H]mannose suggested that the initial event in glycosylation is the en bloc transfer of oligomannosyl cores to viral glycoproteins associated with rough membranes. The molecular weight of the glycopeptides which represent the cores was estimated to be approximately 1600-2200. Some mannose residues appear to be subsequently removed from oligosaccharide cores. [3H]mannose-labeled glycopeptides obtained either from cells pulsed for brief periods or from rough membranes, which contain predominantly oligosaccharide cores, were sensitive to digestion by endo-p-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (endo-H). On the other hand, glycopeptides larger than oligosaccharide cores, which appeared during chases or after migration of viral glycoproteins from rough to smooth membranes, were resistant to endo-H treatment. The branched sugars (glucosamine, galactose, and fucose), which are contained only in the complex (type I) oligosaccharide chains of virions, appear to be added in a stepwise manner to the trimmed oligosaccharide cores primarily on smooth membranes. Mannoserich glycopeptides of virions (type II) are similar in size to oligosaccharide cores detected in infected cells and are totally sensitive to endo-H, suggesting that type II glycopeptides may represent oligomannosyl cores which escape trimming as well as addition of branched sugars. Comparison of glycopeptides of infected and uninfected BHK21-F cells suggests that influenza viral glycoproteins contain oligosaccharide chains similar in size to those of host cells except for the absence of sialic acid in viral glycoproteins. Further, we observed that intracytoplasmic membranes from infected cells contain much less sialic acid than those from uninfected cells, indicating that viral neuraminidase present in the interior of infected cells possesses enzymatic activity.


[Tissue factors in the pathogenesis of thrombus formation in oncological gynecology patients]. Under study were coagulation and fibrinolytic properties of cancerous tumor, their role in the ethiopathogenesis of thromb-formation is defined. It was found that the cervical tissue involved contains a large quantity of thromboplastic substances and shows an intense antiheparin, antithrombin and antifibrinolytic activity.


[Retroperitoneal "lymphatic cysts" after radical operations in uterine cancer]. The authors report the results of studying the complications of iliac lymphadenectomy--lymphocysts developed after radical operations in 16 of 415 operated patients with cancer of the uterus. The method of indirect radioisotope lymphography may be considered to be the most simple method of detecting lymphatic cysts. Small size lymphocysts require no special surgical intervention. Extensive incapsulated lymph accumulation renders mandatory the incision and drainage of the lymphocyst in the iliac region at the site of the involvement. The most rational prophylactic measures against lymphocysts seem to be the provision for active lymph outflow by vacuum drainage.


[Characteristics of the metastasis of endometrioid cancer of the ovaries into the greater omentum]. The study is based on the authors' personal material (81 patients). It was found that malignant endometrioid ovarian tumors invade metastatically the greater omentum more rarely than serous carcinomas--in 42% according to our findings, versus 60--80% as reported in the literature with regard to serous neoplasms. Metastases of endometrioid carcinoma into the omentum are more frequently observed in patients over 40. Ascitic fluid is found in 38% of the patients, that is twice as rare as in serous cystic adenocarcinomas.


[Characteristics of the uterine mucosa in cervix dysplasia]. In dysplasia of the vaginal cervix every 7th patient (in 68 of 500) showed hyperplastic and metaplasic changes in the mucous membrane of the cervical canal and 1 per cent--Ca in situ of the cervical canal. Females with different forms of dysplasia of the vaginal portion of the cervix should be referred to the high risk groups in cancer. They should be subjected to separate curetting of the cervical canal and uterine cavity to avert intraepithelial or initial forms of the invasive cancer in this area.


[Endometrioid neoplasms of the ovaries with calcareous inclusions]. The author reports 35 personal observations of endometrioid ovarian neoplasms with cacific inclusions. It was found that calcification is characteristic not only of serous neoplasms. It is not infrequently noted in endometriosis, endometrioid cysts and endometrioid cancers of the ovary. The topography and form of calcific deposits in endometrioid structures are varied, especially in ovarian endometriosis. It is the dystrophic process, which is not a sign of a poor prognosis, that is responsible for the occurrence of calcification. An objective estimation of the differential significance of calcific concretions may allow the timely diagnosis of endometrioid ovarian adenocarcinoma and using the appropriate therapeutic measures.


[Cell viability after cryodestruction of the tumor]. By histoautoradiography DNA was determined in the Heren carcinoma cells during the first 6 days after cryosurgery of the tumor. During 2.5 days after cryosurgery no labeled cells in the cryodestructed tissue were detected. The DNA synthesizing cells were revealed in separate portions of some tumors 66 hours and longer following cryosurgery. The absence of labeled cells during 66 hours since the moment of cryoexposure indicates the block of DNA synthesis in cryoresistant tumor cells. It evidences that the cells which remained viable after cryosurgery were the cause of the recurrences observed.


[Kinetics of macromolecular carbamoylation in normal and tumor cells after the administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-14CO]. The pharmacokinetics of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-14CO (14CO-MNU) was investigated in hepatoma 22a tumor-bearing and normal mice at various time after a single intravenous injection (80 mg/kg). The rapid clearance of 14CO-MNU from plasma of the mice was observed 5 hours following the administration of the drug. Peak levels of radioactivity in the hepatoma were noted 48 hours after the administration of 14CO-MNU, while the liver, kidney, spleen and intestinal epithelium showed an insignificant radioactivity at this time both in normal and tumor-bearing mice. The analysis of the radioactivity distribution among macromolecules (DNA, RNA, protein) and lipids indicated the highest label in lipids of all organs.


[Cytomorphological diagnosis of endometrioid neoplasms of the ovary]. The study was based on examination of cytographs of the Douglas space needle biopsy specimens and histological preparations of the operative material of 150 patients, 19 of them showing ovarian endometriosis. The results of correlating histological and cytological assays for endometrioid ovarian neoplasms are reported, as well as the differential diagnostic signs of these processes.


[Moving irradiation in the combined radiation treatment of cervical cancer]. Application of moving telegamma therapy as an adjunct to the associated radiation treatment in 399 patients allowed an increase of the dosage up to 6500 rad in the parametrium area. A 5-year survival in stage I was 91.6 +/- 10.5%, in stage II--63.3 +/- 4.7% and in stage III--48 +/- 5.6%. Late postirradiation rectitis was noted in 24 patients, cystitis--in 8 and rectal fistula--in 7.


[Local connective tissue reaction in cervical cancer]. On the material of 100 intraoperative preparations of the uterus with its adnexa the authors have shown dynamically some changes in the cellular and noncellular components of local connective tissue stroma of the uterine neck in dysplasia, intraepithelial cancer, microcarcinoma and developed invasive cancer of the uterine cervix. An attempt is made to more precisely estimate the role of round-cell infiltration and stroma-formation processes for establishing the prognosis of the disease.


[Results of the radiation therapy of cancer of the true vocal cords]. A comparative estimation is given of the results of radiotherapy in 85 patients with cancer of the true vocal cords in stage T1--2N0M0 depending on focal dosage in rad and ret units. There was noted a distinct correlation between the results of the treatment and the dosage applied. The immediate clinical cure was gained in 88.2% of cases. In this group of patients an average focal dosage corresponded to 6448 +/- 72.8 rad and 1793 +/- 22.7 ret, whereas in unsuccessful radiotherapy these were 5963 +/- 158 rad and 1675 +/- 28.3 ret. A five-year cure was noted with an average dosage of 6525 +/- 87.0 rad and 1830 +/- 52.1 ret. In a group of patients with recurrences these doses were 6390 +/- 183.4 rad and 1720 +/- 34.4 ret accordingly.


[Oxygen effect in the therapy of lung cancer]. Nine lung cancer patients were subjected preoperatively to radiotherapy under hypoxia with inhaling of GHM-10 (gas hypoxic mixture). The patients were followed up during 7--12 months. The results obtained evidence the rationality of further studies in this direction, that is of special importance due to introducing of reconstructive--plastic operations on the trachea and bronchi into oncological practice. Thus, there will be a possibility to preserve, in some cases, a porton of the lung. Since the functional status of the lung after surgical and radiation treatment is of primary importance for the duration of patients' survival, the lung tissue protection from side-effects of radiation in irradiating lung tumors may offer good perspectives.


[Hemostasis system in lung cancer, benign tumors and chronic nonspecific pneumonias]. A comparative study, condicted on the coagulation status, indicated that tumor and chronic inflammatory processes in the lung as associated with high blood content of fibrinogen and fibrinogen B, the increased plasma tolerance to heparin and degree of thrombotest with a compensatory increase of the heparin content and antithrombin activity. Lung tumor patients contrary to patients with pneumonias showed a high thromboplastin activity and reduced fibrinolysis indices. The activation of euglobulin fibrinolysis is characteristic of the hemostasis system in patients with chronic pneumonias. The revealed alterations may be used both for timely prophylaxis of coagulopathy and as an adjuvant method in the differential diagnosis.


[Skin reactions of delayed hypersensitivity in melanoblastoma]. Cell factors of nonspecific immunity were estimated in 99 patients with different stages of melanoblastoma by delayed hypersensitivity skin test to tuberculin and DNCB (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene). The skin test to DNCB is found to correlate with the clinical manifestations of the disease, while the skin test to tuberculin is not related with the degree of tumor spread. It is considered not rational to use the test concerned to define one of the immune cell factors in patients with melanoblastoma during the tumor progression.


[Blastomogenic action of combined total external and local internal (131I) irradiation on adult rats]. In the combined irradiation (the total dose of the thyroid uptake--15000 rad) the total incidence of tumors was close to that in isolated X-irradiation, but their multiplicity was much higher. The incidence of thyroid tumors (16.6%) was close to that in iodine-131 administration (17.7%, the absorbed dose--11000 rad) and x-irradiation (17.5%).


[Breast cancer in combination with other malignant tumors]. Since 1950 to 1968 in the Nikolaevsk Province Oncological dispensary 1006 breast cancer patients were radically operated upon. 943 patients were followed up, primary multiple tumors being observed in 52 of them (5.5%). Primary multiple tumors in stage I were noted in 2.3% of cases, in stage II--in 7.7%, in stage III--in 4.2%. A second tumor appeared in different terms following the cure of mammary gland cancer: in the other gland--in 28 cases, in the uterus--in 7, in the stomach--in 4, in ovaries--in 1, 7 patients developed skin cancer, 1--cancer of the lower lip and 2--lymphogranulomatosis.


[Complications and lethality after radical operations for cancer of the cardial portion of the stomach]. The author presents an analysis of the data on 94 patients with cancer of the gastric cardiac portion with and without the involvement of the esophagus, in whom radical operations (proximal gastric resection and gastrectomy) were followed by various complications. The main complications and causes of patients' death were pleuropulmonary complications and peritonitis. Peritonitis was more frequently due to the anastomosis suture incompetency. Peritonitis resulted in the postoperative mortality totally in 50% of patients. Suture incompetency of entero-esophageal anastomoses was as frequent as that of gastro-esophageal ones.


[Repeated operations in pancreatic cancer]. Twenty four reoperations were performed for cancer of the pancreas. The indications were as follows: gastroduodenal obstruction, recurrent jaundice, external biliary fistulas and uneffective primary operations. In 20 patients palliative measures were performed, which improved considerably the patents' state. Reoperations for pancreatic cancer seem to be rational only in the presence of the proper indications; however an adequate primary operation in some cases may render unnecessary such relaparotomies.


[B group and ascorbic acid vitamin allowance of the therapeutic rations of phenylketonuria patients]. The allowance of the vitamin group B and ascorbic acid in specialized rations for children suffering from phenylketonuria was studied. A significant deficiency in a number of the study vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin, ascorbic acid) was detected, this being confirmed by the excretary findings. Inclusion of protein-free and of products enriched with vitamins in the ration could not fully correct the diet as concerns the study vitamins. An additional administration of vitamins in the form of preparations led to their passage with the urine reaching normal or higher levels.


[Energy expenditures, nutritional regimen and the individual indices of the metabolic status of the students at physical education institutes]. Data of a study on the factual nutrition, energy expenditures and individual indices of the nitrogen and lipids metabolism rates in students of a Physical Culture Institute of different sport specialties (heavy athletics, light athletics, wrestling, skying, cycling and rowing) are presented. Shortcomings and organization of the students' nutrition are considered and suggestions for its improvement are given.


[Effect of qualitatively varied nutrition on the lipoprotein lipase activity in rat tissues]. Isocaloric food rations with a steady protein level, but differing proportions and quality of carbohydrates and fat produce a marked effect on the activity of the lipoprotein lipase in the fat tissue and liver of rats, affecting the blood insulin level to a lesser degree. In investigated tissues a reduced activity of the enzyme was noted to occur by using a ration carrying an excess amount of animal fat and of a diet with saccharose balanced in proportions of carbohydrates and fat. A fat-rich ration with a vegetable oil and a carbohydrate-rich ration with saccharose heighten the activity of the lipoprotein lipase both in the fat tissue and in the liver, but produce an opposite action on the blood insulin concentration. The absence of direct relation between the activity of the enzyme and the blood insulin level indicates that under the effect of food differed by its chemical composition the blood insulin concentration is not a decisive factor in regulating the activity of the lipoprotein lipase in tissues.


[Action of qualitatively varied proteins in the ration on aspects of the immunobiological reactivity of the body of white rats]. For 37--48 days the action of qualitatively different proteins (caseine jellatine) on some factors of the immunobiological reactivity of growing albino rats of the Wistar lineage was studied. A decline of the body mass and hypoproteinemia maintained on a diet with jellatine by comparison with animals with corresponding factors receiving caseine was revealed. In the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and in the small intestine layer proper in rats given a diet with jellatine a reduced number of plasmatic cells and also of the lymphoid series in the epithelial layer of the small intestine villi was disclosed. These animals failed to demonstrate the presence of specific antibodies 3 weeks after immunization with diphtherial anatoxin, whereas the heterohemagglutinines titre was rising. In animals kept on a diet with caseine the proportion of the heterohemagglutinines production and of specific antibodies had a reciprocal character, which manifested itself in a hefty depression of the agglutinines biosynthesis to sheep erythrocytes with an accruing titres of antidiphtherial antibodies.


[Effect of a saccharose diet on the enzymatic activity and the metabolite content from carbohydrate metabolism in the saliva of rats of varying age]. In rats, starting from a month or three-months age, stayed for 2 months on a diet with 54 per cent of saccharose in the saliva the activity of hexokinase, aldolase, malate-dehydrogenase, sorbitol-dehydrogenase, glutamate-dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase and the content of lactate, pyruvate and glucose were determined. In the activity of significant differences of enzymes and carbohydrate metabolites in the saliva of three- and five-months old rats were not disclosed. Keeping of the one-month rats for 2 months on the saccharose diet increased the activity of enzymes (except for malate-dehydrogenase) and raised the amount of lactate and pyruvate. In five-month rats receiving the saccharose ration starting from three-month age a tendency towars a rising activity of hexoninase and to a falling malate-dehidrogenase activity were noted. The activity of other enzymes and the lactate level remained unchageed. In young rats given a saccharose diet the presence of an enzymatic shift toward intensification of the anaerobic glycolysis was confirmed by change in the isofermentative spectrum of the lactate-dehydrogenase accompanied by a drop of the total amount of aerobic isoenzymes LDG1, LDG2 and also by an excess accumulation of pyruvate and lactate.


[Xanthurenuria at different stages of liver lesion induced by protein and choline deficiency]. The parallelism between xanthurenuria and liver affections caused by protein and choline deficiency was studied. At the stages marking the development of lipohepatosis and fibrosis there occurred an intensive passage of xanthurenic acid. The intensity of xanthurenuria at the stage marking the appearance of hyperplastic nodes continued to gain strength. With progressive advance of pathological changes, which by the 9--12th months of the experiment reached the stage of a fully developed nodular cirrhosis xanthurenuria gradually stopped.


[Effect of tocopherol and protein deficiency on the activity of enzymes and their isoenzymatic spectra in rat testes]. The symptoms of E-avitaminosis against protein deficiency in the ration become manifest much earlier, i. e. in 12--16 weeks of the experiment instead of 24--36 weeks with the primary-deficient ration. This was marked by the development of the creatinuria, the falling blood serum and testes tissue tocopherol, a higher peroxidized erythrocytes hemolysis, the animals demonstrating a disturbed generative function. In the testes of the E-avitaminotic rats an appreaciably increased total activity of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G-6-PDG) and of the acid phosphatase (AP) was demonstrated, whereas the LDG remained essentially unchanged. An investigation of their isoenzymatic spectra revealed a considerable activity of the basic 5 G-6-PDG fractions with the appearance of additional ones, along with the disappearance of the specific LDG fraction--X-2 and a drastic fall in the activity of the specific fraction for the testes--LDG-X-1, with concurrent rise in the activity of the 5 basic fractions. In the isoenzymatic AP spectrum disappeared the AP-3 fraction of the degenerating testes tissues and a redistribution of the activity between the fractions took place.


[Evaluation of a pectin with a low degree of esterification as a prophylactic agent in lead poisoning]. In experiments with rats, which were undergoing priming by mouth with an acetic lead solution at the rate of 6 mg/day for 1 1/2 month, the prophylactic effect of apple pectin esterified to the degree of 26 per cent (doses 36 and 72 mg) and of 32 per cent (doses of 216 and 432 mg) was evaluated. The best prophylactic effect was found to produce pectin with a 32 per cent esterification degree, but in some of rats dysfunction of the gastro-intestinal tract was noted.


[Comparative characteristics of the peptide maps of the major proteins of influenza viruses type A]. A comparative study of peptide maps of major proteins of hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, membrane of influenza A virus strains A/WS/33, A/FM/1/47, A/Singapore/1/57, A/USSR/090/77, A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (MRC-11), was carried out. The greatest differences were observed in the peptide maps of heavy and light chains of hemagglutinin of different serotypes. The peptide maps of nucleoprotein and membrane were more similar. The A/USSR/090/77 strain by peptide maps was close to but not identical with the A/FM/1/47 strain. Structural polypeptides of the virion separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis may be used satisfactorily for comparative studies of influenza virus peptide maps.


[Study of hepatitis type B during hemodialysis]. Blood sera of 29 patients of the hemodialysis ward were regularly examined 6 months and later after hospitalization for the presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs (anti-HBs were found in 4 patients, HBsAg in one). The results of the study in one patient who developed hepatitis B infection of the dynamics of changes in specific and nonspecific values in the incubation period and in the period of manifest clinical signs of the disease are presented.


[Morphological makeup of the structures containing HBsAg in the blood of acute and chronic serum hepatitis patients]. Immune electron microscopy was used to examine the morphological composition of HBsAg-containing structures in 20 patients with acute serum hepatitis (ASH) and severe accompanying disease in whom HBsAg had been detected by the gel precipitation test for a long time, and in 7 patients with HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis (CAH) developing after ASH. Small spherical particles were the predominant form of HBsAg-containing structures in all the sera. Among ASH patients, a significant number of tubular forms and Dane particles were detected mainly in patients with severe accompanying diseases. No correlation between the appearance of a large number of Dane particles and tubural forms and the severity of the disease in ASH was established. In CAH, tubular forms and Dane particles in large numbers were found only in patients with long periods after ASH. Large numbers of Dane particles in all the examined patients were combined with a large number of tubular forms.


[Mechanism of the mutagenic action of the tick-borne encephalitis virus]. The results of cytogenetic analysis of pig embryo kidney cells infected at a high multiplicity (5-10 PFU/cell) with tick-borne encephalitis virus. The dynamics of formations of virus-induced chromosome aberrations differed markedly from that observed at lower multiplicities of infection. No increase of the mutagenic effect with increasing infective dose of the virus was found, however. The assumption that TBE virus mutagenic properties are associated with structural virus proteins is discussed. Attenuated variants of TBE virus were shown to have no mutagenic properties.


[Dispensary observation and treatment of stomach ulcer patients]. The results from the dispensary follow-up and prophylactic treatment of 175 patients with gastric ulcer in the course of 3 to 7 years (62% of the patients 5 from to 7 years) are reported. Two thirds of the patients are enlisted in the dispensary system during the first year after the disease onset. The ulcer disappears in 53.57 per cent by the end of the third month from the beginning of the treatment and in 81.43 per cent during the first 6 months. By the end of the first year, the ulcer was not closed in 8.57 per cent of the patients, hence 14.85 per cent of them underwent an operation. Control examinations and prophylactic treatment were conducted at least twice a year (in spring and autumn) in the course of three months. Recidivations occur rarely in the systematically treated patients, as well as hemorrhage and perforation of the ulcer as compared with the control group without a systematic prophylactic treatment. During the follow up, malignant degeneration of the ulcer was found in 9 patients (5.14%), 7 out of them were operated (5 at a relatively early period with a survival of 5 years in 60%). In more than the half of the patients with malignant degeneration, the duration of the gastric ulcer was over 6 years. Both the gigantic and the ulcers with small dimensions could have a malignant degeneration. Cancer degenerated ulcer are more frequently localized in the horizontal part of the lesser and greater stomach curvatures and subcardially. With a view to the timely diagnosis of cancer degeneration of the ulcer, the patients are advised to keep the control examinations under dispensary conditions--clinically, at the laboratory and endoscopically-biopsy at least two times a year.


[Occurrence of cancer in the gastric stump after stomach resection]. The investigation of 654 patients with gastric resection on the occasion of benign gastric diseases (17 with duodenal and 6 with gastric ulcers and 2 with polyps of the stomach) revealed cancer origination in the remaining part of the stomach in 25 patients (3.82%). The average of the patients at resection was 41 and the cancer confirmation in the stomach remaining part--63 (cancer process develops after about an average of 22 years--from 8 to 38 years after the resection)--in 16 of the patients in the region of the anastomosis and in the rest--at a distance from it. Cancer in the stomach remaining part was admitted in 28 per cent on the base of clinical-laboratory data, roentgenologically was diagnosed and admitted in 64 per cent and fibrogastroscopically in 52 per cent. In 80 per cent of the patients positive cancer results were obtained by purposeful gastrobiopsy. Severe atrophic gastritis in the adjoining mucosa was found in 88 per cent of the examined. Radical operation treatment (total and subtotal gastric resection) was performed to 44 per cent of the patients, the rest were inoperable. The resected stomach is a precancerosis dur to which the patients should be enlisted in the dispensary system (particularly after the 10th year after the resection) and every year to be clinically, laboratory and endoscopically-biopsy controlled with a view to the timely diagnosis of the cancer of the stomach remaining part.


[Preparation and characteristics of temperature-sensitive mutants of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus]. Fifteen ts mutants of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus have been produced and studied. Two of them were isolated from a virus population grown in the presence of 5-fluorouracyl and 13 from a virus suspension treated with nitrous acid. The efficiency of plating 40 degrees/35 degrees of various mutants varied from 2 X 10(-2)  to 6 X 10(-6). Three ts mutants had RNA- phenotype (RNA synthesis at a nonpermissive temperature was 1.5-3.3% of that of the wild type), 11 ts mutants had RNA+ phenotype (RNA synthesis decreased insignificantly, 32-75%), and one ts mutant was intermediate (18%).


[Echocardiographic changes in tricuspid insufficiency]. The following echocardiographic changes were found in 42 patients with catheterization data for tricuspid insufficiency: all echocardiographic dimensions of the right ventricle and right auricle are considerably increased; the interventricular septum reveals paradoxical movements in 38 per cent of the cases; the tricuspid echogram shows unspecific changes in the speed and amplitude parameters of the anterior tricuspid cusp--increased speed (D--E) and amplitude (C--E) of opening, increased speed of backward movement in an early diastole (E-F), increased speed of closing (A--C),increased duration of the final diastolic intervals A--C and Q--C, the difference between the Q--C interval duration of the tricuspidal valve and Q--C interval of the mitral echogram is pathologically increased, the ratio between the speed of E--F segment of the tricuspid valve and E--F segment of the mitral valve is also increased. The diagnostic sensitivity of those changes of the tricuspid echogram is about 75 per cent. EchoC-diagnosis of the tricuspid insufficiency is based on the combination of considerably increased EchoC-dimensions of the right ventricle and the right auricle, paradoxical movements of the interventricular septum and the changes of the speed and amplitude parameters of the tricuspid echogram.


[Symptomatic arterial hypertension in lupus nephropathy]. Sixty six patients with lupus nephropathy with hypertonic syndrome are examined. In patients with latent (inactive) lupus glomerulonephritis hypertonic syndrome developed 3--8 months after the initiation of the corticosteroid treatment, advancing with fluctuations, in some of the patients the arterial pressure being normalized after the discontinuation of that treatment. In patients with chronic active lupus glomerulonephritis without nephrotic syndrome, the hypertension develops before the initiation of the corticosteroid treatment, fluctuating at the beginning, and gradually assumes a stable character 3--5 months after the beginning of such treatment, sometimes with a malignant course and rapid development of renal insufficiency. The hypertonic syndrome advances most severely and malignantly in chronic lupus glomerulonephritis with nephrotic syndrome and is resistant to the active antihypertensive treatment. In 18, out of 25, such patients, the hypertonic syndrome is manifested in parallel with nephropathy before the inclusion of the cortocosteroid treatment. The grave and malignant course of the hypertonic syndrome is associated with the peculiarities of the clinical form and histomorphological type of that lupus nephropathy. In the patients with nephrosclerosis, the hypertonic syndrome is with a gradually progressing evolution, in parallel with the progress of the renal insufficiency.


[Pathogenetic and clinical significance of pentagastrin stimulation of gastric secretion in the active phase of peptic ulcer]. The gastric secretion with pentagastrin was studied in 214 subjects (130 with duodenal ulcer, 20 with double localization--in duodenum and stomach, 32 with gastric ulcer and 32--healthy). A different gastric secretory characteristic was found and the problem raised as regards the differentiated therapeutic and surgical approach in the separate tyoes of ulcer disease. The origination and clinical course of the duodenal ulcer and the ulcer with double localization are admitted to depend most likely and to a greater extent, on the gastric secretion rate. The duration of the active duodenal ulcer probably has no substantial effect on the enhanced secretory function of the stomach in the course of many years. The indices of secretion and acid elimination in single gastric ulcers are significantly diminished.


[Nephropathy in a patient with IgD-myeloma]. A myeloma nephropathy in the rarely found paraproteinemia, class IgD is described for the first time in our country, manifested clinically from the very onset of the disease and advancing with a series of peculiarities, causing differential-diagnostic difficulties. The cytostatic treatment applied was with a good effect.


[Haemoglobin AIc (HbAIc) and juvenile-onset diabetes]. HbAIc was determined in 20 children with juvenile-onset diabetes and in 15 healthy control children of a similar age group. HbAIc was 10.2 +/- 1.6% (mean +/- SD) of the total haemoglobin in the diabetic patients and 6.3 +/- 0.5% (mean +/- SD) in the controls. This difference was significant (P less than 0.001). A linear correlation was found between HbAIc and mean glucosuria over a 6-week period prior to HbAIc determination (p less than 0.01). It is concluded that HbAIc determination might be an important indicator of diabetic control and of the response to therapeutic measures since it represents an integrated gauge of blood  glucose concentrations over several weeks.


[Haemoglobin S/beta thalassaemia in a Greek family: a case study (author's transl)]. A case report is presented of the rare haemoglobinopathy HbS-thalassaemia, type betaS-betathal-O in a Greek family. The special diagnostic features are discussed, with particular reference to the differential diagnosis.


[Haemodynamic effects of depot zinc protamine glucagon in heart failure (author's transl)]. In contrast to intravenously-administered crystallene glucagon, which acts for 20 minutes only, the depot form, zinc protamine glucagon, shows a prolonged haemodynamic action. Fourteen patients with pre-existing heart failure received a single dose of 20 mg Zn protamine glucagon intramuscularly. The stroke volume and cardiac output were increased, whereas the mean and end-diastolic pulmonary pressure were decreased, indicating a positive inotropic action of the administered drug. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure remained almost unchanged. The haemodynamic changes started 60 minutes after intramuscular administration of the drug, reached a maximum effect at 3 hours and started to decrease after the fourth hour. Zn protamine glucagon can, therefore, be considered a beneficial drug in the treatment of digitalis-resistant heart failure on the basis of its long duration of action and easy route of administration.


[Biguanide-induced and - associated lactic acidosis: serum and tissue biguanide levels in hyperlactaemia and lactic acidosis (author's transl)]. An investigation was carried out on 30 diabetic patients in an attempt to clarify the relationship between serum biguanide levels and raised lactate. No consistent relationship was demonstrable between the serum biguanide level, administered dosage and time of administration. There was also no correlation between biguanide and lactate increase. It is not justifiable to quote a specific serum level of biguanides in defining lactic acidosis. A causal association between biguanide medication and lactic acidosis seems to be possible only by determination of serum and tissue levels. Determination of biguanide levels was carried out in the serum and tissue of a patient who had died as a result of lactic acidosis after phenformin administration. While the serum levels were only slightly higher than the therapeutic range, both liver and kidney tissue showed highly toxic levels. Furthermore, the amount of biguanides in the body was calculated in another patient successfully treated for lactic acidosis after buformin therapy. A differentiation should be made between biguanide-induced and biguanide-associated lactic acidosis. In both forms serum levels can be within relatively low ranges. In the former condition, the biguanides alone are responsible for the development of lactic acidosis by blocking the respiratory chain. In the latter condition they aggravate an already existing pathological condition, and can, therefore, represent a lethal factor.


[Mechanisms of R-factor coded resistance (author's transl)]. The prevalence of resistance factors (R-factors) has become a serious threat to the chemotherapeutic armament of modern medicine. These extrachromosomal elements exert their effects by supplying the harbouring bacterial cell with the genetic information for detoxifying enzymes, for the expression of biochemical mechanisms which effectively prevent antibiotic molecules from reaching their target or for the synthesis of resistant target molecules. The genes which are responsible for these effects were recently shown to reside on "transposons", genetic entities which can recombine with various DNA moieties, like plasmids, bacterial chromosomes, or the genome of bacteriophages. The transposon nature of most resistance determinants provide the bacterial world with an enormous flexibility in the response to antibiotic selection pressure. It is an absolute requirement for the future to stop further spread of R-factors by reducing the selection pressure. Doctors will have to apply antibiotics more selectively, and in animal breeding and growth promotion only those drugs should be used which are never prescribed for humans. Moreover, pharmaceutical research should be directed towards the development of compounds acting on R-factors or on their enzyme systems.


[Varying sensitivity of Gram-negative bacteria in the urine to nitrofurantoin itself, to combined nitrofurantoin-sulphadiazine and combined sulphonamide-trimethoprim (author's transl)]. In connexion with the compound produce, nitrofurantoin sulphadiazine (ratio 1:3), it was questioned whether the relative disc (ratio 1:1, produced by BBL-USA on the findings of Tiesler, 1969), should be incorporated in the routine testing of urinary bacteria in addition to the testing of pure nitrofurantoin. Since pure sulphonamide is not in our routine test programme the sulphonamide-trimethoprim combination was also included in the study at a later time on the basis of initial results. Statistical analysis showed the overall superiority of the combination of nitrofurantoin with sulphadiazine and, moreover, a significant difference in sensitivity of E. coli in comparison with problematic gram-negative bacteria where the sensitivity values and likewise, the discordance quota were markedly higher for the compound preparation. The sulphonamide-trimethoprim combination proved even less effective and demonstrated a higher level of discordance than with pure nitrofurantoin. Annually about 45% of all examined urinary samples yield gram-negative bacteria posing therapeutic problems. Hence, the nitrofurantoin-sulphadiazine compound product (BBL-disc) was incorporated in our routine test programme.