[Suitability of chemical neutralizers applied for disinfection control on commercial animal husbandry objects]. A study on the effect of various neutralizers of the most widely spread means of disinfection applied in animal rearing was made. For that purpose twin lecytine was tested for quadruple ammonium compounds: twin--for phenolic compounds, natrium thiosulfate--for iodoformium and chlor-containing compounds, as well as natrium sulfite--for formalin. As test micro-organisms were used Staph. aureus Sg 511, E. coli 078, and Ps. aeruginosa. The investigations were performed after the suspension method with dilutions in geometrical progressions. It was established that for the disinfection by quadruple ammonium compounds 3% twin-80 plus 0.3% lecytine is suitable as neutralizer. In disinfection with phenolic compounds the 1% twin-80 solution gives good results. As neutralizer of formalin disinfection 2% natrium sulfite solution can be successfully used. For iodoformium disinfection or disinfection with chlor-containing compounds good neutralizing effect can be achieved by 1% solution of natrium thiosulfate.


[Sporulation of anthrax bacilli].

[Sporulation of anthrax bacilli]. Studies on Bac. antharcis sporulation were carried out. By modifying the medium of Kim et al., it was proven that 10 out of the 13 Bac. antharcis strains studied sporulated until the 72d h more than 99%. The remaining 3 strains sporulated more slowly. It was established that the nutrient medium could not ensure optimal sporulation conditions for all strains. The fact that the capsuleless vaccine "Ihtiman" sporulates 100% at the 24th to the 48th h is of considerable importance. The cultivation of this strain on synthetic medium does not change its immunogenic properties. No reversion to its primary state of virulence was observed.


[Pharmacokinetic and microbiological studies of Pharmachem erythromycin asparate]. Anti-microbial activity and pharmokinetics of erythromycin aspartate "Pharmachim" (EA) in chickens was studied. The investigations included erythromycin thiocyanat (ET) of the company Abbott-USA (the preparation Gallimycin poultry formula). The studies revealed that EA has an effect on Gram-positive microorganisms mainly. It is quickly resorbed by the digestive tract and following the administration of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight (applied by tube) in doses of 0.14 to 0.8 meg/cm3 it can be detected in the blood serum of chickens after 10 min only have elapsed. Maximal concentrations (from 0.35 to 0.95 meg/cm3) are discovered at about the 30-60th min and after that EA levels are gradually reduced to traces or 0.125 mcg/cm3 by 24th h. Application via drinking water in a dose of 115 mg/l results in EA quantities of 0.11 to 0.2 meg/cm3 detected in the blood during the entire course of treatment with therapeutic water. The use of equal ET doses results in 20 to 39% lower antibiotic levels. The same is true for EA and ET content in organs and tissues. Both preparations are eliminated by the bile secretion untill the 96th h post treatment's end. Resorption of EA is quick and high grade following muscular injection and at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight the antibiotic persists in bacteriostatic concentrations in the blood up to the 15th, while at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight-up to the 24th h post its single application.


[Interferometric studies of the dynamics of hydration and dry matter content during light-dependent germination of the Anabaena variabilis Kützing akinetes]. Calculations following interference-microscopical measurements performed on akinetes (A), heterocyts (H), and "vegetative" cells (F) of the Cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Anabaena variabilis resulted in significant higher values of mean absolute dry matter content of the akinetes (2.06 . 10(-10) g; as compared to 0.46 . 10(-10) g and 0.31 . 10(-10) g for H and F, respectively). tthe water content of these resting cells (63%) was significantly lower than in the other two types of cells (H: 85%, F: 77%). Light exposition of the akinetes in fresh nutrition medium (i. e., conditions allowing germination within 30--50 h) resulted in a decrease of the relative dry matter content so that already in the period preceding the outgrowth of the germling the water content of the vegetative cells was achieved. Simultaneously their volume increased by the uptake of water; whereas the absolute content of dry matter remained constant or was even temporarily diminished during the first period. Only in the second period the values increased in some cases and then remained constant up to germination. The increased dry matter content, however, was not a precondition necessary for the germination of the akinetes. In darkness under otherwise unaltered conditions the values remained unchanged or, after a light period, came back to the initial level. The results demonstrate that formation and germination of the resting cells of Cyanobacteria as well are connected with an alteration in the hydratation level, i. e., in cells which continuously are kept under water saturated conditions. This increase by hydratation during the germination period is, as the germination process itself, strictly controlled by light.


Biochemical studies on sporulation in blue-green algae. I. Glycogen accumulation. Glycogen accumulation in vegetative cells of Anabaena sp. is demonstrated to be a light-dependent process. No glycogen accumulation is found in dark or in cultures supplemented with 10(-5) M DCMU in light. Large quantities of glycogen accumulate in cells undergoing sporulation and the amount increased with the onset of maturation of spores.


Re-examination of transformation within different species of Rhizobium. Investigations of the phenomenon of transformation in Rhizobium were carried out. Streptomycin resistance (str) was the genetic marker used in all experiments, with the exception of auxotrophic strains. Twenty-one experiments were performed on nine different Rhizobium strains. Some of these strains were previously reported to be transformed, while others had no prior history of transformation. Different conditions which are thought to affect the development of competence were used. In these experiments no positive results were obtained. The possibility that the experiments failed, due to inactivation of donor DNA during its preparation, was ruled out by comparison with results obtained with strains of Bacillus subtilis.


Subtilopeptidase A produced by Bacillus subtilis PR-70. II. Kinetic behaviour of immobilized enzyme. The kinetic behaviour of immobilized subtilopeptidase A was investigated. The enzyme was obtained from a local isolate of B. subtilis PR-70. Using different inorganic supports, Amberlite CG-50 was superior in this respect. It gave 97.8% adsorption, followed by silica gel GC. The values of K and K2 for the rate of enzyme catalyzed being 8.75 and 2.06, respectively. The behaviour of v against Et is the same as v against St. Michaelis' constant was determined using different methods. The average of Km value and Vmax were 0.0094 and 0.95, respectively. Studying how v behaves when St is varied while Et is constant, two active site per enzyme molecule and auto-inhibition of enzyme by its own substrate were observed. Comparing kinetic parameters of a soluble and insoluble subtilopeptidase A showed that Km decreased from 0.016 to 0.0094, while Vmax increased from 0.71 to 0.95, respectively. This indicated that when subtilopeptidase was bound to Amb. GC-50, a case of partially non-competitive inhibition occurred. The recovery of enzymatic activity in the water insoluble subtilopeptidase A is 12.8 per cent.


[Analysis of the biological effect of city smog extract. V. Comparative investigations on the effect of city smog extracts on DNA synthesis of Syrian hamster kidney and embryonic cells and of African green monkey kidney cells in vitro (author's transl)]. We analysed the effect of two samples of city smog extract from Bochum and Duisburg on DNA synthesis of mammalian cells in vitro. As a test system we used tissue cultures of kidney and embryonic cells from the Syrian golden hamster and monkey kidney cells from Cercopithecus aethiops. DNA synthesis of cells was measured by autoradiography using 3H-Thymidine. Both samples of city smog extract exerted a dose-dependent decrease of the rate of DNA synthesis in tissue culture cells. These alterations of nucleic acid metabolism were expressed by a reduction of DNA-synthesizing cells and by a delay of entrance of cells in DNA synthesis. High concentrations of city smog extracts induced a large number of cell necroses. Monkey kidney cells were more sensitive to the toxic action than hamster cells. Furthermore the city smog extract from Duisburg showed a stronger toxic effect than the extract from Bochum.


[Verification of nosocomial infection chains with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (author's transl)]. With all 3 typing methods (sero, lyso, pyocin type) errors can arise. The pyocin test following heat curing can be expected to give the least erroneous results. This was demonstrated by a test of 200 non-selected strains which were grown within 4 weeks. The possibility exists that a single patient discharges several different strains simultaneously or in succession. These results must be considered when efforts are made to detect infection chains in a hospital.


[About the temperature dependence of the bactericidal effect of some chemical disinfectants (author's transl)]. In quantitative suspension tests the influence of different temperatures (4 degrees C, 12 degrees C, 22 degrees C, 37 degrees C, +/- 2 degrees) on the bactericidal effect of formalin, phenol, sodium hydroxide peracetic acid with respect to gram-positive and gram-negative test germs (10(8) KBE/ml original culture) was examined. The results showed for formalin, phenol and sodium hydroxide a distinct temperature factor within the range of the germ-dependent, bactericidal limit concentrations. Compared with the temperature of about 22 degrees C which is normally applied in disinfectants tests revealed that at 12 degrees C the action time had at least to be doubled and at 4 degrees C the action time had to be four times as long for the complete killing of the germs. By contrast, with peracetic acid in its minimum effective concentrations (0.015 to 0.06%) a total germ reduction was attained after identical action times (5 minutes) at temperatures ranging between 4 degrees and 37 degrees C. Recommendations for the use of disinfectants must make allowance for the temperature factor.


Tricarboxylic acid-cycle enzymes and ATP pool in facultative and obligate methylotrophs: Pseudomonas J26 and Methylomonas Pl1. 1. No essential differences were found in the activities of tricarboxylic acid-cycle enzymes in the newly isolated facultative methylotroph Pseudomonas J26 and obligate methylotroph Methylomonas Pl1. 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase were absent in Methylomonas Pl1; in Pseudomonas J26 the functioning of the cycle was imparied only on the methanol medium. Citrate synthase of both organisms showed low sensitivity to 2-oxoglutarate, NADH and ATP. 2. In both methylotrophs, methanol dehydrogenase was inhibited non-competitively by ATP: the activity was reduced by half by ATP at a concentration of 5 mM. 3. Concentration of ATP in the log-phase cultures of Methylomonas Pl1 was about twice as high as in Pseudomonas J26 (4.7 and 1.7 mumol/g dry wt., respectively). 4. Differences between the energy state of Methylomonas Pl1 and Pseudomonas J26 might be due to the higher ability of the former to oxidize methanol and/or lower energy requirement for C1 assimilation by the hexulose pathway in the obligate methylotroph.


Oxidative and demethylating activity of multiple forms of laccase from Pholiota mutabilis. 1. The inducible and constitutive forms of laccase from the fungus Pholiota mutabilis show both the oxidative and demethylating activity, which proves the bifunctional character of the enzyme. 2. The oxidative/demethylating activity ratio of the forms induced either with ferulic or syringic acid is different from that shown by the constitutive form. 3. Splitting of one methoxyl group from the methoxyphenol substrate is associated with the release of one molecule of methanol.


The mechanical properties of proteins determine the laws of evolutionary change. The general inorganic nature of traditional selection theory (based on differential growth between any two systems) is pointed out, wherefrom it follows that this theory cannot provide explanations for the characteristics of organic evolution. Specific biophysical aspects enter with the complexity of macro-molecules: vital physical conditions for the perpetuation of the system, irrevocable extinction (= death) and random change leading to novelty, are the result of 'complexity per se'. Further biophysical properties are a direct function of the pathway along which random mutation in nucleic acids is converted into continuous protein - (specifically enzyme) - function, from there into organismic phenotype with fitness components which may, or may not, correspond to identifiable structural units in DNA. The general machine-like properties of enzymes, in that there is no additive relationship between structural (amino acid) composition and functional output, is discussed in more detail. The continuous growth functions of molecular concentrations, directed by enzyme turnover, determine simple laws of growth and morphogenesis in the organic hierarchy and thus of phenotype. Thus, the combined effect of DNA-structure and of environmental parameters (temperature, pressure, pH, etc.) on protein function determines ultimately the actual phenotype and hence, quality and intensity of genotypic selection.


The ultradian pulsatile release of gonadotropins in normal female subjects. With an original statistical study which employes the analysis of variance and the harmonic analysis, the authors evaluated the levels of LH and FSH obtained from 5 female patients of the infertility clinic. These subjects, apparently free from endocrine disorders, underwent a 7-hour test consisting of samples obtained at 20 minute intervals. By a double-antibody RIA method, we assayed LH and FSH in quintuplicate or triplicate in each sample and counted the tubes twice consecutively. In all subjects for LH and in 3 subjects for FSH we detected a real ultradian pulsatile release of the hormone. Period and amplitude of the LH fluctuations vary according to the phase of the menstrual cycle (follicular phase: short period and low amplitude; luteal phase: long period and high amplitude). No change in amplitude was observed for FSH, while the period in two cases varied in accordance with LH. In two cases we found multiple periods in the fluctuations of one hormone during the same test.


The resistant ovary syndrome la sindrome da ovaio resistente. After briefly recapitulating present-day knowledge on this recently identified syndrome with its polymorphic clinical and laboratory pattern, the authors describe three cases that have come to their attention. The most interesting was case III which was successfully treated on the basis of analogous reports found in the literature, with large doses of HMG-HCG in spite of the apparent "physiological absurdity" of this treatment. The authors stress the discrepancy frequently observed between functional diagnosis and histological findings; they suggest some possible explanations but stress the need for further research in order to clarify the nature of the functional damage in these patients and the level at which it is situated.


Anterior pituitary of the macaca mulatta monkey: an electron microscopic view. An electron microscopic study was performed of the cells which constitute thar anterior pituitary of the Macaca Mulatta female monkey. The characteristics of each cell are described, and the findings are illustrated schematically. Different forms of hormonal secretion are observed and described.


Effect of short-term administration of cyproterone acetate on the reproductive tract histology, ovarian and serum cholesterol contents of female monkey (Presbytis entellus entellus). Short courses of cyproterone acetate, a compound with progestational and antiandrogenic activities were administered to normally cycling female monkeys to investigate into the effects of cyproterone acetate on the reproductive tract. In little earlier follicular stage 20 mg of the drug daily for 30 days increased the cholesterol contents in the gonads. Serum cholesterol contents were slightly increased. When the reproductive tract was examined histologically, the gonads showed reduction in size, along with widespread degeneration of the young follicles as well as other growing follicles. Uterus showed progestational endometrial proliferation and sloughing of the vaginal productive tract.


Increased serum IgE in Hodgkin's disease is of polyclonal origin. The light chain of serum IgE from 4 untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease with elevated IgE levels was studied by an immunoadsorbent technique. Serum IgE was found to contain both kappa and lambda light chains in all cases studied. In addition an association between serum levels of IgE and that of IgA, IgG, and IgM was demonstrated. These findings make it unlikely that increased serum IgE in Hodgkin's disease is of monoclonal origin and support the view that serum IgE in such patients reflects a general disturbance in the regulation of their humoral immune response.


Cholesterol dynamics in macrophages implication for the bacteriology and pathology of leprosy. M. leprae in the host multiplies abundantly in macrophages rich in cholesterol. Host-grown leprosy bacilli have an extremely high cholesterol content and in this respect they occupy a unique place among procariotic cells. M. leprae takes up cholesterol from the environment and it is not clear whether it can synthesize cholesterol and if so from which precursors. Mycobacteria can be grown from leprous tissues in primary cultures only in the presence of cholesterol. These strains quickly adapt to in vitro substrates and are able to synthesize cholesterol from still-unknown chemical entities, which are also sources of carbon and energy. These still unknown substrates will probably have to be discovered before cultivation of these elusive microorganisms is achieved and we approach a better understanding of the chemical mediators in the cellular defence and/or pathology of leprosy.


Mycobacterium leprae: atypical and unclassified. Once M. leprae is grown on artificial media in the test tube, it might prove to have a great variety of characteristics quite different to those expected from our knowledge of M. leprae isolated from the susceptible host. The cultures might be slow or fast growing, pigmented or colorless, pathogenic for the armadillo, or not; they might produce limited disease in the foot pad of mice, or the contrary. The in vitro M. leprae culture might or might not provoke a lepromine reaction; the culture might grow at a lower or higher temperature. It is well documented that mycobacteria show great differences in elasticity and adaptability to cultivation conditions. It is absolutely certain that once grown in a test tube, M. leprae will behave as an atypical species. However, each individual culture of M. leprae obtained in vitro will have the same drug sensitivity pattern as in the lepromatous leprosy patient from whom it was cultivated.


Development of specific cellular immunoreactivity in typhoid fever. Development of cellular immunoreactivity to Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi-A was studied by the leukocyte migration inhibition test in 9 patients with typhoid fever and in 2 patients with paratyphoid fever. Cellular reactivity could be demonstrated from the first days of the disease in all the subjects. The most pronounced migration inhibition was observed during the febrile period. It is suggested that specific cellular reactivity may play a pathogenetic role in typhoid fever.


The chemotactic, phagocytic, and microbial killing abilities of primate polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PML). Functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes including chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbial killing were investigated in baboons (Papio cynocephalus), cebus monkeys (Cebus apella), and marmosets (Saguinus oedipus). Cells from a group of normal adult human volunteers were also studied for comparison. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from the three nonhuman primate species were comparable to each other and to humans in chemotactic activity using endotoxin activated serum. In addition, the ability of blood leukocytes to ingest and kill microorganisms was investigated using a new fluorochrome microassay. Leukocytes of all non-human primates were competent in phagocytosing bacteria, but leukocytes from cebus monkeys and marmosets ingested candida organisms poorly. Compared to humans, all nonhuman primates exhibited poor killing of the microbes.


Involvement of peritoneal macrophages in cellular responses to mastocytoma in resistant and susceptible mice. The involvement of peritoneal macrophages in rejection of mastocytoma cells in the C57BL/6 mice was examined in comparison to similar cell responses in susceptible DBA/2 mice. By means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy it was found that macrophages constituted the major cell class responding to the mastocytoma cells in the peritoneum of both mouse strains. However, in the resistant mouse strain macrophages formed the predominant cell type during the course of tumor growth. Furthermore, tissue culture of peritoneal exudate cells from this resistant mouse strain injected with mastocytoma cells five days earlier failed to grow out tumor cells. On the other hand, macrophages decreased in number in the susceptible DBA/2 mouse strain and tumor cells did grow readily in vitro when peritoneal cells containing tumor cells and macrophages were cultured in vitro. These results indicate that macrophages constitute an important cell class in resistance of a mouse strain which is now susceptible to mastocytoma cells. The ultrastructural study provided some insight into the nature of the cell types involved and their interaction with the tumor cell.


Anti-inflammatory consequences of transplanted tumors. Rats and mice bearing transplanted chemically induced neoplasms have defective macrophage infiltration of inflammatory sites distant to the tumor. The defect limits concurrently accumulation of macrophages within the tumor, raising dramatically the tumor to macrophage cell ratio. The defect may not compromise host surveillance because it requires relatively large numbers of tumor cells. The abnormality does not appear to result from circulating monocyte depletion, defective monocyte chemotaxis, or the traffic of monocytes into the tumor.


Long-term effects of ribose on adenine nucleotide metabolism in isoproterenol-stimulated hearts. 1. Among the precursor substances tested 1-14C-glycine is the most suitable for measuring rates of AN biosynthesis in rat hearts in vivo. 2. Continuous i.v. infusion of ribose for 24 hours stimulates AN biosynthesis in normal hearts and amplifies the enhancement of this process in hearts of isoproterenol-treated rats. The isoproterenol-induced decline of myocardial ATP is prevented by long-term application of ribose. 3. Elevation of the available PRPP pool mainly mediated by ribose and release of feedback inhibition of PRPP amidotransferase activity by the isoproterenol-induced ATP decline appear to be the optimal conditions required for maximal stimulation of myocardial AN biosynthesis.


Inhibition of purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity and of T-cell function with allopurinol-riboside. Allopurinol-riboside competitively inhibits the action of purine nucleoside phosphorylase on inosine in vitro with a Ki of 277 mumol. After simple incubation of allopurinol-riboside with PNP, allopurinol was not formed. Lymphocyte blastogensis induced by PHA and Con A was significantly suppressed by allopurinol-riboside in a concentration-dependent manner. When LPS was used as a mitogen, the inhibition of allopurinol-riboside on lymphocyte proliferation was less marked. Humoral immunity was not suppressed by allopurinol-riboside. In contrast, cellular immunity was significantly suppressed by allopurinol-riboside in vivo. These results suggested that allopurinol-riboside is a drug which produces a model of PNP deficiency, and that it may be a useful inhibitor of cellular immunity.


The effect of disodium cromoglycate on in vitro mast cell degranulation in human jejunal mucosa. The in vitro effect of disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) on IgE antigen-induced mast cell degranulation is described. Serum from an egg white allergic patient was used to sensitize jejunal mucosa from nine individuals. Egg white was used to challenge the IgE sensitized mast cells. DSCG in concentrations 3 x 10(-7) M to 3 x 10(-4) M was added to the mucosal specimens before antigen challenge. Mast cell degranulation in the sensitized specimens challenged with egg white was 38%. Mast cell degranulation in sensitized specimens treated with DSCG before and during antigen challenge was reduced to 2% at a concentration of 3 x 10(-5) M of DSCG (P=0.006) and to 28% at a concentration of 3 x 10(-6) M (P=0.027). No significant reduction of mast cell degranulation was seen at concentrations of 3 x 10(-7) M and 3 x 10(-4) M. The results support a role for DSCG in the treatment of gastrointestinal allergy.


The definition of the face.

The definition of the face. There is no generally agreed definition of the human and subhuman face. For primatologists the definition forwarded by PERKNOPF (1957) is most agreeable: all structures of the head which can be seen from en face belong to the human face. The face is a combination of structures heterogeneous in both anatomy and function (forehead, eyes, mouth, pelage, etc.). They are different in qualities (e.g., color of the skin or the hair) and quantities as well (length of the jaw or the hairs of the mane). Despite the heterogeneity in form and function, the face as a whole appears as a unit, because in facial expressions there is always more than one structure involved. Blage, etc.). They are different in qualities (e.g., color of the skin or the hair) and quantities as well (length of the jaw or the hairs of the mane). Despite the heterogeneity in form and function, the face as a whole appears as a unit, because in facial expressions there is always more than one structure involved. Blage, etc.). They are different in qualities (e.g., color of the skin or the hair) and quantities as well (length of the jaw or the hairs of the mane). Despite the heterogeneity in form and function, the face as a whole appears as a unit, because in facial expressions there is always more than one structure involved. Because of the frontally oriented eyes and the stereoscopic vision, the facial structures are situated on the head so that they can be seen from in front. This is the reason why primate display mainly face to face. The concepts of the internal and external face are justified only in terms of topographical anatomy.


Plasma oestrone, oestradiol and gonadotrophin concentrations in postmenopausal patients treated with oestradiol or with a combination of oestradiol and oestriol. The effect of adding oestriol or oestriol succinate to oestradiol in the treatment of climacteric postmenopausal patients was examined in a cross-over trial. Plasma concentrations of oestrone (E1), oestradiol (E2), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by radioimmunoassay after collection over a day after each medication. The subjective effect of each therapy was evaluated by the patient herself. The combination of 1 mg oestriol with 2 mg oestradiol did not change the daily profiles of plasma E1, E2, LH and FSH in three out of four patients, compared with only 2 mg of oestradiol. The other combination, 8 mg of oestriol succinate with 1 mg oestradiol, similarly did not change the daily plasma profiles of oestrogens or gonadotrophins, compared with only 1 mg of oestradiol. Neither oestriol succinate changed the clinical response during the treatment of these climacteric patients.


[A new method for enteral self administration of psychotropic drugs in the rhesus monkey (author's transl)]. This surgical method for the parenteral self administration of psychoactive substances in the Rhesus monkey is a modified gastrostomy. Success is warranted with a catheter-model which can be fixed at the inner wall of the abdomen. The catheter is placed subcutaneously until it leaves between the shoulders. Additionally all monkeys received leather corsets. This method has proved to be very safe in long-time self administration of drugs in the Rhesus monkey.


[Preliminary note on the study of seawater pollution of the Saharan coast of Tunisia]. The study to an analyse of 726 samples of sea water, taken monthly (1977-1978) at 23 stations. At the basis of the data concerning the NPP of total coliformas, 75,5% of the samples point out a clean water for the bathing place, 11,04% = "acceptable" and 9,96% = "dirty". Considering the data about the MPP of fecal coliformas and of fecal streptocques, the sanitary state is reported in 94,23% "clean for the bathing place", 1,77% "acceptable" and 4% dirty.


[Current tests for the "in vitro" immunologic exploration in man]. Several "in vitro" methods are developed to study cellular immunity as same as study of antibodies in humoral immunity exploration. The more used in human pathologics are the enumeration of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes by the formation of nonimmune rosettes E with sheep erythocytes and bone marrow (B) lymphocytes by the presence of membrane-bound immunglobulins; the detection of lymphocyte activation by measuring proliferation (lymphocyte transformation); the mixed lymphocyte reaction, the elaboration of biologically active mediators (lymphokines) and the lymphocyte-mediated cytoxicity.


Purification and partial characterization of plasminogen activator from human uterine tissue. A procedure was developed for the purification of a plasminogen activator from human uterine tissue. It involves six consecutive steps: (1) extraction of the plasminogen activator from delipidated uterine tissue with 0.3 M potassium acetate buffer, pH 4.2; (2) ammonium sulphate precipitation; (3) zinc chelate-agarose chromatography; (4) n-butyl-agarose chromatography; (5) concanavalin A-agarose chromatography; and (6) gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. The specific activity of the final plasminogen activator preparation was increased by a factor 4500 as compared with the crude extract. The purified plasminogen activator showed a strong tendency to adsorb to surfaces. This could be effectively prevented by Tween-80. The molecular weight of the plasminogen activator was 64 000 as estimated by gel filtration in 1.0 M NaCl and 69 000 as estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The plasminogen activator consisted of two chains (molecular weights 31 000 and 38 000) connected by disulphide bridges. The smallest chain contained the serine residue of the active site as deduced from the incorporation of the tritium label of [3H]diisopropylphosphofluoridate.


Critical density for protein-protein monoconjugation on a polysaccharide matrix. The galactose binding toxin (RCAII) from Ricinus communis was affinity-immobilised at varying densities on a polysaccharide matrix and reacted with glutaraldehyde. The critical density below which inter-molecular cross-links were not formed was determined. At this density RCAII was monoconjugated to lysozyme. This approach could serve as a prototype for enzyme-lectin and enzyme-antipolysaccharide antibody monoconjugation.


Physicochemical properties of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome P-450 reductase from bovine adrenocortical microsomes. Adrenocortical NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (EC. 1.6.2.4) was purified from bovine adrenocortical microsomes by detergent solubilization and affinity chromatography. The purified cytochrome P-450 reductase was a single protein band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, being electrophoretically homogeneous and pure. The cytochrome P-450 reductase was optically a typical flavoprotein. The absorption peaks were at 274, 380 and 45 nm with shoulders at 290, 360 and 480 nm. The NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was capable of reconstituting the 21-hydroxylase activity of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in the presence of cytochrome P-45021 of adrenocortical microsomes. The specific activity of the 21-hydroxylase of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in the reconstituted system using the excess concentration of the cytochrome P-450 reductase, was 15.8 nmol/min per nmol of cytochrome P-45021 at 37 degrees C. The NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, like hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, could directly reduce the cytochrome P-45021. The physicochemical properties of the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase were investigated. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 80 000 +/- 1000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. The cytochrome P-450 reductase contained 1 mol each FAD and FMN as coenzymes. Iron, manganese, molybdenum and copper were not detected. The Km values of NADPH and NADH for the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and those of cytochrome c for the activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase were determined kinetically. They were 5.3 microM for NADPH, 1.1 mM for NADH, and 9-24 microM for cytochrome c. Chemical modification of the amino acid residues showed that a histidyl and cysteinyl residue are essential for the binding site of NADPH of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase.


Chemical cross-linking of hemoglobin H. A possible approach to introduce cooperativity and modification of its oxygen transport properties. Native and reconstituted hemoglobin H molecules were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde at pH values close to the physiological. The Schiff base adducts were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before and after reduction with sodium borohydride. The major component had a molecular weight of about 31 000 which corresponded to the dimeric species of the beta subunit. In contrast to the native protein, which has very high oxygen affinity and no heme-heme interaction or 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid effect, the modified hemoglobin H molecules showed cooperative oxygen binding, decreased oxygen affinity and a noticeable 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid effect.


[Elastolytic enzymes from Actinomyces fradiae 119]. Using ion-exchange chromatography and gel-filtration, elastase II, the main elastolytic component of protofradin (preparation of proteases of Act. fradiae 119), was purified to an electrophoretically homogeneous state. The enzyme is a serine proteinase with mol. weight of 17800 +/- 1000 and a pI greater than 10. The enzyme is stable at pH greater than 4,0 and exhibits its maximal activity towards elastin at pH 9,2. An analysis of elastolytic products revealed that the enzyme hydrolyses natural elactin of bovine nuchal ligament to form large fragments with mol. weights ranging from 25 000 to 80 000 and small oligopeptides. The elastolysis is ceased at the stage of formation of short-chained peptides, predominantly tripeptides. Elastase I is a minor component of protofradin and in its molecular weight and some enzymatic properties is similar to elastase II.


[Amino acid composition and chemical functional group modification of protease (TI-Ajl) inhibitor from Actinomyces janthinus 118]. The amino acid composition of the protease (TI-Ajl) inhibitor from Actinomyces janthinus 118 has been determined. It was shown that the TI-Ajl, S-SI and plasminostreptin inhibitors of trypsin and subtilisin have a number of common features: number of double bonds, tryptophane and tyrosine residues, prevalence of the acidic amino acids over the basic ones, ets. The effect of chemical modification of amino groups, arginine, tyrosine and methionine residues on the inhibitory activity of TI-Ajl was studied. The data obtained are indicative of the presence of two active centers of the inhibitor. The antitrypsin center contains a lysine residue.


Correlations between chromosome segments and fitness in Drosophila melanogaster III. Differential genetic responses to zinc sulfate and selenocystine. Genetic X environmental interactions are examined at an intrachromosomal level in Drosophila melanogaster. With respect to two fitness components, egg production and egg-to-adult viability, evidence is provided that different segments of the X chromosome are affected differently by each of the chemical substances, zinc sulfate and selenocystine. The extent of a segment's effect on a trait is not always parallelled by the extent of its association with that trait's sensitivity to chemical treatment. Both attributes are functions of the genetical background. The degree of dominance of each segment is not always greater in the chemical environments, a finding inconsistent with Parson's concept of "extreme-environment heterosis".


Activity of precentral neurons during torque-triggered hand movements in awake primates. In monkeys performing a handle-repositioning task involving primarily wrist flexion-extension (F-E) movements after a torque perturbation was delivered to the handle, single units were recorded extracellularly in the contralateral precentral cortex. Precentral neurons were identified by passive somatosensory stimulation, and were classified into five somatotopically organized populations. Based on electromyographic recordings, it was observed that flexors and extensors about the wrist joint were specifically involved in the repositioning of the handle, while many other muscles which act at the wrist and other forelimb joints were involved in the task in a supportive role. In precentral cortex, all neuronal responses observed were temporally correlated to both the sensory stimuli and the motor responses. Visual stimuli, presented simultaneously with torque perturbations, did not affect the early portion of cortical responses to such torque perturbations. In each of the five somatotopically organized neuronal populations, task-related neurons as well as task-unrelated ones were observed. A significantly larger proportion of wrist (F-E) neurons was related to the task, as compared with the other, nonwrist (F-E) populations. The above findings were discussed in the context of a hypothesis for the function of precentral cortex during voluntary limb movement in awake primates. This hypothesis incorporates a relationship between activities of populations of precentral neurons, defined with respect to their responses to peripheral events at or about single joints, and movements about the same joint.


Pools and protein synthesis: studies with the D- and L-isomers of leucine. D-leucine and L-leucine produce pools of an identical nature in HeLa cells. Both isomers noncompetitively inhibit to the same extent pool formation and incorporation of valine. In the presence of D-leucine, [3H]-L-leucine at high specific activity is avidly incorporated into protein while forming a highly radioactive pool. The development of this pool was suppressed to normal levels by the presence of cycloheximide. It therefore represented a largely catabolic pool derived from proteins which had already become labelled. Discharge of pools of D-leucine followed first order kinetics and was significantly retarded when medium contained 10(-2) M of either isomer. Discharge of catabolic pools was equally as fast but the continual flow of labelled amino acid from protein sustained its intracellular level. The presence of 10(-2) to 10(-4) M leucine in the chase medium did not apparently alter the rate of discharge of this catabolic pool. The results are discussed in terms of the specificity of amino acids for different stages of the pathway leading to and from protein synthesis, and support the intracellular perfusion mechanism described elsewhere (Wheatley and Inglis, 1979).


Production of potent antivenin against cobra venom with conjugated-cobrotoxin. Cobra venom (Naja naja atra) and its fractions obtained by ammonium sulfate precipitation were subjected to chromatography on CM-Cellulose colum. A highly purified cobrotoxin obtained by the repeated chromatography on preparative CM-Cellulose column was 6.7 times more toxic than the original cobra venom. The toxin was detoxified by a bifunctional reagent, glutaraldehyde, to about 99.8% and utilized for immunization in animals. Mice received 4 weekly immunization with detoxified cobrotoxin and challenged one week after the last injection showed 60% protection in rabbits by immunization with detoxified cobrotoxin reached 360 LD50 neutralizing level against the cobra venom within 30 days. The results indicate that it is feasible and promising to prepare potent antivenin in animals by glutaraldehyde-treated cobrotoxin.


Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin in foods. A method has been developed for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in the boiled rice extract. The procedure utilized was the batch adsorption of enterotoxin from the cell-free culture supernatant by CG-50 ion exchange resin at pH 5.6. The enterotoxin was eluted by various concentrations of elution solution with different pH values. The lyophilized eluate was dissolved in Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) solution and analyzed with a quantitative double diffusion method. The desorption of enterotoxin from ion exchange resin appeared to be less effective by increasing the concentration of elution solution than by elevating the pH value of elution solution. The pH below 6.2 seemed to lose the ability to elute the enterotoxin from ion exchanger but enough to elimate non-specific extra proteins. The quantitative double diffusion method was able to detect enterotoxin in food with approximation in quantitation.


Protective effect of glutathione on the in vitro inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P-450 by captan. The in vitro effect of various concentrations of captan on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 from pehnobarbital-pretreated rats was studied. The I-50 value, namely the concentration of the inhibitor necessary to produce 50% loss of cytochrome P-450 was determined from theplotted inhibition curve. The presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in microsomal incubations prior to the addition of captan failed to prevent the loss of cytochrome P-450 by captan. In contrast, reduced glutathione (0.5 mM) added to microsomal incubations before captan (0.1 mM) afforded almost complete protection of cytochrome P-450 from captan inhibition. These data indicate that the inhibitory effect of captan on vitally important drug-metabolizing enzyme system, of which cytochrome P-450 is a major component, can be prevented by prior presence of reduced glutathione (GSH) but not of EDTA.


Effect of particle size distribution on hexamethylmelamine toxicity in rats. Single oral dose toxicities of six hexamethylmelamine samples with different particle size distributions were evaluated in Osborne-Mendel rats. The calculated LD50 values for the 6 samples were 1706 to 2150 mg/kg )10,236 to 12,900 mg/m2). The two samples with median particle size less than 40 micron were more toxic than the other 4 samples. Among the latter samples, severity of toxic effects was not correlated with particle size. Leukocytes, lymphocytes, platelets and body weight showed dose-related decreases for all samples. Particle size appeared to have a minimal effect on these variables. The drug produced toxic effects on rapidly proliferating tissues: lymphoid, hematopoietic and germinal epithelium. At lethal doses, microscopic lesions were lymphoid tissue hypoplasia, bone marrow hypoplasia with elevated myeloid:erythroid ratios and spermatogenic arrest. The major target organs at nonlethal doses were bone marrow and germ cells, with germinal epithelium showing the most severe lesions.


Biochemical and immunological studies on the P400 protein, a protein characteristic of the Purkinje cell from mouse and rat cerebellum. The P400 protein is a glycoprotein of high apparent molecular weight which is abundant in isolated cerebellar Purkinje cells. On SDS polyacrylamide gels, the P400 protein reacts with 125I plant lectins such as 125I Con A. This reaction is used to increase the level of detection of the protein. The P400 protein is purified by successive extraction of synaptosomal and microsomal membranes with 2% Triton X-100 and 25% Na-cholate and preparative gel electrophoresis in SDS. The specific content of P400 protein decreases in the cerebella from homozygous nervous and Purkinje cell degeneration mutant mice, where the total number of Purkinje cells is markedly reduced, and increases in those of the reeler and weaver mice where a deficit of the granule cells exists. In the cerebellum from the homozygous staggerer mouse, a small amount of P400 protein persists. During postnatal development the specific content of P400 protein per net weight does not change up to the 12th day after birth then increases up to the 25th day when it reaches the adult level. Antisera have been raised against the purified P400 protein. They give precipitation lines by the immunodiffusion reaction of Ouchterlony against a preparation of P400 protein submitted to mild proteolytic attack. Indirect immunofluorescence performed on slices of rat cerebellum with purified anti-P400 immunoglobulin G, absorbed or not on rat cerebrum membranes, reveals that both the soma and the dendritic arborization of the Purkinje cells are labelled. The neurons from the deep cerebellar nuclei are not stained.


The differing responsiveness of the anterior- and the middle-anterior hypothalamic area to estradiol benzoate implant: inhibition of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy. Estradiol benzoate (E2) was chronically implanted, unilaterally or bilaterally, for about 30 days in the anterior (A-AHA) or the middle (M-AHA) portion of the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) of unilaterally ovariectomized (ULO) and intact cyclic rats. E2 unilaterally implanted in the A-AHA partially blocked and bilaterally implanted totally blocked compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH) in response to ULO. E2 implanted in the M-AHA induced ovarian atrophy in ULO rats. In M-AHA E2 implanted rats, ovulation was completely inhibited, vaginal smears became persistently cornified, serum FSH was drastically suppressed to 23-24% of the estrous level, LH was unremarkably changed. These effects were less pronounced when the implant was place in the A-AHA, i.e., ovulation was partially blocked only with bilateral implantation, vaginal cycles were irregular, serum FSH was suppressed to 66% and 44% of the estrous level after unilateral and bilateral implantation, respectively, LH was rather unchanged. Uteri were neither atrophic whether the implants was placed in the A-AHA or in the M-AHA. In normal cyclic rats, the effects of E2 implantation in the two areas were similar to those observed in ULO rats, except that the effects were evident even after unilateral implantation since the brain had not been compensated. The results allowed to indicate a functional subdivision of the ventral AHA, at least into the A-AHA and the M-AHA. The M-AHA was experimentally elucidated to be more estrogen sensitive than the A-AHA for monitoring of serum FSH, and was suggested to be involved in the episodic secretion of FSH. The inhibitory effect of estrogen on COH may primarily be mediated through the M-AHA and secondarily through the A-AHA.


The effect of estrogen withdrawal upon the tubal epithelium of immature ovariectomized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) pretreated with estradiol dipropionate. Immature ovariectomized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) were injected intramuscuarly with estradiol dipropionate (EDP) at a dose of 20 micrograms/kg/day for 6 consecutive days and were sacrificed at days 1, 3, 8, 13 and 25 following withdrawal of the hormone. The overall height of the epithelia of the infundibulum (Inf), Ampulla (A) and the isthmus (I) and the status of the ciliated and nonciliated cells therein were observed under both the light and electron microscope and those observed at days 3-25 were assessed against those found at day 1 (control values). The EDP effect on the above aspects did not change significantly at days 3 and 8 as compared to day 1. There was rather an increase of such hormone impact on day 8: this is indicated by the observations that the nonciliated cells possessed a greater number of secretory granules (SG) and/or exhibited signs of higher secretory activity. Possible neosynthesis of SG was discerned on days 3 and 8. Retrogressive changes in the epithelia and in the constituent cell types were evident on day 13; those advanced further on day 25 but to different degrees in different segments. The changes were highest in Inf following by those in A and I in order: Inf greater than A greater than I. All these changes were described and commented upon. It is concluded that the estrogen impact lasts for some time after its withdrawal and that the nature of subsequent regression of any epithelium and of the celltype therein is determined by their position within the tube.


Production of antibodies against the porcine luteinizing hormone by two immunization methods. Two methods of rabbit immunization were applied: multisite intradermal injections of small doses and intramuscular injections of large hormone doses for obtaining antibodies against the porcine luteinizing hormone (LH). A high titre, specificity towards LH and affinity were obtained in rabbits immunized by both methods. In most animals the highest titre was noted 10 weeks after the first immunization.


Creatine kinase in serum after grand mal seizures. Total creatine kinase (CK) activity in serum was increased post-ictally in 14 out of 17 patients (82%) admitted to the hospital after one or more generalized seizures. No correlation was found between increased CK levels and cerebral or extracerebral ictal injuries. A highly significant negative correlation exists between regular anti-epileptic treatment and elevated levels of the enzyme (p less than 0.01). The maximum value of CK activity was found on the 3rd or 4th post-ictal day in 10 out of 14 patients. Correspondingly, late CK-activity increases on the 2nd-4th post-ictal day were found in 6 out of 9 experiments with unrestrained cats. In cats immobilized by relaxant drugs, only an initial rise of the enzyme within 24 h after the electrographic seizures was observed. These findings suggest that sources other than the skeletal muscle alone contribute to the increased CK activity after grand mal seizures.


Human complement activation by lipopolysaccharides from bacteroides oralis, fusobacterium nucleatum, and veillonella parvula. The properties of different lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations to induce C3 conversion in human serum was studied by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis. C3 conversion by the alternative pathway was evaluated after calcium depletion, and lipid A-dependent activation was measured by means of inhibition with polymyxin B sulfate. LPS from Bacteroides oralis converted Co mainly via the alternative pathway, whereas LPS from Fusobacterium nucleatum and Veillonella parvula const pronounced lipid A-dependent conversion. The results are discussed in relation to the chemical composition of the LPS preparations.


Effect of passage history on dengue-2 virus replication in subpopulations of human leukocytes. Three passage levels of dengue-2 virus strain PR-159, obtained during the course of deriving the attenuated S-1 vaccine, were tested for their ability to replicate in subpopulations of human peripheral blood leukocytes: (i) 6th primary African green monkey kidney (PGMK) cell passage (parent virus); (ii) 19th PGMK cell passage of a small-plaque-forming clone derived from the parent virus (S-1 PGMK virus); and (iii) virus derived by four additional passages of the S-1 PGMK virus in diploid fetal rhesus lung cells (S-1 vaccine virus). Replication of these PR-159 viruses and another strain of dengue-2 virus adapted to Raji cells (16681-Raji virus) was measured in adherent and nonadherent mononuclear cells. All viruses except the S-1 PGMK virus replicated in monocytes. Occasional replication of the S-1 PGMK virus was associated with reversion to parent virus. The addition to the monocyte cultures of low concentrations of homologous dengue-2 antibody or non-neutralizing heterologous antibody increased the yield of the parent virus as much as 400-fold. This phenomenon of immune enhancement usually enabled the S-1 PGMK virus to replicate slowly in monocytes, but the progeny virus produced large plaques similar to the parent virus. Replication of the S-1 vaccine virus in cultured monocytes did not result in the appearance of large plaques. We could not recover S-1 vaccine virus from monocytes harvested from infected volunteers in the same manner that monocytes from natural human infections yield wild virus. The three passage levels of PR-159 virus were tested for replication in lymphocytes in comparison with the 16681-Raji virus. Only the 16681-Raji virus replicated in human lymphocytes cultured with or without enhancing antibody.


Natural phosphorylation of group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C. Group A streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) type C, produced by strain T18P grown in the presence of 32P, was separated from culture supernatant fluids by using alcohol precipitation. The resulting toxin (EtOH-1) contained 3 X 10(6) to 5 X 10(6) cpm of 32P per milligram of protein. The radiolabel migrated with SPE C during isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels (pI 6.7) and double immunodiffusion, in which the toxin formed a line of identity with highly purified SPE C when reacted with hyperimmune antisera raised against SPE C. The EtOH-1 radiolabeled toxin was pyrogenic and had the capacity to enhance host susceptibility to lethal endotoxin shock. EtOH-1 toxin lost both radiolabel and biological activity after being treated with alkaline phosphatase. The nonspecific lymphocyte mitogenicity of purified unlabeled SPE C was stimulated by adenosine monophosphate but not adenosine, adenosine diphosphate, or adenosine triphosphate. Adenosine monophosphate may function as a cofactor of SPE C and contribute the phosphate group required for biological activity.


Changes in immunoferritin labeling of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi after serial cultivation in 60Co-irradiated BHK cells. The immunolabeling characteristics of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (Gilliam strain) were examined by using a purified immunoglobulin G fraction of antibody to R. tsutsugamushi raised in rabbits. Formalin-fixed rickettsiae were reacted with this antibody and then with ferritin-conjugated goat anti-rabbit Fc antibody. R. tsutsugamushi cultivated in yolk sacs was used to raise antibody for this study. When rickettsiae in BHK-21 cells infected from yolk sac seed material were immunoferritin labeled, the binding of ferritin was found to be dense and uniform on the outer surface of the rickettsiae in disrupted host cells. Immunolabeling of purified suspensions of extracellular rickettsiae resulted in the uniform ferritin labeling of the microorganism. Aggregation of these rickettsiae by antibody appeared to depend upon the purity of the pellets. Immunoferritin labeling examined at high magnification revealed ferritin very close to the outer dense leaflet of the outer membrane. On some rickettsiae or on focal sites of others, the labelin; was several ferritin particles thick, suggesting the presence of a thick coating. The immunoferritin labeling of R. tsutsugamushi during successive serial passages in BHK-21 cells revealed decreased labeling with each passage, and by the 10th passage there was no detectable labeling. However, these rickettsiae inoculated back into yolk sacs regained their immunoferritin labeling. R. tsutsugamushi passed back into yolk sacs after four serial propagations in BHK-21 cells regained their labeling on the first passage in yolk sacs. However, rickettsiae from the 20th serial passage in BHK-21 cells required five passages in yolk sacs to reestablish their previous labeling affinity. Rickettsiae which did not label after 20 passages in BHK cells regained some of their labeling characteristics when sonicated. Antibody against rickettsiae cultivated in BHK-21 cells continued labeling rickettsiae even after 9 serial passages in BHK-21 cells.


Isolation and characterization of toxic fractions from Brucella abortus. Two types of toxic fractions, protein-rich and carbohydrate-rich, were isolated from attenuated (strain 19) and virulent (strain 2308) Brucella abortus organisms. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the protein-rich fraction, in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, revealed qualitative and quantitative differences in the protein bands derived from the attenuated and virulent strains. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis indicated that the major differences between these protein fractions were in the molecular weight range from 14,000 to 40,000. Immunoelectrophoresis of these fractions from the attenuated and virulent strains revealed differences in the antigenic spectrum. Polypeptides in the carbohydrate-rich fraction could be visualized on polyacrylamide gels only when reacted with fluorescamine before electrophoresis. Immune sera did not precipitate the components of the carbohydrate-rich fraction. Intradermal injecttion of the protein and carbohydrate-rich fractions resulted in different types of skin lesions in guinea pigs, i.e., edematous/erythematous and necrotic lesions, respectively. Fractions derived from attenuated and virulent strains of B. abortus were equally toxic in the guinea pig skin test. The toxic activity of both types of fractions was susceptible to pronase and heat treatment.


Comparison of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis infections of mice and their effect on acquired cellular resistance. By using mice infected with strains of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis we examined the histological responses to infection, the relationship of histology to persistence of organisms, and the relation of persistence of organisms to the acquisition of acquired cellular resistance (ACR). Infection with B. abortus resulted in well-formed granulomas in the livers, which persisted for more than 30 days. In contrast, infection with B. melitensis produced microabscesses in the livers which resolved before 30 days. The clearance of organisms from the tissues was also different. A total of 30 days after infection, large numbers of viable bacteria were recovered from the tissues of B. abortus-infected mice whereas bacteria were no longer recoverable from B. melitensis-infected animals. ACR to Listeria monocytogenes, another intracellular pathogen, persisted for more than 30 days in B. abortus-infected mice but waned rapidly in B. melitensis-infected animals. This disappearance of ACR due to B. melitensis paralleled the clearance of bacteria from the tissues.


Serospecificity and opsonic activity of antisera to Legionella pneumophila. A high-molecular-weight surface component (F-1 fraction) has been isolated from the four serogroups of Legionella pneumophila. Antibody raised against live organisms was found by microagglutination assay to be specific for the homologous serogroup. Agglutinating activity of antiserum was markedly diminished after absorption with the homologous, but not heterologous, F-1 fraction. In addition, it was found that L. pneumophila organisms were not interiorized by rat alveolar macrophages or mouse peritoneal macrophages in the absence of antiserum, whereas homologous antiserum effectively opsonized the organisms. The opsonizing activity of serogroup-specific antisera was eliminated by absorption of the antisera with the homologous, but not heterologous, F-1 fraction. These data indicate that the serogroup-specific antigen of L. pneumophila resides in the F-1 fraction and that antibody to the F-1 fraction is required for phagocytosis of L. pneumophila by mammalian phagocytes.


In vitro studies of rickettsia-host cell interactions: ultrastructural changes induced by Rickettsia rickettsii infection of chicken embryo fibroblasts. Secondary chicken embryo fibroblasts infected with the Sheila Smith strain of Rickettsia rickettsii and grown in monolayer culture undergo rapid morphological alterations. Transmission electron microscopic examination of cells at intervals after infection showed several progressive host cell lesions, including widespread dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and outer nuclear envelope and the accumulation of electron-dense material within the cisternae of intracellular membranes. Dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is a common, early reversible manifestation of other forms of cell injury. However, the severity of the damage to the host cell resulting from the progressive distention of intracellular membranes and the subsequent formation of small segments of membrane-bound host cytoplasm within the cisternae of these membranes is unknown. Early in the infection cycle, the rickettsiae were found free in the host cell cytoplasm, within invaginations of the nuclear envelope, occasionally free in the space between the outer and inner nuclear membranes, and in the host nucleoplasm, but not within cisternae formed by swollen endoplasmic reticulum. As a consequence of intracisternal swelling and fusion of intracellular membranes later in the infection cycle, the majority of the rickettsiae were found surrounded by host cytoplasm bound by host-derived internal membranes and appeared to persist in this state until cell lysis. The overall cytopathological changes in cells infected with R. richettsii appear dramatic and, from other studies in our laboratory, are significantly different from those observed in cells infected with Rickettsia prowazekii.


Host defenses in experimental scrub typhus: role of normal and activated macrophages. Resident peritoneal macrophage from BALB/c mice were infected in vitro with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi strain Gilliam, and rickettsial growth was estimated by microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained cells. Both number of infected macrophage per culture and number of intracellular rickettsiae per cell increased with time during culture. Treatment of rickettsiae with immune serum before infection macrophage cultures reduced the number of infected macrophage by 50%. Macrophage treated in vitro with lymphokines were able to suppress rickettsial growth in the absence of detectable antibody and exhibited a 75% reduction in infection compared with normal macrophage. We also obtained activated macrophage from immune mice and found that they were refractory to in vitro rickettsial infection. Macrophage populations activated in vitro or in vivo contained a small percentage of cells which supported unrestrained growth of rickettsiae. These data suggest that an early immunological event in experimental scrub typhus infection may be the development of activated macrophage capable of suppressing rickettsial proliferation before the appearance of circulating antibody.


Method for quantitating sensitivity to a staphylococcal bacteriocin. A convenient method for quantitating the sensitivity of large numbers of bacterial strains (presently Corynebacterium diphtheriae) to a Staphylococcus aureus phage type 71 bacteriocin is described.


The I-R system of hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: influence on SF females sterility of their inducer and reactive paternal chromosomes. A specific kind of sterile F1 female, denoted SF, arises when females from strains known as reactive are crossed with males from the complementary class of strains (inducer). It has been shown that this sterility results from the interaction between the maternal reactive cytoplasm and any one of the paternal inducer chromosomes. This interaction yields other dysgenic traits including non-disjunction and mutations. In this note, the abilities of paternal gametes containing various combinations of inducer and reactive chromosomes to give more or less sterile SF females when fertilising standard reactive oocytes were compared. Although they did not cause SF sterility, reactive chromosomes, when present in sperm containing at least one inducer chromosome, were found to influence the intensity of sterility: variations of SF sterility were observed between SF females which differed only by one paternally inherited reactive chromosome. Reactive chromosomes are known to control the cytoplasmic state of reactive females. The present results suggest that this chromosomal control also takes place in SF females.


Quantitative chromatographic method for the determination of low levels of nitrilotriacetic and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acids in diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. A quantitative method for determination of low levels (0.05%, w/w) of nitrilotriacetic and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acids in diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid is described. Palmitic acid is added to the chelator as an internal standard before esterification with methanol containing 2%(v/v)H2SO4. The methyl esters of palmitic, nitrilotriacetic, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acids are first separated from diethylenetriaminepentaacetate by silicic acid column chromatography and are subsequently quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography. The method is both accurate and reproducible with less than 10% relative error. Thin-layer chromatographic separations of the methyl esters, and quantitation at the 1% level, are also described.


Determination of sulphated disaccharides from chondroitin sulphates by high-performance liquid chromatography. A sensitive method for the determination of chondroitin 4- and 6-sulphate is presented. After chondroitinase digestion of the chondroitin sulphate preparations, the obtained disaccharides are separated on a weak anion-exchange resin in a high-performance liquid chromatography system. The method was used to study 4-sulphate to 6-sulphate ratios in chondroitin sulphates prepared from bovine nasal cartilage and human nucleus pulposus. The results show clearly that these two preparations contain considerable amounts of both isomers.


Ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography: the use of low concentrations of long-chain alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides for resolving anionic solutes. The qualitative and quantitative determination of large anionic solutes, including the drug sodium cromoglycate, by an ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic technique using alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides as pairing ions is described. The method provides a sensitive and selective assay for the solutes examined in both simple aqueous solutions and in complex biological fluids, and requires no pre-extraction step. Retention mechanisms are discussed.


Combined reversed-phase and normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in the purification and identification of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene metabolites. A total of 37 compounds have been identified as rat liver microsomal metabolites of the potent carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and its hydroxymethyl derivatives 7-methyl-12-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene, 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylben[a]anthracene and 7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene. The metabolites were characterized by: (i) retention times on reversed-phase (with a C18 column) and normal-phase (with a silica gel column) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); (ii) ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence spectra; (iii) mass spectral analysis; (iv) optical activity; and (v) comparison of the physicochemical properties of the metabolites with those of some available synthetic standards. The 37 identified metabolites include four trans-3,4-dihydrodiols, four trans-5,6-dihydrodiols, four trans-8,9-dihydrodiols, four trans-10,11-dihydrodiols, two methyl carboxylic acids, two methyl aldehydes, two hydroxymethyl aldehydes, four 2-phenols, four 3-phenols, four 4-phenols and three hydroxymethyl derivatives. The trans configuration of the dihydrodiols was determined by their inability to form vicinal cisacetonides. Seven dihydrodiol metabolites were found to be optically active. Detailed physicochemical properties, such as ultraviolet absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra measured in methanol and in 0.1 N NaOH, major mass ions from mass spectral analysis and the retention times on two HPLC systems, are presented in support of the structural assignments.


Observations on the lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) after eye removal: a light and electron microscopic study. I. Classification and degeneration of optic fibre terminals. The morphological signs of terminal degeneration are compared at the light and electron microscopic levels in the lateral geniculate nucleus of Macaca fascicularis, from 29 hours to 10 days after eye removal. A close correlation can be found between the appearance of degenerating RLP-terminals (i.e. large terminals containing round vesicles and pale mitochondria), which display marked, unorganized neurofilamentous hyperplasia, and the club-shaped structures revealed by neurofibrillary staning. The ring-shaped entities present in silver-impregnated material closely resemble annular bundles of neurofilaments located in smaller retinal terminals within the neuropil. Various non-filamentous degenerative forms of particularly small terminals are also described. It is concluded that the clubs and rings visualized by neurofibrillary stains in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the monkey do, indeed, represent synaptic structures. The implications of this conclusion are discussed, as are possible reasons that contrary conclusions have been drawn by other investigators. It is further suggested that club and ring formation of degenerating retinal afferents may be related to Y and X axons in the optic tract, respectively.


[Enzyme histochemical examinations of the visual system of the adult rat following unilateral enucleation]. 12 adult white lab-rats were enucleated and after a survival period of 1, 3, 7 and 30 days the activities of GABA-T, GDH, LDH, SDH and GPDH were demonstrated histochemically in the Tractus opticus (To), Corpus geniculatum laterale, pars dorsalis (CGLd) et ventralis (CGLv), Colliculus superior (Cs) and Nucleus olivaris praetectalis (Nop). Since the ipsi- and contralateral grisea are always in the same tissue section the enzyme activities can be quantitatively compared by visual impression without a greater mistake. In To enucleation caused a hypertrophy of astrocytes together with an increase of the activities of GABA-T, GDH, LDH, and GPDH in these cells. The reactions indicate a more intensive metabolism in connection with the myelin degradation. In CGLd, CGLv, Cs and Nop following enucleation there appeared contralaterally a graded loss in the activities of GDH, LDH, GPDH, and GABA-T; only SDH scarely changed its activity. The fastest and strongest reaction was found in Cs and Nop, while CGLd and CGLv reacted later and to a less degree. In CGLv the enzyme reaction was limited to the lateral part of the nucleus. As diminution of activity is caused by degeneration of the retinal terminals the effected enzymes must be localised in cytoplasma and mitochondria of these terminals. Taking into account findings from literature the following is concluded from the time patterns, the degree of diminution of the enzyme activities and the relation of retinal to extraretinal terminals in the individual nuclei: GABA probably acts as a transmitter in interneurons of CGLd, Cs, and Nop. Glutamate is a transmitter in Cs and Nop.


Distribution of beta-galactosidase in the cerebral hemisphere of Calotes versicolor. The histoenzymological mapping of beta-galactosidase in various nuclei and fiber tracts of reptilian cerebral hemisphere (Calotes versicolor) has been reported for the first time. Almost all the enzymatic preparations demonstrate mild activity in the nuclei except one nucleus (HPD) which reveals intense activity. On the other hand, the fiber tracts, in view of the intense activity of the enzyme, have presented themselves as well delineated tracts along their entire courses so much so that in certain nuclei they can be clearly distinguished passing through the nuclei. The metabolic significance of the enzyme in various locales has been discussed.


Mutagenicity of skin tanning lotions.

Mutagenicity of skin tanning lotions. Two lotions that tan skin in the absence of sunlight and their active ingredient, dihydroxyacetone (DHA), are mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 without metabolic activation. However, addition of S-9 mix that contains Aroclor 1254-induced rat hepatic microsomes enhances significantly the mutagenic activity of all three agents. Both lotions and DHA also cause primary DNA damage as determined by the rec-assay in Bacillus subtilis. The potential human health hazard of these lotions is discussed.


Influence of Ca2+ ions and cation chelators on activity measurement of creatine kinase isoenzymes. EDTA and EGTA, added to the reaction mixture for the activity determination of creatine kinase, stimulate the activity of creatine kinase to various extents by suppressing the inhibitory effect of Ca2+ ions. The activation effect is highest for isoenzyme BB, less for isoenzyme MB, and lowest for isoenzyme MM.


Gliding mycoplasmas are inhibited by cytochalasin B and contain a polymerizable protein fraction. Studies are presented on the effect of cytochalasin B (CB) on the growth of five Mycoplasma species, three Acholeplasma species, and one Spiroplasma species. The three gliding mycoplasma species (M gallisepticum, M pneumoniae and M pulmonis are the only mycoplasmas inhibited by CB. These are the only prokaryotes reported to be inhibited by CB. This suggested that these three mycoplasmas might have some sort of cytoskeletal structure. A protein fraction has been isolated from M gallisepticum which polymerizes in 0.6 M KCl and depolymerizes when KCl is removed. This fraction contains a major 58,000-dalton protein, a 46,000-dalton protein, and a minor 87,000-dalton protein.


[Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). A new antineoplastic agent derived from the group of heavy metal complexes (author's transl)]. Platinum coordination complexes represent a new class of antineoplastic agents among which only cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) has undergone extensive clinical trials. Cis-DDP and some of its congeners share the potential to form DNA-crosslinks with the group of bifunctional alkylating agents, yet cross-resistance is incomplete. The prominent dose-limiting nephrotoxicity can be effectively circumvented by forced diuresis. Cis-DDP not only displays outstanding activity against non-seminomatous testicular cancer but also has a broad spectrum of clinical activity. It ranks very high in activity against bladder cancer and head and neck tumors. Since myelosuppression by cis-DDP is mild, it combines well with other antineoplastic agents. Synergism has been experimentally shown for cyclophosphamide and several other antineoplastic agents. For testicular cancer combination chemotherapy including cis-DDP has become accepted treatment. The simple geometry of platinum coordination complexes allows substitutions of leaving and remaining ligands with anorganic or organic moieties thus altering pharmakokinetic, antineoplastic, and toxic properties in comparison to the parent compound. Mechanism of action, pharmacology, and clinical use of cis-DDP as well as of potentially useful congeners are discussed in this review, since cis-DDP is expected to be available for general use in medical oncology in the near future.


Idiotype in myeloma terminating in erythroleukemia. A patient with multiple myeloma, IgG kappa type, developed erythroleukemia with cytogenetic abnormalities three years after diagnosis. The latter disease progressed terminally to acute granulocytic leukemia. Anti-idiotype antibody reagents were prepared by injecting rabbits with the purified monoclonal IgG kappa obtained from the patient's serum and subsequent absorption of the antisera with normal IgG coupled to Sepharose 4B. These reagents reacted specifically with autologous myeloma cells but failed to react with all tested allogeneic cells: these included myeloma cells, reactive lymphocytes and plasma cells, and established lymphoid cell lines. Common idiotypic determinants were found in lymphoid and plasmacytic cells of the patient's marrow, spleen, lymph node, and gastrointestinal tract at autopsy that were not present in the leukemic population. The findings indicate that myeloma and granulocytic leukemia cells have separate clonal origins.


Forebrain fatty acid composition during development in protein-calorie and essential fatty acid deficiencies in the rat. Rats were fed three different dietary levels of essential fatty acids (EFA), 3.0, 0.75 and 0.1 cal%, representing normal, subnormal and severely deficient dietary intakes. From the animals kept on these diets, with a protein content of 16 cal%, 3-month-old females were randomly selected to be fed diets with only 6 cal% protein but with unchanged amounts of EFA. The rats were then mated, and the effects of the diets were studied in the forebrains of their offspring. The growth and the fatty acid patterns of the ethanolamine phosphoglyceride and total phosphoglyceride fractions were studied during the first 60 days of life. Addition of protein-calorie deficiency to rats severely undernourished in EFA mitigated the biochemical signs of EFA deficiency. In EPG the developmental pattern with a decrease of 20:4 (n-6) and an increase of 22:6 (n-3) was retarded between 11 and 21 days of age in the protein-calorie deficient groups suggesting a delay in the maturation of the forebrain.


The effect of progesterone on fetal and placental development in normal and protein-energy-restricted rats. Maternal protein-energy restriction (25% of the ad libitum intake) during the first 10 days of pregnancy resulted in severely altered fetal growth rates. Fetal development was assessed by body weight, brain weight, brain DNA, and brain protein content on fetal days 16, 18, 20 and at term. The individual placentas were also examined (weight, DNA and protein content) on each of these fetal days. Progesterone was administered commencing with day 3 of pregnancy until the day Caesarian section was done, in an attempt to rehabilitate placental development. This treatment did not improve placental development on fetal days 16 or 18. However, fetal development was significantly improved on day 16 and day 20, as compared to the dietary-restricted group without progesterone.


[Some peculiarities of the kinetics of DNA structural transition after thermal jump registered by hyperchromic effect]. Structural transition of DNA is characterized by complex optical kinetic curve. The kinetic version of Felsenfeld's method is used for estimation of concentrations of "denatured" AT- and GC-base pairs in DNA molecules, and the rate constants of the accumulation of "denatured" AT as well as GC pairs have been estimated. The possible interpretation of the kinetic data obtained may be done by assumption that the fast stage of the process reflects the accumulation of the "denatured" AT pairs, which is due to the melting of AT-rich regions in the DNA molecules, whereas the slow stage of the process is limited by the melting of GC-rich regions. In contrast to the fast stage, slow stage takes place at conditions, when unwinded AT-rich regions (loops) may exist in DNA molecules and cause the delay in the process of denaturation.


Evolutionary considerations of DNA repair in relation to mutagenesis, teratogenesis and carcinogenesis. Living organisms have various mechanisms for repairing spontaneous and mutagen-induced damage in DNA. Mutagenesis, teratogenesis, and carcinogenesis are discussed in relation to DNA misrepair. The existence of highly efficient genetic mechanisms for tolerating environmental threats is argued from evolutionary viewpoints.


Molecular structure of Q nucleotide.

Molecular structure of Q nucleotide. The crystal and molecular structure of queuosine 5'-monophosphate (PQ) was analyzed by the X-ray diffraction method.


Studies on tetrahydrofuranyl-5-fluorouracils. 2. NMR studies of 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-, 3-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-, and 1,3-bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracils. Measurements of the 1H NMR spectra of the diastereoisomers of 1-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil, 3-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil, and 1,3-bis(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil in the presence of tris[3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-hydroxyethylidene)-d-camphorato]europium(Eu(TFC)3) as a chiral shift reagent showed differences between the isomers in the chemical shift changes of the protons of C2'-H and C6-H etc.


Mechanism of central action of octopamine. Octopamine (50-250 microgram ivc) activates both noradrenergic and dopaminergic system of the rat. In rats pretreated with reserpine or reserpine and FLA-63 the stimulatory action of octopamine was not inhibited, but even enhanced. Only selective destruction of dopamine containing neurons (6-hydroxydopamine, 200 microgram ivc, given 1 hr after desipramine, 25 mg/kg ip) prevents octopamine-induced hyperactivity. Octopamine depressed the noradrenaline level in the rat brain and increased utilization of the amine, but did not affect the level and utilization of dopamine.


Some structure-activity relationships of iodophorous iodine complex compounds. Part II. Biological. The iodophors described in the part I [5] were subjected to studies in order to determine their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus 209P, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. General effectiveness was evaluated and useful concentration was determined using the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) method and a test with mechanical carriers. The obtained results were compared with respective values for a commercial product--Iosan (Ciba--Geigy); we found that properties of the products were comparable. The possibility of removal of iodophors, labelled with 131I, from glass, rubber and polystyrene surfaces was also examined. We found that the iodophors are suitable for disinfection of glass and drug packages.


Tupaias (tree shrews)--a new animal model for gallstone research. II. Influence of fat, sugar, and cholesterol on bile composition. The lipid composition of bile obtained from the gallbladder and from the liver of tupaias was determined. Compared to the gallbladder bile of man, the gallbladder bile of tupaias contains the same percentage of phospholipids (PL), one third of the cholesterol (CH), and 50% more total bile acids (TBA). The lithogenic index (LI) of the bile is about 0.2--0.3. No significant sex differences or diurnal variations are found in the composition of bile. The concentration of PL, CH, and TBA is found 5 to 8 times higher in the gallbladder bile than in the liver bile. The bile acid spectrum in tupaias equals that in man qualitatively and is similar quantitatively. In a feeding experiment, the influences of butter, cholesterol, butter plus cholesterol and sucrose on bile composition, clinicochemical serum values, and liver and gallbladder histology were studied. Groups of six animals each were fed the different diets over a 10-week period. In group A: 20% butter added to the standard diet, PL content was higher, the LI was unchanged. In group B: 2% cholesterol added to the standard diet, the CH value and the LI were elevated, CH crystals but no stones were found. In group C: 2% cholesterol and 20% butter in the standard diet, stone formation was observed. PL and CH values were higher than in group A and B, TBA values were lower. In group D: 50% sucrose added to the standard diet  very low PL and TBA values were determined in the liver bile, resulting in elevated LIs. It is concluded that all three components of a diet, which had proven lithogenic in a preceding experiment (Schwaier, 1979a), contribute to gallstone formation.


Case report. An immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction apparently caused by anti-Dia. The Diego blood group system has had its primary applications in population genetics and anthropology, although it can also give rise to clinical problems. Anti-Dia has ofter been reported to cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. The patient presented in the report experienced an immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction apparently due to anti-Dia. We believe it to be the only such case reported since the Diego system was first discovered in 1956.


Resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to macrolide and analogous antibiotics. 1. The susceptibility of M. pneumoniae to antibiotics can be determined by the microtiter method. The adequate technique requires that the final volume of broth medium in a well is 0.2 ml and that the dilution is made after the parent solution of antibiotic in the test tube is dropped into a well every fifth wells. 2. M. pneumoniae was cultured on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of macrolide and analogous antibiotics, and the following results were obtained. 1) The growth of eight strains of M. pneumoniae on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of the antibiotics revealed that, in six strains, one CFU (colony forming unit) per 10(5) to 10(6) CFU of an inoculum dose was resistant to the antibiotics. 2) The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of erythromycin for the subculture of thet strains of M. pneumoniae on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of the antibiotics revealed that, in six strains, one CFU (colony forming unit) per 10(5) to 10(6) CFU of an inoculum dose was resistant to the antibiotics. 2) The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of erythromycin for the subculture of thet strains of M. pneumoniae on agar media containing two-fold concentrations of the antibiotics revealed that, in six strains, one CFU (colony forming unit) per 10(5) to 10(6) CFU of an inoculum dose was resistant to the antibiotics. 2) The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of erythromycin for the subculture of the colony grown as an average of 0.5 to eight on agar media containing erythromycin in four strains was 0.1 to 1.6 micrograms/ml in some colonies, and 400 to 800 micrograms/ml in most colonies. The results disclosed that the broth culture contains a small number of mycoplasma cells with a definite, high degree of resistance to the antibiotics, but no cells with intermediate degrees of resistance. 3) The FH strain was made resistant to erythromycin, oleandomycin, midecamycin, acetylspiramycin, leucomycin, josamycin, tylosin, lincomycin, or clindamycin by subculture in broth medium from the colony grown at the highest concentrations of each of the antibiotics in agar media. The degree of the resistance developed was 16 to 128,000 in the MIC radio and showed high values of MIC in most strains. The resistance developed was not lost by subculturing the resistant strain in broth medium without antibiotic. 4) The FH strain made resistant to the antibiotics had cross resistance to other macrolides. Strains resistant to some of the antibiotics had cross resistance to lincomycin and clindamycin, and strains resistant to others did not. Some strains made resistant to macrolides with cross resistance to lincomycin and clindaymycin and strains made resistant to lincomycin or clindamycin had no cross resistance to vernamycin B alpha, while all the resistant strains without cross resistance to lincomycin and clindamycin had cross resistance to vernamycin B alpha. No strain had cross resistance to vernamycin A...


[Roussy-Levy's syndrome: clinical aspects (author's transl)]. A case of non familial Roussy-Lévy syndrome is presented: optic atrophy, gait ataxia, bilateral hypotrophy of thenar and hypothenar muscles, weak deep tendon reflexes of the upper limbs, weak knee jerks, absent ankle jerks, bilateral Babinski, anapallaesthesia from the bisiliac spine distally, bilateral pes cavus. The literature on Roussy-Lévy syndrome is discussed and whether this syndrome should be considered as a precise entity among heredo-degenerative diseases. The overlapping of differing clinical features may suggest an intermediate form between Friedreich's and Charcot-Marie-Tooth's diseases.


Combined cycloheximide and 8-hydroxyquinoline pretreatment for study of plant chromosomes. The actions of cycloheximide and 8-hydroxyquinoline on dividing cells of root meristems of Zea mays L. have been studied during the development of a new cytological technique for sugar cane (Saccharum) root tips. The determination of mitotic phase indices revealed that combined treatment with cycloheximide (70 ppm) plus 8-hydroxyquinoline (250 ppm) was superior to treatments with either chemical separately. After the combined treatment, the preparations contained nearly ten times more cells in prophase and metaphase that were suitable for chromosome counting than those given a single pretreatment with 8-hydroxyquinoline. This new pretreatment has been developed especially for chromosome studies in tropical grasses with a large number of small chromosomes. However, both chemicals are active in a wide range of plant species.


[Occurrence and distribution of fruiting body-forming myxobacteria in Siebengebirge. Comparative studies with special reference to characteristic biotypes]. In the region of the "Siebengebirge" near Bonn, six characteristic biotopes were studied with respect to the occurrence of fruiting body forming myxobacteria. 23 different species, belonging to the 8 known genera, were found. The number of species in the respective biotopes varied between 6 and 17, the average numbers of species per sampling area were between 2.1 and 10.0. 15 species were found on dung pellets of wild living herbivorous mammals. Deciduous forest soils contained 13 species in spring, 17 species in autumn. Rock coverings contained 14, creek slopes 16, bark of living trees 9, and rotting wood 16 fruiting myxobacterial species. Myxococcus fulvus, Myxococcus coralloides and Archangium gephyra occurred in all biotops studied. The rare species were Melittangium boletus, Polyangium vitellinum, Stigmatella aurantiaca, and Chondramyces apiculatus. The composition of the myxobacterial flora depends on ecological factors (kind of dung pellets, rock, bark and pH). The ecological influences upon the distribution are discussed.


[Diseases of the digestive tract in old age (author's transl)]. Diseases of the digestive tract follow a changed pattern in old age. Their particularities as well as the geriatric aspects of diagnosis and therapy are discussed. Inflammations, neoplasms and circulatory disorders in the alimentary tract are discussed, while affections of the stomach, colon and the biliary tract are described in more detail because of their frequency and the propensity to complications and increased mortality rate involved. Although the therapeutical means and methods available for elderly patients do not differ substantially from those available for younger ones, certain guiding lines should be taken into consideration. The author shows by means of examples that certain difficulties in treating old people must not be allowed to lead either to an overrealous or nihilistic attitude.


[Rapid determination of antibiotics resistance in clinico-surgical practice on the basis of radioactive carbon dioxide measurements]. The radiometric method is founded on the measurement of the 14CO2 which has gone free. This method was worked out of our team. It is a prompt sensitive and quantitative procedure for the control of antibiotic effect on bacteria. The method is a support in critical clinical situations. The prompt establishment of the antibiotic sensitivity can be live-saving. The empirics descended from 312 surgical patients. The antibiotical sensitivity of secretion samples is to be obtained within 4-6 hours. The results show in comparison with the classic bacteriological examinations five per cent less deviation. At the same time the computer analysis enables a finer distinction. 22 variable findings are possible within the categories: sensible, middling sensible and resistant. In that way the tested antibiotics are classified in an order of rank. The apparatus for the examination is producible without particular expenses. The measurements can be carried out at each hospital or clinical laboratory.


[Bacteriological examination of amniotic fluid after intra-amnial tocometry sub partu (author's transl)]. Two sets of group of 50 women were examined and compared to find out if the introduction of continuous intra-uterine catheter during labour increased infection. Amniotic fluid was withdrawn from both groups and examined. Also a catheter was introduced into the amniotic sac of one group and after 2 and 5 hours amniotic fluid was also withdrawn from both groups and examined. Inhaled amniotic fluid from the infant was also withdrawn and bacteriologically examined both quantitatively and qualitatively. The examination proved that there was no significant increase in the infection of the test group and the control group. Also there were no complications observed on the mother and child after delivery.


[Osteon structure of the enchondral layer of labyrinthine bone. A comparative anatomical study]. Until now it is well known that throughout life the endochondral layer of human labyrinthine bone consists of a "woven, alamellar, fine-fibred type of bone" which is called "embryonic skein bone" (embryonaler Strähnenknochen) (MEYER 1927). In the present study different types of osteons in endochondral layer are described. According to KNESE and TITSCHAK'S (1962) classification of osteons these structures appear almost identical to developing osteons. They exist of woven bone or of woven bone containing lamellar fragments. There are osteons which consist of bundles of skein bone and which are not visible in long bones. Especially considering the embryologic character of endochondral layer the classification of "vascular mantles"(MANASSE 1914) is discussed.


Oxytetracycline concentration of bile after systemic and regional administration. Oxytetracycline concentration of bile was determined after systemic and regional (intraportal) infusions. A single dose of 3.60 mg/kg of oxytetracycline was infused into the brachial vein of 8 dogs and into the portal vein of 9 dogs in 120 minutes. Bile samples taken at 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes showed that the liver excretes into the bile higher concentrations of oxytetracycline in the case of intraportal infusion. The results suggest that treatment of inflammatory diseases of bacterial origin of the biliary tree might be more effective when the antibiotic is applied in intraportal infusion.


Optimization procedures in twin zygosity diagnosis by genetic markers. A cost-effectiveness analysis. More and more genetic markers usable for twin zygosity determination have become available. A relatively small number of markers is sufficient to achieve a satisfactory probability of correctly classifying a twin pair. Previously only the genetic properties of markers have been considered when choosing the markers to be determined. A cost-effectiveness analysis, which considers both genetic properties and relative determination costs of markers, is presented and illustrated with data from the Finnish Twin Registry studies.


Monitoring as anesthesia draws to a close. The closing phase of anesthesia is defined. Some of the hazards of this period are reported and illustrated by capnograms. It is claimed that the dangers arising at the end of anesthesia are insufficiently appreciated.


An assessment of "Caloreen", a new, high-energy source. A prospective evaluation study has been undertaken on "Caloreen", a new high energy preparation. Data were complete in 23 consecutive patients. Mean weight gain was 2.6 Kg (adults), and 2.2 Kg (children). Levels of haemoglobin and of serum albumin were. maintained (10.9-10.9 g%, and 3.4-3.6 g% respectively). Patient compliance was high. It was concluded that "Caloreen" was useful, and would given even more satisfactory results in predominantly Paediatric practices.


Chronic peritoneal dialysis in the management of chronic renal failure. Three patients with indwelling Tenckhoff catheters were maintained on peritoneal dialysis using an automated reverse-osmosis dialysis machine. All showed striking improvement. Peritonitis developed in two and necessitated catheter replacement in one. Strict aseptic technique in the dialysis procedure is emphasised, prevention of peritonitis being the key to success. Long-term peritoneal dialysis offers three advantages: it is a practical alternative to haemodialysis in selected cases, especially where trained personnel are few; it is simpler and cheaper.


The monkey's prefrontal cortex functions in motor programming. A new experimental approach is presented which resulted in clarification of the specific functions of the monkeys prefrontal cortex. Monkeys with chronically implanted transcortical nonpolarizable electrodes were trained on delayed response (DR) and visual delayed matching-to-sample (DMS) tasks. The onset of the trial for each group depended upon on-line computer detection of one of the specified events: FN  surface-negative steady potential shifts (SPS) from principalis cortex; MN  a similar SPS from precentral cortex; FB  near baseline SP from principalis cortex; LEM  rightward eye deviations; and YC  controls, with intertrial intervals yoked to those of other monkeys. Monkeys were trained with 1-s cue presentations. on successive delays of 2 to 12 s. The DR acquisition rate by the FN group was substantially faster than that of any other group, as indicated by its mean error that was only 17.24 percent the YC groups error. The MN and LEM monkeys acquired the task at the same rates as the YCs, while the FB monkeys were the slowest learners. The correct DR performance transferred to testing with constant intertrial intervals (without preconditions). Subsequent on-line tests with brief (0.1 s) cue duration showed high DR performance by the FN, but not by other groups. No similar rapid learning was found with the DMS task. The findings from this, and other experiments, suggest that the major function of principalis cortex is the selection, or programming of delayed spatial choice responses. The view seems consonant with interpretations for the role of the human prefrontal cortex.