The correlation between antinociceptive activity of narcotics and their antagonists as measured in the mouse tail-flick test and increased synthesis of brain catecholamines. The effects of several narcotics, narcotic antagonists-analgesics and narcotic antagonists on the synthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine in mouse brain were estimated and related to their activity in the tail-flick test. Catecholamine synthesis was estimated by measuring the accumulation of 3H-dopamine and 3H-norepinephrine formed from an injection of 3H-tyrosine. Morphine produced dose-related increases in both tail-flick activity and catecholamine synthesis. Each of the narcotic analgesics produced a significant increase in catecholamine synthesis 30 minutes after the subcutaneous injection of an antinociceptive dose (ED80). Under these same conditions, drugs which are inactive in the tail-flick test, such as pentazocine, produced a decrease in catecholamine synthesis and cyclazocine; naloxone and naltrexone were without significant effect. However, cyclazocine, which was inactive in the tail-flick test and did not alter catecholamine synthesis 30 minutes after administration, demonstrated tail-flick activity and produced increased catecholamine synthesis 2 minutes after its administration. Morphine was devoid of either activity 2 minutes after administration. Similarly, at 2 hours after the administration of a dose of morphine (10 mg/kg) that was active in the tail-flick test and increased catecholamine synthesis at 30 minutes, neither tail-flick activity nor increased catecholamine synthesis was observed. Naloxone blocked both the antinociceptive action and the increased catecholamine synthesis produced by both morphine and methadone. The results of these studies indicate that a correlation exists between tail-flick activity of narcotic-like drugs and their ability to increase catecholamine synthesis. These data support the hypothesis that brain catecholamines may be involved in the central mediation of the tail-flick response and other actions of the narcotic analgesics.


Evaluation of the discriminative effects of morphine in the rat. The discriminative effects produced by morphine in the rat were evaluated using a two-choice, discrete trial avoidance task. Stimulus control of behavior was attained with a dose of morphine one-third to one-tenth of that used in previous studies. Morphine produced dose-related discriminative effects over a 100-fold dose range. The stimulus control produced by the discriminative effects of morphine met the following criteria for classification as a specific narcotic effect: 1) oxymorphone, levorphanol, methadone and meperidine, narcotic analgesics from diverse chemical families, also produced dose-related morphine-like discriminative effects; 2) dextrorphan and thebaine, compounds structurally related to the narcotics but lacking narcotic activity, failed to produce morphine-like discriminative effects; 3) effects were blocked by the narcotic antagonist naloxone; and 4) tolerance to the discriminative effects developed upon the repeated administration of morphine and cross-tolerance extended to methadone. The discriminative effects produced by morphine were further characterized by evaluating the capacity of prototypes of other classes of psychoactive drugs to produce morphine-like discriminative effects. Profadol and pentazocine, euphorogenic analgesics with mixed agonist and narcotic antagonist properties, produced dose-related morphine-like discriminative effects whereas cyclazocine, a dysphorogenic analgesic with mixed agonist and narcotic-antagonist properties, did not. In addition, the nonopioid psychoactive drugs d-amphetamine, pentobarbital and chlorpromazine also failed to produce morphine-like discriminative effects. Thus, morphine-like discriminative effects were produced uniquely by the narcotic analgesics and euophorogenic analgesics with mixed agonist and narcotic antagonist properties. These results suggest that the component of action of morphine that enables it to function as a discriminative stimulus in the rat is analogous to the component of action of morphine responsible for producing subjective effects in man.


Protein synthesis by a cell-free preparation from the bird malaria, Plasmodium lophurae. Cytoplasmic polyribosomes were isolated from the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium lophurae by lysis with 0.15% Triton X-100 followed by high speed centrifugation through a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Polyribosomes were protected from nuclease degradation using 100 mug/ml heparin or 50 mug/ml dextran sulfate. Cell-free incorporation of radioisotope-labeled amino acids required a pH 5 fraction (duck reticulocyte), Mg2+, and an energy-generating system. The protein synthesizing system was stimulated by the addition of polyuridylic acid. Optimum conditions for protein synthesis by the plasmodial system are described. The effects of drugs on the cell-free protein synthesizing system using duck reticulocyte and plasmodial ribosomes are reported.


The serine hydroxymethyltransferase of Plasmodium lophurae. Plasmodium lophurae serine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) was partially purified and characterized by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and chromatography on Sephadex G-100. The enzyme, precipitated by 3.0.3.3 M (NH4)2SO4, had a molecular weight of 68,300 as estimated by exclusion chromatography on G-100. The pH optimum of the enzyme was 6.8-7.6 in sodium phosphate-citrate buffer. Citrate stabilized the enzyme during storage in phosphate buffer at 4 C. The Km was 4.3 X 10(-3) M for L-serine and 2.5 X 10(-4) M for tetrahydrofolate.


Pentamidine transport and sensitivity in brucei-group trypanosomes. Sensitivity to pentamidine of bloodstream forms and culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei, strains of this subspecies, and strains of T. brucei rhodesiense characteristically differs in vitro. Analyses of transport parameters for pentamidine uptake in these organisms show differences that correspond with drug sensitivity. Long slender bloodstream forms of T. b. brucei have a high affinity for the drug and high rates of uptake at indicated by Km and Vmax values for [3H]pentamidine transport. Although pentamidine and stilbamidine resistance is associated with dyskinetoplasty, this condition does not itself confer resistance to pentamidine nor does it affect pentamidine transport. However, drug-resistant strains show lower rates for pentamidine transport as does T. b. rhodesiense, which is characteristically less sensitive to the drug. Of all the forms and strains studied, procyclic trypomastigotes were least sensitive to pentamidine and had a remarkable ability to exclude the drug.


The influence of growth medium on the interactions between Bordetella pertussis and Staphylococcus aureus. Previous observers showed that many strains of Staphylococcus aureus stimulated the growth of Bordetella pertussis but we have found the reverse: the growth of all available strains of B. pertussis on charcoal-agar medium was inhibited by a standard strain of S. aureus; and 17 of 18 strains of S. aureus (as well as several other organisms) inhibited the growth of a standard strain of B. pertussis. All inhibiting colonies had an unusual brown colouration on the charcoal agar used in the investigation. Both the brown colouration and the inhibitory property were caused by acid production, probably from the starch in the medium. We therefore suggest that media containing starch and blood should not be used in studies of bacterial interference.


Localization of calcium binding sites associated with the calcium spike in barnacle muscle. La ion behaves as a competitive inhibitor of Ca ions on the calcium spike in the giant muscle fiber of the barnacle, Balanus nubilus. La-treated muscle fibers, in which the rate of rise of the spike was diminished to a known degree, have been examined with the electron-microscope. In such fibers dense particles are seen in association with the surface membrane and external lamina of the cell. La particles are not seen in association with fibers that have been allowed to recover from La inhibition before fixation. The number of La particles seen in association with the muscle fiber increases with increasing La concentration when the Ca and Mg concentrations are held constant and decreases with increasing Ca and Mg concentration when the La concentration is held constant. The results suggest that the La visible in the electron-microscope under the conditions of these experiments is bound to a class of sites similar to those involved in the Ca spike.


Characterization of Whitney's Clethrionomy gapperi virus isolates from Massachusetts. Six strains of virus were recovered from the blood and/or liver of five Clethrionomys gapperi ochraceus trapped in southeastern Massachusetts during 1969. Biological, antigenic and physiochemical properties of these isolates are reported. USA M-2268a was selected as the reference strain. This strain was identical by complement-fixation and neutralization tests to Whitneys C. gapperie virus (USA 64-7855) from New York State and was related to, but distinct from, an unpublished agent (Johnson's Microtus montanus enterovirus USA M-1146) isolated in June, 1962 from voles trapped in Klamath County, Oregon. USA M-2268a was resistant to lipid solvents and acid pH and was stable at temperatures of 4 C, 22 C, and 37 C. Virus was detected over a 10-day observation period in four species of mosquitoes inoculated with USA M-2268a, although there was no evidence of infection or replication, and transmission attempts by bite failed. Neutralizing antibody was detected in C.g. gapperi and C. g. ochraceus in various habitats throughout the state.


Sea-blue histiocytes in a case of Takayasu arteritis. Arteriographic, immunological, and bone marrow studies of a young woman with Takayasu arteritis disclosed the presence of sea-blue histiocytes in her bone marrow. We know of no other similar reports.


Quantitative and qualitative determinations of the combined effect of tetracycline and oleandomycin. I. In vitro effect. Growth inhibitory effect of combined treatment of tetracycline (TC) and oleandomycin (OM), at a ratio of 2:1, on certain species of pathogenic bacteria including drug-resistant ones was examined. By the crossed paper strip method, synergistic effects were demonstrated against 9 of the 16 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, and all of the 5 strains of Escherichia coli studied. Antagonism was observed with none of the strains and with 2 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and 2 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae tested in the present experiments. The MICs determined by the agar dilution method, also gave similar results, although synergism was not conclusively demonstrated by this method. With representative strains of S. aureus, synergism was evidenced by quantitative measurement of growth inhibition. In some strains, 1.0 mug of one drug per ml of medium inhibited the induction of resistance to the second drug. Such a small dose of one drug also inhibited the development of a mutant resistant to the second drug. These inhibitory actions were thought to be one of the important factors causing the synergistic effect of TC and OM on drug resistant bacteria.


Elevated plasma renin activity in aortitis syndrome. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured in 38 cases of aortitis syndrome. The values of resting peripheral vein blood PRA were 32.2 +/- 4.2 (SE) mmug/ml. These values were 3 times higher than those of normal subjects. Hypertension due to renal arterial stenosis was observed in 18 cases. Their resting PRA values were 41.2 +/- 6.0 mmug/ml, while in the remaining 20 patients without renovascular hypertension those values were 24.2 +/- 5.4 mmug/ml. The patients belonging to aortic arch type or extensive type had 2 times higher PRA values than those of abdominal type. The patients with stenosis or obstruction of common carotid arteries had significantly higher PRA values than the patients without these lesions. Hyperresponse of renin secretion to upright posture was also observed in the same patients with carotid artery stenosis. Abnormal renin release in Takayasu's arteritis disappeared after denervation of the carotid sinus nerve. The present study suggests that the unstable state of carotid sinus reflex is the main cause for the hypersecretion of renin.


Perinephritis hypertension in monkeys. I. An increase of plasma renin activity associated with increased permeability of retinal vessels and angionecrosis. The renal parenchyma of 5 crub-eating monkeys (Macaca irus) was wrapped by cellophane, and plasma renin activity, blood pressure and vascular permeability of ocular ground were measured in comparison with 5 unoperated control monkeys. The results demonstrated that increases of systolic arterial pressure, plasma renin activity, and permeability of the retinal vessels were found in 4 operated monkeys. There was no such abnormal finding in the unoperated control monkeys. Generally there was a rough parallelism among levels of plasma renin activity and systolic blood pressure, an increase of permeability of retinal vessels and fibrinoid angionecrosis and/or necrotizing angitis similar to polyarteritis nodosa.


Hemodynamics of experimentally hypertensive rats in conscious and anesthetized states. Cardiac output was measured by a pulse contour method in reno-vascular hypertensive rats, deoxycorticosterone (DOC) hypertensive rats and normotensive control Wistar rats in the conscious state. All rats were male in sex and 12-13 weeks of age (2-3 weeks after operation in the hypertensive rats). Cardiac output per body weight was not significantly different among the groups. Therefore, the hypertension in the experimentally hypertensive rats in the conscious state was ascribable to an increased total peripheral resistance. After anesthesia with pentobarbital and thoracotomy, the DOC rats were no longer hypertensive. However, in the renovascular hypertensive rats, the hypertensive state due to an increase in vascular resistance persisted after anesthesia, thoracotomy, and even ganglion blockade with hexamethonium bromide, indicating the importance of non-neural factors in the renovascular hypertension. Aortic compliance measured in vivo under anesthesia was smaller in either the renovascular or DOC hypertensive rats than in the control rats before and after ganglion blockade, which suggests a non-neural hardening of elastic vessels in the experimental hypertensions.


Enhancement of sulphatide metabolism in the hypertrophied kidney of C3H/He mouse with reference to [Na+, K+]-dependent ATPase. Sulphatide (cerebroside sulphate) metabolism of C3H/He mouse kidney was investigated in the course of compensatory renal hypertrophy in association with the change of [Na+,K+]-dependent ATPase, arylsulfatase A and beta-galactosidase activity. A remarkable increase in 35S incorporation into kidney sulphatide was observed 24 hours and especially 7 days after unilateral nephrectomy. In contrast, no significant alteration of 32P incorporation into major phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin was demonstrated in the compensatory hypertrophied mouse kidney. [Na+, K+]-dependent ATPase increased to 126% of control in the remaining kidneys on 7 days after operation. Specific increase in 35S specific activity of kidney sulphatide suggests its possible link with the process of active ion transport through membrane-bound [Na+,K+]-dependent ATPase. Arylsulphatase A activity increased to 151% of control on  days, while little change was observed in beta-galactosidase activity. These results suggest a sole concern of a turnover of sulphate moiety of sulphatide molecule in the elevated metabolism.


Effect of taurine on alteration in adrenal functions induced by stress. When rats were exposed to immobilized cold stress, adrenaline content in the adrenal gland as well as noradrenaline content in the brain stem were reduced drastically, while noradrenaline content in the atria was not altered by the application of stress. Oral administrations of taurine (4-7 g/kg/day, for 3 days) prevented the stress-induced decline of adrenaline in the adrenal gland and this preventive effect could not be duplicated by the administration of L-isoleucine or DL-methionine. In hypophysectomized rats, the stress also induced a significant fall in adrenaline content of the adrenal gland, however taurine administration did not show significant preventive effects on the decline in adrenal catecholamines. The immobilized cold stress induced a significant increase in blood sugar and this increase was antagonized by pretreatment with taurine. Taurine had no significant effects on  the stress-induced increase in the activity of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase and the turnover rate of adrenaline in the adrenal gland measured by the rate of decline of this amine following alpha-methyl-tyrosine administration. The administration of taurine, in both in vivo and in vitro, inhibited the release of adrenaline from adrenal medullary granules, but that of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase was not significantly affected. The stress-induced elevation of the blood level of corticosterone was not affected by taurine administration. These findings indicate that taurine antagonizes the stress-induced elevation of blood sugar by reducing adrenaline output from the adrenal gland. The regulatory mechanism most likly involves the inhibition of adrenaline release from adrenal medullary granules, possibly by stabilizing the membrane of the granules.


A clinical comparison of syrup of ipecac and apomorphine use in adults. A prospective, randomized study was performed to compare syrup of ipecac to apomorphine as the emetic of choice in poisoning cases. Of the 28 adults studied, 15 patients (54%) received 30 ml of ipecac orally and 13 received 0.1 mg/kg apomorphine subcutaneously. Emesis was successfully induced with initial therapy in 13 of 15 (87%) ipecac-treated patients and 10 of 13 (77%) apomorphine-treated patients. In the ipecac group the mean latency period before onset of vomiting was 11.6 minutes (range 4 to 26 min) and in the apomorphine group, 5.3 minutes (range 2 to 13 min) (P less than .01). In the ipecac group, one patient suffered moderate central nervous system (CNS) depression. No hypotension or respiratory depression was observed in this group. In the apomorphine group significant CNS depression developed in eight patients (62%), hypotension developed in five (38%) and respiratory depression in one. There was no consistent relationship between type of poison ingested and occurrence of side effects.


Monitoring resuscitation of primates from hemorrhagic and septic shock. Monitoring data in 16 primates subjected to septic or hemorrhagic shock and resuscitated with various solutions is presented. From a paractical standpoint, central venous pressure and urine output appear to be the best indices to use in the emergency department for resuscitation of the shock victim. The sophisticated measurements such as cardiac output, thermodye volumes, pulmonary artery wedge pressure and oxygen consumption should be reserved for the individual with depressed cardiovascular reserves and who needs "fine tuning" of his volume status.


[Fertility after treatment with HCG for undescended testes (author's tranls)]. 151 out of 212 adolescents having had been treated by human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) before puberty because of undescended testes, were re-examined 7 to 12 years later at an individual age of at least 17 years. In 121 of them a semen specimen for sperm counts could be obtained. In 10 patients, however, no ejaculate could be collected because of their hypogonadism. 78 of these 121 patients examined by sperm count had a sufficient testicular descensus after HCG treatment. In 43 adolescents HCG therapy failed, therefore subsequent orchidopexy was performed. A normal sperm count was seen in only 39 per cent of the 121 patients. After unilateral testicular maldescensus 18%, after bilateral maldescensus 43% of the patients had to be evaluated as prospectively infertile. Maier and Spann reported sperm counts below 10(6)/ml in 9 out of 17 patients with bilateral maldescensus who had been treated by surgery alone. In the present study, however, only 9 out of 35 individuals treated for bilateral maldescensus by HCG alone showed sperm counts below 10(6)/ml. Plasma LH and FSH concentrations were determined in 93 patients, 6 out of which showed hypergonadotrophic values of FSH and sperm counts below 10(7)/ml. Subsequently, 3 cases of Klinefelter's syndrome could be diagnosed among the total group of 121 patients. The etiology of testicular maldescensus is by no means uniform since anatomical, endocrine and/or chromosomal factors are involved.


[Carbromal intoxication: influence of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion]. It has been demonstrated with an in vitro model that hemoperfusion through Amberlite XAD4 or coated charcoal containing cartridges eliminates carbromal and its ureid derivatives more efficiently than hemodialysis. The following clearancs were measured in vitro (blood flow: 200 ml/min): Coil dialyser (1 m2): 55-85 ml/min, charcoal hemoperfusion 100-125 ml/min, Amberlite XAD4 hemoperfusion: 200 ml/min. The data of one patient who had been hemoperfused after the ingestion of 35 g Carbromal with the Haemocol cartridge (SMith & Nephews) are depicted. Our results permit to draw the conclusion that hemoperfusion at this time is the most efficient means to eliminate Carbromal from intoxicated patients.


Monitoring of midmyocardial and subendocardial pH in normal and ischemic ventricles. Midmyocardial and subendocardial pH monitoring was used as an indirect method for continuous evaluation of regional canine myocardial ischemia. Left ventricular midmyocardial pH (pHm) at 4 mm. depth was monitored in 10 dogs, under resting conditions, by means of a 5 mm. Beckman pH probe. pHm was 6.96 +/- 0.03, recorded at myocardial temperatures of 35 to 37 degrees C. Ischemia was then produced by snare occlusion of the proximal left main coronary artery for 2 minutes. pHm decreased to 6.87 +/- 0.03 (p less than 0.01) at 1 minute and 6.80 +/- 0.04 (p less than 0.005) in 2 minutes. When flow was restored, pHm returned toward normal within 2 minutes (pH 6.86 +/- 0.03) and at 5 minutes had returned to control values (pH 6.93 +/- 0.03). In another 5 dogs under similar conditions, pHm at 4 mm. and subendocardial pH (pHe at 8 mm.) were measured. Baseline pHm (6.97 +/- 0.01) and pHe (6.84 +/- 0.02) levels were significantly different (p less than 0.0005). After 2 minutes of ischemia, pHm was 6.82 +/- 0.03, whereas pHe decreased to 6.78 +/- 0.04 (p less than 0.1). Five minutes after snare release, pHe remained at 6.73 +/- 0.07; pHm (6.93 +/- 0.03) returned to control values. Both pHm (6.93 +/- 0.02) and pHe (6.84 +/- 0.09) levels were normal 15 minutes after release of the snare. The midmyocardium and subendocardium have different pH levels which can be monitored. Ischemia produces different pH patterns in these layers. pHm returns to control values within 5 minutes after 2 minutes of ischemia, whereas pHe remains depressed for at least 5 minutes. pH monitoring provides an accurate and simple method for on-line evaluation of endocardial ischemia.


[The use of "mesh graft" in traumatology]. Vandeput and J. Tanner's method for the reconstruction of the reticular grafting skin has been used and is recommended by the authors for the treatment of not only the thermic--, but of the mechanis lesions. The author has obtained very good results. The method is discussed and its advantages are pointed out.


[Solitary tuberculoma in the tendonous section of the m. quadriceps]. A case of isolated tuberculosis observed in the tensinous part of the quadriceps muscle is reported by the authors. The rarity of the case is pointed out. A few possibilities of the development of this tuberculoma are dealt with. In the authors' case the focus developed probably after haematogenous generalization. One year after the operation the patient is symptomfree and has no complaints.


[The effect of chitin powder on the healing of skin wounds]. Locally administered chitin powder has influences favourably the healing of the circular, open skin wounds on the dorsum. The tensil strength of the 7 days' incised skin wounds on the dorsum has increased under the effect of chitin powder suspension administered 3 days before the incision. The total hydroxyproline content was not influenced significantly by the chitin powder either in the case of circular open skin wounds or of incised dorsal skin wounds.


[Constitution and structure of human tendons]. In this introductory study our actual knowledge on the tendons is resumed and it is pointed out that on the basis of this knowledge no explanation is given as regards the pathomechanism of the "spontaneous" tendon ruptures. The authors' concept on the tendons as motor units is discussed. The examinations are dealt with, by which the authors intend to revise the conventional static tendon model.


[Incidence of blood aspiration in fatal fractures of the base of the skull]. The frequency of blood inhalation has been examined by the authors in the 15 years' material of the Institute of Forensic Medicine of the "Semmelweis" University Medical School. Out of 51.308 post mortem examinations 487 cases of isolated basicranial fractures were found. Out of them in 265 cases (=54%) blood inhalation as cause of death was verified. Attention is called to the importance of prompt blood aspiration in patients with basicranial fracture.


[Open fractures of the hand joints].

[Open fractures of the hand joints]. In the authors' opinion the optimal treatment of the open fractures of the hand articulations is the internal fixation offering the best fixation possible--this being the best antidote of the inflammatory complications and assuring the satisfactory late functional results. The splinting (stabliizing) methods known so far--as well as the preventive measures applied by the authors against inflammatory complications are discussed.


[Superficial tendoplasty after injury of the intrinsic muscle]. In 6 fingers of two injured patients, after the lesion of the intrinsic musculature of the finger with three phalanges Bunnell's sublime tendoplasty has been performed by the authors. Satisfactory functional results have been obtained, therefore the method is recommended by the authors for the treatment of similar lesions.


[Experimental tendon sheath formation by free transplantation of a long vein segment (comparative study of adhesions formed around free grafts and pedicled grafts)]. In dog experiments, in order to improve the functions after tendinous injuries diphasic operations have been performed by the authors. In the first phase, after the extirpation of the tendon of the 2nd finger its area has been bridged over by a 5-6 cm long autologous vein transplant, cannulated with a silicone rubber bar. After 4 weeks, after the vascularization of the vein transplant the silicone bar has been removed from a new approach, and through the "tunnel" formed in this way and padded with silicone a tendon has been pulled through with two different methods: 1. according to the method of Paneva-Holevitch a diphasic pedicled tendon transplant and 2. a free tendon transplant. No differences were found as regards the adhesions, the vascularization and the tissular structure of the tendon. It may be presumed that also the distal portion of the pedicled tendon transplant is really a free tendon transplant.


[Pig skin xenograft in burns. I. Technology, laboratory studies. II. Clinical experience]. The technology of the preparation of certainly sterile xenograft--pig's skin has been examined by the authors before the therapeutical use. On the basis of their examinations it was found by the authors that 2500 krad gamma radiation is suitable for the sterilization of the pig's skin--for the preparation of both the nature or lyophilized skin--since at this radiation value the pig's skin suffers no injury. After the preparation of the xenograft its clinical use has been initiated with certainly sterile material in children with burns. Xenograft has been used on 50 occasions, chiefly after surgical necrectomy, as provisional biological dressing. On the basis of their satisfactors results the authors advocate the use of the xenograft in burns, in certain skin affections, in clinical pictures concomitant with skinning and cutaneous necrosis and generally in all cases, in which skin grafting in necessary.


[Radioisotopes used in the diagnosis of bone diseases]. The radiopharmacons produced in Hungary and suitable for the demonstration of reactive bone alterations are discussed by the authors. These pharmacons are the following: 85ScCl2=Strontiumchloride, 153Sm-EDTA=Samarium ethylendiamintetraacetate, 169Yb-citrate=Ytterbium-citrate, 99mTc-HEDSPA=Technetium-hydroxy-ethylene-diphosphonate, 99mTc-pyrophosphate. The scintigraphic pictures obtained by the use of these radiopharmacons are presented. On the basis of their experimental examinations the numerous advantages of the use of 99mTc-HEDSPA are pointed out and the possibilities are outlines, which are to be obtained in the detection of occult bone alterations, in the examination of juvenile patients and perhaps in the case of osteotransplantation.


[Surgical treatment of knee joint ligaments]. Because injuries of the ligaments of the knee joint, during 11 years 58 operations have been performed by the authors. In order to evaluate the late results, all patients have been reexamined 1 to 10 years after the operation. In more than the half of the cases at the least 2 ligament injuries have been operated on. 31 patients underwent the operation within two weeks after the injury, and the other patients later on. The authors' material and results are compared also with the data of the literature. In the authors' opinion the result of the surgical treatment is not decisively depending on the chosen operative method. The early and exact diagnosis--forming the basis of the suitable treatment--are of far greater importance. The perfect operative technique and the consequent rehabilitation are indispensable requirements of all surgical interventions. After severe ligament injury of the knee joint the surgical intervention allowed to 2/3 or 3/4 of the injured patients to return to work with stabilized knee. In younger patients also sporting may be possible. Therefore the surgical treatment of the knees, which became unstable because of ligament injury, is absolutely indicated in patients in working age.


[The so-called "intact" side in Perthes' disease]. Out of the 32 patients treated with Perthes' disease in the Orthopaedic Department of the University Medical School, PECS, in 9 cases bilateral course has been observed. Out of 23 children with Perthes' disease and unilateral, typical course the authors have observed in 12 patients pathological X-ray signs on the "intact" side--which were more distinct on the epiphyseal center, but chiefly on the growth intervertebral disk and on the metaphysis. In the same time, no subjective complaints and no other objective clinical symptoms pointed to Perthes' disease. It is supposed by the authors that transient ischaemic state may occur also on the side classified as "intact", but with reversible consequences, thus, the alterations of the epiphyseal center do not display the typical course of the Perthes' disease.


[Alloplastic reconstruction of the proximal third of the femur. Case report]. The case of a woman, aged 51, is reported. In this patient, in 1961, because of an alteration developed in the right neck of the femur--and trochanter area--diagnosed for osteoclastoma--irradiation treatment has been performed. After steadily increasing complaints the patient suffered in 1965 a pathological fracture. In 1966 after resection of the proximal third of the femurametallic prosthesis have been used. With a satisfactory hip function the patient is--even 8 and a half years after the operation--able to walk and at work again.


Program for managing chronic pain. II. Short-term results. A program for treating inpatients who had chronic pain resulted in significant improvement in 79% of them by the time of their dismissal. At the time of short-term follow-up (6 months), however, this improvement rate had diminished to 50%. It was observed that this type of chronically disabled person can return home and increase work-related activity without returning to previous patterns of drug use and repeated hospitalizations.


Enzymatic hydrolysis of 1-monoacyl-SN-glycerol-3-phosphoryl-choline (1-lysolecithin) by phospholipases from peanut seeds. Hydrolysis of 1-lysolecithin (1-acyl glycerophosphorylcholine [1-acyl GPC]) by preparations of phospholipase D from peanut seeds was investigated. 1-Lysolecithin was hydrolyzed at a much slower rate than phosphatidylcholine (lecithin). Although Ca+2 ions are required for the cleavage of lecithin by the enzyme, their effect on the hydrolysis of lysolecithin depended upon the concentration of the substrate: at 0.2 mM 1-lysolecithin, Ca+2 ions increased the reaction rates, whereas at concentrations of the substrate lower than 0.1 mM, Ca+2 ions were inhibitory. A broad pH activity curve between 5 and 8 was obtained with higher rates in the alkaline range, both in the absence and presence of Ca+2 ions. The increased hydrolysis of lysolecithin due to Ca+2 was noticed over the entire pH range. Upon storage of the enzyme solutions at 4 C, decreased rates of hydrolysis of lecithin were observed, with t 1/2 values of ca. 50 and 100 days depending on the purity of the preparation. During the same period, no reduction occurred in the activity of these preparations on lysolecithin as substrate. The effects of Ca+2 ions and the analysis of the products of 1-acyl GPC cleavage by the enzyme preparations revealed the presence of more than one enzyme and the formation of the following compounds: lysophosphatidic acids (1 acyl glycerophosphoric acids), free fatty acids, glycerophosphorylcholine, and choline. The possible pathways leading to the degradation of lysolecithin and the formation of these products include reactions catalyzed by lysophospholipase A1 (lysophosphatidylcholine 1-acyl hydrolase, E.C. 3.1.1.5) and a phosphodiesterase (L-3-glycerylphosphorylcholine glycerophosphohydrolase, E.C.3.1.4.2), in addition to phospholipase D (phosphatidyl-choline phosphatidohydrolase, E.C. 3.1.4.4).


The potentialities of some antihistaminics in preanaesthetic medication. A detailed study has been carried out on the potentialities of antazoline and chlorpheneramine (C.P.M.) in preanaesthetic medication. It included a determination of their sedative action, effects on cardiovascular system and any possible anticholinergic and antiarrhythmic properties. Both drugs depressed spontaneous activity in mice. Antazoline produced hypotension in chloralosed dogs and spinal cats (a peripheral action). Both produced a negative inotropic action on isolated rabbit's heart. On rat's auricle antazoline produced a positive chronotropic action while C.P.M. produced a negative chronotropic action. Both drugs could protect the heart against adrenaline induced arrhythmias during chloroform and halothane anaesthesia. Their anticholinergic properties were demonstrated by studies on isolated rabbit's heart and intestine as well as on isolated guinea pig's ileum.


[Classification of acute bacterial meningitis cases according to their etiology, seen in a children's hospital in Ankara from March 1973 to April 1974]. In a 14 months period, as from March 1973 to April 1974 468 cases of acute bacterial meningitis have been diagnosed by C.S.F. findings; namely by examining the protein and sugar content, by the cell counts, Gram's staining and culturing of the sediments of C.S.F. 188 cases were proven by culturing to be meningococcic meningitis. All these cases are from the families living in suburban areas of the city under crowded circumstances, which show the importance of population density in the epidemiology of this particular disease.


[Yeast cell wall-dissolving enzymes of the thermotolerant actinomycete Thermoactinomyces vulgaris]. The thermotolerant culture of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris PA II-4A was cultivated in the Biotec fermenter to obtain the enzyme preparation with a high proteolytic and lytic activity. Resistance of the cells of Candida utilis and Saccharomyces fragilis (mesophilic and thermotolerant strains) to the lytic action of the enzyme preparation was different. Preliminary treatment of the yeast cells by L-cysteine increased their susceptibility to the lytic action of the preparation. The degree of lysis of the cells depended also on their age: the cells growing during 10-12 hours were lysed easier than the cells cultivated during 24 hours.


[Cholesterol breakdown by enzyme preparations extracted from Streptomyces lavendulae]. Cholesterol was decomposed by 75-90% during two hours by enzyme preparations from the disintegrated mycelium of Streptomyces lavendulae. The effect of concentrations of cholesterol and protein on the decomposition of cholesterol by the enzyme was studied; the higher the content of protein in a sample, the more rapidly cholesterol is decomposed; the rate of cholesterol decomposition increases with a decrease of its concentration. The optimum pH is 7.5-9.0. After dialysis and lyophilization, the activity of the enzyme preparations remains the same during two weeks, and then decreases by a factor of 1.5-2 in the course of the following thirty days.


Sulphasalazine lung.

Sulphasalazine lung. A patient developed the rare complication of pulmonary eosinophilia whilst receiving sulphasalazine. A review of the world literature on sulphasalazine-induced lung disease is presented.


A tentative transmission mechanism for the twitch elicited in guinea-pig vas deferens by field stimulation. The twitch response to nerve activity in the vas deferens does not behave as if it were adrenergic since it is enhanced by adrenoceptor blockers and often inhibited by noradrenaline and other sympathomimieic amines. Potassium (K+) ions have a strong reinforcing action on the twitch and easily restore it after blockade by lanthanum. The hypothesis is advanced that K+ ions have a transmitter function in the vas deferens and that K+ ions released in conjunction with the nerve stimulus may reach a concentration at the postsynaptic membrane sufficient to excite the muscle cell and produce a twitch.


[On the significance of beta-adrenergic stimuli for the gastric secretion in humans]. In adults of both sexes, the influence on the basal and the maximal by means of pentagastrin stimulated gastric secretion of a single intravenous injection of 8 mg (0.09 to 0.16 mg/kg) oxyfedrine or of two intramuscular injections of 1 mg (0.014 to 0.016 mg/kg) or of 2.5 mg (0.033 to 0.045 mg/kg) in each case isoproterenol, consecutively administered at an interval of 15 minutes, was studied. At a dose which evokes cardiovascular responses isoproterenol does not produce a significant change of the secretory rates of H+, C1-, Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++ or of the ionic composition of gastric juice both during basal and maximal acid output. Oxyfedrine shows only during maximal acid stimulation some effects on gastric secretion: a significant rise of the concentration and secretory rate of H+ and of the secretory rate of C1- and a significant decline of the concentration of Na+ and of both the concentration and secretory rate of Mg++. Beta-adrenergic receptors seem not to play any part in the regulation of the production of gastric juice. Possibly, the action of oxyfedrine on the stimulated gastric mucosa may be mediated by a stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors or by inhibition of the activity of 3',5'-AMP-phosphodiesterase.


[Beta-lactoglobulin AB fluorescence under different physico-chemical conditions. Denaturation by urea and organic solvents]. Dependences of different fluorescence parameters of bovine beta-lactoglobulin AB on the concentrations of urea (pH 2.8-8.8), ethanol (pH 2.1-10.2), and dioxane (pH 5.3) have been investigated. The denaturation properties (the free energy and the stoichiometry of denaturative interaction) are highly dependent on pH values. The data obtained indicate that the hydrophobic interactions are the determining forces in the stabilization process of the beta-lactoglobulin molecule. The relative contribution of these interactions lowers with pH rise. The denaturation of beta-lactoglobulin AB proceeds through two stages under conditions when the protein octamer exists. Up to 30 vol.% of ethanol and dioxane, the penetration of the organic molecules into the external parts of the protein globule takes place. At the concentration of the solvent exceeding 50 vol.% structural transitions are observed. The comparison of fluorescence and perturbation spectral data enables one to localise tryptophan residues in the protein more precisely. The results of this and former reports lead to hypothesis that beta-lactoglobulin may serve as a transporter of some substances which are unstable to acidic media.


[The compact form of DNA in solution. IV. The effect of secondary structure defectiveness on the arrangement of double-chained DNA molecules into compact particles]. Influence of pH on absorbance and CD-spectra of DNA in PEG-containing water-salt solutions has been studied. The changes in the spectra appeared due to disturbance of the DNA secondary structure upon acidification of the medium proir to or after DNA compactization. If acidification preceeds DNA compactization an intense negative band in the CD spectrum inherent to the compact particles is observed at pH values 7-4. The intensity of the band decreases with an increase of the acidity. The size of the compact particles as evaluated from the dependence of the apparent optical density on the wavelength value remains unchanged (about 1200 A). If the solution is strongly acidified (pH 4.0-2.8) and a considerable disturbance in the DNA secondary structure takes place a negative band in the CD spectrum completely disappears. If one acidifies a solution containing preformed DNA compact particles a decrease  of the intensity of the CD negative band starts at lower pH values (less than 2.8). This process is accompanied by an increase of the size of the particles. Acidic "denaturation" of DNA within the compact particles (pH approximately 2.5) is followed by a dissappearance of the CD negative band and a considerable increase of the particle size. The data obtained indicate that the specific arrangement of DNA strands manifested in a CD negative band depends on the defects in the DNA secondary structure.


[Kinetics and mechanism of inactivation of isolated chloroplasts]. A detailed kinetic analysis has been performed of a multistep inactivation of chloroplasts. The kinetic model suggested involves the formation of chloroplast forms differing in stability and activity. A comparison of the kinetic model with the experimental data shows that the mechanism of inactivation of isolated pea chloroplasts consists of at least two forms displaying different activity in the Hill reaction and different stability in solution. The effect was studied of the nature of the buffer and destruction products on the kinetics of chloroplast inactivation in the process of "ageing". In phosphate buffer, where the concentration of phosphate exceeds 40 mM, the effect of the destruction products of chloroplasts on their inactivation is insignificant. The pH dependence on the inactivation kinetics suggests that the pH region from 6 to 9 affects only the rapid kinetic process resulting in the increase in the chloroplast activity; irreversible inactivation of chloroplasts is pH-independent. The temperature dependence of the irreversible inactivation kinetics has been studied and the activation parametres of this stage have been determined. Possible molecular mechanism of the limiting stages of the inactivation of isolated chloroplasts are discussed, which can explain the kinetic data obtained.


Methylmalonic aciduria without vitamin B12 deficiency in an adult sibship. Two brothers 62 and 70 years old, without evidence of vitamin B12 lack, excreted 12 to 115 mg of methylmalonic acid daily (normal, less than 9 mg per day). Neither had anemia or hepatic dysfunction, and serum vitamin B12 concentrations ranged from 369 to 800 pg per milliliter. The propositus, the younger brother, continued to excrete excessive methylmalonate, 103 to 115 mg per day, after 2000 mug of parenterally administered vitamin B12 at the fifth and 11th months of study. Leukocyte activities of the cobalamin-linked enzyme methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase were respectively reduced in the propositus and his brother, to 0.04 and 0.11 nmoles of 3-(14)-C Ls methylmalonyl coenzyme A metabolized per hour per milligram of leukocyte protein (normal, 0.286 +/- 0.079 [S.D.]). These activities were not enhanced by 2 mug of 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin added to the assays. A heritable benign form of adult methylmalonic aciduria rather than vitamin B12 lack best explains these findings.


Different alpha-adrenoreceptors in the central nervous system mediating biochemical and functional effects of clonidine and receptor blocking agents. The influence of clonidine on alpha-adrenoreceptors in the central nervous system of rats and mice has been investigated. Both functional events due to postsynaptic receptor stimulation (flexor reflex activity, motor activity) and biochemical changes have been considered. 1. Clonidine was less potent in stimulating the hindlimb flexor reflex activity of spinal rats than in inhibiting the alpha-methyltyrosine-induced disappearance of noradrenaline in the spinal cord and in the whole brain of rats. 2. The increase in flexor reflex activity due to clonidine (0.4 mg/kg) was virtually completely inhibited by phenoxybenzamine (20 mg/kg) and haloperidol (10 mg/kg), was partially inhibited by yohimbine (10 mg/kg) and piperoxan (60 mg/kg) and was not significantly inhibited by yohimbine (3 mg/kg) and tolazoline (50 mg/kg). 3. The potentiation by clonidine of the apomorphine-induced locomotor stimulation of reserpine-treated mice was almost completely inhibited by phenoxybenzamine (20 mg/kg) but was not significantly affected by yohimbine (10 or 3 mg/kg) and only slightly inhibited by tolazoline (50 mg/kg). 4. Clonidine (0.1 mg/kg) caused a considerable inhibition of the alpha-methyltyrosine-induced disappearance of noradrenaline in the spinal cord and brain or rats and in the brain of mice. This effect of clonidine was completely antagonized by yohimbine (10 mg/kg). It was markedly antagonized by yohimbine (3 mg/kg), piperoxan (60 mg/kg) or tolazoline (50 mg/kg) but not by phenoxybenzamine (20 mg/kg) or haloperidol (10 mg/kg). 5. Clonidine (0.1 mg/kg) caused an inhibition of the accumulation of Dopa after decarboxylase inhibition in the noradrenaline-rich regions of the rat central nervous system. This effect was counteracted by yohimbine (10 mg/kg), piperoxan (60 mg/kg) or tolazoline (50 mg/kg) but not by phenoxybenzamine (20 mg/kg). 6. The postsynaptic functional effects and the biochemical effects of clonidine may be due to stimulation of different alpha-adrenoreceptors since the two effects were inhibited differently by various alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking agents and since the two effects were produced by different doses of clonidine. The alpha-adrenoreceptors mediating the biochemical changes might be located on the noradrenergic neurones.


Noradrenaline synthesis and utilization: control by nerve impulse flow under normal conditions and after treatment with alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking agents. The changes in the synthesis and utilization or noradrenaline cranial and caudal to an acute section of the rat spinal cord have been used to investigate the importance of nerve impulses for these processes. 1. Cranial to a lesion of the spinal cord, the alpha-methyltyrosine-induced disappearance of noradrenaline was accelerated by the alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking agents yohimbine (10 mg/kg), piperoxan (60 mg/kg) and tolazoline (50 mg/kg). In the absence of nerve impulses caudal to a lesion of the spinal cord, this disappearance was decelerated as compared to that cranial to the lesion and it was not influenced by the three alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking agents. 2. The nialamide-induced accumulation of normetanephrine in the whole brain was increased by phenoxybenzamine (20 mg/kg) and yohimbine whereas it was decreased by the alpha-adrenoreceptor stimulating agent clonidine (0.1 mg/kg). The effect of clonidine was completely antagonized by yohimbine, but not by phenoxybenzamine, giving further evidence for the view that clonidine and yohimbine have a stronger effect than phenoxybenzamine on the alpha-adrenoreceptors regulating the release of noradrenaline induced by nerve impluses. 3. The accumulation of Dopa after decarboxylase inhibition cranial to a lesion of the spinal cord was accelerated by yohimbine, piperoxan and tolazoline, but not significantly affected by phenoxybenzamine and haloperidol (10 mg/kg). In the absence of nerve impulses caudal to a lesion of the spinal cord, the popa accumulation was decelerated as compared to that cranial to the lesion and it was not influenced by the former three alpha--adrenoreceptor blocking agents as well as by clonidine. 4. The results show that the synthesis and the utilization noradrenaline normally, as well as the accelerations of these processes by alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking agents, are dependent on nerve impulses. The stimulation of the synthesis and utilization of noradrenaline by nerve impulses might by influenced via the activity of teh alpha-adrenoreceptors located either on the nerve terminals or on the cell bodies or on both parts of the noradrenergic neurones. In the absence of nerve impulses, a receptor-mediated feedback mechanism similar to that described for the synthesis of dopamine does not appear to regulate the synthesis of noradrenaline.


[Takayasu-Onishi arteritis. II. Relations of Takayasu-Onishi arteritis with other non-specific arteritides]. Takayasu-Onishi arteritis (T.O.) is similar to Hutchison-Horton arteritis (H.H.) on histological, clinical, laboratory, and pathogenetic grounds. Both probably depend on immunitary dysreactivity, their different clinical expression being attributable to differences in the district involved and the age of the subject. Both are preceded or accompanied by rheumatism. An interesting relation can be made out between temporal arteritis and "rheumatic polymyalgia" or, more aptly, "rhizomelic polymyalgia" (Ballabio, 1975). The latter (of rheumatic origin) may accompany arteritis - Hamrin, indeed, has suggested their unification in the description "arteritic polymyalgia". It is uncertain whether vasculopathy in the course of collagen disease, rheumatic arteritis, and polyarteritis nodosa can be identified with T.O., even though a common immunological basis can be made out. The difference between T.O. and thromboangiitis obliterans, on the other hand, is quite clear at the present time.


[Takayasu-Onishi arteritis. Current etiopathogenetic aspects]. By Takayasu-Onishi's arteritis is meant an arteritic process with unknown aetiology which electively affects young women, seemingly of prevalently Asiatic stock. The disease concerns almost exclusively large elastic arteries and presents clinically with early preocclusive symptomatology followed, after a varying period, by a picture of obstructive angiopathy. Here, the most recent aetiopathogenetic findings are considered. The disease's predilection for the young female, together with certain clinical and experimental observations, suggest that a dysendocrine condition may have some pathogenetic responsibility, at least in a favourable sense; this responsibility is documented by the finding of high levels of oestrogenuria during the entire cycle in patients suffering from the disease. On the other hand, the angiopathy localization in the large elastic arteries and in certain segments of the aortic arch and epiaortic trunks means that the role of topographic moments whould not be underestimated. As regards infectious factors, the tubercular and streptococcic continue to be of great importance even today. Neither acts directly, however, but by way of an abnormal immunitary reaction which they seem able to trigger off. The infectious moment would thus appear to be related to the immunitary moment, and the latter would seem to play the part of perpetuating the pathological vascular involvement promoted by contact of the organism with the aetiological agent.


[Comparative evaluation of local 02 consumption in lumbar sympathetic infiltration as compared with acupuncture]. The effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of lower limb obliterating arteritis as an alternative to pharmacological sympatheticolumbar block was assessed by comparing local O2 consumption in the ischaemic extremity. It was found that both techniques lead to vasodilation sufficient to normalise local values. Acupuncture, however, has a more protracted effect up to 24 hr., as compared with only 12 hr after pharmacological block.


A survey of isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Over eight months 130 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were examined for sensitivity to penicillin, tetracycline, cephalosporin and co-trimoxozole. Except in one doubtful case all isolates were sensitive to penicillin. All were sensitive to cephalosporin. 6.9 percent is isolates were resistant to co-trimoxozole. It is suggested that penicillin remains the drug of choice in the treatment of pneumococcal infections.


[Acute hepatic porphyria as diagnostic problem in childhood (author's transl)]. Case report of a 12 year old girl with acute hepatic porphyria. The difficulties of diagnosis in childhood are discussed. No effective treatment is known. The importance of early diagnosis is emphasized, in order to avoid certain medicaments, stress situations etc., which can cause an acute attack of porphyria.


Dibenzepin and amitriptyline in depressive states: comparative double-blind trial. Dibenzepin and amitriptyline appeared to be equally efficacious in controlling target symptoms of depressive reactions. These results appear to be consistent with pharmacological profiles of the two drugs which are both tricylic compounds. Control of target symptoms occurred in an undulating and non-progressive manner in both groups. Aggravation of depressive symptomatology in the third week of treatment was noted in both groups and appeared to be clinically very important in the management of depressed patients. Dibenzepin caused relatively fewer side effects which appears to be an advantage over amitriptyline. Dibenzepin appeared to be a suitable alternative for amitriptyline intolerant patients, with moderately severe depression associated with anxiety, especially patients who demonstrated emotional sensitivity or passive dependent personality, and psychosomatic symptoms.


Acid-base curve nomogram for dog blood.

Acid-base curve nomogram for dog blood. Pooled canine blood of different hemoglobin concentration was equilibrated with two carbon dioxide tensions and the resulting pH's of the samples were measured at 38 degrees C. Readings obtained provided data for the construction of a cartesian nomogram for the dog, based on the pH/log pCO2 coordinate system. The nomogram can be used to evaluate both respiratory and non-respiratory acid-base parameters. For contrast, a control nomogram on human blood was also constructed. Both nomograms show broad similarity. This is to be expected as the normal criteria used to define base excess relating to dog blood are the same as those used for human blood. Nonetheless, base excess and buffer base calculations using the nomogram for the dog and that for man show a deviation of 2.5-10%, and we consider this deviation to be more due to a species difference than to any summated experimental error.


The influence of neuromediators injected into nucleus caudatus on bioelectrical seizure activity of amygdala. The influence of electrical and chemical stimulation of nucleus caudatus (NC) on bioelectrical seizure activity of amygdala (Am) was studied in rabbits. The electrical stimulation of NC inhibits seizures in Am induced by the administration of picrotoxin into this nucleus. Dopamine (DA) and cholinomimetics-metacholine and neostygmine-applied into NC inhibit seizures in Am. Noradrenaline (NA) acts biphasically, first potentiating and then inhibiting seizures in Am. Serotonin (5-HT) and glutamic acid (GA) administered to NC do not affect the seizures. In the case of seizures excited by electrical stimulation, DA and neostygmine possessed inhibiting action; NA, too, inhibited seizures without, however, inducing primary stimulation. Similarly as in the case of picrotoxin-stimulated seizures, neither 5-HT nor GA brought about the effects. The present study deals with the correlation of dopaminergic anc cholinergic systems in NC.


Changes in plasma electrolytes, acid-base balance and other physiological parameters of adult female turkeys under conditions of acute hyperthermia. The effects of acute hyperthermia on certain physiological parameters of turkey hens was studied. It was found that the response of the turkey to hyperthermia is similar to the reported response of the chicken. The birds began panting and the average body temperature increased 0.1 degrees C. as the ambient temperature reached 32 degrees C. The panting or polypnea induced a profound respiratory alkalosis in the turkeys. The acute hyperthermia also caused a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in plasma levels of sodium, total calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus. The plasma level of potassium was significantly (P less than 0.05) increased.


Acid-base balance, plasma electrolytes and production performance of adult turkey hens under conditions of increasing ambient temperature. Turkey hens were exposed to stepwise increases in ambient temperature from 21 degrees C. to 25 degrees C. to 30 degrees C. to 35 degrees C. at two-week intervals. Dietary calcium levels to 1.54, 2.01 and 2.48 percent were fed. Acid-base balance, plasma electrolytes and production performance were studied. The temperature increase caused a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in plasma sodium, calcium, and magnesium, and in egg production, shell thickness and egg weight and a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in plasma potassium. There was no significant change in the acid-base balance of the blood as measured by blood PO2, PCO2 and pH. Egg production was not significantly correlated to blood gas activitelated to plasma calcium and magnesium levels. Dietary calcium levels had no influence on the parameters measured.


beta-Adrenergic blockade reduces the severity of acute renal failure in rats. Propranolol administration in the hypoxic model of acute renal failure (ARF) in rats has reduced plasma renin activity (PRA) and uraemia as compared to untreated controls. P113 has no effect on uraemia but increased PRA in ARF. A combination of both drugs is no more effective in reducing uraemia than propranolol alone. These results support the view that beta-adrenergic blockade by propranolol reduces the severity of ARF by preventing the post-hypoxic release of renin.


[The effect of ACTH and several antimetabolites of vitamin B6 on the activity of tyrosine aminotransferase in the liver of intact and hypophysectomized rats]. ACTH injected intraperitoneally in a dose of 140 Units per 1 kg of body weight to intact rats or to rats subjected to hypophysectomy 24 hours before the experiment produced an increase in the activity of tyrosine-aminotrasferase in the liver (4.5 or 2.5 times, respectively) in comparison with the normal. D-cycloserine and its dimere injected intraperitoneally to the intact starving rats in a dose of 2.0-2.5 g per 1 kg of body weight produced in 4 hours a sharp elevation in the liver of the activity of tyrosine-amino transferase, whose induction constituted 75 and 180%, respectively. 24 hours after hypophysectomy D-cycloserine produced no induction of this enzyme in the rat liver; in difference from this, the D-cycloserine dimere produced an induced formation of tyrosine-aminotransferase (comparable with ACTH) in the liver of hypophysectomized rats. This indicated that the induction mechanism of tyrosine-aminotransferase in the liver of rats under the effect of D-cycloserine and its dimere differed.


Acute renal effects of new beta-adrenergic receptor site blocking agents on renal function. The effects of two new beta blockers on renal function have been studied. There were significant decreases in urine flow, urea clearance, sodium and chloride excretion rates after acute administration. Fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) fell significantly but did not continue to fall during chronic administration. Blood pressure and plasma renin activity decreased significantly after two months' therapy. These findings suggest that beta blockers in patients with unstable cardiovascular function increase the need for concomitant diuretic therapy.


Interrelationships between Ca2+ and adenylate and guanylate cyclases in the control of platelet secretion and aggregation. Ca2+ is a powerful inhibitor (Ki is congruent to 16 muM) of basal and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-stimulated adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing); EC 4.6.1.1] activity in membranes obtained from homogenized human platelets. Ca2+ (but not the ionophore A23,187) decreased V(max) of the reaction without an effect on the Ks for ATP. Neither ATP nor PGE1 affected Ki for Ca2+. In intact platelets A23,187 induced Ca2+ influx and markedly inhibited PGE1-stimulated rise in adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels. Guanylate cyclase [GTP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing); EC 4.6.1.2] activity was mainly found in the soluble fraction (greater than 90%). Both soluble and membrane bound enzymes were stimulated by Mn2+ and Ca2+ and inhibited by Zn2+. Adenylate and guanylate cyclase activity were both present in a membrane fraction cyclase activity were both present in a membrane fraction which contained Ca2+ activated ATPase activity, and accumulated Ca2+ from the medium in the presence of ATP and oxalate. Other evidence indicates that these membranes originated in large part from the dense tubular system of the platelets. It is proposed that concurrent inhibition of adenylate cyclase and stimulation of guanylate cyclase facilitates the direct initiating effect of Ca2+ on platelet secretion and aggregation.


The electrochemical gradient of protons and its relationship to active transport in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles. Membrane vesicles isolated from E. coli generate a trans-membrane proton gradient of 2 pH units under appropriate conditions when assayed by flow dialysis. Using the distribution of weak acids to measure the proton gradient (deltapH) and the distribution of the lipophilic cation triphenyl-methylphosphonium to measure the electrical potential across the membrane (delta psi), the vesicles are shown to generate an electrochemical proton gradient (deltamuH+) of approximately-180 mV at pH 5.5 in the presence of ascorbate and phenazine methosulfate, the major component of which is a deltapH of about -110mV. As external pH is increased, deltapH decreases, reaching 0 at pH 7.5 and above, while delta psi remains at about-75 mV and internal pH remains at pH 7.5. Moreover, the ability of various electron donors to drive transport is correlated with their ability to generate deltamuH+. In addition, deltapH and delta psi can be varied reciprocally in the presence of valinomycin and nigericin. These data and others (manuscript in preparation) provide convincing support for the role of chemiosmotic phenomena in active transport.


Observation of individual carboxyl groups in hen egg-white lysozyme by use of high field 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance. Several of the carboxyl carbon atom resonances of hen egg-white lysozyme (mucopeptide N-acetylmuramoyl hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.17) have been resolved by 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at 68 MHz. The change in chemical shift of the carboxyl carbon atom resonances, as a function of pH, has enabled the distinction of these resonances against the background of many nontitrating carbonyl group resonances. Several apparent microscopic ionization constants have been determined from the carboxyl group NMR titration curves, and possible assignments are discussed. Preliminary experiments were carried out in the presence of cobaltous ion, and selective shifts of several resonances were observed. Our results indicate the possibility of the direct observation of a wide range of single functional groups of proteins in solution by NMR techniques.


Markedly elevated angiotensin converting enzyme in lymph nodes containing non-necrotizing granulomas in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by the generalized formation of granulomas and is accompanied by elevation in the serum in less than half the patients of angiotensin converting enzyme, a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase that catalyzes the conversion of the decapeptide, angiotensin I, to the pressor octapeptide, angiotensin II, and L-histidyl-L-leucine. Mean activity of angiotensin converting enzyme was elevated generally more than 10-fold in granuloma-containing lymph nodes, but not in lung in which normally it is abundant, in 19 of 20 patients with sarcoidosis. Angiotensin converting enzyme in lymph nodes from subjects with sarcoidosis was similar to the enzyme from normal lung and lymph node with respect to activity as a function of pH, inhibition of activity by EDTA and o-phenanthroline, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, and requirement for chloride for activity, but appeared to be more heat labile. The data suggest that the granulomas in sarcoidosis may be the source of the elevated serum enzyme and that cells of the granulomas, particularly the epitheloid cells which appear by electron microscopy to have active protein biosynthesis, may be actively synthesizing the enzyme.


Nucleation of microbiologic calcification by proteolipid. The component of crude phospholipid responsible for B. matruchotii calcification was isolated. Crude phospholipid, extracted from the microorganism, was separated into five fractions by column chromatography. A single, protein-containing fraction catalyzed apatite formation in a metastable calcium phosphate solution. The nucleating fraction was identified as a proteolipid.


Fractionation of serum transcobalamins on charged cellulose filters. A simple and rapid fractionation procedure of the three transcobalamins, TCI, TCII, and TCII, of human serum was achieved by filtration through a stack of charged cellulose filters composed of one cellulose-nitrate and three DEAE-cellulose (DE-81) disks. A reaction mixture containing microliter amounts of serum was incubated with excess of 57Co B12 of high specific activity, diluted with 0.1 M sodium borate buffer (pH 8.5), and passed through the filter stack by applying vacuum. Under these conditions TCII is selectively and quantitatively adsorbed to the cellulose-nitrate filter while both TCI and TCIII adsorb to the DE-81 filters. In the second step TCIII is selectively desorbed from the latter filters by a 0.05 M monopotassium phosphate solution of pH 4.6. Using sera of different distribution of transcobalamins the data obtained were comparable to those determined by the more laborious methods employing DE-52 column chromatography combined with procedures to remove TCII.


The inhibition by ADP of NADPH-supported adrenal steroid 11beta-hydroxylation. The 11beta-hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone to form corticosterone in adrenal mitochondria has been found to be inhibited by ADP and ATP, with ADP being the more inhibitory of the two. The evidence suggests that the ADP directly affects the enzyme system.


The startle response in rats: effect of ethanol. The effects of acute and chronic ethanol intake on the startle response was examined in male rats. Ethanol given IP produced a dose-dependent decrease in the amplitude of the startle response measured 30 min later. With a dose of 1 g/kg, the effect was evident at 15 min and had recovered substantially by 60 min. The effect of ethanol on the startle response was potentiated by pretreatment of the animals with pimozide, haloperidol, and p-chlorophenylalanine but not by propranolol, phenoxybenzamine, alpha-methyltyrosine, or pargyline. After 3 weeks on an ethanol-containing diet, the startle response was greater than that shown by rats on the control iso-caloric, sucrose-containing diet. After ethanol withdrawal, the startle response was further increased, with a peak about 9 to 12 hr after discontinuation of ethanol; thereafter, the response declined. This time course of heightened startle response during ethanol withdrawal corresponds to the time course of the activation of noradrenergic neurons during withdrawal. It appears that dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons are involved in the mediation of the startle response in rats.


Plasma angiotensin II levels and water intake following beta-adrenergic stimulation, hypovolemia, cellular dehydration and water deprivation. A comparison of the effects of extracellular and intracellular thirst stimuli on plasma levels of angiotensin II was made in rats. The administration of polyethylene glycol and isoproterenol elicited a strong drinking response and resulted in a significant increase in plasma angiotensin II. There was a significant correlation between the volume of water intake and plasma angiotensin II levels following the injection of polyethylene glycol but not following isoproterenol. Drinking was also elicited by the administration of hypertonic saline but there was no increase in plasma angiotensin II. The results suggest that endogenously released angiotensin II contributes to extracellular thirst but not to intracellular thirst.


Prevention of memory loss following puromycin treatment. Female C57BL/6J mice were trained on a one trial passive avoidance response. Twenty-four hours later, they were treated with puromycin in combination with either 2.0 or 10.0 mg/kg of amphetamine, 0.3 mg/kg of strychnine, or 20.0 or 50.0 mg/kg of pentylenetetrazol. Tests one week after training revealed that treatment with these stimulant drugs prevented the memory loss characteristic of puromycin; an exception being those animals injected with the low dose of amphetamine. Biochemical determination of amino acid incorporation into protein revealed that none of the stimulant drugs used significantly altered the extent or the duration of protein synthesis inhibition induced by puromycin. These results are interpreted as showing that the amnesic effects of puromycin can be counteracted by a state of heightened nervous system excitation.


Selective depleting effect of syrosingopine on brain catecholamine levels with relation to morphine analgesia in the rat. Reserpine was the most potent, rescinnamine the next and syrosingopine the weakest in the depleting effects on brain amines of rauwolfia alkaloids. After syrosingopine, brain dopamine (DA) was decreased to a smaller degree and with a shorter duration as compared with norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT), whereas reserpine elicited a marked and long lasting reduction in these amines. Accordingly, syrosingopine induced a depletion of brain NE and 5-HT without alteration in brain DA content 2-4 days after administration. Repeated administrations of syrosingopine, 2 mg/kg daily for 2 or 4 days, resulted in similar alterations in brain amine levels. This selective depleting effect of syrosingopine on brain amines was potentiated by combined treatment with disulfiram or fusaric acid, a dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. Under the condition of selective depletion of brain amines induced by repeated administrations of syrosingopine, 2 mg/kg daily for 2 days, the analgesic action of morphine was not affected, whereas reserpine and tetrabenazine antagonized morphine analgesia, concomitant with inducing a depletion of all brain amines. The results suggest that brain DA may be more important than brain NE or 5-HT with regard to the mechanisms by which morpine produces analgesia.


Nuclear dna amounts in angiosperms.

Nuclear dna amounts in angiosperms. The number of angiosperm species for which nuclear DNA amount estimates have been made has nearly trebled since the last collected lists of such values were published, and therefore, publication of a more comprehensive list is over due. This paper lists absolute nuclear DNA amounts for 753 angiosperm species. The dats were assembled primarily for reference purposes, and so the species are listed in alphabetical order, as this was felt to be more helpful to cyto- and biochemists whom, it is anticipated, will be among its major users. The paper also reviews aspects of the history, nomenclature, methods, accuracy and problems of nuclear DNA estimation in angiosperms. No attempt is made to reconsider those aspects of nuclear DNA estimation which have been fully revised previously, although the bibliography of such aspects is given. Instead, the paper is intended as a source of basic information regarding the terminology, practice and limitations of nuclear DNA estimation, especially by Feulgen microdensitometry, as currently practiced.


Electrophysiology of mammalian gland cells. The resting cell membrane potential varies from -40 to -70 mV according to type of gland cell and species. The RP depends mainly on the large transmembrane concentration gradient for K maintained by a pump mechanism extruding Na and accumulating K. Since the Na permeability (PNa) is much smaller than PK, the Na concentration gradient is less important. In addition to the dominant electrodiffusional control of RP the Na pump itself contributes since the active transport of Na (out) exceeds that of the active K uptake. Gland cells are generally electrically coupled--i.e., the junctional membrane resistance is much lower than the surface membrane resistance. The coupling may be widespread (e.g., liver) or confined to one acinus (e.g., salivary gland and pancreas). The specific surface cell membrane resistance may be about 2000 omega cm2. A number of neurotransmitters and hormones control cellular transport processes by their action on surface cell membrane receptors. Agonist-receptor interaction causes prominent changes in membrane potential and resistance, in many cases of a complex nature. Most gland cell membranes so far investigated in detail appear to be electrically inexcitable; i.e., stimulation does not cause the appearance of action potentials (e.g., salivary glands, exocrine pancreas, and liver) but prominent exceptions to this are the endocrine pancreas (beta-cells) and the adrenal cortex. The main importance of agonist-induced membrane permeability changes is to alter the intracellular ion activities. An increase in [Na+] seems to be important whenever stimulation results in fluid transport and an increase in [Ca2+] triggers exocytosis.


Breast sensation before and after plastic surgery. Patients undergoing various plastic surgical procedures on their breasts were studied before and after operations with respect to sensation from crude touch, light pressure, and pain. The more extensive the operation on the breast (the more skin and breast tissue removed) the greater the postoperative decrease in sensation. Reduction mammaplasty and subcutaneous mastectomy were associated with decreased sensation in a significant number of patients. An unexpected finding was that patients having augmentation mammaplasty by either the inframammary or areola route showed a significant decrease in sensation to the nipple and apeola. At two years, 15 percent of the patients still had impaired sensory perception, although crude touch and light pressure appreciation had returned. Many of these patients had normal erectility with normal, and even enhanced, sensuality.


Exposure in vivo of agoraphobics: contributions of diazepam, group exposure, and anxiety evocation. Fifty-seven chronic agoraphobic outpatients were treated by 12 hours of exposure in vivo on four days over two weeks to check the effects of oral diazepam versus placebo during group exposure, group versus individual exposure, and high versus medium anxiety arousal during individual exposure. The controlled parallel design allowed comparative evaluation of each treatment condition to six months follow-up. Assessment was blind with respect to drug and psychological treatment. Patients in all treatment conditions improved significantly in phobias and in related life areas. Outcome to group exposure on phobias and other measures was similar in all three drug conditions (placebo, waning diazepam, peak diazepam) with no significant differences between them. Diazepam patients had significantly less discomfort than placebo patients during group exposure treatment. Group exposure patients improved slightly but significantly more than individual exposure patients on non-phobic measures, though group exposure was accompanied by more panics during treatment yet was easier to run by the therapist. Individual exposure under high anxiety arousal was no more therapeutic than with lower anxiety. Diazepam is a mild palliative during group exposure but does not facilitate outcome to treatment. Group exposure in vivo is mildly facilitatory for outcome compared with individual exposure. Anxiety evocation during treatment was not therapeutically helpful.


The regulation of physiological changes during mammalian aging. Much evidence suggests that intrinsic molecular or cellular aging mechanisms need not be invoked to explain most age-related cellular changes and pathologcical conditions. Analysis of a widely scattered literature indicates that hormones and neural factors regulate a great number of cellular aging phenomena of mammals. It is proposed that age-related changes after maturation result from an extension of the neural and endocrine mechanisms that control earlier development and that produce a regulatory cascade of changing neural, endocrine, and target-tissue interactions.


Prenatal reserpine administration: permanent changes in adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Reserpine (1 mg/kg) was administered to pregnant rats on days 12, 13 and 14 of gestation. Although adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase activities were normal in the offspring at 4 days of postnatal age, both were elevated by 17 days and the elevations persisted into adulthood. The changes may result from permanently increased sympatho-adrenal stimulation.


Comparison of triazolam and methyprylon as a hypnotic in insomniacs. The hypnotic effect of a new triazolobenzodiazepine, triazolam (0.5 mg) and methyprylon was compared in 30 outpatient volunteers with insomnia using the preference technique. On the first night of the 2 night trial, triazolam or methyprylon was given on a double-blind basis and on the 2nd night the outpatients received the alternate medication. Following each trial night the patients were interviewed in regard to their sleep. Of the 28 patients who completed the study, 21 patients preferred triazolam, 5 preferred methyprylon and 2 had no preference (p = 0.001). Analysis of the various sleep parameters showed that triazolam helped the patients sleep more than methyprylon (p = 0.026), there were fewer awakenings on triazolam (p = 0.064), a longer duration of sleep (p = 0.064) and a better feeling in the a.m. (p = 0.020). The sleep onset was the same after both medications. The number and severity of the side effects was considerably higher after methyprylon.


The effect of butaclamol and of other neuroleptic agents on the apomorphine-elicited inhibition of synaptosomal tyrosine hydroxylase activity. The effects of the two enantiomers of butaclamol and of several neuroleptics on the apomorphine-elicited inhibition of synaptosomal tyrosine hydroxylase activity was investigated. The (+) but not the (-) enantiomer of butaclamol reverses the apomorphine-elicited enzyme inhibition. (+) Butaclamol is more potent than the other tested neuroleptics. All the tested neuroleptics reverse the apomorphine-elicited enzyme inhibition but their relative potency differs. Using two criteria, namely the concentrations of neuroleptics required to reverse enzyme inhibition maximally or by 25%, the order of decreasing potency is as follows: (+) butaclamol, fluphenazine, haloperidol, pimozide, chlorpromazine. The results suggest that the reversal of apomorphine-elicited inhibition of synaptosomal tyrosine hydroxylase activity is a valid test model for screening antipsychotic drugs.


Subsynaptosomal distribution, inhibition, and characterization of the binding of (14C) 5-OH-indole-3-acetaldehyde to brain preparations. The distribution of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) dependent binding of [14C] serotonin as well as of pre-formed [14C] 5-OH-indole-3-acetaldehyde to synaptic subfractions paralleled the gross distribution of MAO. The binding of [14C] serotonin and MAO activity in brain preparations was inhibited by CNS antidepressants (imipramine) or stimulants (caffeine), by hallucinogens (N,N-dimethyltryptamine), sedatives (chlorpromazine), and other drugs. The protein-lipid nature of the binding macromolecule was determined. The chemical nature of the acceptors was also investigated. Experiments with sodium borohydride indicated the partial formation of imines, those with SH-reactive compounds showed partial involvement of acceptor-SH groups in the binding.


Respiratory failure: correlation between encephalopathy, blood gases and blood ammonia. In 59 patients with respiratory insufficiency due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) the relationship between the state of consciousness, the blood gases and blood ammonia were studied. Interindividually, a significant correlation was found between the encephalopathy and SaO2, PaCO2 or ammonia, and also between the blood gases and ammonia. On the other hand, an intraindividual study, performed on patients with minor cerebral dysfunction, showed that only PaCO2 was significantly correlated with the stage of consciousness. Ammonia did not appear to have a neurotoxic influence. The ammonia level seemed to be influenced primarily by other factors than the blood gases, although there was a borderline influence of SaO2 on aterial ammonia and a significant influence of PaCO2-HCO3 and pH on venous ammonia.


Effect of ascaris extract applied intravenously, on segment bronchus and the influence of ipsilateral vagus blockade. Respiratory hypersensitivity and systemic effects after local application of Ascaris suum extract on the segmental bronchus and after its intravenous infusion are studied on four boxer dogs. Influence of ipsilateral vagus blockade on the respiratory hyperreactivity after intrabronchial application of ascaris was also investigated on the same dogs. Ascaris extract was applied in liquid form directly through a catheter into the right segmental bronchus. Egg albumin was applied in the same way for control. Local application of ascaris was repeated after ipsilateral central vagus blockade and once more after recovering vagus effect by lavage. At the end of the experiments ascaris extract was infused intravenously. The parameters studied were: deltaP(oes) mm Hg/100 ml TV (as a measurement of flow resistance in the airways), respiratory rates, arterial blood gases and pH, heart frequency, systemic blood pressure and histamine concentration per milliliter of plasma. All the animals presented a remarkable respiratory distress with local ascaris application, which could be clearly avoided with ipsilateral central vagus blockade. This respiratory hyperreactivity was not observed after intravenous infusion of ascaris extract, but a significant systemic effect, which was not the case after local application, could be observed.


A simple method for the determination of the thread-forming property of tracheobronchial secretions. A method is described for determining the thread-forming property ('Spinnbarkeit') of tracheobronchial secretions. With this method it was observed that adrenergic compounds increase the length of the mucus threads by an average of 154% whereas mucolytic agents caused an average decrease of 63% in the length of the mucus threads.


Changes in skeletal muscle cell pH during graded changes in PCO2. Blood perfusing isolated dog gracilis muscles was equilibrated with CO2 tensions ranging from 30 to 120 mm Hg, resulting in venous P CO2 from 35 to 135 mm Hg. Extracellular pH values ranged from 6.96 to 7.41, and muscle cell pH, calculated from DMO distribution, ranged from 6.64 to 6.94. When intracellular pH was plotted as a function of the corresponding extracellular pH, a linear relationship (r = 0.92) was observed throughout the entire pH range. The slope deltapHi/deltapHe was 0.64, without evidence of a difference in slope at different pH values. These results do not support the previous observations in rat diaphragms that cell pH is not affected by PCO2 changes over a certain extracellular pH range. pHe was 0.64, without evidence of a difference in slope at different pH values. Theses results do not support the previous observations in rat diaphragms that cell pH is not affected by PCO2 changes over a certain extracellular pH range.


Intracellular and extracellular acid-base changes in hemorrhagic shock. Each of 21 dogs was bled until mean arterial blood pressure fell to 50 torr; this hemorrhagic shock state was then maintained for two hours. During hemorrhagic shock, the blood lactate concentration increased sixfold. The severe metabolic acidosis in arterial blood was partially compensated by a decreased PCO2 caused by increased ventilation. However, in mixed venous blood, the metabolic acidosis was combined with a respiratory acidosis. This hypercapnia in venous blood was indicative of the increased PCO2 in tissues poorly perfused following hemorrhage. The increase in the PCO2 of the femoral venous blood was greater than that in mixed venous blood, suggesting that some tissue beds were better perfused than those of the hind limb during shock. The intracellular lactate concentration of hind limb skeletal muscle was greatly increased in the shock state, and tissue PCO2 rose. Intracellular pH of skeletal muscle was only slightly decreased and bicarbonate concentration was unchanged during this combined metabolic and respiratory acidosis. This capacity of skeletal muscle to maintain a high HCO-3 concentration in intracellular fluid during metabolic acidosis may be an enhanced response of the mechanism responsible for maintaining (HCO-3)i normally at a level approximately ten times that which would be expected if HCO-3 were distributed passively.


Extracellular and intracellular pH with changes of temperature in the dogfish Scyliorhinus stellaris. Larger Spotted Dogfish, Scyliorhinus stellaris, were exposed to varied ambient temperature (t) in order to determine the behavior of extracellular pH (pHe), Pco2 and bicarbonate concentration as well as intracellular pH (pHi) in three muscle types. pHe was found to vary with temperature slightly less than expected on the basis of the rule of constant relative alkalinity in juvenile (deltapH/deltat= -0.0148 per degree centigrade) as well as in adult (deltapH/deltat= -0.0136) fish. The absolute pHe values of adult fish were about 0.08 pH units higher than in juvenile fish. Arterial pco2 increased with rising temperature, the increase being much more marked in adult than in juvenile fish. Extracellular bicarbonate concentration (calculated from the pH and Pco2 values measured in arterial blood) was not maintained constant, but diminished in juvenile and increased in adult fish with increasing temperature, indicating that extracellular pH in dogfish is regulated by variations of both Pco2 and bicarbonate concentration. Variations of intracellular pH with temperature (deltapHi/deltat), -0.0178 for white muscle, -0.0334 for red muscle, and -0.0098 for heart muscle, were significantly different from the values of the extracellular compartment and, except for white muscle, significantly different from the condition for constant relative alkalinity (deltapH/deltat= -0.0183). These results are in agreement with the rule of constant relative alkalinity with respect to extracellular pH and possibly also with respect to an overall mean intracellular pH, but the rule is not quantitatively followed by the individual body compartments and tissues.


Importance of changes in plasma HCO-3 on regulation of CSF HCO-3 in respiratory alkalosis. In respiratory alkalosis the fall in CSF bicarbonate is in part due to increased CSF lactate. The rest of CSF HCO3 fall may be actively regulated or as more recent evidence suggests is dependent on plasma HCO3 fall. Therefore, the relationship between plasma and CSF HCO3 changes was studied during 4 hours of respiratory alkalosis (PaCO2=20 mm Hg) in anesthetized dogs when plasma HCO3: (1) fell normally, (2) kept 'normal' by NaHCO3 infusion, (3) increased by infusing more NaHCO3, and (4) reduced by infusing HCl. In respiratory alkalosis plasma and CSF HCO3 fell 4.6 and 3.8 mEQ/L, respectively. In hypocapnia and 'normal' plasma HCO3 CSF HCO3 fell 2 mEq/L and lactate increased 1.33 mEq/L. In hypocapnia and metabolic alkalosis plasma HCO3 increased 6.5 mEq/L and CSF HCO3 remained unchanged and lactate increased 2.12 mEq/L. In combined hypocapnia and metabolic acidosis plasma HCO3 fall 10.5 mEq/L but CSF HCO3 fell 3.1 mEq/L and CSF pH returned to normal at 4 hours. Therefore CSF HCO3 fall in hypocapnia is primarily and critically dependent on the simultaneous fall in plasma HCO3 content, with a minimal contribution from CNS lactate increase. When CSF PH has returned to normal, however, CSF HCO3 fall is stopped despite further falls in plasma HCO3.


Cholinergic changes during conditioned suppression in rats. Levels of acetylcholine were significantly elevated in the telencephalon and diencephalon + mesencephalon of rats killed by near-freezing during conditioned suppression of food-reinforced lever pressing, whereas levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine were not altered. These neurochemical changes were not seen in rats serving as controls for conditioning experience, activity levels, or stimulus presentation.


[Treatment of anxiety in Parkinson's disease with bromazepam]. The Authors observe that anxiety is a rather frequent symptom in parkinsonian patients. The possible mechanisms are reviewed. In a double blind cross-over trial, a new antianxiety agent (Lexotan, Roche) was compared with Placebo, to delineate the therapeutic effect in anxious parkinsonian patients. A noteworthy activity was shown by the active drug, while after Placebo a deterioration of anxiety was demonstrated. Tremor was also alleviated by Lexotan and the importance of emotional troubles on tremor seems to be confirmed.


Drug-induced handwriting changes: an empirical review. Since handwriting is a highly complex, coordinated motor activity, handwrits of pharmacological agents. Its potential has been most evident in research involving therapeutic administrations of anti-psychotic an  anti-Parkinsonian drugs, from which consistent and systematic handwriting changes have been observed. This relationship has been found to be particularly significant among the anti-psychotics, since the onset of these graphomotor alterations appear to mark the optmal dose of the drug. Consistent and systematic handwriting changes have not been as evident in inivestigations of drugs used in a nontherapeutic atmosphere. Psychiatric assessments of subjects in ths type of research provided data which indicated that psychological stability may be a factor influencing the susceptibility of one's handwriting to drug induced changes.


Organic dyestuffs as catalysts for fuel cells. Electrocatalysis in fuel cells requires as well substances capable of catalyzing the anodic oxidation of fuels as catalysts for the cathodic reduction of oxygen. Several dyestuffs that catalyze oxygen reduction are known, but up to now only one has been described as active in anodic reactions. All these dyestuffs are N4-chelates. Comparative studies have shown that chelates with other types of coordination, in particular N202-, 04-, N2S2- and S4-chelates, are able to catalyze the reduction of oxygen, though they are considerably less active than the N4-compounds. With a given type of coordination, the nature of the central atom has a decisive influence on the catalytic activity of the dyestuff, whereas substitution on the organic skeleton has only a slight effect. Thermal pretreatment of the N4-chelates can considerably increase their stability in electrolytes containing sulfuric acid. All the experimental results point to the conclusion that, with electrocatalysts, as with natural oxygen carriers, the interaction essential for catalysis takes place between the oxygen and the central metal ion. Various assumptions may be made as to the nature of the rate-determining step. The cathodic reduction of oxygen can be regarded as redox catalysis, or it can be considered from the standpoint of molecular orbital theory. The models hitherto suggested for the mechanism of oxygen reduction are tested against the experimental results and a modified model based on MO theory is put forward.


Japanese encephalitis virus from pigs and mosquitoes in Jakarta, Indonesia. Japanese encephalitis virus was isolated from 11 pools of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and a single pool of C. gelidus mosquitoes at a pig-raising area near Jakarta, West Java, Indonesia, during 1972-74. Ten sentinel pigs placed in the area all developed haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies against Japanese encephalitis and the virus was isolated from the blood of 3.


Acute graft-versus-host reaction in mice. I. Cellular events. Cellular events in the spleen during the development of acute GvH reaction in lethally irradiated recipients of allogeneic lymphocytes may be divided into 6 interrelated processes: (1) entering and lodging in the spleen of about 17% of inoculated cells which forms the compartment of potentially reactive cells; (2) transformation (recruitment) of about 30% of cells lodged in the spleen into large pyroninophilic cells (LPC), a process lasting about 12-16 hr; (3) proliferation of recruited LPC by five successive divisions with a Tc of about 12 hr; (4) transformation of LPC into non-LPC; (5) proliferation of non-LPC by one division, with a Tc of about 8 hr; and (6) migration of mature immunologically active cells from the spleen. The last process correlates well with the concomitant appearance of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood (killer cells) and with the time of acute death among inoculated mice.


Avoidance of graft versus host reactions in cured W-anemic mice. Graft-versus-host reactions of parental cells in F1 hybrids were studied with two unrelated inbred strains of mice that differed at the mouse histocompatibility locus. W-anemic F1 recipients were compared with lethally irradiated normal F1 recipients. Both sets of recipients were populated by marrow and spleen cell grafts from parental and F1 donors. Most W-anemic F1 recipients were cured by parental and F1 cell grafts (except B6 spleen). Even after 13 to 18 months, they showed little or no effect from GVH reactions. Lethally irradiated normal F1 recipients tolerated parental marrow grafts almost as well, but gave dramatically different results with parental spleen grafts. Seventy-nine of 80 irradiated F1 recipients of parental spleen grafts died within 1 month. Unlike lethally irradiated recipients, W-anemic recipients have substantial numbers of their own cells along with the donor cells in their lymphoid tissues. These F1 lymphocytes may interact with parental lymphocytes in vivo to restrain reactions against F1 allogeneic antigens.


[Values of acid-base equilibrium in the blood of various species of domestic animals]. By means of the Astrup equilibration method the values of the acid-base balance of the blood were determined in 104 cows, 99 horses, 100 pigs, 15 sheep, 20 goats, and in 101 dogs. The pH values of the blood, the partial pressure of CO2, the base excess, the base buffer, the standard bicarbonate, the actual bicarbonate, and the total CO2 were processed statistically and are presented in tables.


Species and phenobarbitone-induced differences in the kinetic constants of liver microsomal harmine O-demethylation. 1. The apparent kinetic constants for the O-demethylation of harmine to harmol by 10 000 g supernatant fractions from livers of mice, rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits, cats and cows have been determined. The Km values were 10-39 muM and Vmax 0-25 and 1-65 nmol/mg protein/min. 2. Optimal conditions of incubation time and NADP requirements differed between species. In all species except cat and cow the rate of O-demethylation of harmine was linear for 5 min, but in the latter species was linear for 15 min. Maximum stimulation of O-demethylation occurred at NADP concn. of between 50 and 375 muM. 3. Phenobarbitone pre-treatment of weanling, young adult and mature adult mice increased the Vmax for O-demethylation by 2.9- to 4.6-fold but did not change Km. Increased Vmax values were greatest in young and least in old mice and these changes were directly correlated with a decrease of hexobarbitone sleeping time.


Severe urticaria caused by a moth Euproctis sp. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). The urticating hairs of a moth Euproctis sp., were found to be the cause of a severe urticarial and pruritic rash in an expatriate family. Such incidents are probably not uncommon in Papua New Guinea, and are best solved by destroying the food tree of the caterpillars where this is feasible.


[Transparency of analytical results found by different methods of electrophoresis studies on casein (author's transl)]. The electrophoretic mobility of the major casein components has been studied on different carriers. Besides free electrophoresis and paper electrophoresis starch gel, polyacrylamide gel and cellulose acetate gel have compared. With urea buffer mixtures of neutral to alkaline pH a mobility scale on all gels was found corresponding the order alphas-, beta-, kappa-, gamma-casein in the sense of decreasing mobility. The application of commercially available cellulose acetate strips for the investigation of genetic material in large numbers has been found to be sufficient. The transparency of polyacrylamide gel, starch gel and cellulose acetate gel results is guaranteed.