### Instruction:

Extract the cause and effect entities from the following sentence:
By measuring this characteristic scale in the galaxy power spectrum (or correlation function) as a function of redshift both in the tangential and redshift directions, one directly probes the expansion history H(z) and thus the equation of state of dark energy w(z)

### Assistant:

AND: and
KEYWORD: By
VARIABLE: this characteristic scale in the galaxy power spectrum
CONDITION: as a function of redshift both in the tangential and redshift directions
EFFECT_1: one directly probes the expansion history H(z)
EFFECT_2: the equation of state of dark energy w(z)
CAUSE_1: as a function of redshift both in the tangential and redshift directions
NOT_RELEVANT: (or correlation function)

