The function of the optical amplifier is to amplify the multiplexed optical signal to solve the ultra-long-distance transmission of the system and the insertion loss of the wavelength division multiplexing device in the system. The system generally needs to be equipped with an optical amplifier because the insertion loss of the combiner and the demultiplexer is large, which will greatly reduce the transmission distance of the system and cannot meet the actual needs. Taking a 2.5Gb/s system as an example, the allowable attenuation between transmission and reception is generally about 26dB. After deducting the attenuation of optical connectors, the redundancy of optical cables, and the cost of optical channels, it can transmit about 80km. However, for the system, the insertion loss of the combiner and the splitter must be considered again. Therefore, if the optical amplifier is not used, the transmission distance is only about 20~30km, which cannot meet the actual demand at all. It can be said that without the optical amplifier, there is no practical application of the technology. Optical amplifier applications should be further developed.
1. High gain
The so-called gain is the magnification of the optical signal by the optical amplifier. From an attenuation point of view, the larger the value is, the more likely it is to transmit longer distances. The gain of a good optical amplifier can reach more than 33dB.
2. Wide bandwidth
In order to use one optical amplifier to amplify all the optical multiplexing channel signals of the system, the optical amplifier must have a wide enough bandwidth; and its amplification characteristics must be very flat. Only with sufficient bandwidth, it is possible to use one optical amplifier to simultaneously amplify all the multiplexed optical channel signals of the system. Only with flat amplification characteristics can the optical amplifier achieve the purpose of uniformly amplifying all the multiplexed optical channel signals, so as to facilitate the design and implementation of the system.
3. Low noise figure
An optical amplifier is an active device. In addition to optical amplification, it may also generate noise itself, such as the most widely used EDFA will generate spontaneous emission noise. Noise can degrade system performance and reduce the optical signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver. Therefore, it is required that the optical amplifier should have a very low noise figure.


How old is the oldest star ever observed?
29 July 2022
In 2000, scientists dated what they thought was the oldest star in the Universe. The observation by the European Space Agency (ESA) satellite “Hipparkos” estimated that HD140283 (commonly called Methuselah) is 16 billion years old. This number was rather mysterious. The age of the Universe, which was obtained from observations of cosmic microwave background radiation, was 13.8 billion years, and the stars are not older than the Universe.
Howard Bond, an astronomer at Pennsylvania State University, says this was a significant contradiction. So Bond and his colleagues set out to find out the truth to verify the accuracy of the numbers. Their conclusion was nothing short of a shock. The beginning of the Universe is the Big Bang, which occurred about 13.8 billion years ago. Although no stars of the third population have been discovered, the oldest star observed is the one that emerged after the first star had a supernova explosion. These stars are all Population II stars and are about the same age as the Universe. With advances in telescope technology, the title of the oldest star will change, and scientists hope to find the first star in the Universe soon.
Elisabetta Kafau and her team searched for an extremely low-metal star for more than ten years before discovering the star. Mr. Kafau is surprised to find a star in the “forbidden zone” of the star formation model.
HD 122563 is unique among the oldest stars. All Population II stars are metal-poor, but this star is thought to be very metal-poor. This star’s low heavy metal content was first pointed out in 1963, and for more than 20 years, it has been known as the most metal-deficient star. The composition of this star is very important in understanding the chemical composition of galaxies. In 2002, scientists discovered gold in BD +17° 3248, which was the first time gold was discovered on a star other than the Sun. The researchers say, “There’s probably a trace of gold on every star, but this is. It also states that from the age of BD +17° 3248, this gold is representative of the first gold made in the Universe.


Why the Jews Let Themselves Be Baptized
This story tells about the baptizing of a Jewish man and his wife. The picture shows a fat, sallow-faced man and a pink-powdered woman coming out of Church, both holding large prayer-books in their hands, while the priest at the Church door is giving them a parting blessing. Two blond German girls in the background comment upon this scene. They comment on their appearance and point out that the baptism makes no difference: they are Jews just the same.
“Do you know our girls' leader once told us : 'Just as little as a Negro can be made into a German by baptism, can a Jew be made into a non-Jew.'”
Grete stamps her feet angrily on the ground:
“I do not understand these priests who go on baptizing Jews even today. By doing so they admit a criminal mob into the churches.”
“I believe a time will come when the Christians will curse the clergy who once allowed Jews to enter the Christian Church. For the Jews only want to destroy the Christian Church. And they will destroy it if our clergy go on allowing Jews to enter. There is a saying:
'If a Jew comes along
Wanting a priest to baptize him,
Be on your guard and beware;
Jew remains always Jew!
'Baptismal water helps not a jot.
That does not make the Jew any better!
He is a Devil in Time
And remains so through Eternity!'”


How many slinch in 1 troy pound? The answer is 0.0021312651454515. We assume you are converting between slinch and troy pound. You can view more details on each measurement unit: slinch or troy pound The SI base unit for mass is the kilogram. 1 kilogram is equal to 0.0057101471301634 slinch, or 2.679228880719 troy pound. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Use this page to learn how to convert between slinch and troy pounds. Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!
1 slinch to troy pound = 469.20488 troy pound
2 slinch to troy pound = 938.40975 troy pound
3 slinch to troy pound = 1407.61463 troy pound
4 slinch to troy pound = 1876.81951 troy pound
5 slinch to troy pound = 2346.02438 troy pound
6 slinch to troy pound = 2815.22926 troy pound
7 slinch to troy pound = 3284.43414 troy pound
8 slinch to troy pound = 3753.63901 troy pound
9 slinch to troy pound = 4222.84389 troy pound
10 slinch to troy pound = 4692.04877 troy pound
You can do the reverse unit conversion from troy pound to slinch, or enter any two units below:
ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more!


I’m thoroughly digging the brain section of the Radiology Picture of the Day website. As you might expect, it’s a wonderfully geeky place where radiologists post an image every day, often brain CTs or MRIs, with a little gem of wisdom with each one.
One of the most interesting is the pictured CT scan with a ‘ring artefact’. I’ve contrast enhanced the image so you can see the circle or ring near the centre a little more clearly.
It’s a known imaging problem caused by poor calibration of the scanner.
However, the Radiology Picture of the Day entry notes that these were given special significance by the quacktastic German physician Ryke Geerd Hamer who claimed that his ‘New Medicine’ could cure 98% of all cancers.
He gave these rings the rather immodest name ‘Hamer Foci’ and if they appeared in the brain, apparently this meant cancer was elsewhere in the body.
For Hamer, cancer was simply the body’s reaction to a psychological conflict, and presumably this was what he thought the CT scanner was picking up.
This is despite the fact that CT scans only picture large scale structure on which psychological changes make no recognisable impact.
A curious case of neuroimaging apophenia.
Link to ‘Ring Artefact with Pseudomedical Interpretation’.


Mark Merrill writes about Marriage and Family.
I read with interest, a list of five manners parents should teach their children.
Selflessness: In a successful marriage, selflessness takes the lead. Parents who are focused on putting each other first, teach their kids an invaluable relationship skill. Be a role model by putting the “other” first and you will teach your kids the fundamentals of affirmation and respect.
Please and Thank You: “Please” says; “I’m not entitled” and “Thank you” says; “I appreciate what comes my way.” Teaching your child to have an open grateful heart will help them in life.
Attention: These days it’s easy to put your nose in the phone or screen and tune out everyone around you. It can be rude. Teach your child to pay attention to those in front of them, by being someone who pays attention to those in front of you. It will set them apart.
Respect: Don’t act entitled, acknowledge those in front of you, express gratitude, these are all signs of respect. Don’t be heard saying disrespectful things. Insist your kids do the same.
Kindness: Open doors, let others go first, share from your holdings, be hospitable, and smile.
The world lacks civility these days. I wish there was more of it around. We can turn the tide by teaching it at home.
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Wide-field Infrared Explorer reveals that the Jovian Trojans asteroids are uniformly dark with a hint of burgundy color, and have matte surfaces that reflect little sunlight.
There is a group of asteroids that orbit the Sun in the same path as Jupiter. These asteroids, known as Trojan’s, have not been closely observed to understand what they look like until now. There are two groups of these asteroids that tend to clump together. One leads Jupiter and the other follows. While it is not know where these groups of asteroids came from the new data offers clues. Both of these groups are very similar. They Kepler belt and objects in the belt between Mars and Jupiter are different than these Trojans. “Jupiter and Saturn are in calm, stable orbits today, but in their past, they rumbled around and disrupted any asteroids that were in orbit with these planets,” said Tommy Grav, a WISE scientist from the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Ariz. “Later, Jupiter re-captured the Trojan asteroids, but we don’t know where they came from. Our results suggest they may have been captured locally. If so, that’s exciting because it means these asteroids could be made of primordial material from this particular part of the solar system, something we don’t know much about.”
“By obtaining accurate diameter and surface reflectivity measurements on 1,750 Jupiter Trojans, we increased by an order of magnitude what we knew about these two gatherings of asteroids,” said Grav. “With this information, we were able to more accurately than ever confirm there are indeed almost 40 percent more objects in the leading cloud.”
This is an important and interesting subject.
I like that program


Faisal Islam, an economics editor at the BBC, shared a Resolution Foundation report on safeguarding governments’ financial health during the coronavirus crisis by taking examples from the previous crises.
The report anticipated double-digit hits to the gross domestic product (GDP), as well as borrowing earlier in March, weighing the losses to be the same as during the Spanish Flu and Ebola crises, rather than the 0.5 to 1% annual losses in GDP following the SARS outbreak.
The report also speculated economic impacts to last for months, if social distancing measures were to continue for indefinite periods.
Although the current pandemic cannot be compared to the East Asian countries’ V-shaped recovery from SARS in 2003, Spanish Flu and Ebola outbreaks are more relevant precedents for the current Covid-19 crisis, the article noted.
All three crises are marked by peaks and troughs of losses and output, making it difficult for economies to return to pre-outbreak levels.
The report also probed into government deficit, which is expected to rise into high single or double digits as a proportion of the GDP.
Taking an example of West Africa, the report highlighted how economies ran into 5% and 9% deficits during the peak of the Ebola outbreak.
Likewise, the fiscal measures adopted during the coronavirus pandemic has been unparalleled and may even lead to wartime levels of government borrowing.


Many Americans assume that glaucoma is an eye disorder that only affects the elderly. Unfortunately, this is just another of the many misconceptions of glaucoma. As the second-leading cause of blindness in the world, the need to educate people of all ages on the seriousness and facts about this group of eye diseases remains imperative. According to the The Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group, it is estimated that more than 3 million Americans have glaucoma but only about half of them are aware of it. Glaucoma is not painful and the most common form offers no warning signs or symptoms. Because people of all ages are at risk for glaucoma, African Americans in particular, yearly visits to your preferred ophthalmologist is imperative.
Left untreated, glaucoma can cause complete blindness. It is not curable and vision loss is permanent. However, if the disorder is caught early enough, its progression and future blindness can be halted. Open-angle glaucoma is a chronic condition and life-long treatment and monitoring is required in order to preserve vision.
With approximately half of Americans who participated in a 2004 survey by Prevent Blindness America claiming to have heard of glaucoma but not being sure what it was or how it affected them, we hope to educate our Round Rock community about the eye disorder and how to avoid the vision loss attributed to it.
We are happy to help you and your family with any questions or concerns you have regarding eye health and vision. Call us to set your personal appointment and eye exam at 512-551-1921.


Phyciodes pulchella (Boisduval, 1852) formerly Phyciodes pratensis (Behr, 1863)
Status: Rare resident
NENHP Ranking: S1 Tier 1
Range: This species inhabits most of the western North America from central Alaska south to the Mexican border and east through Alberta and western portions of South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. It has been found in the panhandle portion of Nebraska.
Larval Hostplant(s): Larvae feed on various asters, those being recognized and occurring in the state being the panicled and white asters (Aster hesperius and A. ericoides).
Broods/Flight Times: At least two generations, becoming less numerous in later flights. Nebraska records are from May 23 – September 25, with most being in late May/early June.
Overwintering: The Field Crescent overwinters as a partially grown caterpillar.
Habitat: In Nebraska the Field Crescent has been found in canyons, along creeks and in pine bluffs.
Avg. Wingspan: 1 – 1 3/4 inches
Found at: Gilbert-Baker SWMA, I-80 Mile Marker 1, Wildcat Hills SRA
Similar Species: Other Crescents.


Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, blocking a vein (venous thrombosis) or artery (arterial thrombosis). In the EU, more people die from blood clots than from AIDS, breast cancer, prostate cancer and traffic accidents combined.
Venous and Arterial Thromboembolism is responsible for a number of serious and life threatening conditions:
Advice for patients
Each body reacts differently to medicines. Therefore it is impossible to tell which medicine works best for you. Please consult your physician.
Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is the third most common cardiovascular disease worldwide and is the most common avoidable cause of hospital death. VTE encompasses two conditions: deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT is a blood clot that forms in the veins that lie deep within the muscles, for example in the leg or pelvis. If all or part of the DVT breaks off and the blood clot moves to block a vessel in the lungs, this is known as a PE, an event which can be rapidly fatal.
Symptoms of DVT include: pain, swelling, redness of the affected area, usually the leg and the skin may also be warm to the touch.
Symptoms of PE include: acute shortness of breath, chest pain, rapid heart rate, some people may also cough blood
Arterial Thromboembolism occurs when oxygenated blood flow from the heart to another part of the body (via an artery) is interrupted by a blood clot. If this occurs in an artery supplying blood to the brain, it can lead to a stroke, an event that can be severely debilitating or fatal. If it occurs in a coronary artery, it can lead to acute coronary syndrome (ACS), which includes conditions such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), and unstable angina
Venous and Arterial Thromboembolism is responsible for increasing morbidity and mortality, and requires active or preventative treatment to avoid potentially serious or fatal patient outcomes. Bayer offers such a product that may be of benefit for these patients. It is important for doctors and patients to discuss all available treatment options to ensure the patient receives the best medication for him / her.


Steppingley in 1086
Domesday Book was commissioned by William the Conqueror (1066-1087) at Christmas 1085. It was designed to show who held every piece of land in the newly conquered Kingdom of England. It was known colloquially as the Domesday Book because it was seen as being as final as the Last Judgement and as difficult to conceal things from. The book does not cover the whole country - Cumberland, Durham, Northumberland, and Westmorland were omitted and London and Winchester likewise, along with some other towns. A separate book, called Little Domesday covered the counties of Essex, Norfolk and Suffolk and, despite its name, it is actually bigger and more detailed than the Great Domesday Book containing the other counties.
The Manor of Steppingley was held by William Speke. His tenant was William, son of Reginald and the manor comprised five hides including woodland for one hundred pigs. The value had been £8 in 1066 when it was held by Aelmer, “Aelfric of Flitwick’s man”, two of Aelmer’s men were freemen who could sell their own land to whoever they could. In the wake of the Conquest these Englishmen were deprived of their lands, which were given to the Continental invaders, at which time the value of the manor had fallen to a mere quarter of its previous value, perhaps as a result of depredations from the triumphant Norman armies as they rode north and east to put down rebellions. By 1086 the value had risen to half that of 1066.
In 1086 the manor comprised fourteen villagers and two slaves - a total of sixteen. This number represents the heads of household. To get an idea of the total population it is probably necessary to multiply this figure by a factor of at least four suggesting a total population to somewhere around 64.


Another hot summer here in Los Gatos, California and we want to make sure that your pets are staying hydrated and healthy while the heat is up. These are some simple tips you can do to keep your pets cool:
1. Stay Hydrated!
As a general rule, dogs needs at least one ounce of water for each pound of body weight per day. Be sure to monitor your dog’s liquid intake throughout the day and keep it fresh. Unsure if your dog is dehydrated? Gently lift the skin on the back of your dog’s neck or between the shoulder blades-unless and let go, it should immediately revert back to normal position.
2. Think about ground heat.
Think it’s hot outside? Imagine the heat under your dog’s bare feet as they walk! Try to avoid the hottest times of the day, usually between 1-4PM.
3. Never, ever leave your dog in the car.
We know this is a given but sometimes we need a reminder. Even with cracked windows, the temperature inside the car can rise as much as 19 degrees in just seven minutes! Things can get deadly very quickly.
4. Look for signs of heat exhaustion.
On a warm or humid day, heat exhaustion can set on quickly, especially for dogs with short muzzles like Pugs, Boston Terriers, and French Bulldogs. Watch for heavy panting, an inability to walk, or thick drool as signs of dehydration. Limit walks in direct heat and always be sure to bring water with you.
5. Summer is parasite season, be prepared!
Heartworms and hookworms are more prevalent during the summer, make sure your pet is on the right medication to keep them safe. These parasites can also infect a dog through the pads of their feet, it’s best to be ready before something happens.
Have any other questions? We’re here to help! Contact our team today for all of your veterinary needs!


Disasters can have profound impacts on businesses. 40% to 60% of small businesses fail to reopen after a disaster. For many businesses, potential impacts from disasters include direct physical impacts from extreme events as well as more indirect impacts such as staffing issues, supply chain disruptions, and reduced foot traffic resulting from damage to the surrounding community. Both direct and indirect impacts can interrupt day to day business operations. When coupled with complicating factors such as lack of insurance, lack of financial reserves to replace destroyed equipment or stock, and/or the financial impact multiple days or weeks of unplanned in-operability or slowdown in business, impacts can lead to permanent closures. This, in turn, impacts not just the business owners, but also employees and the communities within which these businesses are located. With this in mind, taking steps to plan and prepare for disasters can minimize business dirsuptions, contribute to a shorter recovery time, and protect local economies and livelihoods.
This brief is based on a Zurich Flood Resilience Alliance Post Event Review Capability (PERC) study analyzing the 2017 flooding in Houston following Hurricane Harvey. This document, and companion brief The Role of Business in Community Recovery, have been produced as summary pieces with key lessons learned regarding the role of businesses and business preparedness in protecting livelihoods and supporting community recovery following disaster events.
||Global Disaster Preparedness Center, ISET International, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies


There’s a lot of misinformation out there about legal rights and responsibilities in the digital era.
Teaching Copyright will require your students to think about their role in the online world and provide them with the legal framework they need to make informed choices about their online behavior.
This is especially disconcerting when it comes to information being shared with youth. Kids and teens are bombarded with messages from a myriad of sources that using new technology is high-risk behavior. Downloading music is compared to stealing a bicycle — even though many downloads are lawful. Making videos using short clips from other sources is treated as probably illegal — even though many such videos are also lawful.
This misinformation is harmful, because it discourages kids and teens from following their natural inclination to be innovative and inquisitive. The innovators, artists and voters of tomorrow need to know that copyright law restricts many activities but also permits many others. And they need to know the positive steps they can take to protect themselves in the digital sphere. In short, youth don’t need more intimidation — what they need is solid, accurate information.
EFF’s Teaching Copyright curriculum was created to help teachers present the laws surrounding digital rights in a balanced way.
Teaching Copyright provides lessons and ideas for opening your classroom up to discussion, letting your students express their ideas and concerns, and then guiding your students toward an understanding of the boundaries of copyright law.
In five distinct lessons, students are challenged to:
* Reflect on what they already know about copyright law.
* See the connection between the history of innovation and the history of copyright law.
* Learn about fair use, free speech, and the public domain and how those concepts relate to using materials created by others.
* Experience various stakeholders’ interests and master the principles of fair use through a mock trial.
June 1, 2009
The Electronic Frontier Foundation has recently launched a website, called Teaching Copyright, helping educators and others mentor youth about their activity online.
I can’t figure out whether this is pro or anti copyright? Maybe I’m reading it wrong?
Its not necessarily pro or anti.
The Electronic Frontier Foundation is an organization that exists to protect “civil Liberties” online.
This curriculum was created to counter the fear Industry uses around legal and illegitimate uses of “intellectual property” online.
I think the name of it is supposed to be ambiguous. Because they do support fair use and the commons.


By Rosie Moore
August is a peachy time for preserving the stone fruit. It is a deciduous tree native to the region of Northwest China where it was domesticated and cultivated.
Spanish explorers took the peach to the New World and as early as 1600 it was found in Mexico. It was also introduced in Europe by Alexander the Great.
The peach develops from a single ovary that ripens into both a fleshy, juicy exterior that forms the edible part of the fruit and a hard interior, called the stone or pit that encloses the seed of the two ovules in the ovary. Usually one becomes fertilized and develops into seed.
That’s enough about what a peach is, let’s make a delicious cobbler.
EASY PEACH COBBLER
1/2 c. unsalted butter
1 c. all-purpose flour
2 c. sugar, divided
1 tab. baking powder
pinch of salt
1 c. milk
4 c. fresh peach slices
1 tab. lemon juice
ground cinnamon (optional)
How to make it: Melt butter in a 13×9’ inch baking dish. Combine flour, 1 c. of sugar, baking powder and salt; Add milk, stirring just until dry ingredients are moistened. Pour batter over butter (do not stir). Bring remaining sugar, peach slices, and lemon juice to a boil over high heat, stirring constantly. Pour over batter (do not stir). Sprinkle with cinnamon if desired. Bake at 375° 40-45 min. or until golden brown. Serve cobbler warm or cool.
Thought for the day: If you don’t find time to do something right, where are you going to fine the time to fix it? Stephen King
Send comments to firstname.lastname@example.org. Thank you.


adjunctive therapy - How to pronounce adjunctive therapy in English
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Pronunciation Dictionary - English Pronunciation of "adjunctive therapy"
Learn how to pronounce and speak "adjunctive therapy" easily. Listen to the spoken audio pronunciation of "adjunctive therapy", record your own pronunciation using microphone and then compare with the recorded pronunciation. With the record and play feature, you can not only hear the English pronunciation of "adjunctive therapy", but also learn how to say "adjunctive therapy" in English on your own.
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Renal Dialysis Access
What is renal dialysis access?
Hemodialysis is the process by which the blood of a person with renal failure is cleaned by a machine. Renal dialysis access is the process of creating channels through which the blood will flow to and from the person with renal failure to the dialysis machine. There are several types of renal dialysis access, but arteriovenous (AV) fistulas and arteriovenous (AV) grafts are those which are designed for long term use.
Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula
This fistula is made by connecting a person’s artery with their vein under the skin. This procedure is usually done on the arm after the doctor after numbs the area with local anesthesia.
AV fistulas have a lower risk of infection and of forming blood clots when compared to other forms of renal dialysis access. In addition, they also allow for greater blood flow, perform better and even last longer if they are taken care of well.
However, AV fistulas also have some drawbacks since they take several months to mature, and they cannot be used during this period.
Arteriovenous (AV) Graft
This graft also connects a person’s artery to their vein but in this case a tube made of man-made materials is used to join them. This synthetic connector is usually placed in the arm, but it can also be put in the thigh.
AV grafts mature in a relatively shorter time than AV fistulas since they can be used just two to six weeks after placement.
However, AV grafts often need to be replaced or repaired yearly. In addition, persons who have AV grafts are more prone to developing infections and blood clots than those with AV fistulas because of the synthetic tube. When this happens, the doctor who placed them has to remove the clots. They can also perform balloon angioplasty and stenting to keep them working properly.


The picture below was part of this article about Space X’s intentions to develop a better launch abort system using the integrated rocket system on the Dragon Capsule.
The cool thing about this is that the old system was horribly wasteful and a danger in itself. This is the old and still standard way (from Wikipedia) a shot of the Apollo system under test, and that was just a larger version of what was on Mercury.
This is called a Tractor system, and it pulls the capsule off the booster in case of disaster. The rocket motor is attached to a shell which attaches to the base of the capsule protecting the capsule in case of rocket ignition. But for a successful, even survivable mission, now you have to discard the abort system during boost. And it’s an expensive and heavy piece of gear tossed in the sea. Even the Orion exploration vehicle, part of the SLS uses the same expensive and wasteful system.
Space X will make the rocket motors part of the Dragon, firing from the skirt area as you can kind of see in the picture at the top. This rocket motor will Push the capsule off the booster. It can also become part of the landing system, the intent is to make the Dragon a mixed mode lander, decelerating using rockets, heat shield, then parachute but finally landing under rocket power, this will allow for pin point landing in some reasonably remote and safe spot on land instead of at sea. In fact the Russians have used a rocket ‘cushion’ system for landing their capsules forever, but the Dragon will be a real landing system, not just a cushion.
Below the Draco Rocket under test, and here the article in Wired that does a good job of explaining what’s going on in the picture. There is also video at Wired so enjoy.


Summer Learning Tips
Schedules change and the regular day’s order shifts as school ends and summer break begins. Kids tend to forget about their normal school activities and their after school chores when summer starts. The house becomes a crazy mess and months of learning disappear very quickly without some productive activities to exercise your child’s mind and body!
Avoid this Summer Slump by having your kids take a little time out each day to read or play games. Take them to the library on those extremely hot days. Having them help out around the house is a great way to keep them busy and teach them responsibility (and keep the house looking nice!).
To keep writing skills fresh, buy children a notebook and let them decorate the cover (another fun craft activity!). Then tell them it’s their vacation journal and have them write down three things that happen each day. Plotting out your summer travels on a map is another fun way to keep up critical thinking skills.
Enroll your child in summer programs. Most community centers and churches hold day camps and week-long summer camps. Recent studies have shown a direct correlation between violence and the lack of time spent in nature. Getting outside the house helps engage both mind and body and can do nothing but good.
Chipper loves lending a hand anywhere he can and in our book, Helping Hands, teaches kids the importance of using our hands in helpful ways for their family, friends, and the planet. By positively reinforcing the good that comes when we all work together, children will be ready to lend their hands and hearts around the home, school, and community. Get Chipper this summer and make your child’s play educational as well!


Stunning photographs show a rare white starling standing out in a murmuration.
The bird’s white feathers are caused by a lack of melanin – a pigment responsible for black and grey colouring in the feathers.
Often birds with a different colouring can be ‘kicked out’ of the group for drawing unwanted attention from prey.
Caroline Legg, 59, was stunned when she spotted the white starling – and managed to snap photos twice.
Starlings are at risk from predators, but it appeared the unusual creature had been accepted despite its appearance.
Wildlife lover Caroline was walking in a field near her home in Annan, Dumfries and Galloway, when she spotted the starling – and saw it perched in a tree three days later.
Gran-of-six Caroline said: “It’s rare to see the birds fully white, this is the first I have ever seen.
“I was walking near a field which had a big flock of starlings in it.
“I thought I saw one that was part white, and then when the group took off in the air and were flying overhead I noticed it was fully white.
“It was the same size as a normal starling and it was with a large group of the birds both times I saw it.
“The group could have kicked it out because it’s a different colour.
“Starlings are prone to be taken by predators, and because it’s white it’s more likely to get picked up.
“But it looks like the crowd has accepted it.
“It could be sticking with the group for protection.
“Two days later I was walking in the same area and saw it again.”
The mum-of-two, who is retired, added: “It had landed on a crabapple tree we were walking past so I think it was meant to be.”


Latin American countries have plans to fight gender violence, but just 45% have consistent laws: UN
Two of the 33 countries in the region still lack a national action plan to fight gender-based violence, a report said.
Nearly all Latin American and Caribbean countries now have strategies in place to protect women from violence, but the region is still the most violent in the world for women, a United Nations report showed on Wednesday.
Two of the 33 countries in the region – St Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago – still lack an official national action plan to fight gender-based violence, the report by United Nations Development Programme said. The number was eight four years ago, when 32 countries were surveyed. A national action plan refers to strategic programmes developed by public agencies to lay out the roadmap to fight gender violence in the short and the long term.
However, of the 31 countries that do have plans, only 14 have enacted laws consistent with them. It attributed the lack of consistent laws to social and political systems “characterised by patriarchal and misogynistic patterns that are often resistant to promote legislative reforms”.
Calling the violence levels against women in the region “unacceptable”, the report called for the “need to allocate more resources, to better structure the response and to better articulate the work between the different actors” involved in the fight against gender-based violence.
Gender violence in Latin America and the Caribbean
“The issue of violence against women in Latin America is critical,” Eugenia Piza-Lopez, head of UNDP’s gender mission in Latin America, told AFP. “It’s the most violent region in the world against women outside of conflict contexts.”
Citing other past reports, the UNDP said that the region has the highest rate of sexual violence among non-couples, and the second highest rate of violence by partners or former partners.
Three of the top 10 countries in terms of violence against women are in the Caribbean, and two out of every three murdered women in the region are killed because of their gender, a 2009 UNDP report had shown.


Photo credit: Foodtank
Surviving the Drought with Jamaican Farmer Field Schools
Since winning the Barilla Center for Food & Nutrition’s YES! Competitionlast year, Shaneica Lester and Anne-Teresa Birthwright now run a knowledge transfer project for small-scale farmers in St. Elizabeth, Jamaica. Lester and Birthwright’s program, which focuses on irrigation conservation education, provides farmers with skills and education necessary to combat drought-related issues that impact their lands.
Lester and Birthwright’s Irrigation Farmer Field Schools (IFFS) include lessons on water conservation, understanding climate change, soil and water management, and ecosystem analysis. Through participating in the IFFS program, Jamaican farmers learn about technologies and techniques that can be directly applied to their fields and adapted to suit their needs, providing farmers with agency to decide how to manage their land and allocate their resources.
“We wanted to avoid a top-down approach and instead encourage self-empowerment within rural communities. A participatory approach allows farmers to be a part of their own solution by contributing their knowledge and expertise, as well as their perception and understanding of climate change,” Lester and Birthwright said in an interview with Food Tank.
Small farmers drive Jamaica’s agricultural sector and ensure the nation’s food security. When researching the challenges experienced by small rural farmers, Lester and Birthwright discovered that drought was the primary leading factor causing Jamaicans to quit farming and preventing young people from wanting to farm.
Read the full article: Foodtank


This report brings together the main messages from a workshop held to validate the results of a study on ‘Innovations in new ICT-facilitated Learning Communities’. A large and an increasing number of people live in an environment where informal digital networking plays an important role in their being aware, finding information, sharing and learning through connecting with other people. Not all online networks are communities, but learning can take place in various networked and collaborative settings where people can access, connect and participate.
Participation in online spaces and communities is driven by pleasure and curiosity. There are
different ways to participate and not all the activities necessarily lead to learning. However,
evidence shows that a variety of new skills can be learned and nurtured in these settings, such as
engagement, problem solving, communication and collaboration. Learning takes place in
informal peer exchanges and is not necessarily recognised, even by the learners themselves.
Experiences show that it may be difficult to apply these types of approaches in formal learning
settings, or access these spaces and tools for formal purposes. There is a risk that formalising or
measuring informal processes changes their nature and their results.
It is difficult to discuss the informal learning which takes place in the new collaborative online
settings, as there is not much research, terminology or knowledge about the topic as yet. In
communities, people identify with each other as they have the same interests, experiences, and
objectives and they commit themselves to a joint purpose. These environments enable people to
learn situated knowledge and develop their identities as practitioners, and also develop and
exchange experiences and culture with others.


FATAH (Islamic Resistance Movement)
The Movement for the National Liberation of Palestine (Fatah).Note the grenade and crossed rifles, superimposed on the map of Israel. This emphasizes the dedication of Fatah, along with the other"liberation" groups, to the "armed struggle"against Israel, a euphemism for terrorism against civilians.
Founded in the early 1960s by the Egyptian-born Yasser Arafat and friends of his in Algeria, Fatah was originally opposed to the founding of the PLO, which it viewed as a political-opponent. Backed by Syria, Fatah began carrying out terrorist raids against Israeli targets in 1965, launched from Jordan, Lebanon and Egyptian-occupied Gaza (so as not to draw reprisals against Syria). Dozens of raids were carried out each year, exclusively against civilian targets.
Fatah's popularity among Palestinians grew until it took over control of the PLO in 1968. Since then it has been the PLO's most prominent faction, under the direct control of PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat.
"Fatah" is a reverse acronym of the Arabic, Harekatat-Tahrir al-Wataniyyeh al-Falastiniyyeh. The word "Fatah" means "conquest by means of jihad [Islamic holy war]".


Earth Observation (EO) satellites take millions of observations every day, supplying a global snapshot that is vital for weather forecasting. This week, the EO community is eagerly anticipating the launch of a new satellite, and the potential for a new era in EO itself – the first of the new Sentinel series of climate missions, part of the joint European Commission and ESA Copernicus programme.
Although we have been launching meteorological instruments into space since the middle of the 20th century, it wasn’t until the 1970s and 1980s that a large impact was seen on weather forecasting. This was when missions started to become operational, meaning that there was a commitment to flying the same instruments – and hence delivering consistent, continuous observations – on and on into the future. This led to a step change in the success of weather forecasts, and a multi-million pound industry in supplying weather information to the world.
We are about to see the same transformation happen for climate, writes Dr Debbie Clifford of the National Centre for Earth Observation, Department of Meteorology. Putting together climate records from satellites has been a challenge, not least because the instruments designed for understanding climate variables (in particular the land surface) have been flown on research missions with a limited life-span. That is about to change, with the launch of a new, ‘operational’ series of satellites called Sentinels. Due for launch on 3 April, Sentinel 1 is a radar mission designed to monitor key climate variables such as forests, soils and sea ice, and also provide support to emergency mapping following natural disasters, forecast of ice conditions and the mapping of oil spills.
This first Sentinel will be followed by a whole series of climate-observing missions: a mixture of polar-orbiting and geostationary platforms, with instruments for high-resolution mapping and large-scale monitoring of the land surface, atmosphere and oceans. As well as supporting our science, it is expected that the promise of consistent, reliable climate observations will encourage industry to develop new products and services to help society monitor and adapt to our changing climate. This is an exciting time for EO – fingers crossed for a successful launch!
More information: https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/home


Relationships and Sex Education
Relationships and Sex Education is a compulsory part of the curriculum in the Trust’s Primary and Secondary schools. It is vital that students learn to live their lives in a positive way and are able to:
- grow up safe and healthy (both off and on line)
- manage their personal, social and academic lives
The RSE curriculum in WPT schools is taught in a developmental and flexible way that meets the individual needs of students. It is always delivered in a sensitive and inclusive manner. The views of Parents/Carers are always taken into consideration.
In our Primary schools the key focus is on:
the key building blocks of healthy, respectful relationships
family and friendships, in all contexts, including online
the essential understanding of how to be healthy
Our Secondary schools, build on the knowledge acquired at primary and develop further knowledge on:
the understanding of health
risk areas, such as drugs and alcohol
introducing knowledge about intimate relationships and sex
personal finance and future career paths
The teaching about positive mental wellbeing is central to the RSE curriculum, as all Parents/Carers want their children to grow up happy, successful and productive members of society.
Our RSE curriculum gives students the knowledge and capability to take care of themselves and receive support should problems arise.
All WPT schools foster the development of resilience in their students and build complementary character traits such as thoughtfulness, integrity, generosity of spirit and honesty.


Consider the following sentences:
- We ourselves don’t know whether we’ll be alive in the next minute.
- We ourselves don’t know whether we’ll be alive in next minute.
- We ourselves don’t know whether we’ll be alive next minute.
Out of these three, which one will used by a native speaker? I’m not sure which is grammatically correct. I think the first one is correct, but I’m not sure about that. It’s for spoken English, not written English.
The context is simple: A few friends are stuck in a bad situation (or place) and anyone can die at any time. So one guy says the above statement.
I would make these changes:
- add the verb (I think you meant to do that anyway),
- drop the ourselves,
- change the whether to if,
- add the word still, and
- include a preposition in the final phrase:
We don’t know if we’ll still be alive in the next minute.
The inclusion of ourselves isn’t grammatically incorrect, but it makes the sentence unnecessarily wordy.
Similarly, there’s nothing wrong with whether in that sentence, but I think if sounds a little more natural.
In my mind, the word still adds a small bit of tension to the scene. Obviously, the characters are alive now, the issue is whether or not they will still be alive a minute from now.
As for the preposition (which is the crux of your question), next minute by itself sounds like it’s missing a word, at least to my native ear, so I prefer in the next minute.
A rewording you might consider would be:
We don’t know if we’ll still be alive a minute from now.
The phrase a minute from now is often used to allude to the immediate future. Here’s a quote:
I remind us: the future begins a minute from now. (Helen Harris Perlman, 1989)
Source : Link , Question Author : T2E , Answer Author : J.R.


Piconets are miniature radio cells. They consist of at least one master and one slave. With Bluetooth, the devices in a piconet always join together to form a self-configuring ad hoc network.
A Bluetooth piconet can consist of a maximum of eight active Bluetooth devices. Since communication among the Bluetooth devices takes place in master-slave mode, one of the devices in such a miniature radio cell assumes the role of master. The master has contact to all slaves. It controls the data exchange and the frequency change for the frequency hopping system( FHSS). Since the frequencies change randomly, 1,600 times per second, several piconets can be operated side by side without interfering with each other. In addition, several piconets can be combined to form a functional network, a scatternet.
In addition to the eight active devices, up to 255 passive devices, which can be in various idle modes, can be connected to a Piconet. Since stationary and mobile, battery-powered devices can be connected to a Bluetooth network, Bluetooth knows several standby modes in addition to the transmission mode, which differ in functionality and especially in power consumption: Active mode, Sniff mode, Hold mode and Park mode.
In the operating state known as active mode, a slave is in wait mode. It can be activated by the master via data packets to transfer data in connection mode. Sniff mode is another standby mode. In this mode the slave can only be addressed by the master via its address. In sniff mode, the current consumption is already significantly reduced. If the transmission activity from the master to a slave is stopped for a predefined time, the slave goes into hold mode. The hold time can be requested from the master. In park mode, the slave is no longer involved in communication, it only maintains synchronization. In this mode the slaves synchronize themselves continuously with the master. The master can switch them from the park mode to the communication state.
For establishing connections with unknown devices there is the Inquiry, and for establishing connections with known addresses there is the Page.


megasteel roofing systems
ADVANTAGES OR TRUSSES OVER WOOD WORK IN GHANA
Mega steel trusses is a building invention that allows the weight of a roof to be distributed to the outer walls for better support. Essentially, a truss is triangular in shape, or composed of multiple triangles. This shape gives the building more support and allows the builder to use fewer materials to achieve the same function.
The primary advantage of a truss is that it can be installed quickly and cost-effectively, even without heavy equipment to lift it into place. Most trusses are factory-built, and delivered to the job site as a complete set for the structure to be built. A truss is traditionally leveraged to the top of the wall, and then slid into position and pivoted upright before being fastened in place.
The shape of a triangle allows all of the weight applied to the sides (or legs) to be redistributed down and away from the center. In trusses, this transfers the entire weight of the roof to the outer walls, and has the advantage of allowing the interior walls to be built arbitrarily, or even moved or omitted.
Trusses are an integral part of modern architecture and building. Since they can carry so much weight by themselves, their presence enables builders to achieve maximal economy of materials, easily cover large distances with simple truss meshes, evenly take the load from heavy structures, easily access entire structure, save on expensive materials, and build structures that are accessible for maintenance after initial construction.


A variable displacement pump is a device that converts mechanical energy to hydraulic (fluid) energy. Some of these devices can also be reversible, meaning that they can act as a hydraulic motor and generate mechanical energy from fluid energy. The displacement can be adjusted to increase or decrease the amount of fluid pumped. A common variable displacement pump used in vehicle technology is the axial piston pump. This pump has several pistons in cylinders arranged parallel to each other and rotating around a central shaft. A swash plate at one end is connected to the pistons. As the pistons rotate, the angle of the plate causes them to move in and out of their cylinders. A rotary valve at the opposite end from the swash plate alternately connects each cylinder to the fluid supply and delivery lines. By changing the angle of the swash plate, the stroke of the pistons can be varied continuously. If the swash plate is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, no fluid will flow. If it is at a sharp angle, a large volume of fluid will be pumped. Some pumps allow the swash plate to be moved in both directions from the zero position, pumping fluid in either direction without reversing the rotation of the pump.
Another very efficient design is called the bent axis pump. Bending the axis is done to get rid of problems associated with side loads on the pistons.
This industry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by displacement pump|action=edit expanding it.


An age-old institution in China serves as a testament to the message of Islam. By Afia R Fitriati.
The Wangjia Hutong mosque in Kaifeng, central China, may be modest in size. But like the welcoming bosom of a loving mother, it has for decades embraced the girls and women within its walls, providing them with Islamic education, consolation and guidance. Such a holistic range of religious services offered by the mosque is possible perhaps because it is run for women by women.
Known locally as nusi, such mosques are led by female imams. They were born out of necessity when, around 300 years ago, Muslim Hui – descendants of Arab and Persian traders who flocked to China via the Silk Road – wanted to spread Islam throughout their community more effectively.
Shui Jingjun, a Hui sociologist and researcher at the Henan Academy of Social Sciences, explains this social shift in a New York Times interview.
“Women’s status really took off in the early Qing dynasty, more than 300 years ago, when the numbers of Hui declined as they were absorbed into the majority Han Chinese culture,” she said. Fuelled by the scarcity of Islamic teachers, who were largely made up of men, the Hui turned to their womenfolk to take charge of educating their young and leading the spiritual needs of their people.
Nusi, such as the one in Wangjia Hutong, began as Qur’anic schools for girls. Over the years, such schools morphed into independently administered women’s mosques, where female imams serve as community organisers and teachers, as well as leaders of prayers.
This practice of gender equality may seem odd to those who are more accustomed to the highly paternalistic and rigid image of Islam often portrayed in the media. It is apt to note, then, that our Prophet (peace be upon him) allowed Umm Waraqah to be the imamah over her own mixed-gender household.
Learn more at Vimeo channel A Mosque of Her Own
This article originally appeared in the November 2012 Happy New You Issue of Aquila Style magazine.


Affordable housing programs are designed to help low-income individuals and families access safe, decent, and affordable housing. These programs can take many forms, including rental assistance, homeownership assistance, and public housing. Here’s a brief overview of the different types of affordable housing programs:
1. Rental Assistance: Rental assistance programs provide financial assistance to help low-income households afford the cost of rent. These programs can take the form of vouchers, which are issued by the government and can be used to rent units in the private market, or they can be provided directly by the landlord or property management company. Some common rental assistance programs include Section 8 vouchers and Low-Income Housing Tax Credits.
2. Homeownership Assistance: Homeownership assistance programs provide financial assistance to help low-income households afford the cost of owning a home. These programs can take the form of down payment assistance, closing cost assistance, or mortgage assistance. Some common homeownership assistance programs include the First-Time Homebuyer Program and the Homeownership Voucher Program.
3. Public Housing: Public housing is owned and operated by the government and is reserved for low-income households. These units are often available at below-market rent prices and may be managed by a public housing authority or by a private property management company.
4. Tax Credit Housing: Tax credit housing is a type of affordable housing that is funded through the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program. This program is administered by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and provides tax credits to developers who build or rehabilitate affordable housing units. The tax credits are then sold to investors, who provide the funding needed to build or renovate the housing units. The units are then made available to low-income households at below-market rent prices.
In general, affordable housing programs have certain eligibility requirements that must be met in order to qualify. These requirements may include income limits, asset limits, and other factors. Additionally, affordable housing programs often have waiting lists, so it’s important to apply as soon as possible if you’re interested in participating in one of these programs.
If you’re in need of affordable housing, it’s worth looking into the various programs that are available in your area by either a local apartment search or through the local housing authority.


An arrow over a letter is a mathematical notation that indicates a vector quantity. It is commonly used in physics and engineering to denote vectors, which are quantities that have both magnitude and direction.
Learn how to put an arrow above a letter in Google Docs by using Google Docs equation tool
How to put an arrow above a letter in Google Docs
To put an arrow above a letter in Google Docs, we can use the “Equation” function. With Google Docs equation you can put a bar and arrow over a letter. Here’s how:
Open the Google Docs document
Click on the “Insert” tab in the menu bar.
Click on “Equation” in the dropdown menu.
In the equation editor box type in “\vec” and hit the “Spacebar” key from the keyboard
An arrow will appear above the blank space where you have to write the letter. See the below screenshot for reference –
This way you can put an arrow above a letter in Google Docs.
You can also change the color and style of the arrow by selecting it and choosing options from the “Format” tab in the menu bar.
Using an arrow above a letter will make your documents and presentations clearer and more professional, especially if you are dealing with vector quantities or technical diagrams.


Crystal Mackall, MD, a Stanford professor of pediatric oncology/hematology, recently sat down with me to explain why she's so optimistic about the future of CAR-T therapy for treating cancer.
"We're taking a patient's own immune system and endowing it with super powers to be able to recognize and kill a tumor," she explained.
With CAR-T therapy, a patient's own T cells (a type of immune system cell) are genetically modified in the laboratory so that they grow surface receptors that bind like grappling hooks to specific proteins on the patient's cancer cells. The receptors are called chimeric antigen receptors, or CARs. Large numbers of these engineered CAR-T cells are grown in the laboratory then infused back into the patient, so that they can find and attack the cancer cells.
This appears to be a more powerful and more targeted approach to killing cancer cells than chemotherapy, which kills some fast-growing cancer cells but often kill healthy cells, too.
In a recent clinical trial led by Mackall and Terry Fry, MD, a pediatric hematologist and oncologist at the National Cancer Institute, a significant percentage of children and young adults with treatment-resistant B-cell leukemia achieved remission through a new CAR-T cell gene therapy that destroys cancer cells with the CD22 molecule on its surface.
This study provided the first evidence that CAR-T cells targeting a second surface protein (CD19 was the first) could also induce powerful anti-cancer effects. This CAR was also able to treat patients who had relapsed after earlier treatments with CD19-CAR T cells. The study opens the door to the use of multiple CAR targets to fight treatment-resistance leukemia and possibly other types of cancers.
"I'm really optimistic that we're going to have an important impact in the clinic," Mackall said.
Video by Stanford Children's Health


The foot is composed of bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. , Feet more prone to injury and pain because they bear the body’s weight. Adequate evaluation and treatment are required.
Foot pain may arise due to advanced age, being overweight, excessive sports activities or walking, foot injury or trauma, inborn foot deformities, poorly fitted shoes, and from standing on your feet for a long duration. Certain disorders and conditions may also induce foot pain and include:
- Achilles tendinitis
- Achilles tendon rupture
- Bone spurs
- Broken ankle, foot or toe
- Foot deformities
- Foot tendinitis
- Foot tumors
The triggering causes for foot pain can be diagnosed by using imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scan, and MRI scans.
The treatment of foot pain depends upon the cause. The usual procedures for foot pain treatment include rest, medications, ice, compression, elevation, using crutches to avoid load on the foot, and performing stretching and strengthening exercises. Other medical treatments that may be considered include ultrasound, corticosteroid injection, Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) and biologics, orthotics or physical therapy. In some cases, depending upon the condition of the patient and the underlying deformity, surgery may be recommended.


For decades he has been known by virtually every student of cognitive neuroscience by his initials alone: H. M. The story is familiar to anyone who has studied memory over the past 50 years: In the 1950s, as a young man, he had a life-threatening case of epilepsy. Portions of his brain, including the hippocampus, were surgically removed in an effort to stop the seizures. The operation was effective but, before long, an unexpected and terrible side effect of the operation was discovered. H. M. was no longer able to form new long-term memories. He could remember much of his life from before the surgery. His personality remained essentially intact, but after less than a minute he would forget anything that he had experienced. He could not even remember the doctors, nurses and other people responsible for his care whom he had met dozens of times. Then Brenda Milner of the Montreal Neurological Institute discovered that H. M. could improve at complicated motor tasks such a mirror drawing, even though he would not recall having done the task before. And thus began the modern movement in memory theory to divide this central mental faculty into a set of distinct memory “systems”: implicit and explicit, procedural and declarative, and so forth.
Over the past half-century H. M. has submitted himself to the experiments of any number of researchers who were eager to extract whatever information his own personal tragedy might be able to provide them. His own life was reduced to living with his parents, then with another relative, and finally in an institution for the past 30 years. But now, in death, his name has become public: Henry Molaison. He died of respiratory failure at the age of 82.
Benedict Carey of the New York Times has written an informative and surprisingly moving obituary of the man who, one could argue, created the modern discipline of cognitive neuroscience, not by his brilliance but, instead, by his mental disability.
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The 8 Principles of Human Behavior
The 8 principles of human behavior apply at home, at school, and in the work environment. If fail to understand them, you risk de-motivating people among your staff and your team as a whole.
In this Practical Tool, you'll find the 8 Principles of Human Behavior, as they apply to manager/employee interactions in a work setting and how they relate to motivation, including:
- How to encourage good behavior and nip poor behavior in the bud
- Do workplace punishments really work?
- Why establishing the difference between their "wants" and "needs" is so important
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Papers delivered at the Symposium of the same name convened at the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London
Buddhist Heritage, Tadeusz Skorupski, editor, Institute of Buddhist Studies, Hardcover, 1989, 276 Pages, $39.00
* D.L. Snellgrove, Multiple Features of the Buddhist Heritage.
* H. Bechert, Aspects of Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.
* K.R. Norman, The Pali Language and Scriptures.
* A.H.Christie, Buddhism in Southeast Asia: An Anecdotal Survey.
* J.K. Locke, The Unique Features of Newar Buddhism.
* E. Zürcher, The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Culture in an Historical Perspective.
* R. Whitfield, Buddhist Monuments in China and Some Recent Finds.
* L.R. Lancaster, The Rock Cut Canon in China: Findings at Fang-shan.
* Youngsook Pak, Excavations of Buddhist Temple Sites in Korea Since 1960.
* Hee-Sung Keel, Word and Wordlessness: The Spirit of Korean Buddhism.
* T. Kubo, Contemporary Lay Buddhist Movements in Japan: A Comparison between the Reiyukai and the Soka Gakkai.
* A. Piatigorsky, Buddhism in Tuva: Preliminary Observations on Religious Syncretism.
* D. Seyfort-Ruegg, The Buddhist Notion of an 'Immanent Absolute'(tathagatagarbha) as a Problem in Hermeneutics.
* Russell Webb, Contemporary European Scholarship on Buddhism.


Is the Dental Implant Prone to Cavities or Gum Disease?
Dental implants are designed to replace missing or damaged teeth, providing the look of a natural tooth but with enhanced durability due to the structural composition of modern implants. Modern dental implants are secured within the jawbone and have a custom-made portion that remains visible and resembles the original or missing tooth. This visible portion of the dental implant is the crown.
The crown of the dental implant is made to look just like a natural tooth, except this crown is incapable of suffering dental caries, commonly known as cavities. The crown of the implant is custom made for each patient and the implant dentist will ensure it fits properly and matches the rest of the patient’s teeth and mouth. This is especially important for functional chewing and speaking comfort. While the implant can break in extreme circumstances, it is designed to last a lifetime with proper care. Modern dental implants are actually stronger than natural teeth.
A natural tooth has a root that grows out from within the jawbone and a crown, which is seen above the gum line. Natural teeth are porous, which is why they stain from contact with things like coffee and tea, and they are susceptible to cavities and damage from exposure to various foods including sugar and acidic substances. When a tooth is damaged, lost, or extracted, the space left behind can weaken the jaw’s hold on the surrounding teeth. A dental implant reinforces the teeth around it, while providing a permanent replacement that functions just as well, if not better, than the previous tooth.
Gum disease is less common with the dental implants, although there may be some temporary inflammation or discomfort during the preparation and implant phases of the treatment plan. Flossing daily helps remove food particles from between teeth that can cause gum irritation and eventually lead to gum disease and other issues.
Proper brushing and flossing are essential for the maintenance of all teeth and gums, including dental implants. It is also important to maintain regular checkups with a general dentist for overall oral health as well as continued care of the dental implant.
For more information about dental implants, contact the office of Dr. Owen C. Mandanas at 907-276-5522 today!


Emerging markets are nations that invest in more productive ability, also known as emerging economies or developing countries. These are the economies that will grow bigger in the future, thereby increasingly having an effect on global trade and economics. They move away from their traditional economies that rely on farming and raw material exports.
Countries that fall into this category, varying from big to small are usually considered emerging because of their developments and reforms. Emerging markets have characteristics such as:
1. Low per capita income- emerging market economies often have reduced per capita revenue than developed countries, and frequently have liquidity on equity markets, set up legislative bodies and exchanges, and see fast development.
2. High potential but slow economic growth- the emerging market has a very high potential of becoming a strong developed country, but it is not as easy as we think as it is a long and slow process.
3. Currency swings due to commodities- emerging markets are more prone to volatile currency fluctuations. As an example; U.S. dollar price, which led oil and food prices to skyrocket when the U.S. subsidized maize ethanol manufacturing in 2008. This has triggered food disturbances in many emerging markets.
Emerging markets are appealing because their advanced counterparts tend to develop quicker. People need employment in any economy, and the company plays an enormous part in the economy’s development.
Without companies, economies can exist, but they’re not nearly as powerful. In any market economy, business plays a key position. Hence, we can also say that the economic situation in emerging markets is indirectly dependent on jobs as well. Less number of jobs or job opportunity leads to people earning and spending less amount of money on products or commodities. Not only the buyers but sellers will also be bound for less production of products or commodities due to lack of buyers in the market.
Without buying and selling of goods, the economy of the country or emerging markets can be deeply damaged with very few recovery chances. That’s why jobs and businesses that create job opportunities are of great importance for countries as they will directly or indirectly cause damage to the economy.
Skipjack Corp is an advanced technology developer creating the new internet called the Zetanet which completely secures personal data security and disables any kind of data breaches. Zetanet aims to increase job opportunities worldwide.


Rogier van der Weyden
(1399/1400–1464), was a South-Netherlandish
painter, chronologically halfway up the list of mediaeval
West-European innovators, ranking between
Jan van Eyck
Hugo van der Goes,
known as the Flemish primitives.
Rogier van der
Weyden was born Rogier de la Pasture in Doornik (Tournai). As far
as we know, he entered late into the services of master painter
Robert Campin, in 1427, a year after marrying Elizabeth Goffaert.
His career took off
quickly after that. In 1432 he established himself as a master in
Doornik, rising to the position of Brussels City Painter in 1435.
From that day on he only worked under his Flemish name. There are
clues that he stayed in Bruges between 1432 and 1435; whatever the
case, the influence of Van Eyck on his work is clearly felt.
Brussels at the time was a good place to work in as it was quickly
developing into a regional center.
In the Holy Year of
1450 Van der Weyden traveled to Rome. Along the way he composed
several works for the Medici family in Florence.
Van der Weyden
painted mostly religious themes – with the exception of
several portraits his worldly work has been lost. He never signed
his work, so art historians to this day are trying to discover
which works are his. Most likely he ran a workshop with a large
number of assistants and students.
his work are the clear composition and the lively use of colors, in
which he incorporated much symbolism. His altarpieces are
considered his highlights, including the Descent from the Cross and
the multitych with the Last Judgment in Beaune, where he tried to
rival Van Eyck's Lamb of God. Van der Weyden strongly influenced
later painters, among whom his student
Rogier van der
Weyden died in Brussels in 1464, where he was buried in the St.
Gudula Church, now known as the St. Michael's Cathedral. He was
reasonably prosperous and renowned during his life. For at least
half a century his style was much imitated.


“Though studies of resilience could fill a library, researchers have identified a shortlist of pillars and processes common to people who have overcome a difficult start in life and are able to cope when life becomes challenging. Among the factors most relevant to personal resilience are four pillars (awareness and self-reflection; personal skills that strengthen one’s identity; control over one’s life and fair treatment by others; and physical and mental health that results from physical activity, proper nutrition and good sleep hygiene) and three processes (living in diverse communities with abundant social support; experiencing safe spaces and leisure activities; and daily practices that incudes personal routines and accessing health care when its needed).
The best way to grow resilience is to acquire as many of the pillars and processes as possible. An easy way to remember the ways we build resilience is to use the acronym GROW:
• Ground yourself in the situation.
• Recognize what you can control.
• Organize the resources you need.
• Work with your community for support
The Process of Building Resilience
- Acknowledge what you’re dealing with.
- Break down the problem.
- Determine what is in your control to change.
- Find helpful resources.
- Reflect, grow and repeat.
Persistence is key to growing resilience when our lives are plagued by adversity. Mobilize your action plans. Don’t be discouraged by failure as it provides new information and new resources to think about problems differently. When problems remain stuck at one level (e.g., a learning challenge; depression) consider addressing the problem by changing aspects of your life at another level (a child’s learning challenge can be tackled by coaching parents on how to help their child read; finding a network of social supports can prevent the social isolation that feeds adult depression). Connect with as many resources as possible. There is no shame asking for help when problems are complex.
White paper, Ungar M and the Resilience Research Centre Staff, Lustig S, Cigna Behavioral Research, 2020.9.22


International Relations is a vibrant field of significant growth and change. This book guides students through the complexities of over 40 central concepts and core theories, relating them at all times to contemporary issues and debates.
Each concept is divided into five sections to allow rapid familiarization with the topic and provide signposts for further exploration:
Core questions to address; Definition; Theoretical perspectives; Empirical problems; Core reading and useful websites
In addition the major theories are covered by six-part entries that give a 360 degree view of the strengths, weaknesses, applications and methodologies of each one:
An introduction to the core questions; Overview and background; Methodologies; Empirical application; Central criticism; Core reading and useful websites
Clear and highly readable, Key Concepts in International Relations is an essential guide for students on politics and international relations courses.
1. Core Questions Addressed
- What are the rights owned by any individual human being?
- How are these rights guaranteed?
- What role do human rights play in international relations?
A traditional liberal definition sees human rights as rights that apply to all human beings independent of their nationality, ethnicity, religion or other individual characteristics. They therefore are presumed to have universal applicability, although, as we will see below, this universality is also often challenged. There are several subcategories of rights, and there have been many theoretical and political disputes over which rights to include in the list of universally valid human rights.
One distinction differentiates between negative and positive rights. Negative rights protect the individual against infringements of their rights, especially by political authorities. Article 4 of ...


Large numbers of snowy owls descend on Great Lakes region
Snowy owls have descended on the Great Lakes region and northeastern U.S. in huge numbers in recent weeks, to the delight of birdwatchers.
The mass migration we’re seeing this winter is what’s known as an irruption.
"For snowies, that's usually largely influenced by whether or not they had a really good breeding year,” said Rachelle Roake, a conservation scientist at Michigan Audubon.
And snowy owl breeding is influenced by how much food those snowy owls have access to during the breeding season.
“If there are a lot of lemmings and small rodents up in the Arctic where they're breeding, they can have really great nesting success, really produce a lot of young,” Roake said.
Some researchers say this year’s irruption could rival that of 2013-2014, when thousands of snowy owls flew south to nest in the northern United States.
This winter's mass migration of the owls from their Arctic breeding grounds is more than just a treat for bird enthusiasts – it’s also serious business for researchers. As we reported in 2015, researchers with Project SNOWstorm are trapping and fitting some of the visitors with tiny solar-powered transmitters to track them around the globe. The project was founded after the mega irruption of 2013-2014.
Scientists use the tracking data to study the long-misunderstood species whose numbers likely are far fewer than previously thought. Researchers once believed there were about 300,000 snowy owls worldwide.
Now they say it's closer to 30,000 because of new information about where they nest and winter. That doesn't necessarily mean that snowy owls are in decline. But researchers want to know for sure.
They worry the birds' long-term survival could be affected by global warming.


How is new technology used in medical education in UK medical schools?
New technologies are being used in a variety of ways in medical schools, from teaching and learning to research and clinical practice. Here are some examples of how new technologies are being used in medical schools today:
- Simulations: Medical schools are using simulations to provide students with hands-on learning experiences that are realistic and safe. These simulations can be in the form of virtual reality, mannequins, or other interactive tools that allow students to practice clinical skills and decision-making in a controlled environment. This controlled environment of simulation allows training doctors to practice managing situations that they may come across infrequently or where the stakes are high for example managing an unstable patient.
- Virtual reality: Virtual reality (VR) is being used in medical schools to provide immersive learning experiences that allow students to practice procedures and techniques in a realistic, interactive way. VR can also be used to teach students about diseases and conditions, allowing them to visualise and understand complex concepts in a more intuitive way.
- Online learning: Medical schools are also using online learning platforms to supplement traditional classroom instruction and provide students with more flexibility and convenience. Online learning can include a range of activities, such as video lectures, interactive quizzes, and virtual lab simulations.
- Big data and analytics: Medical schools are using big data and analytics to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their programs. For example, they may use data to track student performance and identify areas for improvement, or to analyse trends in patient care and develop new treatment protocols.
- 3D printing: Medical schools are also using 3D printing to create models of body parts and other medical devices, allowing students to practice procedures and gain a deeper understanding of anatomy and physiology. 3D printing is also being used in research to create personalised medical devices and implants, such as prosthetics and stents.
Overall, new technologies are being used in a variety of ways in medical schools, from teaching and learning to research and clinical practice. These technologies are helping to improve the quality of medical education and prepare students for the challenges of modern medicine.


Natural hot springs bubble in Évaux-les-Bains. With a mineral content that includes sulphates, sodium, nitrogen and iron, they have healing properties that have been documented since antiquity.
Several archaeological excavations have confirmed the existence of Gallo-Roman thermal baths that were built towards the end of the first century underneath the current town of Évaux.
The significance of these ancient thermal baths was revealed by the remains of a huge arcade that was rare in Gaul. This covered path was almost 700 metres long. Starting from the site of what is now the church on the plateau, it went down to the entrance of the thermal baths. At 6.70 m wide, it was possible to travel through it both on foot, and in a carriage drawn by horses, oxen or donkeys, which was necessary for invalids in particular. A frame covered in tiles protected those taking the waters from bad weather when going up or down the path or pausing in the little recesses that were set along the edge of the path every 100 metres.
The foundations of one of the two long, low walls on which this structure rests are still partially visible when going down to the thermal baths.
There was likely a sacred welcoming temple at the entrance to this covered path, close to today’s church, which took its place in a vast complex that included worship buildings. Évaux’s ancient thermal baths appear to have had an important sacred aspect that was probably linked to the water’s healing properties.
The many members of staff who worked to keep the baths running lived in an urban area that is now integrated into the town of Évaux-les-Bains.
The thermal baths and arcade were destroyed by a fire towards the end of the 3rd century, followed by a cliff collapse that partially buried the baths. Although they were rebuilt in part, they were ultimately abandoned in the 4th century.


I well remember the feelings of shock as I read the historical account of one of my grandfathers being involved in the demise of an individual. We seemed like such an average normal family, I thought. As the shock wore off, I was able to see things in a more sensible light. Here are some tips on coping with the skeletons in your closet.
First, calculate the number of years that transpired since the event occurred. Just the knowledge that this event happened 112, or 123, or 160 years ago will remove some of the shock. This also helps you to place the event into relation with social mores and values of the time. Remember, your values are not necessarily your grandfather's, and social values and taboo's change with time. Take the time to investigate the values and social mores of your grandfather's time; it might put a completely new perspective on things.
Attempt to understand the events that shaped your ancestor's life. Were alcohol or poverty an influence upon their behavior? What behaviors of other individuals may have been relative to the situation? What cause the event to occur? If legal proceedings were involved, what was the outcome? You might find out that your ancestor was not guilty after all.
Acknowledge that while we are influenced by the genetics of our ancestors, their behaviors are not and should not be a reflection upon our character. Human character is shaped by many different influences. Human beings are mortal creatures and are subject to the failings that are intrinsic to us all. The world is made of all different kind of humans; it was no different in your grandparent's day.
Recognize that you can do nothing to change history. History is just that, history. But, trying to understand the events of history has the capability of teaching us many valuable lessons. We must learn from history and try not to repeat the mistakes of the past.
Look for things to admire about you ancestor. Did he or she exhibit grit or determination? Show incredible strength in the face of adversity?
Finally, try to see the lighter side of things. Well-placed humor is valuable to us all. Happy Hunting.


High impact research: how food assistance programs help food security
In this international collaboration, Melbourne Institute researchers helped the US Department of Agriculture assess the success of its food assistance program.
The Effect of SNAP on Assessments of Food Needs and Food Security
This cooperative agreement project between the Melbourne Institute and the Economic Research Service (ERS) of the US Department of Agriculture examined whether the receipt of food assistance under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) altered households' assessments of their food needs and food security.
Using data on reported food hardships, food expenditures, household-reported food needs, and food assistance from the US Current Population Survey Food Security Supplements, this research project resulted in the preparation of an internal report for the ERS.
This project contributed to the ongoing research agenda of both the Melbourne Institute and the ERS regarding the ways that food assistance programs impact diet, health, and food hardship among other outcomes of beneficiaries.
ERS has an abiding interest in the effects - anticipated and not - of federal food assistance programs on the diet, health, and wellbeing of American families, especially those that might affect their assessment of food hardship, a principal target of SNAP.
Housing partnership: title transfers, housing quality and tenant outcomes


As most of us know, when the Civil War came to a close in 1865, an extremely large number of folks remained enslaved, particularly in truly remote areas. The word of slavery’s ending traveled very slowly- too slowly- and for those who were largely isolated from the Union armies, life continued as if freedom did not exist. And would have continued indefinitely if the slave owners could have gotten away with it!
The reality is that many folks don’t realize that Juneteenth actually commemorates a smaller moment that remains relatively obscure. I’m not referring to the signing of the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, which technically freed slaves in the rebelling Confederate states (at least 250,000 remained enslaved for another 2 1/2 yrs), nor am I talking about the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865, which enshrined the end of slavery into the Constitution. I’m speaking about the moment when emancipation finally reached those in the deepest parts of the former Confederacy, like in the remote part of Texas for example.
When you think about it, Juneteenth represents the sad reality of how freedom and justice in the US has always been and probably will always be delayed for Black People, no matter how much we protest and advocate for and fight against racism and oppression. And what came from all of that advocacy and protesting after the end of the war? We saw a wave of lynching, imprisonment, and Jim Crow laws take a firm root in the country. And following that was the unbelievable disproportionate impact of mass incarceration, discriminatory housing policies, and a lack of economic investment to name a few critical, significant issues. But I digress.
Yesterday, June 16, 2021, the House has unanimously approved the Senate Bill to make Juneteenth a federal holiday, with only 14 GOP lawmakers opposing the Bill, which is amazing to be quite honest. This has been a long, long time in the making and to truly appreciate the significance of what this means, it’s crucial that we all have an accurate understanding of it’s history and the incredible fight and sacrifice of our Black leaders who made this possible. So however and wherever you choose to celebrate this momentous day, please take a minute to be fully present, mindful and genuinely reflect and give thanks and gratitude to the Ancestors.


National Army was first established by Mohan Singh in 1942.
When these did not arrive, Mohan Singh resigned after ordering his army to disband; he expected to be sentenced to dying. After Bose established Azad Hind, he tried to establish his political independence from the regime that supported him. Indeed, he had led protests in opposition to the Japanese growth into China, and supported Chiang Kai-shek in the course of the Nineteen Thirties. The Azad Hind Fauj was shaped in Southeast Asia with the military, political and financial help of Imperial Japan in Singapore.
An military formed on overseas soil, fighting for freedom, singing “zindagi hai qaum ki” – the story of Azad Hind Fauj. Mohammed Zaman Kiani served as Pakistan's political agent to Gilgit in the late 1950s. Of the only a few ex-INA members who joined the Indian Armed Forces after 1947 R.
S. Benegal, a member of the Tokyo Boys, joined the Indian Air Force in 1952 and later rose to be an air commodore. Benegal noticed action in each 1965 and Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, earning a Maha Vir Chakra, India's second-highest award for valour.
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Raw data is often delivered in Excel-sheets with a lot of noise and formating around. For analysis in R or other packages the real raw data is required. Scripting the “deformating” in plain text / csv files using shell tools like SED, AWK or Pearl to remove excess text in the datasheets makes it possible to rerun the procedure or track systematic errors.
Removing empty lines from a file containing code in plain text (like .csv, .html, .php, etc…) is very easy with SED in a UNIX/ MAC OS shell and even possible in the Windows CMD (after installing SED). The following is a blockquote from ZoneO-tips for Mandriva Linux which I found really useful and well written:
So, open up a konsole and move into the directory where your file resides (cd MyDirectory). And here we go with the two lines that’ll do the job
sed '/^$/d' myFile > tt
mv tt myFile
Here is what happens:
sed '/^$/d' myFileremoves all empty lines from the file myFile and outputs the result in the console,
> ttredirects the output into a temporary file called tt,
mv tt myFilemoves the temporary file tt to myFile.
Now, you may have 100 html files to correct at the same time. That’s where foreach comes in… Let’s say you want to correct all files ending with .html, here is what you should do:
Open up a konsole, move into the directory where your html files reside, type the following commands:
foreach file (*html)
sed '/^$/d' $file > tt
mv tt $file


The Roman Empire began effectively with AUGUSTUS’ (the man who would later become Emperor) victory over Mark ANTONY and CLEOPATRA in 31 BC.
During the following centuries, Roman possessions outside Italy substantially expanded, and the complexity of the imperial bureaucracy resulted in a decline in the importance of Italy itself.
A growing number of emperors (whose allegiances lay elsewhere) were born outside Italy, and when Caracalla (AD 212 or 213) proclaimed an Edict which extended Roman citizenship to nearly all free provincials throughout the empire, Italy’s special status had all but disappeared.
The 7 emperors who reigned between 270 and 284 AD – also known as the “barracks emperors” – (Aurelian, Tacitus, Florianus, Probus, Carus, Carinus jointly with Numerianus and Carinus alone) were all chosen by the army.
Only Numerianus, who died during a march, and Carus who was killed in battle, died in an “ordinary” way. The other 5 emperors were killed by their own soldiers and generals. In an attempt to end the chaos of the “barracks emperors”, emperor Diocletian (284-305 AD) established an orderly succession process and divided the power and succession into two separate empires, the Eastern and the Western halves, the Eastern, being the senior emperor. As of 286 AD, Diocletian as the Eastern emperor was joined by Maximian (286-305) in the West. Both emperors abdicated in 305 AD.
Maximian was recalled in 306 AD by Galerius. In Subsequent years, that succession rule was bitterly disputed both in the East and the West. There were a total of 39 claimants to the imperial title between 305 AD and 474 AD, and only 5 emperors (Constantine I [312-337], Constantius II [350-361], Julian [361-363], Jovian [363-364] and Theodosius I [392-395]) ruled both the East and the West.


With the moon and mars conjunction, passion and aggression is outwardly expressed but channeled into healthy and productive avenues. Mars is active and enterprising whereas the moon is reactive and domicile. With this aspect however, the duality of these opposing modes work in harmony rather than against one another. Emotionality is heightened by the moons fluctuating phases compelling the individual to alternate between periods of substantial drive and productivity and that of calm reflection. There may be ample creative energy and a compulsion to leave one’s mark upon the world. Impressions from the outside world are gathered and output with a martian ingenuity. The background intuition and receptivity of the moon softens the foolhardiness of Mars’ aggressive instincts and allows the individual to absorb some of the subtle details that might be flouted otherwise.
Under the moon mars conjunction, there is abundant confidence to carry out plans and to actualize that which they dream about. The lunar intuition guides the direction of the martian energy. Communication is straightforward and forthright and free of subterfuge and manipulation. Beating around the bush is not Mars’ style but the lunar influence may provide some tactfulness in how the individual expresses themselves. Setbacks and obstacles are the bane of Mars’ existence and may serve as the major source of distress. The moon helps the individual step back and assess a different approach while maintaining perspective and emotional stability. Beliefs and convictions are particularly strong and pronounced. These individuals feel deeply and may be passionate about expressing their views. They are likely outspoken and principled with a willingness to stand up in defense of others. They are particularly strong protectors of what they love and may express this in the form of patriotism or family devotion. Angry outbursts are short lived and there is not a proclivity for holding onto petty grudges as it is a waste of their energy.


Students will summarize the words of Rachel Carson and describe the impact one woman writer had on the world and our environment by reading Part I of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring and Al Gore's 1994 introduction to the latest printing of the book.
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Unit: Writers as Activists
Unit: Hands On Philanthropy: A High School Course at Kentucky Country Day School
To introduce students to the financial side of operating a nonprofit organization and to the financial reporting they are required to do for the IRS.
This lesson briefly explains the process a group goes through as they deliberate and decide upon which applicant organizations will receive grant awards.
Unit: Roots of Philanthropy (Elementary)
Unit: What Is a Youth Advisory Committee?
The group reviews the list of issues and ways to take action, including those gathered with their families. They narrow the list through consensus. They invite a local Community Foundation Youth Advisory Committee member to talk about their work and grant process.
Unit: Philanthropy and You
Conducting research about activists from different cultures helps youth recognize Human Rights and the relationship to philanthropic values.
Unit: The Life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
The conversation centers on bringing individuals together in community, as they learned from Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. We each have individual strengths, and we are stronger together as we share our hopes for a world united in generosity for all. The children bind individual pages together...
Unit: Drumming from the Heart
The purpose of this lesson is to have the children identify the value of the gifts in the folktale "The Drum." They brainstorm gifts they have to give (time, talent, and treasure) and the value these gifts may have to others.
Unit: Mighty Pens: Writers for Positive Change
Learners write personal narratives to document activities, insights, research, impact, and discoveries of their firsthand experience with civic engagement, service, and volunteerism. By explaining involvement in action for the common good, learners raise awareness of a social issue, the need for...
Unit: Grow Involved 6-8
In this lesson, youth discuss the life and legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and especially focus on his ethic of service.