Coriander, aka Coriandrum sativumis, aka cilantro (in Spanish), aka Chinese parsley, is a leaf similar to parsley. It is a Mediterranean herb that is part of the carrot family and its flavor is often referred to as a blend of lemon and sage. Dried coriander seeds have a warm, nutty, citrusy taste and can be added to dips, soups and chutneys. Finely ground coriander, known as Dhania in India, is used as a thickening agent and is a key ingredient in curries and other Indian dishes. Coriander is also a common spice used in Mexican food.Coriander is native to regions spanning from southern Europe to northern Africa to southwestern Asia. It has been cultivated at least since the time of the ancient Egyptians, and the Romans introduced it to the British, regarding it as a high-status spice that could be used in place of black pepper. It eventually fell out of use in Britain, except as an ingredient in gin!Known all over the world for its medicinal properties, coriander is a source of potassium, iron, vitamins A, K and C, folic acid, magnesium and calcium. It is known for aiding in digestion, treating conjunctivitis and as an antidiabetic. Due to its high vitamin content, coriander has also been used as a treatment for hair loss.
Alert: While spices can have many beneficial properties for health, using them for medical purposes should be done under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare professional or specialist. Some spices may interact with medications or cause adverse reactions in certain individuals, and it is important to use them safely and appropriately. If you are considering using spices for a medical condition, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before doing so.
Benefits of Coriander
Some research suggests Coriander may have the following benefits:


Tracing the history of mechanical engineering – Episode 3: In a valley in the Eifel, cosmic researchers are busy capturing extraterrestrial radio waves in order to find out more about our universe. The receiver is a giant telescope with a diameter of 100 metres.
It has been performing its duties for science for 45 years. With the radio telescope in Effelsberg, near Bad Münstereifel, scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy are exploring the Milky Way and other galaxies. And guest researchers from all over the world are regular visitors, too, for the giant white dish, measuring 100 metres in diameter, is completely moveable and therefore particularly efficient. Cosmic gas clouds, magnetic fields, black holes, comets, newly formed stars – whatever helps us to find out more about how the universe developed and how it will develop in the future is subjected to intense scientific scrutiny.
The radio signals often come from extreme distances and are usually pretty weak. To ensure that they can be received and evaluated, there is a concentration of state-of-the-art technology in Effelsberg, and it’s constantly being upgraded: ultrasensitive amplifiers; extremely precise control systems for the positioning of the reflector; and extremely low-noise electronics. The total weight of the steel construction is 3,200 tons, and 5,200 cubic metres of concrete went into making the foundation. The huge parabolic reflector of the telescope can be turned through 360 degrees in just twelve minutes, and tilted through 90 degrees in just six minutes.
Anyone curious to find out more is very welcome in Effelsberg. Regular talks and presentations are given at the visitor’s pavilion.


“Lady cleavage” is a term used colloquially to refer to the exposed area between a woman’s breasts, typically when wearing clothing with a low neckline or deep V-neck.
What is the anatomical structure located between a woman’s breasts?
The anatomical structure located between a woman’s breasts is the sternum, also known as the breastbone.
Why is cleavage considered to be an attractive feature in some cultures?
In some cultures, cleavage is considered attractive because it is seen as a symbol of fertility and femininity. The visibility of the breasts suggests that a woman would be able to nourish her children, making her a desirable mate. Additionally, cleavage can be viewed as a sign of youthfulness and beauty.
How does clothing and fashion accentuate or conceal cleavage?
Clothing and fashion can accentuate or conceal cleavage depending on the style of clothing. Some clothing styles like plunging necklines or v-neck shirts tend to emphasize the cleavage, while others like turtlenecks or high-collar shirts tend to obscure it. Similarly, certain fabrics like silk or satin can make the chest area look more prominent, while thicker fabrics like wool may conceal it. Accessories such as necklaces can also draw attention to or away from a woman’s cleavage.
Is there a difference in perception of cleavage among different age groups or genders?
There may be some differences in perception of cleavage among different age groups or genders depending on cultural and societal norms, personal beliefs, and upbringing. However, the extent and direction of these differences are still under debate within social psychology research. Some studies suggest that younger people tend to view cleavage as a sign of sexual attractiveness while older individuals might view it more controversially or not care much about it. Gender-wise, some men may view cleavage positively while other men may judge women for revealing too much skin. Women’s opinions on this topic vary greatly too; some might even feel empowered by dressing in revealing ways while others believe this is objectifying themselves as a sex object. Overall though, perceptions of cleavage largely depend on personal views and values held by each individual rather than generalizations based only on one’s group identification (age/gender).


Handball Basic Rules For Kids
A handball team has seven players, six on the court and one goalie.
Two teams of seven compete against each other. That means 14 people on the court.
Players can be substituted in or out of the court at any time.
No player besides the goalie is allowed in the goal area.
Shots can only be taken outside the goal area.
The game is started when a player in the center throws the ball to a teammate.
You cannot take more than three steps without bouncing the ball.
You cannot hold the ball for three or more seconds without passing or shooting it.
The goalie is the only player that is allowed to kick the ball, and they can only kick it within their own goal area.
Any player who breaks a rule can cause a foul to be called. Yellow cards are given for such fouls.
Any player who causes more than three fouls or breaks a serious rule will be immediately removed from the game.
A throw-in happens when the ball goes out of play on either side of the court.
A corner is when the ball goes out of play on a goal line and it was last touched by a defender. The throw-in is then taken from the closest corner of the court.
A goalie can throw the ball back into play when an attacker puts the ball out of play near the goal line.
The objective of the game is to score goals by getting the ball into the net. The team with the highest score at the end wins the game.
The game is 60 minutes long, and there are two halves of 30 minutes each.
If there is a tie after 60 minutes, overtime will take place. Overtime in handball consists of two five-minute halves. A second set of five-minute halves can be played after the first if the game is still tied.
If the game is still tied after two sets of overtimes, there is a shootout to have a winner.


Society registration is a legal process in which a group of individuals comes together to form a society for a charitable, religious, literary, scientific, or any other purpose that is not-for-profit. It is registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
Advantages of Society Registration:
- Limited Liability: Members of a society have limited liability, which means they are not personally liable for any debts or losses incurred by the society.
- Tax Exemption: Societies are eligible for tax exemptions and benefits under the Income Tax Act and the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA).
- Credibility: Registered societies have legal recognition, which enhances their credibility among donors, partners, and stakeholders.
- Perpetual Existence: Societies have perpetual existence, which means they continue to exist even if the members change or the organization undergoes restructuring.
Disadvantages of Society Registration:
- Compliance Requirements: Societies are subject to various legal and regulatory compliance requirements, such as filing annual reports, conducting regular audits, and maintaining accurate financial records.
- Complex Registration Process: The registration process for a society can be complex and requires the submission of various legal documents, such as a memorandum of association and rules and regulations.
- Restriction on Activities: Societies are established for a specific purpose, and any activity outside the scope of the society’s objectives is not permitted.
Types of Societies:
- Charitable Society: A charitable society is established for promoting charitable activities, such as education, health, and poverty alleviation.
- Literary and Scientific Society: A literary and scientific society is established for promoting literary and scientific activities, such as research and publication of journals.
In summary, Society Registration is a legal process in which a group of individuals forms a society for a charitable, religious, literary, scientific, or any other purpose that is not-for-profit. The advantages of society registration include limited liability, tax exemption, credibility, and perpetual existence, while the disadvantages include compliance requirements, a complex registration process, and a restriction on activities. The types of societies include Charitable Society and Literary and Scientific Society.


KafnaOld Norse Dictionary - kafna
Meaning of Old Norse word "kafna" in English.
As defined by the Cleasby & Vigfusson Old Norse to English dictionary:
- að, (older form kvafna, Sks. 108), to be suffocated, choked, in water, steam, or the like; kafna af sandfoki, Al. 50; sögðu at Kvásir hefði kafnat í mannviti, Edda 47; k. í stofu-reyk, Grett. 116: of light, to be extinguished, Sks. 208: of a horse, kafna eðr springa, Fas. iii. 74.
Possible runic inscription in Younger Futhark:ᚴᛅᚠᚾᛅ
Younger Futhark runes were used from 8th to 12th centuries in Scandinavia and their overseas settlements
➞ See all works cited in the dictionary
Works & Authors cited:
- Alexanders Saga. (G. I.)
- Edda. (C. I.)
- Fornaldar Sögur. (C. II.)
- Grettis Saga. (D. II.)
- Konungs Skugg-sjá. (H. II.)
Also available in related dictionaries:
This headword also appears in dictionaries of other languages descending from Old Norse.


The Council’s western Pa., office has completed a Watershed Implementation Plan for the Pine Creek Watershed located in Allegheny County.
The goal of the plan was to determine how best to reduce the nonpoint source pollutant loads in this watershed.
What makes this plan unique is that this is the first Watershed Implementation Plan that EPA Region 3 has received that is based solely on urban stormwater management measures. Additionally, this plan can be viewed in the context of a much larger Act 167 study that is underway in four watersheds in northern Allegheny County, including Pine Creek. The Act 167 study will create a detailed GIS based watershed model that will evaluate multiple flood control and water quality improvement scenarios and will further the details provided in the Watershed Implementation Plan.
The analysis from the Watershed Implementation Plan determined that there are five main approaches to reducing the impacts of urbanization in the watershed.
- The proper implementation of the Act 167 Stormwater Management Ordinance requirements adopted by the Pine Creek municipalities in 2008. These requirements will insure that all significant future development and redevelopment in the watershed be constructed using water quality BMPs such as natural area conservation, stream buffers, enhanced swales, infiltration zones (like rain gardens), and environmentally sensitive subdivisions.
- The construction of approximately 19 million cubic feet of additional water quality BMPs to reduce pollutant loading from developed areas. It is recommended that a portion of these water quality volume BMPs be developed by retrofitting existing stormwater dry ponds into wet ponds.
- The stabilization of 5.3 more miles of stream banks to reduce erosion.
- The use of ‘Green Streets’ concepts in the highly urbanized portions of the watershed. This uses methods such as street side rain gardens and the separation of combined sewers to reduce urban runoff and sewer overflows into the waterway.
- The protection of steep slopes and natural areas in the watershed. It is recommended that the municipalities adopt steep slope protection ordinances and encourage the use of conservation easements to protect natural areas within the watershed.
Funding was provided by the DEP through Section 319 of the Federal Clean Water Act Administered by the U.S. EPA. For more information, contact Jen Novak in the Pittsburgh Office.


17 th November is the world diabetes day.According to 2019 data,there are more than 460 million people are diabetic in the world.
One in every 11 people are diabetic. 1 in every 5 are diabetic above 65 years of age.
Theme for WDD 2021-23 is access to diabetes care
- Millions of people suffering from diabetes are unable to access diabetes care
- To avoid complications and to maintain their condition, people with diabetes needs ongoing care and support.
- Medicines , technology, care and support should be made available to every diabetic around the world.
- Governments have to increase their budget for Diabetes.
Some facts about Diabetes
Today is 14 November and this day is observed as word diabetes day .Here we want to show you the present facts or scenario of diabetes in the word.
- 463 diabetic, according to 2019 data ,that means 1 in 11 adult are suffering from diabetes.
- By the end of 2030,the figure is expected to rise up to 578 million.
- 1 in every 5 person above 65 years are diabetes.
- Another 232 million people are undiagnosed that means 1 in 2 adult are still undiagnosed.
- In 2019 ,4.2 million people died because of diabetes.
- 2/3 rd of people suffering from diabetes are from urban area.
- Around 20 million live births are affected by Hyperglycemia in pregnancy.
4 thoughts on “14 November, World Diabetes Day.What Is The Theme And Facts For The Year 2021-23 ?”
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DANIEL H. BURNHAM, ARCHITECT, PLANNER OF CITIES.
Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1921.
Two volumes. xviii, 260p; ix, 238p. Illustrated. Small 4to. Green cloth with architectural ornaments in gilt on the upper covers, t.e.g. Exceptionally nice copies in dust jackets. Books with just trifling rubbing to edges, front panel of Vol. II dust jacket toned. Slipcase perished. Item #22596
Burnham (1846-1912) was a major Chicago architect and planner - and the chief architect for the World's Columbian Exposition, as well as many iconic buildings.
"Mr. Burnham was the Director of Works at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893, where he formed friendships with Theodore Thomas, Charles F. McKim, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, and Frank Millet, which continued through their lives. In 1901 he was associated with McKim, Saint-Gaudens, and Frederick Law Olmsted in preparing the new plans for Washington, which are now being carried out. Then came plans for West Point, Cleveland, San Francisco, Manila, Baguio, and Chicago. He was deeply interested in the American Academy in Rome and took part in raising its endowment. Among his buildings are the railway stations in Washington, Pittsburgh, Chicago and New Orleans: office buildings in every city from Boston to San Francisco, and from Chicago to New Orleans. Finally he was Chairman of the National Commission of Fine Arts until his death in 1912.
Mr. Burnham established the principles of city-planning in this country and laid foundations on which cities are being constructed and reconstructed; and the story of his life has to do even more with the future than with the past." (Slipcase blurb).


Information and Software Technology is an elective course that may be studied for 100 or 200 hours for Stage 5. It builds on the knowledge, skills and experiences developed in the Technology (Mandatory) Years 7–8 Syllabus.
People will require highly developed levels of computing and technology literacy for their future lives. Students therefore need to be aware of the scope, limitations and implications of information and software technologies.
Individual and group tasks, performed over a range of projects, will enable this practical-based course to deliver the relevant knowledge and skills needed by students. Development of technology skills and information about career opportunities within this area are important aspects of the course.
What will students learn about?
The core content to be covered in this course is integrated into the options chosen within the school. The course has been designed with an emphasis on practical activities that allow students to sustain focus in a range of interest areas at some depth.
The option topics to be studied within this course include:
- Artificial Intelligence, Simulation and Modelling
- Authoring and Multimedia
- Internet and Website Development
- Software Development and Programming
- Robotics and Automated Systems.
What will students learn to do?
Students will identify a need or problem to be solved, explore a range of possible solutions and produce a full working solution. They will use a variety of technologies to create, modify and produce products in a range of media formats.
Group and individual project-based work will assist in developing a range of skills, including research, design and problem-solving strategies over the chosen topics.
Record of School Achievement
Satisfactory completion of 100 or 200 hours of study in Information and Software Technology during Stage 5 (Years 9 and 10) will be recorded with a grade on the student’s Record of School Achievement.


The education process provides students with knowledge and reinforces that knowledge through a variety of exercises. After exercises reinforce learning, teachers clarify and review provided materials to correct any mistakes. Teachers can then use tests to verify that the content has been learned successfully. Learn more in a custom written research paper from Paper Masters.
The educational process consists of four elements:
- Providing information
- Reinforcing skills
- Reviewing material
- Verifying mastery
There many different ways to conduct these stages of the process. Providing information, for instance, can occur through lectures, reading materials, or performing experiments. Exercises designed to reinforce skills usually rely on student involvement, but there are innumerable options. Students might write about what essays about what they have learned, give class presentations, or apply academic information to real-world problems. Teachers can review materials with students by grading assignments, providing feedback, or participating in discussions. Testing can also include a variety of options, including written tests, oral exams, and performance evaluations.
While the educational process is often seen as a classroom philosophy, it also has applications in workforce development and other types of training. In America we value individual freedom. We believe that everyone is entitled to an education. Globally, we are becoming more diverse, more aware of our diversity and more, one would hope, accepting of the differences that make us, as human beings, unique. We are also reaching an age in which universal norms change much more rapidly than ever before. It is difficult, under these circumstances, to support an essentialist philosophy of education, particularly in America. Existentialism, which at its essence supports the differentiation of education, has been shown in research to work as an alternative.Differentiation of education works for all children. Both special education and gifted education research supports differentiation of curriculum in order to allow a wide range of students, with learning differences and preferences, to succeed in the same classroom. Differentiation, with its focus on preassessment of skills, interests and learning styles, allow for more effective implementation of learning initiatives, allows education to be made more meaningful and more effective in outcomes. Differentiation improves education for all students, celebrating the diversity and principals that as a country and a global community we purport to honor. Research therefore supports existentialism as a foundation philosophy in education.


Republicans took control of a record number of state legislatures in last month’s midterm elections. The party’s victories were due in part to success in recruiting strong female and minority candidates, according the The New York Times. New Republican legislators include the first Republican black women elected to the West Virginia House and the first Republican Latina in the Nevada Assembly.
In Oklahoma, it’s a different story. While the state has now re-elected its first female governor, women and people of color remain severely underrepresented in state politics – and things aren’t getting better.
The November elections brought 28 new legislators to the Oklahoma House and Senate, but just two women. Of the 22 new members joining the majority Republican caucuses, only one, Sen. Stephanie Bice, is female. Overall, the number of female legislators in Oklahoma – already third lowest in the nation, behind only South Carolina and Louisiana – slipped even lower.
For minorities, the picture is hardly brighter. The new Legislature will include just five African-Americans, one Hispanic, and one Asian-American, the first in state history. If the Legislature reflected the overall state population, there would be 11 African-Americans, 15 Hispanics and three Asian-American legislators. Native Americans represent the one notable exception to the under-representation of Oklahoma’s minorities. In 2013, 26 representatives were members of the House bipartisan Native American caucus.
The underrepresentation of women and people of color matters. As a question of democratic principle, all citizens, regardless of gender and ethnicity, should have an equal opportunity to participate in politics. Substantial research also shows that women and minorities help call attention to different policy priorities. Female legislators often focus more on issues directly affecting children and families than do their male colleagues. Minority legislators bring awareness of disparities in health, education and employment that are invisible to many whites.
The next two election cycles will see a large number of current legislators hit their term limits, creating many new open seats. This will give both parties plenty of opportunities to recruit and support women and minorities in winnable districts, and to improve Oklahoma’s dismal performance in electing a Legislature that looks even remotely like the population it represents. Let’s hope both parties take seriously the importance of recruiting legislators who can represent the diverse experience of Oklahomans.
David Blatt is executive director of Oklahoma Policy Institute, http://okpolicy.org.d


If there’s one thing that psychologist Dr. James Campbell wants people to know, it’s that a person can be suffering from clinical depression even if they don’t “look depressed.” Depression is a complex condition, and it can manifest in many different ways, with symptoms varying from person to person. While most people know that depression causes feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or loneliness, not everyone is familiar with these lesser-known symptoms:
- Disinterest in Hobbies, or Anhedonia- One lesser-known sign that someone is suffering from depression is a lack of interest in hobbies or activities they used to love. The clinical word for this phenomenon is anhedonia, which comes from the Greek for “without pleasure.” If you or a loved one don’t seem to be able to enjoy things or have fun anymore, depression may be the reason why.
- Difficulty with Concentration- Another sign of depression that many people don’t know about is difficulty with concentration or memory. Depression has real effects on the brain, and one of those effects is making it harder to stay focused or keep track of information. These things can also make circumstances or relationships worse, as they can lead to poor performance at work or school and can make it hard to return calls or keep appointments.
- Fatigue- A third lesser-known sign of depression is fatigue–it can literally make you tired. If someone is severely or persistently tired, or can’t seem to summon as much energy as they used to, there’s a chance that they are depressed.
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, reach out to the office of Dr. James Campbell, LLC to schedule an appointment.


A federal judge has approved a plan to spill more water through dams in the Columbia River Basin this spring.
It's part of an ongoing lawsuit over how to manage dams to protect threatened and endangered salmon and steelhead.
Last year, U.S. District Court Judge Michael Simon ordered dam managers to develop a plan to spill more water on the Columbia and Snake rivers to help fish.
Spilling more water means generating less power, which could raise the price of electricity.
EarthJustice attorney Todd True represents the plaintiffs in the lawsuit, including conservation groups, the state of Oregon and the Nez Perce Tribe. He says spilling more water will help move baby salmon downriver toward the ocean while avoiding dangerous turbines.
"It's something we can do immediately that will help salmon that are on the brink of extinction," he said. "The federal agencies have refused to provide spill at this level in the past so the court has ordered them to do that."
The court ordered as much spill as the law allows. State laws set limits on how much water can be spilled over dams before the gases produced in the process may become harmful to fish.
Dam managers with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers submitted their new spill plan to the court last month. They will start spilling more water through dams in April.


How to Speak Good English With Grammar
To speak good English, it is necessary that your type is on English Grammar, because it is very important to have pure English Grammar to speak good English and whatever sentence you are speaking, it is also very important that it is grammatically correct. tell you how to speak good English.
Steps for Speaking Good English With Grammar
- Memorize the Basic Rules of English Grammar.
- Try to understand the tense and its uses.
- Solve the question on grammatically correct or incorrect English grammar question.
- solve the questions on sentence correction.
- Use Grammar Book
- Read the most popular English books, Books can improve your reading and speaking techniques.
How can I improve my grammar when speaking?
It is important to be aware of what you speak and it is also important to speak in a grammatical correct way, so you should invest on your knowledge and you should improve your grammar and for this you should get the feedback from the people around you, those who are good in English grammar and in English speaking the best way to improve English is to be honest on your knowledge and understanding of the grammar and you always try to learn the concept of English grammar as a new learner because if you think that you know it then your brain does not accept the change and does not accept the new concept of the English grammer so you always try to learn as a new people.


First, precision parts machining mainly includes precision turning, mirror grinding and grinding. Micro-turning is performed on precision lathe with single crystal diamond turning tool which is finely ground. The cutting thickness is only about 1 micron. It is often used to process high-precision and highly smooth surface parts such as spherical, aspheric and planar reflectors of non-ferrous metal materials. For example, an aspherical mirror with a diameter of 800 mm used for processing nuclear fusion devices has a maximum accuracy of 0.1 micron and a surface roughness of Rz0.05 micron.
When the precision of precision parts is in nanometer, or even finally in atomic unit (atomic lattice distance is 0.1 ~ 0.2 nanometer), the cutting method of ultra-precision parts can not adapt to it. It is necessary to use special precision parts processing methods, namely, the application of chemical energy, electrochemical energy, heat energy or electric energy, etc. These energies exceed the interatomic joint energy, so as to remove the interatomic attachment, joint or lattice deformation on the surface of the workpiece, so as to achieve the purpose of ultra-precision machining. These processes include mechanical and chemical polishing, ion sputtering and ion implantation, electron beam aeration, laser beam processing, metal evaporation and molecular beam epitaxy.
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Empresa Fabril do Norte
THE ABANDONED TEXTILE FACTORY IN PORTUGAL
‘Empresa Fabril do Norte’ is an abandoned textile factory in Portugal. The factory was built in 1888 and closed its doors in 1994. Today, nature is taking over the site.
In 1885 the first mills form along a river in this Portuguese region. In 1888 company ‘Baerlein & C º’ from Manchester bought some ground to start this textile factory. The textile mill survived the economic crisis of 1891 and made fame in the following century. In March 1897 important changes were made. For example, the weaving section is expanded, 144 new looms are installed. This new section requires a steam machine and a new boiler.
A central corridor splits the weaving and spinning section inside the factory building. In 1936 the inventory was replaced by modern spinning machines.
The 1970s were difficult times for ‘Empresa Fabril do Norte’. Due to the changing economic and technical environment of the 1980s, it was the beginning of the end. As a result, the contracts of the employees in the weaving section were terminated in 1982, marking the closure of this sector. In 1988 a new company took over the remaining spinning section, trying to extend the life of the mill. The technical aging of the factory made it impossible to reconvert, it was closed in 1994.
The photos of ‘Empresa Fabril do Norte’ were taken in 2017. You can see more reports of abandoned textile factories around Europe here.


“Dozens of lakes discovered deep under the Greenland Ice Sheet” – NBC News
Scientists using ice-penetrating radar data obtained by NASA aircraft located dozens of previously unknown lakes buried under the Greenland Ice Sheet.
|Sentiment Score||Sentiment Magnitude|
- A new survey of the Greenland Ice Sheet has revealed dozens of previously unknown lakes lying beneath the massive body of ice.
- It’s not clear that lots of lakes below the Greenland Ice Sheet will have a significant effect on sea levels.
- Scientists have long suspected that the ground beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet is dotted with lakes.
- Some subglacial lakes form when pressure from above or geothermal hot spots from below melt portions of the ice, others when meltwater trickles down from above through holes known as moulins to pool in hollows under the ice.
- To count the lakes, the researchers looked for the unique signature of liquid water in more than two decades’ worth of ice-penetrating radar data collected by NASA aircraft during flyovers of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
- Twila Moon, a research scientist who studies the Greenland Ice Sheet at the University of Colorado’s National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder and who was not involved in the research, said she didn’t expect the discoveries to affect melting projections.
- Moon praised the study for its thoroughness, adding that more research will be required to fully understand the relationship between the ice sheet and its subglacial lakes.
Reduced by 64%
Author: Jaclyn Jeffrey-Wilensky


Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2011 July 20
Explanation: Sometimes it's night on the ground but day in the air. As the Earth rotates to eclipse the Sun, sunset rises up from the ground. Therefore, at sunset on the ground, sunlight still shines on clouds above. Under usual circumstances, a pretty sunset might be visible, but unusual noctilucent clouds float so high up they can be seen well after dark. Normally too dim to be seen, they may become visible at sunset during late summer when illuminated by sunlight from below. Noctilucent clouds are the highest clouds known and thought to be part of polar mesospheric clouds. Pictured above earlier this month, a network of noctilucent clouds cast an eerie white glow after dusk, above the the city of Edmonton, in Alberta, Canada. Much about noctilucent clouds has been discovered only over the past few years, while how they form and evolve remains a topic of active research.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.


A viral infection of the coating around the nerves of the brain. Symptoms: Memory loss, motor control problems, mood changes, seizures, vision impairment and/or speech impairment.
a rapidly progressing, often fatal brain disease believed to be caused by the JC papovavirus. PML infects oligodendrocytes (support cells in the brain) and leads to deterioration of the brain's white matter. Symptoms include headache, changes in mental status, speech and vision difficulties, limb weakness, seizures, loss of coordination and paralysis.
a viral infection of the brain -- commonly abbreviated as PML. Symptoms include memory loss, loss of strength, coma, and death. This is considered an AIDS-defining condition in the United States.
a rapidly progressing, often fatal brain disease believed to be caused by the Jacob-Creutzfeldt (JC) papovavirus. PML infects oligodendrocytes (support cells in the brain) and leads to dysfunctional nerve signal transmission. Symptoms include headaches, changes in mental status, speech and vision difficulties, limb weakness, seizures, partial paralysis and loss of coordination.
A disease caused by a virus that destroys white matter in localized areas of the brain. It is regarded as an AIDS-defining illness.
A rapidly debilitating opportunistic infection that affects the brain and the spinal cord.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), also known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis, is a rare and usually fatal viral disease that is characterized by progressive damage (-pathy) or inflammation (-itis) of the white matter (leuko-) of the brain (-encephalo-) at multiple locations (multifocal). It occurs almost exclusively in people with severe immune deficiency, e.g. transplant patients on immunosuppressive medications, or AIDS patients.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a disease that damages the myelin which covers and protects nerves in the brain, specifically in the barin`s white matter. Myelin is an insulating tissue layer that forms around nerves in the brain and spinal cord. Its purpose is maintain fast, efficient impulse transmission along the nerve cells.


Engineering vaccines against hemorrhagic septicemia in ruminants
The burden of hemorrhagic septicemia on smallholders
Hemorrhagic septicemia is an acute and often fatal bacterial disease that affects mainly cattle and buffaloes in Asian and African countries. The causative bacteria is Pasteurella multocida. Most Asian countries rank hemorrhagic septicemia as the most important contagious disease in cattle and buffaloes; globally the disease ranks second in terms of livestock units lost for buffalo, and it ranks fifth for cattle. Epidemics can be economically devastating. Not only do they jeopardize livelihoods based on reduced animal production, but they also impede the harvest of vital crops dependent on animal traction.
Challenges with current vaccines
Vaccination is the most efficient and cost-effective method to control hemorrhagic septicemia. However, current vaccines are often ineffective because the bacterium has many variants and effective vaccination requires isolation and vaccine preparation of each variant. This is complicated by the absence of proper tools to identify these variants. Therefore, the main challenge is to design vaccines capable of stimulating protective immune responses against all known variants of the bacteria.
Innovative protein engineering solution
Using innovative techniques such as protein engineering, the project aims to isolate and generate novel proteins of Pasteurella multocida and use them to stimulate a universal antibody response. This approach translates into a high probability of success for the identification of antigens against most strains of bacteria responsible for hemorrhagic septicemia.
The overall expected result of this project is the development of a universal protective and long-lasting vaccine, using bio-engineered antigens, against hemorrhagic septicemia in ruminants.
The project is a collaboration between the University of Calgary, the University of Toronto, and VIDO-InterVac. This team will also collaborate with the Armauer Hansen Research Institute in Ethiopia and the National Centre for Animal Health in Bhutan.
- Duration: 24 months
- Budget: CA$1.5 million


Health Benefits of Eating Watermelon
Watermelon is a colourful fruit that has heavenly sweet juice inside of it. It has so many nutrients that we can derive from it while consuming it, and has alot of water[92%] to keep us hydrated, likewise it is a low fat fruit.
So what are the benefits of watermelon? Well let’s find out out below
■Watermelons are rich with so many vitamins, the vitamin A found in watermelon has anti-oxidant and helps to maintain our sight [eye]. The vitamin C streghtens our immunity, prevents cell damage, promote healthy teeth and gums, and heal injuries. The vitamin B6 in watermelon helps our body to convert protein to energy and also helps with the brain functions.
■Watermelon has high amount of lycopen, a strong and powerful anti-oxidant which helps to eradicate heart disease and prostrate cancer
■Watermelon has potassium, which helps to maintain our body’s proper electrolyte and the acid-base balance. It also help our muscle and nerve to fuction well, it lowers risk of high blood pressure.
■Watermelon has arginine, citrulline and amino acids. These help to maintain our arteries, blood flow and cardiovascular function.
The best way to eat watermelon is eating the red meaty found inside the fruit in order to enjoy and benefit from its rich nutrients. You can as well consume it in fruit salads, smoothies, or by juicing it. Watermelon is a summer fruit, which help us stay hydrated.


Chemical and microbiological characteristics of cocoa beans from Pidie district,Aceh province,Indonesia
Wahyuni, Martina Fitri
Lahmer, Rabya A
MetadataShow full item record
This research aimed to examine the chemical and microbiological characteristics of cocoa beans which are used as a raw material in a small-scale chocolate factory in Pidie Jaya District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The information would be used to improve the overall quality of the cacao beans produced in the country. 8 triplicate samples were collected from a local farmer in Padang Tiji Sub-District, Pidie District, Aceh Province, Indonesia starting from Day 0 to Day 5 fermentation, after drying, and after roasting. The samples were then analysed for water content, pH, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), acetic acid bacteria (AAB), and yeast, using standard methods. The results showed that the water content slightly decrease during fermentation from 66.60 % to 56.40 % and continued to decline drastically to only 1 % after roasting. Also, the pH declined from 4.91 at Day 0 to 3.93 at Day 3 of fermentation suggesting the growth of LAB and AAB. Then, the pH increased again at Days 4 (4.15) and Days 5 (4.41) this increase occurs because the existing citric acid is used up during fermentation. Before fermentation, the total cell count of yeast was dominant. The highest LAB and AAB growth occurred on the second day of fermentation. These results indicate that the microflora of raw cacao beans and at the end of fermentation is dominated by yeast. It is suspected that the increase in yeast growth at the end of this fermentation is becausecertain types of yeast dominate.


Scientists in South Korea say they've found a way of converting used cigarette butts into a material capable of storing energy that could help power mobile phones or even electric cars. In a study published Tuesday in the journal Nanotechnology, researchers from Seoul National University outlined how they transformed the used filters, which are composed mainly of cellulose acetate fibers and are considered toxic when discarded. Professor and study co-author Jongheop Yi said they showed "that used cigarette filters can be transformed into a high-performing carbon-based material using a simple one-step process, which simultaneously offers a green solution to meeting the energy demands of society."
The end result is a so-called supercapacitor, which the scientists said stores more power, charges quicker and lasts longer than available storage alternatives. "Carbon is one of the promising materials considered for use in supercapacitors due to its low cost, high porosity, electronic conductivity and stability," the study added. According to anti-smoking Americans for Non-smokers’ Rights, cigarette butts are the most commonly discarded item worldwide, contributing more than 765,000 tons of waste annually.
Windfall: Will This Battery Change Renewable Energy Forever?June 23, 201401:24
- Big Batteries Are Starting to Boost the Electric Grid
- Google and IEEE Offer $1 Million Prize for Smaller Power Inverter
- Projects Seek to Turn Pavement into Alternative Energy Sources


Research studies do contain errors, but reproducibility problems in research cannot always be explained as a function of innocent human errors. The reasons likely range from mistakes in daily research practice to misconduct and fraud. Better ethics education is one mechanism that can lead to better conduct in science. Mandatory courses such as “Responsible Conduct of Research” (RCR) serve to teach topics in the field of science ethics and integrity at most institutions. Much has been published on improving the pedagogy of research ethics education, however, many RCR courses still focus on describing flawless ethical practice on the one hand and denouncing cases of outright misconduct or fraud on the other. The large grey zone in between, the so-called questionable research practices (QRPs) are rarely taught in a formal manner. Yet they play an important role for ethical decision making in day-to-day scientific practice. Johns Hopkins University is filling that critical gap in graduate research ethics education.
Through this award, the RCR course that is currently offered at Johns Hopkins is being supplemented with an established, online learning module on principles and applications in scientific error analysis with a focus on questionable research practices (QRPs), which has been tested in a low-enrollment setting. The Rigorous, Responsible and Reproducible Practice in Science and Engineering (R3ISE) module is utilizing a novel error analysis and quality-improvement approach.
The goal of this research comprises assessing the learning outcomes of the R3ISE module in a large and diverse student population across the life, natural, and social sciences, as well as engineering and technology. The study will appraise students’ critical thinking, scientific reasoning and collaborative communication skills around analyzing and avoiding scientific errors in general and QRPs.
Learn more through the IGE IDEA Lab:
> Read the abstract
> Learn more with JHU’s Bloomberg School of Public Health page
> Read Train PhD students to be thinkers not just specialists with Nature.com


This island nation from the Pacific Ocean features imperial palaces, mountainous national parks, supermodern technology, and thousands of shrines and temples. Japan has a population of 127 million and is the 3rd largest economy in the world by nominal GDP. It is the world’s largest automobile manufacturing destination and has the largest electronic goods industry. Japanese innovators file more patents than any other country in the world.
Japan is facing increased competition from South Korea and China, which is the main reason why it now focuses on high-tech and precision goods. It attracts 13.4 million international visitors every year to its 16 heritage sites and its modern and technologically advanced cities.
Japan’s healthcare system is characterized by universal coverage, meaning that almost all residents are covered without regard to any medical problem they might have. The premiums that patients pay are based on income and the ability to pay, and individuals are able to choose whatever healthcare provider they prefer, although virtually everyone needs to be insured. There are eight different health insurance systems divided into two categories, with the first being the National Health Insurance and the other one being one's own Employee’s Health Insurance. By law, hospitals must run as non-profit organizations and be managed by physicians, not allowing for-profit corporations to own or operate them.
The most widely spoken language in Japan is Japanese.
The climate of Japan is cold in the north (where snow and ice dominate in winter), temperate in the central regions, and near-tropical on the small southern islands. Rain is abundant almost everywhere, and between summer and autumn, the country is hit by torrential downpours and typhoons.
Punta Mita Hospital


Did you LOVE the winter book, The Jacket I Wear In The Snow?! Well, here is another one of Shirley Neitzel's amazing stories! Her books are great for working on vocabulary and sequencing with TONS of opportunities for repetition and bombardment included.
In this companion pack:
-Sequencing Pictures: Big version can be used as large visuals while telling and retelling story. If you print two copies of this version, students can play memory matching games with the vocabulary. Small version can be used for sequencing on construction paper or a paint stick.
-Go Togethers Match: Vocabulary from and related to the story are provided for matching by associations.
-Comprehension Board Game: Students can practice their recall and comprehension skills on the task cards to move across the board game. Various question types are used for practice.
-Following Directions Game: Print and laminate the “bag” page. Print and laminate the items cards and provide them to your students. Read the direction cards to your students to help them practice multi-step directions incorporating prepositions.
-Describing With Adjectives Worksheet: Most of the adjectives from story are provided on cards for students to match with nouns from/related to the story.
-What To Pack? Students will sort items into what they should pack to go to stay at grandma’s and what they should not pack.


Service dogs improve the lives of veterans with PTSD - this is how
It is estimated that 6-14% of all Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) veterans returning from deployments are affected by PTSD; of these individuals, many also suffer from depression & substance abuse. While traditional treatment for PTSD can be effective for some individuals, nonresponse & dropout rates can be up to 50%. For this reason, it is important to create & evaluate complementary treatment options that will help increase retention and treatment engagement. Enter DOGS!
Service dogs can be trained to perform a variety of commands specific to the needs of the individual. These can include things like recognizing & responding to a veteran’s emotional distress or panic, waking them from nightmares, or helping watch their back in public – some dogs can even remind their human that it’s time to take medications! These things, among many others, have been shown to help alleviate feelings of isolation & detachment, & decrease anxious arousal. While there have been reports of improvements when veterans add service dogs to their wellness plan, there was a need for a more quantitative, “sciencey” understanding of how service dogs benefit veterans with PTSD.
In order to gain a more data-driven understanding, researchers from Purdue University used The PTSD Checklist among other surveys to better understand how the addition of service dogs can help veterans. Two groups were provided with traditional treatment for PTSD, while one of those groups also worked with service dogs. For veterans with service dogs, there was a clinically significant reduction in PTSD symptoms; however, the group without service dogs did not experience this symptom reduction. Participants with service dogs also experienced lower symptoms of depression & an improved quality of life.
Service dogs are doing wonders for veterans with PTSD, and organizations like @americasvetdogs and @herodogs are working hard to train and provide service dogs to those who need them. Visit their pages on Instagram to learn more about what they do!
Source: O’Haire, M. E., & Rodriguez, K. E. (2018). Preliminary Efficacy of Service Dogs as Complementary Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Members and Veterans. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86:2, 179-188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000267
Thank you to @americasvetdogs and @servicedogprince for the wonderful photos of awesome service dogs!


When legendary Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta made his way into what is now Somalia between 1330 and 1332, he took note of the extraordinary woven cloth he found in the Horn of Africa.
In those days, Somalia was a major player in trade, due largely to its fortuitous position on the Indian Ocean. Its port was equal distances from Baghdad, Cairo and India. Cotton fields were common in Somalia’s Jubaland Plain, allowing Somalis to produce more than 350,000 textiles a year, according to Somalispot.com.
The traditional weaving techniques and the vibrant colors that enliven the fabrics persisted for centuries. The fabric, known as alindi, is a mainstay of women’s fashion, wedding garb and more.
Despite the quality and the painstaking effort necessary to produce the multicolored textiles, the alindi industry has fallen on hard times in Somalia. This is due chiefly to the influx of cheaper, used garments from China and other countries. Secondhand clothing is a $250 million industry that employs more than 350,000 people in East Africa, according to the United States Agency for International Development. That can be good for those who find work in the industry, but bad for those plying the traditional weaving trades.
“We decided to take up this work because we were unemployed,” weaver Mohamed Nor told Turkish news agency TRT World in October 2019. “I don’t know any other professions like masonry or carpentry. I only know how to weave. But there is less work now because cheaper clothes have flooded the markets.”
Despite the hardships, some weavers continue practicing the art.
“These clothes are much better than imported clothes, because the quality is better since they were woven by hand,” said Haji Abukar, a Somali fabric shop owner. “The market isn’t good these days, but I will keep marketing traditional clothes and also telling people they’re not expensive.”
The alindi tradition shows that even through decades of hardship, war and extremist conflict, elements of Somalia’s colorful culture live on.
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Science, Physical Science
Grade 3- 5
Students will experiment with various types of metals to discover those which rust.
Send home the parent letter requesting a variety of metals for this activity.
Begin this activity on a Monday since the experiment needs at least a week to yield results.
- Ask the students if they have ever seen something which has rusted. Tell them that they are going to experiment with a variety of objects to see what will rust and what will not rust.
- Distribute the parent letter and discuss the types of items students may bring for this experiment.
- When students have brought their items to school, distribute a data sheet to each of them.
- Tell the students to put their objects into the cup (jar) and then add just enough water to cover the bottom of the container. If students did not bring steel wool, prepare a jar to test it and assign a student to keep a record of it.
- Show them how to complete the information on their data sheets, including the day, date, and time for their first drawing. Be sure they are recording as many details as possible.
- Have students add to their records daily. You may want to make a video record of the changes daily so students can discuss the changes that occurred after the experiment is over.
- After at least five days, have the students sort the items into two groups, those which rusted and those which did not. List this information on the board. If a video record was made of the items, show it to the class. Ask students to see if they can find anything which those that rusted have in common. (They should discover that these are all metal but that not all items rusted.)
- Have students test the items that rusted with a magnet to see if it will pick them up. (They will be attracted to a magnet since the metals that rusted have iron in them.)
- After the students test the metals that rusted with their magnets, tell them the metal is iron.
- Tell students to look for signs of rusting metal at school and home and have them share their discoveries with the rest of the class.
- assorted small metal items (include steel wool)
- clear plastic cups or baby food jars
- parent letter (page 38)
- Will This Rust? Data Sheet (page 39)
- optional: video camera


About The Charts and Nutrition Facts
- For accuracy, the calorie chart and fat chart are based on the biggest serving size available.
- These nutrition facts came directly from the USDA or manufacturer/restaurant.
- If you're using a calorie counter, remember that Fat, Carbs, and Protein calories are just close estimations based on the Atwater factors:
Fat: 9 cal/g Carb: 4 cal/g Protein: 4 cal/g
- Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Please remember this when using this information to make healthy food choices for your diet.
Calories - Total Calorie count at this serving size: 104 Calories. The calorie chart below shows the breakdown for Fat, Carbs, and Protein. In this case, Calories from Fat = 13, Calories from Protein = 5, and Calories from Carbohydrate = 88.
Fat - One serving of this size contains 1.47 grams of total Fat. There can be several types of Fat in each food. In this case 0.37 grams are from Saturated Fat, Trans Fat is unknown, and there are 1.1 grams left over.
Cholesterol - A serving of this size contains no Cholesterol. This is good news if cholesterol is part of your healthy eating plan.
Carbohydrates - One serving of this food has 22.12 grams of Carbohydrate. A closer look reveals 11.58 grams of Sugar and 0.65 grams of Fiber. Also, a serving of this size has 21.5 Net Carbs. Net Carbs are calculated by subtracting Fiber and Sugar Alcohols (if known) from the total Carbohydrate amount. This is useful to know if you are counting carbs or living with diabetes.
Protein - At this serving size you'll get 1.16 grams of Protein per serving.
Minerals - In one serving there are 5.46 mg of Calcium and 4.94 mg of Iron. In addition, this serving size contains 181.74 mg of Sodium and 53.56 mg of Potassium.
Vitamins - You'll benefit from both Vitamins C and A with this food. There are 0.03 mg of Vitamin C and 37.44 International Units of Vitamin A in each serving.


Storms have formed off both the East and West coasts of the United States, breaking a rare streak of inactivity. Last month was the first August with zero named storms in 25 years. This is also the third time since records began in the 1940s that there were no named storms in the Atlantic, according to E&E News. This was despite the fact that the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration predicted an above-average Atlantic hurricane season back in May.
Hurricane Danielle began forming in late August and churned around the central North Atlantic for a few days. It has since weakened and was downgraded to a post-tropical storm this week; it will not immediately hit land. Danielle now seems to be moving toward Europe instead of making landfall over the continental U.S.
Hurricane Earl formed last week just North of the Leeward Islands in the northeastern Caribbean Sea. Then a tropical storm, Earl brought heavy rain to the U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and other islands, and it has strengthened this week, according to NOAA. Winds from the hurricane are now blowing at around 90 miles per hour, bringing swells and powerful rip currents off the coast of Bermuda and the East Coast, according to the National Hurricane Center.
Over on the Western coast of Mexico, Hurricane Kay made landfall along the central Baja California Peninsula this week. Parts of Southern California, Nevada, and Arizona might see flash flooding this weekend because of the category 1 hurricane, according to the National Hurricane Center.
Despite the unusually slow start, the peak of hurricane season is yet to come. More named storms might be a week away from forming, as weather conditions can change quickly during this time of the year.


Soil Related Problems
Turf near building sites and high traffic areas may suffer from problems not always obvious to the eye. Shallow soil and compaction result in improper root functioning or root growth being restricted. The end result is increased sensitivity to environmental fluctuations.
When soil depth is reduced by some form of rooting inhibitor, the condition is referred to as shallow soils. This condition can result from buried debris or shallow rock outcroppings. Generally turf will not show signs of problems until it is under heat or cold temperature stresses. These areas are more susceptible to environmental conditions (i.e. drought) and become stressed and even die under extreme cases. In order to resolve the problem, remove the buried debris, if possible, elevate areas with topsoil, and reseed the area.
Soils under turfgrasses in high traffic areas often become compacted to the point of root growth being restricted or improper gas exchange occurring. Water infiltration is reduced and there is a decrease in the porosity which reduces oxygen availability. These areas often conform to foot paths, animal paths, and areas where heavy equipment follow the same routes. Symptoms of compaction include increased sensitivity to drought, rust diseases, and temperatures stresses and appear as browning or low quality turf areas.
Overwatering is a common problem, since compacted soils generally have less air space. Excess water results in slowed root growth and often shallow roots, so when conditions warm up the turf is more easily drought stressed.
Extensive renovations or mechanical aeration can help correct compaction depending on the extent of the problem. Redirect traffic movement from the problem area. Grasses which show increased tolerance to both wear and compaction also can be selected. The goal of any corrective measure is to improve gas exchange and water and root penetration.
L. J. Giesler. (1997). Abiotuc Turf Injury. In F. Baxendale, Ph.D., & R. Gaussoin, Ph.D., Integrated Turfgrass Management for the Northern Great Plains (pp. 174-175). Location: Nebraska


The barrage of media has become unavoidable — our kids are exposed to images, advertisements and games 24/7 and from 360 degrees.
The average American child spends 1,144 hours watching television every year — and 900 hours in school.
Media Power Youth is dedicated to helping kids understand those images and messages, to think critically about them and lead healthy, safe lives through the smart use of media. Its curricula and programs are offered to school districts and communities throughout the state.
Since 2010, the Foundation has provided Media Power Youth with $275,000 in program and operating support from its Substance Use Disorders Portfolio and other funds.
Media Power Youth’s evidence-based programs also impressed the Governor and the state Attorney General’s office: The New Hampshire Department of Justice has now provided funding for MPY to implement its “screenshots” violence prevention program in New Hampshire schools.
To hear a Manchester teacher’s perspective on Media Power Youth and the program’s effect on her students, listen to the “Giving Matters” radio segment from the New Hampshire Charitable Foundation and New Hampshire Public Radio: http://nhpr.org/post/giving-matters-making-kids-savvy-media-consumers.
TO LEARN MORE, VISIT MEDIA POWER YOUTH WWW.MEDIAPOWERYOUTH.ORG


SPECIES: Petaurus gracilis — Mahogany Glider
Decked out with a built-in wing suit, these nocturnal beauties travel between trees by gliding - and can do this up to 60 metres at a time. Named the Mahogany Glider because of the mahogany-brown belly it has, they make a deep nasal-grunting noise when gliding at night, and their 'alarm' call is said to resemble a lawnmower! With no more than 1500 of these gorgeous gliders left on the planet, the Mahogany Glider is now confined to just a small region in southern Qld, populations connected by 'corridors', essentially a path of trees.
Mahogany Gliders are heavily reliant on trees, providing both habitat and food for these gliding possums. They prefer open forests, allowing for uniterrupted flight paths between trees. Unfortunately for these gliders in 2011, Cyclone Yasi severely impacted their habitat. The Mahogany Glider is also under threat from predation (including owls and feral cats), loss of habitat and land clearing.
After the events of Cyclone Yasi in 2011, FAME's funding enabled important recovery programs which included installing and monitoring nest boxes and feeding stations, crucial in saving the already fragile Mahogany Glider population from further desolation.
Our work is critically important and we have shown that together we can make a difference. Visit www.fame.org.au to donate or find out more.
Photo: Pfinge at French Wikipedia. - Transferred from fr.wikipedia to Commons., CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17...


Linux Training Tutorials
History Of UNIX
Bell Lab’s Ken Thompson developed UNIX in the year of 1969 with the help of C language founder Dennis Ritchie.Using C language Ken written the UNIX so that it will use for different computers.In 1974 UNIX was issued to Universities for educational purpose.Later days various UNIX flavors out with the based on BSD(Berkeley System Distribution) or AT&T’s System V or combination of both.
Here is the some of the flavors:
– SUN Microsystems SUN OS and Solaris
– IBM’s AIX
– Apple Computers A/UX
UNIX is very difficult to learn new users because of commandline interface.MIT developed x windows Graphical user interface for UNIX computers.
Linus Torvalds want to create a operating system that most secure and free for all users.Linus picked the source code of UNIX and create the new flavor called Linux.
GNU Project is started in 1984 and purpose to create Free Unix clone for all the users and build non-profit organization.After this GPL(General Public License) implemented for using all the user for free of cost.
Facts Of Linux:
– Linux is fresh implementation of UNIX API
– It is also open source development model.
– It can be use in all variety of hardware.
– Configurations is very flexiable.
– Linux support Multi-User and Multi- Tasking
Architecture Of UNIX:
UNIX architecture is divided into 3 major functionalists:-
Kernel is the most lower level of UNIX which is schedule the tasks and resource management and control the security system.
ex:device interface,file system,multitasking
Shell acts as user interface.Shell will interpret user commands and start the applications.
3.UTILITIES OR USER LEVEL
Highest level functionality is Utilities also called as User Level.User will operate all functionalities in multiple stages.
Tags:Linux,Linux tutorials,Linux Links,Linux questions,Linux fundamentals,Linux basics[wpsr_socialbts]


Federal and State regulations require public potable water supplies to adopt rules to prevent contamination in their water systems. To comply with these mandates, the City of Garden Ridge City Council has adopted Ordinance No. 54 to protect the City’s potable water supply from contaminants back-flowing from a customer’s water system.
The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality oversees the state requirements that your backflow assembly is properly installed and tested annually. You can find a list of Accredited Backflow Prevention Assemblies Testers List and the Backflow Test & Maintenance Report that must be turned into the City.
What is a cross-connection?
A cross-connection is an actual or potential connection between a public water system or consumer’s potable (i.e., drinking) water system and any other source or system containing non-potable water or other substances. An example is the piping between a public water system or consumer’s potable water system and an auxiliary water system, cooling system or irrigation system. A direct cross-connection is a cross-connection which is a subtract to both back-siphonage and backflow and indirect cross-connection is a cross-connection which is a subject to back-siphonage only.


With global warming and climate change destroying our planet slowly, we, The Zubeida, have decided to share with you some tips on how we can help protect our oceans by learning some basic etiquette.
1. Do a little research
On the areas that you plan on visiting to see whether the habitats are protected, understand the creatures that live there, and learn about their behaviour. This will help you keep a good distance as you observe: keeping you and the animals safe. Please refrain from feeding the animals, shining lights and making noise. Stay calm, quiet and always go with a local guide.
2. Don't touch
Corals and sea creatures shouldn't be touched, picked up, removed from where you found them or fed human food. Sometimes bread is thrown into the water to encourage the fishes to come closer to snorkelers or divers. Not only is this food not nutritious for them, but also creates a feeding frenzy: moving them away from the safety of their homes (coral) and leaving their eggs unattended.
Have a conversation with your guides to encourage them to follow relevant ethical procedures.
3. Take out what you bring in
Litter is a high cause of pollution for beaches, with items washing up on beaches further away from where they were thrown/lost. Take a reuseable, designated litter bag and throw everything you use into that. You can even do a little beach cleanup on your sunrise and sunset walks and give it to the hotel staff to dispose of it properly.
4. Contribute to marine protection
There are so many incredible organisations that are dedicated to the protection of marine life. Take some time to research the ones doing work in the areas you are travelling in and contribute to their mission. This could be through booking excursions, donations, or looking through their exhibitions and interacting with their people.
Check out our blog post on Marine Conservation Projects in South Coast for more information.


Patching Operating System
From time to time, software bugs are discovered in applications running on your PC. Software vendors will then release one or more "patches" to fix the weaknesses. At the same time, hackers can take advantage of these weaknesses to attack the unpatched PCs.
You should always download and install the latest patches for your applications. Most software vendors will publish information about recently discovered vulnerabilities and corresponding patches on their websites. You should keep abreast of this information and patch your PC accordingly.
Enable the "Auto Update" feature
Some vendors have automatic updating mechanism built into their products, such as the Automatic Update feature for Microsoft Windows. By enabling the Automatic Update feature, security patches can be automatically downloaded and installed to your PC. For more information on how to enable the Automatic Update feature in Windows 10 or later, refer to Microsoft website.
You can clean and protect your PC by following these three smart tips. Though there are other security measures you can take, these three golden rules are an excellent start for protecting your PC.
Most of the software vendors will publish the latest patches on their websites, and please consult the vendor for the procedure in updating patches and bookmark the location where patches could be downloaded.
Patches should be updated in all levels, including but not limited to:
Make sure the patches are tested and downloaded from trusted sources before update.


Hands-On Nutrition at Beckley-Stratton Middle School
Beckley-Stratton Middle School
Beckley-Stratton Middle School in Beckley, West Virginia is using its school garden as a hands-on learning opportunity. Thanks to Spanish teacher Vickie Webb, and a Game On grant from Action for Healthy Kids funded by CSX, the school garden teaches students not only about nutrition but also math, science, writing and other subjects.
Last year, students produced tomatoes, sweet potatoes, peppers, corn, eggplant, cantaloupe, watermelon, strawberries, mint and herbs. Once there is enough of a certain type of vegetable or herb, the produce is sold to the Office of Child Nutrition and the money is returned to fund the garden. According to Vickie, “Having freshly grown produce really makes a difference. The kids are more encouraged to eat it when they had a hand in helping grow it.”
Students also helped build the garden area, including brightly painted tires filled with flowers, a tall white archway, wooden and cinderblock benches, along with several picnic tables the students use as an outdoor classroom. Vickie says, “I use the garden to teach my students the Spanish vocabulary associated with gardening. You can add garden curriculum to any subject.”
Vickie also obtained funding and donations from local resources for the garden. For example, tires were donated by the local solid waste authority and a compost bin was donated by the special education department. She also stretched her dollars by purchasing items, such as rain barrels and compost bags, from local businesses.
Vickie’s not done improving the garden – her next project is creating a high tunnel so vegetables can continue growing through November. Her efforts haven’t gone unnoticed. West Virginia University extension recently contacted her about establishing a community garden, and the Beckley Mayor signed a proclamation making April 16 “Childhood Obesity Awareness Day.”
Categories: Middle School, CSX, Nutrition and Physical Activity, School Grants, West Virginia


A Phenomenological Examination of Virtual Game Developers' Experiences Using Jacob's Ladder Pre-Production Design Tactic
Date of Conferral
Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)
Edutainment refers to curriculum and instruction designed with a clear educational purpose, including multi-faceted virtual learning game design. Tools such as the Jacob's Ladder pre-production design tactic have been developed to ensure that voices of both engineers and educators are heard. However, it is unclear how development team members experience and perceive their collaborative work while designing a virtual game using such tactics. This phenomenological study examined the experiences of agile software team members using Jacob's Ladder pre-production design as an interdisciplinary collaboration tool while designing a virtual learning game. Seven design team members (3 educators and 4 engineers) participated in semi-structured interviews and transcripts were analyzed via an inductive coding process that led to the development of key themes. Findings indicated that using Jacob's Ladder design tactic influenced the experience of the team by keeping the team focused on common goals and learner needs, organizing the team work, supporting interdisciplinary collaboration, and promoting shared understandings of the software platform limitations. Individuals played various roles, appreciated diverse views, recognized prior experience and idea sharing, and felt the design tactic supported flexibility for interdisciplinary collaboration. By linking integration strategies to interdisciplinary collaboration, findings from this study may be used by organizational leaders to consider best practices in team building for virtual learning game design, which will further support the development of effective games and growth of the edutainment industry.
Brown-Turner, Jasmine, "A Phenomenological Examination of Virtual Game Developers' Experiences Using Jacob's Ladder Pre-Production Design Tactic" (2017). Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. 3519.


Authentication and Authorization
Security has two concepts:
Authentication: This is the process of determining user’s identities and forcing the users to prove that what they are who they claim to be. It Usually involves entering a username and password into some sort of Login page or window. These username and password are then authenticated against the window user’s accounts on a computer, a list of users in a file, or a back-end database.
Authorization: Once a user is authenticated, authorization is the process of determining whether the user has sufficient permission to perform a given action.
Authentication and authorization are the cornerstones of a secure user-based site. The different authentication modes are established through settings that can be applied to the applications web.config file.
The two types of authentication to secure an ASP.NET website:
Form Authentication: With form authentication, ASP.NET is in charge of authenticating users, tracking them, and authorizing every request. Usually, forms authentication works in conjunction with a database where you store user information (such as username and password), but you have complete flexibility. Form Authentication is the best and most flexible way to use.You could even store user information in a plain text file or write customized login code that calls a remote server.
Windows Authentication: With Windows authentication, the web server forces every user to log in as a Window user. This system requires that all users have Windows user accounts on the server. This is not good for the public web applications.
The <authentication> Node
You use the <authentication> node in the application’s web.config file to set the type of authentication your ASP.NET application requires:
The <authentication> node uses the mode attribute to set the form of authentication that is to be used. Options include Windows, Forms, Passport, and None.


Although toothpicks are widely used in daily life, in the production process of toothpicks, if you do not pay attention to hygiene, it will easily cause pollution to toothpick products. Therefore, in most toothpick processing factories, a good toothpick machine can not only improve production efficiency but also ensure the quality of the toothpicks.
Why are toothpicks contaminated?
According to a recent survey, the toothpicks currently on the market are mostly wooden and bamboo. During the recent unannounced visits to a number of restaurants, Consumer Council staff found that although some toothpicks were marked with “advanced toothpicks” and “high-temperature disinfection” on the outer packaging, most of them were “three non-products” and had no sanitary license number.
Toothpick packaging and sterilization also failed to meet the requirements. Some were placed in the tray, and everyone took it with them. Some put the used toothpick back in the tray, so it was easy to cause contamination of the toothpick product.
What are the dangers of incorrect use of toothpicks?
The first is that toothpicks with poor disinfection and poor management are prone to disease. Toothpicks caught by anyone carry a variety of bacteria, so viruses can enter the body through toothpicks. According to the health department’s test, a small toothpick actually “hidden” tens of thousands of bacteria.
Secondly, the improper use of toothpicks will lead to periodontal disease. If there is no tooth plugging and random picking or improper use of toothpicks, it will cause gingivitis, gum atrophy, and increased interdental space, which will lead to periodontal disease. Therefore, do not force the toothpick into the interdental nipple area, because this will increase the gap between the teeth without gaps and cause periodontal disease.
Third, carelessness with toothpicks can be life-threatening. According to some stomatological hospitals, some patients accidentally swallowed a toothpick into their abdomen, punctured the small intestine, and removed it from the body after an emergency operation in the hospital, which almost lost their lives.


The Sturgeon River Riparian Health Assessment Report 2001
A problem faced by conservation organizations wishing to conduct conservation, enhancement and protection programs in a geographical area is to determine the current state of habitat in the study area. The development of a riparian protection and enhancement program in the Alberta Conservation Association's Northeast Slopes (NES) region has resulted in the need to conduct assessments on priority streams. The Sturgeon River is one watercourse in the NES that was identified as a high priority. Results from a field assessment in the summer of 2001 will help prioritize habitat that needs to be protected, and habitat where enhancement techniques could be used.
The Sturgeon River is currently being affected by agricultural land use practices throughout most of the drainage. Agricultural land use will likely continue to be a major factor for years to come along the Sturgeon River due to the areas capability to support such practices.
Overall the banks were in good condition in the areas assessed along the Sturgeon River, however the riparian area was cleared of mature vegetation in many places and there was little recruitment of new trees to stabilize the banks as older trees die or are harvested. The areas of bank instability found along the Sturgeon River are largely associated with intensive livestock operations. The areas being impacted by cattle activity on the Sturgeon River. however there is still a lack of recruitment of rooted vegetation such as grasses and shrubs, which are primary successors. Improvement in grazing management practices and a reduction of other land-use activities along the river should result in greater biodiversity in affected areas and a healthier riparian area.
Results from the riparian health assessment identified some relatively intact habitat that should be protected, and also degraded habitat that could be enhanced. The first step that needs to occur in order to improve the health of the riparian area along the Sturgeon River are information and education initiatives aimed at promoting good stewardship practicecs and natural stream processes and function.


Tungsten Cerium Electrodes
Tungsten cerium electrode in the early 80's of the twentieth Century was introduced to the United States, as a non radioactive thorium tungsten electrode to replace tungsten. Cerium oxide cerium tungsten electrode usually contains 2%. It is well known that the cerium tungsten electrode at low voltages, suitable for DC welding, because of easy arc starting at a low voltage, 10% lower than the thorium tungsten at work. Cerium tungsten electrodes used for welding of pipeline is the most popular, is also usually used for welding of small parts. Compared with the pure tungsten electrode, the cerium tungsten electrode has a lower rate of combustion or evaporation rate. With the cerium content increased, these advantages can improve.
Cerium has the highest mobility, and thus the time at the start of welding, the welding performance is very good. Over time, due to grain growth, migration rate will be significantly reduced. However, at a low voltage, and longer life than the thoriated tungsten electrode. It is because of these characteristics, tend to favor short-cycle welding or soldering specific amount before you can replace the electrode. High current, voltage tungsten electrode welding is best to use thorium or lanthanum tungsten electrodes.
Tungsten cerium electrodes (EWCe-2) used successfully in a DC or AC, but is mainly used for DC welding, AC welding because the tungsten electrode is apt to cleave cerium.


Depression is a common mood disorder that affects millions of men, women and children each and every year. It could lead to feelings of sadness, hopelessness, decrease of interest in activities that were once enjoyable, relationship problems, fatigue as well as suicidal thoughts.
The causes of despression symptoms will not be entirely realized, but it will be believed that a combination of your age, natural aspects, setting in addition to psychological aspects many be the cause. Those who close relatives using despression symptoms may knowledge the idea independently.
Despression symptoms has a tendency to influence various persons in several means, in addition to men may perhaps respond in another way compared to women. Many of the more widespread signs and symptoms inside adult men include:
3. Trouble focusing
4. Frustration or maybe hatred
7. Stomachache, backache or maybe other aches and pains
What sorts of treatments are effective?
Treating despression symptoms commonly requires a personalized program and may even include this:
1. Therapy – Talk therapy and cognitive therapy are both very effective for treating depression, and some patients find that this alone is enough to relieve their symptoms. You can also concern with best chiropractors in Bowmanville about your depression.
2. Medications – Medications are highly effective for relieving many cases of depression. On the other hand, these medications may have side effects that are unpleasant, including weight gain, digestive issues and loss of sex drive, so it is important to work with a doctor to find the right treatment.


Write a 525- to 700-word paper answering the following:
Select an official Native American group (one on the official federal list). Specifically answer these questions:
- Where are they located in the U.S. today?
- Were they forcibly removed from their ancestral lands? How?
- Do they have a reservation today?
- What is their legal standing with the U.S. government?
- How many enrolled members are there in the tribe?
- How is tribal membership defined?
- What form of government do they practice? Can both men and women be on the governing body?
- Do they have an official language other than English or Spanish? Is the language taught in Indian schools?
Format your presentation consistent with appropriate course-level APA guidelines and a reference list, if needed.
Submit your paper to the Assignment Files tab
Explanation & Answer
Akiak native community
Where they located in the U.S. today
Removal from their ancestral lands and How
Legal standing with the U.S. government
Enrolled members in the tribe
Form of government do they practice
Official language other than English or Spanish and whether the language is taught in
Running Head: NATIVE AMERICAN GROUP
Native American Group
NATIVE AMERICAN GROUP
Native American includes the nomad ancestors of the modern America natives who lived
in the areas of Americas before the discovery by the European adventurers. This person included
million who traversed the whole of United States and beyond and whose are mostly referred as
tribes of Indians. Their history is kept under rare books of history as well as vast of geographic
and artistic artifacts that can be found in the modern-day museum. However, there are st...


FRIDAY, JUNE 11: In prayerful reflection, Catholics focus today on the depth of divine love for the Solemnity of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus.
Though general devotion to the Sacred Heart has been popular since the 11th century, specific devotions came into being after the revelation of St. Margaret Mary Alacoque, a Visitation nun of the 17th century whose visions of Christ revealed the depths of his love and the promises made to those who consecrate themselves and make reparations to his Sacred Heart. St. Margaret Mary Alacoque appealed to the faithful to focus their devotions on the overwhelming love of Christ.
Interested in a prayer of consecration to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, written by St. Margaret Mary? Read it here.
SACRED HEART: FROM ST. MARGARET MARY TO POPE PIUS IX
Since St. Margaret Mary’s revelation, devotion to the Sacred Heart has expanded around the world. Pope Pius IX instituted an obligatory feast for the Sacred Heart for the entire Catholic Church in 1856. The Catechism, quoting Pope Pius XII’s encyclical on the devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus (1956), states, “[Jesus] has loved us all with a human heart. For this reason, the Sacred Heart of Jesus, pierced by our sins and for our salvation, ‘is quite rightly considered the chief sign and symbol of that … love with which the divine Redeemer continually loves the eternal Father and all human beings’ without exception” (#478).
Since 2002, the Solemnity of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus has also been the Day of Prayer for the Sanctification of Priests.
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A “Saracen-Sicilian” box from silver sheet-metal (Wawel Cathedral Treasury). Length 24 cm, height 18 cm, width 15 cm. It is noted in an inventory record of 1563 as a reliquary containing “the soil of St Stanislaus” (Latin: gleba S. Stanislai) – the term used to describe various tiny relics. The box is believed to originated from the Middle East or Sicily from the 11th/12th century and belongs to the finest Oriental-style works of mediaeval art. The box might have come to Poland during the Crusades (e.g. as a reliquary containing “mementoes” from the Holy Land). There are numerous examples of import of high-class Eastern works to be used as reliquaries, with the best in Spanish museums e.g. in Pamplona and Burgos.
We are all well aware that to enter this Cathedral can not be without emotion. More I say, you can not enter it without the internal tremor, without fear because it contains in it - as in almost no Cathedral of the world - the enormous size, which speaks to us in all our history, our entire past.cardinal Karol Wojtyla


Units of Amount of Substance
Amount of substance is a base dimension in the International System of Units. The SI unit of amount of substance is the mole, which is defined as an amount of a substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12 (14th CGPM, 1971).
When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified: atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or any specified group of particles. In the Units package, use modifiers and/or attachments in parentheses to indicate the entities.
Maple knows the units of amount of substance listed in the following table.
An asterisk ( * ) indicates the default context, an at sign (@) indicates an abbreviation, and under the prefixes column, SI indicates that the unit takes all SI prefixes, IEC indicates that the unit takes IEC prefixes, and SI+ and SI- indicate that the unit takes only positive and negative SI prefixes, respectively. Refer to a unit in the Units package by indexing the name or symbol with the context, for example, mole[SI] or mol[SI]; or, if the context is indicated as the default, by using only the unit name or symbol, for example, mole or mol.
The unit of amount of substance is defined as follows.
A mole is defined as approximately 6.0221367×1023 elementary entities.
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The climate experts from Weatherpark analyse construction projects, town districts and entire cities according to meteorological factors such as heat and wind. We can advise you on the measures required to ensure a high quality of life for everyone in conjunction with urban development, vegetation and surfaces – despite the climate crisis.
The weather is really hotting up – in the next few years we’ll notice the climate crisis more often and to an increasing extent. You can adapt your town or city to the rise in temperatures and so ensure the quality of life there. This is why Weatherpark is investigating climatic conditions and the factors influencing them. We offer strategic consultancy and can provide you with an urban climate analysis and a planning advice map with specific recommendations for action.
Cold air induction corridors allow not just fresh air but also cooler air to enter built-up areas. This is very important if they are to cool down at night. Weatherpark examines whether a project reduces the formation of cold air (e.g. by building over green spaces) or adversely affects the flows of cold air (e.g. by obstructing them through the orientation of buildings, their size, etc.).
Staying indoors when it’s hot isn’t the solution either. With the right measures the microclimate in streets and squares can remain pleasant even when temperatures are high. Weatherpark will advise on specific measures at each location to ensure the right combination of sun, ventilation and shade.
Wind comfort: how to ensure satisfactory wind conditions around buildings
The wind is so strong around some houses you can’t even get the door open. Existing buildings can influence the local wind situation and cause high wind speeds around them. Weatherpark will draw up a wind comfort study and advise you how to prevent this, so ensuring that unoccupied space around an existing or a new building can be used to its full extent.
Further services: We perform research, hold lectures, help with selecting blinds, and a whole lot more.
We are delighted to advise on all questions involving climate and meteorology. We can help you for example when selecting sun protection for your property (venetian blinds, gathered blinds, sun blinds, vertical/drop arm awnings) so they’re right for the local wind situation. We are also constantly engaged in ongoing research projects, hold lectures and teach at universities.
More information about our other meteorological services


When you picture a bride, you most often picture her wearing a white floor-length gown, with a veil for when she walks down the aisle. While many wedding trends have become outdated over time, the veil has remained a constant fixture for the bride’s attire.
The groom will lift the veil after the exchange of rings, in time for the moment it is announced “you may now kiss the bride,” making it a highly significant moment. This is when the couple’s married life officially commences, and they become husband and wife. However, with no real practical purpose, we wonder what it is about the veil that has allowed it to stay around till this day. In fact, there are origins and significance of the tradition as to why it started in the first place.
To Scare Off Evils Spirits
Since the Romans were supposedly superstitious, they were terrified of haunted spirits and used the veil to shield the bride from ghosts.
To Signify Purity And Obedience
The veil was around much longer than the white wedding dress, which only came to represent purity in the mid-18th century. Meanwhile, the veil played a part in religious ceremonies such as Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. With wedding ceremonies often associated with religious events, the veil came to be an embodiment of the virtues of innocence and submissiveness.
To Indicate The Groom’s Ownership
The act of the bride’s father “giving her away” was in the literal sense in previous generations, where the bride would then be owned by her husband. This moment was marked when the groom would lift the veil after the bride’s father walked her down the aisle.
To Prevent The Bride From Escaping
The veil was also offered as a way to hinder the bride’s vision and movement so that she could not escape. This would have been the fear mostly in arranged marriages when the couple may not have wanted to get married. It is also believed that the trains on wedding gowns were kept long for the same reason.


Kids love drawing, as this is one of the greatest activitities there is. It’s easy to do, keeps your kids busy a long time and you won’t need a lot of things to start to draw. You just need paper and some pencils. Of course there are lots of different kind of drawing activities you can do with pencils. It starts with making some scratches, then figurines and some funny faces. The older the children get, the better the drawings will become.
Well, the first big question is: How to draw? You can just make some drawings out of nothing (this is how it mostly starts with little kids), but you can also try to copy another image and make it your own. A little more difficult is to enlarge an image. A great way to learn to draw, is to draw images step by step. For all these drawing art you’ll need pencils and papers, but nowadays there are also a lot of apps to allow you to draw on a tablet or on a smartphone. On onlykidsonly, we’ll keep it with handdrawing for kids on paper 🙂
The second question is: What to draw? Well, that depends on the way you’re going to draw. Of course we have some great drawing ideas for all type of drawings we describe. We even have some examples from drawing out of nothing and coloring pages colored in by children, just like a gallery of kids drawing art. We also have a great example of an enlargement and will tell you how to do this. And we have some nice step by step images to learn to draw for little kids 🙂
Drawing with “Learn to draw”
Learn to draw by just looking at some kids art, copying images, enlarging pictures or step by step drawing. Choose the kind of drawings that belongs to your age and start to draw yourself. Or just enjoy the examples of kids art we show.


1. Theoretical Framework
We come across leaders in different areas of our lives at business, at school, at university, in sport and even within our own circle of friends. Someone always stands out and takes the lead. They not only influence us such that we look up to them and follow them but also we often wonder what is it they have that we, who follow, havent. We ask ourselves: Are they born with it? (Traits theory) or Is it what they do and how they do it that defines their leadership and therefore can they learn it?\’ (Behaviouaral theories) or is the environment and situation that produces them? (Situational theory) Or .
In organisations too, how a leader influences others to achieve the mission, goal, or objectives is affected not only by the leadership style they choose but also by the situation, the followers and their own skills and abilities.
The concept of Transformational leadership, introduced by Burns (1978) and later developed further by Bass (1985), has become very popular in recent years. Burns defines transformational leadership as a process where \’leaders and their followers raise one another to higher levels of morality and motivation.\’ According to Bass, this kind of leader:
Is a model of integrity and fairness.
Sets clear goals.
Has high expectations.
Provides support and recognition.
Stirs the emotions of people.
Gets people to look beyond their self-interest.
Inspires people to reach for the improbable.
In the view of Hoy & Miskel (2001), transformational leaders are expected to:
Define the need for change.
Create new visions and muster commitment to the visions.
Concentrate on long-term goals.


Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA/EA)
Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) are a process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development, and are used to identify the environmental, social and economic impacts of a project prior to decision-making. They aim to predict environmental impacts at an early stage in project planning and design, find ways and means to reduce adverse impacts, shape projects to suit the local environment and present the predictions and options to decision-makers.
By using Environmental Impact Assessments both environmental and economic benefits can be achieved, such as reduced costs and time of project implementation and design, avoided treatment/clean-up costs and impacts of laws and regulations. The fundamental components of an EIA would likely involve the following stages:
- Scoping to identify which potential impacts are relevant to assess (based on legislative requirements, expert knowledge and public involvement), to identify alternative solutions that avoid, mitigate or compensate adverse impacts on biodiversity (including the option of not proceeding with the development, finding alternative designs or sites which avoid the impacts, incorporating safeguards in the design of the project, or providing compensation for adverse impacts), and finally to derive terms of reference for the impact assessment;
- Assessment and evaluation of impacts and development of alternatives, to predict and identify the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development, including the detailed elaboration of alternatives;
Keystone Environmental has completed environmental impact assessments that have supported Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA) and local regulatory permitting requirements.