8 Different Kinds Of Coughs You May Hear From Your Child
Doc Smitty on if a cough is dangerous or not
Trying to decide if a cough is dangerous or not? Requires a doctor’s visit or not? Requires treatment or not?
It can be really hard to determine the cause of a cough just because of the sound. But here are some different types of coughs and the clues that might help you or the doctor know what is going on.
- Short time period: Most coughs that last a few days are due to infection, most commonly viruses.
- Long time period: Coughs that last longer bring up other possibilities, including sinus infections, allergies, asthma, or reflux.
- Wet cough: Wet coughs with congestion can caused by a variety of reasons but are more commonly infections (most of which are viruses) or allergies. The presence of fever points towards infection while itchy or watery eyes suggest allergies.
- Tight cough: A tight sounding cough can often be a sign of asthma. If your child has a history of wheezing or the cough is associated with exercise or weather change, think asthma.
- Cough after eating: Yes, reflux can be a cause of chronic cough and it’s actually more common than you might think. Pay attention the timing and if certain foods might be triggers.
- Barky cough: Think like a dog or seal. Croup is the most common cause of this type of cough. Usually the child will have runny nose and they can have fever as well. Steam is a good way to treat this cough so use a humidifier or the bathroom with the shower going. If severe or difficulty breathing, the doctor can provide steroids and other treatments.
- Whooping cough: This cough is severe and comes in terrible spells that end in a whooping sound as the child breathes in. It requires a doctor’s visit and treatment so get it checked out soon.
- Annoying, chronic throat clearing cough: This can be caused by many reasons but an important one to think about is tics. Children can have vocal tics that sound like throat clearing or even a mild cough.
There are lots of reasons why a child might be coughing but hopefully some of these tips will help you determine what you need to do next.


In Python, break and continue are loop control statements executed inside a loop. These statements either skip according to the conditions inside the loop or terminate the loop execution at some point. This tutorial explains break and continue statements in Python.
A break statement is used inside both the
for loops. It terminates the loop immediately and transfers execution to the new statement after the loop. For example, have a look at the code and its output below:
count = 0 while count <= 100: print (count) count += 1 if count == 3: break
0 1 2
In the above example loop, we want to print the values between 0 and 100, but there is a condition here that the loop will terminate when the variable count becomes equal to 3.
The continue statement causes the loop to skip its current execution at some point and move on to the next iteration. Instead of terminating the loop like a break statement, it moves on to the subsequent execution.
for i in range(0, 5): if i == 3: continue print(i)
0 1 2 4
In the above example loop, we want to print the values between 0 and 5, but there is a condition that the loop execution skips when the variable count becomes equal to 3.


- About us
- Cancer Treatments
- Contact us
I am Dr. Zacharia Jacob, Director and chief Physician of Athulya Ayurvedic Medical Research Centre, Mundikkal Thazham, Calicut. Here, I am very happy to share my views and observations regarding cancer. It is presented as cancer Ayur talk series. Today’s first part covers an introduction about cancer to the viewers.
Cancer is known as Arbhuda in Ayurveda. Cancer is the most discussed and researched modern medical subject in the world. Still discussions and researches are going on relentlessly without any concrete conclusions.
Why cancer is important to us because there is no 100% cure. Its psychological, Sociological and economic impact on every individual patient and the society are very threatening.
Now let us examine the claims of Ayurveda and where it stands. In Charaka and Srusritha samhithas the epidemiology and treatment of arbhudha are not vividly documented. Many links are missing. So, there is enough scope for research in cancer treatment in ayurveda.
There are six types of Arbhuda ( V,P,K, Rekhta, Mamsa and Medhas). One should bear in mind that there are many other diseases like Vidhradhi, gulma and Dhadhugathajwara have similar epidemiology and prognosis of Arbhuda. But they are not cancerous ( benign).


The aim of the Cross-Hole ultrasonic analysis is to estimate the actual depth of the foundation stuctures, as well as their integrity, the material homogeneity due to the absence of construction defects, such as crawl spaces, runoff, restrictions, and the intrusion of any raw material.
The analysis’ technique relies on the study about the mechanical vibration’s pulses propagation along a serie of trajectories within the structure to be examined (usually three of them).
Such methodology relies on the principle that in the concrete with good mechanical features, intact, homogeneous and compact, there are well defined and high value (3500-4500 m/s) propagation speeds of vibration pulses.
Emission and reception of the vibration pulses take place through two probes, one emitter and one recipient, moving on the operator’s command within the structures in question, by using appropriate diameter tubes, meant for this specific goal and then, embedded in the concrete during the jet process.
The probes move within distinct and parallel holes, remaining on the same horizontal line joining, or on an appropriate lag. The inquired material is that one included between the emitter probe and the recipient one.
The issuing probe, moving into the structure, delivers constantly (with an appropriate adjustable frequency) vibration pulses that, once picked up by the recipient probe, are introduced into a special processing unit. The latter prints, according to the the pulse’s inspection depth into the structure.
The graphic and numerical analysis of the US pulse’s speed is made by processing, through PC or dedicated software, the data recorded during the test; the result consists in a diagraphy allowing the immediate detection of possible defects on the pole’s stem.
- Establishing the foundation pole’s length
- Identification of discontinuity, gaps, break-lines and sbulbatures.
- Identification of the flaw’s location through tomographic techniques by making a greater number of analysis along the different sonic routes.
- Non-invasive technique
- Establishing immediately the test values
- Check on poles of large diameter


The Raindrop (The Brian D. McClure Children's Book Collection)
The Raindrop is a beautifully illustrated picture book about a raindrop and its place in the world. The story begins with the Raindrop having a discussion with a cloud. The raindrop tells the cloud that he is smaller than small, and that he feels that he has no use at all. The cloud tells the raindrop of its importance in the world, and that he should rethink his worth, but the raindrop does not listen and chooses not to believe the cloud. His head is too filled with negative ideas and thoughts about himself. As the raindrop falls to the ground and gets sucked into the parched earth, which seriously needs water because it is going through a drought, the raindrop fears being alone. It still does not see its purpose.
Then the rains come and fill the earth with water, bringing everything back to life again, and still the raindrop cannot see its purpose. It is not until a farmer uses water from a well, which sucks up the raindrop and sprays it all around his fields of corn, that he finally sees his purpose. He is a part of the water system all along, which is indeed, very important to the world. He has always been a part of something special, but never saw it until that day. The raindrop is happy again. He now understands the oneness of all and the gifts we all share. He knows that if we did not all work together, nothing would exist, not even the sun which shines down on the earth bringing life every day.
This adventurous journey uncovers many truths, which help the raindrop remember the higher purpose of his life. This is a simple, heartfelt story that allows children and adults of all ages remember the truth of who they are and their place in the world.
Reviewer Renee Hand is the award-winning author of The Crypto-Capers series. Look for her upcoming release The Adventures of Joe-Joe Nut and Biscuit Bill, The Great Pie Catastrophe.


Election Security Spotlight – Zero-day Exploits and Vulnerabilities
What it is
A zero-day exploit is a cyber attack that targets a flaw in a system before developers or the public are aware it exists. Zero-day exploits cannot be prevented because they are known only to the attacker. Attackers attempt to identify vulnerabilities through researching and probing systems. Once discovered, an attacker will share or sell the newly discovered vulnerability or begin designing an exploit to be used in malware or other attack vectors. Currently there are online markets that exist that sell the newest zero-day vulnerabilities. Once developers become aware of the vulnerability, they have to quickly notify users and fix the issue with a patch.
Why does it matter
Election officials should be aware of zero-day exploits and how to prepare for a possible compromise. Because they are discovered in secrecy, there is no way to preemptively prepare for them, but they are part of the overall threat picture and must be considered in risk management activities. Relationships with vendors also matter as they will typically be in the best position to provide information on mitigations prior to release of a patch, which systems may be impacted, how to minimize impacts before a patch is available, and patching once available. The exploitation of a zero-day vulnerability prior to public disclosure may result in significant impacts to an organization. As an example, the Stuxnet worm used an unknown zero-day vulnerability in a specific industrial control system. The attackers used this to compromise and cause catastrophic damage to an Iranian nuclear plant.
What you can do
The EI-ISAC Cybersecurity Spotlight is a practical explanation of a common cybersecurity concept, event, or practice and its application to Elections Infrastructure security. It is intended to provide EI-ISAC members with a working understanding of common technical topics in the cybersecurity industry. If you would like to request a specific term or practice that may be of interest to the elections community, please contact [email protected]


Despite the fact that vaccine efficacy has been extensively proven and accepted by the scientific community, eleven European nations have implemented obligatory vaccination programmes due to vaccine reluctance. In Europe, little emphasis has been paid to the research of media impacts on vaccination uptake. To investigate the relationship between children vaccination rates in Spain and vaccine-related coverage in the print media was the purpose of this study. A content study of vaccination coverage in newspapers was carried out. National vaccination rates, article publication dates, tone, and major subject of the pieces were the study factors. The researchers used a correlation analysis to determine the relationship between media coverage and children vaccination uptake. While positive and neutral vaccination coverage grew considerably over the research period, the number of stories with a negative tone remained steady. Negative media coverage was found to have a substantial and unfavourable relationship with children vaccination uptake. Despite a decrease in media coverage, vaccination rates continued to rise. The most often mentioned topics were the creation of the Ebola vaccine, as well as the chickenpox and meningitis vaccine crisis.
The findings contribute to a better understanding of the function of the media in vaccination efforts and imply that the media should be regarded as an essential actor during vaccination programmes. The study emphasises the media’s crucial educational role in public health.
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‘Birdeye Bend’ Section Of W.Va. Mountain Rides Tourism Project Dedicated
The Birdeye Bend section of the four statewide tourism loops extends more than 170 miles through Morgantown, Elkins and Clarksburg.Continue Reading Take Me to More News
Researchers at West Virginia University are set to study how methane leaks from liquid storage tanks happen, and ways to potentially stop them in the future.
The team, based out of the WVU Center for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions is working with research and development company Aerodyne Research to sample and monitor plumes from storage tanks.
The project is being supported by $5.5 million in funding from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. West Virginia is the fourth-largest producer of natural gas in the country.
“As we continue to build the natural gas infrastructure, well sites, pressure sites, all of these things that infrastructure grows, there are more of these tanks out there, and they’re going to be there for a while,” project leader and WVU aerospace and engineering professor Derek Johnson said. “It does have climate implications. But also from what we’ve seen is that there are other emissions associated with that methane coming from these tanks. And those can have impacts on local air quality.”
Research suggests methane emissions are more potent than carbon dioxide in the short-term when it comes to climate change.
Johnson and his team plan to create new software to predict and report methane leaks. They will use data collected at sites in the Marcellus shale formation in West Virginia, Ohio and Pennsylvania. The formation accounts for around 21 percent of all gross natural gas production in the country, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
“A lot of just, unknowns or not so much data exists in this area,” Johnson said. “And some of the data that has been collected doesn’t paint a detailed picture. And some of the data is old.”
Last Thursday, WVU’s Energy Institute hosted a panel on methane leaks from the state’s oil and gas wells, and creating more state jobs that would help mitigate leaks statewide.


AbstractThe question of how myth, folklore, and religion originated has exercised the scholarly imagination at least as far back as the Greek philosopher Euhemerus. The answers often have depended more on imagination than evidence. In the Victorian era, the German philologist Max Muller promoted “solar mythology” as the solution for all such origins, arguing that the movements of celestial bodies, seasonal events, and weather phenomena preoccupied the minds of primitive peoples, and their natural poetic abilities distorted these observations into fanciful anthropomorphic tales of gods and heroes. Freud applied psycho-analytic theory to the problem and found that myths began in dreams as the psyche struggled to resolve Oedipal and other developmental conflicts throughout the course of life. Structural anthropologists regarded myths as templates arising to reconcile logical contradictions in the concrete thinking of the primitive mind. A sweeping explanation for origins may gain widespread acceptance for a time, but this dominance seldom endures for long. Anthropological fieldwork typically uncovers exceptions and alternative possibilities that overthrow the theory. In retrospect, it appears obviously wrong, and worse still the evidence and arguments that once seemed so convincing come to look as embarrassing as “Ancient Astronaut” speculations. Once burned, scholars shy away from the subject and frown on any efforts in its direction. Yet the problem of origins never stays down for long. Because it remains one of the “big” questions of human science, the origins problem continues to tease scholarly curiosity and sooner or later another ingenious proposal comes forward.
Authors retain copyright to JSE articles and share the copyright with the JSE after publication.


Copyright 1982 Facts on File, Inc. Facts on File World News Digest September 10, 1982 SECTION: OTHER NATIONS; Yugoslavia PAGE: Pg. 670 E3 LENGTH: 210 words HEADLINE: Serbs in Kosovo Exodus BODY:Some 57,000 Serbs had left the Yugoslav autonomous province of Kosovo within the past decade, it was reported July 12.
A great number had left after the riots of March and April 1981, according to local officials. The region's economic problems and the ethnic Albanian nationalism that had sparked the riots were mentioned as the principal reasons behind the Serbian migration. [See 1981, p. 261G1]
"The nationalists have a two-point platform, first to establish what they call an ethnically clean Albanian republic and then the merger with Albania to form a greater Albania," said Becir Hoti, a Kosovo Communist Party official and an ethnic Albanian.
Officials cited widespread harassment of Serbs by Albanians, including two recent murders, personal insults, defacing of graves, burning of hay and other attacks on property.
Economic problems in the country's poorest region were also stressed. "Ninety-nine percent of the Albanians have no wish to live in Albania," Aziz Abrashi, the economics minister, was quoted as saying. "But they view the rest of Yugoslavia and are aware of the higher living standards. Our young people want the same good life, the nice houses and cars, and they can't get them if they can't get jobs," Aziz added.
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Dia de Los Muertos is a Mexican holiday celebrated in central and southern Mexico during Nov. 1 and 2. It is believed that the gates of heaven are opened at midnight on Oct. 31. The deceased angelitos are only allowed to reunite with their family for one day, Nov 1. On Nov. 2, the adults come down and party. Families on Nov. 2 go to the cemetery and clean tombs, play cards, listen to music, or reminisce of the ones they lost. This day is not a sad day, it is a joyous event where people can reunite with their loved ones that passed. To honor their loved ones they make altares to remember and honor the deceased.
In these altares there is:
1.Cempasuchil (Marigolds) These Flowers use their color and scent to guide the spirits to their respective altars during Dia de Los Muertos.
2. Fruit It symbolizes the Earth’s bounty
3. Papel Picado, It symbolizes wind, it is used to decorate your altar.
4. Foods your loved one enjoyed eating
5. Cavaleritas de azucar. These sugar skulls are placed as decoration to recognize the person who has passed.
6. Pan de muerto, The bread is for the deceased to eat. The bones represent the circle of life and there is normally a baked teardrop on the bread to represent goddess Chimalma’s tears for the living.
7. Glass of water, your loved one can be thirsty
Your finished product should look like:


After you have cast on all your stitches (or finished a row) in a flat knitting project, your pattern will ask you to “turn your work.” This instruction is asking you to flip your needle over so that you can prepare to work the next row.
Whether you are working on circular needles or straight needles, turning your work is the same; the tip of the needle that is full of stitches will need to be turned 180 degrees and moved from your right hand into your left hand.
Below are both video and written tutorials to help you learn how turn your knitting and prepare to start the next row.
Video Guide: How to Turn Your Work When Knitting
Written Guide: How to Turn Your Work When Knitting
Turn Your Work, Step 1:
After you have cast on (or finished working a row), your stitches will be on the needle held in your right hand. The tip of the needle will be pointing toward the left.
Turn Your Work, Step 2:
To turn your work, flip your knitting needle over, so the tip points toward the right, then place it in your left hand.
Practice With My Free Knitting Pattern
If you want to follow along with me while I show you how to knit, use my Free Beginner Face Scrubby Pattern.
After you’ve learned to turn your work when knitting, you will be ready to learn how to hold your yarn to make the knit stitch.


The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) said it is distributing high-quality certified wheat seeds to more than one million farmers across Afghanistan to ensure they are able to grow food during the spring season.
“The wheat sector has really struggled this year. An acute drought, the economic implosion meant that yields were low. It meant that farmers have really struggled to produce food for themselves and for the market to raise incomes, but also to produce seeds for this coming harvest. This is why it's been so important that FAO has been able to increase its support to households working in 31 out of 34 provinces in Afghanistan,” said Richard Trenchard, FAO Representative in Afghanistan.
The FAO added that 2021’s harvest was severely hampered by the drought triggered by the La Niña weather event. Many farmers were not able to access sufficient seeds for the winter planting season due to limited seeds from their severely reduced harvests or due to less income.
Trenchard also said that the FAO will also provide vegetable seeds and other seeds for the spring and summer growing seasons.
“We've been able to reach farmers with seeds and also with fertilizers. This will ensure they have food. It will ensure also that wheat is in the market. It'll ensure importantly [that] they have seeds, good quality seeds for the coming seasons as well,” said Richard Trenchard, FAO Representative in Afghanistan.
According to the FAO, almost 23 million people in Afghanistan are experiencing acute food insecurity due to the combination of drought, COVID-19 and economic collapse and more than 70 percent of people in Afghanistan live in rural areas.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) also said that agriculture is a crucial part of Afghanistan's economy on which 80 percent of all livelihoods in this country depends, directly or indirectly.
It typically contributes more than 25 percent of total GDP, said the FAO. Both agriculture and livestock production have been severely affected by the ongoing crisis.
Afghanistan's harsh winter aggravates the situation of farmers and herder across the country.
This year, FAO will continue to provide assistance to farmers for the next spring wheat planting season aiming to reach another 300,000 farmers.
FAO’s overall requirement for its humanitarian response in 2022 is USD $197 million.
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|A honey bee with tree sap for propolis in her pollen baskets|
I’d like to introduce you to one of the amazing products of the beehive--propolis! Propolis is sticky glue that bees make by collecting sap from the buds of trees, then mixing it with beeswax and some of their own special secretions to create a glue. The color and makeup of propolis changes from one part of the world to another, and even from beehive to beehive.
|Bees made this entrance smaller by filling it with propolis|
With more than 180 different compounds, propolis is the hive's chemical weapon against harmful pathogens and diseases. Propolis is antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-fungal, antiseptic, antiviral, and antibiotic. It helps kill all the bad bacteria and keeps the hive healthy.
|Scraping propolis off of the propolis trap|
Honey bees have many uses for propolis inside the hive. It’s used to coat the whole inside cavity of the hive, smooth out any rough surface, and seal up cracks or holes in the hive. They even use it to imprison small hive beetles (a beetle that likes to hang out in beehives and eat honey) and to embalm (cover) dead animals like a mouse that might happen to die inside the hive.
|In ancient times propolis was used to treat wounds|
|Raw propolis from a beehive|
Propolis is another incredible product from honey bees that is important to the beehive and useful to humans. You can find propolis and many propolis products online, at your local health food store, or from your local beekeeper.
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Study: ‘The vast interior of Greenland is slowly thickening’ – Greenland ice sheet moving slower now than in the last 9000 years
“Like many others, I had in mind the ongoing dramatic retreat and speedup along the edges of the ice sheet, so I’d assumed that the interior was faster now too. But it wasn’t,” said MacGregor.
The authors identified three causes for this deceleration. First is that snowfall rates were generally higher during the past 9,000 years, second is the slow stiffening of the ice sheet over time, and third is the collapse of an “ice bridge” that used to connect Greenland’s ice to that on nearby Ellesmere Island. Of most interest were the last two.
“The ice that formed from snow that fell in Greenland during the last ice age is about three times softer than the ice being formed today,” according to William Colgan of York University’s Lassonde School of Engineering, a co-author of the study.
Because of this difference, the ice sheet is slowly becoming stiffer. As a consequence, the ice sheet is flowing more slowly and getting thicker over time. This effect is most important in southern Greenland, where higher snowfall rates have led to rapid replacement of ice from the last glacial period with more modern Holocene ice.


Here is my collection of Bill Nye Worksheets from his show, Bill Nye The Science Guy. Each worksheet includes the answer key and has been used in my own classroom.
Why Bill Nye?
I grew up watching Bill Nye. I watched every episode and I can remember how he made me feel about science. He brought it to life. When I became a teacher, I knew I wanted my students to have the same experience.
Bill Nye does a wonderful job of explaining science at a level students, both young and old, can understand and his Science Guy videos are a terrific addition to any science classroom.
Why Worksheets Are Important
Although they aren’t necessary, the Bill Nye Worksheets will keep your students engaged and focused on what they’re watching. I’ve found when I didn’t use them, the level of attention my students were paying to the video dropped significantly. Giving your students something to do while they watch will also improve their understanding of the topics. Additionally, the Bill Nye Worksheets can be used for study material and/or quiz questions. I use them for both.
Watch as Bill Nye the Science Guy brings science to life as he overviews one science topic per show (like the human heart or electricity) in the way only Bill Nye could.
If you’d like to download my entire collection of Bill Nye Worksheets in one fell swoop, please CLICK HERE.
Get immediate access to all my resources (1000+) from my store for only $16.24 per month. CLICK HERE
Here are the worksheets that I currently have available. Simply click on the name to download.
– Blood and Circulation
– Chemical Reactions
– Comets and Meteors
– Food Webs
– Light and Color
– Outer Space
– Phases of Matter
– Static Electricity
– Water Cycle


The USF College of Marine Science has a fleet of seven operational Teledyne Webb Research gliders it uses as a cost-effective research alternative to ship-board science.
Gliders are autonomous robots that traverse through the water to collect a suite of biological (any biomass from plankton to fish), physical (temperature, salinity, density, currents), and chemical (nutrients, oxygen) data that helps us better understand the ocean. They are utilized throughout the country and the world to provide valuable insight to complex problems by academic, government, and military institutions.
We affectionately think of gliders as seagoing pickup trucks; we can load all kinds
of useful sensors on the vehicle to simultaneously serve as our eyes and ears in the
ocean when we can’t physically be there.
Gliders are robust and reliable drones that dive and ascend using ballast weight and propel themselves forward on wings. Once deployed,they operate mostly autonomously–moving hundreds of miles over weeks to months. They can collect data from the surface to the seafloor, and each time they surface, they relay that information back to scientists on shore via satellite.
Gliders help us find answers to questions such as the following
- Where will oil go during an oil spill, not just at the surface but all throughout the depths of the ocean?
- How does red tide evolve and where will it go in the coming days and weeks?
- If a hurricane passes over an area, how much strength-generating heat is in the water beneath the surface?
- Just how many groupers, snappers, amberjack and other important fish are out there?
More information about gliders


Cargo Disputes: Lesson 1-Overview
When a party ships goods by sea, there are two main contracts that will be involved: (1) the underlying sale contract; and (2) the contract of carriage to transport the goods from A to B. Either the buyer or the seller will organise the contract of carriage, but the carrier might end up in a dispute with either of those parties, so both buyer and seller want to be able to have privity of contract with the carrier. The following diagram shows how that happens.
The diagram also shows what happens at the financial level. A buyer thousands of miles away from a seller doesn't want to run the risk of non-delivery of the goods (or documents representing title to the goods), so they frequently use banks as intermediaries who give cross-undertaking to each other, which makes the process more secure (although not always!).
Because this diagram has lots of moving parts, we recommend you download the dynamic PowerPoint presentation below as well as look at this static diagram. It talks you through each stage.
overview powerpoint (dynamic)
SSG is designed to be read on a computer desktop because it contains lots of diagrams that are best viewed on a big screen. Accordingly, while you can certainly message us here, sign up to the blog, or check out our LinkedIn, we recommend you turn to the desktop for the full experience.
Thanks for reading.
Francis and Charles


Forty years after the publication of Frank Stagg's warning against abuse of the aorist tense, it is time that we examine whether similar warnings need to be sounded regarding the other major tense form—the present tense. Scholars and commentators have frequently understood the present tense form as indicating action that is continuous, durative, or habitual. However, recent research into verbal aspect has suggested that the Greek tense system is an aspectual one, that is, it pertains to how the author chooses to view the action, rather than how the action actually took place. In light of this, the present tense should be understood semantically as the internal viewpoint, looking at the action as in progress, as developing or unfolding. This can be seen from the numerous examples of present tenses in the NT that do not indicate action that is continuous, habitual, or ongoing. The article then surveys representative grammars and commentaries, demonstrating that this notion of continuous and durative action is widespread, but inadequate. It is suggested that commentators and students of the NT rely on the more recent grammatical tools that implement insights from verbal aspect. The article concludes with a summary of implications for interpreting the present tense form. One of the possible functions is to indicate prominence in discourse, to foreground various characters, scenes, or events. Outside of this, the interpreter should be cautious of the conclusions that he/she draws from the present tense form and should avoid reading into it notions of "continuous," "durative," "ongoing," or "habitual" action.


Two decades after the United Nations resolved to address the gender imbalance in global parliaments, women still compose only 22 percent of national parliamentarians worldwide, falling woefully short of their 30 percent target, according to data compiled by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU).
Released last month, the findings point to the persistent gender gap in global leadership. For example, only 11 women served as Head of State and as few as 13 as Head of Government as of August 2015. In addition, women constitute less than 10 percent of single or lower house parliamentarians in 37 States worldwide, with 6 chambers devoid of women completely.
The report coincides with the twentieth anniversary of the United Nations’ Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. That year, women comprised a mere 11 percent of the world’s lawmakers and in an effort to increase representation of women in all levels of government, policy makers committed to achieving at least 30 percent women among the official ranks worldwide. In 2015, however, only 44 of 190 legislatures have met or surpassed that goal, including Rwanda (63.8 percent), Bolivia (53.1 percent) and Cuba (48.9 percent). The United States (19.4 percent) ranked number 76 on the list participating countries, with fewer women in the lower houses of government than even Saudi Arabia (19.9 percent by king’s appointment), Kazakhstan (26.2 percent) and Afghanistan (27.7 percent).
Fortunately, women policymakers around the globe are taking matters into their own hands. In a declaration authored by parliamentarians representing governments worldwide, including national assembly of Mauritus speaker Santi Bai Hanoomanjee and Baroness Frances D’Souza of the British House of Lords, officials implored the international community to address gender inequality in their countries’ parliaments, imposing a new deadline for women’s greater representation in global government: 30 percent by 2020.
“Be advocates for gender equality,” said Hanoomanjee in a speech at the Fourth World Conference of Speakers of Parliament. “Persuade boys and men that our countries and world can only benefit from equal opportunity and rights. We urge you to lead by example.”
Media Resources: Inter-Parliamentary Data 2015; NY Times 9/1/15; UN Women Facts and Figures;


Earlier this month, an oil spill devastated parts of the ecosystems off the coast of Southern California. We explore how to limit the destruction arising from oil production and spills during the transition away from fossil fuels. [ dur: 58mins. ]
- Deborah Gordon is Senior Principal in the Climate Intelligence Program at Rocky Mountain Institute where she leads RMI’s Oil and Gas Solutions Initiative. She is also a senior fellow at the Watson Institute of International and Public Affairs at Brown University and the principal investigator for the Oil Climate Project. She is the author of No Standard Oil: Managing Abundant Petroleum in a Warming World.
- Ron Tjeerdema is Distinguished Professor in the Department of Environmental Toxicology and the Donald G. Crosby Endowed Chair in Environmental Chemistry in the College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences at University of California, Davis. He is the co-author of A Tale of Two Spills: Novel Science and Policy Implications of an Emerging New Oil Spill Model, Environmental variations and toxicological responses and Effects of dispersed and un-dispersed oil on developing topsmelt embryos.
- Jill Sohm is Associate Professor of Environmental Studies and Director of the Program at the University of Southern California. She is the co-author of Microbial mats of the Dry Valleys: oases of activity in the cold desert and The distribution and relative ecological roles of autotrophic and heterotrophic diazotrophs in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica.
- David Ginsberg is Professor of Environmental Studies at the University of Southern California. He is the co-author of Effects of depth-cycling on nutrient uptake and biomass production in the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and Methane Reduction Potential of Two Pacific Coast Macroalgae During in vitro Ruminant Fermentation.
This program is produced by Ankine Aghassian, Doug Becker, Melissa Chiprin and Sudd Dongre.
Podcast: Play in new window | Download (Duration: 58:01 — 53.1MB) | Embed
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As we know, wind power is the conversion of kinetic energy into electricity, but few come to think that it is renewable energy that comes from solar radiation. Utilizing wind power is the best way to harness the energy flows of our planet in a sustainable way, and wind power is also one of the most cost-effective ways of producing energy, i.e. the value of the investment in terms of efficiency.
The otherwise extremely low environmental impact of wind power can be minimized to almost non-existent with modern technology and expert development cooperation; When power plants reach the end of their service life, they can be dismantled, parts recycled, and the area restored. However, it makes more sense to keep power plants up-to-date and upgrade them to be more environmentally friendly and energy-efficient as technology advances, which, in addition to safeguarding biodiversity, serves the goals of both landowners and energy producers.
Finland, with good winds also needs renewable energy projects to be at the forefront of the energy production revolution and a pioneer in the renewable energy field of the future. This opens new opportunities for both investors and private, and municipal landowners.
Restricting fossil fuels and, in many respects, shutting them down will create completely new business opportunities. Bloomberg, the world’s largest investor information service, estimates that solar energy alone will capture most of the global energy investment billions by 2040. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), about half of the world’s electricity generation investment in the next few years will be in solar and wind power.
Contact us and let’s see together,
whether the area is suitable for wind power generation
If you think you have land suitable for wind power production, please contact us and our experts will find out if the area is suitable for wind power production.


Raw water is natural water found in our environment, like rainwater, ground water, and water from lakes, rivers and sea. Almost all raw water requires treatment before the water can be further treated in most pure water treatment systems.
Bernoulli Filter reduces the load of suspended solids
The type and extent of a pretreatment system will depend on the type of source, i.e. well water, open sea, surface water. The major difference is not only the feed water composition, but also water quality variability by seasonal factors, climate conditions and/or activates on the surface waters. The pretreatment system can include various types of pretreatment equipment to remove suspended solids, dissolved solids and other contamination harmful to the pure water treatment system.
The primary objective of pretreatment of raw water is to make the feed water compatible with the pure water treatment systems. Membrane systems of differing types (microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis (RO)) require pretreatment to increase the efficiency and life expectancy of the membrane elements by minimizing fouling scaling and degradation of the membrane.
The pretreatment systems can be chemical, mechanical or a combination thereof, the Bernoulli Filter is an excellent mechanical filter for reducing the load of suspended solids in raw water down to 100 micron.
Since 2010, the company ZETES (Zonguldak Eren Termik Santrali) owned by EREN (Eren Enerji Elektrik Üretim A.S.) has operated a coal-fired power plant including one unit of 160 MW (ZETES-1) and two units of 615 MW (ZETES-2) in Catalagzi, Turkey.
The sea water treatment plant at ZETES has been built by Aquamatch Türkiye on turnkey bases. This is one of the biggest desalination and demineralization plant in Turkey and consists of Ultrafiltration, Sea Water Reverse Osmosis, Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis and Mixbed Demineralization systems.


Editor’s note: The following blog post is part two of a two-part series looking at the history and influence of Doukhobors in Alberta. Read part 1 here.
Written by: Matthew Wangler, Historic Resources Management Branch
Following the establishment of the community in British Columbia, Verigin sought to diversify and strengthen the Doukhobor economy by purchasing new land in southern Alberta. It was not the first time that the Doukhobors had considered Alberta as a home for their community. In 1898, members of a Doukhobor delegation had initially explored purchasing land near Beaverhills Lake by Edmonton, but the proposal was scuttled, as local Member of Parliament Frank Oliver was opposed to their presence. While some Saskatchewan Doukhobors were working in Alberta as agricultural labourers and construction workers in 1911 and 1912, the first Doukhobor villages in the province were established in 1915 in the Cowley/Lundbreck area. Additional land was purchased in the following years, and Verigin arranged to rent land in the Vulcan area on a crop-share basis. The Alberta Doukhobors dedicated themselves to growing grain and raising horses and cattle. The settlements were successful, and at their peak, they boasted 300 members in 13 small villages. The communities tended to 300 horses and 400 shorthorn cattle, and produced 100,000 bushels of grain annually; they also constructed two-grain elevators and a flour mill. The Doukhobors seemed well-suited to the physical landscape of southern Alberta, and found that the region was also distinctly accommodating to smaller religious communities. Anabaptist groups like the Mennonites and Hutterites had already established themselves in the area, as had Mormons fleeing persecution in the United States. During their time in Alberta, the Doukhobors also developed positive relations with their Blackfoot neighbours.


The most comprehensive models of the universe are simulated by supercomputers — not the kind of digital files the travel quickly across the Internet.
A new model of the cosmic microwave background, the oldest light in the universe, is a bit more nimble. Researchers at Imperial College London designed and printed a CMB map using a 3D printer.
The files are available for anyone to download.
The cosmic microwave background formed when the universe was only 380,000 years old. The universe is estimated to be 13.8 billion years old.
CMB was the first radiation to travel freely through the universe in the wake of what cosmologists refer to as recombination. Roughly 380,000 years after the Big Bang, the hot, exploded plasma of the universe began to cool and protons and electrons combined to form neutral hydrogen.
Recombination allowed photons to travel longer distances, and thermal energy spread through the universe. The cosmos became transparent instead of opaque.
“Differences in the temperature of the CMB relate to different densities, and it is these that spawned the formation of structure in the universe — including galaxies, galaxy clusters and superclusters,” Dave Clements, a physicist at ICL, explained in a news release.
Scientists have developed many maps of the ancient propagating photons, but they’re often confusing — the data difficult to parse. Researchers are hopeful their latest model is more accessible.
“Presenting the CMB in a truly 3D form, that can be held in the hand and felt rather than viewed, has many potential benefits for teaching and outreach work, and is especially relevant for those with a visual disability,” Clements said.
The modeling efforts of Clements and his colleagues is detailed in a new paper, published this week in the European Journal of Physics.
Filed Under: 3D printing • additive manufacturing • stereolithography, Materials • advanced


According to a new research study initiated by the international team of researchers from University of California San Diego School of Medicine and the San Diego Branch of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research have suggested about how loss of one specific gene affects neural development and stimulates tumor growth. Moreover, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRT) are unusual, fast-growing form of brain cancer which is caused due to inactivation of a gene known as SMARCB1, which majorly occurs in children of age group of three years and younger, however it is also observed in older children and adults. There are multiple treatments, but chances of long-term survival is low.
Frank Furnari, PhD, professor of pathology and Ludwig San Diego member stated, “Previous research has established that, unlike some cancers, ATRT is predominantly associated with the functional loss of a single gene, SMARCB1 that leads to tumor development through changes in how genes are expressed rather than the combined effect of multiple gene mutations. We need targeted therapeutics and to create those, we need to better understand the mechanisms driving ATRT.”
In this research study, the team incited the removal of SMARCB1 gene in human induced pluripotent stem cells, then engaged the iPSCs to develop into neurons or cerebral organoids that impersonate functional aspects of the developing brain in miniature. Researchers found an interface between the loss of SMARCB1 and neural differentiation pressure, which resulted in a defect in retaining normal cell health that further resulted in tumors.


This story was written in response to the Include Someone, Make a Difference lesson. Yusuf, student from 826 MSP, chose to write an inclusive ending to finish the storyboard created by Cartoon Network:
Include Someone Jump City School Storyboard
Wondering what happens next? Read on to discover Yusuf’s inclusive resolution:
…He goes under the table and turns into a cat. Beast Boy feels a little bit happy and then he turns into a cheetah and runs away. He gets a paper and writes a note and makes an airplane and throws it. It lands in the art room. Raven opens it and they go to Robin’s house. They went to the basement and under the bed.
by 826 National and Cartoon Network
This lesson encourages students to consider and write about the myriad ways to include someone, stop bullying before it starts,…
Lanae, 826 New Orleans
A poem about giving and receiving love.
by Anna K., 826CHI
This poem uses alliteration to discuss the narrator's pets.
by Natalie, 826CHI
A poem about a moon, a flute, and a song.
by Kevin, 826LA
A letter from the author to the author on appreciating both the unconventional and conventional parts of oneself.
by Diego, 826CHI
This poem might be considered a metaphorical soundoff between a lion and a banana. Written in Spanish and English.
by Lina, 826 Valencia
A mischievous recipe calling for 3 tablespoons of candy, 10 gallons of not laughing, and 100 gallons of mother.
by Natalie, 826 Valencia
A recipe for how to create a legendary rapper.
by Amelia Alamgir, Grade 1, 826NYC
This poem uses repetition and sensory details to describe a trip to the botanical garden.
by Nathan A., 826DC
A story about reaching out to others.
by Sherilyn, 826LA
A story about what to do when one witnesses bullying.


Environmental DNA or eDNA
What is Environmental DNA?
DNA, short for deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in organisms that contains the biological instructions for building and maintaining them. The chemical structure of DNA is the same for all organisms, but differences exist in the order of the DNA building blocks, known as base pairs. Unique sequences of base pairs, particularly repeating patterns, provide a means to identify species, populations, and even individuals.
Environmental DNA (eDNA) is nuclear or mitochondrial DNA that is released from an organism into the environment. Sources of eDNA include secreted feces, mucous, and gametes; shed skin and hair; and carcasses. eDNA can be detected in cellular or extracellular (dissolved DNA) form.
In aquatic environments, eDNA is diluted and distributed by currents and other hydrological processes (fig. 1), but it only lasts about 7–21 days, depending on environmental conditions (Dejean and others, 2011). Exposure to UVB radiation, acidity, heat, and endo- and exonucleases can degrade eDNA.
Use of eDNA for Inventory and Monitoring
Improved Detection of Native Species
Protocols using eDNA may allow for rapid, cost-effective, and standardized collection of data about species distribution and relative abundance. For small, rare, secretive, and other species that are difficult to detect, eDNA provides an attractive alternative for aquatic inventory and monitoring programs. Increasing evidence demonstrates improved species detection and catch-per-unit effort compared with electrofishing, snorkeling, and other current field methods. Thus, detection of species using eDNA may improve biodiversity assessments and provide information about status, distribution, and habitat requirements for lesser-known species.
Early Detection of Invasive Species
eDNA may also be an effective tool for early detection of aquatic invasive species. Application of eDNA methods for invasive species monitoring may include periodically collecting water samples and screening them for several invasive species at once. Boat-ballast water, a source of introduction for many invasive species including mollusks, also could be sampled. Some intensive eradication programs for invasive species fail when a few surviving individuals recolonize the ecosystem. eDNA methods may provide a means of confirming eradication of all invaders.


A rainbow is a multicolored arc made by light striking water droplets. The most familiar type rainbow is produced when sunlight strikes raindrops in front of a viewer at a precise angle (42 degrees). Rainbows can also be viewed around fog, sea spray, or waterfalls. is a multicolored arc, or curved line, in the sky. Most rainbows form when the Sun’s rays strike raindrops falling from faraway rain clouds. Rainbows appear in the part of the sky opposite the Sun, usually in the early morning or late afternoon.There would not have been any special thing about a rainbow, but the oneness brings out the beauty. The rainbow makes me understand that you can’t do without some certain people in life. Meeting people, making friends, interacting with family and relatives are important part of life. A rainbow is often a sign of hope, the beauty after the storm, a pot of gold and good fortune at the rainbow’s end. For many, a rainbow carries a personal symbolic meaning–representing inclusivity and diversity, an all-embracing image of love and friendship. Of course, a rainbow in itself symbolizes success, hope and fortune to many of us. As you gaze upon the vibrant rainbow colors, you may feel happiness and a sense of excitement and wonderment. Indeed, a rainbow is a many-splendored thing. In addition to being beautiful, rainbows serve as a wonderful example of visible light’s dispersion and its wavelength spectrum. Visible light travels in the form of a wave, much like sound and ocean waves do. This is what I said: ‘The colours of a rainbow are light, fresh and happy and since they are so rare, they elicit a sense of awe and delight in addition to bringing the promise of sunshine with the blue sky usually on the horizon’.


Fatal Work-Related Injuries
In California, an average of 439 workers die as a result of fatal occupational injuries each year. Understanding how and why these fatal injuries occur is essential to develop effective prevention strategies.
What Is FACE?
The California Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (CA/FACE) program identifies and studies fatal occupational injuries throughout California, and provides prevention recommendations that can be implemented at the workplace. CA/FACE is funded by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and is one of seven currently funded FACE states. Our program is one of many public health programs within the California Department of Public Health, Occupational Health Branch.
What FACE Is Not
CA/FACE does not evaluate compliance with occupational safety and health standards or determine fault. Many factors contribute to an event in which a worker dies. Our investigations consider all factors and do not focus on "who was to blame."
Program investigators conduct in-depth research-oriented investigations of fatal incidents. They visit the incident site and interview employers and co-workers. All participants remain anonymous - individual and company names are not included in the report. A site visit is essential for observing the location of the fatality, and it enables the investigator to recreate a complex sequence of events. There are many factors that must be considered to understand how the fatality occurred.
FACE Prevention Materials
Information gained through our onsite investigation is used to develop comprehensive recommendations to prevent similar workplace deaths. These recommendations are highlighted in CA/FACE prevention materials and shared with employers, workers, trade associations, unions, equipment manufacturers, health and safety professionals, and advocates.


In a recent development, a medical officer and a security guard in Jajpur, Odisha, have been arrested for allegedly accepting a bribe. This incident highlights the prevalence of corruption in the healthcare system and the need for stricter enforcement of anti-corruption laws.
According to reports, the medical officer at the Jajpur District Headquarters Hospital had demanded a bribe from a patient’s family member in exchange for timely medical treatment. The security guard allegedly acted as an intermediary in the transaction. The family member reported the incident to the police, leading to the arrest of the two accused.
This case is just one of many instances of corruption in the healthcare system in India. Patients and their families often face demands for bribes from medical professionals and staff in exchange for basic medical services. This not only violates the rights of patients but also undermines the quality of healthcare and erodes public trust in the system.
The government of India has implemented various measures to combat corruption in the healthcare system, including the establishment of anti-corruption units and the introduction of stricter laws and regulations. However, the effectiveness of these measures is often limited by the lack of enforcement and the pervasive culture of corruption.
To address this issue, there needs to be a multi-pronged approach that includes not only stricter enforcement of laws and regulations but also education and awareness-raising among the public and medical professionals. Patients and their families need to be informed of their rights and empowered to report incidents of corruption. Medical professionals, on the other hand, need to be held accountable for their actions and provided with appropriate training and resources to perform their duties ethically.
In conclusion, the arrest of the medical officer and security guard in Jajpur is a reminder of the urgent need to tackle corruption in the healthcare system. It is only by taking concerted action and addressing the root causes of corruption that we can hope to build a healthcare system that is equitable, accessible, and of high quality for all.


This minute wasp was discovered in the tropical forests of Malaysian Borneo and measures just 0.75 mm in length (750 µm). Its generic name, Wallaceaphytis, refers to Alfred Russel Wallace, who independently proposed a theory of evolution by natural selection at the same time as Charles Darwin after extensive travel, specimen collection and research in Borneo. Parasitoid wasps use modified ovipositors (visible at the end of the abdomen) to lay their eggs inside the body of another animal, often a soft-bodied larva. When the eggs hatch, the wasp larva feed on the larva around them, eating their way out and eventually killing the unfortunate host. Thanks to this gruesome reproductive tactic, parasitoids have been used for pest control in many regions – close relatives of W. kikiae in the genus Aphytis are used to control scale insect populations and reduce their damage to citrus crops around the world.
Image courtesy of Andrew Polaszek and the Wellcome Trust. See more from the Wellcome Image Awards here.
Generic name: The name of a genus, a taxonomic rank denoting a group of species.
Ovipositor: An organ used for the laying and deposition of eggs.


When a Teen's Diabetes Becomes Life Threatening Featured
Show: Memorial Health e-Radio
Dr. Jamal Saqer
Memorial's Children's Health Guide
Being a teenager is difficult enough without also having to deal with a chronic illness. Unfortunately, many teens cope with diabetes, one of the most serious chronic health problems. The consequences of diabetes, or diabetes mellitus as it is formally called, can result in a trip to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with diabetic ketoacidosis, or DKA, an acute derangement in blood chemistry caused when blood sugars are out of control. The condition can be life-threatening. Join Dr. Jamal Saqer, a board certified pediatric intensivist – and urge your diabetic teen to join in as well – to learn more about teens, diabetic ketoacidosis and how to avoid a visit to the PICU.
If your child needs immediate emergency care, call 911 or visit the emergency room at Lake Charles Memorial Hospital. For more information on diabetes in children and teens, call the Children’s Clinic of Southwest Louisiana at .
A graduate of Garyonis University, Alarab Medical School in Beghazi, Libya, Dr. Jamal Saqer completed his pediatric residency at Bowman Gray School of Medicine - Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and his pediatric critical care fellowship at the University of Florida, College of Medicine in Gainesville. Dr. Saqer is board certified in pediatrics and is a pediatric critical care specialist. He is alos the medical director of the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at Lake Charles Memorial Hospital.
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Scuba diving is an example of diving where the diver uses a breathing apparatus that could be self-contained. The breathing apparatus is usually independent, and it allows the dicer to breathe even when he or she is under the water. Unlike scuba divers, other types of divers use the breath hold or make use of the gas that is supplied from the surface of the water. The scuba diver carries his or her breathing gas even when he or she is under the water, and the cylinder is what supplies the oxygen to him, or her gas is usually compressed and therefore the gas is sufficient for the diver to move around the water. The gas that the diver owns is carried at the back. It is more convenient compared to the airline or the divers umbilical cord that other divers use from the surface of the water. This can keep the scuba diver in the water for a long period without the gas being exhausted. There is a system through which the gas that the diver exhales is emitted to the environment. This is mainly done through the open circuit systems discharge.
The scuba certification nj is done both for fun and for professional purposes. Those who do it professionally include the military, those who work for the public safety as well the scientists who conduct their studies in the water. The scuba divers mainly have the fins to their legs, and therefore they can be able to propel conveniently in the water. They also have a dive mask that is transparent, and therefore they can be able to see as they move inside the water.
There are several health benefits for scuba diving classes in NJ. One is that the diver gains strength and flexibility. The muscles tend to become stronger as you move inside the water. This is mainly because of the resistance that of the water as you move to the opposite direction.
Another benefit is improved breathing. When diving, the breathing becomes slower and deeper, and this helps to conserve the consumption of the air. The breathing will slow the heart rate and also promote the calmness. Steady breathing will also reduce the risks of lung expansion injury and also reduces the mucus that builds up.
Scuba diving can lower the rate of blood pressure. When you dive the first time, the divers' heart rate might spike, and the blood pressure might rise slightly. Know the requirements on how to have scuba diving certificate in http://www.ehow.com/facts_5169222_requirements-scuba-diving-certification_.html.


Revision Guide – Mathematics
EXAM BOARD AND CODE: PEARSON 1MA1
NUMBER OF PAPERS: 3
LENGTH OF PAPERS:
Paper 1: Non-calculator – 90 minutes
Paper 2: Calculator – 90 minutes
Paper 3: Calculator 90 minutes
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: Black pen (and spare), pencil, ruler, compass, protractor, eraser and scientific calculator
WEBSITE LINK: https://qualifications.pearson.com/content/dam/pdf/GCSE/mathematics/2015/specification-and-sample-assesment/gcse-maths-2015-specification.pdf
Topics to be revised
All topics taught in years 9 to 11 can be tested in the exams.
Details of specific topics to be revised for foundation and higher papers are in the revision guides which we recommend that all students purchase. There is also additional guidance on our Maths website.
Students should have purchased appropriate revision guides and work books from student services. There are also packs of GCSE practise papers and Target Books that they can purchase.
Please refer to the School Maths website which has links to several useful revision sites.
- Display Post-it notes with key facts and skills
- Make revision cards with questions on one side, answers and method on the back
- Make a Mind map summarising all the key skills for each topic (use colour and pictures)
- Do as many questions as you can
- Use past papers to practice exam technique
- Try to do 20 minutes every day
Don’t Rush – you should have plenty of time
- Read the questions carefully to make sure you are doing the correct calculation and understand what is being asked
- Underline key words that include information and instructions and make a table of information if that helps or draw a diagram
- Show a full and clear method, even if you have a calculator – write down everything that you do.
- Check all your answers. Be particularly careful with negative numbers
- Check that your answers make sense
- Make sure that you give units, such as cm2.
BE POSITIVE – THINK ABOUT WHAT YOU DO
Download a printable version here


A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America
Unusual Metal Recovered from Ancient Greek Shipwreck
Wednesday, January 7, 2015
GELA, SICILY—Thirty-nine ingots of cast metal have been recovered from a ship that sank 2,600 years ago off the southern coast of Sicily. “The wreck dates to the first half of the sixth century. It was found about 1,000 feet from Gela’s coast at a depth of ten feet,” Sicily’s superintendent of the Sea Office, Sebastiano Tusa, told Discovery News. Analysis of the metal shows that it is an alloy made of copper, zinc, and small percentages of nickel, lead, and iron. The ingots were most likely destined for workshops in Gela. “It will provide us with precious information on Sicily’s most ancient economic history,” Tusa said of the shipwreck’s cargo. To read more about underwater archaeology, see "History's 10 Greatest Shipwrecks."
Uncovering a new Easter Island statue, the first equestrians, a sphinx’s familiar smile, 14,000-year-old mastodon spearpoints, and an early Chinese toilet
Ancient inside joke


Please refer imgae
I am always getting struck whenever i need to create a curve profile like the image attached
Please help me out & request you to create a 3d model and share , it would be better
And teach me the techniques that how to craete this kind of profile in future
Are you talking about creating the centerline through the curved slot on a drawing, or making the part itself?
Would you like to create sketch as displyed in image or part?
Part in image can be created by one sketch using Circles (+Trim) or Arcs (depends on individuals).
Reference part attached.
Thanks for your reply & your answer was helpful
still I have some doubts that how to determine the point (image attached).
I what basis we need to define the posiiton of the point ?
The beauty about rounds is that they define themselves. That is what the section solver is doing by making the two end of the R15 tangent.
Some will define parts like this without the round in the sketch and add them as a separate feature. There is no right way, it just depends on independent you like to define your features.
There are multiple ways of doing it.
Create circles tangent to each other in sketch.
Else create a fillet between two circles.


The Duke in the Peninsula: Arthur Wellesley and the Application of Operational Art During the Peninsular War 1809-1813
Anthony R. Blackburn
"From April 1809 through June 1813 the Duke of Wellington, commander of the Anglo-Portuguese army, created a well-disciplined military organization, defended Portugal from two French invasions, and successfully ended French control of Spain. During the campaign, Wellington led a diverse coalition of forces from Great Britain, Portugal, and Spain with varying degree of skill, discipline, and morale against a powerful French army that had successfully subdued many other parts of Europe. Wellington's nineteenth-century campaign provides tremendous insight into the operational level of war, employing military forces by integrating ends, ways, means, and risk that linked tactical actions to strategic outcomes including protecting Portugal, ending Bonapartist control in Spain, and ending Napoleon's regime in France. [...] Wellington's campaign demonstrates the effective application of operational art to achieve desired results even against an aggressive and stronger enemy. His ability to correctly determine the proper course of action through visualizing and understanding the operational environment aided in his skillful handling of the army during those four years. Viewing this nineteenth century campaign through the modern elements of operational art provide valuable lessons for operational artists today."


The Esterházy Palace at Fertőd is the greatest Baroque-Rococo monument complex in Hungary. On the site of the Palace, Duke Joseph Esterházy initiated the construction of a hunting lodge with twenty-two rooms in 1720, based on the plans of the Viennese architect, Erhard Martinelli. However, the golden age of the Palace began when Nicholas Esterházy (also known as Miklós ‘the Magnificent’) succeeded to the ducal title.
Utilising the grandeur of 18th century Baroque-Rococo architecture, Duke Nicholas enlarged the palace, and with the help of Nicolaus Jakoby; he created a large garden with several alleys. At the French Garden with an Opera House and a Marionette theatre and employed German theatre companies as well as Italian and French ballet dancers. The orchestra of the Palace led by Joseph Haydn the great musician and composer, the chamber composer and conductor at Eszterháza, was well-known all over Europe.
The second golden period of Eszterháza came about at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. The suites of the Palace and the French Garden were restored for Duke Nicholas Esterházy IV. and his wife, Countess Margaret Cziráky. Enchanted by Eszterháza the Countess spent her dowry on the restoration of the palace and the gardens. The modernisation of the park started in 1902. Among the designers of the gardens was Anton Umlauft, one of the best-known gardeners in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.
The greatest attraction of the gardens, the Rosary was installed in 1908 containing a 220 metres long vaulted, diagonal system of pergolas, with an octagonal Chinese pavilion in its centre and 20 thousand rose-bushes. Unfortunately, the Duchess could not enjoy the pleasures of the extraordinary rose garden for long, she died in 1910. Based on scientific documentation of the garden’s history, the Rosary was restored and reopened in 2015, counting about nine thousand rose-bushes today.


The painter's name is Herbert "Herb" Kawainui Kāne. He was also a historian and an author and he did a lot of research. Herb showed that Hawaiian culture was not "an accidental seeding of Polynesia" but that Hawaii was possible to reach from Tahiti, if the canoes were built well.
He wrote an article for National Geogrpahic about his theory about why Polynesians are bigger, with more muscle and fat than other tropical people: "When a chief began a voyage of exploration to find new land for his people, he would choose as companions men with powerful muscles, stamina and ample fat to sustain them in times of hunger and to insulate them against the energy-sapping and eventually deadly exposure to wind and spray. He would bring women who seemed capable of bearing children of that type."
The painting, one of close to 400 canvasses, is called Pele goddess of volcanoes.
In Hawaiin religion Pele is the goddess of fire, lightning, wind and volcanoes. She is also the creator of the Hawaiian islands.
You wrote that the painting made you think of nature's greatness and the glow of humans. I feel exactly the same. That is what drew my attention to the drawing in the first place: the combination of human and nature; how we are part of somethng as impressive and beautiful as the nature around us.
If you want to see more drawings by Herb Kawainui Kāne you can have a look at this web page.


DCEG researchers conduct studies on thyroid cancer. The four main types of thyroid cancer are papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic. In addition to the selected studies below, investigators routinely monitor shifting incidence trends for multiple malignancies, including cancers of the thyroid. Learn more about our research using descriptive epidemiological methods.
Chernobyl Childhood Thyroid Dosimetry
A coordinated study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in a cohort of 25,000 persons from Belarus and Ukraine who were exposed in childhood to fallout from the Chernobyl Nuclear accident.
International Pooled Analysis of Risk Factors for Thyroid Cancer
An analysis of thyroid cancer risk combining data from prospective studies in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia
Perinatal Exposures and Thyroid Cancer Risk
Thyroid cancer incidence is much higher in women than men, and this sex difference peaks during the reproductive years. This study investigates perinatal characteristics and exposures in Nordic women.
Thyroid Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (TCRAT)
The R package thyroid implements a risk prediction model developed by NCI researchers to calculate the absolute risk of developing a second primary thyroid cancer (SPTC) in individuals who were diagnosed with a cancer during their childhood.


A diabetic can indeed eat raisins. However, raisins, like other fruits do contain some amount of natural sugar. This means, raisins do bring in some sugar into your body. What vitamins are in raisins? Raisins give you some Zinc, potassium, antioxidants, vitamin C, selenium etc. Raisins have low glycaemic index (GI). This means eating raisins does not raise blood sugar levels sharply. The natural sugar present in raisins does not really cause serious spikes in your blood sugar levels. On the other hand, the great nutrients in raisins can be beneficial for you.
Can I eat raisins with type 2 diabetes?
Based on the above we can say a diabetic can safely eat raisins. The only catch is that you should watch the quantity of raisins you consume in a day. If a diabetic eats raisins in moderate quantity on a daily basis, one can see many benefits. Just like other nutritious fruits like lychee, jackfruit etc. raisins also offer great health benefits if you eat them in moderation.
Why are raisins good for a you?
Often diabetics wonder if they can raisins. Why can a diabetic eat raisins? Are raisins good for you if you are a diabetic? ‘Yes’ say the experts. Raisins can have multiple positive effects on a diabetic’s health. For example, raisins can improve cardiac health and reduce the risk of diabetic complications. Raisins also help a diabetic in regulating blood sugar levels and blood pressure. Raisins also have a beneficial effect on the biochemistry of blood vessels. When you eat raisins, your blood vessels tend to become less stiff. This means more regulated blood pressure. Raisins also improve the skin health. As diabetics generally have a problem with skin, raisins can help.
So, if you ask Are Raisins good for your heart? The answer is yes raisins improve your heart health. Moreover, are Raisins good for high blood pressure? Yes, potassium in raisins means raisins can help regulate your blood pressure. So, a diabetic can eat raisins, sultanas, currants etc. Raisins make a great snack for diabetics.


An analysis using infrared and visual images is made to measure the ice thickness of a cylindrical component. The proposed method is useful for ice detection and measurement on structures, even in harsh conditions and low light situations such as night. This type of analysis can fill a gap of knowledge related to ice measurement using both visual and thermal images. Thermal imaging shows differences in the emissivity and temperature of objects. This can help to detect objects and measure the amount of ice accumulated on the objects. Combining the information of visual and thermal images can compensate for their weak points and present better results. Combinations of the color-visual image (CVI), grayscale-visual image (GVI), color-infrared image (CII) and grayscale-infrared image (GII) are used to find the most accurate results. A binary image is acquired using the threshold method based on data collected from infrared and visual images. Using threshold levels removes irrelevant data that come from the background. Common ice pixels detected from both infrared and visual images are considered as the ice area. Thresholding methods cause unwanted gaps and strips in binary images. Morphological algorithms are used to remove these imperfections. The best results are obtained when one of the elements of the combinations is CII. The results of using CVI and GVI are almost the same. The experiments show that this method is reliable and its results are aligned with the real data.


Types Of "Super" Fish Besides Salmon You Should Eat
If you are a student learning about pescetarian diets for an online culinary course, you already know that a regular diet containing salmon can be really healthy for you. But did you know that farmed wild salmon can have high levels of mercury and can contain chemicals like polychlorinated biphenyl and other additives? In light of this information, it’s fortunate that there is an abundance of seafood out there that provides healthy omega-3 fatty acids, lowers inflammation and decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
The size of the fish matters
More specifically, the size of the mouth on the fish is what matters. Large-mouthed species like grouper and tuna feed on larger prey, which results in increased levels of mercury in the fish’s body. Species with smaller mouths feed on sea animals much lower in the food chain and therefore ingest lower amounts of mercury.
Types of fish and seafood you should eat:
Oysters – Oysters have a great amount of omega-3 fatty acids. In a 3-ounce serving, you can find about 300 mg of omega-3s and about a third of the recommended daily amount of iron.
Pollock – Atlantic pollock is generally used as a substitute for cod and haddock in Europe, but one serving contains more than two-thirds the daily amount of selenium, – which lowers the risk of diabetes, – and up to 500 mg of omega-3s. Stick to the filet, as the pollock in fish sticks are heavily processed.
Albacore tuna – Although certain types of tuna do have high amounts of mercury in them, the ones you find canned have lower levels of the element. Look for cans labeled “troll or -poll caught.”
Herring – Herring found in the Atlantic contains large quantities of omega-3s (almost 2 grams) for every 3-ounce serving and are an excellent source of calcium.
If you like this post, please be sure to check out the following!
Roe: The Edible Pearls Of The Sea
Wine Pairing With Seared Fish


New Plastic Made of Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a cheap and plentiful carbon resource and has been used as a raw material in the synthesis of plastic. However, plastics synthesized from carbon dioxide by current methods had a variety of problems, such as releasing poisonous gases (nitrogen oxides) on combustion, low content of carbon dioxide by weight and low thermal resistance resulting in highly variable hardness at room temperature.The group of Professor Kyoko Nozaki, Assistant Professor Shingo Ito, and Ryo Nakano (first year PhD student) at the University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, overcame all of these problems and synthesized a new plastic from carbon dioxide and butadiene. Butadiene is easily available as it is currently mass produced for the synthesis of synthetic rubber, but the synthesis of a material from butadiene and carbon dioxide containing both starting materials and using just one type of reaction is theoretically impossible. The research group combined two types of chemical reaction to make possible the impossible and create a new plastic.
The material obtained here consists of carbon dioxide 29% by weight and does not release poisonous gases when ignited. Further, while it easily maintains its structure at high temperatures, with a maximum decomposition temperature of 340 degrees centigrade it is also suitable for melt molding.
With the expansion of production and improvement of manufacturing processes, this technology has potential to slightly reduce carbon dioxide emissions if it finds use in plastic housings, films and other general-purpose applications.


Today, January 27, 2023, marks the 78th anniversary since the brave Soviet soldiers liberated the infamous Auschwitz death camp. The Holocaust Remembrance Day is a day for us, the United Jewish Peoples Fraternal Order, to join in solidarity with our Jewish as well as Slavic, Romani, LGBT+, Socialist, Partisan brethren as well as all the persecuted people by Nazi Germany. The Holocaust Remembrance Day is a day to mourn the loss of more than 6 million lives but to also celebrate the strength and resiliency that our people demonstrated and continues to demonstrate to this day.
While we remember the victimization of fallen ancestors, we cannot forget that they did not go without resistance against the Nazi barbarians. Our brothers and sisters faced off bravely against the Nazis in Warsaw, Poland in April and May 1943. This great event led by the left-wing Jewish Combat Organization would go down in history as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The uprising was against the deportations of tens of thousands of Jewish Poles to extermination camps. The Jewish Resistance knew they would not survive but decided they were the ones to decide their fate.
Around the world, Anti-semitism is on the rise. People today still deny that the holocaust even happened; they disregard and distort historical evidence of the atrocities that Nazi Germany and their fascist allies committed. Since 2014, Ukraine has seen a rise of violent antisemitic acts. The UK has reported over 170 violent acts in 2022. America has seen gunnings and kidnappings at synagogues. As anti-fascists, we must reiterate “Never Again” and they must not just be empty platitudes. We recognize the disease that causes anti-semitism is fascism whether it’s here in the US, Ukraine, or anywhere around the world.
Executive Chair of the UJPFO


About bead blasting (sandblasting)
The technology is the process, of forcing solid particles across a surface at high speeds. This metal, wooden, plastic or glass surface becomes thinner, which otherwise would be damaging, but in this case, it is our main objective. During this process, the contamination on the surface of metal, wooden, plastic or glass objects will peel off. We get a smoother and cleaner surface, as a result of which the objects can be re-painted and renovated.
The most important factors when an object is being cleaned:
- The right choice of the blasting material
- The optimization of the impact time
- The precise setting of pressure
During an average blasting, 20 - 60 μm is peeled off from the surface, which does not change the size of the object significantly. Of course, with objects that require a working of higher precision, it is possible to realize a finer cutting. Usually we use this technology for cleaning the surface of steel structures; moreover, surface cleaning is becoming more and more widespread for the fashionable and practical stainless steel objects.
The type and the fineness of the blasting material are based on the surface we intend to work on. In Samples and References, you find some examples of this technology.
You have to take account of the fact that bead blasting (sandblasting) is not a cheap technology. However, so far it has not been replaced by other, more effective technologies with respect to price, quality and productivity. In Technology and Tips, you can read about the factors which influence the price and efficiency.


Totalitarianism is when regimes (political systems) control all public behavior and as much of private behavior as they can. No elections are held, or if they are, candidates must be approved by the ruling group. Physical force and/or arrests and detentions are used on people who protest against the regime. There are events such as parades or rallies. These suggest to the people that the ruling group is in complete control.
For some, totalitarianism is as old as history. Main examples in modern times are Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, North Korea, the Soviet Union, and Eritrea.
There are other countries which had dictatorships, but never reached full totalitarianism. Italian fascism under Benito Mussolini, Spain under General Franco, Portugal under Dr. Salazar, China under Mao Zedong, and many Latin American countries for periods were dictatorships with some aspects of totalitarianism. Some African countries have been dictatorships for long periods (e.g. Zimbabwe). The Empire of Japan (predecessor state of the modern nation-state of Japan) was a well-known example of a totalitarian military dictatorship during World War II. The satire Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell was about such a society taken to extremes.
According to some, authoritarianism "does not attempt to change the world and human nature". In contrast, a totalitarian regime attempts to control virtually all aspects of the social life, including the economy, education, art, science, private life and morals of citizens.
- ↑ Conquest, Robert 1999. Reflections on a ravaged century. p. 74. ISBN 0-393-04818-7
- ↑ John A. Armstrong 1961. The Politics of Totalitarianism. New York: Random House.
- ↑ Hannah Arendt 1951. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Random House.
- ↑ Carl Friedrich and Z.K. Brzezinski 1967. Totalitarian dictatorship and autocracy. Harvard University Press.


Sharks are the largest and sharp predator fishes that live all around the oceans. They have been dwelling in the ocean for more than 2 million years. There are 465 different species of sharks that live in the oceans. The biggest species of the sharks is called great white shark. A fully grown shark sits on the top of the ocean’s food chain. They have very few predators to avoid, which are others sharks and orca whales.
What Do They Look Like?
Great white shark is the biggest of all the other sharks. They grow about 20 feet in length and can weigh as much as 4000 pounds. Their underbellies are light colored and their top is dark colored. This color difference gives them an excellent camouflage. When sharks are seen from above, their dark color blends with the dark floor of the ocean. When seen from below their light color blends with the sky. Great white sharks are equipped with 3 fins, which are dorsal fin, pectoral fins, and caudal fins.
Sharks are carnivore fishes; they eat other fishes for their diet. Sharks are very good hunters. They have a sense of smell that can detect a drop of blood from miles away. They have very sharp triangular shapes teeth arranged in 7 rows. A fully grown shark mostly eats sea lions, seals, and other sea mammals. They don’t have a tongue for tasting. Instead, their whole mouth can taste the food. Sharks can lose a couple of teeth in hunting a prey. But, the new teeth are grown very fast.
Sharks prefer to live in cold waters in the oceans. They are mostly found close to the shores where the ocean water is cold. They are commonly live down to a depth of 2000 meters. However, they can go beyond this depth.
Great white sharks are considered as endangered species around some parts of oceans. Their population has reduced due to over-hunting.
- Sharks need a constant water flow over their gills to extract oxygen for respiration. They need to constantly move with their mouth open. Even, they need to move in the ocean during sleep otherwise, they may drown.
- Bull shark has the ability to live in both fresh water and ocean.
- A great white shark grows about 50,000 teeth in its life time. They lose a couple of teeth in every hunt and regrow them.


Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus undatus), packet of 30 seeds
Family: Cactus (Cactaceae)
Hardy to Zone 10 to 12
Perennial epiphytic or climbing cactus native to Central America. Night-blooming and exotically scented, the flowers of Dragon Fruit can reach more than a foot long and wide. The fruits are red and free of spines, with a succulent white flesh dotted with the jet black seeds, the flesh being very sweet, edible and delicious, reaching up to 5 inches long. Cacti may be planted in the ground and trained up a pole and then allowed to droop into a weeping willow shape. The cacti have a jointed growing habit, best trained to a trellis, wall or tree once the plants attain sufficient size. To get started, press seeds into surface of composty cactus mix and keep moist, warm and in the light. Light-dependency is particularly strong in this species–processing moist seeds in a light place will cause them to germinate, so we process and dry in the dark. Will leave it to you to put them in the light! Germination is in 2 to 4 weeks at 70 degrees F (21 degrees C).
30 seeds/pkt, Open Pollinated
Out of stock
Could this be grown in a greenhouse in zone 5 by any chance?
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Richo Cech –
hi mlkelly, thanks for writing. like you we’re very excited about dragon fruit. right now as we’re harvesting fruits and cleaning out seeds. anyhow yes, of course, it can be grown in a heated greenhouse throughout the temperate US. richo


Goalball is a team sports designed specifically for blind athletes, originally devised in 1946 by the AustrianHans Lorenzen and German Sepp Reindle, in an effort to rehabilitate visually impaired veterans who returned from the World War II.
The Goalball game was introduce by the UG Sports Directorate in the 2009 as a way of providing the platform for to experience social and sporting inclusion irrespective of barriers due to physical or visual impairments.
Participants compete in teams of three, and try to throw a ball that has bells embedded in it into the opponents’ goal.Teams alternate throwing or rolling the ball from one end of the playing area to the other, and players remain in the area of their own goal in both defense and attack. Players must use the sound of the bell to judge the position and movement of the ball. Games consist of two 12-minute halves (formerly 10-minute halves).
Eyeshades/Blindfolds allow partially sighted players to compete on an equal footing with blind players. Eye patches may be worn under eyeshades to ensure complete coverage of the eye, and prevent any vision should the eyeshades become dislodged.
(Visit http://www.paralympic.org/goalball for more Goalball details)


As adults we have the right to decide if we would like to drink alcohol and how much we feel is an acceptable amount.
Protect your child as it grows
Developing foetuses have to rely upon their mother’s decision making and as a result can be involuntarily exposed to alcohol in the womb.
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
This affects 1-3% infants per 1000 births in industrialised countries. Growth deficits are the major outcome of alcoholic consumption during any stage of pregnancy, with other serious implications in affected children such as:
- Growth deficits, poor appetite, difficulty feeding
- Mild to moderate mental retardation
- Attention and behavioural problems
- Central Nervous System problems
- Cranial/facial malformations
- Immune insufficiency
- Sleep disturbances
Every drop counts
‘Moderate drinking’ in women is classified as an average of 7-10 drinks per week. Amounts similar to this have resulted in children with developmental problems similar in nature, albeit less severe than that seen in Foetal Alcohol Syndrome. This is now a recognised health problem known as Alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder (ANRD).
Alcohol and breast feeding
Once a healthy baby is born, alcoholic drinks should still be restricted by those breastfeeding their child. Alcohol enters breast milk and within 30-60 minutes of consumption is at similar concentration to that found in maternal blood. A greater impact is observed if the ‘dose’ of alcohol is consumed on the same day and on an empty stomach. Drinking alcohol during the breastfeeding period can lead to impairment of the infants ability to develop fine motor skills, hand and eye co-ordination.
There is no “safe level” for drinking alcohol when pregnant or breast feeding.
If you would like some help to assess and reduce your alcohol intake then do contact Lea to discuss how she can help you.


Meet the Leader
"A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots."
The value of History within our curriculum
Engaging children and young people in investigating questions about people and events in the past helps them to better understand their lives today, the contested nature of knowledge and prepares them for the future as more informed citizens.
Independent Review of the Primary Curriculum 2009 Final Report
Prestolee believes that developing a love for learning in History is crucial and we do this, by inspiring curiosity and providing children with the essential skills and knowledge to build upon and prepare them for the next stage, this in turn:
- Supports the learner’s understanding of the process of change, the diversity of societies, people’s lives and the challenges that have been faced and overcome in their society and the wider world.
- Provides them with the skills to think critically, justify and reason their own judgements using logical rational and evidence, allowing them to question, debate and discuss information, not just accept what they are told.
- Develops the understanding that the objectivity and reliability of all knowledge can be questioned as they are socially constructed.
- Allows learners to understand the diversity of the world and the people in it, thus allowing them to understand more about their own identity as a member of society.
- Enables the learner to understand core concepts and most notably cause and consequence, similarity and difference, continuity and change, change and progress/regression, significance, evidence, chronology, empathy, context, diversity, perspective, interconnectivity and validity which have broad relevance and significance in the modern world.


Need help finding a specific journal or article from a citation? Have a DOI and want to read the article?
Find a Specific Journal
The easiest way to find out if the library has a specific journal is to select the Journals tab on the library's home page. Type in the name of the journal, which searches the library's holdings.
You can also use Find a specific journal, magazine or newspaper subscription (look on the right hand side of the page). Both options provide linked access to electronic magazines, journals, and newspapers, either as stand-alone electronic titles, or as part of article databases. The results list will include any print holdings we might have as well.
Find a Specific Article
To get an article for which you have a citation (in other words, you know the author, article title, journal title, year, volume, and page numbers), go to Find a specific article from the citation (look on the right hand side of the page) and fill in the form to search our collections for that article. It will let you know if we have it in full text or in print in the library.
If you only have partial information about an article, select the Articles tab on the library's home page and put in whatever details you have. The results list will often include the article you're looking for.
Find an Article with the DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
If you have the DOI for an article, go to Search for a Document by the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) (look on the right hand side of the page) and type or paste in the number. You'll go directly to the article if we have full text access.
Research Services Contact
Location: Library Addition, 1st Floor
Phone 619.594.6728 Text: 619.567.9743


On this day in history : 16th August 1742 – Champion bare-knuckle fighter John ‘Jack’ Broughton formulates the first prize-ring code of boxing rules….
Broughton, born around 1704 was the son of a farmer from Baunton, Gloucestershire…. At the age of 12 he went to work at the quayside in Bristol – and would often fight with the local lads…. Before long he came to the attention of James Figg, England’s first bare-knuckle champion – having claimed the title in 1719; the concept of current-day boxing originally came from him….
Figg owned an amphitheatre in London – and it was here that he trained Broughton to bare-knuckle fight…. Once Broughton had become successful he opened an amphitheatre of his own, near to Oxford Street; it became the largest and most influential establishment of its kind in the country….
At the time ‘rules’ varied from contest to contest, Broughton decided some regulation was needed…. He devised a set of rules; among them – that a round would last until one man went down – and that there should be a 30 second interval between rounds…. His rules eventually evolved into the London Prize-Ring Rules – promulgated in 1838 and revised in 1853…. They outlawed head butting, kicking, biting, scratching, gauging, hitting a man whilst he was down, using hard objects in the hands and holding the ropes….
The London Prize Rules were replaced by the Marquess of Queensbury Rules during the 1860s; however most of the earlier measures still remain in effect today, having laid the foundation to modern-day boxing….
As for Broughton, in 1750 he fought Jack Slack – and within 14 minutes of the contest starting had received a punch that rendered him temporarily blinded – and he had to retire from the fight….His patron of the time, the Duke of Cumberland, is said to have lost thousands on the match…. Broughton closed his amphitheatre very soon afterwards and ran an antiques business instead…. He died on the 8th of January 1789….


Soy Sauce Overdose Sends Teen Into Coma
A 19-year-old survived a dangerous sodium overdose after drinking more than a quart of soy sauce on a dare, according to a case study in the Journal of Emergency Medicine.
After drinking a quart of the sodium-heavy condiment, the teenager slipped into coma with seizure-like activity. He was rushed to the hospital, where doctors determined he was suffering from hypernatremia, a metabolic condition in which there is a salt imbalance in the bodily fluids.
Eventually doctors determined that he had ingested 160 to 170 grams of sodium from the soy sauce, a potentially lethal dose for his weight and build. He had effectively overdosed on sodium.
"He didn't respond to any of the stimuli that we gave him," Dr. David J. Carlberg, who treated the patient as an emergency room physician at University of Virginia Medical Center, told LiveScience. "He had some clonus, which is just elevated reflexes. It's a sign that basically the nervous system wasn't working very well."
According to the NIH, severe hypernatremia can result in excessive sodium in bodily fluid, which causes excess water to flow into cells to balance sodium levels. While some cells can handle the swelling, in brain cells the excess swelling can lead to neurological damage or death. Other symptoms include mental confusion, convulsions, fatigue, and nausea.
While in the past, doctors slowly lowered sodium levels in patients suffering from hypernatremia in order to protect the body from further shock, in this case doctors worked quickly to lower the patient's sodium level as soon as possible to protect his brain. They quickly tried to flush the salt from his system with a water-and-sugar-based solution in an effort to protect his brain from lasting damage.
Eventually the doctors were able to stabilize the patient, even though he remained in a coma. After three days he woke up from the coma without suffering any lasting neurological damage.
While death from sodium is incredibly rare, it is not unheard of. According to the case study's authors, in ancient China, salt overdoses were one traditional way to commit suicide.


Ancient Egypt, a rich history that lasted for over 6,000 years. The lives and deaths of its leading characters still fascinate us to this day and when we visit museums featuring exhibitions on this period of our history we typically encounter monumental statues of monumental men but where exactly are all the women of ancient Egypt?
The most famous of these women is of course Cleopatra The Great but most of the images we have of her are in coin form and even at that, what about all the female leaders who came before her? In this film we see historian, Joann Fletcher take it upon herself to dig a little deeper and discover who these women were.
It might come to you as a surprise but the ancient Egyptians were unique in their attitude to sexual equality with women holding the title of ‘Pharaoh’ no fewer than 18 times while there were also female doctors, tutors, prime ministers and priestesses. This fact makes Fletcher’s quest all the more interesting as we clearly have been overlooking these great historical figures.
2 Comments / User Reviews
Once again “Pumpkin Head” in her dirty black suit grimaces at history as we know it and reveals another conspiracy of men against women…. What will she discover this time ?
Wonderful info on the most inspiring Ancient Egyptian women.