Experiencing trauma can cause us to respond by entering into a state of survival. Even after the traumatic event or events have ended, we may find that the actions of truncated survival become integrated into the nervous system and can lead to long-term side effects on the body. Eventually, the strategies that kept us alive can keep us from fully living.
In this three part, 12-session certification course, you will learn to recognize and safely resource the tension patterns of these survival responses. This course provides strategies for managing the nervous system that can help us deal with anxiety, overthinking, emotional flooding, and being overwhelmed.
As we develop an understanding of how to regulate the nervous system through various strategies, new choices become available for the neuro-muscular system, which can allow us to cultivate self-awareness around past behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. This gives us the opportunity to bring the nervous system's functionality back online so we can fully embrace life.
WHAT YOU WILL LEARN
This program will focus on how the cascade of activation and immobilization, which is designed to help us survive overwhelming experiences, can be addressed to facilitate enhanced quality of life. Strategies will emphasize bottom-up self-regulation, co-regulation, expanded window of tolerance, and interoceptive awareness. Resourcing techniques will be practiced to facilitate bridging the gap between external safety and internal safeness.
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Cotton Patch Goose Society
“Dedicated to Preserving America’s Landrace Goose”
Brought to the New World by European colonists, these sexually dimorphic geese were a staple on homesteads and farms. Used for their eggs, meat, grease, down, and weeding abilities, these early American geese were allowed to adapt to their local environments, thus creating the land race breed commonly referred to today as Cotton Patch Geese.
These are a hardy, self-sufficient, light weight goose ranging in size generally from 7-10 lbs. The females come in two phases – a solid grey that often has white facial markings and a pied which is white with grey markings. These are also often referred to as saddlebacks. The males are a solid white with small amounts of grey. Their bills and legs range from a very pink color to a pink with orangeish undertones. Because these are a landrace, you will see slight variations between geese originating in various areas of North America.
Goslings are sexable at hatch, primarily through down color, with the females having very dark down and the males a much lighter shade. Female goslings of the solid phase often have very dark grey bills and feet, the males a much lighter shade. The pied/saddleback phase can be more difficult to sex, owing to the fact that the bill colors in females and males can be similar. Dark down vs light down still holds true.
As our society industrialized and moved away from a the small farm culture, these geese dwindled in numbers. Just called “geese” by their smallholder keepers, they did continue to exist in isolated pockets, primarily in the Southern United States. In the early 2000’s, interest in this breed was renewed and once again, small farmers are finding them geese to be a useful part of their farming operations.
Currently, the Cotton Patch Goose is listed as critical on The Livestock Conservancy’s Conservation Priority List. More dedicated breeders are needed to help ensure that they are not lost to our agricultural history.


New United States sewer data warns that there could be a new bump in COVID-19 cases after a recent lull period.
Why it matters: Per Bloomberg, data from wastewater tests across the country often warns of a potential rise in COVID-19 infections before it’s confirmed in positive COVID-19 tests.
- “Coronavirus genetic material can be detected in the sewage of people infected with the coronavirus, including people without symptoms,” per Forbes.
Details: A wastewater network — which specifically monitors for COVID-19 cases — recently warned that more than one-third of sample sites pointed out rising COVID-19 cases.
- The samples were collected between March 1 and March 10.
- The rising signals of COVID-19 cases are about double the amount from the Feb. 1 to Feb. 10 period when the omicron variant wave started to fade, per Bloomberg.
By the numbers: Close to 2% of the 688 wastewater sites show a 1% to 9% increase in coronavirus levels from Feb. 27 to March 13, according to Forbes.
- 9% of sites had a 10% to 99% increase.
- 12% of sites had a 100% to 999% increase.
- 15% of sites had a 1,000% increase.
Yes, but: The “reported cases have stayed near a recent low,” per Bloomberg.
- According to Forbes, “the number of daily COVID-19 infections diagnosed through standard testing dropped more than 45% nationwide.”
What they’re saying: “While wastewater levels are generally very low across the board, we are seeing an uptick of sites reporting an increase,” Amy Kirby, who leads the CDC’s wastewater monitoring program, said in a statement, per NBC News. “These bumps may simply reflect minor increase from very low levels to still low levels.”
- “Some communities though may be starting to see an increase in COVID-19 infections, as preventions strategies in many states have changed in recent weeks.”
The bigger picture: “The potentially troubling trend comes as the country is shedding masks and easing pandemic restrictions aimed at stopping the spread of a virus that in two years has killed nearly a million people in the United States,” according to NBC News.


Who was the first doctor to have the idea (and the audacity) to stick a needle into the kidney in order to obtain a tissue diagnosis of kidney disease? The “inventors of the renal biopsy” have been identified historically as Poul Iversen and Claus Brun (from Copenhagen, Denmark), and their classic paper, “Aspiration Biopsy of the Kidney” from 1951, can be found here. While the are reports of other physicians performing renal biopsies elsewhere before this, the 1951 Iverson/Brun paper was the first organized, published approach.
Briefly, the authors describe placing the patient in a sitting position, and localizing the kidney via iv pyelogrophy. Then, after insertion of the needle to the marked length, vacuum suction was applied to the syringe in order to aspirate back a core of renal tissue approximately 1-2 cm in length. Using this method, the authors describe obtaining adequate biopsy tissue in 42 out of 66 patients with a minimum of bleeding complications. In this paper they also describe the ability to make diagnoses of amyloidosis, diabetic nephropathy, hypercalcemia, and chronic glomerulonephritis based on the resulting pathology.


Table of Contents
How many faces and corners does a cone have?
A face is a flat surface. An edge is where two faces meet. A vertex is a corner where edges meet….Vertices, edges and faces.
Does the cone has a corner?
This is because it is completely round; it has no flat sides or corners. A cone has one face, but no edges or vertices. It has edges where faces meet each other or the base, vertices where two faces meet the base, and a vertex at the top where all of the triangular faces meet.
How many corners do cone have?
An edge in a shape can be defined as a point where two faces meet….Here’s a List of Shapes along with the Number of Vertices.
|3D Shape Vertices||Number of Vertices (V)|
Does a cone have curved edges?
The pointed top of the cone is called the apex, whereas the flat surface at the bottom is called the base. One is curved and one is the circle which is the base. And there is only one circular edge which connects them both. So, the cone has one circular edge.
How many face and corner a cone has?
A sphere is a solid figure that has no faces, edges, or vertices. This is because it is completely round; it has no flat sides or corners. A cone has one face , but no edges or vertices. Its face is in the shape of a circle.
How many faces does a cuboid Hae?
A cuboid is a 3-D solid object bounded by 6 rectangular faces, with three faces meeting at each vertex. Hence, a cuboid has 6 faces. Answer verified by Toppr Upvote (4)
Does a cone have a vertice?
A cone has one vertex at its point, and one edge around its base. It has one face, which is the circular base. The lateral surface is not considered a face because it is not a polygon.


As you have probably seen in the news, there is a great deal of concern about the new Coronavirus that has been infecting people in many countries, including in the United States and here in New York State. We want to provide you with some information about this Virus.
The symptoms of Coronavirus (also known as COVID-19) are similar to the flu. They include fever, coughing and shortness of breath. Like the flu, the risks are often more serious in an elderly person or a person with a weak immune system. It appears to mainly be spread through close person-to-person contact. There is no vaccine for this illness, so it is important to take common sense steps to try to prevent becoming ill.
Please remember to use the same precautions as we would during any flu season including:
• Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the bathroom, before eating, after blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing.
• If soap and water is not available, then use an alcohol-based sanitizer.
• Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth.
• Be sure to cover your cough or sneeze with a tissue and then throw into the trash immediately.
There has been much speculation regarding the use of face masks. Rest assured, the CDC does not recommend face masks for the general public; it is more appropriate for hospital staff taking care of potential or confirmed coronavirus cases.
If you do not feel well and have the kinds of symptoms described above, please stay home and avoid contact with others. We encourage you to make an appointment to see your doctor.
The CDC has published more information about Coronavirus on its website, which includes an up-to-date FAQ section. Please click here for more information:


This Day in History is DUE’s daily dose of trivia for all the history buffs out there. So sit back and take a ride of all the fascinating things that happened on 1st July!
People are trapped in history and history is trapped in people, and hence, every day has been a significant one in the foibles of history. Now, let’s take a tour of “This Day in History – 1st July”.
1867: Dominion of Canada established
On 1st July 1867, the three separate colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were united to form the dominion of Canada within the British empire. Every year the day is celebrated as Canada Day- an annual Canadian holiday, marked by parades, fireworks, and the display of flags.
1949: Chartered Accountants’ Day
On this day in 1949, an act of Parliament gave birth to the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI). Since then every year 1st July is celebrated as ICAI foundation day or Charted Accountant’s day. ICAI is one of the oldest professional bodies in India and also the second-largest accounting body in the world.
1961: Princess Diana is born
Diana, Princess of Wales was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, mother of Prince William and Prince Harry, and the heir to the British throne. She was born Diana Frances Spencer on 1st July 1961 at Norfolk. She was an international icon of her time due to her glamour and activism.
1991: National Doctor’s Day
Every year since 1991, 1st July is celebrated as National Doctor’s Day. The Government of India established Doctors’ Day to recognize the contributions of Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy. He was the most renowned physician in India and 1st July marks his birth as well as death anniversary. The day is marked to express our gratitude to the medical staff for their dedicated service.


Most of our happiness in life is, in some way, connected to our relationships. Relationships are built on communication. The main way we interact and connect with each other in our community, at work, in our family, and in other personal relationships, is through communication. Yet, most of us haven’t formally learned how to communicate in school or through a class.
So how do we learn how to communicate?
Most of us learn how by observing our family and society. We then and conclude that the lessons that they indirectly or directly teaching us about communication are true.
Unfortunately, often, these lessons that we are taught are often not good ones.
Think about what we learn from the politicians, our school teachers, our movies and popular culture about communication.
Some examples of the not so healthy lessons you may have learned in your family that influence the way you communicate may be those that drive you to:
Most of my clients, when they begin to intentionally explore the patterns of communication they learned from their families and society decide they will reject these patterns and work on learning new ones.
This is good news, because it is possible to learn new habits of communication, and improve your current relationships.
Patterns of behavior you can learn that will help you in healthier communication patterns include
1. Practicing mindfulness so :
2. Practicing curiosity and the intention of always trying to seek to understand the other in conversation rather than preparing your side of the argument or rebuttal
3. Practice being aware of your own intentions. Why are you saying what you are saying? Are you scared, angry ,hurt, or defensive? What is causing you to feel this way? Can you communicate with another intention?
6. Practice watching the words you choose. Words can heal and soothe or can harm tremendously. They can be interpreted in many different ways. Choose your words to be supportive and kind whenever possible. Speak with clarity and leave little room for misinterpretation. When time allows, ask if your words are understood or if the listener needs clarification. When interpreting others words, always give them the benefit of the doubt.
7. Do not use texting or email for important communication misunderstandings are too common.
Learn about predatory listening
Medical information obtained from this website is not intended as a substitute for professional care. If you have or suspect you have a problem, you should consult a healthcare provider.


Diabetes and Depression
People with diabetes are 2 to 3 times more likely to have depression than people without.
In fact, diabetes and depression share some of the same risk factors:
– Poor diet
– Lack of physical activityObesity
– Family history
Other risk factors of depression include:
– Major life changes
– Trauma or extreme stress
– Chronic illness and some medications
– Coronary artery disease
Depression affects all levels of self-care. When you’re depressed, your diet, exercise and lifestyle choices are negatively impacted leading to poor blood sugar control and further inflammation.
Depression is more than just feeling sad.
There is absolutely a stigma surrounding mental illness like depression. People with depression are often told to simply put on a smile or shake it off and somehow their illness will magically disappear.
Signs you might be depressed:
You no longer find pleasure in activities you once enjoyed.
You’re not hungry or are overeating.
You can’t sleep or are sleeping too much.
You can’t concentrate.
You’re feeling anxious, irritable or hopeless.
You feel extremely tired.
You have aches, pains, or digestive problems.
You’ve thought about or are harming yourself.
You’re having thoughts of suicide.
Without treatment, depression often gets worse, not better.
If sadness isn’t a temporary feeling and is lasting days or weeks, seek help. A doctor can help you determine if depression is what’s causing your symptoms and if you’re diagnosed, they’ll work with you to develop a treatment plan.
Treatment for depression can include lifestyle changes, therapy and medication. Trust your physician, be flexible and know that you are not alone.
Want to talk to a mental health specialist?


Iron is a very important and essential mineral in our diets because it keeps our body oxygenated. It is part of hemoglobin, the substance found in red blood cells that’s responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. It gives us our healthy skin color and is essential for a child’s healthy development.
It is important to provide a diet rich in iron because it helps us maintain a healthy level of red blood cells. If the body doesn’t obtain enough iron, the most common type of anemia can appear.
Babies that were born at term and with good weight have a reserve of iron that lasts the first six months of life. However, at the end of this period it is essential to get iron from other sources because the body no longer contains it. It is very important to consume iron because an anemia that’s not treated could lead to delays in growth and development.
What are the symptoms of anemia?
- Persistent irritability
- Poor appetite
How do I prevent anemia?
To prevent anemia, it is important to ensure that your child receives adequate amounts of iron through food. Here’s how:
- Offer your child a balanced diet with iron-rich foods such as:
- Red meat
- Egg yolk
- Sweet potato
- Iron-fortified cereals
- Remember not to give cow’s milk to your baby until he is one year of age.
- If your baby drinks formula, choose one that is fortified with iron.
- Include solids rich in vitamin C in his diet because it helps the body absorb the consumed iron.
Remember, if you suspect that your baby has anemia, don’t hesitate to contact your doctor. By means of a simple blood test, he/she can detect it and indicate the proper treatment.


North Central Nebraska
North Central Nebraska is a vast, sparsely populated region composed of nine counties; though it spans more than 14,000 square miles, it is home to less than 3% of the state’s population.
In the mid to late 1800s, homesteaders seeking to develop farms and ranches settled in North Central Nebraska. The region remains a predominantly agricultural area, with eastern counties focused on farming and western counties focused on ranching. North Central Nebraska sits atop the Ogallala aquifer, one of the world’s largest underground reservoirs. The aquifer stretches from South Dakota to Texas and serves as a major water supply for more than 2 million people across the Great Plains.
As the agriculture industry becomes more efficient and mechanized, the region’s population is shrinking and aging as many young people move to larger cities. Major concerns for the region include meeting the health needs of an aging population in an area with limited resources; protecting the unique environment; and ensuring water supply necessary to maintain the region’s agriculture industry. North Central Nebraska’s physician shortages and limited health care and public health funding create significant challenges to meeting residents’ needs. In response to these challenges, the North Central District Health Department (NCDHD)—established in 2001 as part of a grant to improve public health—provides services at schools and worksites. With respect to environmental health, multiple stakeholders are working together to preserve the region’s environment and wildlife.


How Democrats Switch To A New Deal
Despite the many virtues of Barrack Obama's presidency people have not shared equally in economic growth. Income and wealth inequality are still near all time-highs and also he trend of galloping monopolization of business. But this wasn't always the case.
New Deal is a series of program enacted in the United States between 1933 and 1938 and a few that came later. It includes both laws passes by the Congress as well as a presidential executive orders during the first term of President Franklin Roosevelt. The programs were in the response to the Great Depression and focused on what historians refer to as the three R's-Relief, Recovery and Reform.
The New Deal produced a political realignment which makes the Democratic Party the majority and as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of nine Presidential Term from1933 to 1969.
The first and greatest error was on the part of the fading New Dealers, who struggled to adapt to the changing politics of civil rights, and generally supported the Vietnam War. The New Deal coalition infamously included Southern Democrats, and thus had to make its peace with American apartheid. With the rise of the civil rights movement, this became politically untenable, but many New Dealers failed to pitch their politics to the new reality. As Stoller notes, the post-Watergate majority quickly removed the famous finance skeptic Wright Patman from the chair of the House Committee on Banking and Currency, in part because he was a Texas Democrat who had supported segregation.
There is a great historical cycle here, which has occurred several times in American history. Neoliberal worship of markets is rooted in the ideology of classic economists like David Ricardo and Adam Smith; it is highly prized by business and conservatives for its political implications. Yet such a system delivers most of its benefits to the very rich and causes frequent financial panics - the worst of which, the Great Depression, dealt a smashing blow to the credibility of classical ideology.
Join the Conversation


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Child Abuse and Neglect
As some of the most vulnerable in our society, children are worthy of growing up in a safe, healthy, and supportive environment. Unfortunately, millions of young people are abused, ignored, and mistreated by the adults responsible to create that positive environment.
Child abuse is acts that result in serious harm or risk of harm, including physical violence, exploitation, and death. Failure to take action to stop the harm is also considered child abuse.
Child neglect is the failure to provide a child’s basic needs that range from providing clean clothing to medical care.
In the United States, child protective services referrals involve 7.2 million children each year.
The healing journey for those who have experienced child abuse and neglect can be extremely painful. It is also possible for survivors to go on and have healthy and productive childhoods and adult lives. At RiseUp Foundation, we encourage you to learn more about the effects, the signs, and the statistics of this abuse.
Children rely on others to be their voice.
Child abuse and neglect have different legal definitions. The general terms can help you identify the harm children may face.
Once a child is safe from abuse, recovery can be a significant challenge. The trauma should be addressed early to begin healing.
Abusers often convince children to lie or be silent about their situations. There are visible signs that a child may be hurt.
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In an effort to circumvent this limitation, researchers are engineering metallic nano-antennas that concentrate light into a tiny volume to dramatically enhance any signal coming from the same nanoscale region. Nano-antennas are the backbone of nanoplasmonics, a field that is profoundly impacting biosensing, photochemistry, solar energy harvesting, and photonics.
Plasmonic nano-antennas fabricated at EPFL: gold nanoparticles are deposited on a gold film covered with a layer of molecules. Light emission from defects near the film surface is strongly enhanced by the antenna effect, enabling its detection.
Now, researchers at EPFL led by Professor Christophe Galland at the School of Basic Sciences have discovered that when shining green laser light on a gold nano-antenna, its intensity is locally enhanced to a point that it "knocks" gold atoms out of their equilibrium positions, all the time maintaining the integrity of the overall structure. The gold nano-antenna also amplifies the very faint light scattered by the newly formed atomic defects, making it visible to the naked eye.
This nanoscale dance of atoms can thus be observed as orange and red flashes of fluorescence, which are signatures of atoms undergoing rearrangements. "Such atomic scale phenomena would be difficult to observe in situ, even using highly sophisticated electron or X-ray microscopes, because the clusters of gold atoms emitting the flashes of light are buried inside a complex environment among billions of other atoms," says Galland.
The unexpected findings raise new questions about the exact microscopic mechanisms by which a weak continuous green light can put some gold atoms into motion. "Answering them will be key to bringing optical nano-antennas from the lab into the world of applications - and we are working on it," says Wen Chen, the study's first author.
Read the original article on EurekAlert.


Renewable energy appears to be one of the areas that have been less affected by the financial market’s turmoil and economic downturn. In fact, green energy is widely regarded as a fairly safe haven for investors in many countries, offering long-term prospects with low risk because of reliable technology, rated off-takers and attractive returns. Wind energy is still the favourite among the renewable options.
With prices for fossil fuels increasing and pushing up electricity price, wind-generated electricity is becoming competitive in many parts of the world. There is of course debate on how to calculate such grid parity – the point at which green power has the same price tag as other power. There is also debate on whether to include into the calculation the cost of stand-by options such as coal or gas power, used to balance the grid during low wind speeds. But even in the worst case calculations wind generated power is becoming increasingly competitive – especially in areas with high wind speeds.
Turbine costs, turbine supply
Costs for wind energy projects are dominated by the price of turbines, which constitute up to 75% of onshore project costs. For offshore projects, the share is much lower, probably about 40-50%, but even here turbine price is a decisive factor.
Today’s turbine market is a buyer’s market. Surplus turbines are piling up in warehouses with finance harder to obtain and orders being cancelled. This is in sharp contrast to the situation of just three years ago when customers faced an 18 months wait. There are, however, first signs that the situation may be turning: reports are circulating once again about waiting periods for turbines from certain manufacturers.
Another factor is at work too in pushing down wind project prices: recession has lowered the price of steel, bringing it down from the peak it reached some years ago.
The price utilities pay for wind-generated electricity has risen in recent years. This is less true in countries whose feed-in tariffs are set on a long term basis, and all the more evident in countries that operate certificate or related systems as well as countries where power purchase agreements with utilities are negotiated freely.


Exercise 3.3.26. A middle-aged man is stretched on a rack with various forces. Given the measurements of length (in feet) at forces (in tons), and assuming that Hooke’s Law applies, use least squares to find the man’s length when no force is applied.
Answer: This corresponds to a system of the form as follows:
To find the least squares solution we multiply both sides by to create a system of the form . We have
so that the new system is
We can multiply the first equation by and subtract it from the second equation to form the system
From the second equation we have and can substitute into the first equation to get or
The man’s length when not stretched is thus or 4.5 feet.
NOTE: This continues a series of posts containing worked out exercises from the (out of print) book Linear Algebra and Its Applications, Third Edition by Gilbert Strang.
If you find these posts useful I encourage you to also check out the more current Linear Algebra and Its Applications, Fourth Edition, Dr Strang’s introductory textbook Introduction to Linear Algebra, Fifth Edition and the accompanying free online course, and Dr Strang’s other books.


Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers.
There are exceptions to nearly every criterion for distinguishing animals from other life-forms.
1.3 million living species of animals have been identified.
Which of these organisms are animals?
Nutritional Mode: Animals are heterotrophs that ingest their food.
Animals are multicellular eukaryotes.
Their cells lack cell walls.
Their bodies are held together by structural proteins such as collagen.
Nervous tissue and muscle tissue are unique to animals.
Most animals reproduce sexually, with the diploid stage usually dominating the life cycle.
After fertilization, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage.
Cleavage leads to formation of a blastula.
The blastula undergoes gastrulation, forming a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues.
Animal Early Embryonic Development
Many animals have at least one larval stage.
A larva is sexually immature and morphologically distinct from the adult; it eventually undergoes metamorphosis.
All animals, and only animals, have Hox genes that regulate the development of body form.
Although the Hox family of genes has been highly conserved, it can produce a wide diversity of animal morphology.
The animal kingdom includes a great diversity of living species and an even greater diversity of extinct ones.
The common ancestor of living animals may have lived between 675 and 875 million years ago.
This ancestor may have resembled modern choanoflagellates, protists that are the closest living relatives of animals.
Three lines of evidence that choanoflagellates protists are closely related to animals


(related to Proposition: Sets and Their Complements)
- By hypothesis, $A,B$ are sets.
- Assume the intersection is empty $A\cap B=\emptyset.$.
- Then, all $x\in A$ are not elements of $B$: $x\not in B$.
- It follows, all $x\in A$ are elements of the complement $x\in B^C.$.
- Assume $A$ is a subset of the complement $B^C$: $A\subseteq B^C.$.
- Then, for all $x\in A$ we have $x\not\in B.$.
- Therefore, if $y\in B,$ then surely $y\not in A.$.
- It follows $B\subseteq A^C.$
- Exchange $A$ by $B$ and vice versa in "$\Leftarrow$" to get the other direction of the proof.
Thank you to the contributors under CC BY-SA 4.0!
- Kohar, Richard: "Basic Discrete Mathematics, Logic, Set Theory & Probability", World Scientific, 2016


The complementary power of combining multiple X-ray techniques to understand the unusual properties of hyperaccumulator plants has been highlighted in a new cover article just published in New Phytologist.
X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) at the Australian Synchrotron has been used by a consortium of international researchers led by Dr Antony van der Ent of the Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation at The University of Queensland, in association with A/Prof Peter Kopittke of the School of Agriculture and Food Science also at The University of Queensland.
The XFM technique generates elemental maps showing where elements of interest are found within plant tissue, seedlings or individual cells.
Visually striking images (obtained at the XFM beamline) show various hyperaccumulator plants, on the cover of the April issue of New Phytologist. In the images each element is depicted in a different colour, making up a red-green-blue (RGB) image.
“Hyperaccumulator plants have the unusual ability to accumulate extreme concentrations of metals and metalloids in their living tissues,” said van der Ent.
“Hyperaccumulators are of scientific interest because whilst metals are normally toxic to plants even at low concentrations, these plants are able to accumulate large concentrations without any toxic effects,” he added
>Read more on the Autralian Synchrotron website
Image: X‐ray Fluorescence (XRF) elemental maps of hyperaccumulator plants. The tricolour composite images show (left to right) root cross‐section of Senecio coronatus (red, iron; green, nickel; blue, potassium); and seedlings of Alyssum murale (red, calcium; green, nickel; blue, Compton scatter).
Credit: A. van der Ent.


Imagine your great-great grandfather (depending upon your age, you might need to add another great or two) had, upon his passing, decreed that the family home be boarded up, preserved just as it stood when he died, and left undisturbed for a century.
If that had happened, wouldn’t you, as one who has in interest in life as it was once lived, be champing at the bit to gain access to that space, once the prescribed hundred years had passed?
That’s just what happened in a small burg in France. Louis Mantin, a well-to-do gentleman, donated his home, a residence termed “opulent” by the BBC, to the town of Moulins on the condition that it be made a museum a century after his death, which occurred in 1905.
His home, the exterior of which had naturally fallen into disrepair, has been restored and now is a sort of walk-through time capsule of a comfortable fin-de-siecle life.
As it turns out, Mantin didn’t actually insist that the house be sealed and ignored for a century—he only required that it be opened as a museum a century later—but sealed and ignored it was.
Learn more about the story and enjoy a video tour of the house at the BBC web site.


In the next 40 years, according to the UN Environment Program, world food output must rise 110 per cent to meet the demands of population growth and improving diets in places such as China, India and Latin America, notes Julian Cribb, adjunct professor of science communication at the University of Technology, Sydney in The Australian (12/7/2006, p.36).
Facts on Australian food wasting:
• Of all the nutrients applied on our farms, up to half are wasted, in that they do not go to crops or pastures but are lost to soil lock-up, weeds, erosion, leaching or run-off.
• The industry that processes our food spends $750 million a year just to dispose of its waste.
• One-third to one-half of all the food that enters our shops, supermarkets, restaurants and homes is thrown away.
• Our cities waste 97 per cent of their sewage effluent and its nutrients.
Wasted food could feed 30-60 million people: If these estimates are sound, in theory it is possible to feed an extra 30 million to 60 million people on an Australian diet with the nutrients we presently chuck into landfills and the ocean.
Price of fertiliser to continue huge increases? In the past 30 years, the price of fertiliser has risen by an average 1000 per cent, about twice the rate of oil price increases. What’s going to happen in the next 40 years when world food output has to more than double?
Nutrients to become scarce commodities? Nutrients may become expensive and even scarce commodities, especially as some of them are being used to grow transport fuels and therefore replace oil.
Australian dairy industry pioneers nutrient cycle research: Australia has an excellent record in learning to manage nutrients on farms. The dairy industry in particular has done much pioneering work on the nutrient cycle to minimise the loss of nutrients down the creek.
Humans lose ’45pc of all terrestrial bioproductivity’: US environmental scientist Peter Raven recently remarked that humans use or destroy 45 per cent of all terrestrial bioproductivity.
The Australian, 12/7/2006, p. 36
Source: Erisk Net


Axel Martin Fredrik Munthe (31 October 1857 – 11 February 1949) was a Swedish-born medical doctor and psychiatrist, best known as the author of The Story of San Michele, an autobiographical account of his life and work. He spoke several languages (Swedish, English, French, Italian fluently, and German at least passably), grew up in Sweden, attended medical school there, and opened his first practice in France. He was married to an English aristocrat and spent most of his adult life in Italy. His philanthropic nature often led him to treat the poor without charge, and he risked his life on several occasions to offer medical help in times of war, disaster, or plague. As an advocate of animal rights, he purchased land to create a bird sanctuary near his home in Italy, argued for bans on painful traps, and himself kept pets as diverse as an owl and a baboon, as well as many types of dog. His writing is light-hearted, being primarily memoirs drawn from his real-life experiences, but it is often tinged with sadness or tragedy, and often uses dramatic licence. He primarily wrote about people and their idiosyncrasies, portraying the foibles of both the rich and the poor, but also about animals.
Also known as


Why We Did This Audit
The World Health Organization estimated that diseases tied to inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) accounted for approximately 3.3 percent of global deaths in 2016. The Senator Paul Simon Water for the World Act of 2014 directs USAID to designate high priority countries based on the WASH Needs Index, which ranks countries based on factors including usage of improved water and sanitation sources and facilities, hygiene behaviors, child mortality from diarrheal disease, and rate of open defecation. Three opportunity indicators are applied to Index-ranked countries: host country capacity/commitment, availability of leveraged funding, and health and educational opportunities for women.
Our audit objectives were to determine (1) the extent to which USAID designated high priority countries consistent with the criteria and indicators in the Act, (2) the challenges USAID faced in allocating funding to high priority countries in accordance with the Act, and (3) the extent to which USAID complied with congressional reporting requirements under the Act.
USAID’s interpretation and introduction of criteria and application of indicators led to countries with low WASH needs being designated as high priority countries. Although USAID designated more than the minimum number of required HPCs during each fiscal year, key health statistics for some of these countries demonstrated a low WASH need. Moreover, USAID did not adequately document the HPC designation process.
USAID lacked authority to make final funding decisions and provided higher funding to HPCs with low demonstrated need. The final authority for making funding allocation decisions for WASH programming is shared between BRM and State, with the final authority resting with State. From FY 2016-2019, USAID did not meet the requirement of HPCs receiving at least 50 percent of WASH funding without designating countries with larger WASH budgets even though they were outside the Top 50 on the Index as HPCs.
USAID did not report complete and timely information to Congress. USAID complied with the requirement to notify congressional committees about the countries designated as HPCs but did not provide Congress with complete information about countries outside the Top 50 on the Index that received funding. The Agency also reported 17 months late about how criteria for the Index were weighted and how the Index affected funding priorities.
We made one recommendation to improve USAID’s compliance with the reporting requirement of the Act. The Agency agreed with the recommendation.


|> Other English exercises on the same topics: -ing | Present [Change theme]|
|> Similar tests: - Placement test : grammar for beginners - Two presents: present continuous, present simple - Present simple - Present simple or continuous - Modal : may/might - Present simple - Adjectives-ing and ed - FOR and its use|
|> Double-click on words you don't understand|
The real present : (present continuous or - ing present) is formed with : Subject + BE + V + ing.
The action is in progress. It is the present action which is described at the moment when you are talking.
The present in –ing is formed very simply with the help of BE and its different forms :
I am, you are, he/she/it is, we are, you are, they are
ex : Jenny is playing tennis in the sun and is very thirsty !
Interrogative and negative forms :
** Interrogative form : Questions are made following this pattern : BE + Subject + Verb+-ing
ex : Is Jenny playing tennis in the sun, and is she very thirsty ?
** Negative forms are obtained simply adding NOT to the original pattern : Subject + BE + not + verb+ -ing.
ex : Jenny is not/isn't playing tennis in the sun and she isn't too thirsty !
Full forms are not used in oral expression in the affirmative and negative forms:
ex : You won’t say : She is playing tennis. but : She’s playing.
It will be the same for negatives. You won’t say : I am not listening to you but : I’m not listening to you.
When you write, according to circumstances, you may choose (or be asked!) to use the 'full forms' or the 'short forms' of the present.
In the following exercise, you're required to use the short forms of the present everytime it is possible !
Good luck !
English exercise "Present continuous" created by here4u with The test builder. [More lessons & exercises from here4u]
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Other English exercises on the same topics : -ing | Present | All our lessons and exercises


1 - 5 of 5 Chapters
[As the movement for human rights has matured in the United States, local organizations are increasingly making claims for social inclusion and equality using the language of human rights. This chapter outlines the value of using a rights-based rather than a needs-based approach by community...
[This chapter addresses efforts to secure the right to health care through community practice. It depicts the importance of different forms of community practice to the realization of the human right to health and health care. The authors link the conceptual framework of community practice,...
[Like rights-based claims to health and food, recognizing housing as a human right in the United States is a contested process marked by a number of promising local campaigns. This chapter outlines a nascent movement to assure decent and affordable housing based on a human rights perspective....
[Food insecurity in the United States is an ordinary facet of life for nearly 15 % of the population. Food assistance policy has been dominated by charitable and needs-based systems that are largely ameliorative, and do not address underlying conditions that create hunger and widespread food...
[This chapter reviews key themes made in the first four chapters, each of which urged community social workers to consider the consonance of social work values with human rights. The authors reaffirm the importance of applying key human rights principles to community practice, including respect...
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Variation in Sumerian literary compositions: A case study based on the Decad
In this dissertation, the topic of textual variation in Sumerian literary compositions was examined. Many of the literary works that were composed in Sumerian are known primarily from copies that were produced during the Old Babylonian Period (ca. 1900--1700 B.C.E.). The copies of these compositions, which, with few exceptions, have typically survived in an average of ten to fifty, but in some instances, as many as 200 duplicates, rarely, if ever, contain completely identical versions of the same text. Since, in the absence of single, definitive "master copies" of these texts, it is necessary to reconstruct their content solely on the basis of these divergent exemplars, and being able to distinguish correct from incorrect differences in these duplicates is critical for establishing reliable and accurate editions of these compositions, the primary goal of this dissertation was to develop a method for critically assessing and interpreting the variants that occur among the copies of these texts. Focusing on a small, but representative group of ten compositions known as the Decad, a methodology for analyzing textual variation was proposed and applied to the texts in this corpus. Since it can be shown that most, if not all of the copies of these compositions were written as exercises by scribes being trained to learn to write Sumerian, and that these exercises frequently involved copying from memory, the implications of this were considered as a means of identifying specific types of variants as errors that resulted from this process. In addition, complete catalogues of all the variants that occur both across this corpus as a whole and within each of the individual sources for these texts were compiled both to illustrate the use of this method, as well as to serve as a reference to facilitate the assessment of variants in the duplicates of these and the extensive body of related compositions, that would also provide a basis for future studies of this subject.
Ancient languages|Ancient civilizations
Delnero, Paul, "Variation in Sumerian literary compositions: A case study based on the Decad" (2006). Dissertations available from ProQuest. AAI3246150.


Boulder Floods 2013
In 2013, persistent, heavy rains in the Colorado Front Range broke several rainfall records and led to the catastrophic Boulder floods. Climate change contributed to the volume of moisture in the atmosphere and likely increased rainfall by 30 percent.
Scientists say we should expect more extreme precipitation events like this one due to increases in ocean and air temperature that fuel storms with more water and energy.
Extremely high sea surface temperatures and record water vapor were major ingredients of the Boulder floods
In September 2013, a slow-moving storm brought major flooding to Colorado's Front Range, from Colorado Springs to Fort Collins. Boulder County was the hardest hit. The Boulder floods and surrounding areas' floods were the result of several days of record or near record rainfall and already saturated soil at higher ground, a rarity for September.
Scientists say we should expect more extreme precipitation events like this one due to increases in ocean and air temperature that add water and energy to storms. In August 2013, sea surface temperatures off the west coast of Mexico where the storm developed were over 86°F (30°C) and more than 1.8°F (1°C) above normal. The high ocean temperatures led to a large pooling of water that ended up flowing north into Colorado thanks to unusual circulation patterns.
Atmospheric water vapor, which is important for determining precipitation amounts, was also unusually high in the Boulder region during the flooding event. The total column water vapour—or height the water in the air would occupy if condensed into liquid and spread out evenly—was 7.5 cm in the Boulder region, according to NASA satellites.
Increased sea surface temperature and atmospheric moisture content are two well-established signals of climate change
The ocean absorbs 93 percent of the excess heat due to global warming, and the strongest warming is found near the sea surface—0.2°F (0.11°C) per decade in the upper 75 meters between 1971 and 2010. Surface warming is closely associated with an increase in the flux of heat from the ocean surface to the atmosphere, which fuels the air with more energy and moisture.
As for the air, it can hold 7 percent more water per one degree Celsius increase in temperature. The additional moisture gets carried by winds and converges to a point where storms are favored. The convergence of increased water vapor leads to more intense precipitation and risk of heavy rain and snow events.


Lab Grown Diamonds, also referred to as Lab Created or Man-Made Diamonds, are grown in an environment that mimics the heat and pressure that naturally creates diamonds in the Earth’s crust. Lab Grown diamonds are made of carbon atoms arranged in the diamond crystal structure, making them have the same chemical and physical characteristics as natural mined diamonds. Only with advanced technology and testers can lab grown diamonds be distinguished from naturally mined diamonds. All Lab Grown diamonds come with a lab certification identifying them as lab created.
Natural diamond formation occurs when carbon deposits deep within the earth (approximately 90 to 125 miles below the surface) are subject to high temperature and pressure. Some stones take shape in a matter of days or months, while others take millions of years to materialize.
Lab Diamonds have the same chemical, physical, and optical appearance as mined diamonds. Lab diamonds can only be distinguished from natural diamonds through specialized tools and equipment. To the natural eye, there is no difference. Lab Diamonds have the same fire and brilliance as mined diamonds.
Lab diamonds conflict free and socially responsible. Since they are grown in a controlled environment that removes them from being involved with any social conflict surrounding mining diamonds and precious stones.
Lab diamonds offer great value at a more affordable price than natural diamonds of the same quality and size making them much more budget friendly. On average lab grown diamonds are between 30-40% less expensive than traditionally mined diamonds.


Organization tree or organization structure refers to a hierarchical system within an organization where each job and its function as well as where one has to report are identified and elaborated. The structure is created to understand the functioning of an organization and facilitate it in accomplishing the goals that enable further growth and success.
An organizational tree is also used to determine the direction of information flow between different echelons within the enterprise. For instance, in a decentralized organizational structure, the power of decision-making rests at various levels of the enterprise whereas, in a centralized structure, the decision-making power is distributed in a top-down direction. An efficient organizational structure/ tree allows enterprises to stay focused, productive, and efficient.
An organizational tree defines a specific hierarchy within an enterprise. It presents clearly the role of everyone to facilitate the accomplishment of the goals of the organization. It helps in understanding how a company should advance. Organization structures are typically illustrated in pyramid-like diagrams or in the form of charts and tables. The most powerful members here sit at the helm of the company while those with the least power perch at the lower levels.
What if an organization does not have a formal structure? This may pose several difficulties for enterprises, as no one would be certain of their responsibilities or know whom they need to report. Thus, having an organizational tree is instrumental in providing clarity for members and enhancing the efficiency of the organization. It promises more productivity and high performance at every level of the enterprise.


History of the CNB’s inflation targets
In the pursuit of its monetary policy objective, i.e. maintaining price stability, the central bank can opt for any one of several monetary policy regimes. In December 1997, the CNB Bank Board decided to change its monetary policy regime, and at the start of 1998 it switched to inflation targeting. The main features of inflation targeting are a publicly announced inflation target, the use of a macroeconomic forecast and open communication by the central bank with the public.
Target ranges and bands
Following the launch of inflation targeting, the CNB’s inflation targets were gradually adjusted to the needs of the transforming economy. In the initial years, they were set in terms of net inflation, i.e. the consumer price index adjusted for administered prices and changes to indirect taxes. The inflation targets took the form of a range and their fulfilment was only assessed as of the last month of the year.
Chart – Target ranges and bands
In 2002, the CNB switched to targeting headline inflation, which is easier for the public to understand and can therefore better anchor inflation expectations. Between 2002 and 2005, the target took the form of a linearly declining band. In January 2002 the band was 3–5% and it then decreased gradually to the envisaged level of price stability (2–4%), to be achieved in December 2005.
Point inflation target
Since 2006, the inflation target has taken the form of a single point. It was initially set at 3%, i.e. in the middle of the previous target band. In 2010 (pdf, 29 kB) it was lowered to 2%, as the gradual process of transformation of the economy had been completed from the monetary policy perspective. The CNB’s current target is in line with the practice of advanced economies and will therefore remain at 2% until the Czech Republic adopts the euro.


Mutation is a process of change in genetic structure of particular organisme. Genetic changes due to mutation can produce new characteristic and increase genetic diversity, which will be utilized for improvement program. Several artificial mutation programs have proved to produce new superior individual. One common artificial mutation used is gamma radiation. This study aimed to characterize 9 years old gamma irradiated sengon trees, with doses 0, 5, 10, and 15 krad based on its morphological characters, wood density, resistant to diseases. The observed parameters were tree diameter, height, volume, clear bole height, stem straightness, permanent branch, number of branches, canopy length, wood density and resistance to gall rust disease. Average values of all parameters of mutant lines does not differ significantly from control trees, however some individuals have better morphological characters than others. Mutant lines with 5 krad dose have close association with permanent branch and stem straightness, 15 krad dose with volume, diameter, height and crown length, while 10 krad with number of branches. Average wood density of mutant lines did not differ significantly from control either, with highest value belonged to 10 krad dose. Selected superior tree candidates were individuals with number 5.07, K1, 15.27, and 15 NN.Key word: breeding, characterization, mutation, sengon.
Copyrights © 2017


This course will explore the representations and realities of Indigeneity in the ancient Mediterranean world, as well as the entanglements between modern settler colonialism, historiography, and reception of the 'Classical' past. Throughout the term, we will be drawn to (un)learn, think, write, and talk about a series of topics, each of which pertains in different ways to a set of overarching questions: What can Classicists learn from ancient and modern indigenous ways of knowing? What does it mean to be a Classicist in Tkaronto, on the land many Indigenous Peoples call Turtle Island? What does it mean to be a Classicist in Toronto, Ontario, Canada? What does it mean to be a Classicist in a settler colony? How did the Classics inform settler colonialism? How does modern settler colonialism inform our reconstruction of ancient indigeneities? How does our relationship to the land we come from and are currently on play a role in the way we think about the ancient Mediterranean world? Why is that so? How did societies of the ancient Mediterranean conceive of indigeneity? How did those relationships manifest themselves at a local, communal, and State levels?
Same as CLAC26H3
Ancient World Area


Selichot are special prayers that are recited in anticipation of the High Holidays.
These beautiful prayers composed by the greatest ancient and medieval poets introduce us to the themes of the upcoming High Holidays and intensify our avid anticipation of their arrival.
According to Sephardic custom, these special penitential prayers are recited every morning during the month of Elul.
In traditional Ashkenazic synagogues, and in some Conservative synagogues, the custom is to recite these prayers beginning on the Sunday before Rosh Hashanah, unless there will be fewer than four days between Sunday and the onset of the festival.
Since there should be a minimum of four days of Selichot, the recitation of Selichot begins on the Sunday of the previous week in years in which Rosh Hashanah begins on Monday or Tuesday.
A contemporary American custom is the midnight Selichot service held late Saturday night before the first Sunday when Selichot are to be recited. (For many congregations, this is the sole vestige of Selichot recitation.)
This late-night service highlights the beautiful liturgical pieces of the High Holidays and, for many, truly initiates the High Holiday season.
What do you recite on Selichot? Click here.
Adapted with permission from The Observant Life.


What’s the relationship between the mental activity of our minds and the physical actions of our brain? It’s called The Mind-Body Problem. To many, it’s a perennial...
Aesthetic Cognitivism is a theory about the arts as sources of understanding. What are the scholarly or scientific fields that form its foundation? Explore art’s...
Aesthetic Cognitivism is a theory about the arts as sources of understanding. What are the kinds of methods or experiments or ways of thinking that can advance how art might...
What is the relationship between experiencing art and experiencing God? Can the arts generate or trigger religious experience? If so, can it be validated?
Art is deeply involved in the practice of religion, embedded in the rituals and liturgy of almost every religion. But how could the ubiquity of the arts in religion affect...
Art Seeking Understanding: Art delights us, but how and why? Explore art and cognitive science, philosophy, history, theology, and more.


The Girls’ Education Challenge (GEC) is the largest global fund dedicated to girls’ education. It was launched by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) in 2012 as part of a 12-year commitment to reach the most marginalized girls in the world. One of its key components is the collection of data for project monitoring and evaluation that also provides wider insights into educational access, learning and inequalities. GEC works in many countries that have made pledges on making education more inclusive for children with disabilities.
This webinar looked at how data can drive disability inclusion in these countries, drawing on experiences from GEC projects including in Kenya and Zimbabwe. The projects have used the work of the Washington Group on Disability Statistics, a group established by the UN to address the need for better measures of disability.
The session explored lessons being learned on the value of data, disaggregated by disability, on learning outcomes and school attendance for marginalized groups of girls. It considered the types of technical input that programs need to address disability inclusion, and how better data using the Washington Group questions can stimulate this process.
MODERATOR: Stuart Cameron, Equity and Inclusion Thematic Lead, GPE Secretariat.
- Lorraine Wapling, Senior Disability expert, GEC & Equal International
- Eng. Mike Mutungi, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, I Choose Life, Kenya
- Mbuso Jama, Senior Impact Adviser, World Vision UK
- Teresa de Sousa, Improving Gender Attitude Transition Education (IGATE) Program Manager, World Vision UK
- Dan Mont, Co-President of the Center for Inclusive Policy
- Fredrick Haga, Acting Director, Special Needs Education, Ministry of Education, Kenya
- Ian Attfield, Senior Education Adviser, South Asia, DfID
Watch a recording of the webinar.


Why does female fertility end in middle age? Nicole Shanahan and Sergey Brin’s struggle to start a family launched a new era in scientific research. The goal: End menopause.
The genetic caste system that Hawking predicts is just a function of next-gen economic disparities — an evolved, scientific iteration of what already happens when people with money have the means to improve themselves and their namesakes.
Fifteen million babies are born prematurely each year. Stephen Quake’s daughter, Zoe, was one of them: she arrived via emergency C-section after Quake and his wife, Athina, made a middle-of-the-night dash to the emergency room, a month before Zoe was due. She spent her first night in an incubator, and her father, a bioengineer then at Caltech, wondered why birth couldn’t be more predictable.
RECENTLY, TWO eminent groups of scientists and health and medical experts made a startling statement: Under very limited circumstances, it could be permissible to edit the genes of human eggs, sperm, or embryos. This marked the first time that a scientific organization has so explicitly acknowledged this possibility.
Doctors are increasingly able to diagnose medical conditions in utero that may affect a child’s entire life. Science journalist Bonnie Rochman joins us to talk about the many ethical questions that arise from the knowledge gained by pre-birth testing. She writes about the topic in “The Gene Machine: How Genetic Technologies are Changing the Way We Have Kids – and the Kids We Have” (Scientific American).
Prenatal testing has offered up a lot more information—but that information comes with serious ethical questions.
Testing every newborn for a raft of known genetic risks is technologically feasible. Some worry the results could do more harm than good.
Diana Bianchi championed tests that find Down syndrome early in pregnancy. Now can she find a way to treat it?
A new approach uses openness and humor to make
“The Talk” less dreadful for parents and children alike.
Women expecting a baby or planning a pregnancy are being pitched a fast-growing array of tests to check if they are carriers for hundreds of mostly rare genetic diseases.
To prevent a disease that kills a woman every two minutes in the developing world, start with a headlamp....
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Even though traffic safety is the responsibility of both drivers and pedestrians, those walking during a motor vehicle collision tend to be more seriously injured. Pedestrians can suffer broken bones, torn ligaments, head trauma or spinal cord damage no matter the size or speed of the vehicle. With this in mind, people crossing the street or jogging alongside it should take steps to improve their safety in all situations.
Whether you are walking through a parking garage to get from your car to the store, or you are crossing an intersection to complete the next leg of your household errands, everyone is a pedestrian at some point. According to data published by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 6,283 pedestrians were killed in traffic crashes in 2018. Facing the possibility of severe accidents, pedestrians should take every precaution possible to ensure a safe walk, run or jog. Here are five tips to remember about pedestrian safety:
- Stay visible: From wearing bright clothing to crossing the street at marked crosswalks, it is important to stay as visible as possible to the motor vehicles around you.
- Avoid distractions: The temptation to multitask while walking can be enticing. From eating and reading to sending a text and web-surfing, distracted walking can lead to serious accidents. Pedestrians can trip into traffic or step into a crosswalk when it is not clear.
- Make eye contact: While giving pedestrians the right-of-way at intersections is a traffic rule, drivers aren’t always paying attention. One safety tip pedestrians can follow is to make eye contact with drivers before crossing the street. This way you can ensure the driver sees you and is reacting appropriately.
- Use the sidewalk: Many streets have both sidewalks and bike lanes. Pedestrians might be tempted to walk along the bike lane to avoid a crowded walkway. When a sidewalk is available, you should always walk there.
- Don’t assume drivers can see you: Even if you follow every tip and do everything correctly, you should never assume the driver has seen you. Don’t assume it’s your turn to cross the street and when you do cross, keep your eyes on traffic at all times so you can react quickly.
If you were injured in a motor vehicle accident, it is wise to discuss your case with an experienced personal injury attorney. You might be eligible to recover monetary damages for your injures and lost wages.


Agriculture production as a major driver of the Earth system exceeding planetary boundaries
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We explore the role of agriculture in destabilizing the Earth system at the planetary scale, through examining nine planetary boundaries, or “safe limits”: land-system change, freshwater use, biogeochemical flows, biosphere integrity, climate change, ocean acidification, stratospheric ozone depletion, atmospheric aerosol loading, and introduction of novel entities. Two planetary boundaries have been fully transgressed, i.e., are at high risk, biosphere integrity and biogeochemical flows, and agriculture has been the major driver of the transgression. Three are in a zone of uncertainty i.e., at increasing risk, with agriculture the major driver of two of those, landsystem change and freshwater use, and a significant contributor to the third, climate change. Agriculture is also a significant or major contributor to change for many of those planetary boundaries still in the safe zone. To reduce the role of agriculture in transgressing planetary boundaries, many interventions will be needed, including those in broader food systems.
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The cultivated grapevine is mostly monoecious with hermaphrodite, i.e. bisexual, flowers. It is self-pollinating, but can also be cross-pollinated. Wild grapevines are mostly dioecious, i.e. there are plants with exclusively male or exclusively female flowers, so that so-called self-pollination (self-fertilisation) is excluded. In monoecious plants, both sexes occur on one plant. The flowers can be of separate sexes, so that male and female flowers occur on the same plant but in separate inflorescences, or they are hermaphroditic hermaphrodites, in which male and female sexual organs are united in one flower. The vine is an angiospermous plant. This means that the flower bud is covered with the perianthium, which is opened or shed during the flowering period to allow pollination (and immediately following fertilisation). As a rule, cultivated grape varieties are bisexual. However, there are also unisexual (female) varieties with exclusively female flower organs.
Serious sources on the internet are rare - and Wine lexicon from wein.plus is one such source. When researching for my articles, I regularly consult the wein.plus encyclopaedia. There I get reliable and detailed information.Thomas Götz
Weinberater, Weinblogger und Journalist; Schwendi


By 1548 Edward had outlawed the celebration of religious festivals and Popish paraphernalia during church services. The act of Holy communion was also made illegal, and Parliament ordered the removal of religious images. An incident of rebellion occurred in the same year when the crown tasked William Body with removing imagery from a church in the village of Helston, in Cornwall. As a result, upwards of three thousand men assembled with people from the neighbouring village of St Keverne and sought Body out. The mob forced him out of his home and stabbed him to death in the street. With tension mounting, the Cornish army began a rebellion as they marched on London, having elected Humphrey Arundell as their leader, who wrote to Parliament against the religious reform. On July the 24th, Parliament replied to Arundell's letter but refused any compromise. In June 1549, three thousand Cornish men marched on Exeter, in addition to the Devon army. Approximately 5000 men died during the altercation that lasted five weeks before Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, ended it.
War began in the two months that followed, with battles in Fenny Bridge, near Honiton in Devon and Woodbury Common, near Exeter. Devon and Cornish armies fought parliamentary forces and were defeated, incurring huge losses. Then, on August the 5th, 1549, government soldiers torched buildings in the village of Clyst St Mary, forcing armies out. Many soldiers were killed, and government forces took a vast number of prisoners, so many in fact that Parliament ordered their mass execution due to their concern that they would be unable to control them. Just three days later, on August the 6th, Devon and Cornish forces rose up in response to the massacre. A battle then ensued on Clyst Heath, where parliamentary forces again defeated them. Finally, on August the 17th, 1549, they fought one last battle at Sampford Courtenay in Devon. Approximately 1,400 Devon and Cornish soldiers died; more casualties were captured. The English government declared victory and marked a definitive end to the rebellion.
The Prayer Book Rebellion was a brilliant show of Vigilant determination on the part of the Devon and Cornish People. Their defeat resulted in the implementation of The Book of Common Prayer, the outlawing of Saint’s days, and the disappearance of Kernewek. However, the revival of the Cornish language continues in the 21st Century, growing in numbers.


Ozone pollution is linked to asthma, lung damage and other health problems.
The Environmental Protection Agency is calling for a new, lower threshold for ozone pollution of 65 to 70 parts per billion, down from the current standard of 75 parts per billion.
But the EPA is leaving open the possibility it could enact an even lower standard of 60 parts per billion sought by environmental groups.
The California Air Resources Board says if the standard is set at 60 parts per billion that could portentially double the number of non-attainment areas in the state.
Based on 2013 and preliminary 2014 data, at 70 parts per billion California would add five new non-attainment areas, and at 65 parts per billion California would add 13 new non-attainment areas.
Currently one-third of the state's population lives in areas where ozone pollution doesn't meet the federal standard.
The Board says the proposed regulations would primarily affect rural, less-populated areas.
The EPA was under a court-ordered Dec. 1 deadline to issue a new smog standard.
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The ENGR 408 Principles of Leadership course has taught me about the fundamentals of personal leadership. I have understood what personal leadership entails and why it is important in organizations. Leadership is important in organizations because it is the means to maximizing efficiency in the workplace. Also, leadership is instrumental because it enables employees to work together with a clear definition of roles in the aim of achieving organizational goals. Therefore, an individual in charge of an organization must have leadership quality traits that will be instrumental in making sound decisions.
The ENGR 408 Principles of Leadership course has taught me about the different leadership styles that individuals can use when heading organizations. Examples of leadership styles available for leaders include transformational, situational, authoritarian and dictatorial leadership. I believe that situational leadership is the best leadership style because it allows a manager to make decisions depending on the situation. Through situational leadership, a leader can implement different leadership styles for different circumstances.
Furthermore, I have learned that there are various aspects of a business that a leader should be concerned about when leading an organization. For example, it is important for a leader to use effective strategic measures when making decisions. Also, a leader should be proficient in organizing operations at the office, test and analyses finance details, detecting problems and developing solutions. Communication is also an important aspect of leadership. A good leader should be able to practice excellent written and oral communication. Through communication, a leader can instil motivation and morale to employees. Also, through communication, a leader can develop mutual trust between the employees and other leaders. Therefore, employees will develop a self-drive to work towards achieving the goals of the organization.


Pat Croce, make us remember that in this new world full of competition, our best weapons are fresh ideas that can distinguish our products or services.
But yes, some times we can face a mental blank at our drawing board and then take us to the right moment to explore new ways to come up with creative thoughts.
Because thought its true, by learning their brainstorming patterns, we can demystify our creative thought processes and generate better ideas with more regularity; it's also true that activities as daydream considered by many as a waste of time are actually invaluable pieces of the creativity machine.
Activities such as common ideas we usually left behind worrying about their value, ignoring that what may seem a lark today could spark a brilliant idea tomorrow.
At last, Croce gives us a very good advice, once you get an idea and rates its potential; don't forget to transform this new idea into reality by making a plan to implement it. Of course, an idea remains meaningless unless it's put into action. Our mind will feel really reward if we show that the process of getting new ideas become real once in a while.
I think is true, in order to think brighter, we must teach our mind that every thought is value and a potential reality in our life.
Link: Think Brighter


Online in Zoom
In this discussion-based webinar, we heard from three panelists about activities they have successfully used in the remote language classroom.
- Olivia Grugan is a Virtual Learning Specialist and Arabic/Spanish/German instructor for the World of Learning Institute at Appalachia Intermediate Unit 8. World of Learning offers remote opportunities for schools to offer languages they would not otherwise be able to offer in their context.
- Catherine Ousselin is the AATF Social Media Manager and Curator, an avid blogger on World Language curriculum development and technology integration, and a frequent participant on Twitter Ed-chats. She teaches French at Mount Vernon High in Washington State where she serves as a Digital Literacy Coach for the school district.
- Daniel Verdugo is a Spanish Teacher at Huron High School (Ann Arbor Public Schools), and the editor of Ñ! magazine, an educational project that features original content created by students of Spanish as a Second Language to develop biliteracy skills, language proficiency, and critical thinking.
For more information...
- Presenter documents (PDFs) are available on this page, underneath the video (for an editable Google slides version of Olivia Grugan's teaching routines, see here)
- A summary of the webinar is published in COERLL's blog
- Notes from the chat and Q&A are available here.
The University of Texas at Austin


Wilson Airways, based in Nairobi, was one of the most colourful private airline companies operating in the colonies. It was formed by a lady named Mrs Florence Wilson in July 1929. This was shortly after she had flown from Nairobi to England in a Fokker Universal (VP-KAB). She realised the need to develop air transport in East Africa and had the capital to start it. The first aircraft flown was a DH60G Gipsy Moth (VP-KAC) and was based in Nairobi. The initial operations were charter work as there were only three airstrips in existence at that time. It provided mail and transportation to up-country settlements, also spotting herds of lions and elephants for hunting safaris.
Mrs. Wilson and her pilot, Captain M.C.P. Mostert, pioneered air links in East Africa, beginning in 1930 with a route survey from Nairobi to Johannesburg. The next year they carved a route across Africa, from Zanzibar to Dakar via the Belgian Congo, and by 1932 they were connecting with Imperial Airways flights into Nairobi with service to Mombasa. Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam.
Further aircraft were obtained and scheduled airmail services were introduced between Nairobi, Dar-es-Salaam and Kampala. By the outbreak of war in 1939, Wilson Airways had 15 aircraft including DH89A Dragon Rapides and Percival Vega Gulls. At this time all Wilson Airways aircraft were impressed into the Kenya Auxiliary Air Unit (KAAU) and the airline went into liquidation in 1940.


For over 20 years, the Klorane Institute has been committed to share its botanical passion by focusing on three missions: protecting plant species, exploring the plant world’s treasures around the world in order to increase knowledge and best protect them and educating the world with botanical knowledge, with a particular focus on children. The Klorane Institute has heightened its involvement as an agent of change by becoming a founding partner of UNESCO GREEN CITIZENS and invited us to the UN to to experience their latest project.
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World AIDS DAY – Spread Education NOT the Virus
Today is World AIDS Day, the international movement celebrated annually to help raise awareness, tackle prejudice, and stop the spread of HIV/AIDS. Campaigners are uniting around the world to commemorate this day and build momentum to defeat this virus. So break out your red ribbons, get involved (even if it’s just by educating yourself) and show your support. Do not underestimate the power of your education and prevention efforts.
Yesterday, I attended the Hairdressers Against AIDS U.S. Symposium at the United Nations. Five Hundred hairdressers from across the country united to kick off the HIV/AIDS Awareness Campaign ‘USE YOUR VOICE, USE YOUR POWER, FOR A BEAUTIFUL WORLD WITHOUT AIDS’. Sponsored by


Yellow Jambhala is a male, rotund figure, wearing ornaments and heavenly garments similar to a bodhisattva figure in Buddhist art. The form of Jambhala follows that of a Yaksha figure in Indian art, which is also similar to the appearance of the Four Guardian Kings in Tibetan art. According to the system of the Eleven Iconographic Appearances in Tibetan Art - Jambhala belongs to King Appearance.
Jambhala is a wealth deity. His practices, rituals and meditations are done for the purposes of acquiring wealth - either slowly or quickly. The Tantric origins of Yellow Jambhala begin with the early Tantra texts such as the Siddhaikavira Tantra and the Manjushri Mula Kalpa Tantra. In the Anuttarayoga system Jambhala is found in the Hevajra, Guhyasamaja and Chakrasamvara Tantras. The Hevajra Tantra in particular relies upon Yellow Jambhala, in his two armed form, as the wealth deity specific to practitioners of the Hevajra system.
Then the guests of compassion, the beings of the six realms and lastly the guests that have a connection of karmic debt. We should visualize that the entire sky above us is filled with all these invited guests.
Practitioners then visualize that from the fragrant smoke appear limitless offerings of every desirable object that pervade space.
"Yellow Jambhala with one face and two hands. The right [hand] holds a bijapuraka [fruit] and the left a mongoose with jewels showering down. [With] two feet pressing down on a conch and lotus treasure. Adorned with a blue utpala garland and jewel ornaments." (Konchog Lhundrub, 1497-1557.


Participating Centers: AWI, UFZ, FZJ, KIT, GEOMAR, HEREON
Contacts: T. Jung, L. Samaniego, G. Lohmann, S. Kollet, P. Braesicke, K. Matthes, K. Sieck, F. Feser, E. Zorita
Which forces are driving extreme climatic events in Europe? The “Drivers” project as part of the Helmholtz Climate Initiative is investigating this question. The aim of this project is to generate and process novel scenario data of driving forces of extreme climatic events and to make them available for further use. The "Drivers" project combines existing simulations such as HAPPI-DE and EURO-CORDEX with new, high-resolution simulations. With "Jet Stream changes" and carefully created "time slice experiments", meteorological data sets are created for current and future time horizons. The focus is on possible European extreme events in the years 2030, 2050 and 2100, for paths into a world warmer at 1.5 degrees, 2 degrees and 4 degrees Celsius.
These new simulations make it possible to investigate relevant feedback in the terrestrial system. Because the meteorological driving forces also drive land surface and hydrological models. For example, water runoff quantities in the soil or soil moisture can be calculated in Germany with an unprecedented spatial resolution of 1 km square. This accuracy will also make it possible to estimate the most important sensitivities and uncertainties, such as hydrological and agricultural droughts. Finally, this project aims to translate the signals of climate change into information for subsequent impact models that are used in other projects of the Helmholtz Climate Initiative.


At 6:30 pm this tornado touched down, tearing the doors off of a house and a garage, and knocking down trees. Witnesses reported observing a funnel cloud with a debris swirl below.
Figure 1 depicts what it looked like a the surface at 5:00 pm EDT, showing a warm front ejecting into southern Ontario and a cold front moving across Michigan. This cold front was responsible for initiating afternoon storms and ultimately, this F0 tornado.
According to Environment and Climate Change Canada (2018), an F0 tornado touched down at 6:30 pm EDT near Mandaumin, ON. The track and width of the tornado was not documented by ECCC. The tornado caused no injuries, fatalities or property damage.
NWS Weather Prediction Center Surface Analysis Archive. (2017). Surface analysis 21Z Sat Jun 30 1990. Retrieved from: https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/archives/web_pages/sfc/sfc_archive.php
Environment and Climate Change Canada Data. (2018). Canadian National Tornado Database: Verified Events (1980-2009) – Public. Retrieved from: http://donnees.ec.gc.ca/data/weather/products/canadian-national-tornado-database-verified-events-1980-2009-public/


These three holy hierarchs, by their clear teaching of the One True Faith, defended the Church from heresies in their own time. St. Photius, on the left, was renowned for his encompassing knowledge both of secular and Divine things. He became Patriarch of Constantinople in a.d. 858 and resisted the false teachings and innovations in Trinitarian doctrine and the Creed, dying in a.d. 895.
St. Mark of Ephesus, in the center, was the only champion of the Orthodox Faith at the Counsel of Florence in a.d. 1439, when the pressures of imminent capture of Constantinople led their Patriarch and other bishops to sign a false union for the promise of military help, which never came. The people unanimously rejected this as a false council when the bishops returned, and praised St. Mark for his courageous stand for truth. He died in a.d. 1445.
St. Gregory Palamas (a.d. 1296-1359) correctly taught how we can know God directly through the interior practice of Hesychast Prayer, and by beholding the Uncreated Light of God. This resisted the innovative teaching of Thomism from the West, and St. Gregory’s teaching was confirmed in two local councils.


BRINGING DISEASE TO ITS KNEES. Are there “good bacteria” in mother’s breast milk that could prevent asthma? Why is a certain ethnic group susceptible to a certain disease? Could a molecule be the missing link? Inside hospitals and in university labs, some of the country’s most inquiring minds are pursuing the answers that will unlock the secrets of better breathing. The Lung Association is proud to back this critical world-class research. Through grants, fellowships and studentships, we provide essential funding for everything from basic lab research to clinical trials to studies in lung disease prevention. And thanks to our close relationships with leading health-care companies and organizations as well as provincial Lung associations, we are able to make an even greater impact. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of the applications are lucky enough to receive funding each year. Grant applications are put under the microscope and subject to a strict national review process designed to ensure that only the most promising and relevant research receives support. With your donation, we could explore hundreds of other possibilities and speed up the pace of discovery.
Breathing as One
36,000,000 PEOPLE. 1 BREATHTAKING VISION. Just as our lungs work in unison, Canadians are rallying together to raise our voices and take on the challenges to our collective breathing. Breathing as One is an ambitious national fundraising campaign that will support The Lung Association’s innovative research effort – the National Respiratory Research Strategy. By opening up the channels of communication and connection as never before, we will reduce risk, prevent disease and come up with elusive cures. Breathing as One, we will make our homes, automobiles, urban centers, malls, parks, schools, office buildings and factories healthier. Breathing as One, we will ignite exciting new possibilities in the lab, light a fire under policy makers and trigger a shift in our behaviours and priorities. We all share the same air. United under the banner of Breathing as One: The Campaign for Lung Research, we will share our resources and resolve to make lung health and breathing our number One priority.


The article by J. Pucher and L. Dijkstra focuses on the poor conditions for walking and cycling in American cities, and ways to improve them. The authors use The Netherlands and Germany as examples of how to improve these conditions.
A Quick Summary
The authors attribute the poor conditions for walking and cycling to two reasons: the higher mortality rates for walking and cycling, and how much slower it is than driving an automobile. The authors go on to compare the levels of walking and cycling in the United States to The Netherlands and Germany. Then they go on to describe the dangers of it and how to make it safer.
The article describes the poor walking and cycling conditions in American cities. I think this information can be related to Atlanta because it is a major city, and it has these same problems.
Why This Source?
This source is a bit more detailed than some of my other sources. It provides more statistics, and it is more closely related to Atlanta than my other sources.
This article was written in 2003. Many of the statistics in this article may have changed between then and now.
How is it Related?
This article is more directly related to Atlanta, and the relationship between health and the built environment. It builds on to the other articles I have that are related to health and the built environment.
Pucher, J, and L Dijkstra. “Public Health Matters. Promoting Safe Walking And Cycling To Improve Public Health: Lessons From The Netherlands And Germany.” American Journal Of Public Health 93.9 (2003): 1509-1516 8p. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Web. 18 Feb. 2016.
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Cloud systems offer on demand access to calculating resources. They will lower the price tag on computing infrastructure. And they may improve the dependability of cloud services.
A SaaS (Software as a Service) application http://directoryrank.eu/ is a software program that is shipped on a membership basis. It truly is accessed through the Internet and an online browser. It is quickly becoming toughness for SMBs.
While there really are a number of benefits to using SaaS, it also comes with several limitations. For example , some sellers may not be capable of make data lightweight, or supply a secure connection. It is advisable to find a merchant that is versatile with your requires.
Another disadvantage is that you need to rely on the vendor for reliability. However , the good thing is that a number of hosts have developed customizable security protocols.
SaaS is a fantastic way to scale up or straight down a business. It’s not limited to a certain niche or perhaps area, and is also available for companies of any kind of size.
Many SaaS-based goods happen to be hosted inside the Cloud. The most popular impair providers include Amazon Web Services, Google, and Microsoft company. These providers include a large portfolio of fully-featured applications.
Much larger organizations quite often maintain a personal cloud in one facility. However , small enterprises may not have the resources to build or perhaps maintain a private cloud. To get around this kind of, they can use community clouds. Community clouds are prepared for organizations with related needs.
You will find four application models: community, private, cross, and community. If you want to implement a cloud solution, you will have to understand the different types of cloud products and how they operate.
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New study reveals data that too much coffee could negatively affect your brain health.
The topic has long-been discussed and research to find conclusive proof that coffee is good for us or that coffee is bad for our bodies. But who is to say how much is too much?
A new study selected people from a previous one that were part of the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. The results here shed some light on the consumption of coffee, but it was a negative one in relation to drinking too much could lead to Alzheimer’s, according to Junior College.
The scientists at the University of Bari, Italy concluded that drinking more than one cup of coffee a day could predispose people to Alzheimer’s.
The study monitored 1,445 people between the ages of 65 and 84, asking them a wide range of questions about their health which included how much coffee they drank on a daily basis.
The cognitive damage researchers are referring to includes impairment when a person has trouble remembering, learning new things, concentrating or making decisions about their everyday life. These are all symptoms of dementia and Alzheimer’s, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
During the study, they noted that the people who drank one or two cups of coffee a day had a reduced rate of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) while those with higher MCI occurrences were non-coffee drinkers. Unfortunately, proving that the study needed additional layers of research in order to conclude their thesis.
In fact, other studies showed that long-term effects of caffeine, including coffee, were showed to be protective against cognitive impairment and dementia, with of course, some exceptions.
The final lesson from these studies, and past, are that coffee, as are most things in moderation, is not a harmful substance and researchers may still continue to search high and low to prove that coffee is good for you or harmful.
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The animal keepers here at the Museum often place objects in the animal exhibits as enrichment. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), Behavior Scientific Advisory Group defines enrichment “as a dynamic process for enhancing animal environments within the context of the animals’ behavioral biology and natural history. Environmental changes are made with the goal of increasing the animal’s behavioral choices and drawing out their species-appropriate behaviors, thus enhancing animal welfare.”
Enrichment can be anything from food or browse, wool, balls or other familiar or unfamiliar (to the animal) objects, various scents sprayed around the enclosure or visual stimuli. The type of enrichment is dependent upon the type of animal whose life you are attempting to enrich.
Last Friday, it was a Halloween treat for out red wolves, a Jack-O’-Lantern, sans lantern of course, a carved pumpkin.
I wasn’t at the Museum on Friday, but according to Museum Volunteer, Sara Lykens, who also took the photos shown here, the wolves seemed to enjoy the treat.
You may have seen Sarah at the red wolf enclosure on one of your visits to the Museum as she imparts her knowledge of the wolves to those visiting the enclosure, or helps folks locate the wolves inside the exhibit (the wolves are sometimes difficult to spot). She’ll be on duty on various days here at the Museum from 10:30 AM to 12:30 PM. Stop by and say hello.


If a wisdom tooth doesn’t have room to grow (impacted wisdom tooth), resulting in pain, infection or other dental problems, you’ll likely need to have it pulled. Wisdom tooth extraction may be done by a dentist or an oral surgeon. To prevent potential future problems, some dentists and oral surgeons recommend wisdom tooth extraction even if impacted teeth aren’t currently causing problems.
Wisdom teeth, or third molars, are the last permanent teeth to appear (erupt) in the mouth. These teeth usually appear between the ages of 17 and 25. Some people never develop wisdom teeth. For others, wisdom teeth erupt normally — just as their other molars did — and cause no problems.
Many people develop impacted wisdom teeth — teeth that don’t have enough room to erupt into the mouth or develop normally. Impacted wisdom teeth may erupt only partially or not at all.
An impacted wisdom tooth may:
- Grow at an angle toward the next tooth (second molar)
- Grow at an angle toward the back of the mouth
- Grow at a right angle to the other teeth, as if the wisdom tooth is “lying down” within the jawbone
- Grow straight up or down like other teeth but stay trapped within the jawbone.
If you have been thinking about Wisdom Teeth Removal BOOK a consult with our dentist now.


Important Facts For Prelims
Switch To Hindi
Pamba-Achankovil-Vaippar River Project
- 14 Nov 2019
- 2 min read
Why in News
The Kerala government is preventing the implementation of the Pamba-Achankovil-Vaippar river link project as it will lead to diversion of water from Kerala to Tamil Nadu.
- The project was envisaged in 1995 for producing 500 MW of power for Kerala and irrigating the lands in Tamil Nadu.
- The river link proposal envisages the diversion of water from the Pamba and Achankovil rivers in Kerala to the Vaippar basin in Tamil Nadu.
- It rises at an altitude of 1650m in the Peermade Plateau in the Idukki district of Kerala.
- It joins the Arabian Sea branching into a number of channels. The entire catchment area of Pamba lies in Kerala state.
- The Pamba basin is bounded on the east by Western Ghats and on the west by Arabian Sea.
- The river rises in the Western Ghats in Pathanamthitta district of Kerala at an elevation of 700m.
- It joins the Pamba River at Veeyapuram.
- The river basin extends over an area of 1484 km2 and lies entirely in Kerala State.
- The river rises from the eastern slopes of the Varushanad hill range of the Western Ghats at an elevation of about 1500m in Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu.
- It flows in an easterly and southeasterly direction before joining the Gulf of Mannar.
- The basin is bounded on the west by the Western Ghats, on the east by the Bay of Bengal.


Students Reveal Loophole in DNS Security
Technion Students Find a Loophole in Security in the World’s Most Popular Internet DNS Protocol
Following the discovery, algorithms will be replaced in the next software version release
Technion students, Roee Hay and Jonathan Kalechstein from the Faculty of Computer Science discovered a new weakness (loophole), which had not been previously documented in the world’s most widely used DNS software – BIND. “We were very surprised to find a loophole in the protocol,” said Kalechstein. “We reported it to the authorities responsible for its implementation, they responded that they were unaware of this problem, and added that they will replace the algorithms in the next software version release.”
The project was carried out at the Laboratory of Computer Communication & Networking in the Faculty of Computer Science at the Technion, and was led by Dr. Gabi Nakibly from Rafael (Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd.). It won the faculty wide competition, the Amdocs Best Project Contest. In August 2013, the project was publicized at an academic conference on information security ‘Usenix WOOT,’ held in the US.
“We devised an attack on DNS, a protocol that is one of the cornerstones of the Internet, and we identified a weakness in one of its implementations,” explained Roee Hay. “The DNS protocol has been around for several years and has been investigated by researchers from all over the world. We knew in advance that the chances of finding a loophole in the software would be very small, but we like challenges.”
DNS (Domain Name System) is one of the most basic Internet protocols. It allows access to a decentralized database enabling computers to translate the names of websites to web addresses (IP addresses).
“During the resolution of name to IP address, DNS servers look for the server storing the corresponding IP address,” explains Dr. Gabi Nakibly. “The weakness that the students found allows hackers to compel a DNS server to connect with a specific server chosen out of a set of potential servers. If that server is controlled by the attacker, that DNS server will receive a false IP address. This type of cyber attack gives hackers an advantage, by causing computers to ‘talk’ with network stations that they alone control without being able to detect the occurrence of the fraud.”