Organisational creativity exercise
Brief description of creativity technique
TRIZ, also known as the theory of inventive problem solving, is a technique that fosters invention for project teams who have become stuck while trying to solve a business challenge. It provides data on similar past projects that can help teams find a new path forward.
TRIZ (pronounced “trees”) started in Russia. It involves a technique for problem solving created by observing the commonalities in solutions discovered in the past. Created by Genrich Altshuller in the former Soviet Union, the Six Sigma technique recognizes that certain patterns emerge whenever inventions are made.
Exercise for skills at the level of:
Learning objectives of the exercise
One of the most significant contributions of TRIZ was that it identified strategies and patterns for resolving contradictions: both very generic like resolving contradictions in time and space, and more specific, like “Cοnsider doing the opposite action instead of an intended one”. The high degree of abstraction makes major discoveries and principles of TRIZ domain- independent with respect to creative problem solving. Even the current system of generic principles and patterns of TRIZ can be applied to almost every man-made system created to add a certain value. Today TRIZ is used in business, software architectures, marketing, advertising, and pedagogy.
Skills developed/enhanced by the exercise
In person: 5+ hours
Online: 5+ hours
How many people are needed?
In person: PowerPoint, template, paper + pen/pencil
Online: PowerPoint, template, paper + pen/pencil
Instructions for conducting the exercise
Step 1: Explain the TRIZ method and the 40 Inventive principles. Distribute the list of 39 parameters and 40 principles.
Step 2: Present the Problem in a Single Slide: You can start by presenting a problem in the form of a single slide.
Step 3: Divide students in teams in order to work on the same problem. Depending on the number of teams, each group can work on a selected number of principles
Step 4: Have each team present their findings Step 5: Combine suggested solutions
Step 6: Discuss the different approaches and different solutions
Step 7: Add a Summary to Conclude the Presentation with a “prototype” solution
Step 8: discussion of student-generated solutions


Perhaps more unique is the “roofbox” — something like an open window set onto the heavy lintel stone that defines the doorway. The two people who went before me came out, and I entered the passage. Like many ancient passages, it wasn’t built for tall women like me. Heavy stone slabs lean inward; it is a tight corridor; I felt as if I was walking slightly down hill. There was a little light, and I avoided bumping my head, but I could hardly see the interior engravings. At the bottom of the path, it was difficult to gauge how far I’d come.
There was nothing grand about the passage until I got to the bottom, and turned around. The guide told us what to look at. And then, the demonstration — how, for 16 minutes on the morning of the winter solstice, and only then, the sun shines through the roofbox, down the passage right to the bottom, right to what might be some sort of altar with a basin sitting on it. Someone outside shone an electric light through the roofbox (which was discovered in 1963), demonstrating the effect. I imagined the miracle of such a thing, total darkness pierced so precisely by sunlight. The tools used to build the monument were made entirely of stone, bone and wood.
Tuesday, December 20, 2016
Jane Smiley at Newgrange
The Greenlanders) recently went to Newgrange and other Neolithic and historical sites in the Valley of the Boyne, and she wrote up a nice little account for the Times:
Labels: archaeology, writing
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The Vision and Creed of Piers Ploughman, Volume II of II
Library of Alexandria
THE History of the Middle Ages in England, as in other countries, represents to us a series of great consecutive political movements, coexistent with a similar series of intellectual revolutions in the mass of the people. The vast mental development caused by the universities in the twelfth century led the way for the struggle to obtain religious and political liberty in the thirteenth. The numerous political songs of that period which have escaped the hand of time, and above all the mass of satirical ballads against the Church of Rome, which commonly go under the name of Walter Mapes, are remarkable monuments of the intellectual history of our forefathers. Those ballads are written in Latin; for it was the most learned class of the community which made the first great stand against the encroachments and corruptions of the papacy and the increasing influence of the monks. We know that the struggle alluded to was historically unsuccessful. The baronial wars ended in the entire destruction of the popular leaders; but their cause did not expire at Evesham; they had laid foundations which no storm could overthrow, not placed hastily on the uncertain surface of popular favour, but fixed deeply in the public mind. The barons, who had fought so often and so staunchly for the great charter, had lost their power; even the learning of the universities had faded under the withering grasp of monachism; but the remembrance of the old contest remained, and what was more, its literature was left, the songs which had spread abroad the principles for which, or against which, Englishmen had fought, carried them down (a precious legacy) to their posterity. Society itself had undergone an important change; it was no longer a feudal aristocracy which held the destinies of the country in its iron hand. The plant which had been cut off took root again in another (a healthier) soil; and the intelligence which had lost its force in the higher ranks of society began to spread itself among the commons. Even in the thirteenth century, before the close of the baronial wars, the complaints so vigorously expressed in the Latin songs, had begun, both in England and France, to appear in the language of the people. Many of the satirical poems of Rutebeuf and other contemporary writers against the monks, are little more than translations of the Latin poems which go under the name of Walter Mapes.


Cardiac Nutrition Counselling for Infants
Cardiac nutrition becomes an issue in children with heart disease with a large shunt and increased pulmonary blood flow. This may be the situation with child who are pink (e.g. VSD) or with children are blue (e.g. TAPVD, Truncus, TGA).
A regular follow-up and thorough check up with your Pediatrician/Pediatric Cardiologist includes nutritional assessment at every stage. There are several situations where nutritional issues come up in relation to children with heart disease:
Child not gaining weight: Is there a heart problem which is the cause?
Child is not gaining weight with heart problem: Is the heart problem the cause always and is surgery the only solution?
Child is having a heart problem and waiting for surgery: How to increase weight gain?
Child has had heart surgery for a problem. Before surgery the problem was weight gain and after surgery also the problem is weight gain. Now what to do?
Is your child overweight and you child need to understand what to do to improve his nutrition and get him healthier?
If your child’s feeding takes more than 30 minutes you can cross check with your pediatrician/pediatric cardiologist
Infants those who are unable to gain sufficient weight with breastfeeding, extra supplements or 24 hours breastfeeding is advisable.
A calorie intake of 140-200 per kg per day is required to catch a normal growth.
There is a definite role for parental education from a dietitian to optimize feeding.
In these situations is extremely advisable to develop a nutritional strategy forming a team of parent + doctor. Please schedule an appointment with Dr. Vikas Kohli to discuss your child’s nutritional problem and form a strategy.


Rehabilitating One of the Largest Ecosystems in Southern California
The city’s goal was to improve the lake’s water quality and enhance a large green space in an area with significant environmental challenges and minimal recreational opportunities. Contaminated sediment was dredged from the lake and a lake oxygenation system was installed to further enhance the water quality. With the completion of this project, Machado Lake is now a sustainable community resource for all to enjoy.
The second phase consisted of Machado Lake improvements, such as dredging lake sediment and capping the lake bottom with a bio-layer that promotes aquatic habitat while preventing contaminant reintroduction constructing oxygenation removal systems; installing aquatic habitat features, and rehabilitating the dam structure at the south end of the lake. Invasive vegetation was removed and replaced with native plants and grasses, and natural resources were conserved using native plants and reclaimed water for landscape irrigation.
New park features provide the neighborhood with a green space to enjoy for generations. Four fishing piers and two shoreline fishing platforms were constructed, which allow catch-and-release fishing. In addition, paved pathways, trails, bridges and benches provide the community safe means to explore and enjoy the recreational amenities of the park. The project was completed ahead of schedule and opened to the public in 2017.
Protecting a Precious Habitat
The Machado Lake ecosystem is one of the largest remaining coastal wetland ecosystems in Southern California, home to a wide variety of native fish, birds and insects.


Everyone likes the comfort of a vehicle that drives down the road straight with very little effort to control it. When the steering components start to wear all sorts of corrections in the steering wheel are necessary to maintain the vehicle. All these components must be tight with no movement in the parts to insure a proper wheel alignment.
Wheel alignment is very important for proper tire wear and vehicle stability. Signs a driver may experience while driving a vehicle that has an alignment issue are drift or pull, wandering, shimmy, or sticky steering. Pull is a tugging sensation in the steering wheel to maintain a straight path. Drift will cause the vehicle to veer to the right or left. Wandering is a tendency for frequent steering wheel corrections to maintain a straight path on level road. Shimmy is an oscillation felt through the steering wheel. Sticky steering is when the steering wheel return to center after a turn is sticky. Abnormal tire wear is another indication of an alignment issue. Alignment is corrected by adjusting the camber, caster, and toe.
Rotating your vehicles tires every 5~7,000 miles will ensure that all four tires wear evenly. Front tires tend to wear faster than rear tires, because of the weight transfer that occurs during braking and the effects of steering. Always reset the tire inflation pressure to the recommended specifications. Regular rotation will extend the life of your tires and allows replacement of the tires in complete sets.
Modern wheel bearings are a sealed unit. In older vehicles the bearings were serviceable and could be cleaned and repacked. When these sealed units start to go bad they will make a low toned roar. As they worsen the sound gets louder and louder. A slight movement left or right of the steering wheel will change the tone.


Was first founded in Brazil in 1500 and thought of it as emerald however it was not recognised till 1800’s when scientists recognised it as a distinct mineral. Today it’s found all over the world from Brazil, USA to Sri Lanka to Afghanistan. The name derives from the Sri Lankan word “Sinhalese” meaning mixed gems. It is easily confused with emerald and other gems as it matches the dazzling colours of rich reds and pastel pinks to the intense emerald greens.
Tourmaline is suitable for any cut which makes it ideal for creating a unique statement piece of jewellery. The common colour of tourmaline is the green and yellowish, it’s dichroic which means when viewed from different angles it can change colour. Tourmalines can come in variety of colours from green, yellow, black to blackish blue to reds. There are many with mixed colours for example the watermelon tourmaline which has the outer layer as green and inside as red this is rare therefore will be priced higher than a normal tourmaline.
Heat treatment enhances the blue and green tourmaline to make it more valuable in the jewellery market therefore ensure to purchase from a reputable jeweller as they will be able to tell the all the treatments a gem has been through and give a price accordingly.
It is the birthstone for October and 8th wedding anniversary. Also believed to strengthen the mind and spirit.
Tourmaline is a durable gemstone however it will need some looking after to ensure that it is kept looking its best. Tourmaline jewellery should be stored in a soft pouch or jewellery box to prevent scratching and damage to and from other jewellery. Soap and liquid cleaners should be avoided as these may cause tourmaline stones to become dull. Harsh detergents or chemicals such as bleach or chlorine may cause erosion to tourmaline stones so these should be avoided. To clean tourmaline jewellery rinse thoroughly with water and dry with a soft jewellery cloth. Tourmaline is sensitive to temperature, high heat or sudden changes in temperature could cause fracturing.


(Artificial Intelligence Made Simple:
10 lessons to master Coral Dev. Board)
Artificial Intelligence Made Simple:
10 lessons to master Coral Dev. Board
In this course, students will understand some inspiring mathematical and biological theories of artificial intelligence from using daily applications of AI technology. Then, they will get hands-on experience in using AI-related software and hardware and coding.
1. The daily application and social impacts of AI
2. The relationship between neural networks and machine learning
3. The similarity between the human brain and AI neural network
4. Hands-on experience in AI-related software and hardware
Through using Coral development boards, we will code for different purposes, such as voice recognition, image classification, voice recognition, object tracking and machine learning.
1. The Tensor flow API application
2. Modifying the AI coding
An E-learning platform is provided for self-learning in making and coding the Coral development board.


POWERING the ECONOMY
Throughout Pennsylvania, in every major city and every small town, coal fulfills our infrastructure and power needs, and fuels our economy. It is a resource we rely on, and one we cannot afford to lose.
Coal accounts for 24% of the electricity nationwide, and is the only power source that is both reliant and resilient that can increase power production when needed most. Coal also makes steel, which our nation needs to build the infrastructure and manufacture the products that drive our economy.
We are fortunate to have an abundance of this domestic resource right here in Pennsylvania, establishing us as a leader in powering our economy.
UNITED STATES ENERGY GENERATION
The impact of coal on Pennsylvania’s economy is tremendous. The industry provides nearly 18,000 direct and indirect jobs. Coal mining average wages are about $30,000 higher than the average of Pennsylvania private sector jobs. But it doesn’t end there.
Coal produces energy for manufacturing, industrial and business applications plentiful and affordable. Lower overhead means that Pennsylvania manufacturers and businesses can charge less for their products and services. Consumers benefit in two ways: They pay less for their own electricity, and they pay less for the other things they buy.


The better you explain to us your wishes about the maps, the more sensible will be our response to prices))) Be sure to include the final map format, for example, “for printing in the format of 14 X 17 inches”, or something similar.
Either, for example, you need an interactive map for your site or business applications with dynamic objects on it, etc. It is important to understand what will be the end-use of the maps and in which format.
Further reading is not required))))
There are some subtleties:
1. By its nature, our maps – Mercator projection of geographic GPS data, and each object in the source file has the exact coordinates in latitude and longitude.
2. Not all the cities have accurate geographic data for all buildings.
For example, hand-drawing of all buildings on the map one city (for example – Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) took a few months, according to satellite imagery.
3. Not all the countries and cities have sufficient data.
4. There is a problem with names in complex languages – Arabic, Hebrew, Farsi, Hindi, Chinese and Japanese, because the English-language versions of the data are not always available and we have troubles to correctly edit the text data.
5. A few more complicated is the case with Java Script interactive maps, a simple example can be found on this page: simple interactive map navigation This type of maps used the JVectormap or Mapael platforms.
In fact, these interactive maps can include a plurality of different data, and the creation of these maps may require significant costs in time and resources, so that the price is formed individually.
6. On the basis of an entire geographic data navigation, or information system is powered on a lot of data can be built with dynamic objects, such, for example, we are developing for the police in the Dominican Republic. Usually this feature in science fiction movies about the society of total control. It is very expensive.
7. And of course, there are technical and navigational maps for Garmin GPS, navigation devices, and the like, and packaged applications for different platforms – Android, Windows and other, examples can be seen here: navigation application for Android, Windows, Garmin


Archaeologists conducting works on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority have uncovered a 2,000-year-old stone “receipt” during excavations in the Jerusalem Walls National Park, Israel.
The artefact has inscriptions written in Hebrew, showing partially preserved lines of fragmentary names with letters and numbers carved onto a chalkstone (qirton) slab. The slab was originally used as an ossuary (burial chest), which was discovered in a tunnel previously excavated during the 19th century by British archaeologists.
Although the slab was found outside of its original context, an analysis of the type of script and comparisons with contemporary examples suggests that it dates from the early Roman period or the late Second Temple period.
During antiquity, the find-site would have been located along the Pilgrimage Road, a major thoroughfare connecting the city gate all the way to the gates of the the Temple Mount and the Second Temple.
The partially preserved lines include fragmentary Hebrew names with letters and numbers written beside them. For example, one line includes the end of the name ‘Shimon’ followed by the Hebrew letter ‘mem’, and in the other lines are symbols representing numbers.
Some of the numbers are preceded by their economic value, also marked with the Hebrew letter ‘mem’, an abbreviation of ma’ot (Hebrew for ‘money’), or with the letter ‘resh’, an abbreviation of ‘reva’im’ (Hebrew for ‘quarters’).
According to the researchers, “the everyday life of the inhabitants of Jerusalem 2,000 years ago is expressed in this simple object. At first glance, the list of names and numbers may not seem exciting, but to think that, just like today, receipts were also used in the past for commercial purposes, and that such a receipt has reached us, is a rare and gratifying find that allows a glimpse into everyday life in the holy city of Jerusalem”.
Similar examples from the Roman period have been previously discovered in the Jerusalem and Bet Shemesh area, all with inscriptions marking names and numbers carved on stone slabs.
Header Image Credit : Eliyahu Yanai


There is a high rate of headache prevalence among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), which may be stimulated by the therapies used to treat the disease, according to a study published in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders.
Researchers analyzed the association between MS and headaches through the use of neurological history reports, structured headache interviews, and neurological examinations.
Of the 754 patients with MS included in this study, 68.3% reported headaches overall, 39% reported migraine headaches, 20% reported tension-type headaches, and 38% reported medication-overuse headaches. Women made up 61% of the headache group, and 38% women reported migraine-type headaches. Men made up 39% of the headache group, and 40% of men reported migraine-type headaches.
Patients using interferon therapy reported migraine-type headaches more frequently than medication-overuse headaches, patients using fingolimod therapy reported tension-type headaches more frequently than migraine-type headaches, and patients using teriflunomide therapy reported medication-overuse headaches more frequently than any other type of headache (P =.001, for all). Migraine-type headaches were significantly associated with the age when MS treatment started, the age headaches started, and the duration of treatment (P <.001, for all).
With regard to onset of headaches, 20% reported experiencing headaches before treatment whereas 80% reported headaches starting after treatment. On average, headaches started 1.63 years after treatment began, with medication-overuse headaches starting 1.43 years after treatment began, tension-type headaches starting 1.55 years after treatment began, and migraine-type headaches starting 1.82 years after treatment began.
Symptoms accompanying headaches, such as nausea, vomiting, and photophobia, were significantly associated with migraine-type and medication-overuse headaches (P <.001, for both). Patients experiencing medication-overuse headaches were the most likely to consult their physician about their headaches (P <.001).
Future studies need to explore the relationship and mechanism linking medication use and headaches.
With such a high frequency of headaches occurring after MS therapies began (80%), the researchers concluded, “a possible relationship may exist between headache and multiple sclerosis therapies.”
Beckmann Y, Türe S. Headache characteristics in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019; 27;112-116.


22 The light of the body is the eye: if therefore thine eye be single, thy whole body shall be full of light.
23 But if thine eye be evil, thy whole body shall be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in thee be darkness, how great [is] that darkness!
The phrase "if thine eye be evil" stuck out to me, and I started where I usually start when studying out a phrase in the Bible; I looked at all the verses I could find with a similar phrase. (Hint: the meaning of the phrase is directly related to the context of the verses before and after Vv. 22 and 23).
Once again, the Bible really defines itself!
Here are some verses for you to look at (click on the verses to open the links):
- Proverbs 23:1-8 (evil eye of the king with his dainties)
- Proverbs 28:22 (someone with an "evil eye" hasteth to be rich) (compare to the “bountiful eye” in Proverbs 22:9)
- Mark 7:22 (an "evil eye" is something that comes out of the heart of a man)
- Deuteronomy 15:7-11 (One whose eye is evil chooses not to help his poor brethren)
- Deuteronomy 28:54-56 (evil eye of the tender man/delicate woman…)


What is neuroendocrine cancer?
A neuroendocrine tumor begins in the hormone-producing cells of the body’s neuroendocrine system. These cells are found throughout the body including the lungs, stomach and intestines. Neuroendocrine cells perform specific functions, such as regulating air and blood flow through the lungs and controlling how quickly food moves through the gastrointestinal tract. The pancreas is also a common site for neuroendocrine cancer to originate.
More information about neuroendocrine cancer (American Society of Clinical Oncologists)
What neuroendocrine cancer is not
Neuroendocrine cancer begins in cells in the body’s neuroendocrine system, including the gastrointestinal tract. This type of cancer should not be confused with other gastrointestinal cancers such as stomach, pancreas, GIST, liver or colorectal because these cancers can have different symptoms, outlooks, and treatments.
Common types of neuroendocrine cancer
- Neuroendocrine carcinoma – can start in a number of places in the body, including the lungs, brain, and gastrointestinal tract.
- Pheochromocytoma – a rare tumor that begins in the adrenal gland, which releases the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline. This type of tumor may release large amounts of adrenaline into the bloodstream after injury.
It’s possible that you could have one or more of the following tests (but not all of these will apply to your condition):
- Imaging (CT scan, gallium PET scan)
- Physical exam
- Blood tests
Depending on your unique set of conditions, your treatment could include one or more of the following treatments (but not all of these will apply to your condition):
Your full team of care providers will work closely together to review your diagnostic tests, identify the best course of treatment particular to you, and help you understand your diagnosis and what to expect with any treatment you have.


SECOND FOUNDING OF AMERICA
Let History Speak Celebration
Follow the links below to register or sponsor the Let History Speak Celebration event
The truth told.
The untold stories of the Reconstruction Period, during and following the Civil War, have been buried in the annals of history for too long while many of the often mis-told and misunderstood stories are still taught to our children.
Second Founding of America: Reconstruction Era is a not-for-profit corporation, working in collaboration with The Community Foundation of the Lowcountry. Our mission is to uncover the truth and to tell and teach missing parts of our nation's history. Watch the video below to learn more.
Sharing Common Ground
SHARING COMMON GROUND is leading the engagement of Middle School students (grades 6-8) in discovering stories buried in American history. These young people are led to uncover, learn about and interactively share with each other (along with families, friends and communities) the untold and often mistold stories of freed slaves and their suffering and achievements in the Reconstruction era during after the American Civil War.
Net proceeds from the sale of this book go to funding Second Founding of America: Reconstruction Era and the Reconstruction Education Network.
Due to COVID - 19, the Second Founding of America Multicultural Learning Center will be closed until further notice. Thank you for your cooperation.
The Reconstruction Era National Historic Network is an initiative by the National Park Service that includes sites and programs that are affiliated with the Reconstruction Era. Second Founding of America: Reconstruction Era supports this project. To learn more, click below.
Photo is from Second Founding of America:Reconstruction Era's Advisory Board meeting in January 2020
Join us in learning and teaching the untold story.
Join us as we uncover the forgotten history of the heroic fight for freedom and equality for all Americans for which the bloody Civil War was fought. Together, we have much to do to learn, heal, and unify our country.


SATURDAY, 7 MAY 2011The success of the film The Social Network reminds us that a programmer with a bright idea can land extraordinary opportunities. Veteran British games designer Peter Molyneux has just been awarded a fellowship at the BAFTA video games awards. From an economic perspective the value added to the EU economy from IT products and services was estimated to be around £480m each year. For those with friends studying computer science at university, you will find they are unlikely to be as worried about finding a job as the rest of us.
Yet computing is facing a serious supply problem; over the last ten years applications to university computer science courses fell by around 60%. In response to this, the Royal Society commissioned a study into the state of computing teaching in schools. There are a number of possible reasons. Some of these were certainly predictable. For example, the political planning and campaign on science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) did not include computing explicitly as an area for focus.
An even larger issue is the way that young people are taught computing. School curriculums focus on menial tasks such as how to write spreadsheets, rather than looking at the more technical and fundamental aspects of how computers work. Without this understanding, students are not inspired to imagine what computing is capable of. It is this issue that those in the computing industry cite as being the most pertinent. The pioneering computer scientist Edsger Dijkstra neatly summed up this feeling by noting that “computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes.”
It is difficult to tell how things will go. The Royal Society is due to report back later this year, but no one expects things to change overnight. For comparison, the decline in school-level physics began in the mid-90s and improvements have only been seen in the last few years. It might well be that “a week is a long time in politics”, but when it comes to making lasting changes, a decade is not long enough.
Either way, it is difficult to dismiss this problem out of hand; a recent survey by the Science Council indicated that almost all science and technology jobs in the coming years will depend increasingly on computing. At a time where the economic future is uncertain and we look to science as the way forward, better computing teaching will surely take us a long way.
Anders Aufderhorst-Roberts is a PhD student in the Department of Physics.


Top 10 Education Questions for Elected Officials
Elected officials are responsible for many important decisions that impact public education. Below are the top 10 questions you can ask to learn where they stand on critical issues that impact all public schools.
- What are your top priorities for improving public education?
- What will you do to improve the quality of public schools?
- What is your plan to provide adequate funding for all public schools?
- How will you support the goal of high achievement for every student?How will you engage the community, and help schools engage the community, to improve our public schools?
- What do you believe schools should do to better prepare students with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in higher education, work and life?
- What do you believe are the best ways to evaluate school and student performance?
- What is your position on the federal No Child Left Behind Act?
- How would you help schools recruit and retain highly qualified teachers?
- What resources and services, beyond academics, do you believe schools and the community should provide to support student well-being and achievement?
How to Use These Questions
How can you use and get answers to these and other questions? There are a number of ways to communicate with elected officials and candidates to learn where they stand on important social issues like public education. Here are just a few:
- Attend a public meeting. Bring these and other questions to a local debate, forum or town hall meeting where elected officials and candidates are present.
- Send a letter or email. Elected officials want to hear from their constituents, and mail is still one of the most popular ways to make your voice heard. Use these questions as the basis of a letter to your elected official and encourage others to do the same. Save a copy for yourself and follow-up with a phone call.
- Write your paper. Write a letter to the editor of your local newspaper, and ask to include these questions in interviews with elected officials and candidates. Thank your paper for covering the critical issues, like public education, that the community cares about.
- Use the Web. Many elected officials and candidates have official web sites that post information about their priorities and allow constituents to submit inquiries via mail. Use these questions in an email to your elected officials and candidates.
- Talk with your neighbors. Bring these questions to a community meeting or other public gathering. Discussions around these questions can help stimulate ongoing dialogue about what the community wants and expects from public schools.


Keeping your heart healthy while keeping your smile healthy in National Heart Month
February is national heart month. In America, cardiovascular disease claims more lives than car accidents and cancer. There are many factors that go into creating heart problems. Obesity, smoking, high blood pressure and diabetes are just some of the causes that lead to heart complications, but did you know that bad oral hygiene can also contribute to heart issues?
Oral hygiene is sometimes overlooked when it relates to cardiovascular troubles. Gum inflammation like gingivitis can escalate to periodontitis disease. Symptoms of periodontitis cause gums to become inflamed and recede, and therefore begin to create bacteria pockets. If left untreated, it can cause discomfort when chewing, mouth sores, or even loss of teeth.
But how is this relevant to cardiovascular problems you ask? Researchers say that inflammation is common between gum disease and heart problems. Bacteria that collect in your gums when you have gum disease may enter your blood stream while your gums bleed. This causes the bacteria to stick to fatty deposits in your coronary arteries, in which advance to blood clots that can lead to a stroke or heart attack. The inflammatory reaction in the coronary artery walls can reduce blood flow to some dangerous levels.
But not all hope is lost; gingivitis and periodontitis can be reversible depending on the severity of the problem. If detected in the early stages, dentists have a better chance of reversing the disease with regular deep cleanings and periodontal surgery. You should also take action at home by brushing regularly and flossing. A clean diet is also something to keep in mind, as eating vegetables add vitamins to your health and drinking plenty of water to keep you hydrated. Avoid junk food as much as you can, especially indulging in sweets and soda. Sticky substances like chewy candy can leave behind sugar that sticks to your teeth creating plaque. Smoking also contributes towards bad health problems for your mouth and heart. Exercise and scheduling regular appointments with your dentist and doctor are the best way to detect a problem with your health before it’s too late.
If you have any questions or you need the assistance of Dr. Alena Nawrocki please call our Dental Arts San Diego office at (619) 444-1001
We are located at 707 ARNELE AVENUE, EL CAJON, CA 92020
Our email address is email@example.com


Room: ePoster Forums
Purpose: Conventional wisdom in medical physics holds that the megavoltage X-rays used in radiation oncology cannot be manipulated. However, advancements in the field of x-ray optics over the last two decades may prove this is no longer the case. By creating a compound refractive lens to collimate and focus mega-voltage x-rays, radiation oncology linear accelerator beams can be more effectively controlled.
Methods: The test will consist of recording an open field, a blocked field, and the lens field If successful, we expect to see a "barbell"? pattern insofar as the central lens field has been collimated while the outside blocked and open fields remain divergent. A success would also show larger dose gains and smaller penumbra in the lens field compared to the open and closed fields. The original CRL design consisted of cylindrical holes drilled into aluminum with the interstices between the holes functioning as the lens. We will use the same design for our prototype and characterize it with three parameters: focal length, transmission, and gain. This lens will be created by an independent manufacturer and tested on a LINAC at a Genesis Healthcare Partners.
Results: This experiment has not been funded yet. If funding is obtained in time, the results of the experiment will be presented at the meeting. Otherwise, an outline of the theory and experiment will be presented.
Conclusion: If successful, this lens will result in higher dosage gains, smaller penumbras, reduced normal tissue irradiation, and better field conformality, all of which lead to better patient outcomes.
Field Shaping, Linear Accelerator, Microfocus X-ray
TH- External beam- photons: Small/nonstandard field experimental dosimetry


Love is a complex emotion that can be felt in many different ways. It can be a fleeting sensation or it can be a lifetime commitment. The feeling can be influenced by hormones, pheromones, and neurotrophins.
Scientists have delved into the scientific aspects of love. Some say that it is a biological drive, while others believe it is a cultural phenomenon. Whether or not love actually exists is still up for debate.
Among researchers, there are a few theories that try to explain what love is and how it works. One says that it is the primary emotion humans experience.
Another theory proposes that it is a secondary emotion. Similarly, some researchers argue that it is a combination of a primary and a secondary emotion.
While there are several definitions of love, most people agree that it is a mixture of deep feelings for another person. For example, passionate love is an intense longing for a partner.
Some researchers argue that the most effective way to show love to another is by giving gifts. These are symbolic of the thoughtfulness of the other person. They are also an excellent way to light up your partner’s world.
Another important aspect of love is its ability to change the way you look at the world. When you are in love, you may feel a strong desire to help your partner. This can lead to pressure to do what your partner asks of you.


The play novel is a unique form of literature that combines the elements of a play and a novel. Unlike a play, which is typically performed on stage, a play novel is meant to be read. Unlike a novel, which is typically a long, detailed story, a play novel is shorter and more concise.
The play novel was first introduced in the late 1800s by French author, Émile Zola. His play novel, Thérèse Raquin, was published in 1867 and was later adapted into a play in 1873. Since then, the play novel has been used by many other authors, including Leo Tolstoy, Henrik Ibsen, and Anton Chekhov.
While the play novel has been used by many different authors, the form is often associated with French authors. This may be due, in part, to the fact that the form was popularized by Émile Zola. Additionally, many French authors use the play novel to explore social issues and controversial topics.
The play novel is a unique form of literature that can be used to explore a variety of different topics. By combining the elements of a play and a novel, the play novel allows for a more in-depth exploration of a subject than a play or a novel alone. Additionally, the play novel is a shorter and more concise form of literature, which makes it easier to read and understand.


Yoga Books We Love
Yoga is a comprehensive approach to wellness that offers numerous physical, mental, and spiritual benefits to the practitioner. Its holistic approach emphasizes the connection between the mind and body, and the practice involves a variety of poses and movements that stretch and tone muscles, increase cardiovascular health, and improve overall body function. However, to fully appreciate and benefit from the practice of yoga, it's important to understand its philosophy and history. This is where books such as "Light on Yoga" by B.K.S. Iyengar, "The Heart of Yoga: Developing a Personal Practice" by T.K.V. Desikachar, "Yoga Anatomy" by Leslie Kaminoff, and "The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali" translated by Sri Swami Satchidananda come in.
These books provide valuable insights into the practice of yoga and can deepen your understanding and appreciation for this ancient discipline. "Light on Yoga" is considered a classic in the world of yoga and is highly regarded for its detailed instructions and photographs of poses. It also delves into the philosophy of yoga and the benefits of practicing it regularly. "The Heart of Yoga" emphasizes the importance of developing a personalized yoga practice that is tailored to an individual's unique needs and abilities. It includes sequences of poses, breathing exercises, and meditation techniques, and also explores the philosophy and history of yoga. "Yoga Anatomy" is a valuable resource for yoga practitioners who want to deepen their understanding of anatomy and physiology as they relate to yoga. It provides detailed illustrations of the muscles and bones involved in different poses and explains how to modify them to accommodate different body types and limitations. Finally, "The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali" is a classic text on the philosophy and practice of yoga, written over 2,000 years ago. Sri Swami Satchidananda's translation and commentary make this ancient text accessible and relevant to modern practitioners. It delves into the eight limbs of yoga and explains how to use yoga as a tool for personal transformation and spiritual growth.
By studying these books and gaining a deeper understanding of the philosophy behind the practice, practitioners can enhance their yoga practice and experience the full range of physical, mental, and spiritual benefits that yoga has to offer.


Heinrich von Kleist - A Modern Man
Today, Heinrich von Kleist appears as a modern man who became involved in the radical political and social changes in Germany at the turn of the 19th century and, although he came from an aristocratic family in Brandenburg, endured unstable living conditions throughout his life. Continual experience of crisis led him to develop his ideas and to change his career plans frequently. For Kleist, social reform theories and literary experiment went hand in hand. He joined the Prussian Army at the early age of fifteen and was discharged seven years later as a lieutenant; he studied philosophy, physics, mathematics and political science in his city of birth Frankfurt (Oder) and showed an interest in technology, education and administration throughout his life.
Kleist was a restless spirit; he had many, constantly changing places of residence; he travelled all of his life. In his narrative literary works and drama he drew attention by presenting the extremes of human relationships and their failure, and with his radical formal aims. Kleist’s protagonists are quite free of German inwardness and pondering; they act and they founder in reality. This is what made, and still makes Kleist’s works so appealing to readers all over the world. Kleist was active and passionate in many fields; he was driven by his desire for happiness and his ambition to succeed as an independent writer. He longed for fame, which he did not achieve during his lifetime, and for a calm point in his life that he did not find until his suicide, which he staged with “irrepressible cheerfulness”.
Kleist's Works Online
A lot of the works of Heinrich von Kleist are online available, please check Projekt Gutenberg-DE or Project Gutenberg. Particularly noteworthy is the Brandenburger Kleist Ausgabe (BKA), which provides an extensive collection of documents and testimonies to Kleist's life and work. Wikisource offers a wide range of Kleist's Works, with a lot of links directing to scans of Kleist's original editions.


The sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association presents guidelines for style and format when writing in the social or behavioral sciences. The text discusses aspects of grammar, including verb tense. The type of tense used depends upon the context of the situation being addressed.
If the introduction of the piece discusses any present-day issues, you may use present tense, such as "Students today are reading...." In addition, APA style also recommends the use of present tense in the conclusions section of a study. With this method, you draw in readers and engage them in considering the current implications of the research; for example: "The long-term effects are not yet understood, but...."
During a literature review, the discussion concerns the previous work of others. Therefore, APA style requires the use of past tense when relating research that occurred at a specific time in the past; for example: "Smith (2002) found that...." Along the same lines, when presenting your own procedures and results, use the past tense, such as "The participants completed the test...."
Present Perfect Tense
If the discussion involves past actions that do not have a definitive date, then you should use the present perfect tense, such as: "Institutional review boards have included outsiders...." In addition, if an action began in the past but continues into the present, use the present perfect tense; for instance: "Researchers have been studying the phenomenon...."
Living in upstate New York, Susan Sherwood is a researcher who has been writing within educational settings for more than 10 years. She has co-authored papers for Horizons Research, Inc. and the Capital Region Science Education Partnership. Sherwood has a Ph.D. in curriculum and instruction from the University at Albany.


That is the question being asked by philosophers of science.
Physicists have long relied on a notion advanced by philosopher Karl Popper, that a theory is scientifically valid if it is falsifiable. But in recent years, many serious physicists seem to have abandoned this model. String theory, for example, is one of the most exciting ideas in modern physics. But it’s not testable—so how can physicists be confident that it’s sound?
Physical science is increasingly moving in the direction of accepting ideas that are practically or fundamentally untestable, but, contrary to popular sentiment, the reasons for it are not arbitrary.
According to philosophy of science researcher, Richard Dawid, there are three reasons a physicist will believe in an untestable theory:
- the theory is the only game in town; there are no other viable theories.
- the theoretical research program has produced successes in the past.
- the theory turns out to have even more explanatory power than originally thought.
Any of these arguments by themselves is not enough to convince a physicist that an untested theory has merit, but all three together are pretty powerful. That said, this powerful combination still doesn’t replace empiricism as the gold standard for determining scientific truth. It’s as though we’re circling back to the protoscientific methodology of the ancient Greeks, who relied on thought experiments, because they mistrusted experience. While it’s true that our perceptions can be subjective, the history of science clearly points to the superiority of thought + empiricism over thought alone.
My personal opinion as to why a lack of empirical support in science seems to matter less and less is that the empirical nature of physical science is rooted in Christianity, and science is increasingly divorced from its Christian roots. I’ll discuss this more next week.
Image credit: String Theory II by Digital Blasphemy 3d Wallpaper
What do you do when the engineers can’t keep up with your equipment requirements? You build machines in your head! I do think that there is a good split experimental and theoretical – sometimes the empirical evidence is so illogical that theory would never have got there (like quantum physics!). But sometimes, if the maths fits then we have a new truth. Like for example the truth behind gravity.


Paediatric physiotherapy is the treatment and care of babies, children and young people from birth to 18 years. Paediatric physiotherapists have specialist training, skills and knowledge of child development and of childhood conditions.
Common conditions include:
• Neonatal conditions
• Developmental delay
• Dyspraxia / Developmental Co-ordination Disorder
• Complex physical disability
• Torticollis / plagiocephaly
• Acute or Chronic Respiratory disease
• Musculoskeletal– flat foot, knock knees, in toeing, out toeing, toe walking
Where do Paediatric Physiotherapists work?
Paediatric Physiotherapists work in many different settings, including hospitals, clinics, special schools, primary care teams, educational and developmental centres – along with the child’s own home. They also work in private practice.
How is physiotherapy given to children?
Treatment given by the Physiotherapist is based on an accurate assessment of the child followed by an individual treatment programme. The treatment programme includes explanation and instructions as appropriate to the child, the parents and those responsible for the child’s development.
Paediatric practice takes into account the fact that the child is not a small adult, but a developing human being.
Useful links and resources:
The content on this page is provided for general information purposes only and is not meant to replace a physiotherapy or medical consultation. The ISCP is not responsible for the content of any external sites, nor should selection be seen as an endorsement of them.


When Young Chefs was founded at Carleton College, we wrote and tested lesson plans through and independent study course. These original lessons have stood the test of time (or at least a couple years), but we haven’t stopped looking for new ways to bring science into the kitchen!
Currently underway is a lesson on homemade pretzels. Our Curriculum Coordinator, Laurel, got interested in this topic when she realized we don’t usually talk about using alkalines in the kitchen. Acidic ingredients are common and identifiable, but where are the bases? Are they even relevant for cooking?
For pretzels, the answer is absolutely yes! Pretzels are made by boiling dough in a basic solution (either lye or baking soda + water) before baking. The negative charges in the base hasten browning in the dough, and the sodium molecules deliver a distinct savory taste. This is where we get the color and flavor of a pretzel’s crust!
To try pretzel rolls at home, check out our recipe in the Kitchen Experiments [link] page of the For Students section. You can make the process quick and easy by starting with store-bought biscuit dough.
Laurel turned her batch of pretzel rolls into a sandwich spread with mozzarella and roasted red pepper, curried chicken salad, and flank steak and arugula.


I’ve taken advantage of the quarantine to finally finish The Emperor of All Maladies. I was particularly struck by one of the book’s heroes, Sidney Farber, who developed the first drug to treat cancer. Through a combination of determination and serendipity, he discovered that folate blockers could cure childhood leukemia, at least temporarily.
Today, further advances in therapy have brought once-unthinkable cures to leukemia and other cancers. Of course, the side-effects of these therapies also mean that supportive care has needed to evolve alongside it. The sequencing of the human genome, completed in 2003, brought hope that such toxicities could be avoided by “precision medicine” directed at the specific features that differentiate cancer cells from the rest of the body. But precision is not a new goal; in fact, Sidney Farber knew the exact mechanism of action for the folate inhibitors when he first published them.
And despite the promise of “precision medicine”, our methods remain rather blunt. Nearly all childhood cancers continue to be treated with conventional chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. The hottest developments in adult cancer are immune activators – hardly a “precise” anticancer therapy.
Months into the current pandemic, we can see that the limits of precision medicine stretch beyond cancer. With the sequencing of thousands of viral samples, we’re able to track its evolution and global spread. Yet to address it, our best strategy is a lesson from a century ago: “social distancing”, perhaps the least precise intervention possible.
So we wait. Every generation fights disease with the most precise tools at its disposal, and we all anxiously await a more precise intervention to treat or prevent COVID-19. Until then, may we continue to cooperate to minimize the cost of this pandemic.


I will present the results on the evolution of dust particles in self-gravitating disks residing in a gravitoturbulent state, when heating due to shocks of density waves balances cooling. It is well known that density structures in the gaseous component of the disk induced by self-gravity (gravitational instability) can trap dust efficiently enough, so that the dust component itself undergoes further gravitational collapse due to its own self-gravity. Previous results both in global and local shearing box studies indicate that over-pressure regions related to spiral density waves can be very efficient at collecting dust particles, creating significant local over-densities of particles. The degree of such concentrations depends on two parameters: the size of dust particles and the rate of gas cooling. In recent years, increasing observational evidence indicates that large-scale vortices (e.g., induced by planetary gaps) and rings are most preferable sites of dust trapping.
Motivated by this, we studied effects of vortices on the evolution of dust particles using local shearing box simulations of self-gravitating protoplanetary disks, including also the dust-back reaction on gas and self-gravity of the dust component itself. In contrast to non-self-gravitating disks, vortices in self-gravitating disks tend to be smaller-scale (of the order of local Jeans scale) and short-lived structures. We found that these types of structures are nevertheless quite efficient at trapping small and intermediate-sized dust particles with friction times comparable to, or less than, the local orbital period of the disk. This can lead to significant over-densities in the solid component of the disk, with density enhancements comparable to, and even higher, than those within spiral density waves; increasing the rate of gravitational collapse of dust into bound structures (planetesimals). I will also discuss the resulting surface density structure of dust trapped in such vortices in connection with recent observations of disks.


Feeding Therapy is used as an intervention to help children acquire the skills for successful eating. During feeding therapy, therapists work with children to provide them with the skills they need to make meal time more enjoyable and nutritious.
If any of the behaviours below are affecting a child’s ability to safely eat, meet nutritional needs or enjoy the mealtime experience, the child may benefit from receiving a feeding evaluation.
- Difficulty chewing foods, typically swallowing food in whole pieces.
- Difficulty swallowing foods or refuses to swallow certain types of food consistencies.
- Refuses to eat certain food textures or has difficulty transitioning from one texture to another texture (ex: from bottle feedings to purees, from purees to soft solids or mixed textured foods).
- Gags on, avoids or is very sensitive to certain food textures, food temperatures and/or Flavors.
- Struggles to control and coordinate moving food around in mouth, chewing and preparing to swallow food.
- Fussy or irritable with feeding.
- The child seems congestion during feedings or after.
- Frequently coughs when eating.
- Gags and chokes when eating.
- Frequently vomits during or immediately after eating or drinking.
- Refuses or rarely tries new foods.
- Pushes food away.
- Has difficulty transitioning from gastric tube (G tube) feedings to oral feedings.
- Negative mealtime behaviours (infant cries, arches, pulls away from food; child refuses to eat, tantrums at mealtimes or “shuts-down” and does not engage in mealtime).
- Infant demonstrating signs of difficulty with coordinating the suck/swallow/breath pattern during bottle or breastfeeding.
- Feeding time taking longer than 30 minutes for infants, and 30 to 40 minutes for toddlers or young children.
- Known to be a “picky eater” who eats a limited variety of foods or consistencies.
February 22, 2021 | Categories: ||


Questions and curiosity are more important than rote answers; understanding and wisdom are more important than mere knowledge.—Grant Lichtman
Middle school TRi Time is in progress and the school is buzzing with accomplishments, disappointments, excitement, hope, questions, doubts, and more! From now through December 14, over 960 students have agency over their own learning with over 100 teachers guiding them. They spend time every day in the middle school library, makerspace, art room, music rooms, gyms, dance studios, and spots all over the school working on their TRi Time investigations.
The goal: Empowering middle schoolers to pursue their own curiosities and to design their own investigations to share with an authentic audience, weaving personalized inquiry into the fabric of the middle school.
Timing: TRi Time takes place over three weeks each semester. At the end of the second semester of the TRi Time experience, students share their investigative process with an authentic audience of parents, teachers, and other students during student-led conferences.
In its third year, TRi Time inspires students to question, investigate, create and reflect—in no particular order. How can you as a parent support TRi Time for your child at home?
As your child shares their TRi Time insights and ideas with you, we encourage you to keep the lines of communication open. Instead of…
- Having all the answers, ask your child questions about their investigation.
- Talking to them, listen.
- Focusing on a polished final product, think about the process your child is undergoing.
- Determining whether an idea is good or bad, let the child figure it out.
- Providing answers, allow your child to investigate.
- Being an expert, be a co-learner.
- Making assumptions, dig deeper!
Ultimately, we want our students to become lifelong learners capable of thinking critically, communicating clearly, collaborating with others, and harnessing their creativity. TRi Time provides the platform for these skills to flourish!
- inquiry-based learning
- middle school
- personalized learning


Danish zoologist whose research is focused on the phylogeny and systematics, or relationships, of controversial groups of microscopic animals called the tardigrades (water bears), lociferans, and cyliophorans. His groundbreaking work on these little-understood groups continues with numerous investigations from around the world. Kristensen is Professor and Curator of the Invertebrate Department of the Zoology Museum of the University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
More From encyclopedia.com
carpet beetle , Anthrenus (carpet beetle, museum beetle, woolly bear) See DERMESTIDAE. carpet beetle (Anthrenus) See DERMESTIDAE. Tardigrades , Water bears or tartigrades are about 500 species of tiny aquatic invertebrate animals in the phylum Tartigrada, including about 90 species in North A… Museums , museums. The foundation of museums was an offshoot of the great explosion of knowledge in the early modern period which stemmed from the invention of… Animal-rights Movement , Protection of animals from cruelty through requirements of humane treatment. Laws protecting animal rights proscribe certain forms of brutal and merc… Teddy Bear , Background Most people born in this century have probably encountered teddy bears during their lives, for the teddy bear was developed around the tur… United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , Museums, Military History. The essential mission of military museums in the United States remains teaching through the study and interpretation of hi…
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Many people have heard of the trial jury, but some don’t realize that there’s sometimes another jury that’s part of a case in the criminal justice system. This is the grand jury. Unlike the trial jury, the grand jury doesn’t decide whether a person is guilty or not. Instead, the grand jury reviews the prosecution’s case and gives its opinion about it.
The trial jury is smaller than the grand jury. Typically, the trial jury will only hear one case or a series of cases that are occurring in one day.
The members of the grand jury often serve months at a time, but they only meet periodically. They’ll hear all the cases that come through during their term.
Why would a prosecutor use a grand jury?
The grand jury hears the prosecution’s case and determines whether it has a good chance of success in an actual criminal trial. If the jury thinks it does, the jurors will return an indictment. If the jurors don’t think it has a viable chance, they won’t return the indictment.
It’s up to the prosecutor if they want to follow the grand jury’s recommendation. Unlike the decision of a trial jury, the decision of a grand jury isn’t binding. The prosecutor is free to do the opposite of what a grand jury recommends.
Anyone who’s being investigated for criminal charges, as well as those who are currently facing charges, should ensure they understand the criminal justice system as it applies to them. Working with someone who is familiar with this process may be beneficial to people in this situation.


(RxWiki News) Hormone therapy may prevent depression in women who are in the early stages of menopause, according to a new study.
Because depression risk appears to increase as women begin to enter menopause, this research could provide good news for many women. The authors of this new study noted that past research found that hormone therapy could treat existing depression, but it was unclear whether it could help prevent depression altogether.
This new study tested the effectiveness of hormone therapy versus a placebo for preventing depression in women who were transitioning to menopause or in the early stages from 2010 to 2016. In the treatment of menopause symptoms, hormone therapy is the replacement of hormones that are low during this time period, such as estrogen.
Women who received estradiol (a type of estrogen) skin patches for a year and oral progesterone (another type of hormone) every three months were less likely than the women who received a placebo treatment to develop depression during the study period, these researchers found. Women who were in early menopause transition and those dealing with stressful life circumstances appeared to benefit most from hormone therapy.
The study authors called for further research on this topic but noted that hormone therapy could serve as an effective way to prevent depression in early menopausal women. If you are feeling depressed, speak with your health care provider.
Estrogen levels were not tested frequently before and during the study, which is a possible limitation on the findings. More frequent measures could have helped the researchers test specifically how using hormone therapy to minimize big changes in estradiol levels could help with mood.
This study was published in JAMA Psychiatry.
This study was funded by the National Institutes of Health.


During World War II, large numbers of women entered the construction industry to take up jobs vacated by men who went to war. In the decades after this Rosie the Riveter era ended, women working in any capacity in the construction industry became a rarity.
This trend reversed again in the 1980s, and women once again became involved in construction industry employment in large numbers. By 2007, women were approximately 9.3 percent of all construction workers in the U.S.
Women Are Emerging as Industry Leaders
While still a small percent of the total workforce, it added up to approximately 800,000 women construction industry employees and business owners in that year, of which, over 200,000 were directly employed as construction tradeswomen doing skilled carpentry, electrical, plumbing, and mechanical work.
Because there was an overall decline in construction-related work between 2007 and 2010, both women and men lost jobs in this industry. However, the last few years have seen a significant re-growth in construction industry activity and employment for both men and women.
More Business are Owned by Women
In the past, the construction industry was one area of employment offering high-paying jobs without a college education. Now, many top universities have developed programs teaching courses related to the construction industry. These include construction industry careers in administration, management, architecture, and engineering. Women are also increasingly entering colleges and universities and pursuing an education in these fields.
Women own and operate all types of construction related businesses from engineering firms to general contracting businesses to hazardous materials abatement companies, providing hundreds of thousands of construction jobs for men and women alike and adding millions of dollars to the economy.
Currently, over 7 percent of all construction businesses are owned by women, including Harbor Environmental Group in Orange County, California.


Working from home presents many challenges for teachers and parents. We are in unchartered waters of trying to continue to work while helping our kids continue to learn and complete school assignments. None of this is easy! While teachers are at home with their own kids, it’s still important to incorporate physical activity throughout the day.
7 Mental Health Benefits to Physical Exercise
There are so many benefits to our mental health.
- Helps with anxiety
- Helps with stress – it helps release endorphins to relax muscles and reduce tension
- Improves concentration
- Improves mood
- Improves sleep
- Helps with emotional resilience.
- Increases our immune system.
7 Tips to Incorporating Physical Activity
- Stand at the counter to work.
- Sit on a stability ball while working.
- Take a break every 30 min and go for a walk.
- Find a quick video online of a brain energizer.
- Go for a bike ride.
- Play with your kids.
- Walk on the treadmill while working.
During this time, it is incredibly important to continue to be physically active. Use these suggestions or find your own way to fit physical activity into each day so that you will feel better, have increased energy, and be able to handle your emotions better. We are all in this together and the healthier we are, the easier we can beat this.
For 12 years she taught Special Education, Physical Education, and Health Education at Southern Middle school. At Southern, Angela is most proud of her efforts to ensure a quality physical education program while spearheading efforts to create a healthier school environment. As a result of these efforts, the school was awarded the Healthy Schools Program Bronze Level National award. In 2015, Stark moved to the School of Creative and Performing Arts (SCAPA) where she teaches health and physical education to students in 4th to 8th grade. While at SCAPA, she has built the wellness program through grants, fundraisers, strengthening the wellness policy, and weaving wellness throughout the entire school. In 2018, SCAPA was also awarded the Healthy Schools Program Bronze Level National award. In 2016, she earned the KAHPERD Secondary Physical Education Teacher of the Year and Distinguished Service Award and went on to win Southern District Middle School PE Teacher of the year 2017-2018.
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This object is in collection
Abstract: Rice production in India is facing potential shortages in the
future, and this may be due to various factors including water and labor shortages, growing
populations, and a slowing rate of technical progress. Although rice is a water-intensive
crop, water productivity in rice production is especially low. Stresses on water supply,
including the potential impact of climate change, ... read moresuggest a growing need for economic
policies that enable increases in water efficiency levels in rice production. Fertilizers
are used as a temporary solution in India to maintain increasing rates of production
levels. The primary goals of this paper are twofold: first, to assess the current level of
water and fertilizer inefficiency using a stochastic production frontier model for the
study region in the Krishna River Basin of India; and second, to analyze and discuss the
potential increase in water efficiency as a result of volumetric water pricing
Thesis (M.S.)--Tufts University, 2012.
Submitted to the Dept. of Economics.
Advisor: Jeffrey Zabel.
Committee: David Dapice, and Richard Vogel.
Keywords: Economics, Agriculture economics, and Water resources


Occupational hazards exist in every profession; however, some professions have higher risks compared to others. Here are the top hazardous professions.
Dead bodies contain tons of bacteria and contaminants. Embalmers are exposed to these bacteria during an operation. Add to it the fumes they may inhale from formaldehyde which is an essential chemical for embalming. Despite the risks involved in the job, embalmers are needed in society to give the dead a proper burial. It’s not an attractive position to be in and definitely won’t be convincing even we build a unique website for it. But we salute these people.
Waste Water Treatment Plant Operators
People who work for a wastewater treatment center are exposed to both biological and chemical hazard daily. Even if they wear mask bought from stores with coupon and discount codes on products, they are still exposed because the contaminants in the air are relatively at a molecular level. Needless to say, water processing is essential for the environment, thanks to the people who make water processing happen.
Chemical plant System Operators
Exposure to chemicals is highly hazardous to one’s health. We have seen from the news the “chemical splash” incidents which left major injuries to employees. The steam and fumes put pressure on the lungs. They cause the lungs to develop watery bubbles which may lead to cancer. This is a kind of profession that should be taken short term. We highly suggest that you find out what things to do in Amsterdam, and learn about other jobs out there that pay with lower health risks compared to this.
Some people hate going to the hospital because of the hospital smell. For some, going there is like smelling the scent of death. We have this perception because it has some truth to it. Medical staffs have to attend to patients who have contagious diseases. Their exposure to biological hazards is high. So if you are working in the medical field, keep your immune system strong. Take vitamins and get enough rest.


Shah Farhad was born in Delhi but grew up in Burhanpur in central India where his father was a governor. As a child, he got attached to the sufi mystic Dost Mohammed who initiated him in the Abul Ulai order, an offshoot of the Chishti order. The young Farhad became involved in the remembrance of God, and to the despair of his father, he gradually let go of his worldly existence. He stopped paying attention to clothes and food. He reached the state of baqa, continuance in God, and gained a reputation of purifying the souls of people by his glance alone. Shah Farhad later settled in Delhi where he acquired a large following among Delhiwallas, both Muslims and Hindus.
He died on 25 Jumada ath Thani 1135 Hijri; in 1723 CE. In Sufism, the death of a saint is celebrated as the occasion when his soul gets freedom from the body and is united with that of his beloved, the God. Urs means ‘wedding’ in Arabic.
Every morning before opening their stores, the traders in the neighbourhood come to the dargah to get their shop keys blessed by Shah Farhad. Childless women come asking for children. Students come to get their books blessed. “This shrine has a lot of benevolence,” says Sadia Dehlvi, author of Sufism: The Heart of Islam. “Your wishes are granted here.”
Shah Farhad’s shrine is also a place where you come to get rid of djinns, the mysterious beings who, according to Islamic beliefs, are made of smokeless fire. These supernatural creatures are everywhere but remain invisible. Sometimes they trap vulnerable people in their spell and make their life miserable. These possessed men and women then visit shrinks and shrines to become normal again. Some come to the dargah of Shah Farhad, also known as Sheikh ul Djinn, the master of djinns. Clinging to the grills, the tormented scream and shiver in agony, asking the djinns to leave them. If they become free, they become life long followers of the saint. There must be many such people in this multitude tonight. Who knows there may also be djinns.


March 27th - Mark 11:1-11: True Greatness
- Think together as a group about the idea of "greatness." What are some examples of great people that come to mind?
- Discuss some examples of the great things Jesus has done up to this point in Mark 11. Would these expressions of "greatness" be considered "great" today
- How does Jesus invite his disciples to participate with him in his triumphal entry?
- In the sermon, Brad mentioned how Christ combines qualities that normally don't go together. For example, Jesus is called both the Lion and the Lamb. What other qualities does Jesus carry perfectly together?
- How can we practically experience true greatness offered to us in the gospel?
- Jesus enters into Jerusalem, rides on a colt, the crowds through palm branches down before him, and then enters into the temple courts. Why are these details important for us to notice and what does it tell us about Jesus?
- Jesus, in his greatness, shows each of us perfect love. He also calls us to love one another with the same kind of love he has given to us. What will it take for each of us to learn to love others like Jesus loves us?
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نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد سازه های آبی
2 عضو هیات علمی گروه مهندسی آب دانشگاه زنجان
3 عضو هیئت علمی
عنوان مقاله [English]
Creation and propagation of unsteady flow in irrigation canals causes changes in water delivery to canal intakes. Unsteady flow in irrigation canals usually form by operation of check structures. Up to now simulation of unsteady gradually varied flow in irrigation canals has been considered in various researches. Simulation of unsteady gradually varied flow mostly done using available hydrodynamic models, but these models can’t simulate unsteady rapidly varied flow. In this research, using MacCormack numerical method, a numerical model was developed to solve the governing equations for rapidly unsteady varied flows, and the TVD method was used to control unrealistic and non-physical oscillations. The model was developed in MATLAB programming environment to simulate positive waves caused by the suddenly closure of a gate at the end of the E1R1 canal in Dez irrigation network and a hypothetical channel. The results showed that the higher flow in the gate at the moment of gate closure causes the higher numerical solution errors. Also, the results showed that the simulation using MacCormack method would have a large error, but the simultaneous application of the TVD and MacCormack method could reduce the numerical solution errors and simulate the water surface fluctuations according to the reality.


Introduction: Setting goals is a crucial step in achieving success and fulfillment in life. Goals provide direction, motivation, and purpose, guiding us towards our desired outcomes. Whether it’s personal, professional, or academic, goal setting empowers us to take control of our lives and create a compelling vision for our future. In this blog post, we will explore the power of goal setting and provide practical tips on how to set and achieve meaningful life goals.
Why Goal Setting Matters: Setting goals is not just a wishful thinking exercise, but a strategic process that fuels our motivation and propels us forward. Here are some reasons why goal setting matters:
- Clarity: Goals help us gain clarity about what we want to achieve in life. They provide a clear target for our efforts and help us prioritize our actions towards achieving the desired outcome.
- Motivation: Goals serve as a driving force that motivates us to take action. When we have a compelling goal, we are more likely to stay focused, persevere through challenges, and overcome obstacles to achieve our desired outcome.
- Direction: Goals provide a sense of direction and purpose in life. They help us create a roadmap for our journey, guiding us towards our desired destination.
- Measurement: Goals provide a benchmark for measuring our progress and success. They enable us to track our achievements and celebrate milestones, boosting our self-confidence and motivation.
- Fulfillment: Achieving meaningful goals brings a sense of fulfillment and accomplishment. It gives us a sense of purpose and satisfaction, enhancing our overall well-being.


What is it about?
Preliminary COVID-19 related studies indicate that older adults might be vulnerable to negative mental health effects associated with social distancing and isolation. Identifying older adults who might be particularly vulnerable will allow more timely effective intervention and prevention of adverse effects. We therefore examined whether older adult offspring of Holocaust survivors have particular psychological sensitivities to the COVID-19 pandemic, due to specific vulnerabilities existing in Holocaust survivor families.
Photo by Keren Fedida on Unsplash
Why is it important?
We identified vulnerabilities to PTSD, psychological distress, and loneliness among aging offspring of Holocaust survivors with parental PTSD, which render these older adults more susceptible to negative effects related to COVID-19 and to the coalescing crises that followed. Parental PTSD might constitute a risk factor for such vulnerabilities also in other groups of older adults.
Read the Original
This page is a summary of: Parental PTSD and psychological reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic among offspring of Holocaust survivors., Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy, May 2021, American Psychological Association (APA), DOI: 10.1037/tra0001014.
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Trees are a beautiful part of our yards. Just like any plants in nature trees require a lot of care. When you plant a new tree you need to have a good understanding of the tree care process in order for it to survive. In this article, we are going to look at some tips when it comes to tree care for newly planted trees.
The first tip has to do with watering. When you plant a tree you want to make sure that you give it ten to twenty gallons of water each week. This is important because it is the early stages of the tree’s life. To grow as strong as it needs to be, it will require a lot of water.
Mulch and compost are two things that you have to be careful with when you plant a tree. They are both important materials to have around the tree, but make sure that there is no mulch directly on the roots of the tree. If you do use mulch make sure to change it out every year.
The last tip we are going to talk about is tree pruning. Pruning is important in the early years of a tree’s life, to make sure that it keeps a good structure. By pruning a tree early you are keeping it strong.


Have you ever noticed a date and a sequence of numbers that seem to have no meaning on your egg carton? Well you’re not alone! Learn what these numbers mean and why you should pay attention to them.
Let’s start with the Julian date. The Julian date is a time stamp that indicates when the eggs were packaged. This date is typically found on the short side on the carton. The Julian number represents the consecutive days of the year with the number 001 as January 1 and December 31 as 365.
As long are they are kept refrigerated at 45 °F or lower, fresh shell eggs are safe to be consumed four to five weeks beyond the carton’s Julian date (the date eggs were packed). Although not required, cartons may also carry a sell by or expiration date (EXP) beyond which the eggs should not be sold but are still safe to eat. On cartons with the USDA grade logo, the expiration date cannot exceed 30 days after the eggs were packed in the carton. Depending on the retailer, the expiration date may be less than 30 days. Eggs packed in cartons without the USDA grade logo are governed by the laws of their states.
All eggs are inspected for wholesomeness and safety, however, grading of eggs for quality is completely voluntary. Companies pay the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to inspect their eggs to measure the firmness of the egg white, roundness of the egg yolk and staining of the shells. Eggs are also sized by weight per dozen eggs and labeled as small, medium, large, x-large or jumbo.
You’ve probably seen terms like UEP Certified, cage-free or certified organic on egg cartons. Learn more about the labels on egg cartons at UEPCertified.com
For more egg safety tips, follow us on Twitter and Facebook!


Understanding An Aluminium Fabrication Business
It may sound a bit technical, but the concepts of aluminium fabrication and design are actually very simple. Aluminium is a metal and in fact it has been a metal since the beginning of time and the oldest known piece of aluminium is known to man’s present day technology is from the dinosaur era. The word ‘aluminium’ first appears in reference to metal working in the mid-nineteenth century, and since then aluminium has gone through numerous evolutions and advancements. It has become increasingly important and valuable on a global scale, making its application in the construction industry growing constantly.
The Understanding An Aluminium Fabrication Business That Wins Customers
Aluminium fabrication in the fabrication industry is all about combining various aluminium components into one complete, functioning piece. The raw materials used in this process are mostly steel bars (or sheets) and pipes (hence ‘aluminium piping’) but raw aluminium is also used if other materials or shapes are more applicable. When all the components are together, they are manually directed and cut into the required size by hand or using mechanical tools – these components then undergo a process known as bending, which is essentially the process of heating the aluminium under pressure, to create the precise shape or feature. This bending is an important part of the fabrication process because if it is not exact, the final piece will be unstable and the entire structure may collapse.
A great attraction to the aluminium fabrication industry is that unlike other parts of the construction and fabrication industry, it can offer both cost effective solutions and fast turnarounds due to its unique properties. The turning, cutting and shaping of aluminium is done without the use of any dangerous chemicals, which greatly reduces health risk and worker fatigue. The most commonly used tools for aluminium fabrication are CNC machines or computer numerical controlled machineries. With the use of computers and CNC machinery, aluminium fabrication companies are able to significantly reduce their turnarounds time and also increase their production rates.


10 Ways To Take Charge Of Your Health Care –
But, obtaining a sunburn may cause more damage than you believe.
Since the ozone layer is thinner now, more detrimental UV rays can break through and bring about severe damage to our skin. Too much UV exposure often leads to cancer. When a skin cancer has been detected early , there exists a good chance you can recover as a result, but do you really wish to have that chance? Simply take preventative measures by donning sunscreen that is the proper SPF for skin. You could also consult a dermatologist and also ask if there are any other products you may use to help keep skin safe and sound.
Drink Plenty Of Water
Constant hydration can be a key matter to perform to be able to simply take charge of your health maintenance efficiently. It’s suggested that folks drink at least 8 glasses of water each day, nevertheless, you might need additional depending on your quality of life situations.
There’s a number of explanations for why you need to drink enough water a day. Drinking tap water helps you strengthen brain function, helps send oxygen from your system , helps our body equilibrium, and helps maintain your kidneys healthy. Drinking sufficient water may also help keep skin in very good shape.
In addition to ingesting enough water, then you should also lessen the number of sugary drinks you consume. If you drink just one pop per day, consider replacing it with an additional glass of plain water to a couple of weeks and find out how you feel. The more hydrated you are, the higher your overall health is likely to soon be.
Get Adequate Sleep Just about Every Night
Can you always find yourself maybe not getting adequate rest? Can you awake each daytime tired and count on coffee to keep you awake and alert? If this is so, you ought to simply take charge and get started getting more rest once possible.
It’s suggested that folks get 8 hours of rest per night, nevertheless they could need more depending on their own circumstance. Many People Might Not Believe They need a Entire 8 hours of sleep, but that assumption may be harm


To Your Health
June, 2015 (Vol. 09, Issue 06)
Prevent Cancer With Cardio
By Editorial Staff
Running, stair climbing, cycling and other exercises increase our cardiorespiratory fitness (the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to skeletal muscles during sustained physical activity).
if you find yourself out of breath after a short jog or quit after a few minutes on the treadmill, you're lacking the cardio stamina your body needs.
Why is cardio important? Besides being a great tool to shed pounds and get in better shape, research suggests we all need cardio in our lifelong quest to prevent cancer. The study tracked more than 13,000 middle-aged men for 38 years to determine how cardio fitness impacted cancer risk. The study found "an inverse association between midlife CRF and incident lung and colorectal cancer, but not prostate cancer." This means that the higher their cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), the lower their likelihood of getting lung or colorectal cancer.
In addition, "high midlife CRF is associated with lower risk of cause-specific mortality in those diagnosed as having cancer at Medicare age," concluded the study: the higher one's cardiorespiratory fitness in midlife, the lower the chance of dying of cancer at an older age.
Need more reason to get out there and do a little cardio? Here are some great ways to get started. For a more advanced cardio workout, click here.


What is Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO) is the second most common retinal vascular disorder after diabetic retinopathy. Though it can affect both eyes, it usually presents with acute, unilateral, painless vision loss – or, more simply put – it’s more common in one eye only. In milder, non-central cases, patients may show no symptoms. Vision loss typically occurs from compromised blood flow and swelling in the macula, the retina’s central portion responsible for critical visual tasks such as reading and recognizing faces. Left untreated, RVO can lead to glaucoma and severe visual impairment.
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What are the Types of Retinal Vein Occlusion?
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO)
Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is the blockage of one of the smaller branch veins.
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)
Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is the blockage of one of the smaller branch veins.
How is Retinal Vein Occlusion Treated?
Treatments for RVO at Desert Retina Consultants include:
- Annual vision monitoring with dilated eye exams
- Laser treatments
- Intra-vitreal injections – Anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) drugs into the vitreous cavity (retina location) can be a highly effective treatment for retinal vein occlusion. Anti-VEGF drugs stop the growth of new blood vessels in the eye. Most patients require a series of injections, so they require periodic monitoring to evaluate when additional treatments with anti-VEGF agents are needed.


Office Workstations | Cubicles
Office workstations, often referred to as cubicles, are standardized workplace fixtures that partition open office spaces into smaller rooms for one or several workers to focus on their specific work tasks. The cubicle was invented in 1968 as the ‘Action Office System’ by Robert Propst for Herman Miller with the idea to create a reconfigurable furniture system that could convert large building plans into individualized work compartments.
Cubicles are designed to provide privacy, sound-proofing, isolation, and to decrease visual distractions while working. Cubicle workstations are often assumed to improve the efficiency of the workplace and the productivity of the worker.
A cubicle is a designated area of an office that is partially closed off via partitions at a height of 5 to 6 feet (1.5-1.8 m). The design intent is to separate workers to lessen noise and distraction and increase productivity and focus. A cubicle usually will include a desk and filing cabinet or storage system.
The first step to organizing a cubicle is to create a layout that acts in accordance to one’s workflow and encourages productivity. A filing cabinet, cord corral, jars, and shelving are all tools to organize important documents and office supplies in a cubicle. Labeling and color coding are also efficient methods to organization.
A cubicle can be decorated to showcase one’s personal life, design tastes, and interests. Photographs, message boards, mirrors, and plants/terrariums can be added liven the space up. Stylish organizational materials and a color scheme can be chosen to spruce up a cubicle as well.


Structure of the Seychelles archipelago
The granitic islands of the Seychelles Plateau have long been recognised to overlie continental crust, isolated from Madagascar and India during the formation of the Indian Ocean. However, to-date the extent of continental crust beneath the Seychelles and importance of volcanic additions during its isolation region remains unknown. Constraining the size and shape of the Seychelles continental fragment is needed for accurate plate reconstructions of the breakup of Gondwana and has implications for the processes of continental breakup in general. To help solve this problem we installed a network of broadband seismometers throughout the Seychelles archipelago for a period of a year (Fig.1). We then estimated crustal thickness and Vp/Vs from H-k stacking of receiver functions. The results were verified by forward modelling of ship-collected gravity data.
The majority of the Seychelles Islands away from the topographic plateau show no direct evidence for continental crust. The exception to this is the island of Desroche on the northern Amirante Ridge, where thicker low density crust, consistent with a block of continental material is present. We suggest that the northern Amirantes are likely continental in nature and that small fragments of continental material are a common feature of plume affected continental breakup (Fig.2).
The data we collected also showed the Seychelles islands to be underlain by a stratified upper mantle with exceptionally low S-wave velocities at depths of between 50 and 190 km. We believe these layers relate to earlier interactions of the region with mantle plumes.
Hammond JOS, Kendall J-M, Collier JS, Helffrich G, Rumpker G, (2013). The extent of continental crust beneath the Seychelles, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol:381, Pages:166-179 (doi)
Hammond JOS, Collier JS, Kendall J-M, Helffrich G, Rumpker G, (2012). Plume scar in the mantle lithosphere beneath the Seychelles revealed by seismic imaging, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol:381, Pages:166-179 (doi)


Passive magnetic bearings (PMB) achieve contact-free levitation of an object by permanent magnetic attractive or repulsive forces. Depending on the configuration, stabilization in radial, axial and tilt direction are possible. It is, however, not possible, to stabilized all degrees of freedom of a body by passive magnetic levitation, alone. This has been shown by Braunbeck who interpreted the prior findings of Earnshaw on the stability conditions in force fields for magnetic levitation. Diamagnetic materials such as superconductors are explicitly not considered in this statement. A very simple PMB design consists of permanent magnetic rings on the rotating shaft and the stator which stabilize the radial degree of freedom by repulsive forces.
Different configurations of attractive or repulsive permanent magnets are possible.
It is also possible to stabilize more than one degree of freedom with one permanent magnet as e.g. in disk-shaped, permanent rotors:
The stiffness values are determined by the geometrical bearing configuration and its material properties. The mere PMB provides close to zero damping which typically needs to be added by visco-elastic, electrodynamic or other damping elements. No active components such as actuators, coils or power electronics are needed in a PMB which makes it a cheap, small and mechanically simple magnetic bearing. The next picture shows a magnetic bearing concept with relatively low constructive complexity. The radial and tilt stabilization are achieved by two passive magnetic bearings. The active element is used to control the axial rotor position, which is unstable due to the Earnshaw Theorem.
PMBs show one characteristic weakness: their lack of damping. Due to the lack of damping of permanent magnetic bearings, additional measures are required to gain sufficient stability against disturbances and to successfully pass the resonance frequencies during run up. For applications with a limited temperature range, one possibility is to use a visco-elastically supported stator in order to damp the vibrations of the rotor. Alternatively, eddy current dampers can be used to constrain rotor vibrations. These damping measures demand considerable modelling effort but strongly improve the system performance: the vibrations caused by unbalance, magnetic tolerances or external excitations can be suppressed.


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The main concern of learning about linguistics is that it is a very broad topic that everyone might be confused where to start learning. Starting from the basic concepts and technical tools can be perfect to begin your linguistics journey.
The main objective of this [course_title] is to supplement the other linguistic courses to improve your knowledge on linguistic. This supplementary course is focused on the conversational implicates and presupposition of grammar.
This course does not involve any written exams. Students need to answer 5 assignment questions to complete the course, the answers will be in the form of written work in pdf or word. Students can write the answers in their own time. Each answer needs to be 200 words (1 Page). Once the answers are submitted, the tutor will check and assess the work.
Edukite courses are free to study. To successfully complete a course you must submit all the assignment of the course as part of the assessment. Upon successful completion of a course, you can choose to make your achievement formal by obtaining your Certificate at a cost of £49.
Having an Official Edukite Certification is a great way to celebrate and share your success. You can:
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Course Credit: MIT
|Pragmatics and implicatures||01:00:00|
|Chierchia’s Puzzle and Sauerland’s account||01:00:00|
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|Back to the theory of implicatures||00:45:00|
|Presuppositions; introductory comments||00:45:00|
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A few weeks ago, I shared a study that found nutrients in the U.S. food supply are declining. Which could explain why millions of Americans, who prefer to be thin, are overeating to get more nutrients.
Another study found that industrial farming techniques – including the use of petroleum-based fertilizer – reduces nutrient levels in food, while dramatically increasing yields. This means we have abundant cheap food with lowered nutrient levels:
This article summarizes three kinds of evidence pointing toward declines during the last 50 to 100 years in the concentration of some nutrients in vegetables and perhaps also in fruits. It has been noted since the 1940s that yield increases produced by fertilization, irrigation, and other environmental means tend to decrease the concentrations of minerals in plants.
Jarrell and Beverly (1981) reviewed the evidence for this well-known “dilution effect.” Although their review has been cited over 180 times (60 times from 2000 on), few mentions of the dilution effect contain a reference, suggesting that the effect is widely regarded as common knowledge.
Common among scientists perhaps, but the public is unaware. When I share this among friends and readers there is a strong disbelief, with the most common response being – food is cheaper. Yes it is, because it has been hollowed out like a pumpkin and there’s nothing left on the inside.
And that makes it a struggle to get the message out. How do I explain the dilution effect to a public obsessed with everything but this – from diet programs to food labels to coupon cutting that encourages cheaper food?