Measuring vital signs such as temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, weight and respiratory rate are commonly performed at most doctor’s offices. At Crevar Chiropractic, we take these readings one step further by taking them on both sides of the body. This is one of the ways that we can see how the brain is communicating to your body, and if that communication is equal to both sides. If readings vary from side to side, it indicates that the left and right brain are not performing equally. This is extremely important, because unequal brain output can lead to a neurologic disconnect and will manifest itself as some form of body irregularity, such as movement disorders, chronic illness, joint disorders, vertigo, gut dysfunction, mental fogginess, back pain, etc. The different symptoms and disorders are endless. The bottom line is that a balanced brain is crucial to true health and wellness.
To take it a step further, it is important to realize that these readings are a static measurement at the particular time taken. A static measurement in a dynamic world does not give an accurate representation of how the nervous system is responding to everyday events. After all, it is the nervous system that controls all of the vital signs and other measurements, such as cholesterol and glucose levels. It is common to have all of these tests run in a typical doctor’s office, but very few actually measure the system that is controlling the results. This works well when prescriptions are the only treatment given for abnormal results, but does not work well when actually getting to the root of the problem. That problem, of course, is the unbalanced brain sending inappropriate messages to various systems of the body. For example, if the brain is stressed and perceiving danger when there is no real threat, cholesterol levels, glucose levels, heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension and respiration will be heightened. Certain medications may help control those numbers, but the real problem is the nervous system and the body continues to suffer despite “appropriate” lab results.
Part of our exam includes a Stress Response Evaluation which dynamically measures your brain waves and body’s responses to mental challenges and focus exercises. It allows us to see how the nervous system is performing and communicating to all other systems of the body.


As an AI language model, I cannot provide a point of view on this topic as it requires personal opinions. However, I can give you informative details and insights about if birds can eat turkey.
Birds are fascinating creatures that come in all shapes and sizes. They have unique habits and behaviors that interest humans. One question that comes to mind is whether or not birds can eat turkey? In this article, we will explore the answer to this question.
What do birds eat?
It’s essential to understand what kinds of food birds consume before determining if they can eat turkey. The diet of a bird varies from species to species, but most commonly includes seeds, fruits, insects, worms, small mammals like mice or shrews; some even feed on fish or other aquatic animals.
Can Birds Eat Turkey?
The simple answer is yes – most birds are capable of eating turkey. Turkeys are rich in nutrients such as protein and minerals required for healthy growth and development in both humans and animals alike.
Avian veterinarians suggest caution when feeding turkeys to wild or domesticated birds because whole turkeys contain bones which could pose choking hazards among smaller bird species. Also cooked meat contains high levels of salt often found in stuffing recipes which may also cause an upset stomach among our feathered friends.
If you decide to offer roasted turkey meat to your feathery companions during Thanksgiving dinner time be sure first thoroughly debone the flesh into smaller pieces with no skin attached then remove any excess level salt present before serving it plain without added sugars sauces condiments etc..
In conclusion – besides being cautious when offering whole bone-in roast turkeys along with their side dishes containing seasoning salts sugars etc., there’s nothing wrong with giving your little flyers a bit taste from time-to-time by offering them properly prepared plain white meat without seasonings from leftover meals.. But always remember fresh water should always be provided alongside bird-safe food choices to keep our avian friends healthy and hydrated.


I have earlier written about camouflage as an excellent strategy to evade predator attention. As a camouflager, one could mimic inedible matter such as rocks or sand, which a number of the Lembeh creatures do. The problem with that strategy is that one will be stuck to not moving around very much, as the lie would easily be caught if the mimic moved.
There is, however, another theme in camouflage that is not quite as obvious. Many fish camouflage themselves as plant matter. Examples are some of the juvenile batfish (or spadefish, which is the more correct name), some of the ghost pipe fish and at least one scorpion fish. But, one might say, plant matter is readily eaten! Wouldn´t it be extremely stupid to have a defense strategy relying on mimicking edible matter?
Well, most plant matter is in fact not edible, or very unlikely to be eaten. If you don’t believe me, have a look out your window. It is most likely that you will see vast amounts of uneaten plant matter (that is, if you are not living on the tundra or in the midst of a desert!).
The main ingredient of plants is cellulose, which is a substance that is very hard to digest. Few organisms are able to digest it, with the most notable cellulose digesters being fungi and certain bacteria. Animals that rely on cellulose as food generally have endosymbiotic bacteria, that is have cellulose digesting bacteria in their gut. The bacteria that break down cellulose need fairly high temperatures that are seldom if ever reached in oceans (one exception being the guts of sea cows, or the manatees and dugongs).
Thus, with very few exceptions, plant matter high in cellulose will be fairly safe in water bodies. With the absence of rabbits, deer and termites in the sea, plant matter is a pretty safe model for your camouflage, if you happen to be a marine animal.


Linguists distinguish between language acquisition and language learning. Children acquire language through a subconscious process during which they are unaware of grammatical rules. This happens especially when they acquire their first language. They repeat what is said to them and get a feel for what is and what is not correct. In order to acquire a language, they need a source of natural communication, which is usually the mother, the father, or the caregiver.
Language learning, on the other hand, is the result of direct instruction in the rules of language. Language learning is not an age-appropriate activity for young children as learning presupposes that learners have a conscious knowledge of the new language and can talk about that knowledge. They usually have a basic knowledge of the grammar.
From a neurolinguistic point of view, language acquisition and language learning are processed in two different ways in the brain. During early infancy, language processing – during acquisition – occurs in many areas of the brain. Only over time it gradually becomes concentrated into two areas: the Broca’s area, which is situated in the left frontal cortex and is involved in the production of the patterns in vocal and sign language, and the Wernicke’s area, in the left temporal cortex that is primarily involved in language comprehension. The Broca’s area is the one actively involved in language acquisition processes, whereas the Wernicke’s area is active in the language learning process.
- unconscious process
- does not presuppose teaching
- the child controls the pace
- intentional process
- presupposes teaching
- the teacher controls the pace
Categories: Being multilingual, Multilingual children, Multilingualism
3 replies »


Topic: linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
5. Terrorism remains a grave threat to humanity and there is a need to have a coordinated and proactive approach on a global level to counter the use of new and emerging technologies for terror purposes. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question:
The world has been witnessing a flurry of meetings and conferences on the issue of countering terrorism worldwide. The list resembles an alphabetic soup, viz., meetings of the United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee, the No Money for Terror Conference, and an Interpol Conference in which terrorism figured prominently.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the interlinkages between terror groups and threat of emerging technologies, its impact and need for collaboration to eliminate it.
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Begin the answer by citing the complexity of terror networks.
First, mention the various inter-links between terror groups and various organised crimes which has made a terrorism a global problem and issues created by the emerging technologies.
Next, write about the various government measures in this direction and the needs for greater global and national cooperation and collaboration in order to tackle this issue on global level.
Conclude with solutions to address the issue.


Jun 22, 2020
Discovery learning is an approach that I was trying out at around the time I was in the 20's of episode numbers of this podcast. I tried out the idea of Maths Circles, running a few of my own and attending a course about them in Notre Dame University in the United States. I also tried running a Self-Organised Learning Environment or SOLE, modelled on the work of Sugata Mitra, famous for his "hole-in-the-wall" experiments in India.
Since then, I have discovered the reasons why these sorts of approaches don't work, and I've been discussing this recently on the podcast. I also discussed the Sugata Mitra's apparent dishonesty in the episode on Hope in the Wall.
In this episode, we look at the history of the idea of discovery learning. First suggested in the 1960's by Jerome Bruner, it has since gone through several rounds of re-branding and repeated research.
The article in question is called Should There Be a Three Strikes Rule Against Discovery Learning? The Case for Guided Methods of Instruction by Richard Mayer. Specifically, it shows that pure discovery learning methods (where students are mostly left to their own devices) have abundant evidence that they are not as good as guided discovery methods (where the teacher provides feedback and hints during problem solving), though it seems that there is also some evidence that guided discovery methods are better than expository approaches (i.e. explaining everything in detail beforehand).
The defining features of the human mind that seem to be the cause of this are two: the limitations of working memory capacity on the one hand; and the human desire to avoid thinking where possible on the other. Discovery learning appears to overload working memory, whereas expository approaches might result in the students not actually thinking. In a way, it is two sides of the admonition "they need to engage with the material." Discovery learning focuses on engagement at the expense of the material, and expository methods focus on the material often at the expense of engagement, but it appears that guided discovery can avoid both of these traps with greater reliability, at least in some cases.
Enjoy the episode.


Maximum Bicycle Height
Austin asked: How tall can a bike be before you cannot use it on roads/sidewalks?
There is no maximum height in the statutory definition of a bicycle.
s. 316.003 – Definitions
(3) Bicycle – Every vehicle propelled solely by human power, and every motorized bicycle propelled by a combination of human power and an electric helper motor capable of propelling the vehicle at a speed of not more than 20 miles per hour on level ground upon which any person may ride, having two tandem wheels, and including any device generally recognized as a bicycle though equipped with two front or two rear wheels. The term does not include such a vehicle with a seat height of no more than 25 inches from the ground when the seat is adjusted to its highest position or a scooter or similar device.
Considering that a bicycle is a vehicle, one can presume that some informed uniformed law enforcement officers may reference Florida Statute 316.515(2) HEIGHT LIMITATION.—No vehicle may exceed a height of 13 feet 6 inches, inclusive of load carried thereon. However, an automobile transporter may measure a height not to exceed 14 feet, inclusive of the load carried thereon.
It has no reference to the operator of such a vehicle, which means your head is in danger if you exceed 13 feet 6 inches for the vehicle (bicycle) and are sitting on the seat!


There are many other jobs in a primary school in the UK in addition to primary school teachers. Some of the common roles you may find in a primary school include:
Teaching Assistants – Teaching assistants work alongside teachers to support students in their learning. They may work with individuals or small groups of students, helping them to understand concepts, complete tasks, and stay on track with their learning.
Special Educational Needs Coordinators (SENCOs) – SENCOs are responsible for identifying and providing support for students with special educational needs or disabilities. They work with teachers, parents, and outside agencies to ensure that students with additional needs receive the support they require to succeed in their learning.
School Administrators – School administrators manage the day-to-day operations of the school, including overseeing budgets, maintaining records, and communicating with parents and staff.
School Business Managers – School business managers are responsible for the financial management of the school. They work with school administrators and senior leaders to manage budgets, resources, and contracts.
School Counsellors – School counsellors provide emotional and mental health support to students. They work with students who may be experiencing difficulties at home or at school and help them to develop coping strategies and build resilience.
IT Technicians – IT technicians provide technical support to the school, including managing the school’s IT infrastructure, troubleshooting technical issues, and providing training and support to staff and students.
Lunchtime Supervisors – Lunchtime supervisors are responsible for supervising students during lunchtime and break periods. They ensure that students are safe, well-behaved, and have an enjoyable experience during their break times.
These are just a few examples of the many jobs that exist in a primary school in the UK. Each role is critical in supporting the school’s mission to provide a safe, nurturing, and engaging environment for students to learn and grow.
To view the roles we have available within our trust and all our schools view here: www.excelsiormat.org/vacancies


The Hazara Protest Against Genocide in So-Called Country Afghanistan
Reading time: (Number of words: )
All the versions of this article: [English] [فارسى]
In November 2015, seven Hazara including nine years old girl Shukria were beheaded by local Pashtun Taliban in Zabul province. Several months before this tragedy, they were on their way home, but Pashtun Taliban stopped their buss, and kidnapped them along with 19 other Hazara Passengers. Eyewitnesses say they were Pashtun Taliban talking in their language Pashto, separating Hazara passengers from other, but the Pashtunist government of Afghanistan tried to mislead the public by saying that IS members are responsible, and not local Pashtun Taliban.
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article II: In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) #Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
Photos taken by Jawad Hamdard Kia
Social tags: #IAmHazara #StopHazaraGenocide #Hazara #ProtestinAfghanistan #UN #UNAMA #NATO #NATOAfghanistan #AmnestyInternational #HRW #KabulPress


In this post, I will show you how to draw a river, I’ve included a video tutorial as well as written instructions so you can learn from scratch.
How To Draw A River
Step 1 – Gather your supplies. You will need paper, pencils, erasers, and a ruler.
Step 2 – Draw a horizon line across your paper. This will help you establish the perspective of your drawing.
Step 3 – Draw a line along the horizon to represent the horizon of the river. This line should be slightly curved.
Step 4 – Draw a line along the bottom of the paper to represent the shoreline.
Step 5 – Draw a river bank along the shoreline. Follow the curve of the horizon line to give the riverbank a natural shape.
Step 6 – Outline the river with a pencil. Make sure to use light strokes. This will be the base of your river.
Step 7 – Draw the main body of the river. Use a ruler to draw a straight line from the shoreline to the horizon line.
Step 8 – Start shading the river. Use a pencil to lightly shade in the areas where the water is deeper.
Step 9 – Add more depth to the river. Use a darker pencil to shade in areas where the water is even deeper.
Step 10 – Add ripples to the river. Use a light pencil to draw small waves along the shoreline.
Step 11 – Add details to the river. Use a pencil to draw small rocks and pebbles along the shoreline.
Step 12 – Add shadows to the river. Use a pencil to add shadows to the rocks and pebbles to make them look three–dimensional.
Step 13 – Add a few trees along the shoreline. Use a light pencil to draw simple shapes for the trees.
Step 14 – Erase any extra lines or mistakes. Use an eraser to clean up your drawing.
Step 15 – Color in your drawing. Use colored pencils or markers to add color to your drawing.


There will be a lot of little monsters, princesses and superheroes trick-or-treating on Halloween night and the NT RCMP wants to make sure everyone is able to enjoy the evening safely.
The RCMP is reminding children, their parents or guardians, and motorists, of a few safety tips to observe this Halloween.
- Never trick-or-treat alone. Always walk with an adult or a group of friends.
- Make sure you can be seen. Wear reflective, bright colour costumes, or fasten reflective tape to your costume or bag.
- Avoid masks that restrict your vision.
- Dress for the weather conditions. Wear layers underneath your costume if the temperature is cold.
- Only visit well-lit houses.
- Don’t go into the house for your treats; always wait outside.
- Don’t eat any treats until an adult has inspected them.
- Carry a flashlight so you can see where you are going.
- Cross the street at marked crosswalks and intersections.
- Watch for cars pulling out of driveways and backing up.
- Respect others’ property. Always use pathways and sidewalks.
- Halloween means there will be children on the streets. Drivers need to use extra caution. With the excitement of Halloween, children may forget simple pedestrian safety rules.
- Drive slowly in residential areas where children are more likely to be trick-or-treating. Reduce your speed and stay alert.
- Slow down and proceed with caution when entering and exiting driveways or backing up.
For parents and guardians:
- Know who your children are going trick-or-treating with and when they plan to return home.
- Remind children of which houses they can go to for safety if they get scared.
- Try to ensure your paths and sidewalks are clear and well lit.
- Arrange decorations to allow pedestrians to safely access your entrance.
- Be mindful of children of all ages who wish to participate in trick-or-treating.
- Report any suspicious activity in your neighbourhood to your local RCMP detachment.
The RCMP and the Moose wish everyone a safe, treat-filled Halloween!


Scott Weidensaul / W. W. Norton / 416 pages
In rich detail, A World on the Wing: The Global Odyssey of Migratory Birds unveils the captivating world of migratory birds, the threats they face, and the scientists and conservationists who strive to protect them. From beginning to end, author Scott Weidensaul induces a sense of awe. Just a few of the tantalizing facts he shares: The annual, pole-to-pole (and back again) journey of some Arctic terns has been tallied at 57,000 miles. Certain songbirds fly up to a week without stopping, fueled by short naps in the air. Some daredevil migratory species fly directly into hurricanes—using the wind to propel them to their destination.
Advances in radio telemetry and radar systems, as well as the ability to leverage big data, have produced a technological revolution so central to modern migratory studies that it nearly becomes a main character in the book. Knowledge gleaned about where birds go, how they use habitat, and how they are affected by habitat quality has revealed the sheer magnitude and complexity of the many threats that migratory species face. It has allowed us to better understand why so many populations are in steep decline but also—as Weidensaul makes clear—to tailor cross-continent conservation efforts to address threats species face at different stages of their lifecycles.
As with much research aimed at understanding wildlife, the study of migratory birds raises ethical considerations. Some of these are briefly touched upon in the book, mostly in the form of the author’s attempt to assuage readers’ concerns. But lingering questions remain about how researchers came to know certain things, like the fact that many internal organs shrink dramatically while birds are in flight. Certain studies highlight humanity’s compulsion merely to know. In such cases, individuals may be harmed to learn about a species without regard, seemingly, for whether the acquired information might help save the species.
Yet on the whole, the information presented in this book, and the research being conducted, is opening vitally important windows into the world of migratory birds and providing insights essential to ensuring that these winged marvels thrive long into the future.


Psychologists since Freud have argued that guilt plays a huge role in the development of morality, but there are competing views over how that actually happens. One camp thinks guilt acts in a negative way, deterring people from repeating the same bad behavior. Another camp believes guilt acts positively by motivating people to conform to social expectations.
A new study, published in the June issue of Psychological Science, tried to determine how—and whether—guilt is linked to positive behavior. Study participants, who were all white Americans, were hooked up to brain monitoring equipment and filled out a questionnaire measuring their levels of different emotions. They were then presented with a series of pictures of white, Asian, and black faces. Afterwards, on a private computer screen, they were shown a phony graph that led them to believe their brains had reacted negatively to the pictures of black faces and positively to the others. Then they filled out another questionnaire to measure their emotions again. As anticipated, their feelings of guilt shot up drastically. What’s more, their actual brain activity suggested that they felt inhibited, seeming to validate the first camp’s argument that guilt acts as a deterrent against bad behavior.
But the researchers then showed participants a series of magazine article headlines and asked them to rate how interested they were in reading each article. Participants who had felt guiltier than others were the ones most likely to express interest in articles with tips for reducing racial prejudice. Contrary to their earlier brain scans, their brain activity now indicated these participants wanted to take positive action, suggesting that the second camp’s view on guilt may also be right.
Taken together, the results support both camps’ assertions and suggest guilt may have two functions. It might initially make you feel bad, discouraging you from repeating the guilt-inducing behavior. But it might also encourage positive behavior, intended to reduce that feeling of guilt.
While the study sheds light on guilt’s positive function, lead researcher David M. Amodio says it also raises questions about people who don’t seem to experience guilt at all. “Chances are, they won’t learn from their mistakes and shouldn’t be expected to improve in their future behaviors,” he says.


The justice of Frederick II
Consider the case of Frederick II, an 18th-century king of Prussia. Frederick fancied himself an enlightened monarch, and in some respects he was. On one occasion, he is supposed to have interested himself in the conditions of a Berlin prison. He was escorted through it so that he might speak to the prisoners.
One after the other, the prisoners fell to their knees before him, bewailing their lot and, predictably, protesting their utter innocence of all charges that had been brought against them.
Only one prisoner remained silent, and finally Frederick’s curiosity was aroused.
“You,” he called. “You, there!”
The prisoner looked up. “Yes, your majesty?”
“Why are you here?”
“Armed robbery, your majesty.”
“And are you guilty?”
“Entirely guilty, your majesty. I richly deserve my punishment.”
At this Frederick rapped his cane sharply on the ground and said, “Warden, release this guilty wretch at once. I will not have him here in jail where by example he will corrupt all the splendid innocent people who occupy it.”
This page was last updated February 1, 2006.


Biodiversity risk by the numbers
Alternative Energy leads in biodiversity risk incidents, Brazil experienced most severe risk incidents
# February 2022
Protection of biodiversity is key to a healthy planet and a healthy economy – and with the UN Sustainable Development Goal No. 15 aiming to prevent land degradation and biodiversity loss, this objective is at the forefront for public and private market participants.
However, in the past two years alone, 35% of companies (approximately 23,000) and 64% of projects (approximately 15,000) in RepRisk’s dataset have been linked to a biodiversity1 risk incident.
With this in mind, we took a closer look at what our data reveals about the issue of biodiversity.
First up: countries with the most biodiversity risk incidents in 2021.
Source: RepRisk ESG data science and quantitative solutions, www.reprisk.com
Of ten locations with the highest count of biodiversity risk incidents in 2021, Indonesia and Mexico see the most biodiversity risk, proportionally, while risks of this category are most severe in Brazil.
The above graph illustrates the percentage of a country’s total risk incidents that are related to biodiversity. Indonesia has the highest percentage of biodiversity risk incidents – more than half of total ESG risk incidents in the country. Indonesia contains the world's third largest area of rainforest, and is credited as being the most species-rich country on earth.2 That includes 68 critically endangered species, and 69 endangered species, and 517 vulnerable species. The country with the most severe risk incidents is Brazil, which has the most rainforest in the world.
Second: sectors with the most biodiversity risk incidents.


Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage ... with notes by the translator. Extracted from the 'Scientific Memoirs,' etc. [The translator's notes signed: A.L.L. ie. Augusta Ada King, Countess Lovelace.]
R. & J. E. Taylor, 1843
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according action addition algebraical algebraical notation analysis Analytical Engine arithmetical arranged assent attained Babbage bad education belief Bridgewater Treatise Brougham cards Charles Babbage classes clergy coefficients columns combined computation consequences consideration cycle dealing with evidence degree diagram Difference Engine discs division Edinburgh Review effect equal equations error evidentials examined example executed explained express extent fact formula habit heresy indices indifferent inscribed invention IV₁ JAMES MILL latter Lord Brougham machine manner mathematical mathematical analysis means mechanism Menabrea merely metic mill mind mode multiplication nature necessary notation Note nth function Numbers of Bernoulli numerical calculations numerical data numerical value object obtain Operation-cards opinions particular perceive performed powers preceding present principles processes proposition quantities question reader religion represented requisite respecting series of operations side signs subtraction successive suppose symbols thing tical tion truth Turin understanding Variable-cards Variables zero


A doughnut cutter is a special hand-held and operated cutting tool for making doughnuts.
In rolled out dough, it cuts out a circle, and then a small circle at the centre of that circle.
Using a doughnut cutter
To use, you roll out the doughnut dough first, then press the cutter into the dough, and twist the cutter to cut out the shape.
You can get doughnut cutters that will make heart-shaped holes.
Commercially, machines push doughnut batter out in rings of batter straight into the hot oil.
Most recipes will advise to flour the cutter between each cut.
One large biscuit cutter (or glass) to cut out the doughnut plus one small biscuit cutter (or glass) to cut out the centre.
Most sources report that doughnut cutters were invented by a John F. Blondell of Thomaston, Maine in 1872. In fact, he received American patent 128,783 (on 9 July 1872) for an “Improvement in Doughnut Cutters”:
“My invention has for its object to furnish an improved device for removing the dough from the cutter-tube automatically… A represents the cutter for cutting doughnuts and other cakes.
B is a tube which serves as a handle in using the cutter, and which passes through and is secured to the center of the top of said cutter, and which is designed to cut a hole through the center of the doughnut or cake. In the middle part of the tube B is placed a coiled spring, C, to the outer end of which is attached a plunger, D.
By this construction, when the cutter is forced through the dough, the follower D is forced inward, compressing the spring C. As the cutter is raised from the dough, the spring C pushes the dough out of the center tube B, leaving said center tube free for making another cut….”
The drawing appears to depict the device made of wood.
His patent, however, makes no mention of restricting the construction to any particular medium.


KlæmaOld Norwegian Dictionary - klæma
Meaning of Old Norwegian word "klæma" in Norwegian.
As defined by the Johan Fritzer's Old Norwegian dictionary:
- klæma, v. (md) forhaane (af klám, ags. clæman, beclæman); klæmdu mjök íorðum sínum Maumet ok TerrogantFlov. 16315; þó ek gæta kleimt einn-hvern þeirra Fld. III, 5448.
Part of speech: v
Possible runic inscription in Medieval Futhork:ᚴᛚᛅᛘᛆ
Medieval Runes were used in Norway from 11th to 15th centuries.
Futhork was a continuation of earlier Younger Futhark runes, which were used to write Old Norse.
Also available in related dictionaries:
This headword also appears in dictionaries of other languages related to Old Norwegian.


Recent studies have identified the benefit – even necessity – of spending time outdoors for people of any age. Specific to children, research has found that children who play outdoors are smarter, happier, more attentive, and less anxious than those who spend most of their time inside. But why? Here is what the Child Mind Institute has to say about the benefits of exploring nature:
- It builds confidence: Trying something new and being successful builds confidence. Unstructured time in nature offers unlimited options for novel experiences and in turn gives children more control over their play and learning.
- It promotes creativity and imagination: Unstructured play allows children to think more freely, design their own play schemes and in turn approach the world in creative and novel ways. What can they do with a twig or a rock? The sky is the limit!
- It provides different stimulation: Nature activates all the senses as your child can see, hear, smell, and touch the environment. For our children with sensory processing differences outdoor play is a safe place to explore different sensory experiences and provide that just right challenge.
- It gets kids moving: In today’s society we are in a constant battle to pull kids away from the screen. Outdoor play remedies that dilemma by providing a fun way to get their bodies moving and engaged with the world around them.
- It makes them think: Nature creates a unique sense of wonder for children, setting the stage for them to ask questions, try new experiences, and figure out how to engage with their surroundings.
So, get out of the house! Whether it be your backyard, a neighborhood park, or one of the many beautiful state parks in our area, provide safe opportunities for your child to explore. Go on a nature treasure hunt, identify birds or plants (there is an app for that!), dig with a stick, start a collection of rocks, take a hike, make art projects such as leaf etchings, or build something creative with things you have collected from nature. The opportunities are endless and the benefits are invaluable.


Exciting news came from the area of nuclear fusion energy this past week as the team from the Alcator C-Mod tokamak announced their new world record for plasma pressure. Before getting to that, please note that you can interact with the C-Mod Team during their Ask Me Anything session hosted by Reddit on Thursday, October 20 beginning at 13:00 EDT. More information at https://www.reddit.com/r/science/
This record achievement came about on September 30, 2016 during the very last experiment at C-Mod. The tokamak facility is now shut down, leaving only one major facility operating within the Department of Energy’s Fusion Energy Sciences portfolio (the NSTX-U facility is hopefully down for only one year). C-Mod’s experiences during the end of their experimental campaign is covered by MIT News.
An excellent set of descriptions and general explanations for this can be found at the Alcator C-Mod Pressure Record: FAQ. That FAQ is a great example of the talented student population at C-Mod (I couldn’t imagine getting senior scientists to prepare a clear explanation of the pressure record in “layman’s terms“).
This leads us to the most important question: how does the pressure of a tokamak plasma compare to a regulation NFL football?
To address that question, I have updated the football comparison graphic and show the result below. Not only has C-Mod surpassed the 2 atm mark for the first time in the history of tokamak operations, but it has also become the first tokamak to produce a plasma pressure greater than a regulation NFL football.
Of course, the pressure of a Tom Brady football is much easier to surpass.
Congratulations to the C-Mod Team for their accomplishment!
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A hernia usually occurs when an internal organ of an individual’s body squeezes or pushes through a weak spot surrounding the muscle or fascia (connective tissue) tissue. It generally develops in the groin area and abdominal wall area.
A hernia that takes place near the belly button or the umbilicus is called paraumbilical or umbilical hernia. In this health condition, the navel and abdominal wall gets damaged. Typically, in infants, the navel or belly button hole tends to shut- off soon after the baby is delivered. But, in the case of an umbilical hernia, the abdominal muscles fail to completely join together and the tissues and intestines surrounding the navel bulge through the weak spot near the umbilicus. This means, umbilical hernia mainly occurs when the abdominal muscle opening that helps to let the umbilical cord pass through fails to completely close.
Generally, umbilical hernia does not cause any discomfort and it is painless. While it may be large in size, the lump resolves on its own without necessitating any hernia treatment as a child ages to 2 (or 3) years. However, if the umbilical hernia is persistent at age 4, it may require surgery.
When the abdominal content protrudes out, along with the bowel and mesenteric fat, the condition is termed paraumbilical hernia. It occurs in the ligaments or muscles located close to the navel that is observed as weak points. This leads to discomfort because the fatty tissues get confined in one place, which is visible as a lump that can be seen or felt.
While an umbilical hernia is commonly observed in newborn infants, paraumbilical hernia, however, is observed mostly in adults.
An umbilical or paraumbilical hernia in adults may frequently occur due to the following factors:
Post-surgery, paraumbilical hernia repair recovery takes a few weeks. Activities of daily living may be limited for the next two weeks.
While there are rarely any complications from the surgery, there are possible problems such as:
For more information, check with Our Hernia Specialist and seek immediate help!
For a personalized assessment, contact our clinic at 6737 8878 or drop us a message here.
Your welfare is our priority and we will be in touch with you soon.


Think Differently: How to Take a Patient-Centered Approach to Memory Evaluation & Treatment
Memory is often thought of as a single ability or function. It is, however, much more layered than that.
The Nuances of Memory
Broadly speaking, memory is the ability to remember. When asked about their memory, people will often say that they have a good memory or that they have a bad memory. However, memory is more nuanced than that- sometimes it works, and sometimes it doesn’t. Think about your own memory…does it always work well? Is it better for some things than for others? How do you feel about your memory? When it works well, you feel good; when it doesn’t, you may feel frustrated, embarrassed, or be unaware.
Memory Strengths & Weaknesses
There are many ways to think about memory. Increasing a person’s awareness of these different approaches can help them grasp their own memory-related strengths and weaknesses. As a clinician, besides facilitating patients’ insights, thinking about memory in multiple ways can increase your ability to help patients improve their memory function, increase their daily life participation, and maximize their quality of life.
For example, here are some common patient statements paired with clinician responses that can elicit patient self-assessment and useful insights:
Patient: “My memory is awful.”
Clinician: “What do you mean by ‘my memory is awful’?” and “Can you think of any times when your memory worked for you?”
Patient: “I can’t remember new things anymore.”
Clinician: “Describe some situations when you couldn’t remember new things” and “What do you do to try to remember new things?”
Patient: “When was I supposed to have that done by?”
Clinician: “Why do you think that you don’t remember that?” and “What do you remember about when the due date was made?”
As described above, thinking about memory in different ways will inform specific patient-centered approaches to evaluating and treating every individual with decreased memory abilities.


table of contents
Vocabulary, historical data, rules or formulas – some things have to be learned by heart. Card index boxes with several compartments for flash cards have proven themselves to bring system into the buffalo: There is a question on the front of the cards, the answer is hidden on the back. If it is already “seated”, the card moves from the first compartment to the next and is now queried less frequently. The others stay in the first subject and have their turn more often.
Learning with card index goes back to the Austrian publicist Sebastian Leitner. In its original form, the system promised that everything would be learned in 90 days. For each of the classically five subjects in the card index, there is a time schedule recommended by learning researchers for repetitions, which is intended to permanently consolidate the knowledge acquired.
Interesting apps for iOS and Android:
The modern form of flash cards is in mobile apps for cell phones and tablets. Each app sets the learning rhythm a little differently. Many claim the implementation of the original Leitner principle, others a “Spaced Repetition Algorithm”. The learning theory behind the index card method considers a point in time shortly before what has been learned to be forgotten to be ideal for repetitions. In order to pinpoint this point in time, an app has to ask how well the fabric is already sitting; only a few do that. Most apps do not elicit any details about how their repetition scheme works. If you want to influence the learning rhythm, you need an app with adjustable settings – indispensable if the exam is due in 14 days.
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Adobe Creative Suite applications like Adobe InDesign and Adobe Illustrator support many kinds of transparency. You can assign opacity and blending mode attributes to objects. You can create effects like drop shadows and glows. And you can place graphics from other applications in the PSD, TIFF, AI, and PDF formats (PDF files must be Acrobat 5.0 compatibility or higher) which contain transparency.
For example, in the example from Adobe Illustrator below, there are two circles stacked on top of each other. The top one is selected. The Transparency panel shows that it has an opacity setting of 50% so it is considered transparent. This transparency is considered live transparency because it’s still editable.
Many commercial printers use PostScript RIPs that require the flattening of transparency. The PostScript language they use was written before transparency was supported in artwork. When artwork is flattened objects must be broken into pieces (“atomic regions”) but flattening process attempts to maintain the appearance of the original
In the example below, the objects have been flattened. They are no longer editable, and all of the objects are opaque. (The objects are moved apart to show the pieces of the original.)
Flattening can happen by printing to a PostScript file, or when you export to a PDF file and choose a PDF preset that supports flattening transparency—for example, PDF/X-1a or PDF/X-3. We discussed selecting a PDF preset in another blog post.
Need help with your print? Talk to a live print expert today: 800-930-7978.


Gum disease can be a potentially serious condition, leading to additional health problems, tooth decay, and loss of teeth. Knowing the signs and symptoms of gum disease is important for your overall oral and physical health.
Types of Gum Disease
There are actually two different types of gum disease:
Gingivitis means inflammation of the gums, this condition happens to be the most common . Gingivitis usually presents with bleeding gums, or red and swollen gums. There usually isn’t much pain or discomfort with gingivitis but If left untreated it can lead to periodontal disease, the other type of gum disease.
Periodontitis means inflammation of the tissue around the teeth, often causing shrinkage of the gums and loosening of the teeth. This can sometimes be quite serious, especially if left untreated. With this type of gum disease, the body attacks itself as it tries to rid itself of the bacteria and decay that has worked its way below the gum line. It can affect not only your gums, but also the bone of the jaw.
Signs and Symptoms
There are several signs of gum disease that may be present, depending on the type of gum disease you have and how advanced it has become. If you notice any of these signs and symptoms, contact us today for an appointment and treatment. It is important that it is treated quickly and effectively. The common signs and symptoms of gum disease are:
- Bleeding gums
- Red, swollen, or sensitive gums
- Gums pulling away from the teeth
- Consistently bad breath
- Teeth becoming loose or separated
- Changes in bite or how dental appliances fit
What You Can Do
Usually the best way to fight gum disease is to change your oral health habits. You may not be brushing correctly or frequently enough, or flossing incorrectly or not at all. Your dentist will also have some additional treatments for gum disease depending on the severity. If you have any of the signs of gum disease, contact us today for an appointment.
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Tuesday’s COP26 theme turns the attention toward gender. Topics today will address not only the ways in which women, girls and marginalized people are disproportionately impacted by climate change, but also the importance of their leadership and participation in driving solutions. By working collaboratively, governments, civil society, and businesses can advance gender equality in climate action and finance, and deliver the goals of the Paris Agreement.
If you are interested in learning more about gender justice issues consider viewing one of the sessions below:
Not without us! – Pathways to a gender just transition: This session will debate the interlinkages between gender justice and just transition. How do lived experiences differ for women when it comes to the impacts of the climate crises and how do they deal with it? How can the coping mechanism developed by women in different sectors influence the just transition debates? Are current just transition debates taking into account care work and gender segregation in the labor market? And what would a gender just transition look like?
Earth observation-based innovation by and for Indigenous women for climate change adaptation: Indigenous women are key climate defenders who possess invaluable knowledge and expertise for climate change responses, yet they are the most affected by climate change. Earth observation (EO) data and tools co-designed by and/or with Indigenous communities, are enabling Indigenous women and youth to integrate their Indigenous knowledge with climate change adaptation plans.
Full list of available Green Zone sessions.
The work of the Presbyterian Hunger Program is possible thanks to your gifts to One Great Hour of Sharing.


The United States Post Office and Court House in downtown Harrisonburg is significant for its association with racial desegregation in public education as the site of judicial rulings directing the desegregation of Virginia’s public schools. In 1956, Judge John Paul, Jr., of the Western District of Virginia, issued the first order in the state pursuant to Brown vs. Board of Education (1954, 1955) directing a public school system to desegregate immediately. In 1958, in another state first, Judge Paul’s order directing the City of Charlottesville and Warren County to admit African American school children triggered orders from the governor to close the affected schools. School desegregation cases continued to be administered from this court throughout the 1960s. The Post Office–Court House is also a significant example of a federal government building erected under New Deal–era federal programs intended to relieve the economic problems caused by the Great Depression. The building was perceived as a symbol of community pride and achievement and as a representation of the federal presence in Harrisonburg. The United States Post Office and Court House is an important example of the Neoclassical architectural style popularized through the federal building projects of the 1920s and 1930s.
[NRHP Listed Only]
Many properties listed in the registers are private dwellings and are not open to the public, however many are visible from the public right-of-way. Please be respectful of owner privacy.
VLR: Virginia Landmarks Register
NPS: National Park Service
NRHP: National Register of Historic Places
NHL: National Historic Landmark


TERM/WEEK: THIRD TERM/WEEK 2
DATE: 12th July, 2020
CLASS: Grade 4
TOPIC: World Religions and Words Pertaining to Them
Reference: Mastering English
Notes for the pupils
Religion is the belief of a supernatural ruling power known as supreme being who is the creator of the universe. People all over the world have different ways of worshiping the supreme being.
There are several religions in the world but the three major religions in Nigeria are:
- Traditional religions
Today we will be studying words pertaining to Christian religions
- Christianity – Religion founded by Jesus Christ.
- Christians – Believers in the teaching of Christ.
- Hallelujah – A Hebrew word meaning praise God.
- Church -A place of worship for Christians.
- Diocese – A district of which a bishop is in charge.
- Holy Bible – Holy Book of Christians.
- Laity – Ordained members of the church.
- Mass – Celebration of the Eucharist or the lord’s supper by Catholics.
- Requiem – A mass for the dead.
- Blasphemy – Speaking against God the creator.
- Deacon – The clergy man lower in rank than priest/pastor.
- Missionary – One whose job is to spread the Gospel of Jesus Christ.
- Gospel -The account of the life of Jesus Christ written by Mathew, Mark, Luke and John the Evangelist.
- Hymn – Songs used in worship.
- Christmas – A feast for remembering the birth of Jesus Christ.
- Easter – A feast for remembering the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the grave.
- Good Friday – A feast for remembering the death of Jesus on the cross.
- Cassock – A long loose gown worn by a priest, canons or pastors.
- Pilgrimage – Journey to holy land – Jerusalem.
Write down 10 words pertaining to Christian religion, they must be different from the ones you have already been given in this lesson.


Shakespeare's Head Building and Garden
The Providence Preservation Society stewards this building at 21 Meeting Street that has been known as “Shakespeare’s Head” since colonial times. Also known as the John Carter House, the building is a square, three story residence with a low hip roof, a center chimney, and a five-bay façade. The name “Shakespeare’s Head” recalls the colonial era when the building was used as a print shop and post office by John Carter, who had trained with Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia. His family lived upstairs. The writing-related enterprises inside were advertised by a sign featuring the head of Shakespeare on a pole outside the building. John Carter built the house in 1772 and published the city’s first newspaper, The Providence Gazette, here until 1793. His family continued to live in the house after the print shop and post office were moved to Market Square. Behind the building is a 1939 Colonial Revival Garden that is free and open to the public for exploration during daylight hours. More information is available at 24 Meeting Street, the offices of the Providence Preservation Society, M-F, 10am-5pm.Show More
All efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information on this website, however it is subject to change. Information is updated in an ongoing manner in partnership with local tourism offices, individual businesses and organizations and via a direct feed from goprovidence.com, discovernewport.org, southcountyri.com and Yelp.com.
What's Nearby 21 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02903


More siblings: lower risk of divorce?
Researchers continue to study divorce to see why couples get divorced and who is most at risk for getting divorced in the future. In their effort to see what may lead to divorce, a new study suggests that the number of siblings may impact a person’s risk of divorce.
The study by researchers at Ohio State University found that individuals who have more siblings are less likely to file for divorce. The researchers said that the risk of divorce decreased by two percent for every sibling a person has, up to seven siblings.
The study also said that people who are only-children were less likely to get married and more likely to get divorced in the U.S.
Why would children with more siblings be less likely to divorce. The study suggested that individuals who grow up with more siblings develop more social skills. They also said that children from larger families may be able to handle conflicts better as well as have more family cohesiveness compared to kids from smaller families or with no siblings.
The study’s findings are interesting but other researchers may not be so sure about the findings. Children in today’s society are able to develop many social skills regardless of coming from large families or not.
Divorce can be a complicated and difficult decision to make. Individuals thinking about getting divorce should understand the implications it will have on their life, including their finances, living arrangements and future goals.
Filing for divorce can be complex and there are many factors to consider during the divorce process, especially when their is marital property and assets to divide. Individuals getting divorced should contact a divorce attorney to discuss their specific issues.
Source: Mercator Net, “More siblings means less divorce risk,” Nicole M. King, Aug. 17, 2013


“When should I take my baby to the dentist?” is often one of the most common questions asked by parents. Most parents are often surprised when told that it is recommended to take their child to visit a dentist by the time their first tooth appears. As parents, it is important to understand that babies can develop cavities on their tooth as early as when they develop their first tooth.
As per the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, a child’s first visit to the dentist should be by his/her first birthday. The first dental visit is more for the parents than the child, as parents are then made aware that good dental hygiene is not limited to prevention of cavities. It is during this visit that parents learn about various oral health practices crucial to ensure their child’s dental hygiene. Parents are made aware that;
- Milk teeth start to fall at the age of 6 and continue to be replaced by permanent teeth till the age of 12 years in a child
- Milk teeth play a vital role in aesthetics, phonetics, mastication and maintaining the size and shape of jaws and also as a guide in the eruption of permanent teeth.
- Maintenance of healthy milk teeth from the time it appears in the mouth
- About teething
- The importance of healthy eating and good oral hygiene
- Various undesired oral habits that can be harmful to teeth development like thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, nail-biting, etc.
- About the compulsory dental and oral checkup, once in 6 months, as a preventive and early management of problems
During the first visit, the dentist will check your child’s existing teeth, gums, alignment etc.
Another common concern parents have with regards to dental care for their kids, is whether to consult with a dentist or a pediatric dentist. Either type of dentist is capable of addressing a child’s oral care needs, however, it’s highly recommended that a pediatric dentist is consulted as he or she may better understand a child’s behavior that may help put the child at ease.
During your baby’s first visit make sure that as parents, you have all your concerns addressed.
Aster Clinic, Karama (UMC)


Mumps (or mumps parotitis) is a viral illness often occurring in childhood, caused by the mumps virus.
The mumps agent
Mumps is an illness caused by the mumps virus that belongs to the Paramyxoviridaefamily. The virus enters the body through the upper respiratory tract. The virus usually only has a tropism limited to human beings.
Transmission of mumps
The virus is transmitted between human beings without contact being necessary. Viral particles can be excreted by the patient's saliva, contaminate the surrounding air and infect a new target.
The targets are generally children, although adults can also be infected. The disease is more severe in adults.
Symptoms of mumps
The respiratory tract infection is initially asymptomatic. The virus then spreads in the blood and colonises the whole body. The initial symptoms only develop in the salivary glands after a long incubation period (three weeks) this produces uni or bilateral parotitis (an infection of the largest salivary gland, the parotid gland). In addition to the salivary glands the virus can develop in all glandular organs including the ovaries, testes (which may cause sterility), pancreas, kidney or even central nervous system causing meningitis or encephalitis.
Treatment of mumps
The treatment is mainly symptomatic: it does not directly target the virus. There is, however, a preventative vaccine which is often given in combination with vaccines against rubella and measles.
Mumps is a viral disease which affects the salivary glands. © DR


News — friend
ABC bilingual Brains
abc books children childrensbooks english farsi finglish finglisi friend ibooks iran iranian persian pinglishMona Kiani
Can children learn two languages at once? "What do we know about the way babies learn to speak, particularly in bilingual households? A lot of scientists refer to their work as their 'baby', but University of Western Sydney's Dr Karen Mattock's lab studies really do involve babies, especially those that are learning two languages at the same time. Listen to her fascinating description of the way babies in bilingual households learn to speak." Incredible interview with great insight into bilingual brains Drive with Richard Glover For the first time, Persian and non-Persian parents can teach their children...
Bubble not to be confused with Habib with Englisi Farsi
bilingual books children childrensbooks download ebooks english englisifarsi farsi finglish finglisi friend habib ibooks iran iranian newrelease newyear norooz noruz nowruz persian pinglish underthesea virtuesMona Kiani
The word Bubble transliterates to Hobáb. Not to be confused with the arabic word for Habib- which means "friend"! Tag a Habib who needs Englisi Farsi to help them with their Persian. For the first time, Persian and non-Persian parents can teach their children Farsi using the familiar phonetics of the English alphabet (finglisi). To cater to the next generation of multi-lingual and multi-national families, the series are available in printed book and e-Book form with interactive audio pronunciation and inviting, colourful images. Englisi Farsi Bilingual Book Series


Nearly 6 million people die every year from tobacco-related illness, but breaking the addiction is easier said than done. Current smoking cessation therapies include the nicotine receptor agonist varenicline, the antidepressant bupropion, and various nicotine replacement therapies (gums, patches, and lozenges). However, more effective aids are needed, because only 15-30% of people who use these therapies remain tobacco-free in the long-term.
One alternative to drug-based therapy is a "nicotine vaccine". In fact, a number of nicotine vaccines are in clinical trials, but show varied success when compared to placebos.
Researchers at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) are taking a different approach. They knew a number of microorganisms were capable of degrading tobacco waste, and one bacterium, Pseudomonas putida, is extremely good at it.
“The bacterium is like a little Pac-Man”, says Kim Janda, professor of chemistry at TSRI, “it goes along and eats nicotine”.
Non-pathogenic P. putida uses a number of enzymes to degrade nicotine to fumaric acid. Song Xue, a graduate student at TSRI, investigated the enzyme NicA2 for its safety and efficacy as a smoking cessation drug, and the preliminary data appears quite promising.
When Xue and colleagues combined serum from mouse blood, nicotine, and NicA2, the half-life of nicotine dropped from 2 to 3 hours to between 9 and 15 minutes. On top of that, NicA2 remained stable in serum, produced no toxic metabolites, and proved to be heat stable for up to 3 weeks. These are all signs that NicA2 could one day help people kick the tobacco habit.


Distraction, Mood and Memory: Good Medicine for PainDr. Jim Collins
While there are many coping mechanisms one can engage in when life is tough to handle, distraction has been shown to be effective in helping people effectively deal with depression. Interestingly, distraction has also been shown to be effective at managing and reducing physical pain.
When one takes his or her mind off pain for a while, it may seem less bothersome. Either self-distraction or forced distraction can both be effective at alleviating pain. This is especially true for those who work or live in enriched environments or those with lots of things to do, to see or listen to, and to take part in. On the other hand, those in simpler environments with less to do, experience more pain. There simply aren’t enough distractions.
Other forms of distraction that have been shown to reduce pain include:
- Practicing yoga
- Watching movies
- Listening to music
- Reading a good book
- Having interesting conversations
- Immersing oneself in nature
All of these activities are positive and lead to an increase in the body’s production of its own natural pain killers. These activities also put people in good moods, which also influence the perception and experience of pain. When one is in a good mood, pain is less likely to drag down one’s mood. Also, when one is in a good mood, positive memories are more likely to be recalled, which can further decrease pain.
Being distracted, in a good mood and retrieving happy memories also stimulates neurochemicals which can elevate the mood even more and further decrease the pain. Evidence of this is prescription antidepressants which help not only mood but are prescribed for pain.
To sum it up, physical pain can intensify when people focus too much on it, are in a bad mood, and think about negative memories. On the other hand, to effectively decrease pain one needs to have positive elements of distraction which uplift mood and stimulate happy memories. The body and brain, then take over to produce chemicals to further assist at reducing pain.


Originally featured in Points West magazine in Summer 2016
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West “Cowboys & Indians” poster
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West effectively marketed its appearances through bright, colorful posters depicting dramatic, exciting adventures that occurred in the American West. This early poster, circa 1887, depicts a rare encounter between cowboys and Indians.
In 1866, Nelson Story and a group of cowboys drove cattle across the Bozeman Trail through the Powder River Country at the height of Red Cloud’s War. A group of eighty Lakota and Cheyenne warriors attacked six to eight of Story’s men. The cowboys formed a ring with their horses, defending themselves while the warriors scattered the cattle. One cowboy and one Lakota warrior were killed in the fracas.
During his stay in the Dakota Badlands, Theodore Roosevelt heard of this event. He described the cowboys as “good riflemen” who “killed a good many ponies, and got one scalp, belonging to a young Sioux brave who dashed up too close, and whose body in consequence could not be carried off by his comrades, as happened to the two or three others who were seen to fall.” Roosevelt also noted, “Both the men who related the incident to me had been especially struck by the skill and daring shown by the Indians in thus carrying off their dead and wounded the instant they fell.”
Famed western artist Frederic Remington illustrated the event for Theodore Roosevelt’s “Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail,” a series of articles published by the Century Company in 1888. Buffalo Bill used a similar image based on Remington’s illustration for this poster promoting Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, further promulgating the western iconic image of cowboys and Indians in combat, albeit a rare historical event.
Woodblock engraved print, Calhoun Printing Company, 1885. Museum purchase. 1.69.6148


The sequencing batch reactor process (SBR process) is a variation of the conventional activated sludge process. The SBR consists of a reaction chamber that initially serves as a biological reactor and then as a sedimentation tank. In contrast to continuous-flow reactors, the SBR is filled and emptied discontinuously. The traditional spatial separation of the biological processes and sedimentation is replaced by a temporal one. The interval betaken the beginning of the filling process and the end of the extraction of clearwater and a possible rest period is called a cycle.
The SBR cycle is characterised by a sequence of successive process phases. The hydraulic decoupling of the SBR process makes it possible to design the duration, frequency and order of the cycle phases variably. The cycle starts with the filling phase in which the initial breakdown processes begin under anaerobic or anoxic conditions. In the actual decomposition or reaction phase the reactor is aerated. Depending on the purification goal, non-aerated phases can also be introduced. Then comes the sedimentation phase in which the activated sludge settles and a layer of clearwater forms. The clearwater is extracted in the sedimentation phase. The cycle then starts over again.
The SBR process does not require a secondary purification phase.
1. Filling phase (biological reactor)
2. Purification phase
3. 60-minute sedimentation phase
4. Clearwater extraction phase


Junrui Yang, Zitian Chen, Yanyi Huang
The micro-droplet generator is a automated lab machine made by myself. It uses the shear force at the opening of a fast moving nano-pipette to generate massive amount of equally-sized oil droplets in water. The machine plays a very important role in preparation of DNA-encoded dynamic libraries.
Producing micro droplets is a very essential procedure in genetic sequencing, including dPCR. However, the conventional equipment, a type of microfluidic chip, used to generate them is extremely expensive. This machine I make is a very powerful replacement for the original solution, with the benefit of high throughput and low cost. In addition, the same technology used in micro-droplet generator can also used in parallel, providing new possibilities for droplet generation. Micro-droplet generator also have a significant advantage that it will only introduce little sample loss (about a few microliter, significantly less than microfluidic chip), making it a perfect equipment in droplet generation.
Micro-droplet generator have a motor to drive a micro pipette to move water droplet around in the substrate oil, utilizing the shear force generated between the pipette and the substrate, small droplet will break down on the needle tip. During work, the generated control air pump and motor to create a constant pressure on pipette and constant speed for motor to create evenly distributed micro droplet. Currently, the generator can generate droplet effectively for diameter target than 100 micrometer with the same speed as conventional solution. In the future, the same technology can be used in generate droplet in parallel, which is a great advantage over other solutions.


I am so thrilled to share these incredible butterfly printables with you all today. The lovely Andreja, from Itsy Bitsy Fun, made these especially for you Preschool Inspirations readers, and they are so adorable.
I’m also including five ways to implement printables to make these some incredible hands-on learning tools.
1. Scissor Practice
Pull out some scissors and have the little ones practice cutting on the lines.
Use a ruler, measuring tape, math manipulatives, or snap blocks to measure the different lengths and segments.
3. Use Comparative Words
Talk about how the lines look. Some are curvy, straight, diagonal, and others zig-zag.
4. Add Playdough
Just laminate these and add them to a playdough table. It would be great to see what shapes and ideas little ones come up with.
For children who have great fine motor skills, this would be perfect. Print these out on cardstock then allow them to use a needle and yarn with pre-cut dashes or holes.
Just click on any photo or this butterfly printable to download your copy!
To find more great printables, you can follow Andreja on her website or facebook page.
- DIY Animal Puzzle - October 31, 2022
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Richest 1% have more money than poorest half of world’s population
The bottom half of adults in the world collectively own less than the richest one percent, according to a Credit Suisse report. The gap between the super-rich and the poor has significantly grown since the global crisis.
The wealthiest one percent owned 42.5 percent of global wealth in 2008, the bank reports.
"The downward trend reversed after 2008 and the share of the top one percent has been on an upward path ever since, passing the 2000 level in 2013 and achieving new peaks every year thereafter. According to our latest estimates, the top one percent own 50.1 percent of all household wealth in the world,” the report said.
"Global wealth inequality has certainly been high and rising in the post-crisis period,” according to the bank.
While the bottom half of adults collectively own less than one percent of total wealth, the richest ten percent owns 88 percent of global assets.
Last year saw 2.3 million people becoming new dollar millionaires. The total number of millionaires has increased to 36 million. “The number of millionaires, which fell in 2008, recovered fast after the financial crisis, and is now nearly three times the 2000 figure,” Credit Suisse said.
The poorest 3.5 billion people, who account for 70 percent of the working age population, each earn less than $10,000 and account for just 2.7 percent of global wealth.
Global wealth now stands at $280 trillion, and this figure is likely to be over $340 trillion in five years. On average, each adult owns $56,540.
You need to own $76,754 to be a member of the top 10 percent of global wealth holders and $770,368 to belong to the top one percent.


Building Paper Bridges: Family Science Spotlight
Build bridges from paper to explore civil engineering in this family STEM activity. Does the shape of the materials make a difference?
What helps make a bridge strong? In this family science activity, explore bridge engineering with kids by making paper bridges that stretch between stacks of books. How does changing the shape of the materials (the paper) change the strength of the bridge? This is a fun and creative science activity you can do with kids that brings civil engineering and materials science to life. Add to the fun of this activity by testing the bridges with lightweight toy figures to see how the different bridges react to weight. Keep in mind that these are paper bridges! Even so, with some tinkering—and application of science—you and your family can build paper bridges that have some weight-bearing capacity! Make it a challenge on a long afternoon, or do it together for a quick and easy science exploration.
- Build the Best Paper Bridge (activity)
- Bridge Building Bonanza: Which Design Wins? (activity)
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- Imagine Your Story - STEM Activities for Storytellers of All Ages!


The products we buy as well as the services we use have an impact on the environment. One way to measure this impact is through the carbon (CO2) released in the atmosphere as result of the energy used to produce the products and services we use. This is the so-called carbon footprint which measures the CO2 as well as all the other greenhouse gases (ie methane, NOx, etc). We can take measures to reduce our impact on the environment, only if we know what it is, how large it is and which activities contribute most to it.
Click here to find out the APEEEL footprint
Individuals as well as organisations can measure their carbon footprint.
There are different free, online services which provide rough estimates to the individual carbon footprint – for example
You can find out what your (your household) foot print is via one of these online calculators. Keep in mind that Luxembourg as a country overall has one of the highest carbon footprint How does your results compare to the average? How did it change before and after Covid? Here are mine taken before COVID with holidays abroad. Let us know your thoughts email@example.com
Calculating companies and organisations footprint is a somewhat more complicated than that of an individual, however it has much bigger impact overall. Within the association we have taken the first step by calculating the Scope 3 emissions, which cover all indirect emissions for which the association is responsible (for example by organising the afterschool clubs). We have prepared a detailed report which outlines the main areas of our activities responsible for our emissions as well as the areas we have captured and those that we still need to look into in the future.
This is only the first step. Using these findings we can look into ways to reduce our emissions.
We would very much like to hear our members views on this topic as well. We invite you to give us suggestions on how best to proceed onwards in our journey to lowering our emissions.
Secretary & member of the Ecology Working Group


Malta has become the 45th state party to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. It deposited its instrument of ratification on 21 September 2020 as world leaders met to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the United Nations. The move also coincided with Malta’s Independence Day, which marks the date on which the country declared its independence from the United Kingdom, a nuclear-armed state, in 1964.
Just five more ratifications are now needed to bring the treaty into force. In a press release, the foreign ministry said that the goal a world free of nuclear weapons is “a guiding principle of Malta’s foreign policy” and its ratification is testament to its commitment to global disarmament, which is “crucial to securing a safer future for all and for future generations”.
Malta’s permanent representative to the United Nations, Ambassador Vanessa Frazier, signed the treaty on 25 August, less than a month before the country ratified it. The foreign ministry stated that its decision to become a party to the treaty underscored “Malta’s unwavering commitment towards nuclear non-proliferation, and highlights its commitment towards achieving prosperity through peace”.
Malta participated in the negotiation of the nuclear weapon ban treaty in 2017 and was among 122 nations that voted to adopt the final text. The treaty comprehensively and categorically outlaws nuclear weapons and establishes a legal framework for the elimination of existing stockpiles. It also mandates assistance to victims of the use and testing of nuclear weapons.
In 2016, Malta was a co-sponsor of the UN General Assembly resolution that established the formal mandate for states to commence the negotiations in 2017 on “a legally binding instrument to prohibit nuclear weapons, leading towards their total elimination”. A year earlier, it was among 127 states that endorsed a “humanitarian pledge” to cooperate “in efforts to stigmatise, prohibit, and eliminate nuclear weapons”.
21 September 2020


The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) is a federally funded resource offering justice, substance abuse, and victim assistance information to practitioners, researchers, and scholars. The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) is a federally sponsored program that shares publications and other information including grants and funding opportunities and upcoming training and conferences from the United States Department of Justice’s Office of Justice Programs (OJP) agencies and National Institute of Corrections (NIC). NCJRS also maintains a criminal justice library and serves as a resource for law enforcement and other criminal justice agencies.
NCJRS services and resources are available to anyone interested in crime, victim assistance, and public safety including policymakers, practitioners, researchers, educators, community leaders, and the general public. NCJRS hosts one of the largest criminal and juvenile justice libraries and databases in the world, the NCJRS Abstracts Database. The collection, with holdings from the early 1970’s to the present, contains more than 210,000 publications, reports, articles, and audiovisual products from the United States and around the world. These resources include including Federal, state, and local government reports, books, research reports, journal articles, and unpublished research.
The National Criminal Justice Reference Service


Learning how to build self-discipline is a skill that takes practice and courage. It is important to understand that developing self-discipline takes time, and it is important to remember that practice makes perfect. So, how can you start building self-discipline right now? Here are some strategies that you can use to improve your self-discipline.
Learn To Control Your Impulses and Emotions
Your lack of self-control may lead to unproductive behaviours such as impulsive buying, overeating, or avoiding social situations. Furthermore, the process of developing self-discipline is no less important as it’s a lifelong skill, and you can start by learning self-awareness and how to control your feelings so that they do not stand in your way of achieving your goals.
It Requires Courage
Building self-discipline can be a challenging process. In order to develop this quality, you must be brave and willing to go through pain in order to develop it. Small victories will help you build your confidence and self-discipline, but they will require courage on your part. Here are some tips to build self-discipline. First, learn to identify your vulnerabilities.
Build New Habits
Developing self-discipline requires making active choices. Building a new habit is difficult because it involves making an active decision to follow through with it. You might even feel self-conscious about making such a change. However, this discomfort will motivate you to make the change.
Keeping a Journal
Writing in a journal builds self-discipline and reduces anxiety. Writing is a process that demands stillness. Taking time to reflect on your past experiences can help you cope with the stresses of the day. A journal is an opportunity to reflect on your experiences and set the framework for your day ahead. It also allows you to work through problems and frustrations. You can use your journal to process your emotions and feelings or get your thoughts organized.


Be consistent One reason why franchise restaurants are so popular is because people know what to expect when they eat there. User interfaces also need to make a great first impression on users and then remain consistent so users generally know what to expect from a program at any given time. For example, suppose a program displays a toolbox of icons on the left side of the screen. Now what happens if the user chooses a command and suddenly the toolbox of icons either disappears or appears in another part of the screen for no apparent reason at all? Having the user interface suddenly change its appearance or behavior while the program is running is certain to confuse and annoy users.
By staying consistent in appearance and behavior, a user interface can be predictable so the user feels more comfortable using it (just as long as the user interface was designed properly in the first place). Focus on the task Ultimately, the user interface must make it easy for the user to achieve a specific result from the program, whether it involves creating greeting cards, editing digital photos, or typing messages into a blog. If the user interface doesn’t make the main purpose of the program clear and easy, users don’t know or understand what to do.
The program in Figure 10-20 is designed to help people create stories, but rather than display its various tools for story writing, this program forces users to choose a file to open first. At this point, most users will wonder which file to choose, where to find a file, and why they need to open a file if they’re using the program for the first time?


Previous studies have found rotavirus vaccination to be highly cost-effective in low-income countries. However, updated evidence is now available for several inputs (ie, rotavirus disease mortality rates, rotavirus age distributions, vaccine timeliness, and vaccine efficacy by duration of follow-up), new rotavirus vaccines have entered the market, vaccine prices have decreased, and cost-effectiveness thresholds have been re-examined. We aimed to provide updated cost-effectiveness estimates to inform national decisions about the new introduction and current use of rotavirus vaccines in Gavi countries.
Over the period 2018–27, rotavirus vaccination has the potential to prevent nearly 600 000 deaths in Gavi countries. Averted outpatient visits and hospitalizations could lead to treatment savings of approximately $484·1 million from the government perspective and $878·0 million from the societal perspective. The discounted dollars per disability-adjusted life-year averted has a very high probability (>90%) of being less than 0·5 times the gross domestic product per capita in 54 countries, and less than 1·0 times gross domestic product per capita in 63 countries.
Rotavirus vaccination continues to represent good value for money across most Gavi countries despite lower rotavirus mortality estimates and more stringent willingness-to-pay thresholds.


Re-use of vegetable waste to produce packaging materials
PARTNER ORGANIZATION :
Baray Kampong Thong and Phnom Penh
VILLAGEWORKS (Villageworks Cambodia Co. Ltd.) is a social enterprise whose objective is to create sustainable income opportunities for marginalized rural communities and people with disabilities. The beginnings of the company date back to 1997, with the initiative of a Methodist missionary in the village of Baray, in the Kampong Thom district (250 km north of Phnom Penh). In 2001, Villageworks opened its first training and production centre and ten years later the company became a guaranteed member of the World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO). Today Villageworks provides training and market access to more than 300 artisans. Some of them – mostly women – are organized in home-based producer groups in different rural villages; others operate from the premises in Baray. Villageworks is also managing two own shops and a center in Phnom Penh, where young people with polio and landmine victims are trained and employed.
Villageworks is strongly committed to environmental responsibility. In the recent years some of their products made with recycled and upcycled materials (such as cement bags) got distributed in the Fair Trade shops of several Western countries. Today the company is piloting a new project to develop a plastic-free alternative for the packaging of crafts, made from banana tree fibers. Each banana plant only flowers and bears fruits once, then the tree dies and gets discarded. The idea is to recover the vegetable fibers from that waste and use it to manufacture a type of paper, which could replace the usage of plastic for the packaging of the products. Furthermore, the company is also planning to install solar panels to power the machinery which would be used for the banana-paper manufacturing.


If you have a loved one in a hospital or nursing home, you may have heard the term “bedsores.” Bedsores are also known as pressure ulcers and they are injuries to the skin and the underlying tissues that form after there has been prolonged pressure on the skin. These pressure ulcers can also form from friction or shear.
Bedsores can appear essentially anywhere on the body, but there are spots that are more common if an individual is confined to a bed or wheelchair. Someone in a wheelchair may have pressure sores on the tailbone, buttocks, shoulder blades, spine, or the back of his arms and legs where they rest against the chair. If a person is confined to a bed, she may develop bedsores on the back or sides of the head, rim of the ears, shoulders, shoulder blades, hips, lower back, heels, ankle, and skin behind the knees.
Not all bedsores are the same and will fall into one of four different stages. With the most basic bedsores in stage one, the skin is still intact, it's slightly red, and may be a different temperature or texture from other parts of the skin. However, a stage four bedsore is extremely severe and may expose muscle, bone, and tendons. The damage also usually extends beyond the primary wound to lower layers of healthy skin.
Medical personnel are trained to take action to prevent the formation of bedsores in patients under their care. Thus, when bedsores develop, they can be a sign of hospital or nursing home neglect of a vulnerable patient.
Bedsores are nothing to take lightly and should be treated immediately should they form. If left untreated, pressure ulcers can cause sepsis, cellulitis, infections, cancer, and even death.
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Cancer of the penis often affects adult males. It may be treated with surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
Penile cancer or cancer of the penis in adult males is a common problem in African, Asian and the South American countries. However, it is relatively rare in the United States and Europe.
The penis is the male reproductive organ through which sperms and urine pass out of the body. It contains erectile tissue, which brings about erection, and a central urethra. The tip is known as the head or the glans. It is covered with loose skin called the foreskin, which is absent in circumcised males.
Penile Cancer Risk Factors
Some of the major risk factors for penile cancer include the following:
• The presence of intact foreskin is found to be a major risk factor for developing penile cancer. Thus, circumcised males have a lower risk of penile cancer.
• Men with a history of phimosis are also at a high risk for developing cancer of the penis. Phimosis is a condition in which the foreskin of the penis cannot be pulled back over the glans. This leads to accumulation of cells and urinary products (called smegma) below the skin. This could result in chronic irritation, thus contributing to the development of cancer.
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is another significant factor contributing to the development of penile cancer. HPV type 16 and 18 were found to be strongly associated with this form of cancer. The HPV virus is also associated with cervical cancer in females. Circumcision in males could reduce the chances of this viral infection.
Other risk factors include:
• Age between 50 and 70 years
• Smoking or the use of tobacco products
• Balanitis or inflammation of the glans penis
• Injury to the penis
• Having many sexual partners
• History of genital warts or sexually transmitted diseases
• Poor personal hygiene.
The cancer usually presents as a swelling or a sore on the penis. It is often associated with pain, discharge, bleeding or foul odor.
The cancer can spread in three different ways in the body. It can spread by invading the normal tissues, by invading the lymph system or via blood.
Penile cancer is diagnosed with the help of a biopsy of the affected part. Radiological tests are used to check for spread. Like other cancers, surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used in the treatment of penile cancer as well.


North coastal Olympic Peninsula
Major Contributing Streams: Sol Duc, Bogacheil, Calawah
River Length: The Quillayute itself is only about 6 miles long, its longest tribuatary, the Sol Duc, is 78 miles long.
Drainage area: 850 sqaure miles
Main Tributary Length: Sol Duc, 78 miles
Secondary Tributary Length:Calawah, 31 miles, with perhaps 400 miles of perennial streams.
The Calawah has a summer and winter hatchery steelhead program.
The Bogacheil has a winter steelhead hatchery program.
The Sol Duc has a spring chinook, and summer and fall coho program.
Although habitat was badly degraded in the early days of logging, the upper rivers are now protected by the Olympic National Park, and the lower rivers are recovering due to better logging practices.
There are no dams on the Quillayute System
There is sport fishing harvest allowed on native fall Chinook, and native fall Coho. There is concern over potential hooking mortality on native winter steelhead due to the popularity of the fishery.
The Quileutae tribe commercially harvests all native species, this fishery amounts to close to 1 million pounds a year


MIT recently announced three ambitious initiatives that will explore environments on this planet and far beyond.
Closest to home, MIT researchers at the Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling will work with Singaporean scientists to develop environmental-sensor networks that could aid efforts to monitor, model, and perhaps even control features of the environment, such as air and water quality. The researchers will initially collect real-time data in Singapore; eventually they hope to deploy the sensor networks widely for both large- and small-scale environmental studies.
Beyond Earth, two satellites slated to launch in 2011 will carry out MIT’s Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission. Researchers plan to use the satellites to gather data on lunar gravity, in order to learn about the moon’s internal structure and history and to gain insight into the evolution of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
MIT scientists are also planning to build a set of radio telescopes on the far side of the moon after 2025. They hope to gather information about the cosmic Dark Ages, the period when the universe’s stars and galaxies first took shape.
Geoffrey Hinton tells us why he’s now scared of the tech he helped build
“I have suddenly switched my views on whether these things are going to be more intelligent than us.”
Meet the people who use Notion to plan their whole lives
The workplace tool’s appeal extends far beyond organizing work projects. Many users find it’s just as useful for managing their free time.
Learning to code isn’t enough
Historically, learn-to-code efforts have provided opportunities for the few, but new efforts are aiming to be inclusive.
Deep learning pioneer Geoffrey Hinton has quit Google
Hinton will be speaking at EmTech Digital on Wednesday.
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In medieval there were only two prisons in Bukhara. One was for the political prisoners inside the Ark fortress. And Zindan, which means “underground and in the dark” in Persian was for the other criminals.
Twice a month, Emir adopted decision to whom to execute, and whom to pardon at Registan square.
By the way, crime rate in Bukhara was very low and mainly debtors were kept in Zindan. However, only 40 persons could be kept in Zindan. As religion has paramount importance in Bukhara Khanate, violators of religious customs also joined them.
Early in the morning, a special official - rais - visited any mosque with check. And if someone was not at the morning prayers, he sent people to find this person. Rais issued warning or ordered to beat the culprit with lashes. For persistent failure to comply with religious obligations, the culprit can be sent to Zindan.
Emir’s Prison was constructed in the 18th century. Outwardly, it looks like a small fortress. There was a narrow corridor for walks of the prisoners. It was located in the top of Zindan. There was also tomb of the “saint” of prisoners - Kuchkar-Ata (the 8th century).
There were several chambers for debtors, punishment cell and dungeon, which was called as Black Hole by people. The prisoners and food were delivered to the hole with help of ropes. It was diameter of about 5 meters and the depth – 6.5 meters. In extreme cases, the prisoners were placed to Bit-hana (hole of mistakes). The hole was full with scorpions and poisonous insects. People were horrified from it. Nobody come alive from the hole.
Currently the museum operates in Zindan of Emir. Several cameras with mannequins and a torture chamber show the life of the prisoners. One room tells about the judicial system in Bukhara in the 19-20th centuries.


We started our day with a story about getting along. We read the story Friendship Is Like a Seesaw, by Shona Innes. This book uses a seesaw as a way to show children that everyone in a relationship has a part to play. When the seesaw is balanced, both friends are happy. But sometimes in relationships, one friend might be happy when another is feeling sad, or sometimes friends say hurtful things and the seesaw is not balanced. There are all kinds of things that can make that seesaw feel unbalanced, but both friends can do something to make it balance again. We also talked about how sometimes friends just need a break from one another, but that doesn't mean that aren't friends or won't be as close as they were once.
During Writing Workshop, we talked about Five Star Writing. These are the things our writers should be attempting in their writing.
These are still skills the students are learning and have support in their writing. Correcting everything they write is overwhelming to them, so we look at what the students are doing well as writers, and build on that. Our writers are at different places in their development as a writer, so each writer is working on different goals. I will be meeting with each student to determine a writing goal they will be working on for the next few weeks. These are some of the mechanics of writing that may be a goal. Some children may be working on adding more details to their writing.
Mondays are a day when we don't have specials, so I did as much testing as I could to get some of the smaller sub-tests done. The students did a great job of working quietly in Writing Workshop, during independent reading, and when practicing recognizing numbers made with tally marks, so we are off to a great start in testing. Thank-you to everyone who let me know of days and times their child would be absent from school, as well as late or picked up early. That really helps me get a good schedule I can use to get through this as quickly as possible!
Have a nice evening!
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Ask NASA Climate | August 2, 2010, 17:00 PDT
Weather got its freak on
From Michelle Williams, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
Though the summer heat and humidity makes it seem like a lifetime ago, the record-breaking snows in the eastern U.S. last winter are not something we will soon forget. Several feet of powder fell on most of the Mid-Atlantic region during February 2010, and a study from Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory gives us new insight into what caused the freaky weather.
A rare combination of weather — not climate — patterns seems to be the culprit. El Niño produced abnormally wet conditions in the southeastern U.S.; a negative North Atlantic Oscillation pushed frigid Arctic air down from the North. This collision of moisture with abnormally cold air led to more than six feet of snow over the region between December 2009 and February 2010.
The visualization above, derived from the Goddard Earth Observing System Model Version 5 (GEOS-5) and created by NASA Goddard's Scientific Visualization Studio, shows the first wave of the February snowstorms hitting the East Coast about four seconds into the animation. The second wave forms off the west coast of Mexico's Yucatan peninsula — about twelve seconds in — and then pummels the East Coast.
Cross posted and adapted from NASA’s What on Earth blog. Michelle is based in Washington, D.C.


Drainage Planning and Service
Water is essential to maintaining a healthy lawn and garden, but too much water can result in flooding, pooling, soil erosion, and significant damage to your landscaping and even your house. Making sure your lawn gets the proper amount—but not too much—moisture is a challenge that many homeowners face.
If water isn’t properly draining from your property, then installing a drainage system may be the solution you’re looking for. A drainage system collects excess water and redistributes it to prevent flooding and damage to your property. There are two basic types of drainage systems:
A surface drainage system collects rainwater from the surface of your property and redirects it elsewhere, typically to an area of your property that gets too little water or can handle higher amounts of water. Surface drainage often requires the creation of channels or ditches and re-grading the land to eliminate puddling and over-saturation of your lawn or garden.
A subsurface drainage system is comprised of specially designed pipes that are installed just beneath the soil surface. These pipes collect excess water and move it to your garden, other parts of your property. Water can even be stored in specialized containers for future watering needs. If they are well-planned and constructed with high-quality materials, then subsurface drainage systems will function well for a very long time.
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