After running a sophisticated medical operation on live pigs. much better than a human surgeon, a self-contained surgical robot is now one step closer to operating theaters.
The birth of a star
When a portion of a patient's intestine is diseased or damaged, doctors must remove it and then suture the two healthy ends together. They do this to restore "the integrity of the digestive tract". The tissue is extremely soft, which implies that surgeons must use great care: incorrectly placed sutures could cause fatal leaks.
In 2016, Johns Hopkins University (JHU) introduced it Smart Tissue Autonomous Robots (STAR), a surgical robot intended to assist surgeons in performing intestinal anastomoses and similar operations.
At the time, the researchers they demonstrated that STAR could perform an intestinal anastomosis on live pigs, with the help of doctors, during an open surgery.
Open surgeries are risky because they cause more collateral damage and increase the risk of infection.
Today, STAR was updated to perform the procedure through a small cut rather than a large incision. The technique is known as "laparoscopic" or "keyhole". It often results in faster recovery times and fewer problems. However, it can be more difficult for human surgeons to move patients' internal organs. It takes a very, very delicate hand.
Well: not only is STAR now the first surgical robot to perform laparoscopy on its own, but it also performed it better than a human surgeon (based on criteria such as suture spacing, completion time and leak pressure).
"Our results show that one of the most complicated and delicate procedures in surgery (the reconnection of two ends of a bowel) can be automated," said the study's lead author. Axel Krieger.
STAR has correctly positioned approx two thirds of the 86 points made in pigs on his first try, he is much more "awake" than 2016. The skill of the robot surgery on laparoscopy is a huge step forward.
Sure, he'll need medical supervision for quite a while: a fully autonomous STAR is decades away, but the development of the surgical robot will make it a formidable tool. After human trials, it may be able to dramatically improve the work of human surgeons over the next five years.


Domain Key Identified Message(DKIM) is a signature-based email authentication technique designed to allow the receiver to check if an email was sent and authorised by the owner of the domain. This allows an organisation to assert responsibility for a message sent under an associating domain name. DKIM has been published as a Standards Track document by the IETF as RFC6376.
The need for email-validated identification arises because forged addresses and content are otherwise easily created and widely used in spam, phishing, and other email-based fraud. For example, a fraudster may send a message claiming to be from email@example.com to convince the recipient to accept and read the email, and it is difficult for recipients to establish whether to trust this message. System administrators also have to deal with complaints about malicious email that appears to have originated from their systems but did not.
Thus, DKIM can sign a message and allows the signer (author organisation) to communicate which email it considers legitimate. Moreover, it also provides a process for verifying a signed message. Verifying modules typically act on behalf of the receiver organisation, possibly at each hop. However, it does not directly prevent or disclose abusive behaviour.
DKIM uses two actions to verify the messages. The first action takes place on a server sending DKIM signed emails, while the second happens on a recipient server checking DKIM signatures on incoming messages. The entire process is made possible by a private/public key pair. The private key is kept secret and safe, either on the server or with your email service providers, and the public key is added to the DNS records for your domain to broadcast it to the world to help verify your messages.


I had a great conversation with some middle school teachers recently. They have been using Kidblog to encourage their students to share ideas, thoughts, and reflections with the rest of the class. It has been working well but one teacher brought up the point that there always seems to be a subset of her students who do not post with any detail or with very much thought behind their words. She has been encouraging them but they have not responded. This has now become a pattern.
We brainstormed a bit trying to come up with reasons why students might not willing or able to create well thought out, reflective posts.
The students might:
- be too socially aware that the rest of the class is reading their posts and so be hesitant to post very much
- not know what to write about
- not be fully aware of the expectations behind the blog post
- need more support with how to construct a paragraph of writing
- not care about posting
- not think that what they have to say has any value
- have forgotten to post
Thinking about all of this relates, I think, directly back to good pedagogical practice in language arts. Writing a blog post is simply a different form of writing than what they are used to, perhaps. It might be assumed that a blog would be a more engaging format for students and that might be true for many by not all. A writer who lacks confidence will have difficultly expressing in any form. So, it might be that these students have difficulty writing in any format for any purpose.
This feedback about students who are reluctant to post much on their class blog is not that common but I do encounter it from time to time. I think that sometimes educators assume that all students today are “digital natives” (which they are certainly not; sorry Mr. Prensky) and that just by giving them the right digital environment in which to write will draw out the self-expression that has been so slow in coming on paper. This is by no means the assumption that is always made but I think that situations such as this provide material for professional reflection about how to best develop written self-expression in any medium by students.
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Author:Priyadarshini*1, P, Chitdeshwari1, T and Sudhalakshmi2,C
DOI :https://doi.org/10.29321/MAJ 2019.000265
Iron availability in alkaline and calcareous soils is very much limited due to high pH and presence of the excess amount of carbonate and bicarbonate ions. Iron is though adequately present in soils, it is not always sufficiently available to plants due to their faster conversion into unavailable ferric (Fe3+) forms. The present study was taken up to understand the availability of Fe in soils and its relationship with various soil properties. A laboratory experiment was conducted with two calcareous soils and a noncalcareous soil and incubated for 45 days with various levels (0, 5 and10 kg Fe ha-1) and sources of Fe (FeSO4 and Fe EDTA) on calcareous and noncalcareous soils. The results revealed that increasing levels of Fe either as FeSO4 or Fe EDTA increased the availability in soils and higher availability was noted with the application of 10 kg Fe EDTA in all the three soils. A linear increase in the Fe availability was observed with the addition of Fe EDTA at 10 kg ha-1 up to 45 days while with the addition of 50 kg FeSO4 ha-1 higher availability was noticed up to 30 days after incubation. Inclusion of amendments viz., 12.5 t FYM and 0.25 % Acetic acid though further improved the availability in all soils, the effect was much better with FYM than the acetic acid in calcareous soils than in noncalcareous soil. A strong negative correlation was observed between soil pH and calcareousness with DTPA Fe availability.
Key words : FYM, Acetic acid, Fe levels and sources, Calcareous soils, Fe availability


Over the years, astronomers have readily detected stellar black holes, which are relatively small and equal in mass to a few Suns or less, and supermassive black holes, which are equal in mass to millions of Suns. However, black holes of intermediate mass have notably eluded detection, prompting scientists to theorize why. New research suggests that intermediate-mass black holes might not have been discovered because they may not exist in our modern-day Universe for a very simple reason: the growth rate of black holes.
Scientists believe that stellar-mass black holes form when huge stars die and collapse inward. These are the “standard” black holes you might envision when you think of stars dying, or when you imagine the millions of black holes that dot our Universe. Supermassive black holes are those that form the hearts of large galaxies like our own Milky Way. To date, the oldest supermassive black holes found include a discovery from 2015 — a throwback to a much younger version of our Universe, when it was only about 875 million years old. The overall picture presented by our findings on supermassive black holes so far indicates that those early days of the Universe were friendlier for the formation of supermassive black holes, since matter was more concentrated in the much smaller Universe.


Deepening Place Value Understanding in K-2 Through Explanation and Justification
Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary STEM Teaching and Learning Conference
This paper seeks to describe the importance of using the context of a candy shop and how focusing ondiscourse can deepen place value understanding in the base ten number system. Using the language of pieces(ones), rolls (tens), and boxes (hundreds) helps situate place value in a familiar context for K-2 students. Bestpractice in mathematics instruction is also addressed, including examining the progression of learning forplace value concepts, using effective tools to support place value learning, and using explanation andjustification to help students deepen their understanding of place value. The authors focus not only on contentand pedagogy, but also show how the content connects to the Mathematical Practices and ELA Speaking andListening standards. The purpose of this paper is to give current teachers something to think about as theyplan lessons on place value in their K-2 classrooms. The authors also want to give teachers a reasonwhydiscourse can help both them and their students as they progress through content.
Disney, Andria, Heidi Eisenreich.
"Deepening Place Value Understanding in K-2 Through Explanation and Justification."
Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary STEM Teaching and Learning Conference, 2.


Children and adults with behavioral problems may be difficult to deal with, and here is a novel technology that can probably benefit their caretakers. The Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) has developed a full, home-computer version of Behavior Breakthroughs. This interactive program apparently uses game-based strategies and 3-D imagery to provide the tools that parents, teachers and professionals who care for children with autism, ADHD or other disruptive behaviors need to intervene effectively.
The program is released in an abbreviated version as an iPhone app and a complete program for PC as well as Mac-based computers. It is based on the principles of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) and more than 40 years of empirically validated research. The data of this program possibly supports behavior intervention strategies developed by professional psychologists and educators. Behavior Breakthroughs reportedly offers an environment in which caregivers learn to effectively implement proven behavioral strategies and techniques.
“This program takes game-based learning in a new direction, providing direct, practical help for parents and caregivers based on sound science and the advice of leading psychologists. By interactively applying interventions in simulated scenarios and immediately experiencing the consequences, users can quickly learn the appropriate techniques and timing necessary to handle problems such as tantrums and self-injurious behaviors in a variety of everyday situations,” remarked Roel Almendarez, a senior research engineer in SwRI’s Aerospace Electronics, Systems Engineering and Training Division.
As users progress through the training, they come across more challenging scenarios to further develop their skills and intuition. The newly crafted interactive program introduces users to Asa, the program’s simulated boy. All the users have to do is control this boy’s behavior. For this, different ABA skills have to be mastered and behavior techniques such as shaping, chaining, correction, discrete trial, prompt fading and errorless teaching have to be applied. All these behavior techniques will be introduced in each of the six levels. The program gives an opportunity to learn and practice the use of ‘positive reinforcement’ as well as ‘extinction’ techniques to encourage behavior they want to see increase and reduce behavior they want to be decreased.
The full version can be purchased from Amazon, while an abbreviated version of the app is available from iTunes as a free download.


Speech and language therapy
Just because a therapy is associated with people getting better or worse, that doesn’t mean that the treatment made them better or worse.
Sometimes researchers find an association between something people do – like seeing a speech and language therapist – and something that happens to them – like having communication problems. This does not mean that what they did caused what happened to them. For example, it is more likely that people saw an SLT because they had a communication problem than going to the SLT caused the communication problem.
When there is a link between people seeing an SLT and their speech, swallowing or language improving the treatment may or may not be the cause. The link may have happened by chance or people might be improving or getting worse because of something else.
For example, in some countries ice cream sales and drowning are linked. When more ice-cream is sold, more people drown. That does not mean that eating ice cream causes people to drown. A more likely explanation is that people eat more ice cream when it is hot and they swim more when it is hot. So telling people to stop eating ice cream (a treatment) is very unlikely to reduce the number of people who drown!
BEWARE of claims that a therapy has an effect because it is associated with people getting better or worse.
REMEMBER: Think about whether you can be sure that there aren’t other reasons for the association.


(2 minute read)
On July 18, 1934, the final phase of aircraft evaluations under U.S. Army specification was about to begin. Three manufacturers had submitted aircraft for testing, Martin, Douglas, and Boeing.
Boeing’s entry excelled in all the evaluations, literally flying circles around the competition. Many considered these final evaluations a formality and there was talk of an order for between 150 and 200 aircraft. Boeing executives were excited, as a major sale would save the company.
During the final assessment, with all key decision makers on board, the aircraft made a normal taxi and take-off. It began a smooth climb, but then suddenly stalled. The aircraft turned on one wing and fell, bursting into flames upon impact.
The investigation found “Pilot Error” as the main cause of the accident. (The test pilot had failed to release an elevator locking mechanism, leading to the accident.)
As a direct result of this, a select team of pilots sat down and put their heads together. What was needed was some way of making sure that everything was done properly; that nothing was overlooked. What resulted was a pilot’s checklist. (Actually, 4 checklists were developed – take-off, flight, before landing, and after landing.)
With these new checklists, careful planning and rigorous training, the twelve ‘test’ aircraft managed to fly a total of 1.8 million miles without any accident.
With this, the idea of the pilot’s checklist quickly caught on. Other checklists were developed for additional crew members and checklists were then developed for the other aircraft in the Air Corps inventory. It became invaluable.
The Pilot’s Checklist is now standard operating procedure (SOP) in every aircraft flown today.
Lessons to be learned.
Without a process (checklist), how can we be sure if we have configured ourselves or our teams for error-free performance?
Whether it be following a recipe in your kitchen, or adhering to a tried and tested sales process, there is a lot to be said for developing and following a process or system.
Where processes and systems exist in your workplace, understand the value in adhering to them – or improving them.


Did you know supplements aren’t regulated like medications? Did you know that a ‘natural’ supplement doesn’t mean a safer supplement? Did you know that you can’t trust supplement labels? Due to post-market regulation, all supplements come with some amount of risk, which you can learn more about below.
This five-part series on supplements will give you an overview of the dietary supplement industry so that you can decide if the potential benefits of dietary supplements outweigh those risks. And, if you find you do need to use supplements, how you can better choose a low-risk product.
For both athletes and other consumers, there is often a misconception that dietary supplements are safe since they must go through the same rigorous vetting process that medicines and medical devices go through. Unfortunately, that isn’t the case. Supplements are regulated in a post-market manner, meaning that neither the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nor any other regulatory body evaluates the contents or safety of supplements before they are sold online and at major retailers, including grocery stores and GNCs.
Due to post-market regulation, the use of unhealthy, low-quality, or unlisted ingredients is a big problem in the supplement industry. Even though there are many high-quality and safe dietary supplements on the market, there is always the possibility that the supplement an athlete chooses could contain dangerous or illegal ingredients.
There are often no warning signs that a product is unsafe, and many athletes have suffered health problems or had positive drug tests from using products that are incorrectly labeled or contaminated with dangerous ingredients, such as anabolic steroids, pharmaceuticals, or research drugs. Sometimes, risky or dangerous ingredients are even listed right on the label or identified by a confusing name. Supplements can also contain low-quality ingredients or old or unstable ingredients that degrade very quickly.
Other supplements might not even contain the ingredients on the label. The FDA and other organizations list many examples of tested products containing zero amounts of a listed ingredient. In some situations, this could lead to malnutrition if the athlete stops eating foods with the ingredient because they relied solely on the supplement.


Data mining, a relatively young and interdisciplinary field of computer science is the process of discovering new patterns from large data sets involving methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics and database systems. The overall goal of the data mining process is to extract knowledge from a data set into a human-understandable structure.
The actual data mining task is the automatic or semi-automatic analysis of large quantities of data to extract previously unknown interesting patterns such as groups of data records, unusual records and dependencies. This usually involves using database techniques such as spatial indexes. These patterns can then be seen as a kind of summary of the input data, and used in further analysis or for example in machine learning and predictive analytics. For example, the data mining step might identify multiple groups in the data, which can then be used to obtain more accurate prediction results by a decision support system. Neither the data collection, the data preparation nor the result interpretation are part of the data mining step, but do belong to the overall process as additional steps.
Data mining's value comes from the ability to easily obtain timely and accurate information for decision-making purposes. Accessing information from these reporting environments often range from ad hoc queries to multidimensional analysis. While these forms of data analysis are excellent at answering the question or questions posed by the user, they do not provide any other insight. Individuals and organizations are recognizing that additional value may lie within the vast amounts of data that they are storing. By applying data mining techniques, which are elements of statistics, artificial intelligence and machine learning, they are able to identify trends within the data that they did not know existed. These techniques can be used for fraud detection, human resources, inventory logistics, defect analysis, business, and competitor and supplier intelligence.
Iknow has deep expertise in all aspects of data mining projects from initial requirements gathering, to database and data management aspects, to model and inference considerations, to post-processing of found structure, to creation of reporting dashboards, visualization and online updating, to system customization and deployment. We have experience managing data mining projects of many different sizes, from a small company trying to understand its own processes, to a large enterprise collecting and analyzing data over an entire competitive ecosystem.


Tune of the Day: Pavane
Fauré composed this haunting Pavane, op. 50, in late summer 1887 at his home in the Paris suburbs. Obtaining its rhythm from the slow processional Spanish court dance of the same name, the Pavane ebbs and flows from a series of harmonic and melodic climaxes, conjuring a cool Belle Époque elegance.
At first Fauré envisaged a purely orchestral work to be played at a series of light summer concerts. But after Fauré opted to dedicate the work to his patron, Elisabeth, comtesse Greffulhe, he felt compelled to stage a grander affair and thus he added an invisible chorus to accompany the orchestra (with additional allowance for dancers). The choral lyrics were based on some inconsequential verses, à la Verlaine, on the romantic helplessness of man, which had been contributed by the Countess' cousin, Robert de Montesquiou-Fezensac.
The little work grew immensely popular, with and without chorus, and Fauré's example would soon be imitated by his pupils, who went on to write pavanes of their own: Ravel's Pavane pour une infante défunte and Debussy's “Passepied” from the Suite bergamasque.


Drivers are bombarded with distractions no matter the length or complexity of the trip. From eating breakfast on the way to work in the morning to answering email on the way home in the evening, drivers are constantly tempted to multitask while behind the wheel. Unfortunately, certain technological advances make distracted driving easier than ever. But are safety features creating an unsafe environment?
Researchers at the University of Utah questioned whether various hands-free electronics made for a safer trip since drivers were not required to look at a screen or manipulate a menu with their hands. In association with the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, university researchers ran two independent studies.
- Smartphone hands-free study: One study focused on drivers using voice-activated commands to interact with their smartphones. They were dialing phone numbers, calling contacts, changing a music selection and sending texts.
- Vehicle infotainment system study: In the other study, the drivers were asked to interact with the vehicle’s built-in infotainment system. They were studied while voice-dialing, voice-contact calling and making music selections.
Both studies were conducted in the same manner. Drivers would travel at speeds of 25 mph or less along a designated 2.7-mile course through a Salt Lake City neighborhood. Researchers were occupants of the car and tested the drivers on the levels of distraction. The drivers in both studies ranged in age from 21 to 70 years old.
The drivers were told to react to a flashing LED light on a head-mounted unit. When they saw the light, they were to press a thumb switch. Drivers were measured on their reaction time as well as accuracy.
According to researchers, the most distracting of the devices studied could provide a level of cognitive impairment for as long as 27 seconds. The least distracting device could distract the drivers for as long as 15 seconds after use.
Unfortunately, while making a hands-free call or sending a voice-to-text message might seem like the safest level of driving distraction, there are still dangerous levels of cognitive impairment. Drivers of all ages, experience-levels and locales are cautioned to avoid any type of distraction and save multitasking activities until they have safely reached their destination.


I purchased your book “Edmund’s Food Ratings for Dieters” from the UCLA bookstore on a recent visit. Could you please tell me what kind of rating various waters would have?
I really enjoy your book and find it very readable and well researched. How can I find out about other foods that are not covered in your book? Thanks.
Also, do you have any educational materials that I can use in a middle school level science classroom?
With regards to water ratings, one comparison would be based on hard versus softened water. Hard water contains minerals, soft water doesn’t and may have higher sodium content. Research has found that minerals in hard water, though not in the most absorbable form, are better for your cardiovascular system (heart).
The second comparison would be based on tap versus bottled water including water coolers. Since many people are drinking bottled water, they may not be getting fluoride provided by fluoridated city water. Fluoride helps make teeth calcium harder and less likely to dental decay. Fluoride also helps make bones harder and less likely to break or lose calcium.
Glad you liked “Edmund’s Food Ratings for Dieters” which I co-authored. I have not rated additional foods yet.
With regards to educational materials that can be used in a middle school science class, I would suggest you contact the National Dairy Council in Rosemont, IL. They have many wonderful educational materials that are geared toward K through 12 students at a low cost. Also, General Mills in Minneapolis, MN has a wonderful computer program that has students analyze their breakfast (of course by choosing from various cereals and other foods). Also, you can contact the American Dietetic Association in Chicago IL for consumer educational materials. March is National Nutrition Month for which the ADA developed many aimed at K through 12 students.


Tree and shrub care is an important part of lawn and yard maintenance. Healthy trees and shrubs are not only beautiful to look at, they can also increase the value of your property. Regular care and attention is necessary to control harmful insects and feed the root systems of your trees and shrubs.
Gecko Green discusses a few helpful tips that can help ensure your trees and shrubs stay healthy and beautiful!
Staking your tree isn’t always necessary
Staking a tree improperly can cause damage to the tree and its root system. An improperly staked tree may invest all its resources in growing taller but not wider. This can cause the tree to not be properly supported once it reaches a certain height.
Mulching is very beneficial for your tree
Mulching is one of the best things that can be done to improve the health of a young tree. If the mulch is properly applied, it makes the yard look well groomed and improves the soil structure and oxygen levels in the surrounding soil. Make sure to add mulch at a depth of only one to two inches around the tree. Too much mulch can cause fungal and disease issues in the root system.
Protect your trees and shrubs from pests
Another very important aspect of proper tree and shrub care is treating for various types of insects. Pests can infest your trees and ornamentals without leaving a trace, causing a great deal of irreversible damage. We offer tree and shrub care that includes continual inspections to ensure that potential pests and risks are caught before any damage is done to your property.
Fertilize your trees and shrubs in the fall
Many people may not know this, but it is imperative that you fertilize your trees and shrubs to ensure they stay healthy during the cooler seasons. Here at Gecko Green, we inject liquid fertilizer directly into the roots of your trees and ornamentals, providing 100% absorption into their root system.
The nutrients provided by the liquid fertilizer will keep your trees and shrubs healthy enough to survive the winter season, and will make it look even better and brighter for the following season!
From insect and disease control to targeted trunk injections, the team at Gecko Green is equipped to handle your needs for tree and shrub care. They not only add to the beauty and look of your property, but if maintained, they also add monetary value to it as well! Gecko Green will make sure your tree and ornamentals are in good health, year-round!


Year 1 were extremely lucky to be selected for the first Forest School sessions of the year!
We had a brilliant couple of days in the woods. Mr Hodgson, who is our Forest School teacher, took them out to the field and went through the Forest School rules with them.
Forest School Rules:
1 - Look after yourself.
2 - Look after each other.
3 - Look after nature.
4 - Don't pick, don't lick.
The children picked up the rules quickly and could remember all of them on our second session.
He also went through some recall activities with them. The children are free to explore the woods independently, but when Mr H calls '1-2-3' the children must respond '3-2-1' and run to wherever it is that he is standing. They must do this quickly, sensibly and safely.
As the children were so well behaved on Thursday morning, on Friday afternoon we had a fire and the children made S'mores. The put the marshmallow on cleaned down sticks and then toast them in the fire themselves. They are taught how to do this safely before hand. The children thoroughly enjoyed this and they all had chocolate and marshmallows round their mouths when they had finished eating!
Here are a few pictures of our exciting few days! I wonder if your children can spot themselves in the pictures!


Jorge Sancho Muñoz
The main purpose of Stratolloon is to launch payloads into low Earth orbit with a stratospheric balloon and recover it safely. Stratolloon is designed to land on the user’s exact GNSS position, thus avoiding parachute issues and crashes with the ground, planes, and other objects.
Stratolloon consists of a reusable container (bus) that can slow its free-falling velocity, place payloads in the desired location, and avoid all types of damage once it is released from the balloon. This is possible thanks to four foldable
arms with multi-copter engines that work together with Stratolloon’s automated landing system and a ground station application. The solution also provides real-time mission data, including altitude and position based on GNSS, IMUs, barometers and ultrasound systems. Stratolloon is capable of flight times up to several weeks, during which it collects data in cruise mode and for more than 30 minutes in landing mode. This enables it to land in locations far from the point of release. The first version can recover up to 5 kg of payload from an altitude of 33 km, making Stratolloon the first system in the world that ensures the security of payloads from the ground to low Earth orbit and back again while also providing abort capabilities.
«The innovative GNSS soft-landing system of Stratolloon let’s your experimental payload land different: it lands safely in the established GNSS position.»
Managing Director, Val Space Consortium


CANUE Expert Webinar – Noise Pollution and Health – October 27, 2022 | 12 p.m. – 1 p.m. (ET)
Sound is a common feature of many cities. But unwanted, persistent and loud sound can become noise and affect our health. Exposure to noise pollution is associated with significant health hazards, including hearing loss, cardiovascular impacts such as heart disease and high blood pressure, metabolic disease, attention and memory loss, sleep disturbance, depression, and decreased quality of life. Those with a lower socioeconomic status are more likely to live in areas where they experience higher levels of noise pollution, putting them at greater risk of its health impacts. However, cities don’t have to be noisy. There are steps they can take to mitigate noise pollution and reduce its health burden.
This webinar will:
- Discuss prevalence of noise pollution in Canada
- Discuss how excessive noise affects health
- Discuss how cities can address noise and mitigate its health effects
About the Speaker
Dr. Oiamo is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies at Toronto Metropolitan University. His research in environmental health geography focuses on exposure assessment through the development of environmental models of noise and air quality, novel population exposure metrics, and simulation systems to assess health impacts of urban change. These efforts complement research activities that aim to further our understanding of environmental determinants of health as well as health and disease risks in vulnerable urban populations. Through collaboration with public and private sector partners, these research activities are applied and oriented towards environmental decision-making and policy. Dr. Oiamo also teaches on topics related to environmental decision-making, sustainable development, demography and environmental health.


ICIMOD is collaborating with meteorological and agricultural institutions in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) through its SERVIR Hindu Kush Himalaya (SERVIR-HKH) and Climate Services for Resilient Development ( CSRD ) Initiatives to establish agricultural drought monitoring and early warning systems. The aim is to improve the capacity of national agro-meteorology and agricultural agencies to develop data products related to crop monitoring and enhance the knowledge of national scientists on the interpretation of agro-climatic data in their respective countries. To this end, ICIMOD, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Agriculture Centre, and the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), in collaboration with the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), are organizing a four-day regional training workshop on Earth observation and climate data analysis for agricultural drought monitoring in South Asia. Objectives The overall objective of the workshop is to capacitate agriculture and climate scientists through a training workshop on the techniques of data development and analysis tailored for use in drought monitoring. The training workshop will impart hands-on skills and knowledge in remote sensing and climate data analysis to the workshop participants. Expected Outcomes At the end of the course, the participants are expected to be able to: Understand the basics of drought monitoring concepts based on Earth observation data products Evaluate Climate Hazard Group (CHG) and South Asia Land Data Assimilation System (SALDAS) data products with ground station data Understand the implications of drought conditions on crop yield Gain a basic understanding of weather forecasts and early warning systems The organizers expect that the workshop participants will initiate and foster further trainings to promote institutional capacities in generating data products related to drought. Expected Participants The training is meant for scientists/extension officers affiliated to the Department of Agriculture (DoA) – Ministry of Agriculture and/or Department of Environment – Ministry of Environment and the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) in SAARC Member States. The participants are preferably involved in agro-climatic studies, drought monitoring, and related advisory services. In addition to participants from the organizing institutions, the workshop will also bring together relevant participants from ICIMOD’s regional member countries.


Due to reduced prices and system complexity, Motion Capture (MOCAP) technologies, which traditionally are applied in ergonomics research and film/game industry, nowadays find more and more use in other areas (Bergler 2007, Brodie et al., 2008, XSens 2012). Another new technology, which finds application in an extended set of areas,like online markets or computer games, is the provision of instructions by animated virtual characters in order to successfully support a multitude of different users. Yet, when considering maintenance tasks, there are only few examples (Ziegeler & Zühlke, 2005). A well-known one is the animated pedagogical agent “Steve”, who teaches users how to use or overhaul complex machines (Rickel & Johnson, 1999). According to Rickel (2001) many advantages are united in animated pedagogical agents such as attention guidance with gaze and gestures. The major benefit is a deeper and faster learning process especially of procedural knowledge. This results from synchronizing oral explanation with visualized action sequences and with that a much more facilitated transfer of practical knowledge (Mischas & Berry, 2000). Regarding the context of Industrial Product-Service Systems (IPS²), which are characterized by a variety of different users, contexts of usage and highly specialized products and services an urgent need of descriptive and comprehensible user support is clearly noticeable (Uhlmann et al., 2008, Schmuntzsch & Rötting, 2011). Thus, our IPS²-related project (SFB/ TR29 B4) focuses, inter alia, on the combination of MOCAP technology with the modeling of an animated pedagogical agent, who demonstrates how to perform a maintenance task in an instruction video. In this article we will give a brief overview of the design process and address the advantages and challenges which came up.


“Jobs in STEM fields often are high paying and in high demand, which is why government leaders have been pressing colleges and universities to produce more STEM graduates. President Barack Obama has said that science and innovation are key to the country’s economy and that offering more opportunities for Americans to gain related skills can help create jobs. School districts nationwide have launched programs designed to improve the “STEM pipeline,” with the aim of helping pique and support children’s interest in science and technology during elementary, middle and high school. Organizations such as Black Girls CODE offer workshops and after-school programs to teach computer coding to girls from underrepresented communities.
A January 2016 study published in Social Problems considers how teacher demographics could influence that effort.”
[x_button shape=”square” size=”regular” float=”none” href=”http://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/education/female-science-math-teachers-stem-students” title=”How female science, math teachers influence whether young women major in STEM fields” target=”blank” info=”none” info_place=”top” info_trigger=”hover”]Read the full article.[/x_button]


Languages in Maltese
This is a list of some common languages in Maltese. This lesson is complementary to our other 2 pages: Nationality and Countries.
Now we will put some of the words above into a sentence which you might use in a regular conversation. All you need is to swap languages but keep the same sentence structure.
|I speak Italian: Nitkellem bit-Taljan|
|I want to learn Spanish: Nixtieq nitgħallem l-Ispanjol
|My mother tongue is German: L-ilsien nattiv tiegħi hu l-Ġermaniż|
|I love the Japanese language: Inħobb il-lingwa Ġappuniża
|I don't speak Korean: Ma nitkellimx bil-Korean|
|Spanish is easy to learn: L-Ispanjol huwa faċli biex titgħallmu
We hope you enjoyed this lesson about languages in Maltese. Let's check out the next topic by choosing the lesson below or choose your own topic from the menu above.
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In 2014, a group of researchers caught a glimpse of an unusual whale near the Great Pacific Garbage Patch located between Newport, OR and Hawai’i. The animal is about half the length of a gray whale and its head is equipped with a beak-like mouth. Oregon State University researcher Lisa Ballance, who heads the university’s Marine Mammal Institute, is now embarking on an expedition to study this elusive creature.
“The goal of our expedition is to find a very cryptic whale,” said Ballance.
The month-long expedition aboard the research vessel Pacific Storm has been spurred by photos of the animal, which now is assumed to be a beaked whale taken at random by those who were studying the plastic patch area.
“They snapped quick photos with their cell phones. No one knew what they were, and gradually those photographs made their way to us in the Marine Mammal Institute,” said Ballance. “If you imagine a bottlenose dolphin, they have a nose like that, but they’re very deep divers. They’re oceanic. They are not social. They’re shy of ships so not much is known about them.”
The researchers aboard Pacific Storm will use various techniques, such as high-power binoculars and acoustic recorders to locate the whale. They are hoping to obtain a DNA sample to identify the animal. The team will document their expedition online.
“By knowing more about what’s out there and by knowing where they are,” said Ballance, “we can better understand how our impacts might negatively affect those animals and what we can do about it.”
By Joanna Rosińska
Do you have a story for The Advocate? Email email@example.com


Dr. (des.) Deborah Enzmann
Colon, hyphen, bracket - A semiotic and cultural analysis
They sob, laugh, wink, stick out their tongues or roll their eyes. Emojis, the colourful ideograms and smileys were created in the 1990s in Japan and are omnipresent. Meanwhile, they have become part of everyday communication and essential to millions of people who use symbols when communicating.
The symbols from computer mediated communication (CMC) became socially acceptable with the emergence and spreading of “chats”. The desire for grapholistic instruments that would complement the standard system of characters and compensate for the lack of paralinguistic and non-verbal means of expression in the written language did not, however, coincide with the emergence of the CMC. Attempts to compensate for such shortcomings range from symbols for irony, indignation or to label a rhetorical question through to systems that enable authors to express emotions.
Similarly, iconically motivated constellations of characters formed from punctuation marks were developed long before CMC. It was the emergence of digital communication systems and the use of ASCII symbols that helped emoticons achieve their breakthrough. A facial expression rotated by 90° that was intended to avoid misunderstandings soon produced a colourful, varied world of characters that is now much more than a substitute for the lack of paralinguistic and non-verbal means of expression in writing.
The project will juxtapose the functions of CMC characters and their use with the formal development of the symbols and analyse their historical development. What is planned is a multidimensional analysis of the development of CMC characters from a semiotic, graphic, historical and cultural perspective.
Prof. Dr. Marc Ries
Prof. Klaus Hesse


STD Testing & Treatment
Sexually Transmitted Disease should be taken seriously
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that nearly 20 million new sexually transmitted infections occur every year in this country, half among young people ages 15-24.
Many people use both STI and STD interchangeably when discussing sexual health. An STI is an infection that does not show any physical signs or symptoms. It is contracted from another infected person through sexual activity, including vaginal, oral and anal sex, and skin-to-skin contact.
It becomes an STD (Sexually Transmitted Disease) when symptoms appear. It’s important to remember that not all infected people will have signs or symptoms. You do not have to have symptoms to be contagious; you can spread the disease any time you engage in sexual behavior.
Beyond the specific risks of each STD, women who are pregnant may have increased or additional risks by having an abortion while infected with an STD. You owe it to yourself to be properly tested before weighing your options.
If you are considering an abortion, STD/STI screening is extremely important because during the procedure, an STD/STI can be spread throughout the reproductive system causing additional complications. For instance, if you test positive for Gonorrhea or Chlamydia and have an abortion before you are treated, your risk of getting Pelvic Inflammatory Disease increases. All women considering an abortion should be tested for STD/ STIs, even if they are not experiencing any symptoms to ensure that there are no possible complications.
If you’d like to learn more about the types of STD’s, read more from the CDC.
A New Generation can help you get the testing and treatment you need.
A New Generation provides testing for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea. Treatment for Chlamydia is provided in the clinic. Clients who test positive for Gonorrhea will receive treatment from the Department of Health of Hernando County. Testing is free of charge.
If you are interested in learning more about Limited STD Testing and your options, please either call or schedule an appointment online.
A New Generation also offers services such as: Abortion Information, Pre-Abortion Screenings, After-Abortion Help, Pregnancy Testing, Parenting Classes, and more.


Lead can be found abundantly in many different materials, such as gasoline, ammunitions, batteries, solders, pipes, house paints, and even in toys. Due to its known health hazards, rules and regulations have been set to prohibit or reduce the use of lead in many of these common products.
But no matter how infrequently lead is used today, this harmful element may still find its way into your water, putting your family’s health at great risk. Lead in your water could be a result of:
- A private water well that is more than 20 years old. Lead can be found in the packer seal, or the part of your water well which separates the well from the screen underground. The lead may dissolve, causing it to mix with water.
- Water components made of leaded-brass, such as submersible pumps, faucets, vales, and coolers.
- Lead-containing solder used to bind copper water pipes.
To protect your family from harm caused by lead in water, equip your home with drinking and well water systems designed to get rid of water contaminants, including lead. To learn more about the products that can help you keep your family safe, consult with our team at American Water TX by calling (512) 388-0022 today.


GT innovators have developed an optical projection technique that improves printing quality for a novel additive manufacturing strategy, enabling cost-effective, large-scale 3D nanoprinting.
Femtosecond projection two-photon lithography (FP-TPL) is a nanoscale 3D printing technique that fabricates tiny structures a thousand times faster than conventional TPL techniques, without sacrificing resolution.
However, the technique requires tuning process parameters—including photopolymer material properties—to minimize defects due to over-polymerization. Georgia Tech researchers have altered the optical projection technique to control over-polymerization defects without the need to tune the photopolymer composition. This modification further reduces the aspect ratio of the submicron features from more than 2 to 1.2, resulting in well-defined structures and transforming FP-TPL into a more robust process suitable for high-throughput, high-quality 3D printing of micro- and nanoscale structures.
- High-performance: Enables a powerful process for high-throughput 3D printing of micro- and nanoscale structures
- Efficient: Reduces defects during printing to improve yield and decrease excess printing commonly observed with FP-TPL
- Improved: Broadens the applicability of FP-TPL to printing of functional micro- and nanoscale structures
- Photonic crystals
- Mechanical metamaterials
- Miniaturized optics
- Flexible electronics
Current technologies for fabricating complex 3D micro- and nanoscale structures are limited to point-by-point writing techniques that are very slow. For example, printing a millimeter cube of material can take up to 100 hours. Therefore, many promising devices that use these structures cannot be printed at the high throughputs required to scale them up for industrial use. The FP-TPL printing technique improves upon previous technologies by increasing the rate by a thousand times without comprising the sub-micrometer feature size resolution. This Georgia Tech innovation further improves upon the FP-TPL printing process by reducing defects during printing, which will improve yields and reduce time and costs associated with wastage.


The United Nations’ August 2019 report on climate change and land noted that at least a quarter of all food worldwide is wasted. Our RFID-based intelligent label solutions are designed to provide greater visibility into the food supply chain, helping producers, transporters, and retailers manage food inventories more efficiently. We believe that, over time, the data collected through RFID-enabled supply chains will enable producers to optimize the food supply for demonstrated demand. Meanwhile, grocers can already go a long way toward eliminating waste by using RFID-tagged products or pallets to get a more accurate picture of their inventories, monitor food temperatures, and better manage expiry to keep food from spoiling. We believe RFID can help grocers reduce waste by as much as 20%, and we’re conducting pilot projects to confirm our projections. As part of an effort by the Japanese government to make retailers more competitive by adopting the latest-generation technology, we’re supplying RFID tags to enable Japan’s 58,000 convenience stores better manage inventories, reduce waste, and automate customer service. Our innovations—including tags that are readable on packages containing metal and liquid, and that can be microwaved without fire risk—have removed barriers to RFID adoption in Japanese grocery stores and throughout the global grocery and food service industries. Our intelligent labels are helping reduce waste in other industries as well. In apparel and beauty, RFID is reducing overproduction by letting retailers see “hidden” stock that conventional inventory management systems might miss. And in consumer goods, our intelligent labels are telling product owners how to best recycle items when they are through using them.


Little information exists as to the exercise intensity that adolescents enjoy and whether identifiable subgroups of adolescents will choose higher-intensity exercise.
Healthy adolescents (N = 74; mean age = 11.09 years) completed a cardiorespiratory fitness test, a moderate-intensity exercise task, and an exercise task at an intensity that felt “good.” Heart rate (HR), work rate (WR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed every 3 minutes.
During the “feels good” task, adolescents exercised at a HR recognized as beneficial for cardiovascular health (mean HR = 66% to 72% of HR at VO2peak). Adolescents who experienced a positive affective shift during the moderate-intensity task engaged in higher-intensity exercise during the feels-good task as compared with those whose affective response to moderate-intensity exercise was neutral or negative (76% of peak HR vs. 70% of peak HR, P < .01).There was no difference between groups in RPE.
Adolescents tend to select an exercise intensity associated with fitness benefits when afforded the opportunity to choose an intensity that feels good. An identified subgroup engaged in higher-intensity exercise without a commensurate perception of working harder. Encouraging adolescents to exercise at an intensity that feels good may increase future exercise without sacrificing fitness.


Staying safe online
Stay safe online
4 tips for staying safe online from Health for Teens:
- Accepting friend requests, it’s not a good idea to add people you don’t know
- Sometimes people you meet online can change your views and opinions. Don’t be part of an online community that you find negative
- Think about what you’re posting and remember the golden rule: don’t share anything you wouldn’t want your gran to see!
- Don’t meet somebody you don’t know. You can never really know what someone is like just through their online character
Online safety the 5 Ps
The internet is a huge part of everyday life and you probably feel like you couldn’t live without it! These tips will help you stay safe online and protect you from harm:
- Privacy settings
- Personal information
- Padlock symbol
Cyber bullying is a form of bullying where digital technology is used.
You could experience cyber bullying via your phone, through social media platforms, when you’re gaming or when playing on your computer.
Remember these key points:
- Cyber bullying should be taken just as seriously as face-to-face bullying
- Cyber bullying can affect someone’s emotional health
- Cyber bullies can often cause distress to their victims by sending comments, videos or images to a person without their consent
- Cyber bullies may also try and hack into personal accounts to cause further harassment
- Cyber bullies like control and may ask you to do things you may not feel comfortable with
If you are a victim of cyber bullying it is important that you speak out and seek advice and support. To get help or if you want more advice, please use the following links:


Stone Names in English and Urdu! In this blog post, we will take a look at the names of stones in English and Urdu. We will start with the English words for different types of stones, and then we will provide the corresponding Urdu words. We hope that you find this information useful!
What is a stone?
A stone is a natural material that is found in the earth. Stones are used for a variety of purposes, including building homes, making jewelry, and creating art.
Stone Names in Urdu
There are many different types of stones, and each type has a different name. The following is a list of some of the most common types of stones and their English names:
Stone Names in English and Urdu (Infographics)
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And on the seventh day God finished His work which He had made; and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had made. Gen 2:2
The Primitive Root
Strong’s H4399, melakah, a concrete noun meaning,“occupation, work, business;” from Strong’s H4397, malak, a concrete noun meaning, “one sent, a messenger” (the same Hebrew word translated “angel” in English Bibles;) from לאך, an unused primitive root meaning, “to depute, to despatch as a deputy.” The ancient pictographs are lamed + aleph + kaph.
lamed ל = the shepherd’s staff, thus teach, yoke, to, bind
aleph א = the ox head, thus strength, power, leader
kaph כ, ך = the open palm, thus bend, open, allow, tame
According to the Ancient Hebrew Lexicon, the verbal root at the foundation of this whole family of words is lamed + kaph, as the one who takes the staff (lamed) in the palm (kaph) was the nomad who traveled on foot with his staff in his hand to provide support when walking. So then, the story becomes one who takes the staff (lamed), at the command of his superior (aleph), in his palm (kaph); i.e., one who walks (lamed + kaph) at the behest of another (aleph, higher in rank or authority being implied). Thus, the unused root meaning, “to despatch as a deputy.”
We can see what the primitive root has to do with angels, Strong’s H4397, but what does it have to with one’s occupation? God deputized Adam after Him, and carrying out that commission is man’s occupation.
And God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, after Our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the winged creatures of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.” Gen 1:26
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This WW1 commemorative avenue of nine (9) trees were planted by local citizens of Mont Albert, in Churchill Street, Mont Albert, Victoria.
This was in response to Queen Elizabeth’s state tour and as that she was driven down Churchill Street.
The trees were established exactly 50 years after the ANZAC landings at Gallipoli to recognize 4 brothers from one family who enlisted in the great war. The first who enlisted ( William Head) lost his life in the first wave of landings at Gallipoli on the morning of 25/4/15. 9 trees were planted to commemorate the 4 brothers from the same family and 5 of their mates from Mont Albert District who all enlisted together and all served in the Great War.
The original inscription on a plate attached to the central tree in the avenue reads:
IN MEMORY OF THE FOUR BROTHERS FROM MONT ALBERT
WILLIAM, FAWCETT, ROWLAND AND GORDON HEAD
ALL ENLISTED IN THE GREAT WAR
WILLIAM (WILL) DIED APRIL 25TH 1915 AT GALLIPOLI
LEST WE FORGET
This grove of nine trees were planted in their memory
On the 50th anniversary of Will’s death 25.4.65
By Citizens of Mont Albert
A public unveiling for the plaques’ restoration was held on Remembrance Day 2021.


AI has the potential to revolutionise the way we learn and teach, providing new opportunities for personalised and adaptive learning experiences.
It doesn’t take an educator in the classroom to tell you that each student is different. There is no ‘one size fits all’. One of the most significant benefits of AI in education is its ability to personalise learning experiences for individual students. AI can provide a targeted and adaptive learning experience for individuals, catering to their needs based on student performance, engagement, and learning style. This leads to better outcomes and increased student engagement, as learning experiences are tailored to their needs and preferences.
Assessments can be adaptive to the skills level of the students. This means the assessments are designed to adjust the difficulty of the questions based on the student’s answers. They receive questions that are tailored to their level of knowledge and understanding. The difficulty level of the questions changes based on how well the individuals perform on the assessment. This helps to measure student progress and proficiency.
Another benefit of AI in education is its ability to provide real-time assessment and feedback to students. In a busy classroom, it is not always possible for a teacher to give feedback immediately to everyone. AI-powered tools can analyse student work and provide immediate feedback to help students improve. This approach can help students better understand their progress and identify areas where they should focus their efforts. Additionally, AI can provide teachers with valuable insights into student performance, enabling them to adjust their teaching strategies accordingly.
Enhanced Classroom Assistant
A teacher comes with three core jobs: preparing the lesson, teaching it, and marking the work afterwards. It can be exhausting. And not to mention, a teacher is not just to pour teaching content to the students but also to nurture them. AI can enhance classroom management and help teachers create a more efficient and effective learning environment. AI-powered tools can assist with grading, scheduling, and record-keeping tasks, giving teachers the time to focus on individual students’ needs. This means the element of human touch is still in the classroom.
AI has the potential to transform the way we learn and teach, providing new opportunities for personalised and adaptive learning experiences.


On September 2, 2018, the National Museum of Brazil (Museu Nacional) was gutted by fire. The loss has hit the paleontology community (and the larger museum community) hard. I will highlight over the next few days some of the many priceless specimens that have been lost.
This year, the Museu Nacional celebrated its 200th year. I am hopeful all is not lost.
Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1, informally referred to as Luzia, was discovered in 1975 in a rock shelter locality near Belo Horizonte, Brazil, by a French and Brazilian team led by Annette Laming-Emperaire. At the time, Laming-Emperaire felt that this was among the oldest human remains found in South America.
Modern dating methods confirm that Luzia died about 10,030 ± 60 14C yr BP (11,243–11,710 cal BP), making her the oldest Brazilian paleoindian (Fontugne, 2013).
Luzia’s facial features are quite different from those of other Native Americans of known Siberian origins, suggesting that her people may have immigrated to the Americas separately from other Native peoples.
Laming-Emperaire, A. (1979). Missions archéologiques franco-brésiliennes de Lagos Santa, Minas Gerais, Brésil – Le grand abri de Lapa Vermelha (P.L.). Rev. Pré-Hist. 1: 53-89.


In this study I investigate what elements of statistical formulae cause people to perceive said formulae as difficult. The perception of difficulty is important because it affects how and what people study as well as the amount of time they devote to study. By understanding how people perceive formulae we can design our instruction to accommodate these perceptions. I approach this investigation from three major theoretical bases. The first theoretical base will concern cognitive load. Are students intimidated by certain formulae because the formulae contain to much information to be held in working memory? The second theoretical base will concern motivational perceptions. Are there aspects of certain formulae which cause students to perceive certain formulae as more difficult and thereby stimulate negative emotions that interfere with the efficient use of working memory. The third theoretical base involves impasse drive learning. When learners reach a cognitive impasse, are they able work around it. If learners can work around certain impasses and not others, how do the impasses they can work around and those they cannot work around differ?
- Prof Dev
The CAUSE Research Group is supported in part by a member initiative grant from the American Statistical Association’s Section on Statistics and Data Science Education


California residents have gotten used to gentle coaxing to save water: ads urging residents to “Make It a Quickie” when showering and restaurants withholding water unless it’s ordered, for example.
But it wasn’t enough: This spring, Gov. Jerry Brown mandated water use reduction for the first time in California’s history. Starting in June, cities and towns were required to cut water use by 25 percent. Although no one has estimated the specifics of the state’s water use since 2003, officials predict that the cuts will save nearly 500 billion gallons of H2O over nine months—enough for all Los Angeles homes and businesses for about two years.
So far, the reductions have been a success: Officials recently announced that the state beat its goal in June, reducing municipal water use by 27 percent. It’s up to local agencies to figure out how best to reach the goal—most have targeted regulations on outdoor use, since half of the water consumed by California homes goes to lawns and gardens. Los Angeles “water cops” ticket those who water their lawns on the wrong day; the city is also issuing rebates for those who replace their lawns with drought-tolerant plants. Many agencies are simply fining residents who exceed monthly limits.
These changes are making a dent, but there’s no denying that home water use is a drop in the bucket compared to California’s thirsty outdoor businesses. Farms, of course, are the state’s biggest water user, consuming 80 percent of the state’s developed water. They were excluded from the 25 percent water reduction rule, but they’ve suffered region-specific cuts of their own, and, in some cases, are fighting back.
Of the thirsty nonagricultural businesses, golf takes the lead: The average Palm Springs golf course uses the same amount of water in one day that a family of four does in five years. The 123 golf courses in the Palm Springs area use nearly a quarter of the region’s groundwater.
The good news: Even the golf industry is coming around; more and more courses are using recycled water, leaving zones off the fairway unwatered, and taking advantage of drought tolerant landscape rebates.


By Catriona J. MacLeod, Angela J. Brandt, and Lynn V. Dicks.
Read the full article here.
Two persistent issues typically underlie poor environmental decisions, where conservation resources are wasted on ineffective actions: Researchers fail to deliver the evidence needed by decision-makers (‘evidence disparity’), and decision-makers fail to use the evidence delivered by science (‘evidence complacency’).
Should we be surprised that gathering the relevant scientific evidence is an overwhelming task? With over 2.5 million scientific papers published each year, where do we begin? How do we avoid only considering a biased subset of evidence? When evidence is patchy, conflicting or uncertain – how do we interpret results? When evidence is lacking altogether – how can we address key information gaps? Add a tight deadline to the mix and you have a seemingly insurmountable challenge.
Using transparent, structured processes, our team worked at the interface between stakeholder and expert communities to illustrate how to improve the knowledge base available for local environmental decisions.
Our case study focussed on biodiversity management in New Zealand’s agricultural landscape. We started by giving over 250 local stakeholders, from a diverse range of roles and interests, a nationwide voice in setting biodiversity priorities for this landscape – inviting them to identify the nature values that matter most, and management actions they considered most relevant to enhancing those values. We then showed how existing global evidence synopses can be systematically tailored to meet local needs and plug local information gaps. Finally, we illustrated how to enhance the accuracy and reliability of biodiversity expert judgements. We used a process designed to mitigate the risks of a skewed assessment by one or two experts, overwhelming experts with too many issues to debate, and conflicts arising from misunderstandings about action outcomes.
Our study highlighted how ‘boundary-spanning’ teams, such as our own, can help address evidence disparity and complacency issues affecting local conservation decisions that global policy requires. Such teams play an important role – bridging the gap between stakeholder and expert communities and knowledge systems to gather, organise, summarise, and integrate various evidence sources.
Looking beyond our project, the identified stakeholder priorities and global evidence bases could be used to direct and facilitate inclusive policy investments and encourage researchers to enhance local knowledge bases where most needed.


ANALYSIS OF SUSTAINABILITY OF SUGARCANE FARMING IN NIGERIA
Keywords:Elasticity, Flood areas, Inputs, Sugarcane, Sustainability
The study was conducted to analyze sustainability of sugarcane farming in Nigeria. Kano State was purposively selected with a sample size of 54 sugarcane farmers using randomized sampling procedure. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, farm budgeting and regression analysis. The result showed that 94% of the respondents were male, with an average age of 39 years. The mean household of the farmers was 8 persons. The average farm size was 2.3ha; it cost N33,224.22 to produce sugarcane per hectare with revenue of N36,706.17; the gross margin was N3,481.95 and the investment rate of return was 0.10. The findings further disclosed that age, household size, education and labour were significant (P<0.05) and influenced the output of sugarcane farming in Nigeria. The results also reveal that land, sugarcane setts, fertilizer, insecticide and labour had ratios of 2.57, 33.44, 6.55, 1.630, and 0.27, respectively. The study revealed the constraints to sugarcane production in Nigeria to include, small farm holdings, high cost of inputs, inadequate credit, land tenure problem and poor extension services. It was concluded that even though sugarcane production is profitable, land, sugar cane sett, fertilizer and insecticide were underutilized and labour was over utilized. The study recommended that the farmers should increase the use of the underutilized factors and reduce the over utilized inputs; and also, the Government should review land ownership policies and subsidize farming inputs.
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.


Thomas Rogers’ “The Deepest Wounds: Labor and Environmental History of Sugar in Northeast Brazil” expands our knowledge in understanding the rupture, continuity and change in the zona da mata region of Brazil. Rogers’ foremost concern in the book is assessing the damage that monoculture did to landscape and society in the region as well as the degree of exploitation within agricultural and labor systems from the colonial to the present day.
Through narratives of labor and agro-environmental history “The Deepest Wounds” examines a wealth of facets within the relations between workers and planters. Additionally Rogers’ intent is to “reinterpret the episodes of mobilization that reverberated around the country offering broader lessons about how a history of labor overlaps with the agricultural environment’s history.”
Rogers utilizes a diverse set of source materials for this examination including colonial as well as imperial period chroniclers’ and travelers’ accounts, geographic studies, environmental histories, and intellectual reflections of the Permambucan elite class. Rogers gets closer to sugarcane worker’s lives through the slithers of biographical accounts, oral histories, folklore and visitor stories. Rogers admits that sources used to illuminate worker’s lives are thin by comparison with the Permambucan elite, yet the evidence he was able to glean still manages to provide a contextual aspect in the historical genealogy of their day to day lives.
Rogers brings the patrician and plebian together in his discussion on the emergence of modernization within sugarcane cultivation. Rogers explains that by examining the impact of modernization on workers as well as elites a greater contextualization emerges in trying to understand the role of political institutions in modern re-organization of labor.
Thomas Rogers treatment of the zona de mata helps to “make sense of a history characterized as an infliction of wounds.” More than just an environmental determinism wrought by monoculture, Rogers provides the historical, cultural, and political underpinnings of landscape exploitation in the zona de mata.
 Thomas D. Rogers, The Deepest Wounds a Labor and Environmental History of Sugar in Northeast Brazil (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010).4
 Ibid, 16
 Ibid, 16


What: Science Communication
Science Slam is a science communication format where scientists explain their research projects in short 10-minute-talks that are easy to follow and afterward the audience gets to vote. The important thing is not primarily the scientific outcome of their work, but to explain it in an understandable, entertaining and concise way. Science Slams take place outside the university or lecture halls and instead in cultural centers, theaters or clubs, usually in the evening. So, in the Brand Science Slam, the scientists leave their ivory tower and become a part of popular culture.
Why: Close the perception gap
The Brand Science Slam should close the perception gap between academics and professionals and should promote the conversation between brand practitioners and brand researchers. We want to encourage the dialogue between the two worlds to find new research topics as well as new success factors on brand management and branding.
How: 10-minute presentations
Presenting people have only 10 minutes to present the content of an article already published in an academic journal. Reference point are TED Talks where people also have limited time to address their messages. The audience will evaluate the performance immediately. Evaluation criteria: comprehensibility, relevance for professionals, entertainment factor.
Topics: Relevant content for brand professionals
The conference team did select the following topics:


The Paris Agreement is an international treaty that was signed in 2015 to address the issue of climate change. It is an extension of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was signed in 1992 and sets out a framework for addressing the issue of climate change.
Under the Paris Agreement, countries that have signed and ratified the treaty commit to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases are gases that trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, causing the Earth’s surface to warm. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
The Paris Agreement establishes a global temperature goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. To achieve this goal, countries are required to submit voluntary emissions reduction targets, called Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). These NDCs are reviewed and updated every five years.
In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the Paris Agreement also promotes the adaptation to the impacts of climate change and the provision of financial resources to developing countries to help them transition to a low-carbon economy.
The Paris Agreement has been ratified by 189 countries and the European Union, making it one of the most widely ratified international environmental agreements in history. It is set to take over from the Kyoto Protocol, which expires in 2020, as the primary international treaty on climate change.


Why are dental x-rays needed?
Dental x-rays, better known as dental radiographs, are images of your teeth that allow a dentist to evaluate the teeth and surrounding structures. These are commonly used in a dental office, and the procedure is quite simple. Dental radiographs capture the inside of your teeth with the help of extremely low-level radiation or x-rays. These x-rays penetrate the teeth and surrounding structure and yield an image that is used to diagnose and treat dental illnesses.
If you have recently been advised to go for a dental x-ray at Southern Delaware Dental Specialists, you may be wondering why? Read ahead as we elaborate on the need and uses of dental x-rays.
As mentioned, above dental x-rays helps us to evaluate and analyze teeth and nearby structures. This allows us to arrive at a diagnosis and plan a treatment plan accordingly. Dental x-rays are used to detect the following problems –
- Dental decay. Dental x-rays allow us to see the extent of dental cavities. They are exceptionally helpful when there is a small area of decay between two teeth, as this is often not visible to the naked eye.
- Dental x-rays can also show the areas of damage and decay beneath an existing dental filling.
- Dental x-rays are used to assess bone loss and evaluate the degree of its severity.
- It helps identify any infection present with the root of the tooth.
- It shows abscesses and cysts present in the oral cavity.
- Dental x-rays are needed between root canal treatment to ensure that the treatment progresses properly.
- It helps evaluate the jawbone and remaining teeth which helps dentists plan for dental implants, dentures, or dental bridges.
- It shows the exact position of wisdom teeth, which can help us understand if the teeth are impacted, infected, or will erupt normally.


Today, the fear of Corona is spread all over the world. All other countries including India are eagerly waiting for the Corona vaccine. But until the Covid-19 vaccine is made available to all countries, it is the responsibility of all the elders at home with the government to take full care of the safety of their family.
Small children of the house also come under this protection. Those who will go to their respective schools when the school opens. In such a situation, before sending children to school, you have to teach and explain many important things that have become an important part of life in the Corona period, keeping in mind their safety. Let’s know what those things are.
Explain the importance of social distancing to children before school starts. Keep the children’s desks far apart so that they remain spaced.
Explain that after touching anything like a door handle, tap handle, clean hands thoroughly. Make it a habit for children to wash their hands for at least 20 seconds. Apart from this, tell children to use hand sanitizer also.
Explain to children where social distancing is not possible, keep a cloth mask on. Always keep an extra mask in your child’s bag so that if he wants to change his mask, he can do it comfortably. Explain to the child that he does not have to change his mask with his friends.
Tell the children not to eat from their friends’ tiffin box.
Explain to children that whenever they sneeze or cough at school, they should use their handkerchief near their mouth so that the infection does not spread to other children.
This post was published on September 24, 2020 21:07
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I suggest you complete an interesting drawing lesson in which you will learn how to draw a drop of water step by step.
I have prepared for you a great drawing lesson in which I will tell and show you how to draw water drops step by step. Any novice artist or child can easily cope with the implementation of this lesson, since this instruction does not contain any elements that are difficult to complete.
We often see water drops in real life. For example, water is a part of many natural phenomena, such as rain, puddles, melting snow, all reservoirs, and waterfalls on our planet are made of water.
To make your drawing more beautiful, you can use a compass or trace around a round object to draw this circle. Now you can prepare all the art supplies you need, and then proceed with this lesson and carefully follow my instructions.
- Coloring supplies
Time needed: 30 minutes.
How to Draw a Drop of Water
- Draw the main part of the water drop.
Depict one large circle, as shown in the figure, to indicate the bottom outline and the main part.
- Finish drawing the outline of the water drop.
At the top of the previously drawn circle, draw two lines to depict the pointed top of the drop.
- Correct inaccuracies.
Before you start coloring, you should use the eraser to remove the extra line.
- Color the drawing.
To color the drop of water, use a light blue color and add two highlights to the side of the drop.
I have prepared especially for your convenience. This file contains a short version of this lesson and has additional useful training materials. Download this file so as not to lose it and return to this lesson at any time convenient for you.
I just wanted you to know, that it’s not just kids who are learning from you! I just wanted 2 drops easy done for a quilt. Stencils are cut, and it will look amazing!


By Judi Jennings, Special Project Director
The Special Project Team is happy to provide this FREE resource for strengthening protective factors and resilience for children and youth with incarcerated loved ones! The artmaking leaders use these 12 activities, along with Sesame Street resources, every week in the Vistors Lobby of the Louisville Metro Jail, so we know children and caregivers enjoy doing them. Also all of the art are can be made with free recycled or low cost materials.
Health professionals now recognize that having an incarcerated parent is an Adverse Childhood Experience. Protective factors are especially important for the health and wellbeing of children facing these adversities. When children can express their individual strengths and engage in social interactions incorporating protective factors, the result is dynamic forms of positive adaptations, which build resilience. https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/ace/resilience.html
Research on Sesame Street’s Little Children/Big Challenges: Incarceration initiative documents how artmaking can strengthen protective factors and build resilience for children with incarcerated parents. This research focuses on three groups of protective factors: 1) Circle of Care; 2) Sense of Self; and 3) Emotional Understanding and Knowledge. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300706665_Building_Resilience_in_Young_Children_the_Sesame_Street_Way
The Mayo Clinic Health System also identifies problem-solving skills as important individual assets enabling children facing Adverse Childhood experiences to build resilience. They describe these skills as recognizing a problem, creating and choosing action steps and producing a solution https://mayoclinichealthsystem.org/adverse-childhood-experiences/problem-solving-skills-and-self-regulation.Taken together, the protective factors and problem-solving skills embodied in The Special Project art activities provide concrete supports for children and caregivers with incarcerated loved ones.


Addressing Historical Exclusions by Building Inclusive Classrooms
While it is true that accessibility benefits everyone, and that accessible teaching will impact all students in positive ways, in this resource we also set out to intentionally address the fact that educational institutions have historically marginalized people with disabilities and those from other equity-seeking communities.
This FLEX Forward resource is an example of how the university is working to respond to and remedy this history. Creating accessible learning environments will help all students, and especially those who have been traditionally prevented from participating in and succeeding at postsecondary education (Dolmage, 2005).
Case Study: We Need to Remember
Education systems have played a devastating role in the colonization of Indigenous children through Residential Schools. Disabled young people, as well as those from low income, racialized, and newcomer communities, have often been streamed and segregated into school programs that are of poor quality and limit opportunities to pursue postsecondary education. In brief, the history of education is also a history of exclusion. This is a history we need to – and are working to – collectively reconcile as members of McMaster’s community. Efforts on campus to respond to these historical and ongoing exclusions and harms can be reviewed in Appendix B.
Recognizing and Respecting Disability Advocacy
In this resource, we want to specifically highlight the important work that disability communities have been engaging in for decades to remove barriers and promote the dignity and worth of people with disabilities.
Institutional, municipal, provincial, and federal attention to accessibility — including accessibility in teaching and learning — has been provoked and inspired by disabled people and the disability rights movement. We need to be aware of and respect this history and find ways to actively support it.


Properly caring for your yard contributes to the health of our local and global ecosystems. Join Generation Restoration by healing our planet without leaving your backyard.
Replace invasives with natives
Invasive plants are a major threat to biodiversity. They spread rapidly, outcompeting native plants that birds, pollinators, and other animals rely on for food and shelter. Learn how to identify invasive species and plant a variety of native wildflowers, grasses, trees and shrubs instead.
Reduce pollution on your property
Rain and melting snow wash pollutants like fertilizers, de-icing salt, and bacteria from pet waste from your property into our local creeks, rivers, and lakes. Keep your property pollutant-free by properly disposing pet waste, using composted leaves or manure instead of fertilizers, and choosing plant-friendly de-icing salt alternatives in winter.
Revive your soil
Healthy soil helps plants flourish and absorbs rainwater where it falls, preventing it from flowing into storm sewers or causing pooling and flooding. Healthy soils are somewhat loose, allowing roots to grow and water to infiltrate. If your soil is compacted (hard and dense), add a top dressing of compost. Worms and other helpful organisms will work the organic matter into the soil. Avoid tilling or working in the garden when it’s wet to help reduce compaction.


Northern Colorado resident infected with West Nile virus, first in Colorado this year
A Weld County resident has been hospitalized with West Nile virus, marking Colorado's first confirmed human case of the year.
The adult Mead resident contracted neuroinvasive West Nile virus, which is the most serious form of the illness.
The vector index, which conveys human risk of West Nile virus infection, remains low in Weld County and Larimer County. But Weld officials said risk of human infection will likely increase in the coming weeks.
More:Fort Collins mosquitoes are out for blood, and it might get worse from here
Less than 1 percent of people infected with West Nile virus develop the possibly fatal neuroinvasive form. Most people infected with West Nile don't display symptoms, but they can include fever, headache, nausea and vomiting, muscle aches and rash.
Fourteen people in Larimer County and 14 people in Weld County were infected with West Nile virus last season. The Larimer tally included two people who were killed by the virus, one of whom lived in Fort Collins.
Protect yourself from West Nile virus with the four D’s:
Drain: Mosquitoes breed in water. Drain any standing water in your yard each week. Bird baths, clogged gutters and kiddie pools are common breeding sites.
Dress: Wear lightweight, long-sleeved shirts and long pants while outdoors. Spray clothing with insect repellent because mosquitoes may bite through clothing.
Defend: Apply insect repellent sparingly to exposed skin. Use an approved repellent according to its label. Find the repellent that is right for you.
Dawn/dusk: Limit time spent outdoors at dusk through dawn, when mosquitoes are most active and feeding.
Note: The third D used to stand for “Deet,” but the city changed it because of existing, effective repellents that don’t contain Deet.
Source: City of Fort Collins


- ORDER: Charadriiformes
- FAMILY: Scolopacidae
North America's largest shorebird, the Long-billed Curlew, is a graceful creature with an almost impossibly long, thin, and curved bill. This speckled, cinnamon-washed shorebird probes deep into mud and sand for aquatic invertebrates on its coastal wintering grounds and picks up grasshoppers on the breeding grounds. It breeds in the grasslands of the Great Plains and Great Basin and spends the winter in wetlands, tidal estuaries, mudflats, flooded fields, and beaches.More ID Info
Find This Bird
The silhouette of the Long-billed Curlew is unmistakable: whether standing in a shortgrass prairie or in a tidal mudflat, these birds stand out. The only other bird with a long bill is the Whimbrel, but its bill isn't nearly as long and it doesn't stand nearly as tall. On the breeding grounds look for a long neck and long bill strutting through the grasslands, often flanked by other curlews foraging in a line. During migration and on the wintering grounds, they forage in small groups and with other shorebirds including Willets and Marbled Godwits. Look for them foraging in shallow wetlands or resting with their bill tucked under their shoulder.
- Zarapito Americano (Spanish)
- Courlis à long bec (French)
- Cool Facts
- Male and female Long-billed Curlews look pretty much alike, but females have a longer bill with a more pronounced curve at the tip than males.
- The Long-billed Curlew's genus name, Numenius, means “of the new moon,” and describes the slender, curved shape of the bird’s bill.
- Male and female Long-billed Curlews incubate the eggs and care for the brood. The female typically abandons the brood 2–3 weeks after hatching, leaving her mate to care for the young. Despite the split, the pair may breed together again the following year.


Describe the characteristics of the coastal towns by 1500
Kiswahili was used as the main medium of communication in the coastal towns.
Islam was the main religion practiced in the towns.
Islamic law/Sharia was used in administration.
Houses were constructed using Arabic architecture.
Trade was the main economic activity in the towns.
In the city states were generally divided into two sections, one Muslim and other African.
The city states were ruled by Imams/Sultans/sheikhs.
The city states were independent political entities.
Towns minted and used their own coins/money.
People wore woven and silk clothes.
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Wally was raised in a traditional Catholic family where he was expected to go to Mass every Sunday. The rest of Sunday was always kept for family outings. During the rest of the week his father worked in his own business where he earned an excellent income and his mother stayed at home. The family business was bought out by the ABC Company, where Wally now works. He makes a comfortable wage and has inherited money from his parents who are now dead. He takes his own family to church every Sunday and then on a special outing.
Sally grew up in a single parent home. Her mother has little education and had to work wherever and whenever she could to provide for her only child. Sally’s mother left the church before Sally was born. Sally shares her mother’s negative feelings about organized religion. Sally is currently raising three children as a single parent, and is also supporting her invalid mother who requires expensive medication.
The ABC Company has just asked Sally and Wally to work on Sundays. They will be paid double time. Wally is furious and vows he will not ever work on Sunday. Sally is delighted with this turn of events, and is willing to work every Sunday if she can.
Identify three factors that would help us to understand these two different perceptions about working on Sunday. Support your answers with specific examples from the story.


Today’s technology can help you better map natural resources, provide solutions for wildlife management problems, and engage people in environmental issues by making them feel connected to nature. For that, cycling legend and conservation advocate Marty Nothstein will explain the role of technology in environmental conservation.
Technology Can Help Conservationists Do Their Jobs More Effectively
One major use of technology in environmental conservation was probably when people started using cameras to take pictures of wildlife and landscapes that would otherwise have been impossible to capture on film.
This allowed you to see things from another perspective and gave you a deeper understanding of nature than ever before possible. Today, this type of photography is still used heavily by scientists as well as amateurs who want their representations of what they see out there on safari or at their favorite national park.
Technology Can Help Map Your Natural Resources
Technology can greatly help you better map your natural resources and build a stronger conservation movement. The ability to monitor and track changes have never been more important than it is today.
Marty Nothstein As you continue to learn about how climate change is affecting your planet, you must also be able to measure its effects on ecosystems around the world. This will allow you to better understand how human activity interacts with these environments, which will allow you to make informed decisions about how best to conserve them in the future.
Technology Can Be Used To Educate About Environmental Issues
Technology can help conservationists reach more people, build a stronger conservation movement and collect data on wildlife, weather patterns, and more. Conservationists can use technology to better map natural resources, engage with people and educate them about environmental issues.
Use Data From Sensors To Collect Information On Wildlife And Weather Patterns
Lastly, sensors can also be used to collect information on wildlife, weather patterns, and more that might otherwise go unnoticed. Data collected from sensors can be used to understand how the environment is changing over time. This information can help conservationists make better decisions about how to protect the environment.


I have been creating a listing of citizen science apps. Here are a few of them.
1. iBats - Allows for the recording and monitoring of bat calls.
2. iNaturalist - Citizen Science data collection. All of the accumulated information goes into the Global Biodiversity Information Facility for use in better understanding the range and populations of species.
3. Leafsnap - An electronic guide to leaves of trees currently expanding to cover all the United States but for now focuses on trees in the Northeast and Canada.
These are just a few I've found, what are some of your own?
5 April 2016 3:04pm
Thanks for starting this thread, John!
A couple of my favourites:
iSpot - A friendly and free community helping to identify wildlife and share nature. Add your photo and the community helps identify what you've seen. Over 30,000 species have been identified.
Wablr - an app that automatically recognises birds by their song. The way in which it works is simple – make a recording with your smartphone, and Warblr will identify the species of bird/s that can be found in that recording, providing you with images and descriptions to help you learn more about our feathered friends. In using Warblr, you will be contributing to a citizen science project, and hopefully one day helping to protect endangered species. We are making the recordings and the data collected on species identification freely available to be used for research and conservation
Instant Wild - Images of wild animals are sent to you directly from small automatic cameras placed in remote locations. When you identify the wild animal by matching the photo with the relevant image in the Field Guide you save conservationist thousands of hours by helping to sort the images by species group. This enables scientist to analyze the data much faster and assess whether the threatened animals are increasing or decreasing. This knowledge is essential for effective conservation.


- This event has passed.
WEBINAR: Family Environment Instability: How Early Childhood Shapes Social Maladjustments Over Time
April 8, 2020 @ 4:00 pm - 5:00 pm
Early family contexts can shape the trajectories of children’s adjustment throughout childhood. Families can provide a safe and stable base for children that is protective against adversity. However, when family environments are not stable (e.g., when parents/parent figures are moving in and out of the home), children may suffer.
Join Dr. Elizabeth Karberg of Child Trends, as she explores how family instability in early childhood shapes children’s social (mal)adjustment over time.
- How families in America are changing and what are common contexts for children’s early family experiences.
- Whether instability in families is linked with children’s social outcomes.
- Why instability in families is linked with children’s social outcomes.
- What this means for programming and interventions to support children’s positive development.
Presenter: Elizabeth Karberg, PhD, Senior Research Scientist, Child Trends
- April 8, 2020
4:00 pm - 5:00 pm
- Event Category:
- Event Tags:
- Educators, Juvenile Justice, Marriage, Social Work, Therapists
- Online Webinar
- United States
- The Dibble Institute
- View Organizer Website


The maxillae are two large facial bones one on each side of the face that contain the upper teeth and form the upper jaw. Maxilla bones spread below the orbits the bony cavities in the skull where the eyeballs sit and above the jawbone. Each maxilla is hollow and contains a large maxillary sinus an air cavity that pumps mucous uphill to the main sinus opening. The bones that make up the maxilla are the ethmoid frontal and zygomatic (cheek) bones. The maxilla also forms much of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity the floor of the orbital cavity and part of the cheek.
The maxilla contains the alveolar process which forms a firm foundation that holds the top row of teeth such that the lower teeth or mandibular teeth can move against them. This movement is how chewing occurs.
The outer wings of the maxilla are called zygomatic processes. These appear at the point where the maxilla meets the zygomatic (cheek) bones forming the cheek arches. The upper part of the maxilla is called the orbital surface. It forms the lower inner surface of the orbit cavity. The exterior surface of the maxilla is called the frontal process. It lies just between the orbit and the nasal cavity. The maxilla attaches to the palatine bone the bone forming the roof of the mouth just behind the teeth.


Data Series in Excel
- Select Data Source
- Switch Row/Column
- Add, Edit, Remove and Move
A row or column of numbers that are plotted in a chart is called a data series. You can plot one or more data series in a chart.
To create a column chart, execute the following steps.
1. Select the range A1:D7.
2. On the Insert tab, in the Charts group, click the Column symbol.
3. Click Clustered Column.
Select Data Source
To launch the Select Data Source dialog box, execute the following steps.
1. Select the chart. Right click, and then click Select Data.
The Select Data Source dialog box appears.
2. You can find the three data series (Bears, Dolphins and Whales) on the left and the horizontal axis labels (Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May and Jun) on the right.
If you click Switch Row/Column, you’ll have 6 data series (Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May and Jun) and three horizontal axis labels (Bears, Dolphins and Whales).
Add, Edit, Remove and Move
You can use the Select Data Source dialog box to add, edit, remove and move data series, but there’s a quicker way.
1. Select the chart.
2. Simply change the range on the sheet.