Stem cell therapies may one day help millions of patients with serious and life altering diseases and injuries. But before stem cells and their derivatives can help a single patient, they must be tested for safety and efficacy. This will likely take an army of researchers years of studying cell signaling events, development and behavior and extensive functional testing in vitro and in animal models. The years of research needed to move these therapies to the clinic will require a highly knowledgeable and skilled scientific workforce. Some of these future scientists are getting their start here at the UGA Regenerative Bioscience Center and the Animal and Dairy Science Department as part of the West and Duberstein laboratories assisting in the development of neural stem cell therapies for stroke.
This year thirteen undergraduate researchers helped in studying how neural stem cell therapy could help improve motor function in stroked pigs. Loss of motor function is one of the major deficits that human stroke victims experience with many of them having problems doing day to day activities like walking or eating. These researchers in training started by characterizing the protein and gene expression of neural stem cells to ensure their quality. However they were not afraid to get “down and dirty,” working with the pigs checking temperatures, respiration rates and blood pressures with many of them honing their pre-veterinary medicine skills. As some of the students noted, the terabytes of data collected to determine changes in motor function due to neural stem cell treatment “do not analyze themselves.” Using cutting edge computational software, they assessed changes in the ability of animals to walk and move forward looking at characteristics such as stride length and maximum foot height. This study is ongoing and will take years to complete before neural stem cells can safely treat patients. However the nascent researchers being trained at UGA today will be ready to move these stem cell therapies into the clinics of tomorrow.


Most of the literature on sleep is regarding restriction and its impact on health and performance. However, there is a growing body of research on sleep extension and the potential implications it may have on athletic performance in particular. It’s fairly well understood that sleep is a primary contributor to recovery and performance. In spite of this, it’s estimated over ⅓ of the american population is underslept (1). The American Academy Of Sleep Medicine recommends individuals aged 18-60 sleep a minimum of seven hours a day (1). Failing to meet this requirement has been associated with various chronic conditions such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, high blood pressure, along with various other deleterious health and performance outcomes.
Recovery and athletic performance is an important topic, and one that gets a fair bit of attention. However, information disseminated about recovery modalities often prioritize cumbersome methods with a poor return on investment. As is often the case the fundamentals take a back seat to elaborate strategies to improve athletic performance. When in reality optimization must start with and always prioritize the fundamentals. The objective of this article is to compile all relevant information on recovery and present a comprehensive analysis on the various strategies. From there we can develop a hierarchical structure to offer pragmatic recommendations for athletes to get the most out of their training and recovery and avoid prioritizing variables that generate a small magnitude of effect.


We are going to talk about addiction and what it means. There are a couple text book definitions to what this means. Addiction in one form or another is common to most people.
Addiction in the dictionary says, “The quality or state of being addicted.” With that being the case, look at what addicted means. Addicted also means to devote or surrender to something habitually or obsessively. Most of the time we hear this word is because we associate it with drugs.
When most people think of addiction, they think of potheads and alcoholics. Although those are the most common types of addiction, there are also more bizarre things like sex addicts and gambling. In a sense, every person has a form of addiction. Weather to caffeine, or food, or cleaning, they are all small kinds of addiction. Like, if you do not have your daily dose of triple shot espresso in the morning, you will go insane, or whenever you feel an extreme emotion, you feel the urge to eat. There are some people who have extreme addictions that destroy families, demolish their former selves, and lose everything they ever had, just for a drink or a few hits.
Some people become addicted to something and don’t even realize it. Some people even get addicted to video games. Internet video games can be very addicting. If a student is addicted to video games, he or she will stress a lot more; he or she won’t get along with their friends, family, or teachers. It is easy to notice an addict, they can’t stop doing something. Another form of the word says; a person who likes or enjoys something very much and spends a large amount of time doing it, watching it, or spending money on it.
We all crave some candy from time to time, but you might actually be addicted to snacks. When we eat sugary snacks, chemicals called opiods are released in the brain, leading to intense feelings of pleasure, and it is this feeling we often crave in the absence of sugar. According to a University of California team,


Scientists have known for decades that the Earth’s atmosphere contains vast quantities of electrical power. In the early 2000’s, the researchers that would later establish Ion Power Group theorized that useful amounts of clean renewable electrical power could be harvested from naturally occurring atmospheric ions if an effective method of coupling to the atmospheric ions could be discovered. Thus began years of research into determining which materials proved most efﬁcient at coupling with the electric power provided by atmospheric ions.
Ion Power Group’s early research included the use of weather balloons to provide altitude to many different materials testing their suitability for coupling to atmospheric ions. Testing began in Florida over land and water, during the day and also at night. To conﬁrm that harvesting the electric charge of atmospheric ions was not a local phenomenon occurring only in Florida, testing also took place in the deserts of Nevada and at altitude on Mount Charleston.
Laboratory testing included measuring many different material’s ability to harvest electrical energy from airborne ions produced by a remotely positioned high-voltage reference ion generator.
Based on successful ﬁeld tests in Florida and Nevada proving that ion harvesting is not limited to one geographic area, in 2005, a remote-ﬁeld test facility was established on a 300 acre pasture near Milton Florida, located away from large cities to minimize effects of man-made power emanations.
Hundreds of candidate materials were tested, synthetic and organic, to identify the best materials for coupling to the high-voltage electric energy provided by naturally occurring atmospheric ions. Based on the results of years of research, Ion Power Group ﬁled patents for the use of carbon/graphite/graphene for the harvesting of high voltage electricity provided by naturally occurring atmospheric ions.
In 2008, Ion Power Group was awarded the ﬁrst of many patents for harvesting ionic energy from atmospheric ions for the production of electricity, as well as using ionic energy to produce hydrogen gas from water. Today, multiple patents have been awarded to Ion Power Group by the United States, China, Japan, Canada and Russia with patentable action filed in many other countries through the EU and PCT. Two years after Ion Power Group was awarded its ﬁrst patent for the utilization of carbon/graphite, in separate research, Professors Andre Geim PhD and Konstantin Novoselov PhD were awarded the 2010 Noble Prize in Physics for research into single layer carbon/graphite.


For energy supply and sewage treatment of villages in the countryside, cottage settlements and even separate buildings it is necessary to build additional energy and sewage treatment plants, with associated complex design work. In most cases, after deterioration or obsolescence of these stations, it is necessary to carry out major repairs and reconstruction or conservation, followed by the construction of new stations. It is also impossible to move them with reusing in case of a decrease in the number of subscribers of these stations. Not to mention the fact that the use of traditional energy often has environmental consequences. This is especially concerns the recreational areas, like The Baikal Nature Territory in the Irkutsk Oblast.
In the result of our research a complex mobile independent power stations was developed, which will allow to solve the above problems.
This station contains renewable energy equipment for producing heat and electric energy. Besides there are a wastewater treatment plant, which allows expanding the functionality of the station.
Previously, studies on the heating capacity of the installation and its possibilities for wastewater treatment were carried out and presented. The next stage of research is estimation of the electricity power produced by the mobile station, both for own needs and for the needs of the end user. Solar panels and microbial-fuel cells are used as the main power generators in the station. It is planned to use a diesel generator set as a backup electricity source.
|Publication||Impact Factor journals|
|Affiliation of speaker||Ikutsk National Research Technical University|


There were two different works with the same name. They are both religious works depicting the mother Mary at the cross after her son, Jesus, was crucified. The first commission was in 1550 and completed 1553-4 with the figure showing her hands together. A later work was commissioned with the hands apart, and was commissioned and completed between 1554-5. Both works were commissioned by Emperor Charles V.
As in most of his works, Titian adds depth and dimension to his figures. This adds emphasis to the emotions that the figure portrays. In both of the Mater Dolorosa works, the figure has a subtle light around her which makes her seem to have an ethereal quality. She is no ordinary figure; Mater Dolorosa is the mother of Christ, and therefore her grieving is especially profound. She appears real and at the same time, surreal. This effect compliments the emotional subject and influences how the work is perceived.
In the first Mater Dolorosa, with the hands together, there are no tears. The hands are clasped very tightly together in prayer and the relaxed look on the face of the figure contrasts with the hands, revealing Mater Dolorosa's inner anguish at her son's crucifixion. She appears to be restraining her feelings by gripping her hands together.
The later work, with hands held apart, shows tears of the Mater Dolorosa to display her grieving and sorrow. Her hands are open wide as if receiving a spiritual connection with her only son who has died. If the two works were viewed in order of their creation; the earlier Mater Dolorosa shown tightly gripping her hands in prayer would appear to be restraining her inner feelings of anguish, and the later work with tears from Mater Dolorosa, appears to turn those feelings into an expression of sorrow.
Both of the Mater Dolorosa by Titian appear to be very alive and fluid as figures. They are posing naturally and the subtle depths in the figure's faces give them natural expressions; the depths in the clothing add to the three-dimensional view. The surreal effect from the subtle light around the figures and the oil painted on a wooden panel increases the luminosity in this portrait. The later Mater Dolorosa was painted on a light marble, giving a further surreal effect to this portrait by accentuating the light. Both these paintings are unique in not having canvas supports but using wood and stone instead. They are now kept at the Prado Museum in Madrid.


Environmental News from the US:
Rains this week in the U.S. Plains arrived too late to help much of the winter wheat in Oklahoma, the No. 2 U.S. producer of the grain, where farmers will soon begin harvesting the smallest crop in eight years, a state wheat official said Thursday.
“Unfortunately, I do think it is a little too late in most instances for us,” Mike Schulte, executive director of the Oklahoma Wheat Commission, said of this week’s precipitation.
A crop shortfall in Oklahoma adds to a dire global wheat supply picture after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine shut down ports and knocked the No. 5 exporter off the market.
The commission this week projected Oklahoma’s winter wheat crop at 57.05 million bushels, about half the size of last year’s crop and the smallest since 2014. The commission forecast an average winter wheat yield of 23.5 bushels per acre, also the state’s lowest since 2014.
About 69% of the U.S. crop was in an area experiencing drought as of May 3, the USDA has said, including most major wheat areas of Oklahoma and top producer Kansas.
Heavy rains this week could actually threaten the state’s wheat by either knocking over-mature plants and making them difficult to harvest or raising the risk of diseases for plants that are still developing.
The crop shortfall is frustrating for growers, given that K.C. hard red winter wheat futures are trading above $11 a bushel this spring for the first time since 2008.
To read top environmental news from the US, please visit https://earth5r.org


Parenting Guide For Parents of Teen Drivers
The moment that your teen driver receives his or learner's permit is a moment that you won't soon forget. As much as you love your child, you also can't help worrying about what might happen when your teenager hits the open road. While you'll typically take the time to show your teen the basics of driving, work with your younger driver on different types of roads and ensure that your teenager reads all the testing materials carefully, you also want to take the time to sit down and discuss the potential hazards with your new driver.
Drinking and Driving
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 22 percent of all teenagers over the age of 15 were part of an accident involving drinking and driving. As a parent, you need to make your children understand the dangers of driving while under the influence of alcohol or any type of drug. Drugs and alcohol lower your reaction time, impair your decision making skills, and give you a fuzzy or cloudy mind. Free DMV Practice Tests has an abundance of information that you can share with your teen, including the drinking and driving laws in different states and which states have zero tolerance laws in place.
Distracted driving is just as potentially dangerous as driving while intoxicated. Most people think of distracted driving as driving while texting or talking on a cell phone, but it can also include talking to friends, putting on makeup, or even playing with a tablet or music player while driving. It only takes a second for an accident to happen, and that second can come when your teen takes their eyes off the road to change a song or talk to a friend.
After an Accident
As a parent, the most important step you can take involves teaching your child what to do after an accident. Teens should always carry proof of car insurance, a cellphone, and an emergency kit with flares and other signaling devices. Teaching your teen which steps to take after an accident or emergency situation can help you breathe a little easier. "


That’s right! We’re talking about Labor Day. In preparation for this blog we found a definition which captures the significance of the holiday’s historical significance succinctly. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, “Labor Day, the first Monday in September, is a creation of the labor movement and is dedicated to the social and economic achievements of American workers. It constitutes a yearly national tribute to the contributions workers have made to the strength, prosperity, and well-being of our country.”
Month: August 2015
Keeping Up With the Falcons!
Stay in the know this school year. For the start of school, we wanted to give all our Williams charter school parents and caregivers a handy reference tool. We’ve put together this list of important items to be aware of for a successful school year.
Keeping in Touch With Facebook
Remember parents, Heritage Elementary has a Facebook page. It is another great resource to keep up with what’s going on at school. We post about upcoming events and link to our newsletters and blog posts. These pages also have great school photo albums. So stop by—like the page, check out our snapshots or read some useful articles.
Welcome Back Falcons!
We’re pleased to welcome all our new and returning students and their families to the 2015-2016 school year. We hope it’s gotten off to a wonderful start for all.


Manava was the author of one of the Sulbasutras: documents containing some of the earliest Indian mathematics.
Mathematical Profile (Excerpt):
- The Manava Sulbasutra is not the oldest (the one by Baudhayana is older) nor is it one of the most important, there being at least three Sulbasutras which are considered more important.
- We do not know Manava's dates accurately enough to even guess at a life span for him, which is why we have given the same approximate birth year as death year.
- Manava would have not have been a mathematician in the sense that we would understand it today.
- Undoubtedly he wrote the Sulbasutra to provide rules for religious rites and it would appear an almost certainty that Manava himself would be a Vedic priest.
- It is clear from the writing that Manava, as well as being a priest, must have been a skilled craftsman.
- Manava's Sulbasutra, like all the Sulbasutras, contained approximate constructions of circles from rectangles, and squares from circles, which can be thought of as giving approximate values of π.
Born about 750 BC, India. Died about 690 BC, India.
View full biography at MacTutor
Tags relevant for this person:
Ancient Indian, Origin India
Thank you to the contributors under CC BY-SA 4.0!
Adapted from other CC BY-SA 4.0 Sources:
- O’Connor, John J; Robertson, Edmund F: MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive


Indigenous Peoples Day honors Indigenous people and cultures past and and present and brings public awareness to the modern-day presence in the community of Native people from throughout the Americas.
Many non-Native people continue to believe that Native people all live on reservations, even though about 75% do not.
By changing the holiday from Columbus Day to Indigenous Peoples Day, the holiday recognizes the historic and ongoing painful impacts that the arrival in the Americas of Columbus and other European colonists had on Indigenous people.
Enacting an officially recognized Indigenous Peoples Day would shed light on the history of European colonialism and Indigenous genocide, which still impacts Native peoples today:
- Native Americans have disproportionately higher rates of poverty, unemployment, and incarceration.
- Native youth have the highest suicide rate in the US, more than 3 times the national average.
- Nationally, Native students have the highest drop-out rates and more than 1/3 of Native students will not complete high school. Native students are also disproportionately likely to be disciplined, suspended and expelled from school.
- Native Americans have a shorter life expectancy than the rest of the population, partly because of less access to quality health care and inadequate funding for health programs.
- Violence and assault are common for Native women. One in three Indigenous women reports having been raped in their lifetime.
- Native people nationally are 38% more likely to be incarcerated than the general population, and are more likely than any other racial group to be killed by police, according to the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice.
- Up until the 1980s and 1990s, thousands of Native children in the US & Canada were removed from their families and sent to “Indian Boarding Schools” where they were forced to assimilate to European standards of living, which often included beatings and psychological and sexual abuse for infractions such as speaking their tribal language. Native families & tribal communities suffer intergenerational trauma as a result.
- Indigenous peoples are virtually erased in mainstream media, government statistics, and in many discussions of equity and racism.
- Indigenous peoples continue to be subjected to multiple racial stereotypes and slurs, including racist sports team names and mascots.


Did you know that machines today can understand the English language almost as well as our brains can? According to Howard Lerman, voice assistants can transcribe audio files spoken by people with around 96 percent accuracy. That’s roughly as good as a person hears. In the field of voice search, this standard has only been reached in recent years.
Howard Lerman and his co-founders, Brian Distelburger and Brent Metz, realized the growing importance of voice search a full decade ago. “We realized that enterprises would need a way to control their information in all these digital services, these intelligent applications, voice search applications and bots, the same way they manage the content on their websites. And that’s why we founded Yext.”
It was a prediction that could not be more accurate today. That’s because of one of the most interesting facts about the field of voice search: people don’t talk the same way they type. A good example of the effort to adapt to language, as Lerman tells us, is Google Assistant.
Voice Search provides answers. A web search simply shows results.
“For example, if you want to know how many calories a Big Mac has, you just enter ‘Big Mac calories’ on Google. But if you’re searching using Google Assistant, you say: ‘Okay Google, how many calories are there in a Big Mac?’ We call this second variety natural language processing, or NLP.”
To produce the best possible search result for NLP, existing systems need to be converted. This makes it possible to actually understand what the user wants. This is no longer done through a mere comparison of keywords, the way it’s been done up until now. Among other things, Google has separated the keyboard key from the microphone key in its application.
“Voice is real. All you have to do is take one look at how people use voice search in China. And that’s the way the future is happening.”
In the current episode of our podcast, Howard Lerman delves even deeper into how Voice Search differs from the normal search function; the direction in which the trend is still evolving; and how you, too, can use Voice Search for yourself.
We have even more on the subject for you in our stories. Here you can find an overview of all stories on the topic voice.


Birth defects induced by maternal exposure to exogenous agents during pregnancy are preventable, if the agents themselves can be identified and avoided. Billions of dollars and manhours have been dedicated to animal-based discovery and characterisation methods over decades. We show here, via a comprehensive systematic review and analysis of this data, that these methods constitute questionable science and pose a hazard to humans. Mean positive and negative predictivities barely exceed 50%; discordance among the species used is substantial; reliable extrapolation from animal data to humans is impossible, and virtually all known human teratogens have so far been identified in spite of, rather than because of, animal-based methods. Despite strict validation criteria that animal-based teratology studies would fail to meet, three in vitro alternatives have done so. The embryonic stem-cell test (EST) is the best of these. We argue that the poor performance of animalbased teratology alone warrants its cessation; it ought to be replaced by the easier, cheaper and more repeatable EST, and resources made available to improve this and other tests even further.
Bailey, J., Knight, A., & Balcombe, J. (2005). The future of teratology research isin vitro. Biogenic Amines, 19(2), 97-145.
Bioethics and Medical Ethics Commons, Laboratory and Basic Science Research Commons, Research Methods in Life Sciences Commons


The United States has a federal piece of legislation that exists known as the Fair Labor Standards Act. It serves to protect employees from being taken advantage of by their employers. This act sets limits to the number of hours an employee can work, the amount of money they must be paid per hour, and rights regarding minor workers under the age of 18.
Unfortunately, a lot of employees are not aware that this law exists and are afraid to speak up against their employer out of fear of retaliation. Retaliation can mean that you are fired because you spoke up against the wrongdoings of your employer, or that you are denied opportunities, promotions, and other work-related benefits because you tried to take action against them. Employer retaliation should not be permitted.
Another aspect of the Fair Labor Standards Act is that minor workers are only permitted to work a certain number of hours during the school-week. In addition, children aged 16 or 17 are not permitted to operate heavy machinery that may put their lives at risk. When the FLSA is violated, the employer in question may be fined up to $10,000 and face as much as six months in prison. The FLSA does not protect everyone. Teachers, rail workers, farm workers, journalists, and more are not covered under this federal law. They do not necessarily have to be paid overtime or follow the federal minimum wage.
If you feel as though you may be eligible to file a claim in regards to the violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act, it is imperative that you contact an experienced employment law attorney who can assist you in assembling a case against your employer.
If you need an experienced and dedicated attorney to assess your case, guide you through your options, and diligently advocate on your behalf, you should contact The Salvo Law Firm, P.C.


ProsocialLearn is creating fun educational games for children to learn social and emotional well-being skills. By working together, teachers and game developers are creating new learning opportunities for inclusive education. The project wants to create a prosocial game development and distribution platform in order to distribute prosocial digital games from game companies to the educational sector and work with communities of teachers in Europe to evaluate their approach. Digital games can be tailored to teach the benefits of cooperation, as well as the ability to recognise the emotions of others and express trustworthiness – prosocial skills – helping children to appreciate team-work, recognise the value of understanding other people’s needs and achieve academically.
The games are targeted in particular at children at risk of social exclusion, who find it difficult to show empathy, and include hidden indicators that measure the development of a child’s skills. ProsocialLearn also developed a platform where teachers can track their pupils’ progress and plan lessons that incorporate the games.
- detailed description
EU success story
- Finska; Grčka; Italija; Njemačka; Rumunjska; Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo; Španjolska; Švedska
- Školska razina
- Osnovnoškolska; Predškolska; Srednjoškolska
- Razina intervencije
- Ciljana; Opća; Pojedinačna
- Intenzitet intervencije
- Izvor financiranja
- Europsko financiranje
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The Great Debate: Advocates And Opponents Of The American Constitution
Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in and interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. Its authority and stature are routinely invoked by voices from every point on the political spectrum, with frequent references to the Founding Fathers and their true "intent." What really was their true intent? As these 12 surprising lectures show, many of those Founding Fathers - including Thomas Jeff...
Publisher: The Teaching Company; PHILOSOPHY & INTELLECTUAL HISTORY edition (2008)
Package Dimensions: 7.5 x 5.3 x 0.8 inches
Amazon Rank: 1806987
Format: PDF Text djvu ebook
- 1598033654 epub
- 978-1598033656 epub
- Professor Thomas L. Pangle pdf
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rson and Patrick Henry - were highly critical of the new Constitution and staunchly opposed it when it was first put forth for ratification by the states as a replacement for the Articles of Confederation. The debate over the Constitution raged for the better part of two years, and beneath its rhetorical flourishes lay not only the longest and most profound civic argument in our nation's history, but also a civics lesson that deserves to endure for all time. It was an argument that would result not only in the ratification of the Constitution, but also in what that Constitution would become. Professor Pangle takes you into this debate. You'll see which Founders opposed the new Constitution, which Founders led the battle for it, and how both sides helped define the result. In an era when contemporary arguments on the national stage so often mirror the same conflicts debated by the Founders, our own reenactment of that original debate can enrich our ability to be active and participating citizens.
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Number of weeks: 4
Required books?: Yes
Live video session?: No
Part of a certification or series of courses?: No
New to BeADisciple?
Read how BeADisciple courses work
John and Charles Wesley began their missionary work in Georgia in 1736 and their zeal led to a revival. Now mainstream churches, holiness churches, and Pentecostal churches all have roots in Wesleyanism. This class will compare and contrast the different types of Wesleyan churches in the United States, and will study the denominational splits that led to these churches.
Students are required to have the following book for this class:
The Complete Guide to Christian Denominations: Understanding the History, Beliefs, and Differences by Ron Rhodes
This course is worth 1.0 CEU.
*Using the Amazon Affiliate link further supports our ministry. Thank you!
About the Instructor
Stephanie Rollins is originally from western Kentucky, but has lived in North Carolina, West Virginia, and now southeastern Ohio. She is a widowed homeschooling mom of three free-thinking kids. She has an old Havanese who is blind in one eye and a gaggle of cats.
She works from home managing a couple of small businesses. She earned an MBA and a master’s degree in ministry from Mt. Vernon Nazarene University. She volunteers in the local nursing home and Kairos Prison Ministry.


Gardening is the joy and skill that will last for a lifetime. Imagine the little ones in your life growing their very own garden. Keep their interest all summer long while secretly teaching them responsibility, patience, and nature. Not sure you know how to start a garden? No worries! Included is 3 pages of growing and teaching tips!
Teach how plants grow, the benefit of each plant, and how it fits into nature.
- Carrots-root vegetable. Healthy food that teaches patience because you can't see the carrot until its is ready to harvest.
- Sunflower-tall and beautiful. Observe the bird and bees on the flower.
- Zinnia-colorful flower. One of the butterfly's favorites!
- Pole Bean-healthy eating vine plant. Grows fast!
- Pumpkin-fall producing vine. See how big they will get!!
Included in the package:
- 5-9" tall Preprinted plant markers: Carrot, Zinnia, Sunflower, Pole Bean, & Pumpkin
- Digital downloads:
- Kid's Garden Journal: 4 page PDF digital download. Print as many pages for each variety as you need. (Watermark will not be on the digital download)
- Adult/child gardening tips: Never gardened before? 3 pages with gardening tips.
- Coloring pages


The concept of palatalization has always intrigued linguists trying to find a palatable explanation for one of the most influential processes in the English phonology. Having initiated in Old English, palatalization took Middle English by storm, introducing a variety of forms, some of which have survived well into our modern times. Contrary to the popular belief, however, the process itself was far from palatable, proving lack of consistency observed across different dialects of that period. The present monograph intends to show the true, both palatable and unpalatable, character of palatalization, examining its effects exerted on four high-frequency words: EACH, MUCH, SUCH and WHICH, all of which appear copiously in the texts of the Innsbruck Prose Corpus. The monograph thus aims to analyze the extent of phonological inhomogeneity from the point of view of lexical diffusion, which demonstrates the impossibility to establish any definitive dialectal boundaries underlining the existence of a [k]-dialect and, consequently, the everlasting idea of the north-south divide.
Palatable Palatalization. A Story of Each, Much, Such, and Which in Middle English Dialects
$35.99 – $44.99
Warsaw Studies in English Historical Linguistics, Volume 6
The book originated in need for a palatable explanation to one of the most influential processes in the English phonology. The author shows the true character of palatalization, examining its effects exerted on four high-frequency words: EACH, MUCH, SUCH and WHICH.
|# of pages||
perfect bound with gate-folds
140 x 215 mm
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Your first stop when starting to research will be the members of your family who are alive. Although you may think they have little to tell, they could hold some major keys regarding the history of your family. That goes for distant cousins and uncles as well. You should be aware that they too play a role in the blood line of your family, so talking to them could be interesting.
Work on the names of your ancestors. Some of your family may know some maiden names of women in your family’s history. Others the names of someone’s siblings. They don’t need to play an important role in your family’s history, but they do belong in the tree. You do want to put up a tree that is as complete as possible.
Don’t stop when you’ve gotten the names. You want family’s stories as well and each living member of your family might have a few. Stories full of history and maybe some useful details that make your names come to life. Perhaps they know where your family grew up or in which region your or their ancestors lived. They know maybe about someone being in the war, or in jail. This is information for you to help you on your trip backward. Each family member can just offer you a tiny bit more information than you knew yourself. And thus help you with researching your past.
After you have spoken to your family members you could surf the Internet to find more information on certain names that came up. Someone has been in the military? Dig up the military records and who knows what you’ll find! Another one has been an artist? Surf the net for art records. He may not have been as good as Van Gogh, on the other hand… who knows?


At a Glance
- The Kariba Reservoir sits on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe.
- The Kariba Dam is a crucial source of electricity for both countries.
- Extreme drought has caused the water levels to drop.
Water levels at the world's largest man-made reservoir have fallen to their lowest point in more than two decades, threatening the electricity supply for two African nations.
The Kariba Reservoir, which sits on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe, is just 10% full, according to the Zambezi River Authority. That's the lowest since 1996, Bloomberg reported. The reservoir was at 55% at this same time last year and 38% the year before.
The reservoir's dam, which can hold 181 billion cubic meters of water, generates half of the electricity for Zambia and Zimbabwe. The lack of water flow has forced both countries to implement blackouts lasting as long as 18 hours a day.
(MORE: What’s Happening at Victoria Falls — and What’s the Link to Climate Change?)
The dam is downstream from the famous Victoria Falls, which has dried to barely a trickle due to drought. Waterflow at the falls normally shrinks during the dry season, but officials say this is the lowest it's been since 1986.
Vast swaths of the African continent are experiencing their worst drought in decades, combined with increasingly warmer temperatures.
In Zambia, 2.4 million people face a hunger crisis due to lack of rain to grow crops, according to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. The country has had its lowest rainfall since 1981. The situation is similar in Zimbabwe, where the World Food Program says some 7.7 million people face severe hunger.
The aid group Oxfam has warned that more than 50 million people in 18 African nations face a hunger crisis, largely due to extreme drought and other climate-related disasters.
The Weather Company’s primary journalistic mission is to report on breaking weather news, the environment and the importance of science to our lives. This story does not necessarily represent the position of our parent company, IBM.


How to Use Toggling in a Foreign Language
Toggling is a very common word in the technology industry. It is a very simple and convenient way to switch between two settings or applications. You may already be familiar with toggling, but you may not know how to use it. You can use toggling to switch between desktop applications, web browsers, and mobile phones. Toggling has many applications, and learning a foreign language can take advantage of them. This article will help you understand toggling in a new language and give you some examples of how to use it in your daily life.
Togle is a non-government organization based in ROC-CHENNAI, India. The name derives from the words toggle and hyphen. The goal of this technology is to make e-commerce easier for everyone, from beginners to experienced programmers. There are many uses for Togle, and it is a great tool for e-commerce sellers of all levels. To learn the language, check out the Togle website!
Toggling is a common term in computing and other fields of life. You’ve probably used a toggle to switch between different programs and settings on your computer. These functions usually require a button or a combination of keys. In many cases, a toggling switch refers to a hardware or software switch that changes a function. For example, the Caps Lock key turns on the Caps Lock feature on your computer, and a Num Lock key turns it off when pressed twice. Software toggles are more commonly used and can be found in the options menu of an application. You can easily turn on or off specific menu items with a simple click of a button or by using a keyboard shortcut.


Brena Lopes MirandaFederal University of Piaui, Brazil
Title: The effect of COVID19
The probiotic-rich diet helps in the prevention and treatment of diseases, as well as in the balance of the intestinal microbiota. This is a literature review that sought to assess the effect of probiotics on the prevention and treatment of cancer and diabetes. The electronic databases were: Scielo, LILACS, Virtual Health Library, Google Scholar, Medline and Pubmed, articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese, descriptors: Probiotics / Probiotics, Probiotics and diabetes / Probiotics and diabetes and Probiotics and cancer / Probiotics and cancer; inclusion criteria: full articles published in full, available in English, Spanish and Portuguese. Initially found 12,000 articles with the descriptor probiotics, other descriptors, the final result of 210 articles was obtained. It was observed that cancer and diabetes are chronic diseases, considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as priority problems of global public health, several studies have demonstrated beneficial actions with the use of probiotics with in vivo and in vitro research, in the cancer, probiotics reduce mutagenic and genotoxic effects, act with three host protection mechanisms, in diabetes, probiotics can improve metabolic changes such as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, inflammation, dyslipidemia or NAFLD in animals and act with beneficial mechanisms. The use of probiotics has a beneficial role in the treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases such as cancer and diabetes. In cancer, probiotic bacteria reduce mutagenic and genotoxic effects, the benefits of probiotics in diabetes mellitus are the improvement in metabolic changes associated with diabetes, such as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and inflammation.
Nutritionist at the Federal University of Piauí - UFPI, Senator Helvídio Nunes de Barros Campus - CSHNB in Picos - PI. Extensionist in the Mais Sorriso, Mais Saúde project. Ongoing postgraduate degree in Nutrition with Emphasis on Obesity and Pediatrics - FACIBA/FAVENI.


Photo Essay, YouthWire
Editor’s Note: California’s recently enacted Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF), in effect since July 1, will continue to increase funding for school districts over the next eight years. The greatest increases will go to districts with large populations of “high need” – low-income, foster youth and English Language Learner (ELL) – students. There are concerns, however, over how districts will purpose these new revenue streams, and whether or not communities will be actively engaged. YouthWire asked high school students from across the state to weigh in on that question, using photographs and their own words. The State Board will vote Jan. 16 on what is expected to be the final version of the new funding law.
“Drinking water contaminated with arsenic”
I am a senior at Golden Valley high school, and I ask for only one simple thing – clean, drinkable water. When we turn on our water fountains to take a drink of water we expect to be drinking clean pure water. However, that is not the case at Golden Valley high school. Recently the students of Golden Valley High School received a letter from the Kern High School District informing them that their drinking water is contaminated with arsenic. Though the community water center claims the levels are not yet high enough to be harmful to people the amount of arsenic detected in the water is still above the legal health standard. Arsenic is a drinking water contaminant that can have serious health effects, such as reduced mental functioning in children, cancer of the bladder, lungs, skin, kidneys, liver and prostate and Type 2 diabetes. As a result of the water contamination, students have now started to refuse to drink from the drinking fountains, and because the school does not provide another source for free water; students are not drinking the recommended amount of water.
~ Chris Romo, Golden Valley High School, Kern High School District (KHSD)
Read more at Richmond Pulse


What Bahá’ís Believe
“The fundamental purpose animating the Faith of God and His Religion is to safeguard the interests and promote the unity of the human race, and to foster the spirit of love and fellowship amongst men.”— Bahá’u’lláh
Realization of the principle of the oneness of humanity is at once the goal and operating principle of Bahá’u’lláh’s revelation. Bahá’u’lláh compared the world of humanity to the human body. Within this organism, millions of cells, diverse in form and function, play their part in maintaining a healthy system. Similarly, harmonious relationships among individuals, communities, and institutions serve to sustain society and allow for the advancement of civilization.
The Individual and Society »
We are living today in a unique period in history. As humanity emerges from childhood and approaches its collective maturity, the need for a new understanding of the relationships between the individual, the community, and the institutions of society becomes ever more pressing.
One Human Family »
The conviction that we belong to one human family is at the heart of the Bahá’í Faith. The principle of the oneness of humankind is “the pivot round which the teachings of Bahá’u’lláh revolve…”
The Bahá’í Administrative Order »
The affairs of the Bahá’í community are administered through a system of institutions, each with its defined sphere of action. The origins of this system, known as the Administrative Order, as well as the principles that guide its operation are found in the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh.
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Green design and style is a term that identifies sustainable and environmentally friendly design. The term includes several concepts, including strength efficiency, reuse, reuse, and modularity.
The definition of green design is often linked to architecture. Yet , it can also be utilized for other areas. For instance , airplanes, autos, and even homes.
Many companies are looking at innovative building solutions in order to recover the Earth. The main advantages of these alternatives include minimizing energy usage, reducing the impact of climate modify, and protecting clean normal water sources.
An additional benefit of sustainable style is the ability to adjust. A green residence, for instance, may have larger walls and become designed to offer an optimal pv orientation. This could reduce the requirement of costly, toxic non-renewable energy sources.
In addition , modularity means that numerous be reconfigured into distinct shapes and patterns. This helps minimize the negative effects of harmful environmental impacts.
The circular economy is also gaining popularity. That relies on the principles of green design to close the cycle. It eradicates waste throughout the product lifecycle. In addition, it allows the materials to be recycled when ever their beneficial life is over.
In addition , green houses could be constructed using increased recycled content, which can lower your expenses and reduce energy bills. Adding solar heating review and energy heating methods can be a easy way to re-fit existing constructions.
The United Nations calls for ecological production. This kind of lowers financial and cultural costs and improves competitiveness. It also minimizes poverty.


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- Holy Island
Saint Aidan, (born, Ireland—died Aug. 31, 651, Bamburgh, Northumberland, Eng.; feast day August 31), apostle of Northumbria, monastic founder, first bishop of Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, off the coast of Northumberland.
Aidan was a monk at Iona, an island of the Inner Hebrides in Scotland, when King Oswald of Northumbria requested that he be made bishop of the newly converted Northumbrians. Consecrated in 635, Aidan settled on Lindisfarne, where he established his church, monastery, and see near the royal stronghold of Bamburgh. Under his direction and that of his successors, Lindisfarne flourished as a leading ecclesiastical centre until the Danish invasions began in 793.
From Lindisfarne, Aidan evangelized northern England. He founded churches, monasteries, and, on Lindisfarne, a school for the training of ministers, among whom were Chad (first bishop of Lichfield), his brother Cedd (who converted the East Saxons), and Eata, abbot of Melrose. The Anglo-Saxon historian and theologian Bede praised Aidan for his learning, charity, and simplicity of life.
After Oswald’s death in 641, Aidan’s protector became the next king, Oswin. He died soon after Oswin’s martyrdom (Aug. 20, 651).


The 'academic' component of the EE Program covers multiple pillars of the GenWise Curriculum. These curricular elements will be covered over 2 weeks (4-5 hrs/ day), as follows:
Week 1: Mathematics, Science, Design and Technology (STEM Focus)
Week 2: Nature, Society &Individual; Tools for Thinking & Communication (Humanities Focus)
Please click on each week to know (MUCH) more...
While children are free to pick either week, we strongly recommend a balanced exposure to the content over both weeks.
GenWise Curriculum Elements
The concept of T-shaped persons as a metaphor has been used for a few decades in the corporate world, and more recently in the context of building interdisciplinary work teams for creative processes. These individuals would have deep expertise in one field, and would also have an appreciation of several other fields (breadth of knowledge). Such “Versatilists” can see problems and possibilities far more clearly than either ‘Generalists’ or ‘Specialists’, as also see what other expertise is needed to tackle a challenge.
Our goal is to get young students to start their journey towards becoming Versatilists. We will do this by providing them exposure to each of our 5 curricular tracks.
GenWise Curriculum Elements: Schematic
Detailed Slideshow Below
Science & Scientific enquiry
Students will appreciate what scientific thinking is and experience the pleasure of finding things out on their own.
They will learn to observe and ask questions, and develop skills of experimentation, data collection, interpretation and analogic thinking.
They will learn these skills through engaging in various hands-on activities: say, predicting and verifying how the number of coils in an electromagnet affects the flow of current, how many marbles an aluminium foil boat can carry, and a design challenge to bring a model submarine up to the surface.
Students will reflect on ways in which scientific thinking can be extended to other disciplines, as also the limitations of Science.


Street Law Overview
In 1998, MJF staff, law school professors, professionals from the legal services community, and area high schools and alternative learning centers began to develop Street Law, a program in which law students receive training in teaching methods and resources for presenting a variety of substantive areas of law to high school students. These trained law students are then placed in classrooms where they help juveniles understand their legal rights and obligations as well as the basic rights and responsibilities of citizenship in a democratic society. Street Law volunteers work to provide a positive role model for the young people they teach and encourage their students to become active participants in their community.
Law students who participate in the Street Law program receive 5 hours of live training usually over winter break. The law students also have access to numerous hours of asynchronous learning materials created by local legal aid and private attorneys. These materials cover substantive areas of law including Constitutional, Consumer, Criminal, Education, Employment, Family, Housing and Juvenile Law. Community legal education professionals and teachers from participating schools provide training in effective teaching methods and advice for working with youth.
Law student volunteers work with the classroom teachers to find out what issues are most relevant to the students. Together they develop a syllabus for the term that addresses those issues using methods that will engage each student in the classroom. Street Law volunteers are trained to teach using a variety of methods and are provided with a broad range of resources. MJF staff members and volunteer attorneys from local legal services providers are available to help volunteers answer difficult questions or to assist them in developing curriculum, creating educational materials, and obtaining relevant speakers. School terms last anywhere from four to twelve weeks. Law students spend at least ten hours each term with the students they teach.
You may also be interested in:
Students: Volunteer For Street Law


Shortly after the novel begins, Scout starts her first year at school. The educational system in Maycomb leaves much to be desired. Scout is ahead of her classmates because Atticus has taught her to read and write, and Calpurnia has even taught her script. However, once her teacher discovers this, she punishes Scout and tells her not to learn anything else at home, because her father does not know how to teach her properly. This is the first clear conflict between institutionalized education and education in the home.
Atticus clearly takes great pride in instilling a powerful sense of morality in his children. He truthfully answers whatever questions they ask, and encourages their inquisitive minds by treating them as adults and encouraging them to grow intellectually and morally as much as possible. On the other hand, Scout’s teacher has a very specific understanding of what children should learn when, even if this schedule requires holding a child back. For example, when she asks Scout to write during class and Scout writes in script, she chides her and tells her that she should not be doing that for many years, because it isn’t taught in school until much later. Scout feels frustrated that her teacher does not understand her and only wants to hold her back.
Scout comes to Atticus with concerns about her education and he helps her understand that she must get an education, even though she might find the process frustrating, and that he will continue to read with her and teach her at home. Clearly, Atticus understands the faults of the educational system, but also knows it is necessary for his children to pass through this system to be a part of society. However, his teaching at home, both morally and otherwise, is far more valuable to his children than anything they learn in the classroom. Scout notices this most obviously when learning about the Holocaust. Her teacher explains that such oppression of one group of people could never happen in the United.


come to sight
A musician's or dramatist's repertoire is their ready stock or range of pieces that they are able to perform.
An apparition is something that unexpectedly appears that is either a ghost or ghostly.
If something is transparent, such as a window or a glass, you can see through it.
a parent of your father or mother
one woman’s having given birth to many children
Producing young from eggs; as, an oviparous animal, in which the egg is generally separated from the animal, and hatched after exclusion; -- opposed to viviparous.
One who begets, or brings forth, offspring; a father or a mother.
Descent from parents or ancestors; parents or ancestors considered with respect to their rank or character; extraction; birth; as, a man of noble parentage.
designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced
The state of a parent; the office or character of a parent.
the act of giving birth
The act of bringing forth, or being delivered of, young; the act of giving birth; delivery; childbirth.
occurring immediately after birth
a list of musical pieces or dramatic parts that someone can perform
permitting the free passage of electromagnetic radiation
doing in such a way as to allow free passage
Producing young in a living state, as most mammals, or as those plants the offspring of which are produced alive, either by bulbs instead of seeds, or by the seeds themselves germinating on the plant, instead of falling, as they usually do; -- opposed to oviparous.
Differentiated vocabulary for your students is just a click away.


In a recent dvm360® interview, Denise S. Rollings, AAS, CVT, VTS (Dentistry), shared why dental exams are key to detecting disease.
Though a pet's mouth may appear normal to the naked eye when performing a dental exam, there may be a problem lurking below the surface. According to veterinary technician Denise S. Rollings, AAS, CVT, VTS (Dentistry), founder of Pet Dental Education, “Sometimes we don’t see anything on the oral exam, and we take a radiograph, and we can see some pretty substantial disease.”
Rollings then highlighted what to look out for when performing a dental radiograph, plus the findings that may emerge.
"The majority of the tooth is below the gum line and that's where we're going to find the pathology. Generally, we're looking for what we consider attachment loss or bone loss which is going to look for periodontal disease...and then we're also looking for endodontic disease so that's infection from inside the tooth."
“We can find tooth resorption, unerupted teeth, oral masses in the bone taking radiographs, so they are a part of a comprehensive exam just like it is for us [humans],” added Rollings.
Watch the full video below to learn more about the importance of dental radiology.


Greece was always a crossroad of religions & civilizations. Christianity had α fertile ground to grow in Greece because of the ancient Greek religion, which was open to new influences and ideas and was supported by the spirit of the great philosophers of Greek antiquity. Our program aims at highlighting how this transition happened and what were the reasons behind the successful adoption.
By visiting three very important religious cradles, you will be introduced to the old mystic practices at the sacred place of Eleusis, the implantation of Christianity, the unique and fine examples of Classical idealism of Middle Byzantine -Daphni monastery & Osios Potapios Monastery – and the junction between the ancient and the new religions.
The tour starts with our visit to the monastery of Daphni (or Daphne or Dafni) which lies to the west of Athens, almost half-way along the Sacred Way to Eleusis. This site has been considered sacred since ancient times when there was a temple dedicated to Apollo there. The temple is long since gone (except for one column near the entrance), but the name Daphni (Greek for “laurel,” Apollo’s sacred plant) still honours Apollo’s memory. The first monastery was erected on the site in the 6th century A.D. and was enclosed by strong defensive walls, almost square in plan.
Alternative Tour Options:
There are so many other things to see in this area. Keep in mind that your driver is at your disposal, so if you would like to adjust the proposed itinerary at all, just let him know!
Proper attire must be worn inside monasteries- shoulders and knees must be covered.
This tour is not available on Mondays and Tuesdays.
It is entirely up to your discreet decision to leave some money in the candle box of the churches that we visit.


This policy is a complete revision and update of the Ontario Human Rights Commission’s (OHRC’s) original Policy on discrimination and harassment because of gender identity first published in 2000.
In keeping with the Preamble of the Code, this policy aims to:
- Promote recognition of the inherent dignity and worth of trans people
- Provide for equal rights and opportunities without discrimination and harassment because of gender identity and gender expression
- Create a climate of understanding and mutual respect, so that trans people feel they belong in the community and can contribute to it.
The policy promotes understanding and awareness about trans people and their rights. It can help employers, unions and other vocational associations, and housing and service providers understand and meet their legal responsibilities under the Code to prevent and address discrimination based on gender identity and gender expression.
Organizations can also use the policy to support the development of their own training materials and anti-discrimination and harassment policies.
The analysis and many of the examples in this policy are based on research, tribunal and court cases involving gender identity and gender expression, as well as consultations the OHRC undertook with trans people, other individuals and organizations.
See Appendix A for more about the purpose of OHRC policies.
 See the OHRC’s consultation backgrounder: Talking about gender identity and expression, available online at www.ohrc.on.ca.


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Alexandre Dumas, born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie; 24 July 1802 - 5 December 1870), was a French writer. His works have been translated into nearly 100 languages, and he is one of the most widely read French authors. Many of his historical novels of high adventure were originally published as serials, including The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After, and The Vicomte de Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. His novels have been adapted since the early twentieth century for nearly 200 films.
Prolific in several genres, Dumas began his career by writing plays, which were successfully produced from the first. He also wrote numerous magazine articles and travel books; his published works totalled 100,000 pages. In the 1840s, Dumas founded the Thtre Historique in Paris.
The English playwright Watts Phillips, who knew Dumas in his later life, described him as "the most generous, large-hearted being in the world. He also was the most delightfully amusing and egotistical creature on the face of the Earth. His tongue was like a windmill - once set in motion, you never knew when he would stop, especially if the theme was himself."


“Hy·dra / ˈhīdrə/ 1. Greek Mythol. a many-headed snake whose heads grew again as they were cut off, killed by Hercules” – Oxford English Dictionary
By far the oldest monster presented in this list, it is also one of the most famous ones. You must have heard of this monster, this serpent-like water creature which spat deadly acid, had poisonous blood running through its veins, and lots of heads. Every time a head was cut off, two new ones spawned in its place. Only one person, Heracles (Hercules), could kill it.
This creature is a monster fair and square, unlike the previous two entries. It looks like one, it is dangerous, it is partly immortal, and can only be destroyed by a true hero. While Heracles managed to kill it in the end, he did spend some time simply hacking off heads without having a single clue on how to kill it (it is said that Heracles, when he had the luminous idea to burn the stumps in order to prevent new heads from growing, was aided by Athena, who was, to put it kindly, quite a bit smarter than Heracles). However, to me this monster is also a metaphor for a problem that simply won’t go away.
Imagine worrying about something, and you’ve tried really, really hard to solve it, but every time you seem to get a grip on the situation, another problem, or perhaps even two, that you hadn’t foreseen yet arises. Although the easiest way out seems to be giving up, you feel like you need to try one more time. Let this post about the Hydra be a comfort to you: no matter how dire the situation seems, eventually, if you stick to your problem for long enough, you will eventually, either by yourself or by divine inspiration, come up with the solution. Every monster can be defeated, whether it’s a real one or a symbolic one.
So, is the Hydra truly a scary monster? Or should a different Ancient Greek monster have been added to the list instead? Have you ever encountered your own ‘Hydra’ problem? Share your opinion in the comments!


GRE Subject Test
GRE Subject Test is conducted to evaluate the knowledge of the candidates in a specific field of study. GRE Subject Test will be helping the candidates to prove themselves as the best among all by emphasizing their knowledge and skill level in specific areas. Though it is not a compulsory test for the candidates seeking admission in to graduate schools in abroad. But it is an opportunity to prove yourself as the best among all by showing your skills in your specific field of study. It depends completely upon the graduate school. Best graduate schools requires both the GRE General test and GRE subject test, while most of the schools requires only the GRE general test. Also the candidates avail some scholarship benefits from the universities or government like some scholarships from Universities of USA, scholarships from Universities of UK, etc.
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GRE Subject Test consists of seven specific subjects :
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology
- Literature in English
**Note : The GRE Computer Science Subject Test has been discontinued from April 2016.
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GRE Subject Test Exam Pattern
- GRE Subject Test are paper based tests
- Questions in Tests will be from Seven Subject Areas
- Total Time : 2 Hours 50 Minutes
- Number of Questions varies with the subjects Mathematics (66), Biology (194), English(230), Psychology(205), Physics(100), Chemistry(130), Biochemistry(170)
- Conducted 3 times in a year at different GRE Paper Based Test Centres across worldwide.
- GRE Revised General Test
- GRE Sample Papers ( General Test )
- International Scholarship for Indian Students for pursuing Masters’ in Germany
- International Scholarship for Indian Students for Masters in Japan
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Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is the primary finfish aquaculture species across the UK, Canada, Scandinavia and Chile. Nutrition is a major consideration in Salmonid aquaculture: efficient nutrient transfer in terms of feed-to-weight ratios, as well as the provision of non-marine protein sources, are vital to mitigate the impact of salmon farming. Furthermore, communicable disease has an increasing impact on farmed fish, with several emergent microbial and macro-pathogens in circulation.
Like the human gut microbiome project, an understanding of the S. salar microbiome will provide insight into the role microbial species have in nutrient absorption, metabolism, immunity and disease. Unlike in humans, where much of the microbiome is transmitted to juveniles within families and social groups, S. salar must recruit all of their commensal bacteria from the external environment to cope with the challenges of the varied ecotypes they exploit.
One of our research aims is to explore the ontogeny of the S. salar gut microbiota across its natural range, whilst taking into account life-history stages, including juveniles from marine, and freshwater environment.
Taxonomic classification and abundance of microbial OTUs (a) and taxonomic diversity of microbial OTUs (b) among different S. Salar life stages and across different locations (c).


Background A growing body of evidence shows that secondhand cigarette smoke undergoes numerous chemical changes after it is released into the air: it can adsorb to indoor surfaces, desorb back into the air and undergo chemical changes as it ages.
Objectives To test the effects of aging on the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette smoke.
Methods We generated sidestream and mainstream cigarette smoke with a smoking machine, diluted it with conditioned filtered air, and passed it through a 6 m3 flow reactor with air exchange rates that matched normal residential air exchange rates. We tested the effects of 60 min aging on the concentration of 16 PAHs, nicotine, cotinine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. We also measured sorption and deposition of nicotine, cotinine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines on materials placed within the flow reactor.
Results We observed mass losses of 62% for PAHs, 72%, for nicotine, 79% for N-nitrosonornicotine and 80% for 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Extraction of cotton cloth exposed to smoke yielded nicotine and NNK. The ratio of NNK:nicotine on the exposed cloth was 10-fold higher than that in aerosol samples.
Conclusions Our data suggest that the majority of the PAHs, nicotine, cotinine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines that are released during smoking in homes and public places deposit on room surfaces. These data give an estimate of the potential for accumulation of carcinogens in thirdhand cigarette smoke. Exposure to PAHs and tobacco-specific nitrosamines, through dermal absorption and inhalation of contaminated dust, may contribute to smoking-attributable morbidity and mortality.
- Secondhand smoke
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Responding to the effects of climate change and the mismanagement of natural resources has direct and significant consequences for poverty reduction and sustainable human development. In an effort to mitigate the negative impacts, substantial amounts of funds have been pledged and directed for climate change adaptation and mitigation measures. Similarly, the number of countries relying on extracting resources has been increasing, partly driven by high demand and prices for commodities. The extent to which climate finances or revenues from the extractive sector positively contribute to sustainable human development depends on the extent to which the money is spent for the intended purposes, without corruption and leakage. Besides the effectiveness and efficiency argument, corruption also exacerbates negative externalities in the environment and natural resource sector by distorting incentives and eroding the stringency of environmental regulations. Mitigating the risk of corruption in climate change finance, therefore, remains one of the priority areas.
Reducing emissions from the global forest sector has an important role to play in both mitigation and adaptation. The United Nations’ Collaborative programme to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (UN REDD Programme) assists developing countries in building capacity to reduce emissions and participate in a future REDD+ mechanism under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Natural resources can be a major source of revenue and opportunities for a country to foster its sustainable economic and social development and achieve internationally agreed development goals, including the MDG’s.


the meeting together of two or more cultures to create a synthesis of new build- ings. Finally, modern structures like the Empire State Building demonstrate that the sky is quite literally the limit when it comes to the next generation of architecture and engineering. Names of famous architects appear whenever they deserve credit for their creations. As an example, the Danish architect Jørn Utzon designed the unique Sydney Opera House and will forever be associated with that work, even though he did not oversee the completion of the task itself. Yet for many structures, the original architect’s name is forever lost to history. Indeed, some structures see each generation take it upon themselves to improve upon an ancestral design, building spirit houses, mud-brick granaries, or gaucho ranches one span taller or wider each time. Several common threads link every structure found throughout the world. All structures, whether one story high or 100 stories high, must have integrity so that they stay sturdy. They retain aesthetic elements, from “vanity spires” that cause a skyscraper to exaggerate its height to the beautiful calligraphy inscribed throughout many buildings of the Islamic world. Many structures utilize a dome shape to max- imize interior space while minimizing weight and building materials; both the Hagia Sophia of Istanbul and the far more modest St. Mary’s Basilica of New Zealand rely on the simple, practical dome structure. People build structures for a variety of reasons other than simple shelter. Some do it for money, others for faith, and others for pride and artistic achieve- ment. Human structures have grown larger, taller, wider, and more complex over time, and today’s ultramodern skyscrapers will doubtless look puny in comparison to the great architectural achievements of the future. Even so, these futuristic structures may still be no more practical in many parts of the world than simple structures of wood and clay.
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What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing is the provision of IT service, on-demand and network accessible, using flexible pooled resources that are simple to deploy and expand. It is typically delivered with a combination of commodity hardware, virtualization and management.
What can the Cloud do for Small Business (SMB)
On-demand provisioning of virtual desktops, storage, and applications can be up to 240 times faster than with physical systems
With easier desktop management, less maintenance, and cheaper thin clients, virtualization reduces costs by an average of 40%
Virtualization of hardware allows fast migration of workloads and rapid disaster recovery
Dynamic use of pooled resources makes it easy to increase or decrease workloads, staffing levels and applications, and store data
Ease of use
Hides IT complexity, simplifying training and making elaborate computing resources more user-friendly
Flexible and mobile
Network accessible resources allow users to access business systems from any device, at work, home or on the road
Centralization of resources reduces power consumption and hardware waste
Cost effective in situations where maintaining a dedicated IT staff is not feasible
Smaller organizations usually outsource IT staff and do not have time or resources to set up a ‘private cloud’ solution. BoltWave provides the perfect alternative – reasonably priced, reliable, trouble-free, cutting-edge IT solutions.


GYGKZLJ Baby Musical Toys Intellectual Musical School Bus, Learning Educational Toys, Piano Bus Toys with Shape Puzzles Knocking Piano Music Educational Toys Gifts for Baby, Toddler
Roll over image to zoom in
Click to open expanded view
- 【Gears around the bead】-Rotate the big gear to drive the small gear, use the brain and hands more intelligently, and cultivate the baby’s hand-eye coordination ability. The wheel becomes a rattle, the bus wheel can be taken down and transformed into a baby rattle, and the bag is easy to grasp.
- 【Pattern Matching】-Graphic matching, hand-eye coordination, matching of different colors and shapes, cultivating children’s shape recognition and large-size squares to prevent accidental swallowing. Open the rear door, there is a large space inside, you can store toys, let the baby develop a good habit of storage since childhood.
- 【Play the piano】-Two playing modes: knock on the piano + play on the piano, which cultivates musical interest and exercises agility. We also have 3 piano scores.
- 【Color recognition】-Toggle the color beads to effectively exercise the flexibility of the baby’s fingers and enjoy the visual effects brought by colors.
- 【Flexible car head】-The small animal jumps up and down, turning its small eyes to change different interesting expressions, pressing the nose can produce BIBI sound effects,The trailer moves around (there is a trailer hole in the front of the bus, and ropes are required) to enhance mobility and sports skills.
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About this artwork baby airplane toy is good for early development The airplane is designed with rich functions, which is combined features of moving toy, musical toy, light-up toy and interactive educational toy. The moving airplane can encourage babies crawling or walking. The airplane is installed 3 kinds of animal sounds effect and a real takeoff sounds effect, which can help babies develop imagination. The plane is with smooth edges and easy-push button, which can help baby develop his or her fine motor skills. A clearly human voice can be released.
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Technical optimization is a process in search engine optimization (SEO) that involves ensuring that a website or web page is optimized for search engines in terms of its technical characteristics. It is a way of improving the visibility and ranking of a website or web page in search engine results pages (SERPs) by ensuring that it is technically sound and easy for search engines to crawl and index.
Technical optimization can involve a variety of techniques, including optimizing the website’s code, improving its loading speed, and ensuring that it is mobile-friendly and accessible to people with disabilities. It can also involve optimizing the website or web page for local search, by ensuring that it is properly listed in local business directories and that it includes accurate and up-to-date information about the business or organization.
Technical optimization is an important part of SEO because it helps to ensure that a website or web page is technically sound and easy for search engines to crawl and index. It can also help to improve the user experience by making the website or web page faster and easier to use.
Overall, technical optimization is an important aspect of SEO, and it is a valuable tool for improving the visibility and ranking of a website or web page in the SERPs. It can be a valuable resource for businesses and organizations looking to improve the technical performance of their website or web page and attract more visitors.


Recorded in the spelling of Keilty, Kiltie, Kilty, and Quilty, this Irish surname is an anglicized form of the ancient Gaelic name O'Caoilte or sometimes MacCaoilte. The prefix "O" indicates "descendant of", which "Mac" is more direct and describes the "son of", plus in this case the personal name Caoilte, thought to be derived from the Gaelic element "coill" meaning a "wood" or more likely "caol" meaning "the slender one", and presumably a nickname for the first chief of the clan. The majority of Irish surnames derive from the nicknames of the chiefs, some being by modern standards rude or even lewd! The surname is mainly found in the province of Munster and then in counties Limerick, Waterford and Tipperary.In the 20th century "O" prefix has almost invariably been dropped, but the dialectal spelling of MacQuilty or McQuilty is occasionally to be found in the Ulster county of Antrim.The first recorded spelling of the family name is believed to be that of Teag O'Kilte, in the rolls and registers of the County Limerick Justiciary Rolls. This was during the reign of King Edward ll of England, 1307 - 1327. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was known as Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.
© Copyright: Name Origin Research 1980 - 2022
Enjoy this name printed onto our colourful scroll, printed in Olde English script. An ideal gift.


|Named By:||Joseph Leidy in 1870|
|Time Period:||Eocene, 48 Ma|
|Location:||Belgium. France. Germany. Krygyzstan. Mexico. USA, California, Colorado, North Dakota, Utah & Wyoming|
|Size:||Between 1.3 and 2.15 meters long, depending upon the species|
|Fossil(s):||Many individuals, including a complete and articulated juvenile|
|Classification:||| Chordata | Reptilia | Squamata | Varanoidea | Varanidae ||
|Also known as:||| Thinosaurus ||
Saniwa is an extinct genus of monitor lizards that lived during the Eocene epoch around 48 million years ago. Well-preserved fossils have been found in the Bridger and Green River Formations of Wyoming, and evidence indicates Saniwa also lived in Europe. The type species S. ensidens was named in 1870 as the first fossil lizard known from North America. Several other species have since been added, but their validity is uncertain. It is a close relative of Varanus, the genus that includes extant monitor lizards.


Daily Inspiration: Kurt Vonnegut on ‘Making Your Soul Grow”
In 2006, students from the New York-based Xavier High School were asked to write to their favorite authors and ask them to come visit the school. Several of the students chose late-great sci-fi author Kurt Vonnegut, who was 84 at the time. Due to his age, Vonnegut no longer made public appearances, especially since (in his words) he resembled an iguana. But he drafted up a lovely response to the students, as well as their teacher Ms. Lockwood. He provided the kids with some choice nuggets of inspirational wisdom, as well as a handy exercise that I think we could all benefit from. He said:
"Practice any art, music, singing, dancing, acting, drawing, painting, sculpting, poetry, fiction, essays, reportage, no matter how well or badly, not to get money and fame, but to experience becoming, to find out what’s inside you, to make your soul grow. Seriously! I mean starting right now, do art and do it for the rest of your lives. Draw a funny or nice picture of Ms. Lockwood, and give it to her. Dance home after school, and sing in the shower and on and on. Make a face in your mashed potatoes. Pretend you’re Count Dracula."
He also told the students to head home, write a six-line rhyming poem, and…
"Tear it up into teeny-weeny pieces, and discard them into widely separated trash receptacles. You will find that you have already been gloriously rewarded for your poem. You have experienced becoming, learned a lot more about what’s inside you, and you have made your soul grow."
Read the rest of the letter at the terrific Tumblr Letters of Note.
[Header image: “Vonnegut” by jeffhx]


So just how do you count the crowds that turned out for the biggest uprising in history?
The Egyptians reckon 30 million people were on the streets in recent anti-Islamic Brotherhood demonstrations.
But counting 30 million people is an impossible task – and what if some were counted more than once?
Certainly, the numbers hitting the streets and squares of Cairo and other major cities were big.
Tahrir Square was the centre of the protest – and the supporters of the protests claim millions crammed in to the space.
The number’s up
But it’s obvious from looking at the size of the square that the maximum capacity is nearer 500,000 and that would be at a massive squeeze.
In fact, 30 million people is about 45% of the nation’s population – and considering official figures show 20% of the population are children under 10 years old and at least the same number would be too old or inform to turn out, the figure looks less and less plausible.
Every able-bodied adult Egyptian would have had to join the protest to hit the numbers the protestors claim.
A government spokesman suggested the figure was nearer 14 million, while the opposition reckoned the real total was a lot less than that.
All sides have something to prove by inflating demonstration figures.
The pros want to show they have popular support, the antis want the opposite and the government have their own agenda.
So how do the experts try to put a headcount on demonstrations and turn outs like Royal weddings and Papal visits?
Well, there are no hard and fast rules.
One way is to take an aerial picture of an area with defined boundaries, like Tahrir Square.
Mathematicians then put a grid on the image and blow up one of the squares and simply count the heads and multiple the number by the total number of squares in the grid.
That gives crowd density, but does not account for people moving about.
Another method is to count the number of people moving past a specific point on a demonstration route, but this does not include people who joined the demo after that point or left before reaching the counter.
So in the end, unless the event is ticketed with entry control, no one really knows how big a crowd is – it’s all down to whether you are for or against the demonstration and some inspired guesswork.


Standing Rock, North Dakota has been the site of a major protest this year against the Dakota Access Pipeline project. Protesters have sought to delay the pipeline’s progress by a wide variety of means, and both sides in the conflict have been accused of a variety of misdeeds.
An anonymous group supporting the protesters has released a video describing how they stop trains without the use of physical barricades. The video begins with police removing automobiles used to block the tracks and escorting trains through level crossings, showing how these traditional methods have been ineffective.
The video then goes on to outline what is described as a “sneaky” way of halting trains. Most railroads use what is known as a track circuit — a current run through the rails of the track detects when a train passes over it by the axles completing an electrical circuit between the two. By using a standard automotive jumper cable to connect the two rails together instead, the circuit is completed and falsely indicates to the railway signalling system that a train is present on the track in question. Due to the safety-critical nature of the railway, no trains can be run on the track until the short circuit is removed, else there is a great risk of collisions between trains on the network.
Intended as a practical guide, strategies to maximize disruption are outlined, such as hiding the cables under snow and painting them in black to evade detection as long as possible. Instructions on how to best make a solid connection to the rails are also shared.
It goes without saying that interfering with major infrastructure is risky, dangerous, and highly illegal. Protesters have already been arrested for physically blocking trains. Perpetrators of this method will surely be arrested if caught, and circumventing the technology could easily result in harsher charges associated with electronic security and safety systems. This is sabotage (deliberately obstructing) and undermines the validity of peaceful protest.
This shows how ingenuity is often spawned by turmoil and frustration. Reflect on human nature, and catch the video below the break.


The federal agency known as the FDA, or the Food and Drug Administration, was born over a 100 years ago—at the turn of the industrial revolution, in a time of enormous upheaval and change, and rapidly emerging technology. The same could be said to be just as true today.
From CRISPR to synthetic biology to using artificial intelligence in medicine, our healthcare system is undergoing massive amounts of innovation and change. From gene-editing your dog to tracking the next foodborne outbreak, this wide-ranging conversation between Principal Commissioner of the FDA Amy Abernethy and Vijay Pande, General Partner at a16z (held at the a16z Summit in 2019), covers how the agency is evolving to keep pace with the scientific breakthroughs coming, while staying true to its core mission of assessing safety and effectiveness for consumers in the world of food and medicine.
What the FDA looks like today and the key steps of the FDA process to getting a drug/product to market [2:20]
How to manage a culture when mitigating risk is a top priority while aiming to innovate for the future [5:22]
Creative problem solving in times of crisis, such as the Opioid crisis [9:58]
Preparing for and preventing drug shortages at scale [13:30]
How advances in bioengineering are transforming healthcare [16:00]
How the FDA is thinking about n=1 therapies and its applications in the future [18:54]
The future of healthcare privacy [26:10]
The ways the clinical trial process are shifting [29:26]
Innovations in Bioengineering as they relate to regulating food in the future [36:02]
How the FDA handles foodborne illnesses and its plans to innovate food safety [39:12]
Discussion about the next 100 years of the FDA [41:25]


Scientific name: Terminalia catappa L.
Synonym: Terminalia procera Roxb.
Bengali/Vernacular name: Kath badam, Bangla badam, Deshi badam.
Tribal name: Sai-pee-bawn (Rakhaing).
English name: Country almond, Indian almond, Tropical almond, Bengal almond.
Description of the plant: A medium to large deciduous tree, up to 25 m tall, branches whorled and spreading horizontally. Leaves obovate, sometimes elliptic-obovate, spirally arranged and crowded at the ends of the branches, apex rounded or shortly acuminate, base narrow, cordate, margin entire, veins 6-9 pairs, widely spaced. Flowers small, white, in solitary, axillary, simple spike, male flowers on the upper part and few bisexual flowers towards the base. Fruit a drupe, ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, greenish-yellow or reddish, more or less laterally compressed, pericarp woody.
Plant parts used: Leaf.
Medicinal uses: Juice of young leaves is used to prepare an ointment for leprosy, scabies and other skin diseases; juice taken internally is useful in headache.
Distribution: It is commonly planted throughout the country as avenue and shade tree.


The government of Tanzania on Thursday granted citizenship to 162,000 refugees from Burundi. Most of the Burundian refugees in Tanzania are part of a group dubbed the “1972 caseload” — those who fled Burundi following a 1972 civil war. Unlike most other refugees in Tanzania, they have been living outside of camps and among Tanzanians. They are essentially already integrated into the local economy and community, and the move by Tanzania to extend citizenship is the final step toward a sustainable solution for these Burundian refugees.
This unparalleled decision was hailed by UNHCR chief Antonio Guterres as “historic.” The UNHCR noted that “this is the first time that any state has naturalized such a large group of refugees under the protection of UNHCR in a single move.” Tanzania still hosts about 270,000 refugees (including 90,000 in UNHCR camps), and naturalization is an option the government is limiting to the 1972 Burundian refugees.
Burundians who fled violence in later years are not able to avail themselves the naturalization option, and about 36,000 remain in the Mtabila camp in northwestern Tanzania. These refugees have not been extended the same opportunities has their predecessors and the Tanzanian government has undertaken controversial measures to deal with this group.
Many rights organizations have accused Tanzania of forcing the return of refugees living in Mtabila, by limiting income-generation activities, access to schooling and other basic services, and even going as far as bulldozing homes in settlements. These tactics — which are designed to push refugees to leave as soon as possible all the while creating a disincentive for them to seek local integration — have made it difficult for the voluntary repatriation process (which the UNHCR coordinates) to be truly voluntary or in accordance with the principle of non-refoulement.
Tanzania, while generally regarded as upholding a decent standard of protection for refugees in spite of the questionable policies mentioned above, was not necessarily likely to carry out the unprecedented move of naturalizing tens of thousands of people. This underscores the idea that, given the right conditions, refugees are able to integrate with a host community, and positively impact it. Particularly as refugee rights continue to be ignored and displaced persons are seen as a burden to bear, this decision represents an important milestone in the ongoing evolution of international refugee protection.


Birth Order and Health
Researchers do not just study intelligence and personality when looking at birth order. They have become involved in many other areas, including health risks. One is the chance of a child having Type 1 diabetes as a consequence of his or her position in the family. A study done in Norway followed 1.4 million children between 1974 and 1998. Some of the study's findings apparently indicate a correlation between birth order and the onset of Type 1 diabetes and the ages of the parents. While there was no association between maternal age when the first baby was born, the study showed a tendency toward diabetes among second- or later-born children for each five-year increase in maternal age. In fact, 43.2 percent of all fourth-born children studied suffered an onset of Type 1 diabetes. The father's age, however, was not a factor in any of the families.
When a woman has babies after age 30, she is more likely to have a child or children with lower birth weight, as well as complications during pregnancy. The study offers that these, and other factors contribute to later-born children developing Type 1 diabetes. So, it is not so much the birth order as it is the age of the mother - the later the birth of the second or later child, the greater the overall health risks to that child.
Yet another factor presenting a higher risk of diabetes in later-born children is also age-associated. When a woman begins having babies at a later age, she usually gives birth in less-frequent intervals than women who started having children at a younger age. Women who become pregnant later have more stillbirths and pregnancy complications than do younger women. Further, there is an environmental factor: Women over age 30 have been exposed more frequently to infections and environmental toxins, thus changing somewhat their immune system's ability to respond fully effectively to infections and external effects. The researchers say this is a serious concern, particularly for second, third, and fourth-born children.


Write on one of the following topics:
Aristotle said that the man who is incapable of working in common, or who in his self-sufficiency has no need of others, is no part of the community, and is like a beast or a god.Discuss the character of Achilles in light of this statement.Use plenty of examples, details, references, and quotations in the response.
In spite of the constraints imposed by the formulaic language of the oral tradition, Homer, according to one critic, “sees his people as individually distinct and makes us aware of their individuality.” Discuss the ways Homer succeeds in presenting as differentiated individuals Hector, Nestor, Ajax, Odysseus, Agamemnon, Priam, and Phoenix.How does Homer make his characters individuals? Give plenty examples and references to the text in your response.
For a complete primary source, use The Iliad and search for the listed books.
Homer’s preferred medium of poetic comparison is simile rather than metaphor, and his similes are “extended.” The simile does more than establish a likeness between A and B; it goes on to describe B in great detail, some of the details not like A at all.Yet, these details, the apparent development of B for its own sake, often do suggest points of comparison that lie below the surface, and often, too, they make significant comments on broader aspects of the situation in which they appear.Discuss the function of the extended or epic simile in at leastthree of the following passages:


This study revisits, updates, and evaluates the climatological isentropic analysis method pioneered by Jerome Namias in the 1930s. Early researchers including Namias noted many advantages to the use of constant potential temperature surfaces, or isentropic analysis, over constant pressure charts (e.g., barometric heights) but aviation needs for constant pressure charts caused climatological isentropic research to wane after World War II. We employ modern data to verify and update Namias's original identification of the North American monsoon. Given this verification, we extend his analyses to other seasons. Importantly, we identify a springtime prominent "isentropic inverted wave" over the Great Plains that corresponds to severe storm and tornadic activity. We also verify isentropic analysis in the detection of drought using modern drought indexes. Fundamentally, we demonstrate that Namias's climatological isentropic analysis is still notably applicable to climate forecasting concerns. In a larger perspective, we demonstrate the usefulness of reexamining past research in the context of new data and methods.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||17|
|Journal||Annals of the Association of American Geographers|
|State||Published - Nov 1 2011|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Geography, Planning and Development
- Earth-Surface Processes


Recorded in the spellings of Garfitt, Garfit, and Garfoot, this interesting English surname is locational and almost certainly from the county of Yorkshire where it is well recorded. It is a dialectal variant of the village name Garforth, a place name composed of the Old English pre-seventh century words 'gara', meaning a triangular piece of ground, plus the second element of 'ford', a shallow river crossing. A 'gara' was the land left over at the corner of an 'open' field after the rectangular furlongs had been laid out.Locational surnames are 'from' names. That is to say that it is a name that would usually have been given to the original nameholders when they left their original homes and moved elsewhere. Spelling being problematical and local dialects very 'thick', soon lead to the development of alternative spellings. In this case early examples of the name recordings include: John Garfoote who married Frances Hazeldene at All Hallows church, London wall, city of London, on May 25th 1658, and John Garfitt, whose son John was christened at Kirkheaton church, near Huddersfield, Yorkshire, on May 31st 1683. It would seem that this child lived only a short time, because on October 12th 1684 at the same church a second son called John was christened. The coat of arms associated with the family name has the blazon of Sable, a bend between six goats passant argent. The goat has an honourable place in heraldry being awarded to those who attained high office. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of William de Gereford. This was dated 1219, in the "Assize Rolls" of Yorkshire, during the reign of King Henry 111, known as "The Frenchman", 1216 - 1272.
© Copyright: Name Origin Research 1980 - 2022
Enjoy this name printed onto our colourful scroll, printed in Olde English script. An ideal gift.