Controlling our words requires wisdom, and true wisdom comes from God. Wisdom from above is pure, peaceful, gentle, open to reason, full of mercy and good fruits, impartial, and sincere (v.17). The US has been increasingly divided among philosophical, political, and social lines for too long. Like many empires of the ancient world, the US is collapsing in on itself. This time of quarantine may be an opportunity to revisit wisdom over opinion and materialism. We have been given time to reflect and think. If only believers act on James’s words to control our tongues, there could be a substantial shift in discordant discourses. Reason and impartiality, mercy and sincerity go a long way toward reconciliation.
While speaking with wisdom is important for everyone, it is especially crucial for teachers, whom James is still addressing. Teachers are in a place of authority, and many people are not willing to question that authority. Teachers who want the best for their students must hold fast to what is true, rather than what is popular or expedient. Those teachers who rely on and speak from God’s wisdom will be recognized as set apart. They will be found trustworthy, and their sincere compassion for their students will be evident to all.
A verse for teachers in the time of COVID-19: My mouth shall speak wisdom; the meditation of my heart shall be understanding. Psalm 49:3


An important cultural center during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent, the rural town of Iznik (ancient Nicea) nestles on a lakeside in Northwest Turkey. Here in the early 16th century an “Imperial ware,” now called Iznik, was made for the Istanbul court of the Ottoman Sultan–the richest, most powerful monarch in Europe. Originally inspired by Chinese pottery, Imperial ware was so exquisite that European collectors in the mid 19th century thought it came from Persia. Only in the 1920s did scholars accept that Iznik ceramics were Ottoman, giving due recognition at last to Turkish potters for some of the world´s most beautiful and striking designs. Iznik ware has survived to the present day in all its splendor. Iznik tiles adorn palaces and mosques; the largest collection of ceramic vessels is in the British Museum. Handpainted. Classical iznik Design
During the production process of traditional Turkish ceramics, pattern selection is most important part of it. Most of the time, inspiration comes from the tile history. Floral patterns-motifs were especially favored for the decoration of interiors in Ottoman architecture and the most important area of their application was wall tiles. Tiles manufactured in Iznik between the 16th and late 17th centuries embellished the walls of not only mosques and tombs but also of place buildings and daily used structures.
It is easy to see lots of successful applications of tiles at which flowers are dominant main pattern. At the pictures above, you can see those examples.


Histopathological evaluation of seven Amazon species of freshwater ornamental armored catfish
Avaliação histopatológica em sete especies de cascudos ornamentais amazônicos
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Fish commonly known as acaris or plecos are freshwater armored catfish economically important as a food resource and as ornamental fish. Most of these species are captured in the Amazon region. However, despite its economic importance, there is a lack of knowledge about their biological aspects. Thus, this study aimed to characterize and evaluate the histopathological aspects of important organs as gills, liver, integument and kidney of seven species of armored freshwater ornamental catfish from Guamá River, Pará State, Brazil. All organs showed typical characteristics of organs of other teleosts. In some species, gills and liver showed slight histopathological changes: telangiectasis, edema and morphological changes related to the presence of parasites (Monogenea and Digenea) in the gills, and changes in the arrangement of hepatocytes rows, and vacuolation of hepatocytes in the liver. Thus, the knowledge of the normal structure of organs and changes found can be used as tools for environmental and health monitoring of animals.


NEW YORK (AP) — Can your pet get COVID-19?
Yes, pets and different animals can get the coronavirus that causes COVID-19, however well being officers say the danger of them spreading it to folks is low.
Dogs, cats, ferrets, rabbits, otters, hyenas and white-tailed deer are among the many animals which have examined constructive, normally after contracting it from contaminated folks.
While you don’t have to fret a lot about getting COVID-19 from your pets, they need to fear about getting it from you. People with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 ought to keep away from contact with pets, cattle and wildlife, in addition to with different folks, in line with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
“If you wouldn’t go near another person because you’re sick or you might be exposed, don’t go near another animal,” says Dr. Scott Weese at Ontario Veterinary College.
Not all contaminated pets get sick and critical sickness is extraordinarily uncommon. Pets that present signs sometimes get mildly unwell, the CDC says.
Some zoos within the U.S. and elsewhere have vaccinated massive cats, primates and different animals which are considered vulnerable to getting the virus via contact with folks.
This explicit coronavirus most definitely jumped from animals to people within the first place, sparking a pandemic as a result of the virus spreads so simply between folks. But it doesn’t simply unfold from animals to folks. Minks are the one identified animals to have caught the virus from folks and unfold it again, in line with Weese.
Three nations in northern Europe recorded circumstances of the virus spreading from folks to mink on mink farms. The virus circulated among the many animals earlier than being handed again to farmworkers.
How simply animals can get and unfold the virus would possibly change with completely different variants, and one of the simplest ways to stop the virus from spreading amongst animals is to manage it amongst folks, Weese says.
By EMMA H. TOBIN, The Associated Press
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A new type of economy is emerging, in which data and the ability to analyze it form the basis of economic success and political power. This new economy requires the development of an institutional framework in which the property rights of data are clearly defined.
- In both the Chinese state model and the American technology companies, the ownership rights of data are at stake.
- Clear property rights are crucial in order to fully exploit the wealth potential of the data economy.
- Europe could, with good property rights, realize the full growth potential of the data economy.
We are moving towards an economy and a society in which information – data – is becoming the most important factor of production and the central source of power and authority.
This new economy raises a lot of questions and challenges for us as economists.
As economists, we are not always happy when it comes to understanding the ‘new economy’ that surrounds us. This began with Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus, who, just as the Industrial Revolution took place, focused on the stationary state that the limited arable land available would impose on the economy. In the 1990s, the emergence of the internet-economy triggered us to develop theories about the ‘new economy’. These theories suggested among other things, that the ‘network effects’ that characterized this economy made it possible to prevent the economy from no longer suffering new crises – predictions that were first outdated by the facts in 2001 and then even more dramatically in 2008.


The West African nation of Guinea has significant hydroelectric potential (estimated at 6,000 MW) but, currently, only 2% of that amount is being exploited, providing access to only one out of every four Guineans. Last April, the government said it intended to connect 721,000 homes to electricity between now and 2020. But the population is growing impatient and there have been increasing numbers of protests, many of them extremely tense. On September 13, a young man was killed and about 30 people were injured during a protest that spiraled into violent clashes with the police in Boké, a town located about 300 kilometers northwest of the capital, Conakry. The protesters were demanding to be added to the water and electricity distribution networks. But now thanks to a groundbreaking project started by a math teacher named Ibrahima Tounkara, Bolodou a small, isolated village will have electricity 24/7. Read more http://observers.france24.com/en/20170922-maths-teacher-guinea-made-dam-powering-entire-village Photo: Ibrahima Tounkara – The Observers, France 24
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Have you ever wished to be bitten by a radioactive spider? So that you could also have the powers of Spiderman, or to be specific, the powers of spiders. Now, scientists are studying the superpowers of spiders - their ability to stick and walk on almost all surfaces, even upside down. The research is fuelled by scientists’ desire to learn and produce reversible bioadhesives, which can stick and unstick on will, just like Spiderman.
In the latest research, Scientists at the Kiel University in Germany were surprised to find that the hair-like structures on spider feet, which give spiders their superpowers, were far more variable than they expected. So much so, that scientists could only study a bunch of them and gave up on studying all the hair-like structures and their functions. Now, they are expecting these structures to repeat in patterns.
When the scientists started the experiments, they expected that the special adhesion of the spiders was because of an angle at which spider feet hair sticks to the surfaces. They thought that all spider feet hairs work in the same manner.
“But surprisingly, the adhesion forces largely differed between the individual hairs, e.g. one hair adhered best at a low angle with the substrate while the other one performed best close to perpendicular," says Clemens Schaber, the lead researcher of the study, in a news release by Frontiers, an open-access publisher-platform. The research was published in the platform’s Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering Journal on June 18.
Looking through a microscope, scientists found that each structure was working differently. These hairs differed from each other even in their structural arrangement. According to scientists, this must be the reason why spiders can easily climb on so many different kinds of surfaces - from as smooth as glass to as rough as a rock.
Scientists think that despite it being very difficult to build these structures in the lab and achieve as much reliability and stability as spiders have, the research can still provide a direction in finding reversible adhesives that do not leave a residue.
Read all the Latest News, Breaking News and Coronavirus News here.


An object is moving in one-dimensional space with a potential funciton V(x) = constant. Find the equation of motion, x(t). Use x_0 as the initial position and v_0 as the initial velocity at t=0.
initial position = x_0
initial velocity = v_0
The Attempt at a Solution
Now, this is for a physical chemistry II course, and I haven't had any Classical Mechanics in about three years (I'm a Chemistry major). Our instructor wanted to have us do a few Classical Mechanics problems for review and perhaps, to bridge to Hamiltonian physics. However, the text doesn't provide any information about classical mechanics, and I've only had minimal success understanding information from the internet regarding my problem. I was mostly wondering if someone could explain or clarify how the potential function, given by V(x) = constant is related to an equation of motion. I know this may seem simple and silly, but please indulge my ignorance, I'm eager to learn. But anyway, from parsing a few sites, I came up with a generic equation:
x (t) = (1/2)a*t^2 + v_0*t + x_0
Where, a is the acceleration, v_0 is the initial velocity, and x_0 is the initial position. I don't know if this is even close to what I'm supposed to be doing, can someone help?
Thanks for your consideration,


At least 82.4 million people across the globe have been forced to flee their homes at the end of 2020 as a result of human rights violations, persecution, violence, conflicts, climate change, or events seriously disturbing public order.
Nearly 50% of this population comprises children.
The numbers are quite disturbing because there’s an increase of 3 million in comparison to the last year as stated by the UN.
Even amidst the pandemic, these numbers have continued to increase 9 times in a row.
This surge in the number of refugees is alarming since 86% of them are being hosted in developed countries and it is difficult to host such a large mass after a certain time because of increased competition for resources.
The refugee crisis is leading to the migrant crisis which refers to the intense difficulty or dangerous situation in the receiving state/country due to the movements of large groups of immigrants (displaced people, refugee or asylum seekers) fleeing from the conditions (natural or man-made) which negatively affected their situation.
More than two-thirds are approximately 68% of all refugees displaced abroad came from just five countries viz Myanmar, South Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Venezuela and Afghanistan excluding Palestine refugees according to the UNHCR Global Trends 2020.
Syrians are considered to be the biggest population of refugees today followed by Venezuelans and Palestinians.
The ongoing refugee crisis includes refugees of the Syrian Civil War, the Venezuelan refugee crisis, Rohingya persecution in Myanmar, the Somali Civil War, and the Palestine-Israel Conflict.
Due to the pandemic-induced lockdown, around 167 countries globally have sealed their borders to fight against Covid and its spread.
Following which millions of people have been denied a nationality and lack basic rights such as education, health care, employment, and freedom of movement.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, “everything else has stopped, including the economies, but wars and conflict and violence and discrimination and persecution, all the factors that pushed these people to flee, have continued,” UNHCR chief Filippo Grandi said.
The three stated and known solution to the refugee crisis includes:
- Voluntary returns in safety and dignity;
- Local integration; and
- Resettlement to another location or country
All of this is not possible unless aid is given from both developed and developing nations along with the United Nations (UN).
The UN has designated 20th June as world refugee day to celebrate and honour refugees from around the world.


(Henry Wallace in 1939 - before he was vice-President or Presidential candidate, had the unenviable task of Secretary of Agriculture)
Most everyone interested in Presidential campaigns past is familiar with Henry Wallace, who ran for President on the Progressive ticket in 1948. Prior to that he was a moderately familiar voice as vice-President to FDR in 1940. But in 1939 he was still Secretary of Agriculture, a post appointed by FDR in 1933. It was not a particularly popular place to be, with price controls on cotton and pork and forcing farmers to slaughter pigs and plow under cotton in order to keep prices up. Nonetheless, Wallace did the best with what was handed him and he implemented a number of New Deal programs during his tenure, including the AAA Farm Program and farm subsidies and emerged as one of the best Agriculture Secretaries the country ever had. Here is one of his rare appearances, addressing a Jefferson Day dinner on April 22, 1939.
Henry Wallace: “Problems of Agriculture are not insoluble as long as the machinery is available to farmers to enable them to cope with their problems. Advance indications are that participation in the AAA Farm Program this year will be the greatest it has ever been. Nearly six million farm families, eighty-five percent of all the farm families in the United States will cooperate in 1939 in this program of balanced farming and soil conservation. In the corn and wheat region, the striking increase in interest is evidenced by the fact from fifteen to twenty percent more farmers are taking part this year than last.”
Less than ten years later he would break with the Democratic Party of Harry Truman and forge his own bid for the Presidency. But that's another story.


Understanding Good Debt vs Bad Debt
What Is Debt?
Debt is any amount of money or cash equivalent provided to a person or organization to be repaid to the lender. These loans take the form of mortgages, car financing, student loans, etc… Each agreement can vary in terms of repayment periods, minimum payments, and other stipulations. In most cases you can expect to pay interest on the principle amount loaned out. It’s important understand good debt vs bad debt and use it to your advantage.
Loans and debts incurred to pay for liabilities and expenses that don’t generate income are generally considered bad debt. The reason being that the purchase does not increase your overall value and will likely have depreciated itself in value by the time you pay it off. In addition, with recurring interest payments the purchase could cost up to twice as much in the end if you don’t pay off the balance quickly. Prevent falling into this trap by managing your expenses and putting money to the side for items that bring value to your financial journey. If you must use debt to stay afloat take additional precautions by paying more than your minimum balance each month so you don’t fall behind the added interest.
Taking out a loan or receiving an investment for financial gains is considered good debt. Unlike the former good debt is put toward an asset or business plan with the intent to improve the recipients ability to make money. In this instance, the likelihood of debt repayment is higher because the business would in theory turn a profit and pay for itself. This takes a great deal of risk off the recipient as they are not required to have the capital to start, but simply execute the plan and then pay off the debt before taking the profits.


Dakota County collects recycling at Lebanon Hills and Lake Byllesby campgrounds and the Whitetail Woods camper cabins.
Reducing waste by recycling bottles, cans, paper, cartons and plastic is an easy way to minimize our impact on our air, water and land as well as preserving our natural resources.
Sort your waste while camping in Dakota County
Use the provided paper bag to collect paper, cardboard, cartons, metal cans, glass bottles, and jars and plastic bottles, containers, and jugs. This bag goes into the recycling dumpster at the waste station or you can put your items in loose without a bag.
Place these items in the trash: Styrofoam, candy wrappers, chip bags, paper plates, cups and napkins, utensils, and plastic bags, cups and wrap. You are welcome to use the black bag provided or your own bag.
Don’t forget these items in your camping pack
- Reusable dishes (plates, bowels, cups), cutlery, and containers
- Reusable bags or containers for food
- Refillable water bottle
- Reusable dish towel instead of paper towels
- Reusable travel-size bottles for your soap and shampoo


Hunting for fossils is a difficult business in the first place, but the challenge is multiplied the farther back in time you’re searching. Finding bones from a dinosaur that lived 50 million years ago is a cake walk compared to hunting for evidence of life from billions of years back.
A new analysis of supposed 3.7 billion-year-old fossils in Greenland reveals that the researchers who first announced the discovery may have gotten it all wrong. In truth, it seems the strange deposits found in ancient ground may have just been rock all along.
The features, which were touted as potentially being the oldest evidence of life on Earth, look a lot like the pyramid-shaped remains that hinted at the presence of microbial life in other rock samples. In a new letter published in Nature, it seems there are also some very important differences that throw the conclusions of prior research into question.
The strange shapes certainly look like they may have been created by life, but as NPR reports, this new round of research points to the alleged cone-shaped features in the rock being elongated and stretched. Three-dimensional examination of the shapes hints at the features having been created by intense pressure between rocks, squeezing and twisting stone into bizarre forms.
“They’re stretched-out ridges that extend deeply into the rock,” Joel Hurowitz, co-author of the work, told NPR. “That shape is hard to explain as a biological structure, and much easier to explain as something that resulted from rocks being squeezed and deformed under tectonic pressures.”
As for the researchers involved in the original study that claimed evidence of ancient microbial life, they are sticking with their findings. Those scientists have weighed in by saying that this new research is “disappointing” and that their original work holds up despite being challenged.


In Creo 4.0, we introduced a number of features to make using model-based definition more seamless. Among the changes: datum feature symbols can now be used as stand-alone annotations. You can even assign parameters, control characteristics, and more. Here’s how it works.
To create a stand-along symbol, follow these steps:
The symbol is added to the annotations group at the top of the model tree.
A newly created symbol shown in the model tree and the graphics area.
Symbols can have parameters, which help provide additional information about an object. To add a parameter, follow these steps:
Symbols can be designated as a control characteristic to help in planning downstream manufacturing processes. To designate a control characteristic, follow these steps:
Symbols can have multiple semantic references. Just follow these steps:
Adding a semantic reference to a symbol.
If a problem arises, the Notification Center will pop up in the lower right corner of the graphics area. Just click Open Notification Center to view a detailed list of issues.
You can find missing references in the References dialog. Here’s how:
A missing reference is found in the References dialog.
You can see a brief demo of these tips in the video below.
To learn more, read the PTC Creo Help Center page, Datum Feature Symbols as Standalone Annotations in Model-Based Definition.The Best of Creo 4.0
You'll find Creo 4.0 packed with breakthrough capabilities—on top of hundreds of core enhancements. Download The Best of Creo 4 today to make sure you discover “best of the best,” then link to some quick “how-to” articles and videos, so you can make the most of Creo 4.0 and start designing smarter.


The Montessori method is an educational approach that was developed by Dr. Maria Montessori in the early 1900s. It is based on the idea that children are naturally curious and motivated to learn, and that they should be provided with a rich and stimulating environment in which to learn and develop. While the Montessori method has many strengths, there are also some limitations to this approach.
One limitation of the Montessori method is that it is not well-suited to all children. Because the Montessori approach is based on the idea that children are innately curious and motivated to learn, it may not be effective for children who are shy, struggling or who have special needs. These children may require more structured and individualized instruction in order to be successful.
Another limitation of the Montessori method is that it can be difficult to implement in traditional classrooms. The Montessori approach involves creating a rich and stimulating learning environment, with a variety of materials and activities for children to explore. This can be challenging to achieve in a traditional classroom, where there may be constraints on space, resources, and time.
In addition, the Montessori method also places a strong emphasis on the role of the teacher as a facilitator, rather than a traditional instructor. This can be difficult for some teachers to adjust to, particularly those who are used to a more traditional approach to teaching.
Lastly, the Montessori method focuses mainly on concrete practical skills that children develop individually (in isolation). While these skills are important, imaginative and collaborative play is equally as important to develop the 21st-century skills children need now more than ever.
Overall, while the Montessori method has many strengths, there are also some limitations to this approach. It may not be well-suited to all children, and it can be challenging to implement in traditional classrooms. These limitations should be considered when deciding whether the Montessori method is the right approach for a particular child or classroom.


As products of a notoriously demanding education system, students in China are recognized for their strong work ethic and academic achievement but are also defined by them. The popular Western perception, created in no small part by the rote learning model and English-language coverage of the annual make-or-break gaokao that plays to a morbid curiosity, is that Chinese students are rigidly and singularly focused on education at the expense of their individuality and personality. Those in and familiar with Chinese society know a little better, but the idea of losing identity to a cultural system is not completely misplaced, as illustrated by Zhang Huan’s (张洹 / 張洹) Family Tree.
Matthew Manning, an American educator and writer currently living in Suzhou, China did a fun activity with his freshman and sophomore university students that reveals them to be very human with the same hopes, anxieties, regrets, and random thoughts you’d expect from college students in the United States. The inspiration came from an observation:
“In my experience at least, Chinese students seem to be wearing masks in the classroom. They play this role of trying to be quiet and hardworking students, but it’s easy to see that it isn’t the whole picture. The problem is that Chinese students are often unwilling, so it’s hard to get to see what’s going on with them.”
Having fostered and open and comfortable classroom setting, Manning felt he could approach his students to encourage them to share beneath the surface. Using a method popularized by the anonymous confessional art project/website PostSecret, Manning asked his students to write and illustrate their secrets and told them they could be as private as they want.
His students were intrigued by the idea. Although some students were initially worried about revealing something private, they felt assured that the number of participants, about 200, virtually guaranteed their anonymity. With their permission, Manning shared the secrets with their classmates and online.
Some revealed rage:


(Sorry, this was to be a comment continuing on the previous thread, but I wanted to include pictures)
This picture was used in a video class I've seen, by Prof. Craig Wright from Yale where he corroborated the perspective that primite (late medieval/early renaissance context) keyboard playing was done without using the thumbs. He also referred to what he called the "3 over 3" method used afterwards until Bach's time, which seems to be the same thing as the finger crossing mentioned by Rockin above.
Another interesting source relating to this subject is Couperin's "Art of Playing the Keyboard" (L'Art the Toucher le Clavecin). This 1716 work was a reference during the Baroque and was commended by Bach himself (Christopher Hogwood, The Keyboard in Baroque Europe). Couperin stressed the use of the index, middle and ring fingers, using the thumb only occasionally in very specific situations. Here's a scale fingering from this book:
Another source that corroborates this view is the "amateur" harpsichordist (he recorded the integral Scarlatti sonatas in his custom built harpsichord!) John Sankey. His site has a wealth of information and references about ancient keyboard playing, specially the harpsichord.
Apparently this "3 finger" approach was state of the art until C.P.E.Bach's "True Art of Playing the Harpsichord", where, thumb crossing is given some relevance. Quoting from Sankey's site, «Five fingers can only play five notes in a row. To extend this range, there are two main techniques: the turning under of the thumb and the crossing over of the fingers.(C.P.E.Bach, 1753).»
I wonder if it is a coincidence that C.P.E. was among the first to write for pianoforte. I don't have any experience with the harpsichord, but I've been told it has a ligther touch than the piano, probably requiring a different technique to optimize speed and fluency. Could it be the relatively stronger touch of the new pianoforte that prompted the adoption of new techniques? Anyone can coment on this idea?


The yoga we practice in the Western world is, overall, primarily focused on postures. However, before its introduction to the West, yoga was something much broader—more a philosophy than an activity.
Patanjali was an Indian sage responsible for compiling the Yoga Sutras sometime prior to 400 CE. Within the Sutras, Patanjali detailed the Eight Limbs of Yoga. The first four limbs, one of which is asana (yoga postures), are more concrete and tangible actions, while the remaining four limbs are oriented to mental focus and meditation. But they are called limbs because, though they may appear different and seem more or less reachable, they are all part of the same tree: yoga, the union of body, mind and soul.
Patanjali’s first two limbs are daily living practices which some consider a foundation for asana. The five niyamas (blog to follow) are inner observances, while the five yamas look outward to how we interact with the inhabitants of the world around us:
- Ahimsa, non-violence, beckons us to be kind and not harm other beings whether by actions or words.
- Satya, truthfulness, beckons us to be honest and authentic and avoid deception or misrepresentation.
- Asteya, non-stealing, beckons us to take only what has been freely given or that we are competent to posses.
- Brahmacharya, right use of energy, beckons us to avoid excess, to rule our desires than be slave to them.
- Aparigraha, non-grasping, beckons us to let go of attachments and not attempt to clutch what cannot be held.
While the yamas are oriented to how we interact with the world around us, they are equally applicable to how we interact with ourselves: think about it, if you’re not truthful with yourself can you be genuinely truthful with another?
I’ll offer an overview of the niyamas in a following blog. You can also download the 10 Yamas & Niyamas card set, which offer a few of my own interpretations and applications. I designed them to be printed as cards so you can sort them, pin them, choose one as a daily focus, or use them in whatever way might be helpful to your yoga practice.


CAD for Mechanical Design Associate Certification Prep
Get essential skills for engineering and drafting careers, using CAD in Fusion 360. Explore the skills covered in the Autodesk Certified Associate in CAD for Mechanical Design certification exam. Follow along with lessons, datasets, and exercises to practice and review the exam topics on your own. You can also test your knowledge by taking a practice test to prepare for the certification exam. It’s all about practice and preparation.
After completing this course, you’ll be able to:
- Understand the parametric CAD workflow.
- Identify interface aspects of Fusion 360.
- Create parametric designs with mechanical motion.
- Create and modify basic form bodies.
- Use direct modeling tools.
- Create a detailed drawing.
See where you stand
Learn about the creation and organization or projects and folders in Fusion 360.
Learn about the creation and control of sketches, features, and construction geometry in Fusion 360. Create solid foundation to your designs by creating sketch entities, applying dimensions and constraints, and modifying sketches.
Learn to make an assembled design by creating and controlling components in Fusion 360. Use assemble tools to create motion between components.
Expand your skillset and create a basic technical drawing learning the various elements that are needed. Learn the various elements to create a basic technical drawing.
Course challenge exercise


Today’s challenge is to write a fourteener. Fourteeners can be have any number of lines, but each line should have fourteen syllables. Traditionally, each line consisted of seven iambic feet (i.e., an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, times seven), but non-iambic fourteeners also exist. The fourteener was popular in 16th and 17th century England, where it was particular common in ballads, but it also is the form in which “Casey at the Bat” is written. The form is versatile enough to encompass any subject matter, but as the example of “Casey at the Bat” shows us, it is particularly useful in narrative poetry, due to the long line and the step-like sense of progression created by the iambs.
I thought of doing a narrative poem based on last night’s political debate, but opted instead for a quick Easter fourteener. The trouble with this sort of thing is that it begins to sound like a greetings-card rhyme …
Season of yellow greetings cards, a time to cook and bake,
the roasted lamb, the hot cross buns, symbolic simnel cake
a time of sunlit daffodils, of tulips pink and bright,
a time to gorge on chocolate eggs from morning until night.
And queues build up on motorways, and train lines have delays,
and we all try to cram too much into these precious days.
A visit to a garden centre makes a great day out
but not many people really know what Easter is about.


You are probably familiar with the idea of “natural selection.” It means that there are particular adaptations that organisms have that make them better able to cope with their environments and compete for resources. Thanks to modern technology, what is happening to people is what you might call “unnatural selection.” Technology is messing with our bodies and causing them to change. Read more to find out how modern technology is changing natural selection. You might be surprised by some whereas others are predictable given the way we treat our planet and our bodies. Is there something we can do to stop the pace of these changes? Keep reading to discover the ways humans are evolving because of technological advancements and be the judge yourself.
40. Babies Are Getting Bigger
Natural selection determined that smaller babies are the most likely to be born alive. Why? Because smaller babies are easier to fit through the pelvis without harm to the mother or child. The result is a healthy baby and a healthy mother. In older times, a large baby’s birth could potentially kill the mother by getting stuck in the birth canal, leading to exhaustion and death, or causing a traumatic delivery. Tearing during blood loss could easily lead to post-birth infection and sepsis, once known as childbed fever, which killed many historical women, including at least one of Henry VIII’s wives.
With the rise in C-sections, however, larger babies are much more likely to survive. You probably know somebody who either was or has had a child upwards of nine or ten pounds. Even just fifty years ago, that child probably would not have survived birth. Low birth weight is now often considered a sign of ill-health and an increased risk of complications, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS.) While once valued, low birth weight is now associated with prenatal tobacco and alcohol use and pre-term deliveries. Interestingly, high birth weight is related to potential health impacts, including diabetes in adulthood.


What do bubbles add to champagne? How do you maintain them whilst serving champagne? And what glass should champagne be served in?
The answers to these pressing questions were investigated in a series of papers totaling more than 100 pages, in a special issue of the science journal EPJ Special Topics. French researchers Gérard Liger-Belair T. Séon note in remarkable detail the journey that champagne bubbles take, from the yeast-based fermentation process in grapes, which creates carbon dioxide (CO2), to how the CO2 is sealed and kept in a finely tuned equilibrium, to the CO2 bubbles in the champagne flute.
The level of dissolved CO2 is particularly important for champagne and sparking wine. It is responsible for the much sought after effervescence and the tingling sensation in the mouth. But what is the best way to pour champagne to preserve as many bubbles as possible?
Storing champagne at low temperatures and tilting the bottle while serving helps preserve dissolved CO2 (and the subsequent effervescence). The higher the temperature of champagne, the more easily dissolved CO2 escapes whilst pouring. During the several seconds needed to pour champagne into a glass vertically, as is typically done, champagne loses approximately as much dissolved CO2 as it would in the 10 minutes it would take to drink it.
“We should therefore treat champagne a little more like beer (by tilting the glass) at least when it comes to serving it,” researchers note.
Champagne and sparkling wine is now often served in flutes, but a few decades ago, it was the norm to serve them in coupes, shallower glasses with a much wider aperture. “But to be honest, little to no analytical data has ever been brought until quite recently to bear on the age-old dilemma of how these [glass] shapes affect the champagne inside them,” the researchers note.
They were surprised to find little difference in the levels of dissolved CO2 between the flute and the coupe, considering the difference in surface areas between the two glasses.
But bubbles aren’t all good news; they also seem to get people drunk more quickly. In a different study, researchers found alcohol levels to rise much faster among bubbly drinkers.


There's a fungus among us, and it's making us miserable. The culprit is part of the genus Trichophyton. It belongs to a class of fungi called dermatophytes and lives in the epidermis, or the outer layer of skin, where it dines exclusively on the protein keratin. Keratin is tough: It's a major component in skin (as well as horns and claws in other animals), where it helps keep out germs and other foreign invaders.
Trichophyton is among a relative handful of microbes equipped with the enzyme needed to break down keratin's fibrous composition. Obligingly, you turn out new epidermal cells every four weeks, providing the fungus with an endless, all-you-can-eat feast.
Like other fungi, Trichophyton thrives in warm, moist areas. On the human body, that's primarily the scalp, groin and feet. Infection by Trichophyton is called tinea, from the Latin word for larva. Infected patches sometimes resemble the holes that moth larvae gnaw in woolen clothing. From this resemblance comes its common English name, ringworm.
Ringworm takes other names, some of them even more descriptive, depending on the body part infected. A general outbreak is calledtinea corporis, ringworm of the body. If it occurs on the scalp, it's tinea capitis, ringworm of the head. In the groin or buttocks, the condition is called tinea cruris, better known as jock itch. An infection of the foot is tinea pedis -- which is casually called athlete's foot.
While no worms are involved in ringworm, it may make you feel like you're being munched on by moths. Your skin turns red and scaly. It cracks, peels and itches. Infected nails can crumble and separate from their beds. Bald patches can open on the scalp.
How does Trichophyton find its way to your skin? How can you prevent it from settling in -- or, failing that, get rid of it? What happens if you don't? Where can you get relief?


All this talk about Unicode support and HTML parsing got me to
wondering about how to parse Japanese text. There are no spaces to
separate words, and though there are some modifiers, or particles in
the Japanese language they are used sometime inconsistently. I could
quote examples, but of you can’t read Kanji, Hiragana, and Katakana
they would most likely be meaningless.
So, knowing what little I do of Japanese (been studying for a while
and living in Japan for close to four years), I was wondering how
search engines like Google and Yahoo parse Japanese text, much less
web pages. There are numerous filters to extract text from web
pages, but parsing Japanese text is another matter altogether.
So, I have found one Open Source project which seems to be addressing
this, but I was wondering if there is a solution for Ruby?
Now for the trivia… I’ve been reading some Japanese text,
“Hiragana Times” - a magazine which prints their articles in Japanese
and English as a learning tool and my newspaper “The Japan Times”
which has a weekly section devoted to bilingual education, as well as
my class textbooks. I’ve also read some Manga as well. They
generally present the Kanji with tiny Hiragana characters either
above them which are the phonetic equivalent to the Kanji.
Guess what these tiny Hiragana helpers are called… you guessed it
“Ruby Annotation”. Check out what I found on W3C, either click on
the link or: http://www.w3.org/TR/ruby/
“Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from
- A. C. Clarke


On this day in 2011, then -President Barack Obama gave a televised addressed to deliver news that U.S. special forces had found and killed al-Qaida leader Osama bin Laden.
The raid by 23 Navy SEALs on bin Laden came nearly a decade after the deadly September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States, orchestrated by bin Laden himself.
U.S. forces found him hiding in plain sight in a large compound in the military city of Abbottabad, Pakistan — just an hour north of the capital, Islamabad.
The raid began around 1 a.m. local time, when SEALs in two Black Hawk helicopters descended on the compound in Abbottabad. One of the helicopters crash-landed in the compound, but no one aboard was hurt.
During the raid, which lasted approximately 40 minutes, five people, including bin Laden and one of his adult sons, were killed by U.S. gunfire. No Americans were injured in the assault.
The SEAL team seized boxes of computer drives and DVDs from bin Laden’s house.
Afterward, bin Laden’s body was flown by helicopter to Afghanistan for official identification, then buried at an undisclosed location in the Arabian Sea less than 24 hours after his death, in accordance with Islamic practice.
Obama has said the risks of going after bin Laden were very high, especially if the information pointing to his hiding place had been inaccurate. But the successful hit on bin Laden — and his presence in a well-known military city in Pakistan — strained relations between Islamabad and Washington.
The United States notified Pakistan of the raid only after its completion.


Socio-economic history of Jammu and Kashmir from 1925-1948 with special reference to Maharaja Hari SinghAuthor(s):
Tanveer Ahmad Lone and Dr. Savitrir SinghaaAbstract:
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is known as the crown of India. The state of Jammu and Kashmir has been ruled by many dynasties and each one has tried to develop the socio economic status of people of Jammu and Kashmir. But Dogra period of rule is seen as the golden period of development in for the state of Jammu and Kashmir. So the main objectives of the present study are as follows;
1. To study the social aspects of Jammu and Kashmir during the Maharaha Hari Singhs rule
2. To study the economic aspects of Jammu and Kashmir during the Maharaha Hari Singhs rule.
3. To study the overall harmonious development of Jammu and Kashmir during 1925-1948
4. To study the effects on socio economic development post Maharaja Hari Singhs Rule. Pages: 64-68 | Views: 1345 | Downloads: 855Download Full Article: Click Here
How to cite this article:
Tanveer Ahmad Lone, Dr. Savitrir Singhaa. Socio-economic history of Jammu and Kashmir from 1925-1948 with special reference to Maharaja Hari Singh. Int J Hist 2020;2(2):64-68.


Is there a unit named the "del" that is used to measure pain? And is childbirth equal to 57 del for the mother while the human body can only bear 45? And does the simultaneous breaking of 20 bones equal 57 del too? No, that's not true: there is no such unit of measurement. A unit with a similar name briefly used in the middle of last century (the "dol") only had a scale that went from 1 to 10.
The claim is often made in a viral image, for example in this post (archived here). The text on the image typically reads:
A human body can bear only up to 45 del (units) of pain. Yet at time of giving birth, a mother feels up to 57 del (units) of pain. This is similar to 20 bones getting fractured at a time.
The mathematics don't make sense to begin with: if human bodies can only bear 45 "del" and every birth causes "57" del of pain it would mean mothers are not human. My mom does not agree, and most mothers probably won't subscribe to this view either.
Also, there is no unit of measurement called the "del". The "dol" was briefly used around 1950 by a trio of researchers (James D. Hardy, Harold G. Wolff and Helen Goodell ) to measure pain, you can read a Time story from 1956 about it here. But their scale only went from 1 to 10.
Here's a typical example of the nonsense claim:
While it is probably being shared and liked so often to honor the pain and love of mothers everywhere, the claim itself is complete nonsense.


This article was produced by The Wire Science, The Wire‘s new science section.
Many states in India have been invoking an old legal instrument in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: the Epidemic Diseases Act of 1897, a two-page law that has remained largely unchanged for its 123 years of existence. That is, we are controlling a 2020 pandemic using a law that was developed when people hadn’t yet begun using radio-sets and vitamin supplements didn’t exist. Experts have argued that the law continues unchanged because it is more or less adequate for its purpose. In any case we have to make do with it for now, at least for the duration of the pandemic. In such a scenario it might be helpful to know a bit more about the origins and history of this legislation.
The 1896 bubonic plague epidemic of Bombay (now Mumbai), which began in September that year and gradually spread to most parts of the subcontinent, is a well-known major event from colonial India. As has been the case with epidemics, panic and scapegoating formed a major part of the societal response, and extreme measures dominated the administrative response. On January 19, 1897, about four months after the plague was identified in Bombay, Queen Victoria delivered a speech to both houses of the British Parliament, and in which she said she had “directed [her] Government to take the most stringent measures at their disposal for the eradication of the pestilence.” The Epidemic Diseases Act is the avatar these stringent measures eventually took.
A week after Victoria’s address, the Epidemic Diseases Bill was introduced in the Council of the Governor-General of India in Calcutta (now Kolkata) for the “better prevention of the spread of dangerous epidemic diseases.” The member who introduced it, John Woodburn, recognised that the powers mentioned in the Bill were extraordinary but necessary, especially that the people must “trust the discretion of the executive in grave and critical circumstances.”
Read the rest of this story on The Wire Science.
Kiran Kumbhar is currently studying the history of science at Harvard University, focusing on the history of medicine in modern India. He is also a physician and a health policy graduate.


PORTLAND, Ore. (KOIN) — Even though lead-based paint was banned for home use in 1978, it’s still in homes built before then. Each year, Multnomah County finds as many as 100 children a year who are victims of lead poisoning.
Lead poisoning is the Number One threat to kids in homes. Now, researchers at OHSU say it only takes a small amount of lead to increase the risk of ADHD.
There’s always been a suspicion lead and ADHD were connected, but this study said there is a definitive link.
This study “is the first to confirm previous hypotheses that exposure to lead in miniscule amounts typical in the U.S., or less than 10 parts per billion, increases symptoms in some individuals with ADHD.”
Multnomah County provides testing at some of its health clinics to check lead levels in those most at risk — children under the age of 6 and pregnant and nursing women.
Lead poisoning may not cause immediate symptoms but it can cause permanent brain damage, especially in young children as their brain is rapidly developing.
But it’s not just pre-schoolers at risk. Older kids and adults who can inhale lead dust are at risk when remodeling is underway.
There’s also a concern about lead found in drinking water. Perry Cabot, a lead specialist with Multnomah County, said it’s best to let your water run for about 30 seconds — preferably cold, he said — after you’ve been gone from your home all day.
Sample testing is also offered through Multnomah County for Portland Water Bureau customers. Some states require blood testing for lead for children, but Oregon and Washington do not.
Parents can ask a pediatrician to test for lead.


Everyone knows that ‘April showers bring May flowers’—but spring rainfall carries far more than just floral blooms. While a healthy, natural shower can certainly be refreshing and beneficial for your garden, heavy downpours and strong winds can be cause for disaster—bringing destruction and flood risk to both your home and your flower beds.
Consider these tips to help keep your home and garden safe from the rain while still enjoying the upcoming spring blooms:
- Clear your gutters—Blocked gutters during a heavy rainfall can prevent proper flow of water within your drains, causing an increased risk of both interior and exterior home damage. Be sure to prepare for the rain by clearing your gutters of any leaves, dirt, twigs or other build-up from autumn and winter.
- Keep it sealed—The easiest way for water to sneak into your home during a rain shower is through any gaps within the sealant of your windows or doors. Make sure your sealant is secure before a rainstorm, and perform regular repairs to prevent erosion issues.
- Plant smart—Prevent your garden from becoming a giant puddle during rainfall by planting taller flowers and vegetation (eg trees or shrubs). These plants will catch water on their leaves, helping to decrease the risk of flooded soil. In addition, cover bare patches of soil with mulch, and cover any exposed roots.


PERCEPTION OF SPACE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE INTERIOR DESIGN
Keywords:Perception, Spatial Perception, Psychological Perception, Perception in Interior Design
Perception is defined as the reading of environmental information through the senses and a mental process. Through perception process, sensory data are organized and interpreted; images and events around us become meaningful in our minds. Human beings are able to perceive their surroundings and places through five sensory organs. These senses are the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. Thanks to these senses, perception is an important factor in establishing a connection between human and environment. Within the scope of the study, the concepts of perception and space perception will be examined, physical and psychological factors that effect spatial perception will be discussed by explaining the interior design examples. In this study, the effect of the concept of perception on the user of the space will be mentioned and the factors that provide spatial perception will be discussed one by one. The effects of physical factors such as color, texture, form, measurerate, heat, light, odor, sound on the users of the space and different perspectives of the designers will be discussed. In addition to the physical perception factors, the perception of the effect of the space upon the sensation and memory of the user will be discussed in terms of psychological perceptual factors. Space and people are in constant interaction. So that, in order to make users feel happier and more comfotable in the place, the necessity of establishing the right relationship between people and space will be mentioned; the task of the designer through design process will be discussed.
How to Cite
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.


When Toni Morrison and her son Slade set out to interpret “The Grasshopper and the Ants,” they were interested in the artist’s labor. Mother and son were interested in the fact that the grasshopper labors through his musicianship. His labor does not lead to him storing up provisions but it benefits the community who listens and dances to it. When winter comes and grasshopper lacks provisions, ant refuses him given the pressing needs of his own growing family. Their interpretation centers on our obligations to one another; what we owe to our friends and our community. Pinkney’s rendering holds the grasshopper accountable for putting off until tomorrow what he should have done today.
Now seems the perfect time to consider this story as we approach the start of the Summer season. “The Grasshopper and the Ants” suggests that the Summer must keep the Winter in mind. The seduction of slipping fully into the indulgences of summertime is no better represented than through Al Green’s interpretation of the George Gershwin composed tune for the 1935 opera Porgy and Bess.
The earth yields abundantly during summer. Green’s bluesy interpretation makes Aesop’s grasshopper appear less foolish to me and more convincing for his belief that the ants’s work was out of proportion to the season. This sentiment gets conveyed through D.J. Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince’s classic joint “Summertime.”
“Summertime,” here again, is not at all about work but about romance between boys and girls; young men and young women; old folk play and young folk play; food and celebrations. Summertime appears to erase any hint of conflict as all know the role they are to perform. Maybe this is why in Aesop’s tale, grasshopper seems so put off by the ants; they won’t act out leisure like everyone else. The ants insist on seeing tomorrow coming and refuse to be seduced by a moment of seeming abundance.
Cautious indulgence is the moral that I’m taking from this story–at least this time around. Now that school is out and vacation season has started, this story reminds us that all play and no work will make Winter a hungry time.


Advances in HHG laser development
Tunable narrow-linewidth lasers, as required for precision spectroscopy, are available only in the visible and infrared wavelength ranges, but not in the VUV range (below 200 nm). Unfortunately, many of the most important transitions lie in this specific wavelength range: building a laser for the VUV range would allow one to perform spectroscopy on the Lyman-alpha transition in hydrogen (121 nm), on He+ ions (60 nm), on a variety of highly charged ions which are relevant for cosmology, and (of course), the Th-229 nuclear transition.
Such lasers build on high-harmonic generation in a gas jet, which is quite an inefficient nonlinear process. As a consequence, lasers with both high average power and high peak power (short pulses) are required. The combination of short pulselength, high repetition rate, and high average power is hard to fulfill. Researchers at MPQ in Garching now made an important step forward: Instead of using Ti:Sa lasers (which are common in the field), they used a pulsed Yb-doped laser at 370 W average power, however with a comparably long pulse length of 860 fs. Using a scheme called multi-pass cell spectral broadening (MPCSB), they were able to shorten the pulse length to 115 fs, which is an increase in peak power by a factor of about 7. The specific laser developed here will be used for spectroscopy of He+ ions, but the technology could also be transferred to a laser system dedicated to Th-229 research.
The work has recently been published with Optics Express and can be found here.


Found among the notes of the poet Johann Wolfgang Goethe is a stupendous claim: Everything is leaf. This is a statement that seems too beautiful to be science. Goethe came to this idea on a trip to Italy in the late 1700s. The more Goethe looked at plants, and lived and breathed with plants, the more profoundly he felt poetry’s limits. He turned to botany and began publishing scientific works. He created his own study of seeing, which he called “morphology.” In this, Goethe’s love of plants followed the same path that all lasting love must take. Goethe wanted to know plants from their most essential beginnings, wanted to touch their seeds, follow their cycles. He couldn’t be satisfied just wandering around parks, glancing at the flowers and pronouncing metaphors upon them — Goethe had to understand what a plant truly is. Everything is leaf, he discovered at last, every part of a plant is leaf. The cotyledon, the foliage, the cataphylls, the petals — a plant is fundamentally leaf. Goethe published this intimate memoir of his relationship with leaves and named it The Metamorphosis of Plants.
It’s unsurprising that Goethe came to his idea about the everythingness of leaf while wandering the lush countryside of Naples. I wonder if he could have had his realization trudging through the barren early spring gardens of Weimar. “The Neapolitan firmly believes that he lives in Paradise and takes a very dismal view of northern countries,” Goethe wrote in his notebook. “Sempre neve, case di legno, gran ignoranza, ma denari assai — that is how he pictures our lives. For the edification of all northerners, this means: ‘Snow all the year round, wooden houses, great ignorance, but lots of money.’” That is to say, a leaf in Germany is a mostly invisible thing. It is an entr’acte, a promise. In the northern parts of the world, the leaves hide inside the sticks; the sticks, for most of the year, look dead. And only a poet or a flimflammer could come up with the notion that something hardly visible is everything.
Text by Stefany Anne Golberg. Continue at The Smart Set.


These days, businesses are embracing technological innovation because of the many benefits it offers. This innovation includes cloud computing, connected devices or IoT, and proprietary digital products. However, this innovation comes with cybersecurity challenges, bringing new and additional complexity to the technology footprint of a company. That is why organizations need to outweigh the security risks and exposures that new technologies present against the possible transformative business effects. This fact is emphasizing the importance of tighter security in business systems. This is highlighted in the study collaborated by the Security Industry Association and wall street journal. The study offers insights into the current and future cybersecurity landscape, revealing the cyber risks increase when companies embrace new technologies.
The following are different ways embracing technology innovation can increase a company’s cyber risks:
Corporate Security Breaches
Most corporate security breaches take place when hackers exploit employees through social engineering and scams. With technological advancements, hackers are becoming more skilled at finding flaws in corporate security systems and gain access to sensitive files and data.
Today, everything is becoming digital. While information is usually protected by passwords, the majority of information is stored on a shared network. Because of this, a hacker could gain access to the network and get vital information that could put the business and the people in it at risk.
Businesses are shifting to cloud computing and save documents and information to cloud networks, posing an extra cybersecurity risk. That is why organizations must put some measures into place to protect information on the cloud.
Spear phishing is meant to steal information such as business secrets or private information for monetary gain. It takes place when hackers target employees through emails that seem, to be from coworkers within the company, letting criminals steal sensitive information. Because of today’s progressive technology, hackers can send emails to employees disguised as others within the organization, making this a significant cybersecurity risk.
Social Media Security Breaches
Social media websites offer hackers access to persona information and share a person’s exact whereabouts at any point in time. When somebody knows where a person is, they also know where they are not. The indicator that the person is away from their home base can put their valuables and safety at risk. This is also true for businesses with social media accounts. Hackers are just waiting for the perfect time to attack accounts and steal important information without the user being aware of this activity.


Food to keep your mind young
Are you worried about the state of your brain? Perhaps, you are in favor of taking vitamin supplements to strengthen the functioning of your mind. However, do not think that it is essential to take them to keep your mind young. Following feeding patterns that we present below, you will not have to worry about your brain.
The lifestyle and food that you carry out affect your quality of life. Precisely, in the aging process one of the issues of most concern to many people is the State of mental balance, i.e., concentration, emotional imbalance and the reduction of intellectual agility, as well as the fact of feeling weak and passive, disinterested and often depressed.
As we imagine you’ll want to prevent or at least minimize the inevitable effects of aging themselves. If you want to get it, then we will show you some recommendations to mitigate truly useful result:
The sicilio is highly beneficial for your mind to work properly. But, in which foods this mineral is? Thus, for example, in this case we recommend that you prepare oat straw tea, barley tea, horsetail decoction and bran.
Also we recommend you include phosphate in your diet. And where do we find it? In cornmeal, cheese and dairy products you can find it.
The importance of phosphorus. Either animal or vegetable origin, acquires special importance for the proper maintenance of your brain. Animal phosphorus is necessary for brain and nerve energies, while another plant that contributes to the formation of organs and bones. Fish is an essential source of phosphorus, but especially it focuses on smoked cod and haddock.
Amino acids are equally important to have a proper nerve and brain structure. Those found only in animal origin, and to a lesser extent, in milk, soy and eggs.
Manganese. This is highly effective for memory centers. Hazelnuts are major carriers of this element. And, it is to the benefit of nuts for your healths are immense.
Have you taken note of the nutritional guidelines that you have listed to keep your mind young? These recommendations can be adding others that refer to other habits of your life:
- Sleep and rest is very important to keep your mental, physical and emotional balance.
- Find time to relax and enjoy your leisure time.
- Practice exercising regularly.
- Avoid smoking and drinking.
- Keep cholesterol levels controlled through proper nutrition, for example, the Mediterranean diet.


Herman Melville was a 19th century American author, best known for his novel Moby-Dick. Born in 1819, Melville became an apprentice of an apothecary when he was twelve years old. As he grew older, Melville had more time to explore books and reading. When he was 16, Melville met Nathaniel Hawthorne who would later become his friend.
Herman Melville was an American novelist and poet who wrote the novel “Moby Dick.” He has also written many other famous novels which are now considered classics. He is often cited as one of the most important writers in the world, alongside William Shakespeare, Ernest Hemingway, and others.
In his novel, “Moby Dick,” Herman Melville presents a story of tragedy and revenge, in which the protagonists are Captain Ahab and his vessel. The story details Captain Ahab’s obsessive search for a great white whale called Moby Dick, who on a previous voyage had bitten off one of his legs.
The author of the novel, Moby Dick, is Herman Melville. His real name is Hermon. He was born in 1819 and grew up in near to the city of New York. He had two different fathers, one being a sailor who abandoned him at an early age and the other being a bank clerk who helped raise him. Herman never received much education but he was self-taught to become a writer.
Herman Melville is a novelist from the late 1800s. He is most well known for writing Moby-Dick, which is generally regarded as one of the most significant works in American Literature. As evidenced by the title character, the novel deals with issues relating to identity and existential crisis, with Ahab pursuing revenge on a white whale for symbolizing all that he hates about how his life turned out.
Herman Melville was an american novelist and poet. Melville’s best known work, Moby-Dick, explores the obsession of Captain Ahab with avenging himself on a white sperm whale which he believes has killed his whaleboat. The book is said to reflect American society at its height in 1851 when it was published and to offer a compelling study of man’s ego, ambition and belief in the supremacy of technology.


This civic poster from the days of World War II is always a good reminder that the right to vote is something that millions of Americans have fought to earn, protect and defend. It cost something. So, as we always do on Election Day, we encourage you to exercise that right. Vote your conscience. We keep the blog short to give you more time to get there. We’ll see you later in the week.
“The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age,” states the 26th Amendment (1971).
I like it, Cherry-Lynn. I’ll add…
“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” — the 15th Amendment, U.S. Constitution.
Adhering to our fundamentals are critical to providing a democracy for the next 250 years.
African American History – I like that
What a strong and powerful reminder of our civic duty to exercise the rights for which they fought.
The rights we still fight to defend. We need to make sure they fight for a reason we cherish. We need to do our part.


Very Short Introductions: Brilliant, Sharp, Inspiring
Imagination: A Very Short Introduction explores imagination as a cognitive power and an essential dimension of human flourishing, demonstrating how imagination plays multiple roles in human cognition and shapes humanity in profound ways. Examining philosophical, evolutionary, and literary perspectives on imagination, the author shows how this facility, while potentially distorting, both frees us from immediate reality and enriches our sense of it, making possible our experience of a meaningful world. Long regarded by philosophers as an elusive and mysterious capacity of the human mind, imagination has been the subject of extraordinary ambivalence, described as both dangerous and divine, as merely peripheral to rationality and as essential to all thinking. Drawing on philosophy, aesthetics, literary and cognitive theory as well as the human sciences, this book engages the dramatic conceptual history of imagination together with contemporary explanations of its role in cognition to explain its importance in everyday life as well as the exquisite creativity of the arts, scientific discovery, and invention. Engaging examples from cave paintings to modern painting, performance art to pop art, physics to phenomenology, technological inventions to literary worlds, the Nazca geoglyphs to dramatic theatre, poetry, and jazz improvisation, the author illuminates with clarity and vision the philosophy of imagination and the stakes of its involvement in human thinking.
ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.


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Like 2D Animation workflow, 3D Animation workflow also has a similar structure. But unlike 2D Production stage, 3D Production stage comprises of additional departments like Modeling, Texturing and Rigging. Compositing, here in the 3D Production also falls almost at the end of the Production.
Compositing has a vital role in saving huge amount of time and budget in 3D production house. Compositing here primarily plays a 2D role within the 3D world of CGI and Visual Effects. Objects and environment done in 3D contains lot of data (information), the computer has to read each and every data to process them while rendering. This makes the rendering process very slow and time consuming, and even a time crashes a normal computer. Usually, powerful computers are used for rendering 3D assets. The pressure for rendering 3D assets is so huge that, there are big farms dedicated only for rendering purposes. Each object is rendered separately in layers and passes, hiding (Alfa) rest of the objects even if they belong to the same scene; this approach gives much control over each asset and their attributes during compositing. Once rendered, these sequences of layers and pass of the assets are brought and combined together creatively to form a single and a seamless image or clip, referring to the final layout by a compositor. Once assembled, color corrected, reviewed and small tweak if any are made, the clip is forwarded for the final rendering.
If final render was to be done in 3D, imagine if any changes were to be made later, even for a small mistake. The whole rendering process would have to be repeated again, which will only sum up a huge amount of resources in terms of time and budget for the production house. So in 3D production houses, final rendering is done only after compositing. As the 3D assets are rendered separately for compositing, one does not have to re-render the whole clip, but only the part that needs to be corrected. Also since the 3D assets are rendered in sequences of images, they no longer holds the properties of 3D, later, after compositing it become much easier and faster to render them, as they do not contain information not required for the scene to be rendered.
Software for compositing used in the industry:
And these software's are either Node base or Layer base compositing.


8.4 Icebreaker: Time Travel
|Aim||To break the ice at start of new course in order to build a rapport with both peers and teacher. To encourage a sense of belonging and participation within the class.|
|Learning Outcomes||After completing this activity, the student will: –
Establish interaction with other learners and teacher.
Become more familiar with discussion forums that engage students in the learning process.
|Timing||15-20 minutes for students to complete their own task and then comment on other learners’ posts.|
|Activity Description||This asynchronous activity will run for first week of course, allowing students time to familiarise themselves with both the activity and discussion forum in a flexible time frame.|
|Tools||The activity uses the discussion forum tool in the selected VLE.|
|Resources||Welcome video, written instructions, discussion board and netiquette outline which students must agree to before continuing with activity.|
|Instructions||If you had the ability to Time Travel: –
Where would you go?
Which time period?
Is there something or someone you would like to see?
Think creatively and post your answers to the discussion board. After you complete your own make a brief comment on all classmates posts. Remember respond with respect! Have fun!
|Feedback||Feedback to learners will consist of teacher replying to all student comments on post. Evaluation can be measured by observing the participation, enjoyment and engagement of students in the activity.|


5 Ways to Simply Manage Eating Problems in ChildrenThursday, 3 May 2018
A good and healthy diet brings many benefits for the child, including maintaining an ideal body weight and reducing the risk of health problems. Implementing good eating habits should be initiated at an early age to optimize growth and development process of the child, as well as to ensure that these habits can continue as the child grows. Educating the child on healthy eating habits may not always be difficult. You can implement the following tips:
- Prepare a healthy and variable menu Ensure that you always prepare healthy food at home, such as low fat animal proteins or bright-colored fruit and vegetables. Also consider the variation of selection, as an increase in variety will allow the child to try different types of food.
- Be a role model for the child The apple does not fall far from the tree. The most effective way is to set a good example by consuming healthy food at home, so the child can follow these habits.
- Create a regular eating schedule To ensure a healthy digestive system, accustom yourself to arrange a regular eating schedule for the child at a predetermined time. Also adjust the time for providing breast milk or snack and ensure that it is not scheduled too close to their meal time, as they may still be full.
- Create a good eating atmosphere Accustom the child to eat on the dining table, and do not make it a habit for them to eat while being carried. Also avoid eating while watching television or playing with a gadget. The child should also be trained to eat slowly and not be in a rush. All of these will be helpful for the child to learn to appreciate food, seeing eating as an activity, and help them be more sensitive to bodily signals while eating, for instance the satiety signal.
- Introduce new food When you first introduce a new type of food to your child, there is a possibility for them to reject it. Manage this by only introducing one type of food at a time. Also observe the feeding method, and combine with other type of food that they like or when they are in a good mood. Let them see, smell, and touch the new food. Encourage them to try, but do not force. If they refuse to eat it, you can try again at another time.


- Social Studies>
- Map Skills
Map Skills Worksheets
Enhance spatial thinking, improve visual literacy and orient yourself in relation to your surroundings with map reading skills. Learn to read and interpret maps with our map skills worksheets, that will effectively train the children of grade 1 through grade 5 in understanding directions, using simple coordinates, calculating actual distances using a map scale, or following directional instructions. Try some of these worksheets for free!
Encourage 1st grade and 2nd grade kids to understand their surroundings, by learning the names and locations of the cardinal and intermediate or primary inter cardinal directions with this chart.
Compass Rose | Cut and Glue Activity
Make use of this cut and glue activity to label the compass rose, for reviewing and reiterating the eight directions and, set the young geographers on the path of acquiring map skills.
Make a positive headway by learning to read a basic map with this PDF worksheet, and help children of elementary school build spatial reasoning skills as they complete a variety of enjoyable tasks.
Studying a map of a place helps gain visual literacy about the layout and the location of things in relation to one another. Our printable worksheet will help develop this ability sufficiently.
This interesting printable of interpreting the layout of a room to answer relevant questions, will immensely help kids of grade 3 in making directional sense of the things around them.
Would your students of 3rd grade, 4th grade, and 5th grade enjoy helping young travelers know their directions? The pdf exercise features the map of U.S. with abbreviated state names.
Let kids calculate how far places are located, in relation to one another using a map scale. Cut the scale at the bottom of the page to measure the distance in this map skills worksheet.
This unique word search activity requires children of grade 4 and grade 5 to decipher the given clues in order to find the words in the grid. They will learn keywords associated with maps and their definitions.
Being able to read and interpret coordinates on a map is essential for specifying accurate locations on a map. This adorable treasure hunt themed map grid will make learning much more fun.
How good is your 5th grade child at analyzing maps? Get them to locate places, interpret legends, estimate distances and answer questions based on their analysis to complete this PDF worksheet.


OSLO – Norway – the world leader in using electric ferry boats – can help Greece do the same, its Ambassador Frode Overland Andersen, said, adding it would lead to Greek shipyards dominating the Mediterranean market.
He told the state-run Athens-Macedonia news agency AMNA that Greece could develop an electric ferry industry to gradually replace aging and diesel-burning vessels the emit heavy smells making a voyage unpleasant for some.
That could be using Norwegian state-of-the-art technology, he said on the sidelines of a conference this at the Eugenides Foundation in Athens on Electric Ferries: Establishing a New Industry in Greece earlier this year.
It was organized by the Norwegian Embassy and Isalos.net for shipping industry and government representatives to exchange ideas about an electric ferry industry in Greece, where islands closer to the coast have shorter voyages.
Andersen said that of 203 passenger and vehicle carriers operating in Norwegian waters, 79 are already electric, also noting that Norwegian and Greek companies and agencies talking to Greece’s shipping industry about technical know-how and collaborations for the electric idea.
In December, 2019, Greece’s first electric ferry was commissioned to service a 10-kilometer (6.2-mile) route across the Gulf of Corinth between the port of Aigio on the Peloponnese side and the village of Agios (Saint) Nikolaos on the mainland’s Dorida region.
Greece has almost 14,000 kilometers (8700 miles) of coastline and ferries are still the main way to get to islands, with more than two dozen major lines operating from mainland ports, primarily Piraeus.
The Agios-Nikolaos pilot is part of a much larger project that includes an offshore power plant to provide the electricity with a hybrid power generating system that combines solar, wave and wind technologies, said Plugboats.
“Greece is one of the world’s great maritime nations, but it has been slow to take up electric ferries, in large part because many of the routes in the country are long overnight journeys to the islands that tax today’s electric-only capabilities,” the site said of why development has lagged.


Geodes and fossils serve as physical evidence and traces of lives beyond our time. The space geode is a digital fossil, an inversion of interior into exterior, fossilising a moment in space and time.
I have been digging through obscure databases of automatically uploaded cloud galleries, where file-sharing networks carry along and facilitate the distribution of the .OBJs, .3DPs, and .STLs of countless non-manifold 3D models.
WORKFLOW FIX MANUALLY DIMENSIONS REDUCE 50% SOLID SolidType Fast Solid, Accuracy 248 Mesh, Density 360 DELETE DUPLICATE LAYER REDUCE 50% HOLLOW Offset 2, Solid Accuracy 128, Mesh 128 REDUCE 70% EXPORT STLThe 3D printed object as rapid, iterative prototype is not so different from a kind of fossil in reverse. Fossils are turned into fuel, which can be used to produce energy and electricity which has powered our drive for technological innovations and the growth of networks and infrastructure; fossils become the material for the production of plastics which dominate the products we come into contact with on a daily basis today; and geological deposits and fossils serve as physical evidence and traces of lives that have come before us, sparking our imagination of our position within a larger timeline before and beyond human civilisation.
Unable to dig for material remains for clues of the recent human past in my highly urbanised environment, as digital archaeologist I excavate the remains of human spaces. I have fixed the gaps in the models and then plane-cut them into new forms, like a geode being cut open for our voyeuristic examination. I prepare the 3D data to be sliced for 3D printing and the "geodes" are produced using Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), which involves using a high powered laser to fuse plastic powders - synthetic polymers of petrochemical origin, which completes its process of becoming a digital fossil in reverse.


Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa
DP Tittensor, C Mora,W Jetz, H Lotze, D Ricard, E Vanden Berghe, B Worm.
Global patterns of species richness and their structuring forces have fascinated biologists since Darwin1,2 and provide critical context for contemporary studies in ecology, evolution and conservation. Anthropogenic impacts and the need for systematic conservation planning have further motivated the analysis of diversity patterns and processes at regional to global scales3. Whereas land diversity patterns and their predictors are known for numerous taxa4,5, our understanding of global marine diversity has been more limited, with recent findings revealing some striking contrasts to widely held terrestrial paradigms6,7,8. Here we examine global patterns and predictors of species richness across 13 major species groups ranging from zooplankton to marine mammals. Two major patterns emerged: coastal species showed maximum diversity in the Western Pacific, whereas oceanic groups consistently peaked across broad mid-latitudinal bands in all oceans. Spatial regression analyses revealed sea surface temperature as the only environmental predictor highly related to diversity across all 13 taxa. Habitat availability and historical factors were also important for coastal species, whereas other predictors had less significance. Areas of high species richness were disproportionately concentrated in regions with medium or higher human impacts. Our findings indicate a fundamental role of temperature or kinetic energy in structuring cross-taxon marine biodiversity, and indicate that changes in ocean temperature, in conjunction with other human impacts, may ultimately rearrange the global distribution of life in the ocean.


Know All About Dental Fillings with Sylvan Smiles
Traditional dental restoratives or fillings are most often made of silver amalgam. The strength and durability of this traditional dental material makes it useful for situations where restored teeth must withstand extreme forces that result from chewing, often in the back of the mouth.
Newer dental fillings include ceramic and plastic compounds that mimic the appearance of natural teeth. These compounds, often called composite resins, are usually used on the front teeth where a natural appearance is important. However, they can also be used on the back teeth depending on the location and extent of the tooth decay.
Which Type of Tooth Fillings Is Right for Me?
Several factors influence the performance, durability, longevity, and expense of dental restorations, including:
Before your treatment begins, your doctor will discuss with you all of your options and help you choose the best filling for your particular case. In preparation for this discussion, it may be helpful to understand the two basic types of dental fillings - direct and indirect.
Direct fillings are fillings placed into a prepared cavity in a single visit. They include amalgam, resin ionomers, and composite (resin) fillings. The dentist prepares the tooth, places the filling, and adjusts it during a single appointment.


Ross McNutt has a superpower — he can zoom in on everyday life, then rewind and fast-forward to solve crimes in a shutter-flash. But should he?
In 2004, when casualties in Iraq were rising due to roadside bombs, Ross McNutt and his team came up with an idea. With a small plane and a 44 mega-pixel camera, they figured out how to watch an entire city all at once, all day long. Whenever a bomb detonated, they could zoom onto that spot and then, because this eye in the sky had been there all along, they could scroll back in time and see – literally see – who planted it. After the war, Ross McNutt retired from the airforce, and brought this technology back home with him. Manoush Zomorodi and Alex Goldmark from the podcast “Note to Self” give us the low-down on Ross’s unique brand of persistent surveillance, from Juarez, Mexico to Dayton, Ohio. Then, once we realize what we can do, we wonder whether we should.
Radiolab’s podcast episode Eye in the Sky (2016) can be listened to on WNYC Studios’ website: https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/articles/eye-sky


New Media | 04 de octubre de 2017 | Vistas: 154
Lingle describes some basic elements of property rights and explains how in many countries around the world, land reform is a big political topic in which the main argument - giving land to the poor- is an error, because this would not make them prosperous and would solve the problem of poverty.
I believe one of the ways we can create a more prosperous society with greater freedom and justice is if we privatize the public properties and find a way to legalize private property.”
Some countries, like Zimbabwe have become more poor and misery has increased even though there have been efforts to divide land. Christopher believes there’s a misunderstanding of the nature of poverty in today’s economy because the land reforms are focused in achieving social justice, redistribution of land from rich to poor based on illusions about cause of inequalities and poverty.
Later he talks about the role of the government and how much do they fulfill their obligations.
He says the way the government is structured and the regulations and legislations create corruption, among many other disadvantages of involving the State in land policy reforms.
Lingle shares some instruments to approach land policies, such as central planning, improved government control with subsidiarity, voluntary contracts and private communities. Later talks on the nature of government controlled resources and gives his conclusions on subsoil mineral rights, private use of subsoil minerals in Guatemala and the positive outcomes it would have to legalize private property.
Economist and visiting professor
28 de junio de 2019
10 de diciembre de 2020
07 de abril de 2009
05 de febrero de 2020
Nuestra misión es la enseñanza y difusión de los principios éticos, jurídicos y económicos de una sociedad de personas libres y responsables.
Universidad Francisco Marroquín


The type of phloem derived from the primary meristem during the development of a vascular plant
The phloem is a vascular tissue that is responsible for translocation. Translocation pertains to the process that transports the photosynthate materials to different parts of a vascular plant. The phloem may be primary or secondary depending on which type of growth it came from or on which type of cambia (i.e. whether procambium or vascular cambium) it came from.
The primary phloem is a type of phloem that forms from the procambium during the primary growth. The primary growth is responsible for the growth in length in plants. The procambium is a meristematic tissue that enables the primary growth of a plant. Some of the cells produced by the procambium may become a component of the primary phloem (others as component of primary xylem, cork cambium, or vascular cambium). The primary phloem is made up of protophloem or metaphloem.
The primary phloem is located in the primary plant body parts. It occurs towards the periphery as opposed to the secondary phloem that forms inner to the primary phloem. The primary phloem lacks a radial system, which occurs in the secondary phloem. Comparing the primary phloem with the secondary phloem in terms of cellular components, the primary phloem has fewer phloem fibers, sieve tubes, and phloem parenchyma. Sclereids are also typically absent in the primary phloem.


A lottery is a game in which players buy a set of numbers and hope to win a prize. It is a type of gambling, and the winnings are usually large.
The odds of winning a prize are small, but you can increase your chances by playing more often and using strategies to pick the numbers. However, the chances of winning a prize are also affected by your own decisions about which numbers to play and how much money to spend.
In the United States, most state and federal governments offer some kind of lotteries. They include daily and instant-win scratch-off games, as well as some forms of lottery with more traditional rules.
What Do I Get Out of a Lottery?
The money you pay to play the lottery goes back to the retailer, but it also pays for the overhead costs of the system. This includes workers who design the scratch-off games, record live drawings, keep websites up to date, and provide customer service after a big win.
What Do States Do With Their Lottery Money?
In many cases, states put this money into their general fund to help with roadwork, bridges, police, and other infrastructure projects. They also sometimes use this revenue to support programs for addiction, education, and social services.
However, in the United States, there is a growing concern that lottery tickets can be addictive and can cause serious financial harm to people who play them. The cost of playing can be high, and the chances of winning are low. In addition, people who lose money may be worse off than they were before they started playing.


That Mysterious Metabolism
"My Metabolism doesn't work"
"I wrecked my metabolism"......."I can't lose weight because my metabolism quit."
Sound Familiar? This coach hears this daily. But when I ask questions like what is metabolism? How do you know it is broken? No one ever has the answer. Metabolism is truly a mystery. I hope today I can break it down and help you understand more about it.
What is Metabolism?
Metabolism is the process by which your body converts what you eat and drink into energy. During metabolism, calories in food and beverages are combined with oxygen to release the energy your body needs to function. 2 processes or categories of metabolism:
ANABOLISM: Anabolism is a process of storing of energy, supporting new cells, and maintaining body tissues.
CATABOLISM: Catabolism is breaking down energy to move and to give energy to your body. We need nutrition for metabolism.
Nutrition is necessary for metabolism. This is because metabolism rely on nutrients that they break down in order to produce energy. This energy is what we use even when we are at rest. Energy is used to breathe, circulate, regulate hormones and repair as well as grow cells and so much more.
BMR: Basal Metabolic Rate
This is the number of calories your body uses to carry our basic body processes. The number of calories your body uses at rest.
What affects BMR?


A daily newspaper is a weekly or daily periodical publication that reports current events and provides information in the form of articles and photographs. It is a popular way to share news and information in many countries and regions. A daily newspaper often contains news, sports, entertainment, classified ads and opinions. It is usually published during the day and may be delivered by mail or read online. Some newspapers are also available at local libraries, supermarkets and convenience stores. A newspaper can also be distributed by broadcasting.
The Yale Daily News is the nation’s oldest college daily newspaper, founded on January 28, 1878. In addition to the daily newspaper, the News publishes a Friday supplement known as WEEKEND and special issues each year including the Yale-Harvard Game Day Issue, Commencement Issue, First Year Issue and Alumni Weekend Issue. The News is financially and editorially independent.
During the 1920s and 1930s, the Daily News was one of the most widely read tabloids in the United States. It attracted readers with sensational coverage of crime, scandal and violence, lurid photographs, and comics and other entertainment features. It was a founding member of the Associated Press wirephoto service and employed a large staff of photographers. The paper also covered political wrongdoing, such as the Teapot Dome Scandal, and social intrigue such as the romance between Wallis Simpson and King Edward VIII that led to his abdication.
The News was the most successful of the city dailies in the early 20th century and competed with its more sensational rival, the New York Post. Its circulation peaked in 1947. The News was a major contributor to the development of tabloid journalism in the United States. In 2017, the paper was sold to Tronc, a Chicago-based media company, for $1 and has since continued to decline in circulation.


As neoliberalism ended class-based politics, which was a strategic priority for capital, the relations with the economic system no longer determined the political preferences. Instead, identities have become one of the main axes of political competition in identity politics. Relatedly, nationalism has come to the fore, especially after the 1990s. One of the factors affecting this was globalization, which puts nation-state sovereignty on the target board to remove all obstacles in front of financial capital. As a reaction, initiatives to strengthen state sovereignty have searched the ground for implementation, reminding the economic nationalism discourse of the 1960s and 1970s. Secondly, while the newly independent nation-states that emerged with the collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia consolidated their authority, the ethnic conflicts they encountered inflamed nationalism. Third, the rise of international migration has "otherized" some groups, especially Muslims, for Western political orders -contrary to the appeal of cultural pluralism- and increased nationalist reflexes. In this context, it has become vital to examine how the concept of nationalism has been approached theoretically. In this review article, the debate on nationalism dwelled on the framework of the developments that led to the emergence of nations and nationalisms. This framework also included the definitions of nation and nationalism.
nationalism, theories of nationalism, nation, primordialism, etho-symbolism
|Journal Section||Review Articles|
|Early Pub Date||July 21, 2022|
|Publication Date||July 22, 2022|
|Submission Date||June 3, 2022|
|Acceptance Date||July 3, 2022|
|Published in Issue||Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 2|
Lectio Socialis is an international peer-reviewed journal on social sciences, humanities and arts. The journal welcomes articles mainly from the disciplines of economics; political science; public administration; business administration; international relations; urban planning; sociology; psychology; linguistics; literature; history; jurisprudence; philosophy; archaeology; anthropology; comparative religion; ethics; the history, criticism and theory of the arts.
The major objective of Lectio Socialis is to maintain a vibrant and independent environment for scholars and researchers from different regions of the globe.


Quebec City, December 22, 2015--Arthritis and other inflammatory diseases could someday be treated with medication containing a molecule from maple syrup. Université Laval researchers demonstrated in a recent study that quebecol, a molecule found in maple syrup, has interesting properties for fighting the body's inflammatory response.
Discovered in 2011, quebecol is the result of chemical reactions during the syrup-making process that transform the naturally occurring polyphenols in maple sap. After successfully synthesizing quebecol and its derivatives, Université Laval researchers under the supervision of Normand Voyer, a chemist with the Faculty of Science and Engineering, evaluated its anti-inflammatory properties. They called on colleague Daniel Grenier of the Faculty of Dentistry, who developed an in vitro model for determining the anti-inflammatory potential of natural molecules. "We take blood cells called macrophages and put them with bacterial toxins," explained Professor Grenier. "Macrophages usually react by triggering an inflammatory response. But if the culture medium contains an anti-inflammatory molecule, this response is blocked."
The researchers carried out tests that showed quebecol curbs the inflammatory response of macrophages, and some derivatives are even more effective than the original molecule. "The most powerful derivative has a simpler structure and is easier to synthesize than quebecol," said Normand Voyer. "This paves the way for a whole new class of anti-inflammatory agents, inspired by quebecol, that could compensate for the low efficacy of certain treatments while reducing the risk of side effects."
The study, coauthored by Sébastien Cardinal, Jabrane Azelmat, Daniel Grenier, and Normand Voyer, was published in a recent issue of the journal Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters.
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters