Download in PDF or in JPG formats
The Storm Surge Hazard Map shows areas of different inundations categorized as: 1-meter surges; 1-meter to 4-meter surges; and, 4-meter to 12-meter surges.
The inundation coverage is estimated based on geomorphologic analysis and observation in the areas during interviews or surveys. The surge heights are computed. using the data gathered during the surveys in reference to the significant tropical cyclone occurrences and from storm surge model results.
A storm surge is an offshore rise of water associated with a low pressure weather system, typically tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones. Storm surges are caused primarily by high winds pushing on the ocean’s surface. The wind causes the water to pile up higher than the ordinary sea level. Low pressure at the center of a weather system also has a small secondary effect, as can the bathymetry of the body of water. It is this combined effect of low pressure and persistent wind over a shallow water body which is the most common cause of storm surge flooding problems. (Wikipedia)
The tsunami hazard data is from Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), 2008. Administrative boundary is from the National Statistics Office (NSO), 2000, and the Topographic Map 1:50,000 scale is from the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA). The Storm Surge Hazard Map was acquired from the Hazards Mapping and Assessment for Effective Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (READY) Project through the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PhIVolcS).
Available in PDF or in JPG, this map may be downloaded and used for free provided that: a.) no alterations are made to the map; b.) proper citations be referred to the sources mentioned above; and, c.) all logos appearing on the map should also appear on your document.
2 thoughts on “Storm Surge”
A storm surge, storm flood, tidal surge, or storm tide is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water commonly associated with low-pressure weather systems, such as cyclones. It is measured as the rise in water level above the normal tidal level, and does not include waves.
The description was based on as supplied by the data provider. But perhaps other other definitions are welcome as long as proper citation is included. Thanks.


Short chain fatty acids from the microbiota suppress insulin signals, reducing fat deposits. According to a study published in Science, the phenomenon could also affect fetal development. Indeed, some experiments show that acids can cross the placenta, passing from the maternal microbiota to the fetal environment. They could therefore regulate insulin levels and also affect the development of the baby's metabolism.
In recent years, the intestinal microbiota has been undergoing attacks both from the massive use of antibiotics and from the low-fiber diet. The lack of a healthy and functional microbiota exposes to various diseases, most of which are metabolic. The authors of the study then analyzed the effects in pregnancy, to verify whether they involved only the mother or even the fetus.
The researchers divided pregnant guinea pigs into two groups: half spent gestation in an environment free of a specific pathogen, half in a germ-free environment. The small ones in the second group were much more prone to develop metabolic problems. Later, they repeated the experiment; this time, the guinea pigs of the second group ate few fibers throughout the gestation. Again, the little ones experienced the same problem.
According to the researchers, the short chain fatty acids of the gut microbiota pass from the mother to the fetus. When the microbiota is deficient, the embryo receives less fatty acids. The deficit affects the development of the baby's metabolic system, thus making it more vulnerable to future obesity problems.


Since its beginning das in 1910, BSA has been concerned with extending the Scouting program to boys in areas that can't support a full Troop, Pack, or another type of unit, making it impossible to join a nearby Scouting unit.
The Lone Scout plan serves such boys who cannot take part in a nearby unit on a regular basis because of factors such as distance, weather, time, or disability. These boys apply for membership as individual Lone Scouts.
The Lone Scout member will miss the opportunity to participate in activities in the pack or Troop, the program makes it possible for these lads to take advantage of what the program has to offer.
The Boy Scout Association of Great Britain authorized this program in 1913. By then, Lone Scouts were formed in Canada, New Zealand, Malta, Gibraltar, South Africa, and Burma.
William D.Byce, a Chicago publisher who helped organize Boy Scouts of America in 1910, was responsible for organizing the Lone Scouts of America in 1915. The Lone Scouts of America and the Boy Scouts of America merged in 1924. Since then the Boy Scouts of America has administered a Lone Scout plan as part of its own mission of bringing Scouting to all American youth who wish to take part, regardless of circumstances.
Who may register to be a Lone Scout
- Children of American citizens who work abroad or are in the military
- Exchange students away from the US for more than a year
- Boys with disabilities that prevent them from attending regular meetings
- Boys in rural communities
- Boys of migrant farmworkers
- Boys who attend special schools, night schools, or boarding schools
- Boys with jobs that conflict
- Boys whose families travel frequently (circus workers, live on boat...)
- Boys with alternate living arrangements with parents who live in different communities
- Boys unable to attend meetings because of communicable diseases
- Boys whose parents believe their child might be endangered by getting to Scout meetings
For more information please visit the Boy Scouts of America Web Page's
This document is based on the
Boy Scouts of America Web Page's Fact Sheet: What is the Lone Scout Plan


Risk is an uncertain event or a set of circumstances whose occurrence will have an impact on achievement of one or more of the expected project goal and objectives.
Probability – A risk is an event that "may" occur. The probability of it occurring can range anywhere from just above 0 percent to just below 100 percent.
Impact – A risk, by its very nature, always has a negative impact. However, the size of the impact varies in terms of cost, time, quality and other critical factor.
Risk management is the process of dealing with risk. It includes planning for risk, assessing (identifying and analyzing) risk issues, developing risk handling strategies which include risks Avoidance, Mitigation , Transfer or Acceptance and monitoring risks to determine how they have changed The Risk Impact/Probability. * Risk planning is the process of developing and documenting an organized, comprehensive, and interactive strategy and methods for identifying and analyzing risk Issues, developing risk handling plans, and monitoring how risks have changed * Risk identification is the process of examining the program areas and each critical technical process to identify and document the associated risk. * Risk analysis is the process of examining each identified risk issue to estimate the likelihood of a risk and predict the impact on the project. * Risk assessment: risk assessment refers to the process of identification, evaluation and comparison against the expected standard and determining the acceptable level of risk * Risk Handling: Risk handling refers to the processs of responding to a negative risk, the response to an identified risk reduces the impact of the risk. There are four main ways of responding to risks Avoidance, Mitigate, Transfer or Acceptance * Risk monitoring is the process of systematically tracking and evaluating the performance of risk handling
References: Chris Chapman and Stephen Ward; Managing Project Risk and Uncertainty, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2002), Harold kerzner, Project Management; A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling and controlling, 9th Edition, John Wiley & Sons,Inc (2006) David Hillson, Managing risk in project; Fundamentals of project management, Gower publishing ltd 2009, Extracts from the document PD ISO/IEC Guide 73: 2002 David Wheater, Effective ways of Managing Risk in Project Management, Published February 9, 2012


We owe the acoustic guitar as we know it today primarily to Antonio de Torres (Spain, 1817 to 1892) (see History of the Guitar). Antonio de Torres was a skilled carpenter and guitar maker. He was the innovator behind the new Spanish guitar. The top of a guitar is 70-80 percent responsible for the tone, as it is basically the only surface on the guitar that can vibrate freely. Torres revolutionized guitar construction. His method of construction is still practiced today.
From the very beginning of the guitar’s history, makers have attempted to strike the perfect balance between sound and design. The guitars before his time were characterized, by small and narrow bodies. This was because the measures of size and thickness of the top had to be right, otherwise it would collapse and crack. The strips on the inside of the top were arranged crosswise and were much wider than the strips of Antonio de Torres' model. This allowed Torres' guitars to increase significantly in sound, as the top could resonate for more harmoniously. The narrower and more ornamental strips on the top allowed them to become much more stable.
Without top strips, the top of a classical guitar would be extremely fragile due to the wood warping easily with temperature changes. Torres designed a five- to seven-fan system that was symmetrically arranged. This allowed Torres to build a larger body than his predecessors, thus satisfying the desire of musicians and listeners for louder instruments with more projection. In addition, the fan bar system was added, in which the top could vibrate much more harmoniously due to the fine, transverse bracing. The manner in which the guitar was assembled had its main point of intersection between the neck and body came at the eighth to ninth, or at the thirteenth to sixteenth fret. This resulted in a completely different pull of the strings on the top.
The importance of Torres’ work in developing the steel-string guitar is often overlooked, however, due to the way we think in "nylon string" and "steel string" schools exclusively. However, considering that this distinction did not even exist until the beginning of the twentieth century, when all guitars used gut strings made from animal intestines, his influence on the guitar in general becomes clearly evident. The "Torres guitar" developed its particular sound through special overtones, which allows them to produce an incredible variety of sounds and harmonics.


Restorative Discipline in Texas: Preparing Texas schools to engage in healing dialogue
By Sam La Pres & Kate McKerlie
At The Texas Institute for Child & Family Wellbeing (TXICFW) we believe that research and practice cannot be viewed as two separate entities. Both must go hand in hand in order to effectively benefit the well-being of child welfare and family security. Our work focuses on transformational research, policy analysis, curriculum development, and program evaluation to foster meaningful solutions for vulnerable populations. We know that we are stronger together, so we partner with organizations that are working towards missions similar to ours.
We are fortunate at UT to have many such organizations to partner with, both in the School of Social Work and in other departments. For example, this past year we began a collaboration with the Institute for Restorative Justice & Restorative Dialogue (IRJRD) team, led by Marilyn Armour, PhD. to evaluate an implementation of her program for Restorative Discipline in Texas.
The Institute for Restorative Justice & Restorative Dialogue seeks to build a national mindset that embraces restorative justice principles. According to the IRJRD website, “Restorative justice is a fast-growing state, national, and international victim-centered response to wrongdoing that gives individuals adversely affected by a criminal act the opportunity to be directly involved in responding to the harm caused by the crime.” Check out this infographic to learn more about our partnership with IRJRD:
TXICFW just completed the first round of this project’s evaluation. Follow-up evaluations will occur at the one year and 18-month mark. Results will contribute to the understanding of impact of restorative discipline practices at schools and the areas that need continued support and training in order to be successful. Our Associate Director, Beth Gerlach, is the evaluator in this project, which is just one example of the work that TXICFW does in collaboration with other organizations, such as the IRJRD, in order to foster meaningful solutions for children and their families.


The aim of the research presented in this thesis is to design the characteristics of an Adaptive Thermal Comfort System for Dwellings to achieve a significantly better energy performance whilst not compromising the thermal comfort perception of the occupants. An Adaptive Thermal Comfort System is defined as the whole of passive and active comfort components of the dwelling that dynamically adapts its settings to varying user comfort demands and weather conditions (seasonal, diurnal and hourly depending on the aspects adapted), thus providing comfort only where, when and at the level needed by the user, to improve possibilities of harvesting the environmental energy (e.g. solar gain and outdoor air) when available and storing it when abundant. In order to be able to create an Adaptive Thermal Comfort System to save energy knowledge is needed as to where, when, what kind and how much energy is needed to provide the thermal comfort. Therefore, this research aimed to gain insight in the dynamic behaviour of the weather and the occupant and the opportunities to design the characteristics of an Adaptive Thermal Comfort System for Dwellings to achieve a significantly better energy performance whilst not compromising the thermal comfort perception of the occupants answering the main research question; What are the most efficient strategies for delivering thermal comfort in the residential sector with respect to better energy performances and an increasing demand for flexibility in use and comfort conditions?


Togo is predominantly an agricultural country, with about four-fifths of the work force engaged in farming. Approximately 12% of the land area is arable. Most food crops are produced by subsistence farmers who operate on family farms of less than three ha (7 acres). Peanuts and sorghum are grown in the extreme north; sorghum, yams, and cotton in the region around Niamtougou; sorghum, cotton, and corn in the central region; coffee, cocoa, and cotton in the southern plateau; and manioc, corn, and copra near the coast. Agriculture accounted for about 39% of GDP in 2001.
In the late 1990s, the government emphasized food production. Main food crops in 1999 (in tons) included manioc, 579,000; yams, 696,000; corn, 350,000; sorghum, 137,000; and millet, 41,000. Although Togo is basically self-sufficient in food, certain cereals—notably wheat, which cannot be grown in Togo—must be imported.
Leading cash crops are coffee and cocoa, followed by cotton, palm kernels, copra, peanuts, and shea nuts (karité). Coffee production decreased from 22,000 tons in 1991 to 13,000 tons in 1999. Cocoa production amounted to just 9,000 tons in 1999—less than half the amount produced a dozen years earlier. When world prices for both coffee and cocoa fell in the mid-1980s, there was a greater emphasis on cotton production, with cotton exports increasing by over 400% from 1984 to 1992. Cotton production averaged 7,000 tons annually from 1979 to 1981; production in 1999 totaled 69,000 tons of fiber. A new state organization, the Togolese Cotton Co., had been set up in 1974 to develop the industry. Production of palm kernels, historically erratic, was estimated at 14,000 tons in 1999. There are over 100,000 coconut trees in Togo; about 2,000 tons of copra are produced annually. The peanut crop in 1999 was 27,000 tons (shelled). Some attempts are being made to export pineapples, house plants, vegetables, and palm oil.


Hearing impaired people still stigmatized
The 2008 annual report from the national Swedish association of hearing impaired people, Hörselskadades Riksförbund, HRF, supports the perception that hearing problems are still stigmatizing. Among those perpetuating the stigma are the hearing impaired people, themselves, who are likely to be in denial about their condition. Often, their attitude is that they just have a bit of trouble hearing, whereas only old people suffer from actual hearing loss.
According to the report, two in every three Swedes with hearing loss have had no contact with authorities who could help them. About half of this group with hearing impairment has been affected by their hearing loss for more than ten years. Many hearing impaired people avoid talking openly about their hearing problem because they are fearful of other people's reaction.
Problems in the workplace
The problems with respect to openness about one's hearing loss are evident in the workplace, as well. According to the report, two hearing impaired people in three have never talked openly at work about their hearing problems. In the private sector as many as 70 percent of people with hearing loss keep their problem to themselves.
Conversely, the HRF report pointed out that the workplaces do little to assist potentially hearing impaired employees. Hearing problems rarely figure prominently in work environment evaluations. Regular or compulsory hearing screenings among employees are uncommon. The report found that the contributions to the development of greater hearing loss awareness are needed from many parties, if those with hearing loss are to avoid suffering socially from their hearing problems.
Source: HRF Ã…rsrapport 2008,


Mongolia is rich in natural resources, and mining accounts for a quarter of its GDP and 89% of its annual exports, however, it is one of the most water-scarce countries in the world, as huge amounts of water are used and polluted to extract mineral resources which contribute to the destruction and disturbance of the ecosystems, the surrounding environments, and the agricultural areas, risking the nomadic identity and that characterizes Mongolia. Nomadic herders in the mining areas are facing pollution, soil degradation, water shortage, and other serious problems due to the failure of the government to hold corporations to account, pushing local communities and NGOs to organize to protect their environment.
Sukhgerel Dugersuren – CEO of OT Watch NGO said, “RioTinto extracts 800 liters per second of water for its Oyu Tolgoi Mine and it soon increased by another 200 hundred liters per second to continue operations of its underground mine. It does not pay for this resource. And it claims that it recycles 85 percent of the water used. But this claim is not substantiated by any scientific data. This raises the issue of resource justice of scarce water resources in Mongolia and we call for our young generation to take on this issue to protect their future from being squandered today”
Bukhuu Budee, Fighter for the environment said “In 2012, 440,000 tons of sulfuric acid solution was pumped into the ground under the name of experimental mining, and 2.8 tons of yellow powder/uranium was extracted. The consequences are shown clearly in the pictures behind me. This illustrates how our land has changed. In short, the uranium impact affected a total of 7 soums /districts/ including 900,000 livestock in Ulaanbadrakh soum alone. It covers 5 million hectares, which is equal to the 1/6 of France. Ulaanbadrakh soum is the largest soum in Mongolia in terms of its area. The livestock, beasts, and birds of this soum have become as shown in the picture, and now they are starting to harm people and children. There is only one mine in the area. It is the uranium mine of Areva, France”
Source: A24 News Agency


As we all know that today’s age is the age of science and technology. The teaching learning programs have also been affected by it. The process of teaching learning depends upon the different type of equipment available in the classroom.
Need of Teaching Aids
(1) Every individual has the tendency to forget. Proper use of teaching aids helps to retain more concept permanently.
(2) Students can learn better when they are motivated properly through different teaching aids.
(3) Teaching aids develop the proper image when the students see, hear taste and smell properly.
(4) Teaching aids provide complete example for conceptual thinking.
(5) The teaching aids create the environment of interest for the students.
(6) Teaching aids helps to increase the vocabulary of the students.
(7) Teaching aids helps the teacher to get sometime and make learning permanent.
(8) Teaching aids provide direct experience to the students.
Types of Teaching Aids
There are many aids available these days. We may classify these aids as follows-
(1) Visual Aids
The aids which use sense of vision are called Visual aids. For example :- actual objects, models, pictures, charts, maps, flash cards, flannel board, bulletin board, chalkboard, overhead projector, slides etc. Out of these black board and chalk are the commonest ones.
(2) Audio Aids
The aids that involve the sense of hearing are called Audio aids. For example: – radio, tape recorder, gramophone etc.
(3) Audio – Visual Aids
The aids which involve the sense of vision as well as hearing are called Audio- Visual aids. For example: – television, film projector, film strips etc.
One thought on “Types of Teaching Aids in Training”


Tsunamis are relatively rare events and most of their evidence is perishable. Therefore, it is very important that reconnaissance surveys be organized and carried out quickly and thoroughly after each tsunami occurs, to collect detailed data valuable for hazard assessment, model validation, and other aspects of tsunami mitigation. Since the early 1990s, post-tsunami reconnaissance surveys have been organized following each major destructive tsunami to make measurements of runups and inundation limits, to collect associated data from eyewitnesses such as the number of waves, arrival time of waves, and which wave was the largest, and to assess human response to tsunami danger. The surveys have been organized on an ad-hoc basis, facilitated and coordinated by the IOC and ITIC working with the affected country, and conducted by international academic tsunami researchers (International Tsunami Survey Team, ITST). The IOC Post-tsunami survey field guide (Manual and Guides 37, 1998, revised 2012, SC .98/WS/24) has been prepared to guide surveys, identify methods, measurements, and observations to be taken, and to standardize data collections. The Tsunami Bulletin Board e-mail service has been used for quickly organizing ITST surveys and for sharing of the observations from impacted areas.


We all know how crucial calcium and vitamin D are to protect our bones as we age. However, there are five other nutrients your skeleton also depends on to remain strong if you intend to prevent bone loss.
Omega-3s are essential to keep you protected. Their fatty acids help your body absorb your calcium more so to prevent bone loss. Try to eat include fatty fish like salmon, tuna, trout, haddock, mackerel, almonds, and walnuts in your diet. Another suggestion is to get omega-3s in a supplement.
Your body also needs vitamin K to bind your calcium to your bones. Learn to eat broccoli, spinach, kale, and cabbage more to prevent bone loss. If you’re on blood thinners like coumadin, then you need to be careful about too much of this vitamin. Ask you doctor’s opinion about how much he advises for your condition.
Potassium is another helpful mineral to get enough of since it can neutralize acid that can weaken your bones. Some excellent foods to eat are potatoes, bananas, avocados, cantaloupes, soybeans, prunes, kidney beans, tomatoes, green peppers, watermelon, sweet potatoes, and orange juice for example. To be on the safe side, you can also take a supplement.
Equally vital to your keeping that skeleton sturdy is eating enough foods rich in folate. Folic acid is keeping your levels of homocysteine, the amino acid that disrupts bone density, in check. Some great sources of folic acid foods to try to eat are asparagus, green vegetables, garbanzo beans, carrots, mushrooms, peanuts, eggs, oranges, chicken, cheese, and fortified grains are wonderful choices.
Finally, you should think about adding more foods with magnesium to your diet. Magnesium helps regulate how your calcium is metabolized. Foods you need to think about more are peanuts, wheat germ, soybeans, lima beans, kidney beans, tofu (soybean curd), almonds, leafy green vegetables, and whole grains.
I hope you take this information to heart because you can be experiencing bone loss even before you realize it, especially if you are a woman.
Luckily, these are all foods I eat a lot!


The digestive system, also known as the gastrointestinal tract, is responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body. The system involves a complex series of organs and tissues that work together to process food, extract nutrients, and eliminate waste.
The digestive system begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva. The saliva contains enzymes that begin the process of breaking down carbohydrates. From the mouth, food travels down the esophagus and into the stomach, where it is mixed with gastric juices and further broken down through the process of churning and chemical digestion.
Next, the food passes through the small intestine, where the majority of nutrient absorption occurs. The small intestine is lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area and aid in absorption. The villi absorb nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and vitamins, which are transported to the liver and then into the bloodstream to be used by the body.
Any undigested food, fiber, and waste products continue through the large intestine, also known as the colon. The colon absorbs water and electrolytes from the undigested food, forming feces, which are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus.
Throughout the digestive process, several hormones are released by the digestive organs to regulate digestion and appetite. The nervous system also plays a role in digestion, as it stimulates the release of digestive enzymes and hormones in response to food intake.
In summary, the digestive system is a complex system involving multiple organs and processes that work together to break down food, extract nutrients, and eliminate waste. Maintaining a healthy digestive system is key to overall health and wellbeing.


behavioural change, Culture shift & community action
We need to change our behaviours as consumers to reduce the stress on global resources and to reduce waste resulting from consumption. As improvements in technology are unlikely to move at the rate needed to curb demands for natural resources, lifestyle changes, both physiological and psychological, are required. The consent for the transition will come from the people, and it is vital that there is involvement of local communities.
- Culture: Embed a community culture of climate and environmental action in the public’s mind, as well as in business and scientific practices.
- Tracking: Provide the public with intelligent and interactive tools that allow them access to environmental information about their consumption, for example, clear product labelling, and real-time reliable and accredited carbon footprint tracking.
- Education: Through schools and universities starting at primary level, provide a platform for a national conversation on how lifestyles can and will change within a generation to achieve net zero-C consumption.
- Self-perception: Modify the way we talk and think about ourselves, moving away from terms such as ‘consumer’ and instead perceiving ourselves to be part of a precarious biosphere that requires to be maintained rather than consumed.
- Collaboration: Technological innovations must ensure a balance between supply-side and demand-side investment, and must engage with consumers’ choices via citizen’s assemblies (housing, energy, food, transport etc.)


In contemporary times the river is a hive of activity, and millions of people earn a living from abundant activities, afloat, on the riverside, and in the greater watershed area.
The Chao Phraya today functions as an important transport network; a life source for farming activities; a provider of employment; a symbol of the country’s unity in the guise of different riverside religious monuments; and a major tourism draw.
About 20 million people – one in three of the population – live within the river’s water basin, most of which is agricultural land with rice the leading crop produced in farming communities.
The river has also been a valuable waterway for the transportation of the country’s traditional export of teak from the northern highlands to Bangkok and beyond. In an era of airfreight, cargo ships and advanced road networks, it still has an important role as a transport hub for the multi-hull barges that carry huge loads down this waterway and on to the docks.
It is also an important people carrier: a vast network of riverboats, cross-river ferries and water taxis ensure city commuters and tourists can travel its length and breadth to meet work commitments, or access the tourism attractions.
The River of Kings is well and truly alive from early morning when the riverside markets start trading, until late at night when the last dinner-cruise boats moor to allow their guests home.
No other district of Bangkok can provide such a definitive insight into the social, economic and cultural fabric of Thai society. Visitors will take home more than just snapshots – a trip down the Chao Phraya gives a multi-sensory taste of the capital city and the people that call it home.


Aims: To estimate (i) Australian government taxation revenue collected from the consumption of alcohol by adolescents and (ii) the amount spent by the government on interventions aimed at educating adolescents about the potential dangers of alcohol use. Design: Secondary data analysis. Setting: Australia. Findings: Australian adolescents (aged between 12 and 17 years, inclusive) spent approximately $217 million on alcoholic beverages in 2002, netting the Australian government approximately $112 million in tax revenue. This resulted in an average of $195 earned in tax per adolescent drinker. It is estimated that the Government spent approximately $17 million on adolescent drinking interventions in 2002, equating to an expenditure of about $10.51 per adolescent on the delivery of alcohol interventions. For every dollar spent on alcohol interventions aimed at adolescents, it is estimated that the government receives around $7 in alcohol tax revenue. Conclusions: A substantial disparity exists between the amount of tax revenue received by the Australian government from adolescent drinkers and the overall amount spent in attempting to prevent and relieve some of the problems associated with adolescent problem drinking.
|Number of pages||10|
|Publication status||Published - 2006|
- Health policy


What does your ACE score mean?
As your Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) score rises, so does the likelihood of facing various health problems and social and emotional difficulties. Consider your score as a record of the different types of harmful stress you endured during your childhood, serving as an indicator of statistical risks to your well-being.
The ACE study reveals a strong correlation between an increasing ACE score and the risk of experiencing mental health issues and medical conditions such as chronic depression, cancer, or coronary heart disease, all of which are associated with childhood trauma.
For individuals with a score of 4 or higher, the consequences are particularly severe. At this level, the probability of developing chronic pulmonary lung disease increases by 390%, hepatitis by 240%, depression by 460%, and attempted suicide by a staggering 1,220%.
Nevertheless, even a lower ACE score can have significant repercussions. Approximately a quarter of Americans have an ACE score of only one, and their likelihood of developing alcoholism doubles. With an ACE score of two, the risk of alcoholism quadruples, while an ACE score of 3 may help explain the presence of chronic depression.
By understanding your childhood experiences, you gain insight into potential risks and become empowered to take preventive measures against potential consequences.
True Sage technique audio file:
~ Dr. Vincent Felitti, co-founder of the ACE (Adverse Childhood Experiences) study


As urban parks expanded, so did new possibilities for recreation, including the picnic.
Born from the French word pique-nique, the English “picnic” was first used in 1748 England to describe a party with card playing, drinking, and conversation. By 1810, the picnic included food as a central detail and moved outdoors. By 1830, the term had adopted the sense of nostalgia still recognizable in the custom today.
The picnic, as evidenced by the picturesque 19th century landscape paintings of Thomas Cole and William Bennet, represented an idealized and romantic celebration of the natural world. It was an outing that combined beauty and leisure, two increasingly attainable amenities for more classes of citizens. While parkland expanded, labor organizers secured the right to shorter working hours, which, via the principles of supply and demand, also led to higher wages. By the end of the 19th century, the middle class had more opportunity for picnicking than ever before, with access to both land and time.
The images here are a small set of examples of folks throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries enjoying gardens, picnics, and camaraderie in public space.
Central Park in Summer
graces in a high wind - A scene taken from nature, in Kensington Gardens and The graces in a high wind - A scene taken from nature, in Kensington Gardens
Santa Monica I.O.G.T. May Day Picnic, 1895
Garden of the Zocalo, City of Mexico
Four men, one a Catholic priest, posing in a garden


Technological advancements are increasing at an astounding rate to the point where technology that once seemed to be the stuff of science-fiction novels is becoming a reality. Many people in Nevada may view the advent of autonomous vehicles in such a light, and many companies are looking to design, manufacture, and use autonomous vehicles to maximize their profits. However, safety concerns exist with regards to self-driving vehicles that should not be ignored.
According to one report, in March 2018, a manager at Uber informed Uber executives that backup drivers in their autonomous vehicles were behaving dangerously, that there was a high rate of crashes involving their autonomous vehicles, and that there may be safety issues with the software used in their autonomous vehicles. Five days after that warning was issued, an autonomous Uber vehicle with a backup driver fatally hit a bicyclist. The backup driver was reportedly watching a television show on her smartphone when the crash occurred.
Reportedly, almost every-other day vehicles sustained damage in the month preceding the email to the Uber executives. According to the email, operators of autonomous Uber vehicles who committed multiple infractions were not often fired, and some of them had insufficient training. After the aforementioned crash, Uber stopped testing self-driving vehicles on public streets for a period of time. However, in the June following the crash, Uber resumed testing autonomous vehicles, utilizing new safety practices.
The situation surrounding Uber’s policies and practices regarding their self-driving vehicles is disturbing, especially when the autonomous vehicles cause a car crash. When such collisions occur, injured victims may suffer physically, mentally, and financially. They may wish to pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit in hopes of recovering their damages. If it is possible to hold the makers and owners of autonomous vehicles responsible for the accidents their vehicles cause, then injured victims may be able to obtain the financial resources they need to be made whole again.


Influence of hatch duration and individual daily growth rates on size structure of age-0 smallmouth bass cohorts in two glacial lakes
We assessed hatch dates and daily growth rates of age-0 smallmouth bass from two glacial lakes over a 3-year period. Hatching durations (19-27 days among years) of smallmouth bass occurred from late May until late June. Mean daily growth rate of age-0 smallmouth bass ranged from 0.56 to 1.56 mm·day-1. Correlation analysis indicated that hatch date had little effect on daily growth rates. Hatch date was significant in explaining variation in total length (TL) of age-0 smallmouth bass at time of capture in only three of six cases and hatch date never explained >50% of the variation in bass length. Daily growth rate significantly explained variation in smallmouth bass TL at time of capture in all six models, accounting for 31-86% of the variability in bass length. Our findings suggest that size structure of age-0 cohorts in some populations may be more strongly regulated by variation in individual daily growth rate than by hatch timing.
Growth rate, Hatch duration, Otolith, Size structure, Smallmouth bass
Phelps, Q. E., D. A. Isermann, and D. W. Willis. "Influence of hatch duration and individual daily growth rates on size structure of age‐0 smallmouth bass cohorts in two glacial lakes." Ecology of Freshwater Fish 17, no. 3 (2008): 363-373.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish


Horehound (Marrubium vulgare).—A well-known
medicinal herb, from which an extract is obtained for
subduing irritating coughs. Sow in April or May, and
thin the plants until they stand fifteen inches apart.
The plant is bushy, producing numerous annual, quadrangular and
branching stems, a foot or more in height, on which the
whitish flowers are borne in crowded, axillary, woolly
whorls. The leaves are much wrinkled, opposite,
petiolate, about 1 inch long, covered with white, felted
hairs, which give them a woolly appearance. They have a
curious, musky smell, which is diminished by drying and
lost on keeping. Horehound flowers from June to
White Horehound is a hardy plant, easily grown, and flourishes best in
a dry, poor soil. It can be propagated from seeds sown
in spring, cuttings, or by dividing the roots (the most
usual method). If raised from seed, the seedlings should
be planted out in the spring, in rows, with a space of
about 9 inches or more between each plant. No further
culture will be needed than weeding. It does not blossom
until it is two years old.
Horehound in candy and tea. It's been used for
centuries for coughs and other ailments. The FDA took it off the approved list,
but not because it was harmful. They didn't see enough scientific evidence to
consider it a medicine.
History of Herbs
Herbs for Beginners
Drying & Preserving Herbs
Indoor Herb Gardening
Hints & Tips
Oil and Vinegar
Share your Recipes with others!!


Happy November, everyone! Because Thanksgiving is right around the corner, I thought it would be fun to stick with my theme of fun facts and share some about Thanksgiving!
- The first Thanksgiving was actually a three-day event!
- They had so much food that they decided to continue eating the next two days! Also, the first Thanksgiving feast didn’t even have turkey.
- Thanksgiving was proclaimed a national holiday on October 3, 1863.
- The first Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade didn’t have any balloons or big floats, but it did have animals from the Central Park Zoo.
- One year, Thanksgiving was celebrated on the third Thursday in November, not the fourth.
- FORTY SIX MILLION turkeys are prepared for Thanksgiving every year!!
- Every year, a turkey is pardoned by the current president. George H.W. Bush started this tradition in 1989 and it has been kept up since then. These turkeys not only live past Thanksgiving, they have been to Disneyland and Walt Disney World!
- There is a 24-hour call and text message line available for help with cooking your Thanksgiving turkey!
- Arizona, Texas, Louisiana and North Carolina each have a town named “Turkey.”
- My personal favorite thing about Thanksgiving is pumpkin pie. 50 million pumpkin pies are eaten on Thanksgiving!
See if anyone at your Thanksgiving table knows any of these fun facts!


I’ve been reading through the Schools Collection for the greater Dingle peninsula to see what placenames were recorded there in the 1930s. As usual with this collection, the amount of placename & related information varies greatly from school to school, depending on the teacher and how they approached the task. Some schools recorded large numbers of field & coastal names, though frustratingly location advice is often omitted. However I did find an answer of sorts to one question that was puzzling me.
This concerns Baurtregaum or Barr Trí gCom, the summit of the three coms (hollows). Information elsewhere indicated the names of Com Doire Mhóir and Com Breac as the western and eastern of the three coms respectively. But what of the smaller and lakeless com on the north side, lying between above?
An answer lies in the account of Patrick Flahive of Shanakeal on the south side and collected by Mary his daughter who attended Fybagh National School. You can read it here: ‘The names of those three koums are Koum Mhuire Mór, Derrymore Koum and Koum Breac.’ Derrymore Com or Com Doire Mhóir is named for the townland of Derrymore and contains a few small corrie lakes. Com Breac is the upper part of Gleann Breac – breac meaning dappled or mottled in colour.
Com Mhuire Mór as given by Patrick is a bit of a mystery as to meaning. As spelt ‘Muire’ is usually associated in placenames with Our Lady and has a religious sense. That seems most unlikely here and I think can be discounted. Perhaps ‘muire’ as written down is a form of ‘múr’ as in a wall or rampart. Certainly the back of this middle com rises very steeply to the summit and Com Mhuire Mór could be likened to the ‘com of the great wall’. Problem is that whilst hillwalkers and mountaineers will refer to like places as ‘walls’, it’s not a term found in Irish upland placenames. Maybe a reader here can think of an example elsewhere and/or suggest a meaning.
#eastwestmapping #thedingleway #mountaineering_ireland


The theme is the main idea, lesson or message in the novel. It usually states an idea about humans, society or life.
You will often be asked to analyze how the theme is expressed. Study the novel to check if any elements are repeated that may suggest a theme. Is there more than one theme? In the Harry Potter stories there may be many themes. One of the most important must be the value of being modest. Harry does not boast, he is humble, loyal and good. That is why he succeeds in the end. This is the lesson that Rowling wants to pass on to us. We are clearly shown what happens to the characters that are selfish and mean.
- The theme is the main idea in the story.
- The message is the lesson the author wants to teach us.
Theme can also be expressed as
- the underlying meaning of a literary work, a general truth about life or mankind.
A theme is the general subject the story revolves around. It often represents universal and timeless ideas that are relevant in most people's lives.
Even though a novel may have an action-packed story, the underlying theme may be to stick to your friends and be loyal - as in Harry Potter.
Licenses and Attributions
CC licensed content, Shared previously


You might be aware of what to do when a crisis hits, but what do you need to do afterwards? This post crisis stage is a crucial element of the Crisis Development Model
as once we enter Tension Reduction we want to remain here.
Our approach is crucial to ensure that both the individual and staff feel supported as we don’t want the situation to escalate again.
The COPING Model helps support a restorative approach. An important part of a restorative approach is to have restorative conversations which focus on the incident and allow the person to reflect on their actions and consider the impact those actions had on others.
The goal is to uncover what happened but also to re-establish the relationship.
We want everyone to be in control of their emotions after a crisis. Some people will benefit from space, while others will want to vent their frustrations. Heightened states of emotion are physically draining; we can offer food and fluids. Try and make people feel physically comfortable.
Once people are physically and emotionally in control then we can orient ourselves to the basic facts of the situation. What was the precipitating factor/s that resulting in this situation escalating? When did it happen? How did the situation develop? Who was involved?
There will probably be patterns in past behaviour and the events preceding the crisis. Does this happen at certain times of the day or certain days of the week? Are there patterns in precipitating factors? Are the same people/staff involved?
Once we know the possible causes of the behaviour we can look to investigate alternatives to the behaviour. It may be easier for the staff to change their approach to future situations. We must involve the individual in this process of identifying possible solutions.
Negotiate future approaches and expectations of behaviour. What worked well? We can reinforce what is working positively and help the individual to develop and agree to the new strategy. Let the individual guide us to things we can do when they start to feel distressed. What didn’t work well? Are there things that we can avoid saying or doing in the future.
Give back responsibility to the individual while continuing to provide support and encouragement. We should focus on reinforcing positive steps forward and downplaying negative set backs.


Maricha is the closest world to Surya, the primary sun of the Mitra system.
|Mean Orbital Distance:||150 million km|
|Days to Orbit:||420|
|Mean Radius:||7,944 km|
|Surface Area:||792 million km2, Landmass 491 million km2|
|Base Temperature:||30° C|
|Seasonal Variation:||38° C (High), 24° C (Low)|
|Average Annual Precipitation:||75 cm|
|Significant Imports:||Machinery (2.5 MMT), Medicines (2 MMT)|
|Significant Exports:||Organics (14 MMT), Consumer Items (5 MMT)|
A colony world of the Janya, inhabited by the natives to the Surya system, the Kravyad. Maricha is home to a temperate climate, and an agriculture based economy. To the Kravyad, this world is known as Taise.
Maricha is a Dominion of the Solar Kingdom, and its capital is Pak Sacara. Major cities include Bal Ivarda, Karaja, Ksauri, Murdhan, Naka, Nikrandati, Rahi Karoti, Sakhila, Sar Agata, Sauv Ira, and Zil Ajit. Two moons orbit high above Maricha: Malada and Karusha.
2 thoughts on “Maricha”


Listen to a selection of verses from the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy about the life of the prophet Moses translated into the Riffi Tamazight language of Morocco (Tarifit).
Here is the passage from Exodus 20:1-17 about the Ten Commandments as God gave them to the prophet Moses: And God spoke all these words, saying, “I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery.
I “You shall have no other gods before me.
II “You shall not make for yourself a carved image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. You shall not bow down to them or serve them, for I the LORD your God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me, but showing steadfast love to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments.
III “You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain, for the LORD will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain.
IV “Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days you shall labor, and do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God. On it you shall not do any work, you, or your son, or your daughter, your male servant, or your female servant, or your livestock, or the sojourner who is within your gates. For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy.
V “Honor your father and your mother, that your days may be long in the land that the LORD your God is giving you.
VI “You shall not murder.
VII “You shall not commit adultery.
VIII “You shall not steal.
IX “You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.
X “You shall not covet your neighbor's house; you shall not covet your neighbor's wife, or his male servant, or his female servant, or his ox, or his donkey, or anything that is your neighbor's.” (ESV 2001)


Servos are tiny motors that you can control the position of by generating a special signal. You might use a servo to move something back and forth, like moving a dial to indicate a measurement or even moving a latch to open and close a door. There are even special 'continuous rotation' servos that can act like little motors with control over their speed and direction--perfect for building a simple robot! The possibilities for movement with servos are unlimited!
This guide will explore how to control servo motors from CircuitPython and Python code. You can use simple Python code to move a servo to different positions. You can even use the CircuitPython REPL to move a servo interactively!
In addition this guide will also show basic servo control with Arduino code too!
Before you get started it will help to familiarize yourself with servos by reading these guides:
If you are using an Adafruit Circuit Playground Express, Adafruit Feather, BBC micro:bit or Raspberry Pi, you can control servos, motors, and more using the Adafruit CRICKIT add-on board.
CRICKIT has four ports for plugging in servo motors.
For more information on using CRICKIT and servos, see the following guide:


How do you check cervical neck?
- Neck X-ray. An X-ray can show abnormalities, such as bone spurs, that indicate cervical spondylosis.
- CT scan. A CT scan can provide more detailed imaging, particularly of bones.
- MRI. MRI can help pinpoint areas where nerves might be pinched.
What is an XR cervical spine examination?
A cervical spine X-ray is a safe and painless test that uses a small amount of radiation to take a picture of the bones in the back of the neck (cervical vertebrae). During the examination, an X-ray machine sends a beam of radiation through the neck, and an image is recorded on special film or a computer.
What are the three components of cervical examination?
The most commonly performed components of the exam are 1) the external exam, to evaluate the external genitalia 2) the internal exam with palpation (commonly called the bimanual exam) to examine the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes, and 3) the internal exam using the speculum to visualize the vaginal walls and …
What are the symptoms of cervical spondylitis?
What are the most common cervical spondylosis symptoms?
- Neck pain or stiffness. This may be the main symptom. Pain may get worse when you move your neck.
- A nagging soreness in the neck.
- Muscle spasms.
- A clicking, popping or grinding sound when you move your neck.
Can neck Xrays show tumors?
X-rays of the spine, neck, or back may be performed to diagnose the cause of back or neck pain, fractures or broken bones, arthritis, spondylolisthesis (the dislocation or slipping of 1 vertebrae over the 1 below it), degeneration of the disks, tumors, abnormalities in the curvature of the spine like kyphosis or …
What is a cervical quadrant test?
Purpose. The Spurling’s test (also known as Maximal Cervical Compression Test and Foraminal Compression Test) is used during a musculoskeletal assessment of the cervical spine when looking for cervical nerve root compression causing Cervical Radiculopathy.
What is PV in gynecology?
Per Vaginal (PV) Bleeding.


TheChinese inkIt is an ink used mainly in Chinese, Japanese and Korean calligraphy, in which the sumi-e is most frequently used (墨 絵sumi e?). It later came to Japan during the 14th century in the Muromachi era and was used to make monochromatic ink paintings, which had a deep influence of Chinese culture and were propagated by Zen monks, forerunners of the sumi-e technique.
Chinese ink is the dust or soot that is collected from the fumes produced by the combustion of resinous materials, called carbon black, dissolved in water. It does not require a binder, as the carbon molecules are in colloidal suspension and, when drying, form a waterproof layer. A binder such as gelatin or, more frequently, shellac can be added to it in order to increase its durability after drying. By adding a binder, the resulting ink may or may not be waterproof.
Liquid ink used to be used in the past from solid sticks. The bars, rectangular, circular or canoe-shaped tablets, were rubbed by a rough stone specially designed for this purpose called suzuri in Japanese.
A little water is poured over these stones and the tablet is ground over them, gradually undoing the ink, which mixes with the water that accumulates in the cavity of the stone. This process can be continued until the ink has reached the required density for use, so it usually takes a few minutes./ p>
Prepared liquid ink dries easily, and it is advisable not to let it dry on the stone or on the brush./ p>
Currently, it is common to use bottles of already prepared, very dense Chinese ink, which can be used directly or dissolved with a little water.
The compositional nature of Chinese ink is quite stable chemically, although it is common for works made with this technique to be susceptible to the detachment of carbon particles when rubbed. It should be mentioned that Chinese ink does not fade or fade with prolonged exposure to light as Western inks do.
Information taken from


When we talk about federal transportation dollars in this space, we most often focus on the Transportation Alternatives Program, since it has a strong focus on funding Safe Routes to School programs and bicycling and walking infrastructure.
At a recent grantmaking conference, one of the speakers emphasized the role of evaluation by saying that if you can’t measure something, it doesn’t matter. Thanks to a new rule from the US Department of Transportation, all states will now be required to measure and be held accountable for bicycle and pedestrian safety.
All of us are working hard to make our neighborhoods safer for kids and families to walk to and from school. But now, we need your help to ensure that the health and safety of our loved ones does not take a back seat to automobile passengers, simply because they chose active transportation over driving.
Over the past decades bicycle safety education has developed into its own field, ultimately being implemented in a variety of ways, depending primarily on the amount of time and resources available to convey important concepts. These choices are not easy and inevitably we, as educators, must make informed compromises.
Ready to act? Contact your members of Congress now. Want more background? Keep reading...
In June, articles in the Akron Beacon Journal highlighted the safety inequity between urban and suburban students that walk or bike to school (you can read them here and
Every child deserves the opportunity to get themselves to and from school. Besides being able to chase frogs or play with their friends, there are many benefits to being able to have that activity in their day.


The almond-shaped shield, commonly known as the Norman Kite Shield, has achieved an iconic status as a symbol of the Norman Knights, despite its probable origin in the East. The Bayeux Tapestry, in particular, depicts a staggering number of kite shields, however despite the historical significance of this shield, no actual archaeological discovery of a Norman Kite Shield has been made to date.
In reconstructing these kite shields, heavy reliance was placed on the Bayeux Tapestry designs, which provide interesting insights into the shield paintings and the enarmes in particular (the enarmes being the strap configurations on the backside used to wield and carry the shield).
Manuscript artwork from Cotton MS Titus D XVI or Msc.Bibl.59 was used as well to aid in reconstructing aspects of the shield, such as the curvature.
Research from sword fighting instructor Roland Warzecha on the kite shields of Szczecin also provided many additional insights.
The Bayeux Tapestry shows a relatively limited range of designs. The most prevalent motif is the spiral-based design, which appears in a multitude of color combinations. The “tapestry” also features dragon/serpent motifs, which can be argued have their origins in Britain’s Roman history. Additionally, it includes a few crosses, as well as some other more unusual designs.
Aside from the almond shaped shields, an ovoid shield also features in the Bayuex Tapestry. A similar type might as well be depicted on an Ivory Situla of the Aachen Cathedral. This type of shield was more likely an older type and like the round shields, would at that point have been mostly replaced with the more modern kite shield.


It is believed that the German Renaissance composer, Michael Praetorius, was born on this day in 1571. In a strange coincidence, he died on the same date fifty years later in 1621.
Active as an organist and music theorist, Praetorius was amazingly versatile. He published the four-volume Syntagma musicum, an influential treatise on music history and theory which remains a principal source for knowledge of 17th century music. Among his Lutheran chorale settings is Lo How a Rose E’er Blooming.
Here are four pieces from Praetorius’ Terpsichore, a compendium of more than 300 instrumental dances published in 1612. This is an excerpt from the 2003 album, Danza a stampa del rinascimento europeo, by Accademia del Ricercare. The set opens with the stately beauty of the Balletto. Then comes the bright and lively Spagnoletta. A slower Pavana di Spagna is followed by the jubilant, concluding Volte. No contemporary pop dance music has more “swing” or sense of rhythmic “groove” than the final, swirling bars of this 400-year-old Volte!
The six-part Magnificat per omnes versus super ut re mi fa sol la opens the door to the soaring counterpoint of Praetorius’ sacred choral music. Praetorius often divided his singers into smaller groupings, placed around the church for a multi-phonic effect.
This performance comes from a 1992 album featuring the Huelgas Ensemble, led by Paul Van Nevel:


Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Programs
Drug abuse is not quite the same as drug addiction but drug abuse will lead to drug addiction for thousands of individuals which is why it’s important to understand what drug abuse is and how to recognize it in the early phases. Long before an individual ever becomes addicted to drugs they will suffer from what is known as drug abuse which is more so, the recreational use of drugs that occurs despite known consequences of using the drug.
When an individual shows signs of drug abuse they are not yet addicted to the drug either physically or psychologically but they do use drugs either recreationally or on occasion. Drug abuse begins when an individual uses drugs for any purpose other than as a prescribed method of treatment such as using painkillers for pain. Prolonged drug abuse leads to drug addiction which is considered the dependence and tolerance that results from drug use which causes an individual to actually “need” the drug in order to function, feel good or otherwise cope.
Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Programs Education to Prevent Drug Addiction
The most common type of treatment that is provided at drug abuse rehabilitation programs is not so much counseling and therapy but rather education to assist the drug abuser in learning how to make better decisions regarding their drug use. At this point, there usually is not a need to provide treatment for addiction because the individual is not yet addicted to drugs so the focus is on educating the individual to prevent them from continuing their drug abuse to a point in which it actually becomes an addiction.
Educational courses and group sessions are offered to help the individual understand the consequences of the drug abuse and also to teach them what the addiction will be like if they choose to continue using drugs. Addiction isn’t pretty and for many drug abusers, simply understanding the ugliness of drug addiction can be enough to lead them away from drug abuse. For some, this is not enough and ultimately, drug addiction will follow.
Treatment Before Addiction
Drug abuse treatment starts before the addiction sets in. For those who never become fully addicted to a drug, it can be much easier to stop using than for those who find themselves already caught up in a world of addiction before seeking help. Drug abuse rehabilitation programs provide patients with educational support and in some cases, psychological counseling to assist them in recognizing the reasons why they use drugs and also how to stop before it’s too late. There’s no need to let yourself slip into a world of addiction; drug abuse rehabilitation programs can help!


Deep time biomarkers: a study of organic matter and fluid inclusions in Precambrian rocks
thesisposted on 2022-03-28, 03:12 authored by Carl Allan Peters
Hydrocarbon biomarkers are organic molecules with a specific biosynthetic source that can be preserved over billions of years (Ga). They are being searched for in Archean (>2.5 Ga) rocks to investigate (1) the origin of eukaryotic life, (2) the onset of oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria, and (3) the role of organisms during the Great Oxidation Event. Unfortunately, the detection of biomarkers in Archean rocks struggles with contamination issues, unspecific biomarkers and the lack of suitable sedimentary rocks due to extensive thermal overprints. In 2012 the Jeerinah Formation (2.63 Ga) and Carawine Dolomite (2.55 Ga) from the Pilbara Craton (Western Australia) were drilled under ultra-clean conditions by the Agouron Institute. These sedimentary rocks were solvent extracted with two techniques (bitumen I, bitumen II). Organic matter obtained by the bitumen I extraction (free kerogen) indicate high thermal maturity and biomarkers, such as hopanes and steranes, indicative of bacteria and eukaryotes,respectively, are absent. These findings rebutted previous biomarker evidence from mineral exploration boreholes that were used to explain the rise of eukaryotes and early oxygenic photosynthesis. Organic matter obtained by the bitumen II extraction (mineral-bound kerogen), contained some biomarkers, but these are likely the result of sample contamination and/or the simultaneous extraction of later carbonate veins. The later veins were petrologically assessed and it was found that they formed between2.2-1.a Ga under relatively mild conditions (180-200°C), while the sedimentary rocks revealed temperatures of ~400°C, which is too high for any biomarkers to have been preserved. Solid bitumens and oil-bearing fluid inclusions captured inside the later veins were analysed using bitumen I extraction and hopanes and steranes were successfully detected. This thesis demonstrates the complexity in investigating Archean biomarkers and the dynamics of oil-bearing fluid inclusions to better understand the early biosphere.


Bluetooth’s security vulnerability and how BlueID remains safe16. October 2018
Munich, October 16, 2018 – In July 2018, researchers at the Israel Institute of Technology identified a security vulnerability in Bluetooth pairing features that allows a man-in-the-middle attack. If successful, the attacker could monitor, manipulate and forge the connection between the Bluetooth devices.
The research indicated that an attacker could intercept the public key exchange of two vulnerable Bluetooth devices going through a pairing process within wireless range. Without the validation of the public key, it could block each transmission and inject malicious packets. The gap was found in the Secure Simple Pairing and LE Secure Connections features, which are based on the Elliptic-Curve Diffie Hellman (ECDH). Bluetooth SIG standard used to recommend, but not require, that devices supporting these two features validate the public key while pairing, a fault which affected vendors such as Apple, Google and Intel.
Bluetooth SIG has stated that there is no evidence that the vulnerability has been exploited maliciously and has updated the Bluetooth specifications to finally require the validation of any public key received as part of public key-based security procedures. Even so, this remedy is only effective if users of the affected vendors update their devices.
So how can BlueID use Bluetooth and still promise security?
We keep our promise.
As a matter of fact, while these findings trembled most of the competition and their offerings, we remain firm in our most valuable expertise: secure connections.
Through the BlueID security system, a sophisticated asymmetrical certificate process based on a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), we are able to offer secure authorization management over different mediums like Bluetooth and NFC.
So while we use Bluetooth as a channel, we do not rely on Bluetooth pairing or any other Bluetooth security feature. Rather, we rely on our own utmost security shield – an extra layer of safety, controlled and ensured by BlueID.
For more information on our independent security system, please visit https://www.blueid.net/technology/security/
Additional Technical Details
The research paper Breaking the Bluetooth Pairing – Fixed Coordinate Invalid Curve Attack by Eli Biham and Lion Neumann, which identified Bluetooth’s security vulnerability, can be found here
Bluetooth’s SIG Security Update addressing the matter can be found here


I have a 13-year-old son who has difficulty with short term memory. He can only hold a few pieces of information in his mind at one time. Because of this his processing is slower and many times information does not make it to long term memory. Is there anything I can do to help him?
Difficulties with short term memory are very common for students with learning disabilities or cognitive delays. Several strategies can be helpful for students who struggle with short term memory. These articles on memory tips and strategies for students may provide some helpful ideas. While many of the suggestions in the articles are for low-tech solutions to memory issues, there are also several wonderful higher tech solutions that may work out well for your son.
For example, it can be helpful for students to represent information graphically or visually, by creating idea maps, word webs, charts, graphic organizers or drawings to help them remember information. A variety of software tools are available that can help students do this. Software graphic organizers help students create graphic organizers and outlines in preparation for writing. Organizing his notes in this way may help your son remember the information more easily.
Another tool, Evernote , allows users to copy and paste information from websites, upload photos, create diagrams, record audio notes and add comments and tags to information they find. Users can then access their notes on their computer, cell phone or handheld device. Organizational tools can help your son connect and categorize new information making it easier to remember. Other organizational tools can be found by searching the TechMatrix by the learning support Means to Organize and Plan .
Another strategy that can be helpful for students who struggle with short term memory is to give them opportunities for frequent practice and skill building. This can be especially helpful in math class, where information retrieval is a key element for success. You can find a variety of math practice tools by searching the TechMatrix by Subject Area: Math and Learning Support: Practice and reinforcement activities. It can also be helpful to work with your son’s teachers and see if they can help create study guides and graphic organizers in advance of lessons, so that your son knows which information will be most important and can focus on that.


A star shooting water is almost an oxymoron.
But a young sun-like star seems to have been spotted 750 light-years from Earth doing just that, as researchers have apparently discovered, according to PopSci. Their findings indicate that the proto-star is shooting water from its poles at about 124,000 miles per hour.
Essentially, it’s creating water bullets that it shoots deep into interstellar space, according to National Geographic. This star is no more than 100,000 years old, and is located in the northern constellation Perseus.
The star was found by ESA’s Herschel Space Observatory, which was able to see through a dense layer of gas that surrounded it. According to PopSci, the telescope picked up the light signature of both hydrogen and oxygen which are coming together as liquid water before vaporizing near the massive jets of gas that spew from the the star’s poles.
It’s not until the water vapor is far from the star that it returns to a liquid state. At that point the water is moving at about 124,000 miles per hour, writes National Geographic. As Lars Kristensen, lead author of the study — which has been accepted for publication in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics — points out, that’s “about 80 times faster than bullets flying out of a machine gun.”


to teachers and students of school № 152 who died in the Great Patriotic War
The monument is a granite block with uneven edges, resting on a pedestal. A graphic image of a warrior with a grenade and a closed book with two carnations lying on it is engraved on the eastern facade of the polished surface of the slab. In the left part, a dedicatory inscription is made in slotted letters and the names of the graduates of School No. 152 who died in the Second World War are indicated. On the north facade of the slab is a dedicatory inscription: “Remember! Through the centuries, through the years — remember! About those who will never come again, remember!”. The most severe consequences of the Great Patriotic War for the Soviet Union are its human losses – military personnel and civilians, amounting to 26.6 million people. This figure was obtained as a result of extensive statistical research by demographers and the subsequent work (in the late 80s of the XX century) of the state commission for the clarification of human losses. It was published in a rounded form (“almost 27 million people”) at a solemn meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on May 8, 1990, dedicated to the 45th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War. The specified number of total human losses (26.6 million people) includes soldiers and partisans killed in battle and died of wounds and diseases, starved to death, civilians killed during bombing, artillery shelling and punitive actions, prisoners of war shot and tortured in concentration camps, underground workers, as well as workers, peasants and employees who were abducted for hard labor in concentration camps.
Address: Moscow, 1st Aeroportovskaya str., 1 (territory of SBOU SOSH No. 152)


Madagascar, The Lost World
Explore a wild world of epic landscapes and endemic species on this unique adventure
Exotic flora and fauna, numerous endemic species and dramatic landscapes have evolved over the centuries to create a distinctive and enchanting natural environment on the unique island of Madagascar. The world’s fourth largest island is home to no fewer than six different micro-climates and now is the time to travel to this hidden gem in the Indian Ocean before mass tourism discovers its natural treasures.
Madagascar’s natural environment has changed little over the centuries with deciduous forests, crystalline lakes, massive caverns and savannah grassland.
The Parc National d’Isalo has some of the country’s most unique and beautiful scenery, alternating flat grassy plains and sandstone ridges, occupied by ring-tailed lemurs and white Sifaka and the mountainous Ranomafana Park with its hot springs is renowned for bamboo lemurs, Milne-Edwards Sifaka and myriad endemic bird species. In contrast, the sparsely populated Eastern Highlands are dotted with rice, tea and coffee plantations, waterfalls and lush forest.
- WEATHER -
Weather & Climate
Madagascar has a sub-tropical climate, with a hot and rainy season, with varied climates across all regions.
When to go
The cooler, dry season is from May - October, whereas November to April is rainy and very hot.
- BROCHURES -
We are delighted to offer our Worldwide Journeys brochure, featuring a collection of inspiring tours capturing the essence of each destination visited.
Request your free copy of our new mini brochure which features a selection of tours and cruises grouped by theme to help you ‘create your next story with us…’


1) Responding to an ASCD survey asking if this year’s Common Core Standards assessments should be used for accountability, 25% of teachers said they want a 4-year-delay and 24% seek a 2-year-delay.
2) An August PDK/Gallup poll found that 81% of respondents had heard of the Common Core Standards, up from 66% last year; 60% said they oppose them.
3) When asked how they felt about teaching the Common Core Standards to their students as a whole, only 16% said of teachers said they’re “very prepared;” 8% said that was the case each with both English language learners and students with disabilities.
4) This coming spring, about 11 million students in more than half of the states will take the new online Common Core Standards assessments.
5) When asked who should have the greatest influence on what is taught in public schools, 15% of respondents said it’s the federal government, 28% said it’s state government, and 56% said local school boards.
6) In an Ed/Next Survey, about 50% of respondents said about 50% of the teachers in their local schools deserve an A or a B, and more than 20% deserve a D or an F.
7) A recent Gallup/Phi Delta Kappa International Survey, 61% of respondents oppose rating teachers based on student scores.
8) A recent survey finds that support for charter schools rose from 51% to 54%, while opposition went from 26% to 28%.


In February 2017, Jan and I searched for fresh urban micrometeorites in the United States of America.
The very first one, NMM 930, was found in Navajo country, at Canyon de Chelly, Chinle, Arizona. The little cosmic egg is a barred olivine (BO-type) micrometeorite measuring approximately 0.4 mm. Remarkably, it seems to be one single crystal body because all the stripes between the individual olivine plates are parallel. Now that the space rock is documented, it will be returned to the Navajo Nation as soon as possible.
In the following days we sampled for micrometeorites in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where we visited the queen of meteoritic isotope analysis, Karen Ziegler, before we ended up in Houston, Texas. There, at Johnson Space Centre (JSC), we were invited to visit NASA’s Stardust Lab, where Mike Zolensky showed us lots of exciting things, among which were the two large cosmic dust particles brought back from comet Wild2. The next day, we returned to JSC to sample for cosmic dust on the roof of the lab. There I found no less than five micrometeorites. The incident is referred to by Zolensky in the preface of the Atlas of Micrometeorites before he adds “The irony of this I will not comment”.
The micrometeorites found at JSC were later donated to NASA, and the ones found on campus at the University of New Mexico, ABQ, were gifted to Karen Ziegler at the Meteoritic Institute. Later that year, micrometeorite collector Scott Peterson from Minnesota tried my method, broke the code, and started his amazing journey with stardust.
It brings me such joy to remember the very first American micrometeorite and reflect on how far we’ve come as a community since that pivotal trip. Now, numerous stardust collectors from around the world have learned my method and taken up the hunt. Together, our treasures add to the vast significance of this work and my dearest hope is that our collective contributions may help researchers gain a better understanding of the mysteries of the universe.
As always, if you have a question or comment, please reach out to me on Facebook, Instagram, or Twitter and I will get back to you asap. Enjoy!


Daily Vocabulary Words
For most banking Aspirants, vocabulary is a nightmare but it carries a great amount of importance in every competitive exam. It is very important to have a good hold on the vocabulary to increase efficiency in the language section and also to increase your overall scores. That is why Adda247 has started a new initiative to improve the vocabulary of the aspirants with Visual vocabulary words and their meanings.
Vocabulary Words With Antonyms & Synonyms
1. Buffet (verb)
Meaning; To affect as with blows; to strike repeatedly; to strive with or contend against.
Synonyms: hit, strike
Antonyms: safeguard, Shield
2. Guise (noun)
Meaning; Misleading appearance; cover
Synonyms: semblance, appearance
Antonyms: reality, truth
3. Sedate (adjective)
Meaning: Remaining composed and dignified, and avoiding too much activity or excitement.
Synonyms: calm, composed
Antonyms: flustered, agitated
4. Mellow (adjective)
Meaning; subdued, soft, rich, delicate
Synonyms: melodious, Mellifluent
Antonyms: harsh, gruff
5. Collapse (verb)
Meaning; To break apart
Synonyms: fall, destroy
Antonyms: build, construct
6. Denude (verb)
Meaning; To divest
Synonyms: deprive, divest
Antonyms: inherit, occupy
7. Plaudit (noun)
Meaning; A mark or expression of applause
Daily Vocabulary Words 9 May 2023 Download PDF
Importance of Vocabulary Words in the English Language
- The reading comprehension on which 50% of the English language section questions are based requires the candidate to have good reading skills and requires a good hold of the English vocabulary. A good vocabulary will give the candidates of a better understanding of comprehension which will benefit them in scoring maximum marks.
- A good vocabulary also helps a candidate to crack the interview round of the banking exams. The candidate can form a sentence perfectly if he/she has a good vocabulary.
- Apart from the reading comprehension section, there are multiple English tests where vocabulary can be used.
|Daily Vocabulary Words 7 & 8 May 2023|


Month’s Theme– 👮Community Helpers👫
|🎵 Here we go around the Mulberry Bush||🎵 Farmer plant the seeds|
|🎵 Miss molly had a dolly||🎵 Community helpers’ song|
|🎵 Wheels on the bus go|
📆 Important Dates to Remember
💡 Learnings for January
|Areas of Learning||Concepts|
|Numeracy||– Introduction to quantity making.|
|Literacy||– Recognition of letter sounds y,x,w,z|
|Knowledge and Understanding of the World||– Knowing about different community helpers.|
– Understanding how community helpers help us in our daily life.
|Sensorial||– Seguin board|
– Wooden letter sound box.
– Number rods
– Cylinder blocks
🖍 Basic Stationery List
Parents can make the below stationery available at home for easy assistance of the child.
- Sketch Pens
- Child-friendly scissor
- Non-toxic glue bottles
- Craft paper
📘 How can Parents help at Home?
🐟To help a child to know more about community helpers- asking children about where we get vegetables? and where we go when we are sick. Such questions can be asked at home.
🎶Letter sound identification through books can be done, and jolly phonic songs are easily available on YouTube. Activities such as circling the letter sound in newspapers or magazines at home. (Sounds of y,o,w,x).
🔢Numbers up to 9 can be revised through number books, puzzles, and number cards if available at home. Make quantities with simple objects and ask the child to count.
No comments yet.
Leave a Comment


CAN (Controller Area Network) in 30 Minutes Or Much less
Because CAN was introduced inside the ’80s, it has observed a tremendous evolution with regards to specifications and needs. Its extended capabilities have led to its wide adoption across applications, from automotive to the industrial machine and factory automation. With this development, the complexity of implementation has also improved on two levels:
- CAN controller design has gone from a fundamental controller to a complete CAN controller and, in some instances, an extended full CAN controller.
- CAN application stacks vary, from an automotive communication stack to CANOpen, and DeviceNet?
Given which can is only a single element within the automotive system, developers have to be capable of implementing it with a handful challenges as possible so they could focus on system-level functionality instead of struggle with peripheral configuration.
This article will explore the CAN interface and talk about diverse strategies of implementing, configuring, and tuning interfaces to facilitate the simplified design. The Controller Region Network (CAN) was initially introduced by Robert Bosch to address the increasing complexity of automobile functions and networks. Within the early days of embedded systems development, modules contained a single MCU, performing a single or various basic functions such as reading a sensor level through an ADC and controlling a DC motor. As these functions became a lot more complicated, designers adopted distributed module architecture, implementing functions in 2 or extra MCUs on the very same PCB, and using I2C or SPI protocols to communicate among these functions. Applying the identical instance above, a complex module would have the most important MCU performing all system functions, diagnostics, and failsafe, even though an additional MCU handles a BLDC motor control function. This was produced attainable with all the wide availability of basic objective MCUs at a low cost.
In today’s vehicles, as functions grow to be … Continue reading >>>


Our new pamphlet The Mismeasurement of Learning focuses on primary assessment. It describes an assessment system which gives poor feedback on children’s learning and is damaging their well-being.
The situation was brought to a point of crisis this year because of unrealistic demands which are inappropriate to the age of the child. The tests are not fit for purpose, and causing enormous stress for children and their teachers.
The 16 short chapters cover different tests and aspects of assessment. There are chapters about phonics, reading and maths, and how the curriculum is being narrowed by practising for tests.
Other chapters describe
- the emotional damage caused by premature targets in early learning
- limited time for creative arts
- the impact on children growing up in poverty
- the problem with ability grouping
- the situation in Wales, and
- the link with secondary exams.
Several chapters are devoted to the origins of our current accountability system, the distortions of ‘datafication’, and possible alternatives.
You can download the whole booklet by clicking here
You can also order multiple copies free of charge for union branches, workplaces and events – just email firstname.lastname@example.org
This pamphlet is essential reading as the More Than a Score campaign gets going.


Extreme Cold Could Reduce Invasive Insects
File this under the heading “silver linings”: the extreme cold that our region experienced over New Year’s could slow the expansion of invasive insects here.
For several days in late December and early January, temperatures stayed well below zero. State entomologist Alan Graham says that can affect insects that over-winter in Vermont. He says the populations of pests like the wooly adelgid could be slightly reduced by the extreme cold. “The Hemlock wooly adelgid can’t stand really cold temperatures," says Graham. "We may get a setback in Hemlock wooly adelgid population in southern Vermont.”
Another destructive invasive insect that Vermonters haven’t found here yet is the emerald ash borer. That insect has been spreading north, but the cold might mitigate its population as well. "It depends on how many days at sub-zero temperatures the climate remains," says Graham, "so that the cold temperature can reach into the core of the tree.”
Unfortunately, Graham says that ticks are able to survive cold just fine under the snow cover or on host mammals like small rodents. He cautions that the overall effects of this year’s cold on insects will not be known till summer when the insect populations can be accurately measured.


Scientific Name: Variety of Chalcedony (itself a microcrystalline variety of quartz) with iron oxides
Group: Silicates – tectosilicates
Chemical composition: SiO2
Colors: Blood-red to reddish orange due to iron oxide.
Formation: Hexagonal – trigonal crystal; Massive form
Principal Sources: Scotland, Brazil, Washington State, USA.
Special Notes: Carnelian has been used in jewelry and adornments since the 5th century BC. It was the Roman’s favorite gem for carving and creating signet rings to seal correspondence with wax. It has been used by kings and high priests in almost all cultures and geographies and has become one of the more popular gemstones of all time.
As you probably could guess from my “It’s All Quartz to Me” newsletter a couple of months ago, carnelian is a variety of the silica mineral chalcedony. It is orange because of the hematite (iron oxide) included in the structure, but ranges in hue from pale peach to deep chocolate. Unfortunately, many have found it easy to dye chalcedony by baking it with iron salts or just heating it and much of the carnelian you now find for sale is treated. Natural carnelian shows a cloudy distribution of color – unlike died agates that show stripping of color hues.
Mineralogically, it behaves like quartz. It has a hardness of 7 on the Moh’s scale, a chemical composition of SiO2, and a waxy luster. The finest, most vivid orange specimens are from India. However, other large sources are Brazil, Australia, Scotland, Egypt, Germany, China and the U.S.
Carnelian (also sometimes known as cornelian) is probably named after the Kornel cherry because of its color. The latin carneus also refers to the color. It was once thought to still the blood and calm the temper, give courage, and improve eloquence. All I really know is that it is a stunning shade of orange matched only by the local California poppies.


Color by number coloring pages can be a fun and engaging way for elementary students to reinforce their number learning skills. Here are some ways a teacher can use these pages from Teaching Squared:
Introduce Numbers: Use the color by number pages to introduce new numbers to your students. Start with basic numbers, such as 1-5, and gradually increase the difficulty level as your students progress.
Reinforce Number Recognition: Have your students color the pages according to the numbers given. This will help them reinforce their number recognition skills while having fun coloring.
Practice Counting: Before your students start coloring, have them count the number of objects in the picture that correspond to the given number. This will help them practice their counting skills.
Teach Color Recognition: Use the color by number pages to teach your students about different colors. Have them color each section of the picture according to the color key provided.
Create a Learning Center: Set up a learning center in your classroom where students can work on the color by number pages independently or in pairs. This will provide them with an opportunity to reinforce their number learning skills at their own pace.
Use as a Reward: Use the color by number pages as a reward for good behavior or completing other classwork. This will give your students an added incentive to reinforce their number learning skills.
Overall, color by number pages can be a valuable tool for reinforcing number learning skills in elementary students. By incorporating these pages into your lessons, you can help your students develop their counting, number recognition, and color recognition skills while having fun.
Thanks For Stopping ByWe're always trying to bring brand new teaching worksheets to supplement instruction. If there is a teaching page you’d like to see, send us an email right here.
Email us at: [email protected] Email
Math WorksheetsFrom basic math facts and regrouping to fractions and equations, we’ve got you covered with awesome worksheets kids love!
Character Worksheet PagesCheck out our selection of characters.
Fun Character Activities.
More free activities for kids will be coming soon. Come back often to see what’s new!


General Rules for Suffixes or Word Endings
A suffix is added to the end of a root, which is either a whole word or part of a word. The suffix changes its meaning and its part of speech.
Rules: The following rules are general and there are many exceptions to them. Some have been given but do not need to be taught in the lower levels.
Adding suffixes that start with a vowel (e.g., ed, ing, able, ous, er,)
If there is a vowel and then a consonant at the end of a word, double the consonant.
win + ing = winning, hop + ing = hopping, hop + er = hopper, hop + ed = hopped, batted, shovelled, labelled, etc
Where words end in ‘y’, change the ‘y to ‘i’ and add the suffix.
happy + est = happiest, carry + ed = carried, sunny + er = sunnier, reply + ed = replied, lazy + est + laziest, etc
Exceptions: reply +ing = ing
When a word ends in a silent e, drop the e if the suffix begins with a vowel.
ride – riding; make – making, use – using, nerve – nervous, like + ed = liked, coming, etc
Adding suffixes that start with a consonant
Where a suffix starts with a consonant, just add it.
ness, less, ment, ful, ly, etc
sad + ness = sadness sickness, sick + ness = sickness, goodness, etc
sleep + less = sleepless, helpless, etc
govern + ment = government, excite + ment = excitement, judgement, etc
sad + ly = sadly, wise + ly = wisely, etc.
In most cases the silent ‘e’ is retained.
Exceptions: awful, argument, wisdom, wholly, happiness, bodily, etc.
Where the suffix ‘full’ is added, just drop the final ‘l’.
help + full = helpful, hope + full = hopeful, harmful, playful, etc.


The Horowhenua District Council have 6,000 or more Spinifex plants to go in to help stabilise our sand dunes. We need willing helpers on Saturday 29 September 2018 to plant them. Please bring your whānau and friends for an hour or two.
Meet at the north end of Reay Mackay Grove at 10 am on Saturday 29 September 2018. Bring gardening gloves and a trowel if possible (spares may be available). A Council worker will dig the holes and get the plants into the right area and it’s our mahi to put them in the holes.
At the end of the planting the Council will put on a BBQ for us too.
Spinifex helps hold the sand in place without building tall dunes. It’s the perfect plant to help protect our coastline and our community. The last planting a couple of years ago has taken hold well. It’s fantastic to see the dunes accreting instead of being washed away.
Te Ara tells us:
Spinifex sericeus (often just called spinifex) is the most important native sand-binding grass in New Zealand. It is found mainly in the dunelands of the North Island and around Nelson and Marlborough. In the past, specimens were collected much further south, from Canterbury and around Dunedin. Spinifex favours dunes immediately behind the beach. It can tolerate high winds, salt spray and shifting sands.
Source: Alan F. Mark, ‘Grasslands – Tussock grasslands’, Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/photograph/13338/spinifex (accessed 20 September 2018).
I hope we’ll see you at the planting!


Generally, in the secondary distribution system, single phase two wire distribution system is generally followed. But for remote distribution systems in rural areas single-phase ground return system has found economical. In this system, the earth is used as return conductor and only one phase wire or conductor is used. This system requires grounding rods deep into the soil at each consumer’s site in order to establish a sufficiently low impedance to the ground. This single phase earth return system has certain limitations like an increase in earth potential and interference with telecommunication lines. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of single phase earth return systems are:
Advantages of Single Phase Earth Return System
- Single Phase earth return system is economical to the extent of 30-40 % conventional three-phase system under favourable conditions. The galvanized steel line conductor system affords further economy.
- Better voltage regulation which is the main problem in long conventional feeders.
- Improved power factor as compared to the conventional system, nearly about 0.95 whereas conventional system usually has power factor between 0.7 to 0.8.
- The outage on the single wire earth return system is comparatively lesser than on the conventional system due to the less number of components per span.
Disadvantages of Single Phase Earth Return System
- Maximum ground return current permitted is 7 to 8 amps. This limitation is to avoid communication interference and safety hazards due to the voltage gradient. A 1:1 isolation transformer is used to minimize the possibility of telephone interference.
- Maximum power limit of distribution of single wire earth return system is limited up to 3 to 3.5 kVA/km of the line.
- The particular configuration and the maintenance of the earth electrode is an important point while adopting this system.
- A single phase earth return system without the isolation transformer may create extraordinary interference with the telecommunication circuits.


A young wife stays relaxed and chills as if she had no worries in her mind even in the absence of her husband. Enjoying spring vibes, this well-groomed lady gracefully takes a stroll up to a palace. She is not old enough to look squarely at the hidden meanings of ups and downs of life. Thanks to her wealthy family from childhood, she has never had any trouble of her lifetime. This may have made it easy for her to push her husband to the path to leadership. All of a sudden, ordinary sceneries, which she takes for granted, come across completely new and unfamiliar. She loses control and composure at the sight of willow leaves springing up in fresh green on the roadside. The rising tides of regrets overwhelm her mind with the sound of sighs. Oh, I should have not pushed him to go out for a government post. What has brought her from the days of inner peace to the point where she regrets encouraging her husband to leave home? Greenish willow leaves may have aroused longings, love, and hatred that have long sat down deep in the bottom of her heart.
The title of Kyuwon means the grudge of abandoned or marginalized women. This type of poems is categorized as poetry of Kyuwon. If poems are uttered by women living in the palace such as court ladies, queens or consorts, they are classified as poetry of Goongwon. Women are rarely authors of this genre. In most cases, this genre of poetry is written by men who voice for such women to describe how they feel. Poets compare their politically isolated life to these women or squeeze out a piece pretending to be emotionally scarred although they are literally fine merely sitting at the desk. That is why Kyuwon by Li Bai, Wang Changling and other authors going off to war stands out with sincerity in it.


Defining Congestion: Waits and Measures
Congestion is easy enough to recognize when you’re sitting in traffic. But transportation officials don’t follow a uniform standard in determining whether a road is adequately serving the need.
Waiting through two stoplights at a rural intersection might be unacceptable while covering a few miles of the 101 freeway in Los Angeles in only half an hour is a city driver’s dream. Transportation officials may even find a degree of congestion is acceptable in that it encourages drivers to look for alternatives, such as carpooling on reserved lanes or using public transit.
Researchers can measure the cost of delays, and transportation officials can make decisions to prevent them. But deciding when an acceptable delay turns into an unacceptable one is an inexact science.
The Federal Highway Administration has three congestion tests. Hours of congestion measures the amount of time freeways are moving at less than 50 miles an hour. The Travel Time Index shows the time lost on a trip on an average day. An index of 1.30 means a 20-minute trip in free-flowing traffic takes 26 minutes. The Planning Time Index shows the penalty to be on time at least 95 percent of the time, or late for work once a month. A PTI of 1.60 indicates a trip that could take 20 minutes in free-flowing traffic takes more than 32 minutes only once a month.
In the 2012 highway reauthorization known as MAP-21, Congress offered some of its own ideas about acceptable road performance and required a remedy for shortcomings. Lawmakers said the minimum average speed in high-occupancy vehicle lanes should be 45 miles per hour for any lane with a speed limit above 50 miles per hour. A high-occupancy lane that isn’t achieving that 90 percent of the time in rush hour over 180 consecutive days has a problem.
As another requirement of MAP-21, Federal Highway Administration is setting in motion a process to establish rules related to congestion and road system performance that will require states to establish targets related to the issue, according to Neil Gaffney, an FHWA spokesman.
This piece originally appeared as part of the cover story of the April 20 CQ Weekly.