The RNA Tie Club
- Part of:
- James D. Watson Collection
- Archives and manuscripts
About this work
The RNA Tie Club subseries is composed of material used to assemble the RNA Tie Club book, which was conceived in the 1970s but never published. The subseries includes correspondence with George Gamow, copies of papers distributed to RNA Tie Club members, and correspondence with publishers and co-editors Leslie Orgel and Alexander Rich. The book itself includes copies of RNA Tie Club correspondence and significant papers authored by Watson, Gamow, Rich, Crick, and others. The manuscript includes an essay entitled “After the Double Helix,” which was later used in Watson’s Genes, Girls, and Gamow. The RNA Tie Club was an informal group of scientists who exchanged ideas on RNA structure and proteins. Their discussions led to several published papers, including Sydney Brenner’s “On the Impossibility of All Overlapping Triplet Codes” (1956).
Please note that CSHL holds copyright in writings by Watson that are held within Watson's archive in the CSHL Library and Archives, but does not hold copyright in Watson's writings held outside the CSHL Library and Archives. Copyright of material created by persons other than Watson, published or unpublished, is retained by its original author or rightsholder.
Open and available at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Library and Archives.
Location of duplicates
A digitised copy is held by the Wellcome Library as part of Codebreakers: Makers of Modern Genetics.
Where to find it
Location of original
The original material is held at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Library and Archives. This catalogue is held by the Wellcome Library as part of Codebreakers: Makers of Modern Genetics.


Anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are much more common than they were decades ago. In our clinical experience we have found that the primary cause of this increase is the high prevalence of Candida (yeast) overgrowth in industrialized countries. Too much of certain exposures (antibiotics, chlorine in swimming pools, fermented foods, sugar, moldy home, direct pesticide exposure and other exposures) causes a gradual but sure overgrowth of yeast organisms in the body, which may not manifest until years after the exposures. Eventually this excess produces high levels in the blood of acetaldehyde and other substances, which cause irritation to the nervous system. This chemical irritation causes unwanted thoughts and feelings to flood the consciousness, because the normal inhibitory mechanisms of the brain are overwhelmed by this irritant. When this organic chemical disorder is treated by decreasing the yeast, in our clinical experience we consistently observe rapid and significant decreases in anxiety and OCD, usually with complete resolution.
The other main source of these disorders, outside psychological experiences such as PTSD, is dependence on anti-anxiety medications. Long-term use of benzodiazepines (Ativan, Xanax, Klonopin, Valium, etc.) or antidepressants (Celexa, Lexapro, Cymbalta, etc.) for anxiety will eventually create dependence on those medications. This often manifests as increased anxiety, especially when trying to get off them. We employ NeuroRecover treatment to assist the brain in its natural repair process so the patient can get off those drugs and feel well.


A major problem facing the water profession is the absence of comprehensive, independent, reliable and objective analyses of urban water management systems of the developing world. What is mostly available at present are analyses carried out by the staff members of the utility themselves, or by international funding institutions that have provided funds to the utilities for the construction, rehabilitation and/or strengthening.
Because of lack of such comprehensive analyses, it has been difficult even to identify
which are the models of urban water management that are working well for a reasonable period of time, and what lessons other urban centres of developing countries, which are planning to improve their performance, can learn from such experiences. Based on their boundary conditions and specificities of good models analysed, other urban centres can decide upon their potential replicability, albeit with appropriate modifications to suit their own special conditions. In our view, no one single model of urban water management will be suitable for all developing countries. Developing countries are not homogenous, and are at different stages of economic, social, legal and institutional development. In addition, at least in terms of water supply, climatic conditions may vary quite significantly from one city to another, even within a single medium-to-large size country, and the availability of water infrastructure is seldom similar. Under these conditions, there is no question that one size does not fit all, and solution-in-search-of-a-problem approach will mostly fail, as has been the experience in throughout history.
The present case study of Phnom Penh is a first attempt to analyse an urban water supply system in considerable depth.
Asit K. Biswas and Cecilia Tortajada, 2009, “Water Supply of Phnom Penh: A Most Remarkable Transformation”, Third World Centre for Water Management, Research Report.


DVV International has published an online accessible book, which they call a toolbox, for working on reconciliation in adult education, titled “Speaking to One Another”. DVV international is a partner organisation of EuroClio with whom they worked on the Sharing History – Cultural Dialogues project.
The toolbox was created by DVV International in collaboration with a number of Turkish and Armenian partner organisations and institutions. It resulted from a series of dialogue projects from the last eight years, which dealt with Turkish-Armenian relations. The developers hope that the toolbox, which focuses on the lessons that were learned in these projects, contributes to the field of Adult Education and Lifelong Learning, and specifically to more and better reconciliation projects in adult education. Because, in their words, “[i]n a world full of conflicts and divisions such an endeavor is needed more than ever.”
Then, what exactly is in this toolbox? Instead of an evaluation of what happened in the past, it is a collection of tools that allows people to question and critically evaluate historical narratives, and that provokes critical analysis. The toolbox consists of both these tools and articles, which are direct results from project experiences and for example discuss the tools used during the projects.
In the section of approaches, the toolbox provides valuable writings on things like target groups, neutrality, and thinking outside the box. Methods that are discussed include traveling exhibitions and study visits, while in the latter part of the book, helpful tools, indicated with the word “Focus”, on for example gender and oral history and visual sources are offered. The photos in the toolbox are a nice addition to illustrate the various methods and approaches.
If this toolbox by DVV International sounds like something you would like to use or look into, you can find the toolbox online in PDF format. Apart from this online version, a printed version will come soon.


A guitar’s truss rod is a steel rod that runs inside the neck; one end of the rod has a bolt that can be used to adjust its tension. You can adjust this part of the rod through the soundhole or the peghead. The other end of the rod is anchored to give the adjusting end something to tighten against.
Your guitar’s truss rod may need to be adjusted if you have a change in string gauges or even if the climate changes. Also, when buying a new acoustic guitar, it comes built according to the factory’s settings make which means it may not sound the way you want. One way to stylize your guitar to your preference is by adjusting your truss rod. You may also need to tweak your truss rod if your guitar’s action has stiffened over time, if you have too much backbow, or if you have too little upbow.
Adjusting the nut on your guitar’s truss rod will increase or decrease pressure on the rod and neck. A controlled upbow, also known as a relief, can be achieved by loosening the nut which brings the neck into a relaxed upbow position. To remove upbow, tighten the nut which will move the neck away from the string pull.
There are two styles of adjustable truss rods: a single action “one way” and a double action “two way”. A single action truss rod counteracts the upwards pull of the strings by bending the neck downwards. One-way truss rods are not so commonly used anymore. Before the convenience and flexibility of the double-action truss rod which became popular in the 1980s, musicians faced a major nuisance in the function of the one-way truss because if the neck warps away from the string pull, there is no way to reverse it. No amount of loosening the rod will pull the guitar neck straight because the rod only works AGAINST the pull of the strings.
There are two primary signs that your guitar’s truss rod needs adjusting. First, there is a change in the action caused by the height of strings over the frets. For example, the strings will get higher as the neck upbows from the string pull. Strings that are too high or too low need adjusting. Second, if the neck is too straight or backbowed, and you hear the strings buzz on the frets.
Hope this helps!


Developing communication skills through MFL
At Rolls Crescent we believe that the learning of a foreign language provides a valuable educational, social and cultural experience for our pupils. It helps them to develop communication skills including key skills of speaking, listening, reading and writing and extends their knowledge of how language works. Study of language can be linked with other curriculum areas to reinforce knowledge, skills and understanding developed in other subjects. At Rolls Crescent, French is taught to all pupils across Key Stage 2 by a specialist teacher. Learning how the French language works can particularly enhance children's English language work, and we make explicit links to English grammar wherever possible in our teaching of French.
Lessons are dynamic and multi-sensory, using a range of visual, physical and ICT-based stimuli. There is a strong emphasis on speaking and listening, using digital sound-recording equipment for motivation and support.
Learning another language gives children a new perspective on the world, encouraging them to understand their own cultures and those of others and fostering respect for those who speak languages other than English. Many of our children have considerable skills in a number of world languages. We believe that study of languages is important in our diverse, multilingual school community, and that it prepares our children for life as citizens of the world. We encourage celebration of all the children's languages and our community's many linguistic talents: Language builds bridges!


Allegations of police brutality aren’t necessarily uncommon—or unjustified. Officers have been known to take liberties with suspects, and sometimes bystanders, when (they think) no one is looking. While proving police brutality can be a challenge, there are avenues for relief.
Police brutality affects its immediate victims and can undermine the community's trust in its police force.
How Much Force Officers Can Use During Arrest
Police officers are generally allowed to use reasonable force to take a person into custody. For example, if a suspect resists by momentarily attempting to run away or giving a token push, a police officer wouldn’t be justified in using extreme force. If officers use unnecessary force, they can be subject to serious repercussions, including criminal prosecution and civil liability (in the form of a lawsuit by the victim).
Resisting Arrest When Police Use Excessive Force
In most states, arrestees can resist arrest if the officer uses excessive force that's likely to cause great harm, but the right to defend is limited.
View More Articles
Suing the Police for Excessive Force
Excessive force by the police during an arrest violates the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. But what are the chances a victim who brings a civil lawsuit will win damages?
Taser Lawsuits Against the Police
Police officers are, of course, allowed to use reasonable force when arresting someone. When they use more force than is necessary to make an arrest, the arrestee might have a viable lawsuit for any resulting injuries.
Section 1983 Lawsuit: Suing Police for Civil Rights Violations
Section 1983 refers to a federal statute that allows people to sue for certain kinds of civil rights violations, including excessive police force.
Excessive Police Force and the Provocation Rule
In County of Los Angeles v. Mendez, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected the provocation rule, which some courts had used in police force cases.
Qualified immunity shields public officials from civil liability for civil rights violations as long as the right wasn't "clearly established."
View More Articles


This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (May 2023)
Hydroids are a life stage for most animals of the class Hydrozoa, small predators related to jellyfish.
Some hydroids such as the freshwater Hydra are solitary, with the polyp attached directly to the substrate. When these produce buds, they become detached and grow on as new individuals.
The majority of hydroids are colonial. The original polyp is anchored to a solid substrate and forms a bud which remains attached to its parent. This in turn buds and in this way a stem is formed. The arrangement of polyps and the branching of the stem is characteristic of the species.
Some species have the polyps budding directly off the stolon which roots the colony. The polyps are connected by epidermis which surrounds a gastrovascular cavity. The epidermis secretes a chitinous skeleton which supports the stem and in some hydroids, the skeleton extends into a cup shape surrounding the polyp.
Most of the polyps are gastrozooids or feeding polyps, but some are specialised reproductive structures known as gonozooids. In some species, further specialised zooids are formed.
- ^ Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991). Zoology. Saunders College Publishing. pp. 599–601. ISBN 978-0-03-030504-7.


It is assumed that stigmas surrounding mental illnesses have begun to lessen over time. Generation Z seems to be the most accepting of neurodivergent individuals and people with mental illnesses (Bethune, 2019). However, existing literature suggests that college students continue to have negative attitudes toward mental illnesses, which could lead to a refusal of mental health services, unsafe social environments, and self-medication (Phelan & Basow, 2007). To further investigate GenZ’s stigmas toward mental illness, this study assesses college students’ attitudes toward various mental health diagnoses including Depression, Anxiety, Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and Eating Disorders. Specifically, perceptions related to factors such as relationship disruption, visibility, anxiety, and professional efficacy will be investigated. After reviewing situational vignettes depicting peers with diagnoses and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Fifth Edition definitions of these diagnoses, participants’ attitudes were assessed using an adapted version of Day’s Mental Illness Stigma Scale, and additional questions regarding participants’ attitudes. Previous studies found prevalent stigmas amongst college students regarding ASD and eating disorders. Students may hold more positive attitudes toward anxiety, depression, and ADHD than eating disorders and ASD. This research helps to address the conflicting claims about GenZ’s attitudes about mental disorders and explore the stigma of mental illnesses among college students. Mean comparisons between each level of both conditions, study limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Bachelor of Science (B.S.)
College of Sciences
Yarbrough, Katelyn E., "Exploring GenZ’s Attitudes About Mental Illness: Are They More Accepting?" (2022). Honors Undergraduate Theses. 1222.


Coastal regions belong to the planet’s most productive ecosystems. In India they provide the livelihood for more than 20 million persons. However, due to the rapid economic growth and increase in population, these areas have come under growing pressure, leaving many places overexploited and polluted.
Thus, in the frame of an Indo-German cooperation, the project “Conservation and Sustainable Management of Coastal and Marine Protected Areas” has been initiated. Commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) supports the Indian government in preserving these ecosystems. The project aims to contribute the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in selected areas along the coast of India.
To this end, Archimedes realised eight indoor and outdoor exhibitions at different locations within in the country. Just recently the last site was inaugurated in Airoli. The exhibitions each take local animal and plant species as their subject and from now on support the local biodiversity and environmental education.
Client | Project Sponsors: GIZ (Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) | German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety Exhibition Area: between 30 and 400 m² Languages: Gujarati | Marathi | Konkani | English
Click here for more information on the project “Conservation and Sustainable Management of Coastal and Marine Protected Areas”.


View the original community article here
Last Tested: Jun 24, 2019
Loads of applications will understand it, regardless of the provider because there’s a standardized protocol that all SAML works off of (think of a world where there’s one SQL dialect instead of several slightly different ones that work off the same ideas).
SAML is used to provide a single point of authentication at a secure identity provider, meaning that user credentials never leave the firewall boundary, and then SAML is used to assert the identity to others. This means there are fewer places for identities to be breached or stolen. SAML also provides a strong layer of security by leveraging Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to protect the asserted identities against attempted attacks.
SAML provides the ability for users to securely access multiple applications with a single set of credentials entered once. This is the foundation of federation and also of single sign-on (SSO). Using SAML, users can seamlessly access multiple applications, allowing them to conduct business faster and more efficiently.
Sources / Additional Reading:


Now, What Exactly Is A “Batting Average Calculator”?
A batting average calculator is a tool that helps you find the average number of runs a batter scores per game.
Batting Average Calculator with steps
This is a very simple tool for Batting Average Calculator. Follow the given process to use this tool.
☛ Step 1: Enter the complete equation/value in the input box i.e. across “Provide Required Input Value:”
☛ Step 2: Click “Enter Solve Button for Final Output”.
☛ Step 3: After that a window will appear with final output.
Formula for batting average
To calculate batting average, divide the number of hits by the number of at-bats.
Formula for standard deviation
Standard deviation is a measure of how dispersed the data is around the mean. To calculate it, take the square root of the variance.
Formula for variance
Variance is a measure of how dispersed the data is around the mean. To calculate it, take the sum of the squared differences between each data point and the mean, then divide by the number of data points.
Batting Average Definition
The batting average is a statistic in baseball that measures a batter’s performance by calculating the number of hits divided by the number of at-bats.
Example of batting average based on Formula
The batting average is given by the formula:
BA = (H/AB)
where H is the number of hits and AB is the number of at-bats.
For example, if a batter has H = 10 hits and AB = 50 at-bats, then the batting average is given by BA = (H/AB) = (10/50) = 0.2.


North Smithfield (population 10,618) is comprised of five villages which originated around mills and manufacturing sites. Slatersville Village is America's first planned industrial village, created by John Slater, brother of Samuel Slater, "The Father of the Industrial Revolution."
A self-guided walking tour helps visitors to appreciate the well-preserved resources of the Slatersville historic district, including the extant Slatersville Mill.
In Waterford Village, the remains of another mill complex are the focal point of a new town planning initiative. When constructed, the Mammoth Mill (1836) was thought to be the largest mill in the country. Today, the site of the mill is marked by building foundations, dams, canals, locks, and raceways.
Recently donated to the town, the site is undergoing initial archeological investigation. This study will form the basis for preserving and interpreting the overgrown and unused site. It is a planned terminus of the Blackstone River Bikeway, and docking facilities for the Blackstone Valley Tourism Council's river boat tours are also proposed, which will help to make the Mammoth Mill ruins an important new tourism asset.
Designated a Preserve America Community in June 2004.
For more information
Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park


A new but ephemeral tributary of Left Hand Creek near Boulder, Colorado catches the sun's fading light. (Photo: © Tom Yulsman Since the epic rainfall and subsequent flooding that hit Colorado's Front Range beginning two weeks ago, I've been going back to a couple of places near where I live to document the aftermath of the deluge with my camera. Among many things, I've been struck by how Left Hand Creek, an ordinarily tame stream that pours out onto the plains from the foothills of the Colorado Rockies, jumped its banks and transformed its floodplain for hundreds of yards on either side. The waters are receding now, in places leaving behind a fractal pattern of rivulets and sediments like the one in the photograph above. Fractals are self-similar patterns, meaning they are similar at different scales. The pattern in that photograph is repeated at a larger scale in this photograph from the day before:
As the flood waters of Left Hand Creek recede in the wake of Colorado's deluge, a fractal pattern emerges in the sediments left behind. (Photo: © Tom Yulsman) And this kind of pattern can be seen at a much larger scale, as in this photograph of a river in New Zealand:
Waimakariri River, Canterbury, New Zealand. (Source: Greg O'Beirne, GFDL/Creative Commons) The flooding here in Colorado has killed eight people, destroyed more than 1,800 homes, and caused untold misery among the many thousands of people whose homes and businesses were damaged. But in its aftermath, nature is asserting itself in a beautiful way as well. In the days and weeks ahead, I'll try to keep documenting it.


Get the user to enter some letters.
Then output whether they are:
- All consonants
- All vowels
- A mixture
Write a program to create a handy stopwatch, with Start/Stop, Pause and Reset functionality, while displaying the elapsed seconds and minutes.
Draw some balloons that float around the GraphicsWindow.
Perhaps add strings, trailing down.
Can you pop them when you click one with the mouse.
Probability Maths Challenge
Based on a recent Small Basic thread by antioio glez, can you simulate the Monty Hall problem in the GraphicsWindow.
Perhaps 3 buttons representing the doors, that are hidden as doors are selected to reveal a prize or not behind.
The host (computer) asks you to select a prize winning door (there is one prize randomly selecetd behind one of the doors).
After you have chosen, he reveals one of the other doors that has a booby prize, do you one to keep or change your choice of door to win the prize?
Draw shapes: rectangles, triangles, circles, ellipses or others that have either:
- Area of 10000 pixels
- Perimeter of 400 pixels


Pendred's Syndrome was described in 1896 by Pendred but discovering its genetic basis took a century.
Inheritance: autosomal recessive
Genetic locus: PDS gene (SLC26A4) on chromosome 7 (7q22.31.1), which encodes the protein pendrin
Function of pendrin: ion transport of iodide, chloride and bicarbonate
(1) bilateral sensorineural hearing loss
(2) goiter with defective organification of iodide. The goiter varies in severity since there are other proteins involved in iodine transport that may partially compensate for the defect.
The perchlorate discharge test involves administration of radioiodine followed a little while later by potassium perchlorate (KCl04). Normally absorbed iodide enters the thyroid follicular cell, is incorporated into thyroid hormone and is then secreted into the colloid. If pendrin is defective this "organification" of iodide is impaired. Perchlorate inhibits the iodide trapping that keeps the iodide within the follicular cell and allows it to escape. A positive perchlorate discharge test is when greater than 10% of an administered dose of radioiodine escapes from the thyroid gland after perchlorate is given. Several conditions including Pendred's Syndrome are associated with a positive perchlorate discharge test.
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Q: How can you tell if an alligator is male or female?
A: There are three ways. Two are easy; the third is not.
The first easy way is to gauge the length of an adult alligator. If it measures 10 feet or more, it’s a male. Females don’t grow that long. If it’s less than 9 feet in length, it could be either a male or a female.
The second easy way is to see if there are lots of small, newly born alligators around the adult. They will stay by their mother for up to a year and she will protect them. A male gator could eat them, even if he’s the father, so the mother usually won’t let him anywhere near the babies.
There are minor physical differences in head and body shape, but basing a decision on those alone is risky at best.
So much for the easy.
To be absolutely certain of an alligator’s gender, it’s necessary to either feel or visually identify the copulatory organs that are hidden inside the alligator’s body in the cloaca, or vent, on the animal’s belly. It is a slit located between the rear legs.
For newly hatched gators, the sex organs can only be seen with a magnifying glass. The baby gator is turned on its back, the vent is opened using a tweezers, and the organs are illuminated by a magnifying glass. If they fill the entire cloaca and are dark pink to
dark red, it’s a male. Female organs are half that size and are light pink or white.
For a larger alligator, the gator must be flipped over and a person must insert a clean finger into the vent and feel for the copulatory organ which is pulled out, measured and examined. This procedure does not harm the alligator if performed correctly; however, large alligators don’t allow themselves to endure such a demeaning intrusion.
So unless an alligator is over 10 feet long or it is protecting baby gators, there’s no way to be sure if an alligator is male or female.
For more than you ever wanted to know about sexing alligators, visit
By Dick Brewer


Pines recognize and support relatives through the use of volatile chemicals
That plants communicate with each other is something of which there are more and more examples. In this case, we are talking about lodgepole pines so called because they were the ones traditionally used in the construction of Indian teepees.
This species of conifer , Pinus contorta , releases volatile chemical compounds that alert the rest of the trees with which they are related when they are attacked by mountain pine beetles ( Dendroctonus ponderosae ).
Pines that communicate only with relatives
The importance of this study by the University of Alberta published in Science of the Total Environment and carried out in Jasper National Park, is that it is the first time that communication from tree to tree on the ground in pines has been observed through the use of messages chemicals.
These chemical messages sent by the attacked tree can only be decoded by the closest relatives but not by strangers, says Altaf Hussain, the author who led the study.
“This communication between neighboring pines allows healthy trees to prepare for attack by enhancing their chemical defenses,” says Hussain.
Kinship support between trees has been demonstrated in the past, but through other mechanisms such as roots. For example, a dying tree will transport its resources to younger trees with which it is related. Others share genetic materials in the same way.
It is the first time it has been documented that related trees can communicate through volatile chemicals.
Mountain pine beetles are a serious threat to Canada’s forests. They are originally from British Columbia and used to play a crucial role in the renewal of lodgepole pine populations.
The warm weather of recent years has caused the beetle population to explode and cross the Rocky Mountains into Alberta.
Because beetles are capable of killing most pine species in North America, scientists anticipate that their migration will continue through the boreal forest to the east coast for decades to come, leaving a trail of economic and ecological devastation.


The feeling of deep cleansing that a good scrub gives is very pleasant. But did you know that this product can affect the oceans? This is because, many times, the exfoliating particles are made of plastic – material that will exceed the number of fish by 2050, according to the forecast of the World Economic Forum of Davos, 2016.
Thinking about the environmental consequences of plastic micro spheres in rinsed products, we decided to replace them, in 2014, with vegetable alternatives, such as coffee and tagua phytelephas aequatorialis -based ingredients. Long before any regulatory prohibition.
Plastics in the oceans and seas
Plastic micro particles end up going easily through water treatment systems and are thrown into rivers and seas, impacting marine ecosystems.
Also depending on their tiny size, these balls can be ingested by marine animals and enter the food chain, reaching your plate.
The impact of polyethylene
The effect of that is not yet known. Study of the University of Ghent, in Belgium, published at the beginning of 2017, found that most of the plastic micro spheres are eliminated, but what remains in the body does not have a very clear destination.
“To where they go? They are encapsulated by tissues and expelled by the body or cause inflammation or worse things? ”Colin Janssen, study coordinator, questioned for the English newspaper The Telegraph.
One way to verify if you are wearing a scrub with a plastic rinse at home is to check the label and look for the following words in English: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene, poly (methyl methacrylate) and nylon.


The Kwanzaa symbols
Kwanzaa has seven basic symbols and two added ones. Each represents values and concepts reflective of African culture and promote community cohesion:
The Crops (Mazao) These are symbolic of African harvest celebrations and of the rewards of productive and collective labour.
The Mat (Mkeka) This is symbolic of our tradition and history and therefore, the foundation on which we build.
The Candle Holder (Kinara) This is symbolic of our roots, our parent people — continental Africans.
The Corn (Muhindi) This is symbolic of our children and our future which they embody.
The Seven Candles (Mishumaa Saba) These are symbolic of the Nguzo Saba, the Seven Principles, the minimum set of values which African people are urged to live by in order to rescue and reconstruct their lives in their own image and according to their own needs.
The Unity Cup (Kikombe cha Umoja) This is symbolic of the foundational principle and practice of unity which makes all else possible.
The Gifts (Zawadi) These are symbolic of the labour and love of parents and the commitments made and kept by the children.
The two supplemental symbols are:
The Flag (Bendera) The colours of the Kwanzaa flag are the colours of the Organization Us, black, red and green; black for the people, red for their struggle, and green for the future and hope that comes from their struggle. It is based on the colours given by the Hon. Marcus Garvey as national colours for African people throughout the world. Poster of The Seven Principles (Nguzo Saba Poster)


|born on||3 August 1902 at 06:30 (= 06:30 AM )|
|Place||Berlin, Germany, 52n29, 13e21|
|Timezone||MET h1e (is standard time)|
|Astrology data||09°56' 01°28 Asc. 29°58'|
German rabbi, who became the first woman to be ordained as a rabbi in 1935. There had been some women before Jonas who made significant contributions to Jewish thought, such as the Maiden of Ludmir, Asenath Barzani, and Lily Montagu, who acted in similar roles without being ordained.
Because of Nazi persecution, many rabbis emigrated and many small communities were without rabbinical support. The duress of Nazi persecution made it impossible for Jonas to hold services in a synagogue, and she was soon ordered into forced labor. Despite this, she continued her rabbinical work as well as teaching and holding services.
On 4 November 1942, Regina Jonas had to fill out a declaration form that listed her property, including her books. Two days later, all her property was confiscated "for the benefit of the German Reich." The next day, 5 November 1942, the Gestapo arrested her and she was deported to Theresienstadt. She continued her work as a rabbi, and Viktor Frankl, the well-known psychologist, asked her for help in building a crisis intervention service to improve the possibility of surviving by helping to prevent suicide attempts. Her particular job was to meet the trains at the station. There she helped people cope with shock and disorientation.
Regina Jonas worked tirelessly in the Theresienstadt concentration camp for two years, her work including giving lectures on different topics. She was deported with other prisoners to Auschwitz in mid-October 1944, where she was murdered either less than a day or two months later. She was 42 years old.
Sy Scholfield provided birth registry entry from Berlin archives.
- Passions : Criminal Victim : Concentration camp (Auschwitz)
- Passions : Criminal Victim : Financial crime victim (Robbed by Nazis)
- Vocation : Religion : Other Religion (Rabbi)
- Notable : Famous : First in Field (First woman to be ordained as a rabbi)


Robots and AI are able to do more and more complex jobs. Critically discuss the pros and cons of the growing technology advancement for workers and organisations.
Chao, G. T., & Kozlowski, S. W. (1986). Employee perceptions on the implementation of robotic manufacturing technology. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(1), 70.
Ford, M. (2015). The rise of the robots: Technology and the threat of mass unemployment. One world publications.
Rotman, D. (2013). How technology is destroying jobs. Technology Review, 16(4), 28-35. http://www.shellpoint.info/InquiringMinds/uploads/… 20130802_How_Technology_is_Destroying_Jobs.pdf
Rotman, D. (2015). Who will own the robots? We’re in the midst of a jobs crisis, and rapid advances in Al and other technologies may be one culprit. How can we get better at sharing the wealth that technology creates? MIT Technology Review, 118(4).
Upchurch, M. (2018) Robots and AI at work: the prospects for singularity. New Technology, Work, and Employment . Online first.
Van Reenen, J. (2011). Wage inequality, technology and trade: 21st century evidence. Labour economics, 18(6), 730-741.
West, D. M. (2015). What happens if robots take the jobs? The impact of emerging technologies on employment and public policy. Centre for Technology Innovation at Brookings, Washington DC. file:///C:/Users/Maria69/Downloads/ Whathappensifrobotstakethejobs_Theimpactofemergingtechnologiesonemploymentan dpublicpolicy.pdf


Report a Problem: Stormwater Pollution
Only stormwater is allowed to enter into the storm drain. The cities and County of San Mateo protect stormwater from pollution by inspecting industrial and commercial businesses, managing construction and redevelopment activities, and providing education and outreach to businesses and residents of San Mateo County. Help protect our community and waterways by reporting stormwater pollution when you see it.
When to make a report:
- When you see someone wash down or illegally dump anything into any storm drain, ditch or waterway.
- When you find dumped waste in or near any storm drain, ditch or waterway.
- When you notice unusual odors in or near the storm drain.
- When the drainage system has unusually large flows during the dry period.
- When you are aware of suspected stormwater pollution that may impact public health or the environment.
Who do I report stormwater pollution to?
- To report stormwater pollution in Unincorporated San Mateo County (see map) contact:
Office of Sustainability
- To report pollution activity at Colma Creek, San Bruno, or San Francisquito Creek contact:
- To report pollution in a city that you live or work in, contact the city’s illicit discharge coordinator. For a complete list of contact information for coordinators by city, visit flowstobay.org/reportpollution.
Note: If you are reporting an emergency situation that could result in immediate or great danger to the health and safety of you or someone else, call 911.


Selected Web sources providing general drug information:
Be Med WisePart of a broad-based public education campaign established in January 2002 by the National Council on Patient Information and Education (NCPIE) to promote safe and appropriate use of over-the-counter medicines.
Visitors can browse ingredients alphabetically by INCI ingredient name to find related review documents.
Cosmetics InfoThis site contains information about the safety, testing and regulation of cosmetics and personal care products and the ingredients they contain. Safety information is contained in a database of more than 2,000 ingredients, with new ingredient safety information frequently being added. This ingredient safety information is for the most commonly used ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products, and has been reviewed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel, an independent body of scientific experts who assess the safety of cosmetic ingredients.
This section of the FDA's website is designed for the general public and medication consumers. It includes drug recalls, FDA news and general information.
MayoClinic.com Drug InformationInformation on more than 8,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. Mayo Clinic is a non-profit medical practice with headquarters at the Mayo Medical School in Rochester, Minnesota.
Merck Manual Online - Drugs SectionDrug information in everyday language. Includes adverse drug reactions and factors affecting response to drugs. The Merck Manual is the world's best-selling medical textbook.
Lists programs from various drug manufacturers to assist people who cannot afford to purchase their prescriptions. Each company has its own program, special requirements, forms and procedures. An information source only.
Over the Counter MedicinesA section of familydoctor.org highlights various over-the-counter medicines. Website maintained by the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), a national medical organization.
Personal Care Products CouncilA good source for information on cosmetics and other personal care products. Links to many online databases and other resources containing information for consumers on ingredients used in these products.
The Personal Care Products Council (formerly the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association) is the leading national trade association for the cosmetic and personal care products industry. They represent more than 600 member companies.
Founded by pharmacists in 1995. Continuously reviewed and updated, with articles written by pharmacists and physicians and data provided by credible and reliable sources like the FDA and First Data Bank, Inc.


A recent University of Sheffield study finds that bed bugs are spreading to new areas around the world by attaching themselves to dirty laundry left out in sleeping areas.
Lead author Dr. William Hentley says that the finding may explain why bed bugs have undergone a resurgence in recent years, as consumers are likely picking up the pests when traveling and staying in hotels.
“There are a lot of good studies out there focused on trying to understand how bed bugs are attracted to humans and how they get around apartment blocks, but no one has really talked about how they get into the house in the first place,” Hentley said in a statement to Gizmodo. “Stopping people from bringing bed bugs home can be a big step in preventing them spreading throughout the world.”
Bed bugs drawn to dirty laundry
Hentley came to his conclusions after conducting experiments in two identical, temperature-controlled rooms containing bed bugs. The researchers placed four tote bags filled with clothes in the room – two of which contained dirty clothes and two that contained clean clothes.
In each experiment, the researchers increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the room to simulate human breathing. They found that bed bugs were twice as likely to be drawn to bags with soiled clothes rather than clean clothes in rooms that did not simulate human presence.
If carbon dioxide levels were increased, the bugs searched even harder for a human host to latch onto.
Keep your laundry sealed
Hentley suggests that consumers consider keeping dirty laundry well contained while traveling to avoid bringing home any unwanted pests.
“Bed bugs are a huge problem for hotels and homeowners, particularly in some of the world’s biggest and busiest cities. Once a room is infested with bed bugs, they can be very difficult to get rid of, which can result in people having to dispose of clothes and furniture than can be really costly,” he said.
“Our study suggests that keeping dirty laundry in a sealed bag, particularly when staying in a hotel, could reduce the chances of people taking bed bugs home with them, which may reduce the spread of infestations.”
The full study has been published in Scientific Reports.


On Tuesday I want you to work together in your groups with the questions below:
I want you to write in your Google Docs. Remember to always share your document with me: firstname.lastname@example.org.
Reading log 1. How far have you read? Page:
1a. How does the novel start? Choose one of the alternatives. Does it start with…..
• somebody saying something
• a description (of the environment or of a character)
• something happening
• an explanation of the background to the story
• something else
Copy the first sentence of the book.
1b. Do you think it's a good beginning? Why?
1c. Was it easy or difficult to ”get into” the book?
2. Choose a quote from the book that you think is interesting, funny, irritating,... Copy it and explain why you chose it. What happened before this quote and what happened afterwards?
3. What do you think about the author's descriptions of the environment? Are they too long, too few, beautiful, realistic, etc? The environment is not just the landscape. It's also feelings,... Give examples and use quotes from the book!
4. Once I stayed awake all night, waiting for mum and dad to arrive...
What memories does Felix have of his parents? Do think his parents will show up? Why? Why not? Motivate your opinions.
5. The men were burning books. What did Felix "think" that the men in the armbands were doing? What were they actually doing and why?
6. Why is Felix's notebook important to him? Give examples.
7. What do you think about the story so far? Why? Give examples and use quotes from the book!
Choose one or two characters to describe.
Ask yourself these questions: Who is the character I’m describing? What do I think about his or her personality and why?
Describe what the person means to the novel and how he or she has been acting up until the point you’ve read. How do those actions make you feel? Try to describe them as carefully and detailed as possible and relate them to quotations/give examples from the novel.
Work together and help each other understand the book.
/ Sara Bruun
Skicka en kommentar


“That is Snaefellsjokull a mountain about five thousand feet in height, one of the most remarkable in the whole island, and certainly doomed to be the most celebrated in the world, for through its crater we shall reach the centre of the earth.” Jules Verne – ‘Journey to the Centre of the Earth’
Our plan was to drive north to the villages of Akranes and then Borgarnes and the swing inland and visit the Þingvellir National Park but for now we just kept driving north and keeping the sea close to the left. Eventually we arrived at a decision making point with a road around the Whalefjord or a toll tunnel underneath that would save eighty kilometres or so of hard driving.
So we took the second option through the only underwater tunnel in Iceland, almost six thousand metres long and reaching a depth of one hundred and sixty-five metres. It cost 1,000 Krona at the toll booth, or about £5, which seemed like good value to save the fifty minute alternative drive around the fjord.
The Tunnel received a bad rating in the latest European tunnel test (believe me, it’s true), which is carried out annually by the German Automobile Club ADAC (Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club). Specifically mentioned were poor lighting (it was very dark I have to say), the absence of an automatic fire alarm system and poor ventilation.
“The distance from the surface of the Earth to the middle is 6,370 kilometres, which isn’t very far (relative to the size of the Universe)…. Our own attempts to penetrate towards the middle have been modest indeed. One or two South African gold mines reach to a depth of over 3 kilometres, but most mines on Earth go no more than about 400 metres below the surface.” Bill Bryson – ‘A Short History of Nearly Everything’.


In terms of religion it is a conservative country, but there is much tolerance between religious groups. Religious groups have to register to organize activities, religious meetings in private homes are illegal.
Missionary activities towards Muslims is technically not forbidden, but there are reports that officials will make trouble for those that do.
Oman has all four major, original orientations of Islam represented. Ibadism dominates, but culturally and politically. There is some insecurity to statistics, few data are available, and estimates are all extremely approximate.
Oman is the only country in the world where Ibadi Islam is dominant, LookLex' estimates sets their numbers to 71% of the Omani population, but this is a rough estimate, other estimates range between 60% to 75%.
Ibadism dominates in the north and in the mountains, and along the coast from around Sur down to the Dhofar region.
Sunni Islam represents a minority in the country as a whole, but is the majority in two coastal regions; around Sur, and in Dhofar. Sunnis of Dhofar are part of a Sunni belt that continues into Yemen, all the way on to Aden.
Twelver Shi'i Islam form communities on the Batinah coast (northwest of Musqat), and around Musqat. Shi'is are distinct to certain people groups, the Luwatiya, the Bahrainis, which are of Bahraini descent, and the Ajam, a people group believed to originate in Iran (Ajam is also used in Bahrain with a similar meaning, but then as a distinct and clear definition).
No good data is available for Zaydi Islam in Oman, a very rough estimate suggest they count 80,000. Zaydis live in the south of Oman.
Hinduism and Christianity are represented through the presence of immigrant workers, principally from countries like India, Pakistan and Western countries.
There are about 90 Christian congregations.


Log on to Clickview Online through the Library Online Databases page on the Melbourne High School Portal
- Land kinship and culture - historical and currentThis excellent program explores the role of indigenous culture in both traditional and urban societies.
Australian Dictionary of Biography
- Australian Dictionary of Biography"The Australian Dictionary of Biography is Australia's pre-eminent dictionary of national biography. In it you will find concise, informative and fascinating descriptions of the lives of significant and representative persons in Australian history."
- Indigenous AustraliaIncludes information about language, culture, The Dreaming, social structure, land, achievement and food. A good starting point.
- Australian Indigenous cultural heritageAustralian Government site with links to other sites
- Indigenous cultureCulture Victoria site
- Aboriginal Cultureauthor David Welch
- Deadly StoryDeadly Story is the result of a partnership between VACCA, SNAICC, The Koorie Heritage Trust, the Federation of Victorian Traditional Owners Corporation and Brightlabs, in conjunction with the Department of Health & Human Services.
- First Australians byCall Number: 994.0049915 FIRISBN: 9780522857535Publication Date: 2010-12-01
- The Dreaming of Aboriginal Australia : a large collections of inspirational stories byCall Number: 298 DREISBN: 187622519XPublication Date: 2006
Library resources - early conflict with white settlement
- Aboriginal culture today byCall Number: 994.0049915 ABOISBN: 1871049555Publication Date: 1988
- The Oxford Companion to Aboriginal Art and Culture byCall Number: 700.899915 OXFISBN: 0195506499Publication Date: 2001-02-01


noun, plural: ectoparasites
(parasitology) A parasite that lives outside the body of the host
Parasitism is s form of symbiosis in which one organism (called parasite) benefits at the expense of another organism usually of different species (called host). This host-parasite association may eventuate to the injury of the host. Parasites may be grouped into ectoparasites and endoparasites. Parasites that live outside the host are called ectoparasites whereas those that live inside the host are called endoparasites. In this regard, the presence of ectoparasites on the host is called infestation rather than infection. The host infested with ectoparasites is not harmed as detrimentally as the other hosts infected with endoparasites. Nevertheless, some of these ectoparasites are vectors of pathogens. For instance, female Aedes mosquito is an ectoparasite of humans and may transmit dengue virus as it feeds on its host.
In humans, ectoparasites are comprised of two major animal groups: parasitic arachnids and parasitic insects. Parasitic arachnids include ticks and mites. As for the ectoparasitic insects, they are exemplified by mosquitoes, tsetse flies, fleas, and lice. In other animals, such as fish and crocodilians, they may be ectoparasitized by leechs. Some of these leeches, e.g. Piscicola geometria – a fish leech species, may transmit spring viraemia carp virus to a carp host.
Word origin: Latin parasitus from Greek parasitos (person who eats at the table of another).


New imaging technology has made it possible for people with social anxiety to watch themselves interacting with others in virtual scenarios. In a recent study, researchers scripted over 100 video scenes like using public transit, buying a drink, shopping, and talking to a stranger at an art gallery and inserted study participants into the scene so that they could practice interaction in a low-pressure situation and observe their own social behaviors.
The simulation used by the researchers recorded the participants and inserted them into a video scenario in real-time. The creator of this virtual environment system said that it was designed to benefit people with social anxieties. Rather than using a head-mounted camera, which anxious people find awkward, the technology uses an out-of-body perspective. This allows people to see themselves interacting on the screen.
Dr. Lina Gega of Norwich Medical School explained that people with social anxiety worry that they will bring attention to themselves and be judged harshly by people around them, so they avoid eye contact or avoid social situations. However, “this sort of behavior draws attention to people with social anxiety and feeds into their beliefs that they don’t fit in. We wanted to see whether practicing social situations in a virtual environment could help.”
Virtual environments helped the participants to manage social behaviors like maintaining eye contact, making small talk, and looking at the speaker instead of the floor. As part of a larger course of cognitive behavioral therapy, the simulation aided participants in identifying and adjusting their anxious behaviors. Because the participants were able to rehearse their behavior as many times as needed, they were encouraged to take greater social risks, according to the research.
Although the evidence indicates a positive effect on participants, the participants themselves had mixed feelings. One reported that his confidence for real life social situations before the study was around 30%, but increased to 50% at the end of the study. However, another participant characterized the simulation as “weird,” noting that watching himself interact on the screen was uncomfortable.
The research indicates that rehearsing behavior and being able to test out social skills in a low-stakes environment is beneficial in mitigating poor social behaviors.
This research is published in the journal Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking.
Previous news in anxiety:


AGROFORESTRY COMBINES AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
It is a kind of cultivation in which not just one crop is planted at a given piece of land (monoculture) but it is intercropped with different trees. In this case, rubber trees are integrated into an ecosystem consisting of other trees, plants and even fruits and vegetables.
Dr. Sara Bumrungsri, Natural Scientist, PSU Thailand
“It's a biodiversity hotspot. Everything comes here: the birds, the bees, the insects.”
4 IMPORTANT BENEFITS OF AGROFORESTRY RUBBER
Various research on agroforestry rubber systems has been conducted. For the area of our initiative in Southern Thailand e.g. this one is representative: Rubber agroforestry in Thailand provides some biodiversity benefits without reducing yields.
1. ENHANCING BIODIVERSITY + REDUCING ATMOSPHERIC CO2
Enhancing biodiversity is taken into account in those agroforestry systems, without reducing latex yields. It is also scientifically proven that biodiversity lowers the CO2 in the atmosphere: Plants are capturing CO2 through photosynthesis so it can be stored in the soil.
Monoculture vs. Agroforestry
DIVE DEEPER INTO THE BENEFITS OF AGROFORESTRY RUBBER
Switch to english subtitles.


The past century has witnessed a fascination with all things
ancient Egyptian. From the earliest version of the film, "The Mummy" to
the traveling art exhibit of the treasures of Tutankhamen's tomb
(twice!) to the millennium party at the pyramids, the previous hundred
years was marked by an obsession with ancient Egyptian religion and
culture. This course will examine the religious beliefs and practices
of ancient Egyptians and the portrayal of ancient Egypt in popular
culture. Specific topics to be studied include: Egyptian royal and
social history; Egyptian language and literature; mythology and
cosmology; death and the afterlife; temple rituals and architecture;
pyramids, tombs and other burial architecture; the intersection of
religion with ethnicity, gender, social class, and political power;
narratives of the Hebrew Exodus; colonialism and the modern "discovery"
of ancient Egypt; and ancient Egypt in film and popular culture.
Caroline T. Schroeder ("Dr. S")
Fulfills GE I-C (Global Studies)
Fulfills University Diversity Requirement
cschroeder [at] pacific.edu
Office Hours M 1:30-2:30 pm, W 1:30-2:30 pm, by appt.
|Course Requirements||% of Final Grade|
|Quality class participation and attendance||10%|
|Daily Reading Responses
|OK/MK blog post||15%
|NK blog post||15%|
|Field Trip Blog Post||12.5%|
|Popular Culture Blog Post||12.5%|
Religion of the Pharaohs Syllabus 2017 by http://pharaohs17.carrieschroeder.net is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.


Pablo Picasso is regarded as one of the most important figures of twentieth-century art. Throughout his lifetime, he was one of the most well-known and prolific names in the art world, a recognition that persists to this day. He is particularly remembered for his role in the development of Cubism.
Picasso was born in Malaga, Spain in 1881. His father, also a painter, encouraged him to pursue an education in the arts. At the age of thirteen, he was admitted into the School of Fine Arts, Barcelona and at the age of sixteen into the Royal Academy of San Fernando, Madrid. There, he received formal instruction and learned the techniques of Realism. As an adult, Picasso spent most of his life in France – Paris in particular – which would greatly influence his work. His styles, varying greatly throughout his career, have been posthumously referred to as different periods: The Blue Period (1901-1904), The Rose Period (1904-1906), African Influence (1907-1909), Cubism (1909-1912), and the Crystal period or Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919).
Together with artist Georges Braque, Picasso co-founded Cubism, an avant-garde art movement that abstracted subjects into cube-like, geometric forms. This style had a significant effect not only on the art world, but on architecture, music, and literature as well. Additionally, Cubism provided the seeds for other avant-garde movements to germinate including, Futurism, Dadaism and Constructivism.
Throughout his lifetime, Picasso created thousands of paintings, sculptures, drawings, and ceramic pieces as well as theatre costumes and sets. His work can be found in numerous major collections in Paris, throughout Spain and in an impressive number of other institutions worldwide. Picasso continues to be the subject of numerous exhibitions internationally, most recently, the From Africa to the Americas: Face-to-Face Picasso, Past and Present exhibition (2018) held at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts.


The exquisite sweet scent of the Yellow-throated Crocus flower (Crocus longiflorus, Żagħfran Salvaġġ) may be enjoyed during these Autumnal days. In the garrigue area of Dingli Cliffs, the yellow-throated crocus grows frequently.
The crocus plant, which grows from underground corms without any stalks, grows to a height of 150mm. The attractive lilac to violet colour of the six-petalled flower can be identified by dark coloured veins on the outer side of the flower.
The Saffron spice is hand-harvested from the three bright orange stigmas of the crocus flowers, 30 grams would require more than 13,000 saffron threads. That’s why saffron is the most expensive spice in the world!! Fortunately, only a little saffron would be required to colour and flavour food dishes.
The stigma from the saffron flower also have a medicinal value in the treatment of asthma, coughs, insomnia, depression, pains, etc…
Although the saffron crocus, from which saffron is often harvested is not found in the wild, the yellow-throated crocus, which is native to the Mediterranean is found abundantly in garrigue habitats close to Dingli Cliffs and can be found growing in the wild in Italy, Sicily and Malta.


If there was one aspect about engineering that hydroforming could benefit, it would be the prototype process. However, the act of producing hydroformed products that are more easily testable than a life sized models, in terms of limits, structure, and so on, is more of a pipe dream than a reality. Time and cost often outweighs means. But it doesn’t have to be that way, enter hydroforming prototyping.
Hydroforming is a special method in which metals are bent and shaped. It is very often found in use in the auto industry, but many industries have adopted the benefits of hydroformed products.
How this works with prototyping is like this: A prototype is introduced, it is scanned into a computer where a simulated process tests the endurance and stability of the product, giving feedback to the designer so that they can then makes changes. This not only benefits the design, but also the cost.
Further, computer prototyping allows the design engineer the ability to test various geometrically designed parts (this is especially true in sheet hydroforming, or SHF) for stress and cohesion. This allows for quick changes and even quicker results. It also gives the engineer an idea what real life stresses may do so that they can alter the design as necessary.
Working in Tandem With You
The collaborative process not only benefits those who have put their hard work into the design process, it also aids us in gathering a greater understanding about the product you want hydroformed. Because theoretical designs are often subject to real world failure, prototyping them is a cost-effective measure that prevents loss for your company.
Want more information on hydroforming prototyping? Contact us any time, or click here here to request a quote.
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World War I ended and euphoria was the order of the day. Fashion responded by dropping waists to high hip levels and dresses became unfitted. While some gowns retained the design complexity of the Teens, the trend was toward Simplicity. Simple bodices, shaped using only a few tucks or shirring at the shoulders, or a little gather at the side seam reflected this new freedom. As the decade began hems lines perched above the ankle but in only three years skirt lengths had risen to unprecedented and – to some – shocking heights!
Necklines were usually a simple scoop or “V” but when collars were used they emphasized the long line. Sleeves were either long and straight or with bell shaping. Chiffons, light silks, soft velvets, lamés, lightweight wools and soft cottons made up the fabrics. Sometimes a sash was applied to the hip but dresses also fell in a straight line. Although dresses were simple in construction, detail was apparent in surface ornamentation such as embroidery, soft braid, and beading for evening; or fabric manipulation such as pin tucking or pulled threadwork. Tabard style sheer or semi-sheer dresses were worn over matching slips.
As the “flapper era” became established, hemlines continued their scandalous ascent and had reached the knee by 1926. The drop waist continued its popularity but skirts and bodices became more complex with seaming, circular flounces and floating panels. Decorative seaming, contrasting fabrics, and overlays began to appear. Quality, previously apparent by means of complicated fit and construction was now expressing itself through fabric and by manipulating a single layer of material. Time-consuming and costly beading was immensely popular, especially for dance dresses.
Skirt levels, that some believed were indecent, were tamed in the 1928/29 fashion collections and asymmetrical hemlines (knee length in the front, longer in the back) made their appearance to forecast the longer hemlines of the 1930s. Waistlines gradually rose to resume the position nature had intended.
Designers of the 1920s included: Patou, Molyneux, Chanel, Boue Souers, Louiseboulanger, Augustabernard and Vionnet.
Written by The Vintage Fashion Guild
Next 1930 to 1940
Back Fashion Timeline
Question or Comment? Enter it below.


The Chi Rho (pronounced ˈkī-ˈrō) is a very familiar symbol to those of us who frequent churches where vestments are worn and hangings are used. It is often seen on the back of chasubles and on Eucharistic vessels. It is an ancient christogram, and is formed by the combination of the first two letters of the word “Christ” in Greek, which is Christos (ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ in Greek). The X and the P come together to form the symbol so that the vertical part of the Rho connects with the centre of the Chi.
The origins of its use are said to stem from a dream that the Emperor Constantine had in which he was ordered to put a “heavenly divine symbol” on the shields of his soldiers. Having done as the dream ordered by putting a symbol that very closely resembled today’s Chi Rho on the shields, the army went on to defeat its foe in battle. The success of this conflict was credited to divine protection, and the drowning of the losing military leader in the River Tiber was likened to the drowning of Pharaoh in Exodus.
Later, the Chi Rho was further understood as a symbol not just of Christ, but of his resurrection and victory over death. In that case, the simple Chi Rho was often depicted in a circle, within which were also the Alpha and Omega—the beginning and then end of the Greek alphabet—as Jesus said that he is the Alpha and the Omega.
This ancient symbol of Christ is still frequently used today in modern Eucharistic ornaments, and there are many ancient examples of its use that we can see as well.


Random sampling has already been discussed. This post deals with non-random sampling which is a sample that is selected in a deliberate manner. Below are a few of the more common forms of non-random sampling
- Convenience sampling is the selection of individuals who are available for the study. Whoever is free and willing is a part of the study.
- Purposive sampling is the inclusion or participants based on a criteria developed by the researcher. For example, a researcher wants to only include middle age male teachers in their study. Individuals who meet this criteria will be asked to be a part of the study.
- Quota sampling is used when a researcher collect data from a certain number of people from several sample units or sub-populations who meet certain criteria. For example, at a university, selecting students from several different departments such as English and Education to be a part of the study. Whoever is from either department may be a part of the study
- Snowball sampling is a technique in which the researcher locates one member of the sample population and collects data from them. The participant then recommends other people the researcher can collect data from. An example, would be a detective interviewing various people about a crime. One witness suggest someone else the detective should talk to. This form of sampling is common in qualitative research.
Sampling is normally influenced by circumstances. Random is often preferred to non-random both the context often dictates that a researcher do the best they can and choose a technique that is appropriate for the situation.


Are you overwhelmed with the egg choices in the supermarket? Learn what the differences really mean.
What the nutritional difference?
Free-run, free-range and organic eggs all have the same nutrient content as the classic egg. They are labelled differently based on the way the hens are raised and the housing they live in.
Nutritionally enhanced eggs are eggs that enhanced with omega-3 or vitamins. The hens that lay these eggs are fed diets that contain omega-3 fatty acids or higher levels of nutrients, such as vitamin A,B or E.
Eggs and cholesterol
Eggs contain cholesterol, which was once thought to contribute to high blood cholesterol levels and heart disease. However, new research proves that there is no connection between dietary cholesterol and blood cholesterol.
See Our PDF to Learn More: DownloadPrint
What are GMOs and are they okay to eat? What does organic farming look like? How are animals like chickens or cattle raised?
snapAG is a series of resources that invite students to explore the hot topics affecting the agriculture industry today. Topics range from organics, biotechnology, GMOs, livestock, and more.
Explore what’s trending in agriculture in Canada by browsing the topics here.
Sources available at: https://aitc-canada.ca/en-ca/learn-about-agriculture
snapAg is brought to you by Agriculture in the Classroom Canada and partners.


American Heart Health Month 2022
Learn more about symptoms and how to reduce your risk for heart disease…
Heart disease is the number one leading cause of death in the United States. Heart disease refers to many different types of heart conditions such as heart failure or heart attacks. This disease can stay silent for a long period of time before symptoms can appear and affect a person’s quality of life.
There is no cure for heart disease, however, by staying active and maintaining a balanced diet, along with a proper diagnosis and health care, together we can slow the progression of this disease.
For many people, the most common type of heart disease is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). CAD is caused by plaque buildup in the walls of the arteries that supply blood to the heart. This results in the blood vessels becoming narrower and blocking blood flow to and from the heart. This can lead to heart attacks, heart failure, or strokes. The following symptoms are common signs of having a heart condition: Chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, feeling weak, dizzy, faint, or light-headed, pain, weakness, or numbness in your legs or arms, fluttering in your chest, swelling of legs or feet, and irregular (fast or slow) heartbeats.
There are many non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors that can contribute to the development of heart disease. Non-modifiable risk factors include age and a family history of heart disease. Modifiable risk factors that can be stopped or actively controlled to help reduce the risk of developing heart disease are high blood pressure and high cholesterol, smoking, poor diet, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol use, obesity, and stress
Lifestyle interventions are important in lowering the risk for heart disease. Apart from taking medications, healthy habits that can be included in everyday routine to manage heart health are to regularly check blood pressure and cholesterol levels, take medications as directed, healthy eating and exercise, maintain a healthy weight, include aerobic and muscle strengthening activity, counseling to decrease anxiety and stress, avoid smoking, and limit daily alcohol intake.


On each NO PREP printable page, you will find:
- The skill (beginning or ending blend) in the upper left hand corner so that you can easily find the page(s) you need.
- Numbered directions so that your students know exactly what to do.
- 4-5 words with blends for your students to blend and read.
- Pointing dots under each letter/sound so that your students are promoted to read each sound in the word.
- Connected dots (with a line) so that your students are prompted to blend the sounds together.
- Cut and paste matching pictures that support ESL/ELL readers and confirm correct reading. (This gives your students an opportunity to build fine motor skills, too!)
- A mixed fluency table so that your students can practice rereading the 4-5 words with blends fluently.
- Three smiley faces (for your students to color) to prompt them to read the fluency table three times.
- Dots under each word in the fluency table so that your students can practice tracking while reading.
Great for use during:
- Small Groups
- Guided Reading
- and more!
There is one page for each of the following skills:
Beginning L Blends
Beginning R Blends
Beginning S Blends
Ending N Blends
Ending S Blends
Ending L Blends
Misc Ending Blends
**BONUS** I’ve also included 3 mixed practice pages for EACH beginning/ending blend type! That is 21 EXTRA pages!


Purdue University and partner organizations have led efforts to commercialize the Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) technology, focusing on low-resource farmers in different regions of the world. Many government and development agencies, NGOs, and the private sector have trained farmers how to use hermetic storage technologies. Since 2007, PICS bags have been commercialized in more than 34 countries in Africa, Asia, and more recently in Central America and the Caribbean. More than 68,000 communities received training that reached an estimated 7 million farmers. From 2007 to June 2020, plastic factories around the world have manufactured and sold more than 23 million PICS bags to farmers and other users. Scale-up activities to increase adoption of PICS bags have been implemented in several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. These efforts have included (i) largescale extension activities that included training of extension/field agents, and training of farmers through demonstrations in villages and markets, (ii) developing the supply chain by working with the private sector to ensure the technology is available in communities and local markets, and (iii) media activities – print, audio and visual (radio, posters, TV, cell phones, newspapers, etc.).
The Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bag is a low-cost, simple, and effective technology for low-resource farmers to help them preserve their dry crops after harvest with minimal losses due to storage insects. PICS technology involves storing grain in triple layer plastic bags. These bags are a great option for farmers who see major losses in their crops each year due to insect pests. The bags eliminate insecticide use and enable farmers to store and sell their crops at peak times, instead of selling at harvest when price is at the lowest. PICS technology also ensures farmers have enough supply of clean grain for home consumption for many months after harvest.
Our mission is to change lives through fighting hunger and stimulating economies. With the research and dissemination of PICS bags, we can minimize losses to crop storage insects. Through teamwork and collaboration with local and international partners and farmers, we continue improving the PICS bag technology and sharing it with farming families across the globe.
For more Info on PICS activities


It has been shown that dental stem cells are a prospective method for treating bone loss. This research was carried out to determine the osteogenic potential of children’s dental pulp stem cells per se and in conjunction with growth factor added in induced essential bony defects in the mandible of dogs. Objectives: In vitro differentiation of dental stem cells from children’s primary exfoliated teeth into osteogenic potentials, implantation on the correct scaffold and evaluation and comparison of h Methods: SHED has been isolated and analysed from the dental pulp of exfoliated deciduous teeth. Cell counting has been used to analyse the proliferative ability of cultured cells. In vitro biological characteristics were determined for SHEDs, absorbable scaffolds and growth factors. Histologically and radiographically, mineralization was measured. Results: After twelve weeks, the histological sample showed an advanced anastomosing network of bony trabeculae with continuity to the old original bone. The newly formed bone tended to have newly formed, more structured bones. Bone defect photomicrograph of the control group showing newly formed bone (arrows) in bone defect and osteocyte lacunae (L) and broad fibrous bone marrow space (H&E x200) when in SHED and GF in scaffolds showing newly formed bone (arrows) in bone defect, wide osteocytes (OC) in their lacunae and wide bone marrow (BM). Osteoblasts (OB) signify active bone formation by rimming (H&E x200). Conclusion: SHED transplantation with scaffolds and GF can serve as an example of cell-based bone regeneration treatment for skeletal defects. Our information indicates that mineralized collagen is a promising candidate for use as a scaffold in bone tissue engineering.
Author (s) Details
Sally Kamal El Din Mohamed
Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Department, National Research Center, Egypt.
Nevine Gamil Waly
Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
Eman H. A. Aboul-Ezz
Department of Basic Dental Science, National Research Centre, Egypt.
Mohammed Ayad Abdel Hameed
Faculty of Veterinary, Cairo University, Egypt.
View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/294


The production of various glass bottles and glass products must have corresponding molds!
One: A complete set of molds consists of the following components:
1: Preliminary model: First, the shape of the product to be produced is preliminarily finalized in the prototype
2: Molding: It is the main mold for product molding
3: Funnel: It is the first process before the glass solution falls from the automatic dispenser into the prototype
4: Bulkhead: It is an accessory that cooperates with the preliminary mold to complete the preliminary processing after the glass solution falls into the preliminary mold.
5: Mouth mold: It is the mold for the bottle mouth and it is also the tool for the glass bottle to be moved from the first mold to the finished mold after the initial shaping.
6: Inflator: It is a tool to set the glass solution under the strong pressure of the air compressor after the glass product is initially formed and moved to the mold.
7: Punch: It is a mold for the bottle mouth of a jar (jar). The size of the punch affects the inner diameter of the bottle mouth.
8: Core: It is a tool that affects the size of the inner diameter of the small mouth bottle.


A child who is dependent on goggles when swimming is at a higher risk of drowning. Often, children that have only learned to swim with goggles aren’t accustomed to swimming without them. These children can become shocked and panic if they fall or get pushed into water without their goggles. We know goggles don’t make the swimmer, but children can become so severely attached to goggles that not having them make them think the forgot how to swim. It is as important for competitive swimmers as well as children to make sure they can swim without goggles. Athletic swimmers would have a problem finishing their race if their goggles fell off when diving into water or their goggles begin leaking. It is important that parents understand that goggles are not essential when learning to swim. However, they may make water time more fun and enjoyable. In addition, goggles can help protect eyes from pool unbalanced pool chemicals and keep contact lenses in. If we have a child that is especially fearful to go under water, we may first allow them to try goggles so they can see more clearly. They will find that there is a whole different world under water to explore and enjoy! It may take your child some time to get used to swimming without goggles if they have become dependent. They may cry, sulk, maybe even throw a tantrum if their goggles are taken away. We recommend children swim with their goggles 80% of the time and swim without goggles 20% of the time. This small skill could save your child’s life one day.


They say birds of a feather flock together, but in this case it was two different bird species who were hanging out around the same boughs.
On Thursday, Everynight Charley Crespo was looking up at the hawk’s nest in Tompkins Square Park, when a migratory woodpecker landed just underneath it.
He snapped a bunch of photos of the purported ’pecker poking around for something to eat, then sent the pix to a friend with some knowledge of avians.
It turns out the bird was a northern flicker, a subspecies of woodpecker, and sightings in these parts are uncommon. Crespo’s pal said he and his fellow birdwatchers have also seen a yellow-bellied sapsucker and sometimes red-bellied woodpeckers and downy woodpeckers in the park.
The northern flicker is a medium-sized woodpecker, native to North America, parts of Central America and Cuba, and is one of the few woodpeckers that migrates. Apparently, these photos are of a male since it sports a red nape, sort of like a traveler punk’s bandana.
The northern flicker is also known by its other names, including yellowhammer, clape, gaffer woodpecker, harry-wicket, heigh-ho, wake-up, walk-up, wick-up, yarrup and gawker bird. Some of the names are meant to imitate the sound of its bird call.
Sorry, not rare.


Difference between Traffic Policing and Traffic Shaping
1. Traffic Policing :
Traffic policing is basically a mechanism which monitors the traffic in any network by using an action to packets that conform to a specified rate. The policies in the network keeps a check on the number of tokens in the bucket. In traffic policing one token usually represents one byte of traffic. It can be used to control inbound and outbound traffic.It also maintains control over the excess traffic.
2. Traffic Shaping :
Traffic shaping is basically a congestion control mechanism that delays some packets to bring them at par with other traffic components. It increases the latency and the bandwidth of packets.It makes traffic conform to a certain rate by giving the packets some delay. Traffic shaping can be used to control outbound traffic only. It also does queuing of packets.
Difference between Traffic Policing and Traffic Shaping:
|S.NO.||Traffic Policing||Traffic Shaping|
|1.||Traffic policing is a mechanism which monitors the traffic in any network.||Traffic Shaping is a congestion control mechanism that brings delays in packets.|
|2.||The packets with rates that are greater than the traffic policing rate are discarded.||It buffers the packets with rates that are greater than the traffic shaping rate.|
|3.||Traffic policing doesn’t cause delay.||Traffic shaping causes delay of packets.|
|4.||The token values are calculated in bytes per second.||The token values are calculated in bits per second.|
|5.||In traffic policing queuing of traffic is not performed.||Queuing of traffic is not performed in traffic shaping.|
|6.||Traffic policing supports traffic remarking.||Traffic shaping doesn’t supports traffic remarking.|
|7.||Traffic policing can be used to control outbound or inbound traffic.||Traffic policing can used to control outbound traffic only.|
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The effects of last month’s Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion, killing 11 people, is on track to surpass the devastation of 1989’s Exxon Valdez oil spill as the country’s worst man-made environmental disaster. The shallow waters of the Gulf of Mexico’s fragile wetlands tend to result in stagnant tidal action, potentially creating a perfect storm of coastal destruction as the massive slick comes ashore, coating everything in its path. A host of bird species native to the region are under direct threat.
It is peak migration season for millions of birds heading through impacted areas, and breeding season for the year-round signature coastal birds – pelicans, egrets, ducks, and terns, among numerous others. They have everything to lose if the oil slick reaches them. When oil starts mixing in water, it can change composition and transform into “mousse,” a sticky substance that clings to anything it makes contact with. The gooey matter mats and separates the feathers, subjecting the birds to hypothermia, and it prevents their feathers from repelling water. Oil also weighs down the bird, hindering its ability to fly. They swallow the oil – often ingesting significant quantities – while preening their feathers, and this leads to lung and liver damage and eventually, death.
Some effects of crude oil on coastal birds include:
- Hypothermia and drowning
- Poison from ingesting oil
- Damage to the airways
- Damage to immune systems
- Interruption of breeding and contamination of breeding grounds
- Thinner egg shells, causing deformities
If the oil spill reaches shore, the only hope for saving these coastal birds is quick human intervention, but that hope is slim. A study conducted of post-release survival and dispersal of cleaned and rehabilitated California brown pelicans following two Southern California oil spills in the 1990s concluded that regardless of the efforts, the brown pelicans suffered long-term injury, and that treating the birds do not guarantee further breeding or survivability.
The health of the environment reflects the health of the birds that thrive – or not – in their natural habitats. Their health or decline will eventually mirror our own.
Way to bring the crude truth. The environment already needs help, I’m glad to see that you’re helping to generate more support for it.


Starch is a stored form of carbohydrate that is the main source of calories in the human diet as well as a crucial raw material in many bio-industries. At present, starch is produced primarily through photosynthesis in plants. However, a research team from China recently published their research achievements with synthetic starch on “Science”.
Through rational design, modular assembly, and three pivotal enzyme optimizations, the team constructed 11 reactions of unnatural carbon sequestration and starch synthesis pathways. This is the first time that scientists have synthesized starch molecules from carbon dioxide in the lab. NMR and other tests showed that the structure of the synthetic starch was consistent with that of natural starch. Preliminary laboratory tests showed that synthetic starch is about 8.5 times more efficient than starch produced by conventional agriculture.
Synthetic biology makes synthetic starch possible. Using synthetic starch instead of natural starch can help save more than 90% of natural resources, avoid the negative effects of pesticides, reduce chemical fertilizer impact on the environment, improve worldwide levels of food security, promote economic development of carbon neutral creatures, and increase the sustainable development of biology-based societies.
Synbio Technologies, as a DNA synthesis company, commits to providing efficient DNA sequence design and synthesis services around the globe. Through modular assembly, we can provide you with any well-designed DNA sequence.


Description: Teaches a two-phase approach to design, plan, and implement a project with 8 – 30 participants. Project Design integrates the team’s thinking into a consensus project framework. Project Planning develops the plan for a project or prototype that is launched in a coordinated and efficient manner. Students use the project development framework to create a project plan using a relevant or real project. Teaches how to harness participation to produce outstanding results.
The Project Design Module is devoted to teaching the ToP Project Design methodology, developing project success indicators, clarifying project expectations, creating a vision and success indicators, and developing a realistic scope of work.
- Fully developed design for a project.
- Valuable planning process that can be applied to many other projects.
- Full buy-in from the planning team about how to approach major projects.
- Frames the project expectations and scope in a concise manner.
- Creates a project vision and success indicators while honoring all ideas.
- Assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the team to accomplish the project.
- Evaluates the benefits and dangers of project success.
- Develops a realistic scope of work.
Who Should Take this Course:
- Those who need to align teams to create an inspiring and doable project scope of work
- Business leaders
- Local, state, and federal leaders and program managers
- Team leaders
- Team members
Course Length: Half-day


J. Kurtz, T. Cader, Z. Ma, P. Clark, B. Mount, D. Thoss, S. Hammond
National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Keywords: fuel cell, data center, hydrogen production, hydrogen storage
Summary:Data centers, used for cloud computing or data storage, consume huge amounts of power and are increasing rapidly in number, and consequently, this increase in power consumption has raised concerns with green and sustainable energy supplies to minimize carbon emissions. Significant renewable power can be a carbon-free energy source to reduce the carbon footprint of a data center; however, direct integration of wind and solar power with data center causes concern of the power quality for uninterrupted power supply to computer servers. The reliable power integration can be accomplished by using power produced from fuel cells fueled by hydrogen (H2). If fed with H2 derived from renewable sources, fuel cells will realize carbon-free data centers. Unlike a battery, fuel cells benefit the datacenter microgrid with a direct power supply to computer servers and are capable of flexible scalability, the small footprint of power generation, larger storage capacity, low maintenance, and high energy efficiency. Fuel-cell power supply within a data center can be more reliable and sustainable, and have low noise levels and dramatically reduced the footprint for power generation and distribution inside the data center building. As a fuel source for fuel-cell powered a data center, hydrogen infrastructure is critical to provide continuous fuel supply for running fuel cells. This paper introduces various paths for hydrogen supply infrastructure and shows the methods to obtain component sizes and cost for meeting the server load in a data center. Microgrid modeling software, Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER), was used for sizing the hydrogen infrastructure of the fuel cell-powered data centers from renewable power generation. Our modeling results show various renewable-integration scenarios to meet the reliable and sustainable power requirements for a data center.


Learning Objectives define the specific knowledge or skill improvements that students will gain as a result of completing the learning solution.
Objectives can be defined for both the overall learning solution (course, curriculum) down to the individual learning or training activity (if applicable)
The articulation of the learning objectives can help guide the design of the learning solution, hence why there is an emphasis on defining the learning objectives at this point. The learning objectives can also be defined as a result of doing a gap analysis, the difference between the current state and the future (desired) state .
Calling your teaching objectives (what you plan to teach) learning outcomes (what students will learn) demonstrates you don’t really understand how it all works.— Dr. Gary Ackerman (@GaryAckermanPhD) October 6, 2020
It’s interesting to see that defining learning objectives is a very popular topic among universities and higher education facilities.
For some of us this comes down to semantics, for others there may be specific reasons why a certain term is used to describe the purpose of the learning.
What is the difference between Learning Outcomes and Learning Objectives?
A brief introduction to how to write goals, objectives, and learning outcomes for a course syllabus, activity, or project.


1. They contain a lot of Potassium
Avocado contains a lot of potassium, more than bananas.
Potassium helps in reducing blood pressure, a major cause of heart attack, kidney failure and heart attack.
2. Avocado can help one lose weight
Avocado contains about 3.6 grams of fibre which your body needs to boost the digestive system.It also contains oleic acid which helps in brain relaxation.
3. Helps in stabilizing blood sugar
Avocado contains monounsaturated fat, which slows digestion and helps keep blood sugar from spiking after a meal. A diet high in good fats may even help reverse insulin resistance.
4. Avocado protects pregnant mothers as well as unborn babies
Avocado contains folate which reduces the risk of birth defects.
5. Avocados Lowers Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels in the body
Cholestrol causes death and if it’s excess in your body it can lead to heart attack. Eating avocado reduces the levels of Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels in the body
6. Avocado can help in preventing cancer
Avocado plays a major role in reducing the risks of getting deadly disease cancer; it reduces side effects of chemotherapy in human lymphocytes.
The fruit can also prevent multiplication of prostate cancer cells in the body.


How to be involved in your child's learning
Parents are the child's first educators. Research shows that children with a secure attachment and involved primary carers from early childhood have higher educational outcomes. So how can parents remain involved in their child's learning when they are at a nursery?
Find out how your school involves parents before you start. How regular is the feedback and in what form? Are there opportunities for Stay and Play sessions or any events for parents? Nowadays most nurseries have embraced technology and have online learning journals that document children's progress. Be active on it, and remember that communication flows both ways!
Speaking of communication- please share important information with the school. Anything that is related to your child's health or changes in home circumstances which may affect learning and development should be communicated to the teachers. It is all confidential and nobody will judge, but knowing of any potential issues will give the teachers better tools to meet the needs of your child.
Learning is happening all the time. You don't need to set up educational activities for your child after school- they get plenty of it there. Let them play freely- the best possible lesson for creativity. Let them watch you fold the laundry and give you a hand. Pause and look at a snail together, or snuggle up with a story. Children learn so much by watching and it is important to keep it natural and fun.
Parenting is not easy and it does not come with a manual. As we celebrate My Family this week, we want to acknowledge all the families out there, that come in all shapes and sizes, and say that you are doing great!


Irma delights in buttons, the pewter buttons she is given on leaving Opi and the many different and wonderful kinds she sees in Madame Hélène’s dress shop. Which got me thinking in a button way and discovering that . . .
- The first button-type objects were found in the Indus Valley, made about 3000 years BCE as ornaments and seals.
- The first functional, fastening buttons were made in Germany in 1200’s, created to serve the new fashion of tight-fitting clothes.
- Buttons as fasteners swept over Europe in the next century, doubtless hurrying along the Renaissance.
In this country, if you have a yen to see buttons, actually 10,0000 different kinds, go to the Mattatuck Museum in Waterbury, CT, home to the Waterbury Button Museum. You’ll find diminutive works of art in all imaginable materials: cinnabar from Asia, floral bouquets of human hair under glass, miniature terrariums, even buttons from George Washington’s sainted coat.
Then for true button mania, drive down to the Button Museum in Bishopville, SC, for a button-covered piano, car, coffin, hearse, suit and more, all fashioned by Dalton Stevens, aka the Button King, a man who loves gluing buttons on things.
A final thought. If you want to be happy, just keep repeating the word “button.” I don’t know why, but you can’t be sad saying, “button” over and over. People may look at you strangely but you won’t care.
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Land Ownership - Scotland
Local authorities are large owners of land, much of it not captured on the current Land Registry due to it not changing hands in the last 40 years. Many do not have up to date records of the extent of their land ownership, and as such there is no definitive records held. This dataset is trying to collect what information does exist to provide an indicative extent of land owned by Local Authorities. This is NOT indemnified Registers of Scotland land ownership extents. Some of it is derived from sale of land based on historical ownership, but it should not be used for decision making, it is designed as an aid to assist interested parties in identifying where to start their enquiries. If if doubt please contact the relevant local authority or Registers of Scotland.
Land Ownership WFS
Data Provided by
Other (Not Open)
This dataset was amalgamated, optimised and published by the Spatial hub. The following quality assurance checks and corrections are carried out on the data: - Polygons are dissolved/ aggregated by key name and local authority. - The minimum polygon area allows in the data is 25 square meters - Checks for invalid geometry types - The maximum angle for any spikes is 3 degrees - Any duplicate geometry is removed from the data - Polygons with no key names are not removed - Checks for basic geometry i.e. self-intersection Please contact email@example.com for more details.


The history of the scientific discovery of climate change began in the early 19th century when ice ages and other natural changes in paleoclimate were first suspected and the natural greenhouse effect was first identified¹. In the late 19th century, scientists first argued that human emissions of greenhouse gases could change Earth’s energy balance and climate¹.
In the 1820s, French mathematician and physicist Joseph Fourier proposed that energy reaching the Earth from the Sun was not sufficient to explain observed temperatures on Earth and suggested that Earth’s atmosphere must retain some of the heat². In 1859, John Tyndall discovered that some gases trap heat and identified water vapor as a strong greenhouse gas². In 1896, Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius was the first to quantify how carbon dioxide (CO2) affects Earth’s temperature².
In 1938, British engineer Guy Stewart Callendar published a paper showing that CO2 levels had risen over the previous century and suggesting that this could lead to global warming³. In 1957, Roger Revelle and Hans Suess published a paper suggesting that human activities could cause significant climate change³. In 1965, US President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Science Advisory Committee warned him about the dangers of global warming³.
In 1979, a report by the US National Academy of Sciences concluded that “if carbon dioxide continues to increase, [we find] no reason to doubt that climate changes will result and no reason to believe that these changes will be negligible”³. In 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before Congress about global warming³.
This is just a brief history of climate change discovery. There are many more scientists who have contributed to our understanding of climate change over time.
Source: GPT-4 enabled Bing, 30/4/2023
(1) History of climate change science – Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science.
(2) Climate Change History. https://www.history.com/topics/natural-disasters-and-environment/history-of-climate-change.
(3) A brief history of climate change – BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-15874560.
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