Johann Gauss was a German mathematician and is often considered to have been one of the most productive mathematicians in history.
Gauss was consumed by mathematics – it is said that, upon being interrupted in the middle of a maths problem to be told his wife was was dying, he merely responded, “Tell her to hold on a minute”.
Many advances in the fields of number theory, geometry and algebra, and also science and astronomy were credited to Gauss, but not necessarily at his time of living. He kept some of his best ideas to himself. Some have suggested that if he had published all his ideas upon discovery, he would have advanced maths by 50 years!
As a child, Gauss was precocious and a regular irritant to his teacher who found him difficult to keep up with. One famous story tells of the time his teacher telling Gauss to go away and add up the numbers from 1 to 100 as a punishment. To the teacher’s astonishment, Gauss returned seconds later with the correct answer! He had spotted that you could put the numbers 1 to 100 into 50 pairs, each pair summing to 101 (100+1, 99+2, 98+3 etc.). Then he simply multiplied 50 by 101 to get 5050!
As an adult, Gauss was a great collaborator and was very helpful in using his maths skills to help academics in other fields. In 1801 he helped Giuseppe Piazzi in the discovery of the dwarf planet Ceres.
Piazzi had tracked Ceres (which is only 945km in diameter and lies in the asteroid belt between the orbits of Jupiter and Neptune) until its orbit fell behind the Sun. Piazzi could not find it in his telescope when it came out from the other side.
Gauss spent three months using his maths skills to predict the exact angle Piazzi should point his telescope in the night sky to find Ceres again and thus prove it was orbiting the sun. Another asteroid, 1001 Gaussia, is also named after Gauss – but that’s just the tip of the iceberg! Hundreds of buildings across the world are named after him, and he has appeared on German banknotes and stamps.
Discover more mathematicians who changed the world:


anthropology,communication studies,economics,human geography,history,political science,psychology,sociology
Hull House was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr.
Most people use political maps during elections. Political maps help establish voting districts and allow people to determine who they can vote for in the election.
That would depend on the amount of money the have on hand.
Many children want to know if Joe Biden's children attended public school. They attended private school. Bide says it is because of the duties of his elected office.
William McKinley,and Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt.
The 50 yard line.
Theodore Roosevel to resolve Coal Strike of 1902
In the late 1880s, refrigeration was introduced to the meatpacking industry in Chicago. This changed the industry forever.
14,110 feet (4,301 meters)
The Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862 donated public lands for colleges and provided citizens greater access to higher education. The Act was also passed to further science and efficiency.
William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson.
The Populist Party
railroads protested that only the federal government, not states, could regulate railroads
Paolo Mascagni died on October 19, 1815 at the age of 60.
By showing that the meatpacking industry DID NOT have high standards of safety and cleanliness
Riis campaigned for improvement in living conditions in the cities. His book How the Other Half Lives was very influential.
was an amendment to the 17th amendment
During the Progressive Era, Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson broke with the policies of late 19th century presidents concerning laissez-faire economic policies. The Progressive Era lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s.
Culture for A+


Title : Deep learning and grapes: the digitalization of plants, one plant at a time
Since the dawn of agriculture, crop monitoring and inspection remains a mainstay of every farmer’s routine. Today, many farmers visually inspect their crops armed with a variety of tools to help ensure ideal plant health and performance. Although human visual inspection remains an essential part of agriculture, it has many challenges and many limitations. Research over the last decade or so has assessed the applicability of computer vision and deep learning to address the crop inspection challenge. These approaches have shown tremendous promise, they are only just now beginning to go beyond the research phase into commercialization. Around 2015, image processing methods using deep neural networks began to replace the earlier classical computer vision approach, providing both better performance and more generalizable results. Again, through the early work of the CMU team, a StalkNet architecture was developed, which combines an RCNN feature detector with a GAN based pixel segmentation.
To date, StalkNet has been trained to measure dozens of widely varying features in different crops, ranging from leaf necrosis to fruit ripeness to sorghum seed size for grain yield. Bloomfield currently services 16 wine, table and juice grape vineyards in three countries (i.e., US, France & Italy) as well as a blueberry grow in Peru.. Flash combines high-resolution flash lighted stereo RGB images with a cloud-based deep learning pipeline to inspect and assess the health and performance of each and every plant in a field or grow, one plant at a time. The result, so far, with Bloomfield’s vineyard customers is yield estimation, pest/disease detection, labor saving and digitalization. This comprehensive analysis forms the foundation for Bloomfield’s health and performance assessment of each geo-located plant, one plant at a time through a web-based dashboard accessible via tablet, cellphone or computer. Bloomfield’s approach to inspecting and assessing plants contrasts sharply with the visual inspection which includes sparse subjective judgements of randomly sampled plant


The federal government has announced certain details about how it intends to overhaul the Fisheries Act. Reform of the Fisheries Act forms part of a broader suite of reforms to Canada’s environmental protection regime which is currently being undertaken by the federal government. These include amendments to the laws governing the National Energy Board, environmental assessments, and navigable waterways.
The previous Conservative government brought in controversial changes to the Fisheries Act in 2012. Those changes were viewed as being an erosion of certain protections to fish and fish habitat by limiting protections to fish that are related to a commercial, recreational or Aboriginal fishery.
Perhaps of most interest, the changes to the Fisheries Act currently being contemplated would roll back the changes made by the Conservative government and restore protections to all fish and fish habitat. This will no doubt have implications for farmers, industry, and other actors who face a wider scope of harm to fish and habitat once again subject to prosecution.
An interesting addition being proposed would prohibit the capture of cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) for the purpose of keeping them in captivity except in case of the animal’s injury, distress, or need of care.
The proposed changes also include provision for the creation of marine refuges—areas where fishing activities would be restricted so as to protect marine biodiversity.
Additional proposed changes to the Fisheries Act include:
- Incorporation of some formal recognition that fisheries-related decisions “can” be guided by principles of precaution, sustainability, and ecosystem management;
- Enhancement of the role of indigenous people, by requiring that traditional knowledge be considered in making fish habitat-related decisions and that potential adverse impacts to indigenous rights be considered in making decisions;
- Inclusion of mechanisms to address offences outside of courts; and
- Promotion of the restoration of habitat and fish stocks.


小林由弥, 鈴木雅大, 松尾豊: 深層生成モデルによる背景情報を利用したシーン解釈, 人工知能学会論文誌, 第38巻3号, 2023.
Ability to understand surrounding environment compositionally by decomposing it into its individual components is important cognitive ability. Human beings decompose arbitral entities into some parts based on its semantics or functionality, and recognize those parts as “object”. Such kind of object recognition ability is fundamental to planning. Recently, researches called “scene interpretation” have been conducted using deep generative models. Those researches build models that are able to recognize environment compositionally. The objective of this paper is to extend scene interpretation methods. Application of existing methods are restricted to simple images, and could not deal with complex images such as real images and heavily textured images. This is because previous works are done in fully-unsupervised manner, and the objective function is just minimizing reconstruction error. Therefore, in this case, models have no clues about objects unlike models leveraging supervised information, or inductive bias. In this research, we propose a method to decompose scenes as intended using minimum auxiliary information to identify objects. We build a model that utilizes background as auxiliary information to separate representation of background and foreground, and then we show our method is able to deal with datasets that are difficult for existing methods.


Alabama gets some of the best weather during the summer months but residents have to be on their guard because they’re not the only ones enjoying the sun; the mosquitoes are as well. Here are five skin-tingling facts about mosquitoes that live in your area.
1. They Like Yards
Mosquitoes are attracted to yards because there is often everything they need to thrive in such an environment. Any wet area in your yard could be the ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes because the females lay their eggs in standing water or damp soil.
2. Mass Reproduction
A female mosquito can produce around 200 eggs from one satisfying feeding session. If she gets the opportunity to suck blood until her abdomen is so full that it more than doubles in size, she can lay approximately 200 eggs a few days later. Then, in just over a week these eggs emerge into hungry mosquitoes.
3. Sixty Different Types of Mosquitoes
There are approximately sixty types of mosquitoes that live in Alabama, but the ones that you really have to watch out for are the Japanese encephalitis mosquito, southern house mosquito, and the Asian tiger mosquito. All three are known to carry and transmit dangerous diseases.
4. Home to the Asian Tiger Mosquito
These mosquitoes have only been in the Alabama area for around thirty years. It is believed that they came from Asia on ships carrying used tires. The problem with this kind of mosquito is that it can carry multiple diseases and it prefers suburban areas to uninhabited woodland.
5. Disease Carriers
The word mosquito is often synonymous with the disease Malaria, but this isn’t the only disease that they transmit. In the Alabama area alone, mosquitoes could also potentially transmit Zika Virus, West Nile virus, Dengue Fever, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, and Chikungunya. In fact, it’s estimated that the transmission of these diseases is going to increase due to tourists either visiting or returning from countries that are badly affected by these diseases.
One of the most effective solutions for eliminating mosquitoes from your property is MosquitoNix. This EPA approved product is designed to repel mosquitoes promptly without harming bees. It’s also safe for children, dogs, and cats and is completely biodegradable. If you would like further assistance, please get in touch.
If you need help in eliminating these pesky biting insects from your yard, our Huntsville, Alabama Team here at MosquitoNix® is here to help!


The Table Shows Information And Predictions Regarding The Change In Percentage Of The Population Aged 65 And Above | Band 7 IELTS Report Sample
The table below shows information and predictions regarding the change in percentage of the population aged 65 and above in three countries. Summarize the information.
Here is a band 7 IELTS report on this topic written by one of our students. Need help with IELTS writing? Get your IELTS essays, letters and reports corrected by me.
Band 7 IELTS report sample
The table illustrates details over the years 1988 and 2000 and predictions for the year 2030 about the change in proportion of the elderly population aged 65 years and above in the three countries Canada, Germany, and the UK. Overall, the percentage of aged population in all the three countries not only experienced a growing trend over the years from 1988 to 2000 but also has been predicted an increase up till the year 2030. Notably, of the three countries Germany has the highest proportion and prediction of elderly population over the given period. As the table shows, the percentage of people aged 65 and above in Canada was 16.32% in 1988. This figure increased gradually to 20.67% in 2000. In 2030, this proportion has been predicted to rise to 26.35%. Regarding Germany, the proportion of aged population stood at 20.45% in1988. Subsequently, it climbed up steadily to 25.32% in 2000. Furthermore, this number has been predicted to go up to 30.42% in 2030. Meanwhile, the percentage of 65 and above senior population in the UK rose slightly from 14.23% in 1988 to 14.89% in 2000. This figure has been predicted to rise to 20.35% in 2030.


Come explore some fun and creative ways to create rainbows, including a few that sneak in Science with kids!
We would love to have you link up your School-Age Post (Ages 5 and up) about your learning week after school including Crafts, Activities, Playtime and Adventures that you are doing to enrich your
With the excitement of spring arriving and the unpredictable weather plus St. Patrick’s Day just around the corner, it’s always fun to explore rainbows with kids. We are amazed at how many fun activities were shared on our After School Linky Party the past few weeks.
Thank you so much to those that shared their ideas! We’re sharing some of our favorites for you to enjoy too. Take a peek at this roundup of Rainbow ideas for your child or students to create.
Rainbow Activities for Kids
- Skittles Density Rainbow from Gift of Curiousity *
- Rainbow Playdough Idea for St. Patrick’s Day from Fantastic Fun and Learning *
- Rainbow Baking Soda Vinegar Experiment from Happily Ever Mom *
- Make Your Own Rainbow Flowers from Pink Stripey Socks
- How to Easily Make Several Colors of Playdough from Mama Smiles *
- Magic Milk from Life Lessons Plans *
- Colorful Sand for Spring Drawing from Buggy and Buddy *
- Rainbow Art for Kids from Buggy and Buddy *
- Rainbow Eruptions from Learn Play Imagine
- 36 Rainbow Activities from Fun at Home with Kids
- Rainbow Yogurt Pops from Coffee Cups and Crayons
- Black Glue and Salt Watercolor Rainbow from Mess for Less *
Plus a few Rainbow Activities from The Educators’ Spin On It
- Learning to Read Color Words with Lids
- Rainbow Sea Shells *
- 100+ Rainbow Activities
- Rainbow Poem and Craft for Mother’s Day
- Rainbow Collage with Food Pictures
- Rainbow Recipes Ideas
- Rainbow Fruit and Veggie Book with Printable
- Rainbow Heart Paper Bag Book and Activities
- Making Rainbow Colored Clothespins and Games *
* indicates featured in collage image
Do you have a special Rainbow Activity? Share in the comments below
Vicky @ Mess For Less says
Thanks for featuring our watercolor rainbow!
This is such a great list… Thanks for featuring our Rainbow Beans!


This paper examines the Little Ice Age in the Scottish Highlands and Islands and uses documentary evidence to show its impact on the farm economy. It has three sections. The first examines how Highland climate may have changed during the Little Ice Age. and notes that increased storminess was probably as much a factor as lower annual mean temperatures. The second takes the most severe phase of the Little Ice Age. the Maunder Mininium, 1645-1715, and uses rests or eases of rent to show how it stressed the farm economy. The third examines evidence for the abandonment of land during the Maunder Minimum. As well as arguing, that we need to see abandonment in its social as well as physical setting. it highlights the role played by the temporary abandonment of land and suggests that Such abandonment along the western seaboard probably indicates the impact of increased storminess.
|Number of pages||17|
|Journal||Scottish Geographical Journal|
|Publication status||Published - 2005|
- ittle Ice Age
- documentary evidence
- farm output


Fungal Diseases In Reptiles
There a various types of fungal diseases in reptiles that can greatly affect a its body and even cause death. Knowing what causes fungal diseases can help you prevent your pet from getting one.
Depending on the type of fungi, a reptile can get various diseases that can affect more than one organ. There are fungal infections that affect kidneys, liver, skin, and other parts of a reptile's body. Many of these diseases can be terminal, but if noticed and treated early it is possible for a reptile to recover.
The most common symptoms of any fungal disease are loss of appetite, weight loss, abnormal behavior, and lethargy. Depending on the specific disease reptile's may also have trouble breathing, internal sores, and abnormal skin conditions.
There are many different causes for fungal infections, but a lot of them involved poor care. Reasons for fungal diseases in reptiles include improper diet, poor living conditions, low environment temperature, improper humidity levels, stress, and injury. Fungal infections can also occur if a reptile already has another disease or illness.
Know that you know the causes, you can help prevent fungal diseases. Many pet owners are actually misinformed when it comes to a proper diet. Commercial pet food doesn't always contain all the things a pet needs to have great health. A well balanced diet can prevent fungal diseases and many other illnesses. Reptiles also need their environment to be the right temperature and have the right humidity. If you're not sure of the right ones then consult a vet or reptile expert.
If your reptiles develops a fungal diseases it needs immediate medical attention. A veterinarian can prescribe antifungal medication and sometimes surgery may be needed. There aren't any promises when treating a reptile for a fungal, many reptiles don't recover which is why prevention is so important.
The information provided on this site is for informational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for advice from your veterinarian or other health care professional. You should not use the information on this site for diagnosis or treatment of any health problem or for prescription of any medication or other treatment.


in September 2003 a national workshop took place in the United Kingdom with the aim of assessing the accuracy of the acoustic ground-discrimination system (AGDS), RoxAnn (TM), as a tool for mapping seabed habitats in Special Areas of Conservation (SACs). A heterogeneous area of seabed, approximately 1 km(2) in size, was selected for the study. The area was first surveyed using a sidescan-sonar system and a mosaic of the output was produced covering 100% of the survey area. Interpretation of the mosaic identified three acoustically distinct seabed types, the spatial distributions of which were mapped. Four RoxAnn data sets were then collected over the same area of seabed applying different survey parameters (e.g. different survey grids, track spacing, survey vessels, survey speeds, and RoxAnn systems). Extensive ground-truthing was carried out involving 26 drop-down video stations, and from these data six benthic, classes (seabed habitats) were identified. Following interpolation of the RoxAnn track-point data to produce full spatial-coverage data, these six-seabed habitat categories were used to conduct supervised classification of the RoxAnn data to produce full-coverage habitat maps of the area for each of the four RoxAnn data sets. Comparisons were then made between the four RoxAnn maps and the sidescan-sonar interpreted map. The accuracy of each map was assessed and the application of this mapping approach for mapping seabed habitats in SACs is discussed. (c) 2005 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|Number of pages||13|
|Journal||ICES J MAR SCI|
|Publication status||Published - 2005|
- EASTERN ENGLISH-CHANNEL
- Marine & Freshwater Biology


You finally got that mosquito that’s been buzzing around your head all afternoon. Mosquitoes and other ‘pests’ are a Biosphere summer constant – especially at dawn and dusk. They gather blood from people and other animals to feed their eggs, and in some cases can carry disease. We might be tempted to get rid of them, but did you know that mosquitoes are REALLY important to our environment? Let’s check it out!
Mosquito Life Cycle
Mosquitoes only live about two weeks, with the females feeding on blood to help grow their eggs. Male mosquitoes only feed on flower nectar, meaning they can help bees and butterflies to pollinate different plants. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in stagnant (‘non-moving’) water, such as wetlands, or shallow pools like birdbaths and buckets of water. These eggs hatch into larvae that live in the water until they’re ready to develop into adult mosquitoes.
Did you know that these larvae are called ‘wrigglers’ because of the way they wriggle around in the water? See if you can spot any this summer while you’re out exploring!
Mosquitoes in the Environment
Mosquitoes are an important food source for dozens of birds, amphibians, fish, and even other insects. Larval mosquitoes are gobbled up by fish and frogs, and adults are eaten by most flying predators. They are also an important food source for bats. In fact, in one hour a single little brown bat can eat 1000 mosquitoes! Incredible!
Mosquitoes might be a pest to people during the summer when we’re trying to enjoy the outdoors, but they support dozens of animals as a source of food in the biosphere. As bothersome as they are, they are a crucial part of our ecosystem!


This week was mostly devoted to informal formative assessment (I’m really beginning to hate those words). Students were asked to explain aspects of a stick’s shadow’s behavior in terms of, for example, Sun’s diurnal and annual motions. Example questions would be something like:
“In one sentence, explain why a stick’s noon shadow changes length during a year.”
“In one sentence, explain why a stick’s sunrise shadow changes direction during a year.”
“In one sentence, explain how you know that the ecliptic and celestial equator cannot possibly coincide. Cite specific observational evidence.”
The third question can then be used for something quite profound, namely to establish that two fundamental celestial reference planes which cannot actually be seen on the sky MUST not overlap (they intersect, of course). This is related to the infamous “twenty-three and a half degrees” that most all introductory astronomy students claim to know all about. Yet, when questioned, they cannot articulate what the entities are that share this angle and furthermore, they cannot articulate how this angle is even measured. Thus, by all reasonable definitions, they do not know anything about it. By the way, in my course students actually complete a WebAssign assignment in which they use noon shadows to measure this angle, but most do not realize that’s what they’re doing at the time.
There’s a lot of reasoning behind these questions, and that reasoning is the main “thing” I want students to take away from this course. I assert that such reasoning is virtually absent from traditional introductory astronomy (there may be exceptions I don’t know about). In the next chapter, these questions will be extended to ones like:
“In one sentence, explain why the time of sunrise varies throughout the year.”
I would much rather have student learn to reason through the explanations for these observable events, which they’ve all noticed in their lives, than memorize facts and figures about anything. From some of my experiences, I’m in the minority.
Comments and feedback welcome!


Feeding is a great way to get your rock iguana’s attention and teach it to be comfortable around your hands.
It is normal for very young juvenile rock iguanas to be afraid of your approaching hands. They see your hands as a predator and their survival instincts kick in which causes juvenile iguanas to panic and run in fear.
You have to be very very patient in the beginning till your iguana gets used to your hands.
Feeding iguanas can be fun and it is also a great technique to train your juvenile rock iguana to accept your presence and loose fear of hands.
I like to show iguanas the food dish through the glass and move very slowly. They will watch you!
Then slowly open the cage and insert the food dish. Take your time. Try to move as slow as you can so iguana doesn’t feel threatened. Any sudden moves can spook baby iguana and it will start to panic and run around. Do not wear any loud print and bright color clothing while interacting with juvenile rock iguanas. They may interpret such clothing as predator print and will feel threatened and stressed when you are approaching the cage.
Do this feeding routine daily till your iguana stops being afraid and eventually will start looking forward to this ritual.
When watching iguana eat you can slowly place your hands against the glass and just let iguana get used to them being around.
Then progress to offering an irresistible treat by hand and see if iguana will come to you and eats out of your hand. I like to use very bright flowers in red, orange, yellow and pink colors like hibiscus and nasturtium. Bright colors of the flower will get iguana’s attention!
I made a video of two different one month old baby rock iguanas. You can see that one iguana already goes to eat just after a few seconds of replacing the dish. And another baby rock iguana already eating a flower out of my hand at the end of the video.
Since each rock iguana is a little different it may take a few days or weeks or perhaps months for your iguana to get completely comfortable with your hands. You need to be very patient, move very slowly and keep offering food and bright color treats till your iguana feels safe around you.


Some people suspect that Hawking died in 1985, so who is the person sitting on the Renqi in the later photos? We all know that Hawking, as a scientist who is relatively close to our contemporary age, has a lot of research on the universe. It is also and has played a very critical role in the development of our human beings. When we see Hawking, we usually see him sitting in a high-tech wheelchair until he died in the 21st century, but some people speculate that Hawking died in 1985.
Hawking in a wheelchair
We all know that Hawking is a patient of ALS, which usually cannot survive for such a long time, and although Hawking is a great scientist, he cannot change this disease. So much so that he died of frostbite in 1985, and the Hawking that everyone saw later was just a puppet created to make money and continue Hawking's reputation, which is why Hawking died in 1985. Subversive research doctrines are rarely followed.
We all know that Hawking only had three fingers to move at the end of his life, and he used these three fingers to tap the computer keyboard on his wheelchair. That's it, 55 years of living. And during these years of his existence, he put forward the theory on the avenue of the universe and the black hole theory he himself researched. It can be said that Hawking has become the greatest scientist who has lived to the 21st century, but it is because of his physical condition. The serious illness, coupled with the contribution he made, made everyone feel suspicious.
Photograph of Stephen Hawking
Someone once studied Hawking's photos, that is, before 1985 and after 1985, it can be found that although the appearance is relatively similar, there are still some differences. For example, the eyes are smaller and younger, and even the color of the hair has changed. However, these are also inseparable from the lighting and shooting angles, so whether Hawking is true or not, his contributions are real.


by Randall CraigFiled in: Blog, Communication, Make It Happen Tipsheet, Motivational, Professional Development
Did you ever think that you would appreciate the grammar that you learned back in grade school? While writers (and grade school teachers) might be concerned with nouns, verbs, and other parts of speech, is there any reason you should be? The answer is yes… but perhaps not for the reason you might think.
Think back to the definitions of these words: nouns are people, places or things, and verbs are action words. Interestingly, people can be easily classified this way too. Are you an analyst, a designer, or a manager? Or do you analyze, design, manage, invent, act, inspire, and lead? Nouns vs. Verbs.
People who are nouns have a fixed sense of what they are and what they do; they are static. People who are verbs have direction: from what is, to what can be. They are moving to their next goal.
Look over any biographies and resumes that you have. Are you a noun or a verb? If you are a noun, add some direction by re-writing with more verb-alization: make yourself a person of action.
Bonus Action: Organizations can be nouns or verbs as well. If you are writing a proposal, doing a pitch, or writing a memo, take a moment this week to identify all of the nouns, then consider if your communication would be better verb-alized.
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(American, b. 1940)
Drypoint, roulette, and mezzotint
Platemark: 83 x 55.4 cm (32 11/16 x 21 13/16 in.); Sheet: 92.4 x 60.5 cm (36 3/8 x 23 13/16 in.)
Bequest of Frances P. Taft, Trustee of the Cleveland Museum of Art, 1973-2017 2017.206
Edition: Edition: 5/100
Ralph Woehrman’s drypoint, roulette, and mezzotint Abe Lincoln is based on a photograph of Lincoln made just before his death. The deliberate scratching of the plate alerts the viewer to the photograph of the aged president, but also unsettles expectations of portraiture, suggesting that the image is more than a likeness; perhaps it is also a suggestion of sadness or a sinister reminder of the president’s death.
The information about this object, including provenance, may not be currently accurate. If you notice a mistake or have additional information about this object, please email firstname.lastname@example.org.
To request more information about this object, study images, or bibliography, contact the Ingalls Library Reference Desk.
All images and data available through Open Access can be downloaded for free. For images not available through Open Access, a detail image, or any image with a color bar, request a digital file from Image Services.


Name changes can come with some confusion (ask anyone who changed their name after getting married), but they can also bring clarity (ask anyone who didn't change their name and has to explain why their name is different than their child's).
Today, one of Stanford's institutes got a little clarity with a new name that better reflects its vision. What was once the Stanford Institute for Chemical Biology - a joint venture of the schools of Medicine, Engineering and Humanities & Sciences - is now Stanford ChEM-H.
I talked with Chaitan Khosla, PhD, director of ChEM-H, for a Q&A on the name change that was published today. He explained:
The term ChEM-H has two meanings. In one, it is shorthand for an emerging interdisciplinary area of chemistry that this institute will support; that is, using the principles and tools of chemistry to better understand and advance human health. It is also an acronym for the fields that will need to come together for us to be successful (chemistry, engineering and medicine for human health).
Khosla also talked about why now is the right time to be bringing these fields together:
The core value of chemistry remains timeless, even to a high school student. Chemistry is the science that makes new forms of matter and measures its properties at an atomic level. That said, I see the field of chemistry as being at an inflection point analogous to a period of time immediately after the transistor was invented. As mathematicians started to recognize the capabilities of this device, the field of computer science emerged.
In a similar way, the human genome project has created a resource that opens the door to understanding human biology in the language of chemistry. Up to this point, the impact of chemistry on our world has been profound – all the synthetic products we use in our daily lives are a result of chemical ingenuity. This, of course, includes a vast majority of medicines that society has come to rely upon so heavily. I predict that the emerging frontier between chemistry and human biology will challenge future generations of chemists and molecular engineers to elevate their design, synthetic and analytical skills to new heights. In turn, these pursuits will fundamentally alter our understanding of who we are as a species and as individuals.
Khosla has more to say about the language barrier that needs to be overcome between chemistry and biology, how this institute is different than biochemistry, and what he hopes ChEM-H will have accomplished ten years from now.


Anthropology for Kids
A project by Nika Dubrovsky
Edited and proof read by Barbara Andersen Designed by Torsten Lesszinsky, Elena Shindukova and Mitya Kobrinsky
Anthropology For Kids describes essential aspects of human life in simple terms. The project uses examples from a wide spectrum of different cultures, it researches the existential and universal question of what it means to be human – as a child and as an adult – in order to explore the diversity of how people live globally and throughout history. In a language that is understandable and eligible for everyone it subverts the habitual perception of our lives towards a reconsideration of our social beliefs and habits.
Produced for the exhibition Everything we see could also be otherwise (My sweet little lamb) 2017
Curated by What, How & for Whom/WHW and Kathrin Rhomberg, in collaboration with Emily Pethick
Nika Dubrovsky’s practice works from visual arts, journalism, internet culture and publishing. Her critical position
on education policies has led to the development and publishing of workbooks for children. in 2009 she initiated the project Anthropology for Kids.
Supported by Fondation de France, Neue Auftraggeber Germany, ERSTE foundation, ERSTE Group Bank AG, Arts Council England,
Austrian Cultural Forum London, Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia.


If you read our last post you know Acadian Seaplants has a resource biologist here in Maine (that’s me!). My job, as part of our resource science team, is making sure that we are managing the Ascophyllum nodosum (rockweed) sustainably. You’ve probably heard us say that we harvest 17% of the biomass, but what does this mean? And how do we calculate it? Well, that’s where I come in!
To determine 17% of the harvestable biomass we first need to determine the total biomass in an area. We do this through a combination of satellite imagery and ground truthing techniques. Using GIS software, we can use satellite imagery to calculate the area of rockweed within a harvesting location. We then visit the rockweed beds and conduct transects (lots and lots of transects!) to determine the biomass that can be harvested. During our visits to the rockweed beds we can also determine what beds cannot be harvested because of gear limitations, safety or economic reasons – if a bed cannot be harvested it is excluded from our calculations. Using the area and measured biomass we can calculate the total harvestable biomass within each harvesting location and we harvest up to 17% of that biomass annually.
I have a lot of area to cover this summer and will be getting started on the first of many transects as soon as the rockweed has shed its reproductive receptacles, which occurs between mid-May and early June. Luckily, I will have some help! Our summer field assistant is a recent graduate of Unity College and will be joining our Maine team for the summer. So if you see us out walking on the seaweed beds (just like my parents always warned me not to do – they were right, it is SLIPPERY) – come say hi, or shout hello from the safety of dry ground!


At the end of the course the student is able to:
- identify the essential metals and trace elements in living cells and explain how acquisition, transport and storage occur.
- explain some elementary concepts of coordination complexes and their main properties as well as of oxidation/reduction chemistry, and apply them to biological systems.
- explain the roles of transition metal ions in important biological processes, namely electron transfer in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen, binding and activation of molecular oxygen and reactive oxygen species, hydrolysis, and controlled radical reactions.
- recognize the most important metallo-enzymes and metal-containing cofactors and coenzymes, understand how they are built up, and know their most important functions and properties.
In the inorganic biochemistry course the role of transition metals in biology will be discussed. The lectures start with an introduction on coordination chemistry and inorganic redox reactions. Then we will look into the role of metal ions in biological electron transfer. Next metallo-proteins and metallo-enzymes are introduced, and we will investigate for which properties certain metal ions were selected for certain roles in the most important biological cycles in the course of the evolution. As many metals interact both with a protein and an organic cofactor, such as iron and porphyrin in heme proteins, or cobalt and corrin in coenzyme B12-dependent enzymes, we shall also zoom in on the structure and function of such cofactors.
Subsequently the oxygen housekeeping of aerobic organisms will be discussed. Many biological processes are coupled to the respiration cycle of aerobic organisms, and transition metal complexes are crucial for the formation, binding, transport, and activation of the life gas oxygen. Finally the metal housekeeping in living organisms and drugs containing metals will be discussed. By looking at the most important examples, we learn how metal ions are taken up, transported, stored, and disposed of by living cells, and how biominerals are formed.


Microgrid System Development and Analysis
Two industry trends have led to the rapid growth of distributed power system deployment: the influx of distributed energy resources (DER), such as renewables, on the utility grid and the push towards electrification of systems, such as marine and aircraft power systems. Distributed power systems have layers of control tasks often directed by a supervisory energy management system (EMS), all of which require testing and validation prior to final integration into the utility grid or power system.
This video series explores the concepts of distributed power systems, with a focus on the microgrid and renewables. A case study of a microgrid with a peak shaving/islanding EMS is used to explore workflows on design, testing, and validation. Examples of topics include:
- Simulating grid-connected/islanded microgrids with renewable DERs and utility-scale energy storage systems
- Designing and validating EMS supervisory logic for all operating conditions and testing grid codes and standards such as IEEE 1547
- Leveraging controller hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) to test industrial EMS hardware with an emulated version of the microgrid prior to final integration
Introduction to Microgrids Learn about design, simulation, and controller verification for distributed power systems.
From Desktop to Real-Time Testing with EMS Hardware Use controller hardware and real-time simulation to test and validate energy management algorithms for a microgrid.
Using Simscape Electrical to Simulate Microgrids Learn more on how to model microgrids and renewables for both desktop simulations and real-time HIL applications.


Episcopacy is the government of the Church by a hierarchy of bishops. It was regarded with suspicion by many Protestants after the Reformation but was sanctioned in the Anglican church during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. It became a cornerstone of the religious policy of King James I, who declared "No Bishop, No King", and was taken up by King Charles I and Archbishop Laud.
In defiance of the King's authority, bishops were abolished by the Scottish Kirk at the Glasgow Assembly of 1638, which was dominated by the anti-episcopalian Covenanters, leading to the Bishops' Wars of 1639-40.
In England, a bill for the abolition of episcopacy was drafted by Oliver St John and introduced to the Long Parliament in May 1641. Episcopacy was finally abolished by a parliamentary ordinance of 9 October 1646.
The Independent sects regarded episcopacy as corrupt and "popish". It was also vehemently opposed by the Presbyterians, who advocated a non-hierarchical system of Church government. Despite the hostility of these two main Parliamentarian factions, King Charles refused to compromise his adherence to Episcopacy and was still arguing for its retention at the Treaty of Newport in 1648 — the final attempt at a negotiated settlement between King and Parliament.
During the Commonwealth and Protectorate years, deposed bishops tended to live quietly in retirement. Many former Episcopalian clergymen were prepared to serve the new order to gain a church benefice, but others refused to acknowledge the Interregnum church and sought refuge with Royalist gentry as private chaplains, schoolmasters or tutors. There was support amongst all classes of society for the old liturgy; Episcopalian tracts continued to be published and the Prayer Book continued to be used in private services. The Protectorate government made stringent efforts to drive out former Royalist clergy, particularly during the Rule of the Major-Generals, but to limited effect.
Episcopacy was restored to the Anglican Church with the return of Charles II in 1660.
S.R. Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War vols. iii & iv, (London 1889)
John Morrill (ed), Revolution and Restoration: England in the 1650s (London 1992)
David Stevenson, The Scottish Revolution 1637-44, (Newton Abbott 1973)


This message from Create A Smile in Bloomington IN is about dental crowns.
Did you know that dental crowns have been used in dentistry for over 2000 years? There is evidence that the Etruscans experimented with crowns as early as 700 B.C., using ivory and bone. By 200 A.D. they began using gold crowns to construct artificial teeth. Ancient Egyptians fashioned tooth replacements out of seashells and then hammered them into their gums. (Oral sedation, anyone?)
Porcelain crowns were first used in the 1800s. With the refining of metal casting methods in the 1900s, crown dentistry advanced significantly.
Today, crowns are strong, comfortable and are made to match your surrounding teeth.
Dental crowns (also called caps) cover the entire visible portion of the tooth and are cemented in place. Crowns are used to strengthen teeth that have been worn down or weakened by decay or injury. Crowns are also used to restore the original shape of a tooth or solely to improve the appearance of a tooth.
The most common types of crowns are:
- All-porcelain (ceramic)
At Create A Smile in Bloomington IN, we use crowns every day to complete tooth restorations. We offer a wide range of general dentistry procedures. Schedule an appointment with us today.
Contact Create A Smile, PC – Dr. Ken Moore:
Location (Tap to open in Google Maps):
219 E. 17th St.


What is the area of the kite 10 12 12 18
Which of the following are parallel to the line 2x+ 4y=16
DontcareanyonemoOctober 23, 20213 Comments
7.(06.02)Nami plotted the graph below to show the relationship between the temperature of her city
Fryday2516October 23, 20214 Comments
3. Lolly and Molly are reading a book. Lolly is on page 30 and reads 4 pages a minute.Molly is on page 40 and reads two pages
mobeteOctober 23, 20214 Comments
On a scale drawling with the scale of 1 in to 5ft to aflagpole is 4 inches tall how tall is the actual flagpole
PoweradampowerOctober 23, 20214 Comments
Renting a trailer for 4 days costs $84. Renting the trailer for 5 days costs $100. Which of the following
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This Post Has 4 Comments
the law of definite proportions states samples of a compound will always contain the same proportion of elements by mass. in other words, a given compound will always contain the same elements in the same proportions by mass.the law of multiple proportions states when two elements combine with each other to form more than one compound, then the weights of one element that combine with a fixed weight of the other are in a ratio of small whole numbers.
the answer is 0.000652422
but if you ment to ask what is 6131 divided by 4, it is 1532.75.
The correct answer is $90


MONITORING SDG 9 WITH GLOBAL OPEN DATA AND OPEN SOFTWARE – A CASE STUDY FROM RURAL TANZANIA
Keywords: crowdsourcing, open geospatial data, open source software, rural accessibility, sustainable development goals (SDG), Tanzania
Abstract. The 17 goals adopted by the United Nations (UN) are aimed at achieving a better and more sustainable future for all. For each goal, a set of indicators has been defined. The indicators measure progress towards achieving the respective SDG. For the majority of these indicators, geospatial information is needed to evaluate the current state of the indicator. While geospatial information is largely available in developed countries, this is not the case in many developing countries of the world. Furthermore, skills and capacity for calculating indicator values are also limited in many developing countries. To address these shortcomings, the third challenge of the 2018 UN OSGeo Committee Educational Challenges called for the development of training material for using open source software together with freely available high resolution global geospatial datasets in support of monitoring SDG progress. The resulting training material provides a step-by-step guide for calculating the state of SDG indicator 9.1.1, Proportion of the rural population who live within 2km of an all-season road, using open software and open data with global coverage. Through the development of this training material, we showed that anyone can monitor progress towards achieving SDG indicator 9.1.1 for their specific part of the world. Because open source software and open data were used, the indicator calculation is cost effective and completely sustainable.


Green and white photograph of grassy field with white crosses
Rows of white crosses, or war memorial markers, are found at U.S. military cemeteries. Although the standard crosses are common representing Christian faith, there are also Star of David to represent Jewish faith, Lutheran Cross, Russian Orthodox Cross, Cross and Crown (First Church of Christ, Scientist), Presbyterian Cross, and white pillars to represent other religions.
Fields of crosses have been used to represent memorial day, patriotism, as well as dissent with war in the media and pop culture. The musical Oh! What a Lovely War notably used the field of crosses as their main promotional image. The Chicago III album depicts soldiers posing in front of crosses as an anti-Vietnam statement from 1971.
CHICAGO III record album insert, anti-Vietnam War Poster, Band in front of cemetery crosses | David Pollack Vintage Posters. (2021). Retrieved 11 January 2021, from https://www.dpvintageposters.com/posters/horizontal-posters/chicago-iii…
Oh! What a Lovely War. (2020, June 06). Retrieved June 13, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh!_What_a_Lovely_War


Colors always have a relation to some emotional attributes. When it comes to the color blue, it signifies trust, serenity, and intelligence. If you are going into the scientific part of this theory it may become somewhat complex. However, according to most of the people, they regard the color blue as a dominant color. This is actually true with regard to diamonds also. A lot of scientific debates are going on about how diamonds got its blue color. For a gemstone to exhibit a blue color it must have some traces of boron within it.
Diamonds for centuries has been famous for its beauty and was popular among people who were really able to afford this stone. People either choose to buy a diamond band or find loose diamonds separately for fixing it on their ring. Most of the people are attracted to buying colored diamonds. Furthermore, when you take blue colored diamonds to the concern, they really had a long history of fame and recognition.
The Blue Heart
The blue heart diamond was discovered from South Africa’s Premier mine. Finding the origins of this diamond was actually a difficult process. It was the scientists from the Smithsonian Institution’s Natural History Museum who suggested this diamond to be from South Africa. This diamond was found in 1908, within two years since the stone was discovered, Mrs. Unzue bought this magnificent diamond from Cartier. This incredible diamond had a carat weight of 30.62 carats, which made the stone the largest of all heart-shaped diamonds that was found in the world. The diamond was given a clarity grade of VS-2 (very slight inclusions). This diamond is supposed to be the most beautiful diamonds in the world.
The Blue Moon
This awesome 12.03-carat diamond was sold in 2015 in an auction for around $48 million. This means that the diamond had a worth of $4 million for each carat, which makes the blue moon diamond counted in the list of the most expensive diamonds in the world. In 2014, this diamond was found from the Premier mine located in South Africa. One of the most attractive features of this diamond was that it exhibited the highest color grading that was ever seen in blue diamonds. From this, it is clear that the diamond was completely free from scratches and inclusions. In addition, the GIA gave this diamond the perfect clarity grade for its internally flawless structure.


Last updated on December 1st, 2022
If you have an ozone generator you would know that the minimum amount of time you have to wait before entering the room is 30 minutes – that’s what every manufacturer puts as a warning sign on their machines. However, 30 minutes is the half time for ozone in water – meaning that every 30 minutes the ozone concentration will be reduced to half it has in the beginning. Other factors influence the half life as well:
- temperature (the higher the temperature is – the faster the decomposition process is)
- water (in water it dissipates faster than in the air)
- ozone concentration itself
In other words, half an hour is the least amount of time you have to wait before entering the space that was cleaned with an ozone generator – in some instances it may take more time. The general consensus is, 30 minutes are the minimum amount, but at high concentration levels it may take up to 4 hours.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the maximum exposure which is safe for humans to be at 0.1 ppm (Parts Per Billion) average over an 8-hour period. For more information visit their official site. Levels of 5 ppm or higher are dangerous, according to The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
You may also check ozone levels with a detector. However, most of the modern ozone generators are equipped with an in-built ozone monitor.
My name is Alex Evans and I own this website. I have been in air purifier industry for several years now and nowadays I write about air purifiers, their features, benefits and downsides. Cheers!


The End Of Autumn (1887) by Konstantin Pervukhin
This painting by Konstantin Pervukhin reminds me a lot of the paintings we reviewed in class on Thursday. The landscape of bare trees and Russian architecture in the background is very similar to other paintings by “The Wanders.” Additionally, like other Peredvizhniki paintings, it isn’t breath taking, yet it is still beautiful in the eyes of this group of artists. What I find interesting about this picture and what I liked about it, is that its exactly how I picture Russia. I have always seen it as kind of gloomy, barren, with the “classical” Russian architecture you see in Moscow.
About the artist and painting: Pervukhin painted mostly Impressionist landscapes while contributing much work to many different art exhibitions and working as a photographer and writer. He was also a founding member of the Union of Russian Artists, which set up 18 exhibitions in Russia. However, when looking up more information about this specific piece there was none. I think he chose to paint this scene because it is a very classic Russian scene.
“Konstantin Pervukhin.” THE PREMIER SITE FOR RUSSIAN CULTURE. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2015. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusartnet.com%2Fbiographies%2Frussian-artists%2F19th-century%2Flate-19th-century%2Fimpressionist%2Fkonstantin-pervukhin>.
“Union of Russian Artists.” TheFreeDictionary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Aug. 2015. <http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Union+of+Russian+Artists>.
Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 30 Aug. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Pervukhin>.


16 Nov Different Types of Antivirus Application
Antivirus software protects your computer from viruses and other threats. It can identify, remove, and prevent the divide of malevolent programs. There are many different types of anti virus programs, and it is important to pick one that’s right for your requirements. Here’s a lowdown of what each type will. Also called anti-malware, antivirus software is an essential part of retaining a clean computer. It is critical to use the more recent version of your anti-virus program regularly to protect your laptop or computer from fresh malware.
The first thing to keeping safe from adware and spyware is to keep antivirus application up-to-date. The majority monitor network traffic and check for thought programs. In addition they alert an individual when they identify a suspect code. These applications are free and simple to use. Even though they may appear a bit puzzling, they’re truly the most effective way to safeguard your computer. And remember, the latest variants of anti-virus software are constantly staying updated to guard you from latest spy ware.
Many anti virus applications also offer browser extensions. These kinds of add-ons alert you to harmful websites totalav antivirus and preserve your privateness. Some antivirus security software companies actually offer extensions for Google Chrome that block out malicious sites. They also understand system data files and internet directories. Once they include found virtually any files that are harmful, they delete all of them. Some of these applications also include support issues. However , these are minor annoyances compared to the great things about anti-virus program.


The Great Gatsby
Stage 5 - Young Adult ELI Readers - Advanced C1
Francis Scott Fitzgerald. Adaptation and activities by Richard J. Larkhman.
Scott Fitzgerald’s third novel was published in 1925 and has justifiably become a 20th century literary classic.
“Gatsby?” asked Daisy urgently. “What Gatsby?” Could it be the same young army lieutenant whom Daisy Fay met five years ago – and who owns a sumptuous house on Long Island, where New York society enjoys the best parties on offer? Is it just coincidence that Gatsby lives across the bay from Daisy – now married to wealthy polo-player Tom Buchanan? As one man’s mysterious dream moves towards its ultimately tragic conclusion, Midwesterner Nick Carraway is drawn into the dark world of Gatsby’s past and present – a world of hidden frustrations and superficial relationships which perfectly illustrates the “careless and confused” nature of America’s Jazz Age.
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Just when you think that you are able to start growing flowers, the dreaded question comes in. Can you just sprinkle flower seeds on your flower garden? Well, I say this only to emphasize the fact that you should be very careful and follow the guidelines properly. The process involved is a delicate one and there is no scope for experimentation. Here are some of the guidelines that have been recommended by the experts for successfully planting seeds.
Do not use regular flower seeds. These seeds do not germinate properly and hence, it is necessary to go in for hybrid varieties that are proven to survive in tough weather conditions. Only expert and qualified seed providers can help you choose the right variety. There is a wide list of hybrid varieties that are used to sprout various types of flowers.
You need to provide proper ventilation to the area where you are planning to plant your seeds. During hot weather, direct sunlight is not beneficial as it tends to heat up the room and reduce the circulation of air in that particular area. A good idea would be to invest in a fan and install it near your flower bed. This will allow proper circulation of air and increase the chances of germination.
Also, take care to water the plants very well. Any kind of moisture would be ideal for thriving flowers. Watering the area after every couple of days would be advisable. In addition, check the root system of the flower. Sprinkling water on the root zone will prevent the growth of fungus on the area.
Can you just sprinkle flower seeds? For perennials like poinsettia, the answer is yes. The reason behind this is that these plants do not like to receive too much attention. A good watering is required so as to avoid the drying out of the soil. Fertilizer must also be applied to prevent the roots from drying out. In this case, the use of hoses or sprinklers would not be needed.
Can you just sprinkle flower seeds? For annuals, the answer is yes. Most of these plants thrive on moist soil, which means that they do not need much water at all. The good thing about these plants is that many varieties bloom year round. Thus, there is no need to water them too much. In fact, a little water will suffice.


Isolation of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) From Different Sources: A Review
Keywords:Antimicrobial peptides, extraction, purification, source, characterization.
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small peptide molecules produced by a wide range of species, from bacteria to higher vertebrates, as a part of the innate immune system. These naturally produced peptides fight against intrusive microbes like viruses, bacteria, and fungi. AMPs are produced in various body parts by different organisms, such as skin secretion of amphibians; leaf, stem, fruits, or whole parts of plants; glandular secretion of mammals; the venom of reptiles and arthropods, etc. Due to this source variation, there is no universal method for the isolation, i.e., extraction and purification of the AMPs. Therefore, several techniques have been established to extract and purify these natural peptides from various sources. Generally, solid-phase extraction and chemical extraction techniques are the most common methods used for the extraction of AMPs. For purification and identification purposes, chromatography, gel electrophoresis, filtration, Edman degradation, circular dichroism, mass spectrometry, etc. are mainly adopted. In this review, we provide a brief discussion on the isolation process of AMPs based on their sources. This study would be helpful in isolating newer AMPs that could be used as potential antimicrobial agents.
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The Indian Health Service supports safe and effective therapies to help patients and providers best manage pain and opioid use disorder. The IHS Opioid Strategy aims to improve perceptions and beliefs associated with substance use by promoting an appropriate, sensitive, and sympathetic message among health systems and the communities we serve.
In Arizona, opioid-related deaths have been steadily increasing since 2012. In addition, among the Phoenix Area IHS service population, the reported opioid-related deaths, inpatient and emergency room incidences increased by 310% from 2008 to 2016, according to data from the Arizona Department of Health Services.
Through collaborative efforts, the IHS Division of Environmental Health Services utilized an applied public health approach to raise awareness and improve prescription drug safe storage practices by pilot testing medication lock boxes for use in the home environment. The goal of the medication lock box pilot project was to identify a possible solution to opioid-related poisonings among American Indians and Alaska Natives by decreasing access to medications in the homes. Staff utilized several qualitative data collection techniques to identify a type of lock box that is effective at safeguarding medications and is accepted by the target audience, and a process for distribution, installation, and education. As a result of the project, a total of 55 lock boxes were installed at homes in eight participating tribal communities.
The program evaluation was conducted during 30 and 60-day follow-up visits through visual observations and personal interviews to determine usage and gain participant feedback. 87% of the boxes were observed in use to secure medications after the 30-day interval, and 95% were observed in use after the 60-day interval.
From our results, the medication lock box pilot project proved to be a promising complement to the clinic-based activities aimed at addressing the opioid epidemic. Coupled with patient education, this intervention has served to change behaviors and reduce risk factors regarding unsecured and improperly stored prescription medications. Medication lock boxes, like similar interventions intended to safeguard access to other lethal means of self-harm such as gun safes, represent a protective factor that aligns well with community-based approaches to injury prevention and control. Since the project’s completion, five tribes and other IHS Areas have begun to replicate this initiative.
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If you are researching insurance jobs as a career option, then set time aside to understand some of the history and basic principles of insurance. Here is some basic background. Contrary to belief, London is not the oldest insurance employment market in the world (although it stretches back to Lloyd’s Coffee House on Tower Street in 1688). If you are ever asked at interview to explain what you know about its history, the correct answer is that the earliest known record of insurance is that from the Babylonians in the time of King Hammurabi (at least 3,500 years ago), though it is believed that insurance as a concept was in use even before that.
The purpose of insurance – the offsetting of financial risk – also includes re-insurance, in which an insurance company offsets its own exposure (risks) by insuring itself with a re-insurance company. This is exactly analogous to a bookmaker who finds that he has too much exposure to the favourite winning the Grand National, then re-insures the risk (lays an offsetting bet) with another bookmaker. Reinsurance is particularly important where an insurance company specialises in particular types of insurance – for example, hurricane insurance. Hurricane ‘Katrina’ caused problems for some companies who were over-exposed to hurricane risk.
Insurance at Lloyd’s of London operates through syndicates, where wealthy members – ‘names’ – ‘clubbed together’ to provide insurance cover. They are exposed to unlimited liability, and liable to lose all their assets in extremis. New names with unlimited liability are no longer admitted following several major insurance crises which caused widespread personal bankruptcies. There are currently still over 750 names who enjoy high financial returns for their unlimited financial exposure, but they are literally a dying breed. The organisation is far more complex now than after its informal beginnings. Underwriters and managing agents arrange the business for the syndicates. Companies also participate in the markets at Lloyd’s and enjoy limited liability.
The insurance business is, in general, tightly regulated in Britain where failures and frauds in the past have left many people and businesses uninsured.
About the Author : Emily Inglis is a writer and supporter of insurance jobs


A boiler is a heating chamber used to create hot water or steam for hydronic baseboard, radiant heat or steam radiator heating systems. Boiler fuels include natural gas, propane, fuel oil, and electricity. Hot water boilers can be small, compact, energy efficient and low maintenance. Steam boilers are more complex and have special gauge glass, pressure gauges, blow off valves and automatic feeds.
Radiant heating systems involve supplying heat directly to the floor or to panels in the wall or ceiling of a house. It is more efficient than baseboard heating and forced-air heating, because no energy is lost through ducts.
Central Air Conditioning
A central cooling system produces cool air in one central area and distributes it throughout the home through ducts.
Ductless Air Conditioning
Ductless systems are mounted compactly on the wall, near the ceiling, delivering cooling directly into the space where you need it. They tend to be less bulky and more aesthetically pleasing than window units, and air does not lose cooling capacity traveling through ducts as in central air systems.
Gas & Oil Furnaces
A furnace is the component of an HVAC system that adds heat to air (or an intermediate fluid) by burning fuel (natural gas, oil, propane, butane, or other flammable substances) in a heat exchanger. The heated air is circulated throughout the home (or other structure) using a network of ducts. Fuel oil furnaces are high-maintenance, troublesome, and dirty. Where natural gas service is available, installing a new gas furnace can be less expensive than replacing an old fuel oil furnace.
A heat pump heats your home in the winter by extracting heat from the outdoor air. In the summer, it pulls heat out of the indoor air and releases it outside to keep your home cool and dry. Its ability to both heat and cool makes the heat pump an economical and efficient home comfort system.
Hot Water Heaters
A water heater is a gas and/or electrically powered device to provide hot water for washing and other uses. Water heating is a thermodynamic process that uses a heating source to heat water above its initial temperature.


Python provides the
sum() method which is used to sums the provided iterable which can be a list, a set or etc. The sum operation is executed from left to right and the total value is returned as the return value.
sum() Method Syntax
The sum() method has the following syntax where the second parameter is optional.
- ITERABLE is an interable object like list, set etc.
- START parameter is optional and if specified and added to the sum of ITERABLE.
Sum List Items
The sum() method is generally used to sum specified list items. The list items should be numbers like integers, floating points, etc. In the following examples, we use the list named “numbers” which contains integers for the first example. In the second example, the list numbers contain integer and floating-point values.
numbers = [1,2,3] result = sum(numbers) print(result) numbers = [1,2,3,4.5] result = sum(numbers) print(result)
Sum List Items with Start Value
We can also provide the start value in order to start sum operation from left to right. In the following example, we start the sum operation with value 2.
numbers = [1,2,3] result = sum(numbers,2) print(result) numbers = [1,2,3,4.5] result = sum(numbers,2) print(result)
Unsupported Operand Type Error
The sum() method can be used with the list which only contains numbers like integers and floating-point numbers. If the list contains other types like string etc. the sum() operation returns an exception like “Unsupported Operand Type Error“.


West Virginia residents who think they might be entitled to Social Security benefits could be confused about the requirements. There are two types of Social Security disability benefits, and the qualification requirements for each type are based not only on disability but on factors including work history and income.
Supplement Security Income is based on need rather than work history. People who are disabled or blind and fall below a certain income level may qualify for SSI. Social Security Disability is based on work history. SSD works like insurance: While working, the worker pays into the system to insure against income loss if he or she is ever disabled and unable to work.
The system works by assigning work credits to workers who pay in. In order to qualify for SSD, someone must have enough work credits. The other qualification is of course, being disabled. Disability is defined as a medical condition that has prevented the worker from engaging in gainful work activity for the previous 12 months or is expected to prevent working for the next 12 months.
People who have a disability but do not qualify for SSD on the basis of their work credits could apply for SSI, which is also known as the Title 16 program. SSI does require having assets that are valued at less than $2,000. SSD has no limitation on assets, but both programs have income limits. The rules for determining actual disability are the same for both programs.
Family members of disabled workers might also be entitled to receive benefits. These family members include children, spouses and dependent parents or former spouses in some cases. Family members might be entitled to 50 percent of the amount of the worker’s SSD benefit.


Why is Overpressure Protection Necessary on Electrical Equipment?
Overpressure protection is a necessity for many process applications and many different products can meet specific application needs.
When considering to choose a Safety Valve, a Safety Relief Valve, a Tank Vent, or a Bursting or Rupture Disc, it is important to review the application for which they will be utilized. Our example today has to do with Switchgears.
Switchgears use rupture discs on cabinets where conductors and contacts are insulated by pressurized (SF6) sulphur hexafluoride gas. Molecule seen below.
The reason for this is that within switchgear housings, very large amounts of energy are released in the form of heat and even radiation. This energy may give rise to pressure increases which may burst the enclosure unless the heated gases are given the possibility to flow out through relief openings.
In the event of an internal fault, a pressure relief device would operate before internal pressure exceeds the design limit of the compartment. The pressure relief device should be designed so that discharges resulting from internal faults are directed away from locations where personnel may be present.
Our OEM partner, Continental Disc Corporation (CDC) provides solutions for even the toughest pressure protection problems.
The benefits of using a Switchgear Overpressure Bursting Disc from CDC are:
- Reduces costs and risk by protecting against damage to surrounding equipment and injury to personnel due to catastrophic overpressure events.
- Clean consistent opening pattern to provide optimum flow conditions.
- Thicker rupture disc materials contribute to superior corrosive resistance.
Contact us today to learn more about what solutions are best suited to your application. The above information has been adapted from a CDC technical brief found here.


Registration for a live webinar on 'Chronic inflammation, immune cell trafficking and anti-trafficking agents' is now open.See webinar details
The oral cavity and pharynx
Published on June 30, 2020 46 min
Other Talks in the Series: Introduction to Gross Anatomy for Medicine
An overview of the abdomen
- Prof. Beverley Kramer
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract
- Dr. Richard L. Drake
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, USA
The Oral Cavity and Pharynx by Bernard Moxham, Cardiff University, United Kingdom.
Let's begin with the oral cavity, or mouth. The oral cavity extends from the external environment at the lips to the pharynx at the back of the mouth, or the oropharyngeal isthmus. Actually, there are two parts to the oral cavity. In front of the teeth and behind the lips and cheeks lies the vestibule of the mouth. Behind the teeth is the oral cavity proper. With regard to the boundaries of the oral cavity, anteriorly we have the lips, laterally to the sides we have the cheeks, or bucci. The roof of the mouth is made up of the palate, a hard palate at the front and at the back a soft palate which is movable. At the floor of the mouth, you have a floor of the mouth proper underneath the tongue, and obviously, a large part of the floor of mouth is occupied by the tongue.
The functions of the oral cavity. The primary function of the oral cavity is, firstly, the selection of food via taste, yes, but also, of course, via smell and sight. Having selected the food, then the mouth ingests the food, takes the food in, masticates the food, chews it, and swallows the food so that it goes down to the rest of the digestive tract. But there are secondary functions. There is speech, breathing, and for many animals there is predation, defense and offense, using the teeth. Now in many of these functions, the tongue has a very important part to play.


Aim To select appropriate preprocessing methods for different substrates by comparing the effects of four different preprocessing methods on touch DNA samples and to determine the effect of various storage times on the results of touch DNA sample analysis. Method Hand touch DNA samples were used to investigate the detection and inspection results of DNA on different substrates. Four preprocessing methods, including the direct cutting method, stubbing procedure, double swab technique, and vacuum cleaner method, were used in this study. DNA was extracted from mock samples with four different preprocessing methods. The best preprocess protocol determined from the study was further used to compare performance after various storage times. DNA extracted from all samples was quantified and amplified using standard procedures. Results The amounts of DNA and the number of alleles detected on the porous substrates were greater than those on the non-porous substrates. The performances of the four preprocessing methods varied with different substrates. The direct cutting method displayed advantages for porous substrates, and the vacuum cleaner method was advantageous for non-porous substrates. No significant degradation trend was observed as the storage times increased. Conclusion Different substrates require the use of different preprocessing method in order to obtain the highest DNA amount and allele number from touch DNA samples. This study provides a theoretical basis for explorations of touch DNA samples and may be used as a reference when dealing with touch DNA samples in case work.
|Number of pages||10|
|Journal||Croatian Medical Journal|
|State||Published - 2017|


Hello root hairs!
If you have ever grown grown microgreens such as cress, rocket, radish and the like on your own before, you will have most likely noticed the white fluff near the roots of the seedlings. This fluff is called root hairs. It is sometimtes also called fiber roots or fluff hair. The root hair usually develop after 2-3 days after the microgreens have grown and have a soft cotton-like appearance.
What are root hairs?
Root hairs can be found on very young, still growing roots. They are usually only viable for a few days up to several weeks. With a minimum diameter of 5 to 17 micrometers and a length of 80 micrometers to 1.5 millimeters, they are particularly small and delicate. Although they are so small and delicate, they serve to increase the root surface and better penetrate the soil. At Heimgart, they serve correspondingly for better penetration of the seed pad made of natural fiber fleece.
This is exactly why the water-absorbing surface of the roots is covered with many fine root hairs. Because a particularly important task of the root is to absorb water and nutrients and pass them on to the plant. However, not every part of the root can perform this important task – the fine root hairs can! They are able to supply the microgreens with water and nutrients and thus make the plants the superfood they are as microgreens.
Root hairs support the natural growth process
So if you discover fine root hairs on your Heimgart Microgreens, you don’t need to worry. On the contrary! The fine root hairs ensure the natural growth process of the microgreens. It is a sign that the germination process is in full swing and the young plants are provided with everything they need.
Depending on the type of Microgreens you are cultivating, the root hairs are differently pronounced. So don’t be surprised if you don’t notice the root hairs at all. Our seeds also belong to the dark germinators and must be protected from light in the beginning. In addition, it needs a special microclimate with a high humidity. The cultivation covers should therefore remain on the tray until the microgreens push them down by themselves. More tips for your small kitchen garden from Heimgart can be found here.


This brief summarises the proceedings and outcomes of the webinar on open waste burning held on 22nd April 2022, co-organized by three parties– the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies-IGES Centre Collaborating with UNEP on Environmental Technologies (IGES-CCET), the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC), and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) –aimed to share the results of the research study on open waste burning in Asian Cities, including experiences of case study cities, as well as enable panel discussions involving experts from IETC, CCAC, UNIDO, IGES-CCET, and government officials from Padang City, Indonesia, and Stueng Saen City, Cambodia.
The key takeaways from the webinar are:
Open burning is one of the common MSW management practices in many cities in the developing countries due to lack of official waste collection system. Open burning is the cheapest and easiest way of managing MSW in terms of time and cost, though it is the worst and most expensive method in view of its impacts on the environment and human health.
The case study analysis identified that total climate impact from open burning even higher than the emissions from open dumping.
Open waste burning is occurring throughout the waste management system. While 95% of estimated climate impact caused due to the the burning of MSW at the household level in Padang City (Indonesia), about 44% of the estimated climate impact is caused due to burning of MSW at the final disposal site in Saen Municipality (Cambodia)
There is no single solution for mitigating open waste burning, cities can apply integrated approach including secure waste collection service for all residents, including low income areas, awareness-raising, allocation of funds and resources to improve the waste treatment and final disposal sites, enforcement of laws, and introduction of decentralised monitoring mechanisms.


While July 4th may be the single most important day in American history, it also features prominently in the cultural history of Germany. On July 4th, 1954, West Germany won the FIFA world cup against Hungary, defying expectations and helping to reintegrate Germany with the rest of the world.
West Germany was admitted into FIFA in 1950 and had to quickly form a team. Sepp Herberger, who had been the coach of the German team from 1936 to 1942, was made the coach of the new team. Players were semi-professionals and often had second jobs, and only played a short qualifying tournament and a few other international games before the 1954 world cup. In contrast, the Hungarian “Golden Team” had won 31 of 31 international games in the five years before 1954 and had professional players. Hungary was overwhelmingly favored to win the tournament, and won all of the games, including one against Germany, that it played before the finals. However, Germany was able to defeat teams from Turkey, Yugoslavia, and Austria to qualify for the final match. Hungary scored the first goal, but Germany quickly pulled ahead with a skilled offense. The German defense also did a good job of saving Hungarian shots, as Hungary shot many more times than Germany did. Germany pulled ahead three points to two by the end of the game.
The German victory was important not only as an athletic accomplishment, but also in that it signified German reentry into international culture and entertainment. The 1954 tournament was the first international tournament that Germany participated in following the Second World War and it helped rehabilitate the German image. While currency reform and fiscal stimulus were critical in rebuilding the German economy, it would fall to soccer players to restore to Germany international respect and friendship.


Maine was initially a part of Massachusetts and in 1752, our first Masonic lodge was formed under their aegis. We were created as an independent state in June, 1820. At that same time, the Grand Lodge of Masons in Maine was formed, incorporated by the state, with the Governor, William King, serving as Grand Master. From the 31 lodges which had been part of Massachusetts, we now have 185 lodges covering the entire state. For those doing research, a list of lodges showing their precedence can be found here.
In this section we have books about Masonic lodges in Maine, our Grand Lodge and more. Additionally, we have Maine history and travel books for you to browse and enjoy. Don’t forget: if you’re looking for information on your ancestors, we’ve got quite a few books that might be of interest in our Genealogy and History sections. Do a lookup on the computer right here at the Grand Lodge Library & Museum!
We’ve got a GREAT state and we welcome you here!
Be sure to check out the calendar of Masonic events happening in Maine. We welcome you to them!
From our mountains and forests to our rockbound coast, We’ve got a LOT to offer. VACATIONLAND is what we’re called – and for good reason!


Among animals which produce eggs, the yolk (also known as the vitellus) is the nutrient-bearing portion of the egg whose primary function is to supply food for the development of the embryo. Some types of egg contain no yolk, for example because they are laid in situations where the food supply is sufficient (such as in the body of the host of a parasitoid) or because the embryo develops in the parent's body, which supplies the food, usually through a placenta. Reproductive systems in which the mother's body supplies the embryo directly are said to be matrotrophic; those in which the embryo is supplied by yolk are said to be lecithotrophic. In many species, such as all birds, and most reptiles and insects, the yolk takes the form of a special storage organ constructed in the reproductive tract of the mother. In many other animals, especially very small species such as some fish and invertebrates, the yolk material is not in a special organ, but inside the egg cell (ovum).
It is used in painting as a component of traditional egg-tempera.
Tempera (Italian: [ˈtɛmpera]), also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigments mixed with a water-soluble binder medium, usually glutinous material such as egg yolk. Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium. Tempera paintings are very long-lasting, and examples from the first century AD still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of oil painting. A paint consisting of pigment and binder commonly used in the United States as poster paint is also often referred to as "tempera paint", although the binders in this paint are different from traditional tempera paint.


Inflatable graspers let robots "handle with care"
It turns out that the creators of the movie Big Hero 6 may have been onto something – inflatable robots might just be the way to go. If not their whole bodies, then at least their hands. Scientists at Disney Research have made steps in this direction, by creating inflatable graspers that excel at handling delicate objects without breaking them.
Researchers Joohyung Kim, Katsu Yamane and Alexander Alspach started by 3D-printing two soft polyurethane cylindrical modules, which were both rounded over at one end and open at the other. The open ends of each were placed over rigid robotic grasping tools, forming an airtight seal around their base. Air was then pumped into the modules via silicone tubes, causing them to inflate around the tools like balloons.
The graspers were subsequently used to pick up delicate objects such as a plastic cup, a rolled-up sheet of paper and a slab of tofu. As they did so, sensors within them measured the changes in air pressure that occurred as the force of the grasp increased. By tracking those changes, a computer was able to modulate the grasping force, allowing the graspers to maintain a grip on the objects without damaging them.
When the rigid grasping tools were used for the same task but without the inflatable modules surrounding them, they applied too much force and broke the cup.
It is hoped that the technology could ultimately find use not only in robotic "hands," but also in contact sensors that would let robots know if they were touching something (such as a person) before causing it any harm.
The graspers can be seen in use, in the following video.
Source: Disney Research
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Susteon has been selected for an award from the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FE) and the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to develop a bench-scale system for direct air capture (DAC) of CO2 from the atmosphere.
From the DOE funding announcement (06/15/2021):
“‘Across the U.S., in states like Arizona and North Carolina, brilliant innovators are developing Direct Air Capture technologies that can extract carbon dioxide straight out of the air,’ said Secretary of Energy Jennifer M. Granholm. ‘These DOE investments, and the ones we will make with President Biden’s American Jobs Plan, are crucial to advancing technology that will help us avoid the worst effects of climate change and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.'”
Susteon’s novel structured material system for DAC relies upon inexpensive, alkali-based sorbents and renewable electricity to remove CO2 directly from air, in a low-temperature process. Additionally, the system does not require new manufacturing methods or the creation of special supply chains. The focus of the awarded project will be to advance the technology readiness level (TRL) of Susteon’s DAC technology from the current TRL 3 to TRL 4, to justify its scale-up and pilot test in a subsequent program.
To learn more about this project and Susteon’s DAC technology, click here. To get in touch with us, please reach out to [email protected].


Binge and high-intensity drinking is increasing for U.S. young adults in their late 20s
Monitoring changes in drinking patterns and amounts helps researchers, prevention professionals, and treatment providers plan for and respond effectively to personal and public harms associated with alcohol consumption. This information is particularly important for young adults, who tend to drink large amounts of alcohol and are thus at higher risk for negative consequences such accidents. This study examined historical changes in binge (5+ drinks per occasion) and high-intensity (10+, 15+ drinks per occasion) drinking among U.S. 12th graders and young adults from 2005 to 2015.
In a study funded jointly by the National Institute for Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, researchers examined national longitudinal data from the Monitoring the Future study for 6,711 individuals (3,691women, 3,020 men), ages 18 to 29/30, for trends in consuming 5+, 10+, and 15+ drinks in a row in the previous two weeks. Results were compared with trends in previous 12-month and 30-day alcohol use for the same age groups.
Between 2005 and 2015, participation in binge and high-intensity drinking was highest for young adults aged 21/22 to 25/26. Binge and high-intensity drinking generally decreased for individuals in their early 20s, remained stable for individuals in their mid-20s, and increased for individuals in their late 20s. Trends were generally similar for men and women, but increases were observed at earlier ages for women than men. The authors recommend that prevention and intervention efforts address these differences in behavioral trends by age and gender, with a particular focus on the sub-population of 15+ drinkers, which appears to be a uniquely high-risk group, both in the extent of the group's impairment and lack of response to normative drinking policy approaches.
More information: Megan E. Patrick et al. Age-Specific Prevalence of Binge and High-Intensity Drinking Among U.S. Young Adults: Changes from 2005 to 2015, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research (2017). DOI: 10.1111/acer.13413


Structure is an organization of parts. This is a basic element of societies, systems, organizations, management, control, architecture, design, processes and rules. Structure can also be found in culture such as games and music. The opposites of structure include terms with negative connotations such as disorder and chaos. However, a lack of structure is also associated with the most valuable elements of the human experience such as freedom, creativity and play. The following are common antonyms of structure.
This is the complete list of articles we have written about structure.
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Engage Your Mind
You will develop intellectual practices—another way of saying “ways of thinking and doing.” These practices and skills cut across majors and minors, informaing how you see the world and how you interact with it.
Students examine issues related to interconnectedness, interdependence, and inequity within and among nation-states of the world. Crossing Boundaries-designated courses also explore issues of social justice, social welfare, and economic rights across national and social boundaries.
By emphasizing how expression enhances learning, understanding, and communication, students focus on the craft and process of written presentation through revisions based on critical commentary.
Students complete the introductory level of a language other than English, which may require up to two courses depending on your prior experience.
Students focus on the viewing and interpretation of visual information and images from a variety of sources as well as the expression of meaning through visual means.
Students develop the ability to ask and act on questions related to the analysis of data, the application of mathematical models, or the cultural and political roles of mathematical thinking.
Combating Anti-Black Racism
Students will explore basic terms, principles, and approaches connected to Anti-Black racism study. This will afford them the opportunity to apply this knowledge throughout the course as they consider the relationship between course content, the field of study, and anti-Black racism.


The cellular phone offers significant benefits but causes several social problems. One such problem is phone use in places where people should not speak, such as trains and libraries. A communication style that would not require voiced speech has the potential to solve this problem. Speech recognition based on electromyography (EMG), which we call "Mime Speech Recognition" is proposed. It not only eases communication in socially sensitive environments, but also improves speech recognition accuracy in noisy environments. In this paper, we report that EMG yields stable and accurate recognition of 5 Japanese vowels uttered statically without generating voice. Moreover, the ability of EMG to handle consonants is described, and the feasibility of basing comprehensive speech recognition systems on EMG is shown.
|出版ステータス||Published - 2003 1月 1|
|イベント||8th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, EUROSPEECH 2003 - Geneva, Switzerland|
継続期間: 2003 9月 1 → 2003 9月 4
|Conference||8th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, EUROSPEECH 2003|
|Period||03/9/1 → 03/9/4|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- コンピュータ サイエンスの応用


This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2019)
In chemical biology and biomolecular engineering, rational design (RD) is an umbrella term which invites the strategy of creating new molecules with a certain functionality, based upon the ability to predict how the molecule's structure (specifically derived from motifs) will affect its behavior through physical models. This can be done either from scratch or by making calculated variations on a known structure, and usually complements directed evolution.
As an example, rational design is used to decipher collagen stability, mapping ligand-receptor interactions, unveiling protein folding and dynamics, and creating extra-biological structures by using fluorinated amino acids. To treat cancer, rational design is used for targeted therapies where proteins are engineered to modify the communication of cells with their environment. There is also the rational design of alfa-alkyl auxin molecules, which are auxin analogs capable of binding and blocking the formation of the hormone receptor complex.
Other applications of rational design include:
- ^ Ojima, Iwao (2009). Fluorine in Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publications. p. 411. ISBN 9781405167208.
- ^ Richards-Kortum, Rebecca (2010). Biomedical Engineering for Global Health. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 178. ISBN 9780521877978.
- ^ Kombrink, Erich; Kaiser, Markus (2016). When Chemistry Meets Biology – Generating Innovative Concepts, Methods and Tools for Scientific Discovery in the Plant Sciences. Lausanne: Frontiers Media SA. p. 90. ISBN 9782889199280.


Wealth and Poverty: Introduction
People tend to be quite judgmental when it comes to wealth and poverty. On the one hand, the so-called Protestant work ethic—the idea that wealth comes to those who work—leads many people to blame the poor for their poverty. On the other hand, compassion for the poor (and perhaps envy of the wealthy) leads others to blame the wealthy for poverty, judging them too selfish and unfeeling to assist the poor.
Here is where the science of economics comes in handy. As a social scientist, an economist examines wealth and poverty from a more objective viewpoint than the noneconomist. In this section, we examine poverty and wealth from the economist's viewpoint. The goal is, first, to develop a clear picture of the extent of wealth and poverty and, second, to examine trends in the distribution of income in America. Finally, we will examine the government's current role in addressing poverty.
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Economics © 2003 by Tom Gorman. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book direct from the publisher, visit the Penguin USA website or call 1-800-253-6476. You can also purchase this book at Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble.