A dietician, Motunrayo Oduneye, says excessive consumption of soft drinks increases the risk of osteoporosis in children.
Ms Oduneye, an assistant chief dietitian at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, stated this on Thursday.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterised by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility, and consequent increase in fracture risks. According to Ms Oduneye, drinking carbonated beverages also known as soft drinks hinderes the absorption of calcium into the body, which consequently lowers bone density and leads to osteoporosis.
“Unfortunately many children are victims of sugary drinks every day because that is what their mothers gave them. Taking plenty sugary drinks hindered the absorption of calcium into the body. Soft drinks consumption increases the risk of fracture,” she said.
Ms Oduneye advised parents to train their children to consume milk as a drink and as a substitute for soft drinks.
“Taking sugary drinks instead of milk, which contains calcium, results in low calcium in their body and therefore increased the risk of osteoporosis, that is weak bones, which explained why some children easily fractured. Unfortunately, in this part of the country parents are not used to giving them milk as a drink,” she explained. “It is good to train children to take milk as a drink, milk can be gotten from yogurts, plain or unsweetened yogurts.”
Ms Oduneye also noted that excessive consumption of carbonated drinks was associated with childhood obesity.
“Excessive consumption of soft drinks increased the risk of childhood obesity. Soft drinks have significant association with the risk of obesity, especially in children,” stressed the dietician. “Studies showed that children who consumed more than one sugar drink per day, are 50 to 60 per cent more likely to be overweight or obese than children who don’t.”


Learn how to make interactive webpages and build a surprisingly addictive game! In this DT Challenge, you'll learn the web technologies that form the foundations of the internet.
So get your clicking fingers ready, and watch out how that cookie crumbles!
To do the challenge offline use this guide to support students.
|Content type||Tools for learning, Student challenges|
|Core and overarching concepts||Implementation (programming), Computational thinking|
|Australian Curriculum Digital Technologies code(s)||
Design the user experience of a digital system, generating, evaluating and communicating alternative designs
Implement and modify programs with user interfaces involving branching, iteration and functions in a general-purpose programming language
Analyse simple compression of data and how content data are separated from presentation
Australian Computing Academy
University of Sydney. Creative Commons BY 4.0.


For my Digital Imaging final project, our professor, Eric Rosenthal gave us a webcam to strip down and make into a camera or any device that uses the webcam to capture an image. I decided to turn my webcam into a microscope after finding this idea on the web. I was able to invert the lens inside the webcam to create a macro view and was inspired by Thomas Blanchard’s work with oil, colored acrylics, dish-washing soap and milk to create the images to focus in on. Below are some images that I was able to capture with the reconstructed webcam:
Extra-Bright 9-LED Anywhere Light
Clear Box with Brushed Nickel Lid
Movable USB Light
Plastic Petri Dish
Helping Hands Soldering Aid
1. ) To take apart the webcam and create a camera with a macro viewpoint, detach the camera sensor from the case and then invert the lens. Using electric tape, attach the upside down lens on top of the camera sensor board.
2. ) Attach the sensor to the ‘helping hands’ clips and create an illuminated stand with the LED light inside a clear acrylic box. To find the right distance between the lens and the subject to focus, I used a piece of paper from a magazine to zoom in on the CMYK dots. I also connected the USB camera to the Photo Booth program on a MAC to view the image on the computer monitor.
3. ) Mixed a concoction of milk, oil, dish-washing soap and colored acrylics (red and blue in this case) in a petri dish to create the images to photograph up close.


0 : 0 : 1
Traffic Engineering Multiple Choice
What does macroscopic stream models represent?
a) Change in behaviour of one parameter with respect to another
b) The flow density
c) The maximum passengers the vehicle can accommodate
d) The characteristics of vehicles with respect to pedestrians
What type of relationship did Greenfield assume in the speed and density relationship?
Which of the following given options shows the correct relationship between speed and density according to Greenshield’s model?
a) v = vf + (vf/kj).k
b) v = vf – (vf/kj).k
c) v = vf / (vf/kj).k
d) v = vf * (vf/kj).k
What is the shape of the relationship between flow and density according to Greenshield’s Model?
0 h : 0 m : 1 s
What's an issue?
Question is wrong
Answer is wrong
Want to elaborate a bit more? (optional)


Vanilla is a flavoring that is derived from the beans of the vanilla orchid, a flowering plant that is native to Mexico. Vanilla beans are the fruit of the orchid, and they are long, thin pods that are harvested when they are still green and unripe. After harvesting, the pods are blanched in hot water, then dried and fermented, which helps to develop the characteristic vanilla flavor.
Vanilla is one of the most popular and widely used flavors in the world, and it is used in a variety of sweet foods and drinks, including ice cream, cakes, cookies, candy, and coffee. It is also used in perfumes and other fragrances, as it has a warm, sweet aroma.
Vanilla contains a compound called vanillin, which is responsible for its distinctive flavor and aroma. Vanillin is also found in other foods, such as chocolate and some fruits, but vanilla beans contain the highest concentration of vanillin. In addition to its flavoring properties, vanillin has antioxidant properties and may have some health benefits, such as reducing inflammation and protecting against certain types of cancer.
Vanilla beans are a valuable commodity, and they are harvested by hand and require a labor-intensive process to produce. As a result, high-quality vanilla beans can be quite expensive. In addition to natural vanilla, there are also synthetic versions of the flavor, which are often used as a less expensive alternative.
Overall, vanilla is a popular and versatile flavor that is widely used in both culinary and non-culinary applications. Its distinctive flavor and aroma have made it a beloved ingredient in many different types of foods and products.
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In this episode we discuss air pollution in Eastern Europe with a focus on the Balkan region.
- Which parts of Europe experience poor air quality?
- What are the physical and chemical characteristics of aerosols and why do scientists study them?
- What are the major sources of air pollution in the Balkan region?
- What is the public awareness like around air pollution issues in the Balkan region?
Our guest Dr Katja Džepina is an Atmospheric Chemist who studies atmospheric particles in urban and remote areas. She recently finished a scientific visiting position at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland, and is currently a guest scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Germany. She started her chemistry study at the Department of Chemistry at the University of Zagreb, Croatia. She then received her PhD from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Colorado Boulder, US, where she was a fellow at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. She pursued postdoctoral research at the Max Planck Chemistry Institute in Mainz, Germany, and at the Michigan Technological University, US, after which she joined the University of Rijeka, Croatia as an Assistant Professor. Over the last decade, she has worked on air quality projects in the US, Mexico, Germany, Portugal, and Italy. She is now using her expertise to tackle air pollution in Eastern European countries.
Our interviewer for this episode is Dr Anna Tobler. Tobler is a PhD student at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen, Switzerland. She uses advanced aerosol instrumentation and source apportionment tools for identifying and understanding sources of air pollution based on chemical characteristics of the measured aerosols. She has worked on measuring and understanding sources of air pollution in polluted cities such as Krakow, Poland and Delhi, India.
- Premature deaths from air pollution in Balkan cities
- Traffic and residential heating as sources of carcinogenic aerosols in Balkan cities
Music by Ritesh Prasanna.
Podcast website: https://atmospherictales.com


Fix a Leak Week: March 14-20, 2022
During this week, the City of Savannah would like to help spread awareness in our community of the importance of fixing water leaks in your home. Water leaks waste our drinking water, and can cause your water bill to increase dramatically. Help conserve our natural resources and save money on your bill by finding and fixing water leaks.
The average household’s leaks can account for nearly 10,000 gallons of water wasted every year and ten percent of homes have leaks that waste 90 gallons or more per day. Common types of leaks found in the home are worn toilet flappers, dripping faucets, and other leaking valves.
Finding Leaks at Home
Toilet leaks: Old or worn-out toilet flappers (e.g., valve seal) are often the cause of leaks. Flappers are inexpensive rubber parts that can build up minerals or decay over time. Replacing them can be a quick and easy fix for your water woes. To fix this leak, consult your local hardware store, home improvement retailer, or licensed plumber.
Shower leaks: A showerhead leaking at 10 drips per minute wastes more than 500 gallons per year. That’s the amount of water it takes to wash 60 loads of dishes in your dishwasher. Some leaky showerheads can be fixed by making sure there is a tight connection between the showerhead and the pipe stem and by using pipe tape to secure it. Pipe tape, also called Teflon tape, is available at most hardware stores, is easy to apply, and can help control leaks. For more complicated valve leaks in showers that drip when not in use, contact a licensed plumber.
Irrigation leaks: If you have an in-ground irrigation system, check it each spring before use to make sure it wasn’t damaged by frost or freezing. An irrigation system that has a leak 1/32nd of an inch in diameter (about the thickness of a dime) can waste about 6,300 gallons of water per month. If you need help, hire an irrigation professional to inspect it for you.
Bill Adjustments for Leaks
If you receive a high water bill due to a leak, once you make necessary repairs you can apply for an adjustment on your City of Savannah utilities bill. Learn more about leak adjustments.


John L. Severance Fund 1993.210
MEZ is one of a set of four woodcuts Michel executed in Weimar, the site of the Bauhaus, a progressive art school where the goal was to amalgamate the natural sciences, technology, and art. Michel, who had been a test pilot, shared these aims, associating the function of mechanical parts with the dynamism of modern life and the idea that a new world would rise from the ashes of World War I. MEZ, which is an abbreviation for Middle-European Time, involves elements of time. The spinning mechanical discs and cogs that appear to rotate in a never-ending motion suggest time's continual state of flux.
The information about this object, including provenance, may not be currently accurate. If you notice a mistake or have additional information about this object, please email firstname.lastname@example.org.
To request more information about this object, study images, or bibliography, contact the Ingalls Library Reference Desk.
All images and data available through Open Access can be downloaded for free. For images not available through Open Access, a detail image, or any image with a color bar, request a digital file from Image Services.


Last Updated on January 5, 2023
China Three Gorges (CTG) has begun work on a massive desert energy mega-project in Inner Mongolia’s Kubuqi Desert on Thursday.
The Kubuqi Base Project, with an estimated cost of 80bn yuan ($11.6bn), is the largest renewable energy project of its kind currently underway globally. CTG announced the start of construction at the first pilot project in the final days of 2022.
World’s Largest Desert-Based Renewable Project
The project will include wind, solar, and energy storage on a massive scale to help China meet its ambitious renewable energy goals. The project will ultimately feature 8GW of solar capacity, 4GW of wind turbines, and 4GW of coal capacity, bloomberg reports.
Wind power photovoltaic systems, also known as hybrid wind and solar systems, are renewable energy systems that combine wind turbines and photovoltaic panels to generate electricity.
The facility is set to become the world’s largest renewable project in a desert region, and will be able to transmit 40 billion kWh of electricity to Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei province annually, with more than half of this power being clean energy.
The current construction phase includes 1GW of solar capacity equipped with energy storage. CTG also announced that it will enter 2023 with 27 new projects underway, totaling 19.6GW of clean energy capacity.
China’s Renewable Energy Goals
China has set ambitious goals for expanding its renewable energy base, which is already one of the largest in the world. The country aims to roughly double its renewable energy capacity to include 1,200GW of wind and solar by year 2030.
This push towards renewable energy is part of a larger effort to reduce the country’s reliance on coal and other fossil fuels, and to reduce carbon emissions in an effort to combat climate change.
The Kubuqi Base Project is a significant step towards achieving these goals and will play a key role in helping China transition to a cleaner, more sustainable energy future.
Your n°1 source of information on the world of sandsports and desert adventure travel. Our articles are the result of extensive research, personal experience, and knowledge-sharing within the global sandboarding community.
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Olympic Figure Skating And Music Licensing ExplainedBy Peter C
The Olympics are a highly popular global sporting event where athletes showcase their skills and talent at the highest level. Figure skating is up there among the most stunning events at the Winter Olympics, where athletes perform intricate moves on the ice to music.
However, a common question that arises is whether Olympic figure skaters are required to license the music they skate to.
The answer is yes, but it is the responsibility of the broadcaster, which in this case is NBC. Olympic routines are live performances, meaning a less expensive licensing agreement is needed compared to a synchronization license for TV shows or movies.
Many musicians and music publishers entrust the licensing power of their entire catalog to public rights organizations. This allows broadcasters, performance venues, and other music-playing establishments to purchase a blanket license that gives them public performance rights to every song covered by the PRO.
The fees for the blanket license are determined based on factors like audience size, frequency, and type of event. Licensees must keep track of their music use so that the PROs can calculate artist royalties. It’s important to note that if skaters use copyrighted music in their routines, they need to ensure that the broadcaster has obtained the appropriate license.
Therefore, skaters can focus on perfecting their routines without worrying about the legalities of licensing the music. The broadcaster is responsible for obtaining the license and ensuring that musicians and music publishers receive royalties for their work.


#1 Physics Solver for the TI-89 Calculator
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Users have boosted their Physics knowledge. Ideal for quick review and homework check. Easy to use. Just plug in and the correct answer shows. Mechanics: Vectors, Kinematics, Forces, Harmonic Motion, Rotation (incl. Moment of Inertia, Parallel axis Theorem, etc) , Momentum, Torque Resultant Finder (Velocity, Forces, etc) Projectile at Angle Pressure, Force & Area Center of Mass Energy: Kinetic (Translational, Rotational), Potential, etc Electricity and Magnetism Circuit Solver: Select from 12 different Formulas incl. P=V*I , V=R*I, Kirchhoff Laws, etc Resistor Band - solving both ways. Modern Physics: Dilations, Electron Orbit, Kinetic Energy, Nuclear Decay, Quantum Physics, Wave Particle Duality, etc Optics, Sound, Waves+Vibrations, Light, Fluids View Planets Information View Physics Constants 8 Gas Laws incl. Ideal Gas Law, Boyle, Charles, Graham, Combined, Gay Lussac View Specific Heats Browse or Search the Period Table and View 24 Information per Element. Convert Units: Distance, Area, Volume, Speed, Acceleration, Time, Temperature, Angle, Pressure, Charge, Energy and much more...
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Calculating Property TaxesBlue Earth County collects property taxes on over 31,000 parcels each year. The amount of tax each property pays is based on numerous factors. Tax calculation and payment are two of the final steps of the assessment and property tax process.
View a very basic overview of property taxes.
The calculation of property taxes involves not only the valuation and classification associated with every property, but it is also impacted by special programs certain properties are eligible for, special assessments properties may be paying, homestead status of a property, as well as the local tax rates determined by budget decisions.
Step-by-Step Tax Process
- After property is valued and classified every January 2, property owners are given an opportunity to appeal these determinations in the spring.
- Later that year, levies (how much local governments need for their budgets) are submitted to the county.
- Calculations are performed to determine net tax capacities (each property’s share of all the property taxes) and then tax rates are determined.
- Taxpayers receive a notice of proposed taxes.
- The following year, individual property taxes are determined, and credits are applied to reduce the tax bill. Special Assessments are added to your property.
- Tax Statements are mailed and property taxes are then collected.
Tax Due DatesPlease review your property tax statement for official due dates. The following table is a summary and shows due dates for most properties, but there are some exceptions provided by state law.
||May 15 (if under $100, due in full)
||August 31 (if under $50, due in full)
||October 15 (November 15th for agricultural land)
If the 15th falls on a Saturday, Sunday or legal holiday, the due date is the next regular business day. Taxes become past due after the due date. If property taxes are not paid, they eventually become delinquent and the property may eventually forfeit.


The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses determines the condition called oxidative stress. When there is an increase in ROS production or a decrease in the antioxidant defenses, this systemic antioxidant/pro-oxidant imbalance may lead to the accumulation of oxidative damage, which, in turn, may lead to a modification of biomolecules. These consist of reactions resulting in protein adducts, DNA oxidation, and formation of lipid peroxides, which, in turn, reduce the cellular functional capacity and increase the risk of disease development. The body has natural scavenging systems against free radicals and other reactive species. However, sometimes the endogenous antioxidant capacity is exceeded by the production of ROS. When this occurs, exogenous antioxidants exert important function for the human health. These bioactive compounds act preventing and neutralizing the formation of new reactive species and free radicals. In some cases, an increase of ROS can help the host to resolve an infection or even to control the tumor growth. Finally, the levels of ROS can be perceived by signal transduction pathways involving known targets (i.e., p53, Ras, and NF-κB) and regulate physiopathological events such as the cellular cycle, apoptosis, and inflammation.
Part of the book: Novel Prospects in Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress


This is a difficult question to answer without more information about the book in question. Generally speaking, the guided reading level of a book is determined by its content, length, and level of difficulty. However, there are no hard and fast rules when it comes to determining the guided reading level of a particular book.
If you are looking for a general answer, we would say that the itchy book is probably best suited for students who are reading at a second or third grade level. However, this is just a general estimate and may not be accurate for all students.
Other related questions:
What reading level is the itchy book?
The Itchy Book is most likely appropriate for readers who are in elementary school or younger.
How many pages is the itchy book?
I’m sorry, but I could not find the number of pages for the book “Itchy.”
- Itchy Book!, The – Booksource
- The itchy book! – Reading
- The Itchy Book! (Elephant & Piggie Like Reading!): 5 Hardcover
- The Itchy Book! – TeachingBooks
- The Itchy Book! – Disney Books
- The Itchy Book! (Elephant & Piggie Like Reading!) (Hardcover)


A popular toy for toddlers is a shape sorter! It teaches cause and effect, problem solving, using fine motor skills and turn taking. As therapists, when we use a shape sorter with our kiddos we use it as an activity for social interaction and making connections. If the kiddo isn’t interested or is wanting the adult to put the pieces in, we can miss the chance to connect. We want to celebrate that piece dropping in the right spot or making fun noises as the piece drops in the bucket. Let’s help them make that piece fit:
- Give them one shape at a time. The circle is the easiest shape for kids to put into the hole, and the square is usually the next one to introduce. Sometimes, giving the child repeated success with one shape will motivate them to continue to try once you add in another shape.
- Place the toy so that the shape will drop in as close to the child as possible. You can also move the shape sorter so that it lines up better with how the child is holding the shape. It’s better to move the shape sorter and let the child put the shape in, rather than trying to guide their hand.
- If they continue to try to force the piece into the wrong hole, use your hand(s) to cover up all holes except the correct one. Eliminating the other holes simplifies this activity.
- Make it fun! Make sounds as the piece drops in such as “wee” and then lots of praise when they do it. Celebrate the win!
- If you see them becoming frustrated, help by guiding their hand.
- DON’T focus on them naming the shapes at this age — just understanding the cause and effect. Academics is not the focus for kids under age 3!
Remember: the most important thing is connecting with your child and enjoying your time together. Have fun playing!


The Americans with Disabilities Act (from It's the Law™)
Managing Legal Risk in Regards to the ADA
Both the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 - which applies to Federal employers and Federal Government contractors - and The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 - which applies to private employers - promote and expand employment opportunities for millions of people who have a mental or physical disability.
Learning Paths & Details
- Ethics & Compliance
- Type: Video Vignettes
- Audience: Managers / Supervisors
- Available As: Download, USB, USB-2YR, USB-3YR
Suggested Industry Usage
- Developing Core Leadership Skills
- Managing Legal Risk
Training Files (2)
|Video Vignette||05:04 min||English||Demo|
The ADA prohibits discrimination against individuals with physical or mental disabilities. They require employers to make reasonable accommodations for qualified disabled applicants so they can participate in the recruiting process. Reasonable accommodations are also required for qualified employees so they can perform the essential functions of their job. Reasonable accommodations are also required so that qualified employees can take part in all terms and conditions of employment. The ADA also protects against retaliation.


How To Turn Degrees Into Careers
AAUT Awards - Ashley Jones from USQ
7 Tips To Make Students More Employable
Find out in 5 minutes what you can do to improve your employment outcomes
Snapshot on how to make graduates employable
Find out in 5 minutes how you can improve your graduates' employment outcomes
Introducing a New Definition of Graduate Employability
Graduate employability means that higher education alumni have developed the capacity to obtain and/or create work. Furthermore, employability means that institutions and employers have supported the student knowledge, skills, attributes, reflective disposition and identity that graduates need to succeed in the workforce.
This definition derived from a national Category One research grant titled –
Supporting graduate employability from generalist disciplines through employer and private institution collaboration.
The primary rationale for this project was the unsatisfactory rate of graduate employment. According to Graduate Careers Australia, less than 70% of undergraduates are employed full-time four months after graduation.
The project team researched what universities can do to improve graduate employability. The project activities were to nationally survey students, graduates, employers, higher education career development professionals and educators.
Stakeholder perspectives from among the 705 completed surveys were compared and contrasted. The team also engaged with 147 people nationally from the four stakeholder groups through in-depth interviews and focus groups.
There were three key research findings
The common definitions of employability must be expanded to acknowledge the importance of identity and to include making as well as taking careers.
Universities can improve graduate employability but there are strong discrepancies between the four stakeholder groups as to which strategies are the most important and effective.
There was a widespread agreement that graduates have heightened employability when their student experience represents both a strong disciplinary knowledge and broad-based experiences such as through extracurricular activities including student societies, volunteer work and sport.
Numerous graduate employability tools and resources (videos, case studies, worksheets) can be found throughout this website.


It usually takes 10 to 15 days for a tooth abscess to heal. However, how long it takes to heal a tooth abscess depends on the severity of the abscess and the treatment you received for it. Regardless of how your tooth abscess was treated, you should protect your mouth. Duration of an untreated abscess Before trying to answer how long an untreated abscess lasts, we should try to analyze the viability of keeping the abscess untreated from the beginning.
To begin with, a tooth abscess doesn't go away or die on its own, and professional intervention is crucial to treating a dental abscess. If a person doesn't treat a tooth abscess in its early stage, the infection can last for 5 to 12 months or even longer. In addition, if no treatment is applied to the condition, the precious dental pulp will die and you may have another abscess. Similarly, an abscess can cut through the bone and appear in several places.
The wound created by the abscess may take 1 to 2 weeks to fully heal. This depends on the size of the abscess and how well the body responds to the incision and drainage procedure. For the two weeks after the procedure, we expect the tissue at the margins of the wound to heal toward the center, sealing the wound little by little. When a tooth abscess isn't treated for weeks or months, it can spread to other areas, such as the jaw, neck, and brain.
A physical exam is important, but the best way for your dentist to find a dental abscess is to take full dental x-rays. However, you will likely feel dental pain in your tooth due to the cavity before it turns into an abscess.


In general the academic literature on botnet detection is sparse. Furthermore we are not aware of any other anomaly-based system for detection of botnets. Known techniques include honeynets and IDS systems with signature detection. Honeynets  or darknets might be distributed  or local and can certainly prove beneficial in terms of providing information about botnet technology. However they may not be easily deployed in a commercial environment and do not necessarily help with the question of whether host X has worm Y. Knowledge of useful signatures and behavior of existing botnet systems is another venue for detection. The paper  presents a good introduction to botnets and analyzes botnet architecture. An open-source system like snort  can be used for detection of known botnets.
The problem with signatures is of course one may lack the required signature for a bot known elsewhere, or a bot may be new to the world, locally unknown, or changed, thus defeating previously known signatures. Anomaly detection on the other hand may detect such a system. Problems with anomaly detection can include detection of an IRC network that may be a botnet but has not been used yet for attacks, hence there are no anomalies. As our technology depends on hackers actually launching attacks, there is no guarantee that we can detect every infected system. One can also argue that anomaly detection is "too late". It is certainly better to detect an initial attack with a signature when it first occurs and get an exploited system fixed before it is used for spam or denial of service attacks. We believe signatures and anomaly detection are often complimentary and should not be viewed as somehow competitive. All of these techniques (honeypot, IDS, and anomaly detection) can be useful and provide slightly different set of information.


Turn Down the Heat
August 2012 – March 2013
January 2014 – October 2014
Why a 4°C World Must Be Avoided
Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts and the Case for Resilience
Turn Down the Heat: Confronting the New Climate Normal?
Why a 4°C World Must Be Avoided, the first in the series of high impact reports commissioned by the World Bank, found that the world is on track for a 4°C warmer world, predicting extreme heat waves, sea level rise, loss of ecosystems and biodiversity, and that these adverse effects will hit the world’s poorest regions, undermining development.
Climate Extremes, Regional Impacts and the Case for Resilience, the second report, looks at how rising global temperatures are threatening the health and livelihoods of vulnerable populations in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Africa, South and South East Asia.
Confronting the New Climate Normal, the third report, assesses climate risks for Latin America, the Caribbean, Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, with a particular focus on how vulnerabilities are shaped by non-climatic factors.


carbon dioxide CO2 is a potent greenhouse gas ghg.
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are creating a warming greenhouse effect. The sun's light shines onto the surface, while the gases trap the heat (the gases absorb the infrared radiation energy) that reflects back from the surface inside the Earth's atmosphere. This is warming the planet until it eventually becomes uninhabitable. The world is getting hotter and hotter by the year.
CO2 / CH4 / N2O
the Earth's troposphere (the lowest layer of the atmosphere) is filled with a combination of noxious artificial greenhouse gases ghg.
carbon dioxide CO2 methane CH4 nitrous oxide N2O ozone O3 and water vapor
ghg is produced by humans burning fossil fuels: oil, gas and coal. We are leaking dangerously high levels of methane into the atmosphere. We have made the air so bad that it traps heat in the atmosphere causing global warming, a global emergency.
global levels of carbon dioxide CO2 passed 400ppm. 100ppm is a healthy level, and 300ppm is a hazardous concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. We have exceeded all levels of global greenhouse gas emissions.
|world's largest emitters of ghg|
China's greenhouse gas emissions exceeded world: China 27%, US 11%, India 6.6%, EU 6.4%
burning fossil gas produces CO2
gas stoves and ovens produce carbon monoxide CO. Carbon monoxide from your gas kitchen range is the common cause for elevated concentrations in the home.
as the gas burners operate they consume oxygen and emit carbon dioxide and water vapor. After a period of time, the oxygen level in the area begins to drop and the flames consume more carbon dioxide and begin generating large quantities of carbon monoxide.


Household food waste has fallen by 13%, but the UK is still throwing away £12bn of edible food.
Since 2006/07, household food waste has fallen from 8.3 million tonnes to 7.2 million tonnes a year. However, the vast amounts of edible food waste ending up in bins leaves a big job to be done.
The results were published at the Waste & Resources Action Programmes (WRAP) annual conference where chief executive Liz Goodwin remarked on the contribution the organisation has made to help businesses and families cut waste.
Key themes in the conference included food waste and better recycling services for businesses, both priorities for Wrap going forward.
Progress among the food retailers to engage on food waste issues and support WRAPs Love Food Hate Waste campaign to help people waste less were highlighted by the British Retail Consortium.
Next year more foodservice companies are set to get more publicly involved in delivering waste reductions. WRAP is leading discussions on a voluntary agreement for the sector.
Writing exclusively in Octobers Foodservice Footprint, WRAPs head of food and drink, Andy Dawe, said responsibility for the food being wasted does not sit solely on the doorsteps of UK homes.
The hospitality industry has a considerable role to play too. Taking responsibility for actions through agreed targets set out in voluntary agreements has proved incredibly successful across a wide variety of industries. Any successful agreement needs the commitment of the industry itself, which is why were always keen for sector players to engage with us.
According to WRAP, the hospitality sector produces 3.4 million tonnes of waste, of which 1.6 million tonnes is recycled, re-used or composted. That leaves almost 1.5 million tonnes, which is thrown away mainly to landfill.


As we are all different, we sweat at different rates and your sweat rate can give an indication of how much fluid our body has lost through sweat and give us an indication of how much fluid we need to drink to replace this.
Proper hydration is important in order to prevent dehydration as dehydration decreases your exercise performance.
It must be noted though, that weight loss is not just sweat loss. Glycogen consumption weight loss can be up to 600g and this can occur over anywhere from 90min to 8 hours depending on the intensity of exercise.
Other factors to consider:
Different environmental conditions can have an effect on your sweat rate. In hot, dry or humid conditions you're likely to sweat more than you would on a cold winters morning.
Sweating is a normal physiological process that varies from person to person and is not an indication of overall health.
Calculating your Sweat Rate:
1. Weigh yourself after using the bathroom, just before heading out on your ride, ideally with minimal clothes or cycling kit on.
2. Go for your ride and record exactly how much fluid you drank, this is easy to measure if you drink from a single bottle or two. E.g 500ml bottle = 500 grams and 750ml bottle = 750 grams.
3. After your ride, jump back on the scale and weigh yourself again wearing minimal clothing, preferably the same clothing as worn when weighing in pre-ride.
4. Now subtract your post-ride weight (B) from your pre-ride weight (A) to get the weight you lost during the session.
Fluid lost (C) = A – B
5. Also subtract the weight of the bottle(s) before (X) and after (Y) to find the amount you consumed (Z).
Volume of fluid consumed (Z) = X - Y
6. Now you can calculate your sweet rate.
(C+Z) / time.


Celtic Language Source – An informative site on both Celtic language branches including Irish Gaelic (Gaeilge)
Gaelic Dictionaries – Links to Manx, Scottish, and Irish dictionaries
A Beginner’s Guide to Irish Gaelic Pronunciation
Agan Tavas – Organization promoting the Cornish language
Oideas Gael – A County Donegal based language camp, offering a wide variety of Irish medium classes.
Daltaí na Gaeilge – A North American based Irish language organization.
Tir na nÓg – An informative site on the uses of Irish along with links and resources.
Gael Linn – An Irish language organization offering music, literature and more through Irish language medium.
Sabhal Mór Ostaig – A Further Education college in the island of Skye, Scotland, teaching through the medium of Gaelic.
An Comunn Gaidhealach-America, Inc. – A volunteer-run, non-profit organization that strives to promote and preserve the Scottish Gaelic language and culture.
The Welsh Language Board – Established by the Welsh Language Act 1993. Its main function is to promote and facilitate the use of the Welsh language.
Cymdeithas Madog – Maintained by Cymdeithas Madog, the Welsh Studies Institute of North America, and is dedicated to helping North Americans learn, use and enjoy the Welsh language.
Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru – University of Wales Dictionary of the Welsh Language. In Welsh and English.
Nant Gwrtheyrn National Language Centre – Offers Welsh language courses for learners of every level, whatever the needs.


Navigating the field of disinformation as an educator can be a daunting task.
How do you deal with clashing worldviews in the classroom? Fake news, conspiracy theories, “alternative facts” and a refusal to believe anything the “mainstream media” write are some of the most difficult problems educators face. Taking on the discussion to challenge students’ worldviews can be a frustrating effort. Especially when those worldviews are based on false information.
Young people are increasingly exposed to viral disinformation. At the same time, they are growing frustrated with traditional media, which they perceive as biased and spreading lies and exaggerations. This fosters mistrust and disconnects them from society and each other, leaving them vulnerable to polarisation.
Provide students with the right tools to recognize disinformation themselves.
How do you find common ground when discussions are no longer possible and people turn away from one another? We believe that the answer lies in a thorough education. Instead of telling students what is factual information and what is false, Under Pressure introduces them to the techniques behind disinformation that make it so successful. This provides them with the right tools to recognize disinformation themselves and resist it. An empowering method to combat the effects of false information in the classroom and beyond.
For a concise summary of the Under Pressure programme see:


What algorithm is the built in
sort() method in Python using? Is it possible to have a look at the code for that method?
Sure! The code’s here, starting with function
islt and proceeding for QUITE a while;-). As Chris’s comment suggests, it’s C code. You’ll also want to read this text file for a textual explanation, results, etc etc.
If you prefer reading Java code than C code, you could look at Joshua Bloch’s implementation of timsort in and for Java (Joshua’s also the guy who implemented, in 1997, the modified mergesort that’s still used in Java, and one can hope that Java will eventually switch to his recent port of timsort).
Some explanation of the Java port of timsort is here, the diff is here (with pointers to all needed files), the key file is here — FWIW, while I’m a better C programmer than Java programmer, in this case I find Joshua’s Java code more readable overall than Tim’s C code;-).
I just wanted to supply a very helpful link that I missed in Alex’s otherwise comprehensive answer: A high-level explanation of Python’s timsort (with graph visualizations!).
(Yes, the algorithm is basically known as Timsort now)
In early python-versions, the sort function implemented a modified version of quicksort.
However, it was deemed unstable and as of 2.3 they switched to using an adaptive mergesort algorithm.


Collects data to further improve prevention efforts; and
Showcases how local governments and grassroots water quality protection nonprofits can work together to engineer long-term and expandable pollution prevention measures.
“Collecting this data will engage our community in plastic reduction advocacy, identify additional research needs, and help in establishing the need for future plastic policies. We are so grateful for all our partners on this project. Though plastic pollution is an incredible challenge, through collaboration we believe we can make meaningful change.” – Rebecca Drohan, Coastal Carolina Waterkeeper
What’s next for CCRW and plastic pollution prevention? Next week, we are hosting the Duke Policy and Law Clinic, and collaborators, at the Duke University Marine Lab for the NC Plastic Policy Workshop. For agenda and registration info: https://www.ncmarinedebrissymposium.com/
Martin Marietta, Inc. has proposed an expansion of the Belgrade Quarry in Jones County, NC. This project would involve adding new road crossings, expanding impervious surfaces, and mining within wetland areas.
Coastal Carolina Riverwatch has requested the Army Corps of Engineers not approve this proposal as it stands.
Learn more about local impacts and review our comments HERE.
Join us for the NC
Plastic Policy Workshop
Hear from Plastic Policy experts in North Carolina.
Learn how local government planners, solid waste representatives, and local elected officials can help create change in their community with ready-to-adapt-and-adopt binding and non-binding policies.
Coastal Carolina Riverwatch and the Industry Working Group (made up of commercial and recreational fisheries representatives) have identified plastic pollution as one of the top five water quality concerns that impact coastal NC fisheries.
Each year, between 4.8 and 12.7 million tons of plastic ends up in the world’s ocean. Plastics can absorb and release toxins in the marine environment and can have impacts to fisheries and humans.


Ways of Listening: Birdsong in Science, Music and Poetry
Learn how to identify birds by their sounds, and explore how scientists, musicians and poets have tried to make sense of the abiding mystery of birdsong.
About the resource
This free creative learning resource includes an audio file (with recordings of birdsong, as well as music, poetry readings and commentary), and an accompanying worksheet with creative learning activities. You can listen anytime, anywhere and in your own way. You can listen at home and then go outside for a walk, or put on some headphones and listen while you’re walking. A full guide to using the resource in the classroom is available for teachers. Two different versions of the resource have been created: one for lower primary children and the other for secondary school pupils. Both versions are accessible and open to any adults who would like to join in!
Full details and guidance for teachers and educators on using the resources in the classroom and other educational settings.
Visit this page to download the audio file and worksheet for lower primary school pupils ages 5-8 (Primary 2-3/ ‘Key Stage 1’) .
Download the audio file and worksheet for secondary school pupils ages 12 and above.
“it made me incredibly aware of (mainly animals) things around me. Even after handing my work in I find I say things like, that beetle has an almost greasy texture“
“I feel that my favourite part has been writing our nature poems, because I really enjoyed the challenge of attempting to make it rhyme. It really made me appreciate the world around me“
– Pupil Testimonials
Tell us about your way of listening to birdsong
This resource includes creative writing activities that you can do on your own, or with a family member or friend, or with your classmates at school. Send us your creative responses to birdsong and we’ll upload them on our website. Press ‘take part’ to share your writing and see what others have created!


Well, what is Carbon Footprint?
A carbon footprint is a measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the activities of an individual, company, organisation or community. Furthermore, the concept of carbon footprint also involves the emissions of other greenhouse gases, such as methane, nitrous oxide or chlorofluorocarbons. Electricity usage, oil or natural gas usage, car mileage and airplane journeys are the four main areas that determine your carbon footprint.
Why is your Carbon Footprint important?
Now we’ve learnt exactly what carbon footprint is, it’s crucial to know the importance of your carbon footprint. We are told we need to remove a billion tonnes of carbon (CO2) from the atmosphere by 2025; tackling the current climate crisis and reaching the goal isn’t a one-man job, it’s going to take every single person on the planet to reduce emissions and create a cleaner a planet for the future. Our everyday choices determine how much carbon is released to the atmosphere, even the small things. Did you know? Walking a mile and half releases 75% less greenhouse gases than we would produce from driving the exact same distance; therefore, for instance, why not consider walking to do your shopping as opposed to driving?
So, why is CleanTech the best solution to reduce carbon emissions?
Technology relies on enormous amounts of energy and infrastructure which results in a high carbon footprint, which contributes to around 4% of global electricity consumption and 1.4% of global carbon emissions per year. However, to reach the UK target of net zero by 2050, CleanTech is going to play a key role in accelerating the process. How? Well, a type of carbon capture technology. Carbon capture technologies are designed to prevent the release of carbon (CO2) generated and it will also diminish and stabilise the effect of climate change. Creating a new technology may require a ‘Research and Development’ process, also known as ‘R&D’ – a long term process in which new products are developed and also a process of improving existing products. Investing in R&D and innovation in carbon capture technologies will play a pivotal role in reducing cost and increasing efficiency by creating cheaper and more efficient technologies.


Sacada Moths (Sacada)
The sacada moth is a genus of moths belonging to the snout moth family. They are primarily found in Asia, though some live in Central Africa.
List of Species in this Genus
- Sacada acutipennis
- Sacada approximans
- Sacada constrictalis
- Sacada discinota
- Sacada fasciata
- Sacada flexuosa
- Sacada miraculosa
- Sacada pallescens
- Sacada pyraliformis
- Sacada rubralis
- Sacada unilinealis
Description and Identification
The larvae of different species vary in appearance, though most are yellow with an orangish-brown head.
Sexual Dimorphism: There are no significant differences between the male and the female moths.
Color and Appearance
When opened, they are varying shades of brown. When closed, the markings and patterns remain visible.
Average wingspan: 2-4 cm
Flight pattern: Erratic
Season: May to September
Once the larvae mature, they undergo pupation.
The eggs are laid on the leaves of the preferred host plant.
|Distribution||Cameroon, China, India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Russia, and Taiwan|
|Lifespan of Adults||Not recorded|
|Host Plants||Chestnut, such as Korean chestnut, and oak, such as Japanese evergreen oak and sawtooth oak|
|Adult Diet||Not recorded|
Did You Know
- English entomologist Francis Walker first described this genus of snout moths in 1862.


What Does it Mean When Ants Swarm?
During spring and early summer, flying ants start to swarm. Their swarming behavior is triggered by environmental clues.
They’re also commonly found around trash cans, pools, and buildings, particularly around light sources. If you notice swarms, it is important to call a pest control professional. They will be able to treat the problem and eliminate the infestation.
During the mating season, ants swarm in large numbers. The swarms are typically comprised of females. They are looking for a new nesting site. They are also looking for a food source. They may have been attracted by a dead rodent, or by an insect that is about to die.
Winged ants create mating aggregations around bushes, chimneys, and other structures. They are reproductive males and females, but only the females have wings. When they find a good site to nest, they break their wings. They then use the defunct muscles in their wings for strength while laying eggs.
These ants swarm when their relative humidity is high, and when it isn’t windy. The ants will then leave the nest to search for a new colony site.
They are also known to invade personal space. They often make their way into buildings through openings. However, ants do not attack humans, although they may bite if threatened.
In fact, most species of ants do not travel as swarms. They live in colonies and are devoted to the colony’s survival. They are given tasks such as foraging for food, defending the colony, and maintaining the colony.


The period of about three decades after the end of Franco Prussian war in 1871 was a time of peace and prosperity in France. This was, as brought in previous post, “The Belle Epoque”. And champagne, which had already established itself as a celebration drink, further flourished during this time. As author Henry Vizetelly in 1882 quoted in his book ‘A History of Champagne’…
“We cannot open a railway, launch a vessel, inaugurate a public edifice, start a newspaper, entertain a distinguished foreigner, invite a leading politician, celebrate an anniversary.. without a banquet, and hence without the aid of champagne, which at the present day, is the obligatory adjunct of all such repast”
But alas, happy times were soon to end with outbreak of World War I in 1918, which in turn brought peculiar challenges for champagne. Which however, as we will see in future posts, brought the best out of the Champenois.
Also note in the quoted text the mention about pillars of modernity viz railways, ships, newspapers, public buildings – late 19th century was certainly in midst of the Industrial Revolution and this helped champagne too – we will see how in future posts.
(Pic from net)


Treacher Collins syndrome
Treacher Collins syndrome (also known as Franceschetti-Zwahlen-Klein syndrome or mandibulofacial dysostosis) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by craniofacial deformities. It is also known as Treacher Collins-Franceschetti syndrome and mandibulofacial dysostosis. Treacher Collins syndrome is found in 1 in every 50,000 births. The typical physical features include downward slanting eyes, a small lower jaw, and malformed or absent ears. more...
Its most common name is after Dr Edward Treacher Collins (1862-1932), English surgeon and ophthalmologist, who described the essential traits of the syndrome in 1900.
The disease is caused by mutations in the TCOF1 gene (chromosome 5q32-q33.1). The protein coded by this gene is called treacle and has been hypothesised to assist in protein sorting during particular stages in embryonic development, particularly that of the structures of the head and face. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.
The signs and symptoms of this disorder vary greatly, ranging from almost unnoticeable to severe. Most affected individuals have underdeveloped facial bones, which result in a sunken appearance in the middle of the face, a prominent nose, and a very small jaw and chin (micrognathia). Some people with this condition are also born with an opening in the roof of the mouth called a cleft palate. In severe cases, underdevelopment of the facial bones may restrict an affected infant's airway, causing potentially life-threatening respiratory problems.
People with Treacher Collins syndrome often have eyes that slant downward, sparse eyelashes, and a notch in the lower eyelids called a coloboma. This condition is also characterized by absent, small, or unusually formed ears (pinnae), called microtia. Defects in the middle ear (which contains three small bones that transmit sound) cause hearing loss in about half of cases. People with Treacher Collins syndrome usually have normal intelligence.
Read more at Wikipedia.org


Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky was a man ahead of his time. Born in Russia in 1863, he was a chemist and photographer who dedicated his life to the pursuit of capturing the world in color. Prokudin-Gorsky is widely regarded as one of the early innovators of color photography, and his work has been instrumental in shaping the way we see and understand the past.
In 1912, Prokudin-Gorsky made a breakthrough in his quest to capture color photographs. He developed a technique that involved using colored lenses over a camera to produce images in full color. This technique was revolutionary at the time, as color photography was still in its infancy and few photographers had managed to produce truly lifelike images.
One of Prokudin-Gorsky’s most famous photographs, taken in 1912, showcases the incredible results of his innovative technique. The photograph features three Russian women in traditional dress, each of whom is wearing a different color outfit. The vivid colors of the women’s clothing are captured in stunning detail, with each hue rendered in rich, vibrant tones.
What makes Prokudin-Gorsky’s work so remarkable is not just the vivid colors he was able to capture, but also the way in which he used his photographs to document the world around him. At a time when photography was still a relatively new medium, Prokudin-Gorsky traveled extensively throughout Russia, capturing images of people, landscapes, and architecture.
His photographs are not just aesthetically stunning, but also provide a valuable historical record of a time and place that is now long gone. Prokudin-Gorsky’s images offer a glimpse into the daily lives of people in early 20th century Russia, and provide insight into the social and cultural changes taking place at the time.
Today, Prokudin-Gorsky’s legacy lives on through his photographs, which continue to captivate and inspire people around the world. His groundbreaking technique paved the way for the development of color photography, and his images offer a unique and valuable window into the past. Thanks to his work, we are able to see the world in a way that was once impossible, and to gain a deeper understanding of the rich and diverse history of our planet.
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Non-antibiotic drugs also speed up the spread of antibiotic resistance
New research from The University of Queensland has found non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals can significantly promote the spread of antibiotic resistance via bacterial mating.
A study led by Dr Jianhua Guo from UQ’s Advanced Water Management Centre said while antibiotics were known to promote antibiotic resistance, it wasn’t known if non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals could also increase bacterial conjugation.
“Bacterial conjugation is the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells,” he said.
“It’s believed bacterial conjugation, or bacterial mating, is one of the major pathways to the spread of antibiotic-resistant genes.
“Recently, we started wondering if non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals such as carbamazepine – a prescription drug used to treat epilepsy and neuropathic pain – can accelerate the transmission of antibiotic resistance through bacterial conjugation.”
More than 1,000 tons of carbamazepine is consumed worldwide each year.
It can accumulate and remain in various environments for years because of its resistance to biodegradation.
UQ PhD student Yue Wang said the research found carbamazepine significantly enhanced the bacterial conjugation not only within the same bacterial species, but also across bacterial genera.
“This discovery provides strong evidence that carbamazepine at environmentally relevant concentrations directly promotes the transfer of multi-antibiotic resistance genes,” Dr Guo said.
“Further work is required to investigate if similar effects have been caused by carbamazepine in human gut microbiota.”
Source: PhysOrgClean Environment


This regiment lasted fewer than 60 years as an independent unit. It was formed in Chichester by Lieutenant-Colonel Mildmay Fane in 1824. It was the sixth regiment to be numbered 98, but had no links to any of the earlier units.
A year after its formation, it was sent to South Africa for 12 years, where its role was mainly to guard the white settlers. Police duties in northern England followed from 1837 to 1842, most notably keeping order during the Chartist political unrest.
Its next overseas posting was to China during the First China War (1840-42), where it was commanded by Sir Colin Campbell. It fought at Chinkiang (Zhenjiang) and the advance on Nanking (Nanjing) in 1842.
The regiment lost 60 per cent of its strength during the conflict, mainly to heatstroke and disease. But it gained the honour of adding a dragon to its badge.
From China, it moved straight to India, where it remained until 1855. This included service in the Punjab during the Second Sikh War (1848-49).
After two years in England, the regiment returned to India in 1857. Although it saw no active service during the Indian Mutiny (1857-59), it did join the Sittana Field Force in 1858 to suppress a revolt on the North-West Frontier.
It spent 1867 to 1873 back on policing duties in England and Ireland. Then, at the end of this period, it sailed to Barbados.
In 1875, the regiment moved to Malta. It arrived in time for a visit by the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII) the following year. It was granted the title ‘Prince of Wales's’ later that year in recognition of the duties it performed during his visit.
It moved to India again in 1880. The following year, it was merged with the 64th (2nd Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot to form The North Staffordshire (Prince of Wales’s) Regiment.
The National Army Museum works with a network of Regimental and Corps Museums across the UK to help preserve and share the history and traditions of the Army and its soldiers.
Discover more about the 98th (The Prince of Wales’s) Regiment of Foot by visiting The Staffordshire Regiment Museum in Lichfield.The Staffordshire Regiment Museum


Building Systems from Scratch: an Exploratory Study of Students Learning About Climate Change
Gillian Puttick and Eli Tucker-Raymond
2018. Journal of Science Education and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-017-9725-x
Science and computational practices such as modeling and abstraction are critical to understanding the complex systems that are integral to climate science. Given the demonstrated affordances of game design in supporting such practices, we implemented a free 4-day intensive workshop for middle school girls that focused on using the visual programming environment, Scratch, to design games to teach others about climate change. The experience was carefully constructed so that girls of widely differing levels of experience were able to engage in a cycle of game design. This qualitative study aimed to explore the representational choices the girls made as they took up aspects of climate change systems and modeled them in their games. Evidence points to the ways in which designing games about climate science fostered emergent systems thinking and engagement in modeling practices as learners chose what to represent in their games, grappled with the realism of their respective representations, and modeled interactions among systems components. Given the girls ‘ levels of programming skill, parts of systems were more tractable to create than others. The educational purpose of the games was important to the girls ‘ overall design experience, since it influenced their choice of topic, and challenged their emergent understanding of climate change as a systems problem.


Explore the History and Culture of South Africa with 300-Stamp Collection
It's fun to discover stamps from other countries, and this is a good opportunity to take a look at postage stamps issued by South Africa. Stamps may vary, but that's half the fun! What will you see in your collection? Order today to find out.
More About South Africa...
The Republic of South Africa is the southernmost country on the African continent. It is bordered by Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe to the north and Mozambique and Eswatini to the east and northeast. It surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho. Its capital cities are Pretoria, Bloemfontein, and Cape Town.
Before South Africa became a united country in 1910, each part issued its own stamps. The first stamp of the Union of South Africa was issued November 4, 1910, and pictured King George V. Most South Africa stamps issued from 1926-1951 were in pairs, with one reading "SOUTH AFRICA" and the other "SUIDAFRIKA" or "SUID-AFRIKA." The first Reupblic of South Africa stamps were issued on May 31, 1961, and labeled "REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA" until 1966. From 1967 onward, they were inscribed "RSA," though modern stamps simply read "South Africa."


Define the phrase, “Common Law”.
Explain how it is different from Statutory Law, or Administrative Regulations.
Review one of the “Common Law” cases listed in the index of our Text, pages 297-321.
Discuss how that “Common Law” decision has impact on the quality of care offered to patients in the USA. [For example, see on page 308 of the text, the case “Helling v. Carey.” It is shown in italic as are all the cases listed in the text book index. In this case it refers you to page 238 that will give you a discussion of that case.
Helling (plaintiff) met with her ophthalmologists (defendants) on several occasions will suffering from angle glaucoma a condition where fluids do not discharge from the eye. In order to diagnose this condition, a pressure test is normally administered. However, the medical standard for this test is normally applied to people over the age of forty years old. Plaintiff was less than forty years old so the defendants did not administer the test. After years of seeing the defendants, it was determined the plaintiff was suffering from glaucoma when the doctors previously thought it was irritation from a contacts lens. Plaintiff filed suit for negligence for permanent damage caused to her eye as a result of failing to diagnose the plaintiff earlier.
Despite the fact that the defendants complied with the standards of the medical profession are they still liable?
Yes. The court emphasizes that although the standard protects people over the age of forty and only one in 25,000 people suffers from such a condition, the one person deserves the same equal protection as other persons.


Home » Practical Information » Health and Medical Concerns
The disease Chikungunya, which first emerged in Bandung, West Java in December 2002, causes symptoms similar to those of dengue fever. The pathogen involved is a flavivirus transmitted by bites of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It is most common during the Indonesian rainy season, particularly in regions with high rainfall levels.
There is no specific cure for chikungunya and no vaccine. The only way to prevent chikungunya is to prevent mosquito bites. The disease is not life-threatening, but recovery takes several weeks and those affected are typically weaker for a long time.
Symptoms of Chikungunya
About four to seven days after being bitten symptoms begin to appear. The infection begins with flu-like symptoms including a sudden fever and followed by severe joint pain and generalized pain in the body and legs. Pain is especially common in the knees, ankles, small joints (especially in hands and feet) and any previously injured area. Pain may be so severe that victims are unable to walk and end up physically bedridden. Other common symptoms are a rash and headache.
Prevelance of Chikungunya
Expatriates may be at risk in the West and Central Java areas. Cases were also reported from West Timor and Sulawesi. There is no specific test to diagnose the infection, and treatment will be supportive rather than curative as for any other viral infection. Therefore, prevention of mosquito bites through repellent, bed netting, and eliminating larva breeding grounds around the house is paramount.
The virus was initially related to the African O'nyong-nyong virus from the same group, which has similar symptomatic characteristics. However, it has been classified as a clearly distinct virus.
For more information on avoiding mosquito bites, read the articles on Dengue Fever and Malaria.
If you have medical-related questions about living in Indonesia to ask of medical professionals, see Ask the Experts.
We trust this information will assist you in making correct choices regarding your health and welfare. However, it is not intended to be a substitute for personalized advice from your medical adviser.
Our appreciation to International SOS, an AEA Company who has contributed this article to assist expatriate families in Indonesia.


Each type has its own specific symptoms.
Plaque psoriasis is the most frequent type, making up over 80% of cases of psoriasis. The red plaques are well demarcated, thick and covered in white flaky skin. It appears most frequently on the elbows, the scalp, the back and the knees. It can develop in any part of the body, however.
Pustular psoriasis is a rare form. It involves white pustules appearing on the red plaques. They can arise on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet: this is referred to as palmoplantar pustulosis. The fingers are sometimes affected.
Symptoms depending on location
Depending on the location in which it occurs, the psoriasis can take a specific form.
A kind known as inverse psoriasis is found in the folds of the skin (armpits, navel, stomach folds etc.). It is sometimes mistaken for thrush. It is often painful because the plaques are subject to constant rubbing due to their location in parts of the body that bend.
Palmoplantar pustulosis affects the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Due to the fact that we use our hands and feet constantly as part of daily life, this is particularly painful and incapacitating.
Nail psoriasis is very common and occurs in around half of psoriasis patients. This type of psoriasis is the one most frequently associated with psoriatic arthritis.
Scalp psoriasis is found very frequently, and it affects between 50% and 80% of psoriasis sufferers. It often causes itching, which aggravates the lesions.
Last updated: 2/19/18


WRR-120 WRR-121 WRR-122 WRR-123 WRR-130 B thermocouples
WRR-120 WRR-121 WRR-122 WRR-123 WRR-130 B thermocouples, temperature is a physical quantity that characterizes the degree of hot and cold of an object, but temperature cannot be measured directly. It needs to be measured indirectly with the help of a certain physical parameter of another object that changes significantly with different temperatures.
For reliable temperature measurement, it is necessary to choose the right temperature sensor. The most recently we have been in contact with are thermopile sensors and pyroelectric sensors. A thermopile sensor is a component that can convert temperature difference and electrical energy into each other. It consists of two or more thermocouples connected in series. The thermoelectric potentials of each thermocouple are superimposed on each other. Generates current and can be used to measure small temperature differences or average temperatures.
When using a thermopile to measure temperature, the shortcomings of the potential difference generated by a single thermocouple are too small and difficult to measure, avoiding the use of expensive high-precision operational amplifiers.


A Rocky Mountain high
Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado is one of the nation’s most significant national parks. It is also one of the most majestic in the system with its scenic alpine views, expansive open spaces in its grass-covered valleys, and its diverse wildlife.
The park, located northwest of Denver, was created in 1915 and is one of the nation’s oldest major public parks. Encompassing mountains as high as 14,000 feet, it crosses the continental divide.
The park, because of its altitudes, is often covered with snow. Its mostly winter environment offers much to visitors who love hiking, snowshoeing, observing wildlife, mountain climbing, and scenic drives along high mountain ridges.
Summer is the best time to visit for many people. Roads to the highest elevations are open during the short June to September season, affording opportunities to drive the Trail Ridge Road and other roadways into the clouds.
Yet winter, fall, and spring also give visitors the chance to see the mountains and valleys in different colors and with plant and animal life at their most active.
Bear Lake is a popular destination at any time of the year. Moraine Park is also widely visited to see its herds of elk, deer and other grazing animals.
We offer numerous features in this section about interacting with park wildlife, the native trees, waterfalls, the scenic roads, backcountry hiking, mountain camping, lakes, survival in the rugged region, and our favorite activities in the nearby town of Estes Park.
We hope you will enjoy our stories, photos, and slideshows from our visit to the park and the Estes Park area.


The Studenica Monastery#by Marija Šegan, Danijela Pantelić and Sandra Vujošević
The Studenica Monastery 43.4867397,20.53 , the most significant monastic complex of mediaeval Serbia, represents an important religious and artistic center of the Serbian people even today. Since the 12th century, when the monastery was founded, the monastic community of Studenica has been able to maintain a long-lasting continuity, whose cultural diversity is still visible in numerous architectural and painterly achievements.
The main church was erected as a pious donation and mausoleum of the progenitor of the Nemanid dynasty. As such, the Virgin’s Church in Studenica was often emulated by later Nemanid rulers not only in terms of mausoleum building, but also as a site of personal contribution. After the katholikon (= main church) and the monastery’s wall had been erected, a number of other buildings intended for fulfillment of the religious and economic needs of the Studenica’s monastic community were also raised. Among them were the refectory, Radoslav’s narthex, churches of Saint Nicholas and Saint John, King’s Church, monks’ dwelling houses, etc.
Wall painting of the Studenica Monastery was being created by generations of painters, starting from the masters who decorated it with the thirteenth century masterpieces of Byzantine art, through court painters of King Milutin and leading artists of the restored Patriarchate of Peć, to the nineteenth-century zografs (=icon or fresco painters following the traditional Orthodox iconography). The oldest and most important preserved wall paintings are located in the Virgin’s Church, and they represent a mile stone, from which the development of new, monumental stylistic expression of the 13th century begins. The Studenica’s treasury safeguards some of the finest specimens of the applied art in Serbia.
The Monastery was included on the World Heritage List in 1986. As such, it is has been subjected to incessant conservational works.
- Đurić V.J. & Babić G. (1997). Srpska umetnost u srednjem veku I. Beograd


The World Health Organization recently launched a new website with detailed recommendations for how countries can improve access to critical maternal and newborn health interventions through task-shifting.
The new guidelines include an interactive feature where policymakers can browse by specific intervention or by type of health worker to get a sense of the safety and feasibility of shifting specific tasks from one cadre of health worker to another.
WHO also produced a video that explains the importance and the process of developing the new recommendations.
Context for the new recommendations (from the detailed recommendations):
Human resource shortages in the health services are widely acknowledged as a threat to the attainment of the healthrelated Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Attempts to optimize the potential of the existing health workforce are therefore crucial. A more rational distribution of tasks and responsibilities among cadres of health workers is seen as a promising strategy for improving access and costeffectiveness within health systems. For example, access to care may be improved by training and enabling ‘mid-level’ and ‘lay’ health workers to perform specific interventions that might otherwise be provided only by cadres with longer (and sometimes more specialized) training. Such task shifting strategies might be particularly attractive to countries that lack the means to improve access to care within short periods of time.
Objectives of the new guidelines (from the detailed recommendations):
These recommendations have been developed as part of the World Health Organization’s mandate to provide normative guidance to its member states. The objective of this guidance is to issue evidence-based recommendations to facilitate universal access to key, effective maternal and newborn interventions through the optimization of health worker roles. These recommendations are intended for health policymakers, managers and other stakeholders at a regional, national and international level. By providing this broad guidance internationally, the World Health Organization (WHO) assumes that countries will adapt and implement these recommendations while also considering the political system and health systems context in which they operate.
Access the detailed recommendations here.


Organization is a social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals. (Businessdictionary.com)
Organization as a structure distributes responsibilities among the members of the company (child 2005, p.6). By allocating people and recourses to the necessary tasks and designating responsibilities, the organization contributes to the successful implementations of its goals.
While organization as a process focus more closely on behaviors, clarify to people what is expected from them. There are 3 key factors to organizing a process: 1- integration, 2- control, 3- reward. (child2005, p.8)
By these definitions we can simplify the difference by saying that structure can be the “frame” of the organization while process is the collaboration between the divisions in the frame. One works in Hierarchy while the other delegates amongst a flat panel. …show more content…
As one of the largest companies in food industries, it has found limitations to the hierarchical pyramid. So in 2002 it implemented a program called “Nestle on the move” which consists of two subdivision programs:” Leadership program” & “Develop people initiative program”. With this program the company moved from hierarchical structure to a flat structure where managers have more direct reports, who then must act independently. Nestle has found 7 limitations to the pyramidal model: vertical career path – command communication – company experience – internal competition – silo thinking – obedience orientation & delegation of task rather than


- Current and emerging global trends - which are shaping our world and will shape the world of the future.
- Major relevance to ASB's mission and core values.
- Significant potential advantage to current teaching and learning.
- A sudden urgency to meet unexpected needs.
So how do these play out in reality? Let's look at some of our recent R&D topics and see how they relate to the 4 main drivers:
- Games Based Learning - this was a Task Force from 2011 (which later became Gamification) and was researched and prototyped because it has a significant advantage for current teaching and learning.
- Mobile Learning - this was a Task Force from 2012 and was researched and prototyped because of current and emerging global trends.
- Maker Mindset - this was a Task Force from 2013 and was chosen because of its advantage to teaching and learning and because Maker is an emerging global trend.
- Social Entrepreneurship - this was a Task Force from 2014 and was chosen because of it being both an emerging global trend and because it has major relevance to our school mission and values.
Of course it's not just a matter of selecting topics, we also want to ensure that we can implement these topics in the context of teaching and learning at ASB. To decide on this we look at the plus factors that will enable us to develop these topics and successfully and various areas of the school in order to really innovate teaching and learning. These plus factors are as follows:
- Potential impact - there must be a significant advantage over what already exists. Without this R&D will not make a meaningful impact or return on investment.
- Champions - R&D needs teachers who are committed to lead the work and who will persist through obstacles. Without this there is little chance of success.
- Cost in terms of human resources - we have to ask whether the cost of developing and implementating is worth the impact.
- Degree of innovation - we ask whether R&D will bring something new to the school, or is it simply a revamping of what already exists.
- Receptivity to innovation - which can vary across divisions, grades and departments.
- Synergy - between the different R&D innovations that can multiply the impact of an innovation.
If you would like a copy of R&D Your School it's available on Kindle and costs just $5.
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Every year, World Arthritis Day is celebrated on October 12 to create awareness about the disease ‘Arthritis’. The theme of World Arthritis Day 2021 is “Don’t delay, connect today: Time2work.” World Arthritis Day aims to create awareness of Rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs), Osteoarthritis and other forms of arthritis among people.
There are other forms of arthritis including:
- Juvenile Arthritis: This term describes a group of conditions that affect children.
- Spondyloarthropathies: These autoimmune conditions can attack the joints.
- Systematic lupus erythematosus: This condition affects many tissues of the body, including the joints.
- Gout: In this condition, Urate crystals accumulate in joints.
- Infectious and Reactive Arthritis: This type of arthritis refers to joint inflammation resulting from an infection.
- Psoriatic Arthritis: This condition affects almost one-third of people with psoriasis.
- Ankylosing spondylitis: This condition produces symptoms in the low back, hips, and/or shoulders first.


Methods of Ventilation in Tunnels
The following methods are implemented for ventilation in tunnels:
- Natural Method
- Mechanical Method
1. Natural Ventilation
When a tunnel receives fresh air and automatically removes the dust without the use of mechanical appliances, this sort of ventilation is called natural ventilation. This type of ventilation can be improved by providing shafts at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel during its construction.
2. Mechanical Ventilation
When the ventilation in tunnels is done with the help of mechanical devices is known as mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation is done by any one of the following methods:
This type of ventilation method is suitable for short-length tunnels. In this system of ventilation, Fresh air is blown by a blower installed in the input shaft. Blowers provide a uniform distribution of fresh air at the workplace, and the vitiated air is pushed out through the portals.
In this method of ventilation, vitiated air is sucked from the tunnel by using exhaust fans, and fresh air is drawn into the tunnel through the inlet shaft. This method rapidly removes dust and foul air from the working face of the tunnel but does not provide proper ventilation.
(iii) Combination of Blowing and exhausting
A combination of blower and exhaust fan is the most reliable ventilation system. This combined system utilizes the advantages of both blowing and exhausting. Immediately after blasting, the exhaust system is operated for 10 to 25 min to drop smoke and dust, and then the fan is reversed for blowing fresh air.
The method of ventilation depends on the following factors:
- Length of tunnels
- Size of Tunnels.
- Frequency of blasting and the amount of explosive.
- Amount of the heat that is produced by humans, animals, and light.
- Amount of carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere due to human breathing and explosives.
- The temperature inside the tunnels.
- Percentage of humidity present inside the tunnels.
Requirements of Good Ventilation System in Tunnels


Engineered Poplar Lignin Improves Wood Degradability
Lignin is an irregular phenolic plant cell wall polymer that is integral to plant strength and function. It is important in bioprocessing of plant biomass because it inhibits deconstruction of plant cell wall sugar polymers, such as cellulose and hemicellulose, into sugar monomers, a key step in biofuel production. The irregular structure and types of linkages among the phenolic monolignol precursors contribute to lignin’s recalcitrance to cleavage and hydrolysis. Interestingly, the enzymes that polymerize lignin are known to be promiscuous and can incorporate nonstandard monolignols if alternate precursors are supplied. Exploiting this promiscuity to construct a lignin more amenable to hydrolysis, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) researchers genetically engineered poplar—an attractive biofuels feedstock—to biosynthesize ferulate conjugated monolignols in the developing cell wall of plant tissues that contain significant amounts of lignin. The ferulate monolignols are of particular interest because they form ester bonds in lignin that are more hydrolysable than the typical ether bonds that normally connect lignin monolignols. The modified lignin altered the amount of sugars released from the poplar cell walls, and the researchers found that mild alkaline pretreatment released as much as double the glucose compared to the unmodified poplar lignin. These studies demonstrate the usefulness of modifying plant lignin as a means to simplify and improve processing of plant biomass and increasing sugar yields from plant biomass for biofuel production. These improvements are important advances in overcoming the technical barriers to an economically viable and sustainable biofuels industry.
Wilkerson, C. G., S. D. Mansfield, F. Lu, S. Withers, J.-Y. Park, S. D. Karlen, E. Gonzales-Vigil, D. Padmakshan, F. Unda, J. Rencoret, and J. Ralph. 2014. “Monolignol Ferulate Transferase Introduces Chemically Labile Linkages into the Lignin Backbone,” Science 344, 90–93. DOI:10.1126/science.1250161.


In recent times, there has been significant progress in the field of artificial intelligence. Advanced solutions developed through research have made AI seem less artificial and more intelligent. The advancements are so substantial that it’s becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish between what is real and what is not. The latest developments in ChatGPT, Bing, and Bard showcase this trend. Even though there is still room for improvement, the progress made so far is impressive.
The founder of Bellingcat, Eliot Higgins, recently shared a series of images on social media depicting the arrest of former President Donald Trump. The photos showed reactions, riots, and violent scenes that Twitter would not allow due to their graphic nature. However, the reason behind the images is based on truth – Donald Trump is potentially facing arrest for allegedly paying a porn star to keep their past relationship a secret. However, everything else depicted in the images is completely false, including the police chase and forced labor in prison. Another user even added an imaginary scenario in which Trump ends up as Putin’s cellmate in 2024, with a romantic connection between the two.
Making pictures of Trump getting arrested while waiting for Trump's arrest. pic.twitter.com/4D2QQfUpLZ— Eliot Higgins (@EliotHiggins) March 20, 2023
The images produced by the Midjourney v5 software are disturbing due to their ability to present false information as truth. This highlights how much artificial intelligence has progressed, making it challenging for humans to differentiate between what is real and what is not. While the technology is impressive, it raises ethical concerns.
AI is no longer exclusive to a few individuals; anyone can create a 100% fake image with a computer and appropriate software. However, the issue arises when AI is used for nefarious purposes. For instance, in 2015, Ilary Blasi was discredited when someone created deep fake images of her naked in the shower. The perpetrator used clips from an American adult film and attempted to sell them to tabloids. This example illustrates how difficult it is to identify deep fakes, even eight years ago.
There are other, potentially worse examples of the negative impact of deep fakes, such as their use in pornography, discrediting individuals, and spreading false information in times of war. This abundance of fake information puts us in a challenging position, as we must question what we believe.


Eye strain is a common problem nowadays (especially for those who work in front of computer all the time). This include a number of symptoms, including dry eyes, irritation, sensitivity to light, trouble focusing, and blurry vision. If not addressed, these symptoms can turn into something chronic. If you strain your eyes and have trouble seeing or focusing, it could end up impacting your productivity and effectiveness too.
TAKE A BREAK
The best way to prevent eye strain is not to use them as much. That might be difficult to do. Luckily, your eyes use more than one set of muscles. That means you can relax one muscle while using another. Shift your focus from near to far on a regular basis. Shift focus from up close to at least 20 ft away. If you are at your computer look out the window for a minute. If you are driving check your speedometer every so often.
Use indirect or reflective lighting whenever possible to reduce glare. Try switching your monitor or TV to flat screen technology. They are not as reflective. Use anti-glare technology. Use an anti-glare filter on monitors. Use anti-glare glasses when driving (especially at night) or working in general.
Ensure there is a good contrast with what you are looking at but reduce contrast. Too much contrast with the surrounding area will cause strain through your peripheral vision. Keep overall lighting levels at a moderate level, so there is good contrast around you, but glare does not become a problem. Use task lighting to aid eyesight at specific tasks. Adjust the contrast setting on monitors and screens to the best effect. Use glasses or sunglasses with polarized lenses as they increase contrast and cut down on glare.
Use full spectrum lighting. Lighting, like sunlight, that covers the visual spectrum makes things easier to see. Adjust the colour setting on monitors and screens. Some even allow you to adjust the colour temperature. Use a combination of fluorescent and incandescent lighting. Use full spectrum fluorescent bulbs.
STRENGTHEN YOUR EYES
Eye strain is the strain of the muscles controlling the eyes. Strengthening these muscles with a series of eye exercises will go a long way to preventing eye strain. You can go to You Tube and watch some videos on exercises for the eyes!
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For the first time ever, surgery was performed on a fetus's brain while it was inside the womb, and the procedure was documented in a recent study.
The study, published in the peer-reviewed journal Stroke on Thursday, documented the process that doctors took to repair a malformed blood vessel in the fetus's brain. The procedure was done while the woman was pregnant at 34 weeks.
The baby ended up being born in March and she did not need any medications or treatments since she was discharged, the study stated, where doctors described the process as a "first-of-its-kind procedure." The trial was done in order to find a new treatment for vein of Galen malformation (VOGM), which is described by the Boston Children's Hospital as a "type of rare blood vessel abnormality inside the brain" where the "misshapen arteries in the brain connect directly with veins."
Left untreated, VOGM can cause blood to rush towards the heart and lungs which forces the heart to work harder to get blood to the rest of the body. It also causes high blood pressure flow which may cause congestive heart failure and high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs.
Process in treating VOGM
Doctors from Boston Children's Hospital and the Brigham and Women's Hospital collaborated on a trial to treat VOGM for the fetus, which will include around 20 babies, and this procedure was the first attempt at the treatment.
The surgery would have usually taken place after the birth but would not have been able to reverse the onset of heart failure, which prompted medical professionals to conduct the surgery before the baby was born.
Medical professionals involved with the initiative stated that there were no negative effects on the baby's brain.


Ahmadabad, eastern Gujarat state, is a sprawling metropolis in west-central India. The city was founded by the Muslim ruler, Sultan Ahmad Shah, next to the older Hindu town of Asawal. Having endured a massive earthquake in 2001 that killed nearly 20,000 people, ancient architecture from Hindu, Muslim, and Jain traditions can still be found throughout the city today and accurately portray the religious and cultural diversity that is a defining characteristic of Ahmadabad.
India, occupying the greater part of South Asia, is the second-most populous country in the world, after China. India’s government is a constitutional republic that represents a highly diverse population with thousands of ethnic groups, hundreds of languages, and a complex caste system. In similar fashion, India has a convoluted social and cultural history, featuring both a rich intellectual life in the sciences and arts, as well as religious tradition. After gaining independence from the British in 1947, India split from the predominantly Muslim regions of present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Despite earnest attempts to unify the country and instill a semblance of peace, tensions between rival ethnic groups, religious sects, rich and poor, have further divided the nation. Burdening the country further, India has more abandoned children than any nation on the planet, with over 30 million orphans wandering the bustling streets and railways of major cities. This cultural dynamism creates immense challenges for the central government, but enormous opportunity for the church of India to step into the abundant harvest fields moved with compassion and great expectation.
Pray for the advancement of God's Kingdom throughout the 61 languages of this city, especially in the UUPGS listed above.
Pray for the launch of strategic centers for church planting; for supernatural wisdom, courage, and protection of the teams.
Pray for a mighty movement of prayer to be birthed in Ahmadabad that multiplies throughout the country.
Join with us in praying regularly for one of the 110 cities!
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The corresponding angles postulate states that when a transversal intersects parallel lines, the corresponding angles are congruent. What if you go the other way and start with corresponding angles that are congruent? Is the converse of this postulate true? This tutorial explores exactly that!
If two figures have the same size and shape, then they are congruent. The term congruent is often used to describe figures like this. In this tutorial, take a look at the term congruent!
Lines that are parallel have a very special quality. Without this quality, these lines are not parallel. In this tutorial, take a look at parallel lines and see how they are different from any other kind of lines!
When a transversal intersects parallel lines, the corresponding angles created have a special relationship. The corresponding angles postulate looks at that relationship! Follow along with this tutorial to learn about this postulate.
A conditional statement is an if-then statement. For every conditional statement you can write three related statements, the converse, the inverse, and the contrapositive. The video shows how these are related.
Got a transversal intersecting two lines? Trying to figure out if those lines are parallel? You could test to see if corresponding angles are congruent. This tutorial shows you how!


Understanding Flood Messages
What if a flood message is issued for your area?
- Take heed of the message issued
- Be prepared to follow the instructions of emergency response officials
Monitoring weather and flood conditions is a shared responsibility of Conservation Authorities, Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF) and Environment Canada. The MNRF Surface Water Monitoring Centre monitors weather forecasts and water levels across the province and provides that information to Conservation Authorities.
Conservation Authorities and MNRF are responsible for forecasting where and when flooding is likely to occur, and issuing appropriate messages.
When flooding is possible or imminent, Conservation Authorities (or MNRF, in areas where there is no Conservation Authority) issue flood messages to municipal emergency management officials and the media. The municipal officials then take action to warn local residents. Advance warning of an impending flood allows municipalities and other government agencies to put emergency response plans into action, and if necessary, evacuate communities.
Where can you find out if there is a flood warning in your area
Flood messages are found on the MNRF's website and on the homepage of Conservation Authorities’ websites. In some watersheds, members of the public can receive flood messages by email and social media.Or, you can use this interactive map to find your Conservation Authority's website and flood message updates.
Conditions are within normal limits. No flooding is expected.
WATER SAFETY STATEMENT
High flows, unsafe banks, melting ice or other factors could be dangerous for recreational users such as anglers, canoeists, hikers, children, pets, etc. Flooding is not expected.
FLOOD OUTLOOK STATEMENT
Early notice of the potential for flooding based on weather forecasts calling for heavy rain, snow melt, high wind or other conditions that could lead to high runoff, cause ice jams, lakeshore flooding or erosion.
Flooding is possible in specific watercourses or municipalities. Municipalities, emergency services and individual landowners in flood-prone areas should prepare.
Flooding is imminent or already occurring in specific watercourses or municipalities. Municipalities and individuals should take action to deal with flood conditions. This may include road closures and evacuations.


Last week, the British Nutrition Foundation (BNF) launched a new professional development platform for primary school teachers. The free online course comes in response to the results of research which showed teachers were getting little training in the area of nutrition, yet poor nutrition and an unhealthy lifestyle are being increasingly linked with academic performance.
The launch took place at a conference in London for health professionals and educators to mark the BNF’s 50th Anniversary, and it’s hoped that the online training will provide teachers with the additional education they need.
The free professional development course is called Teaching food in primary: the why, what and how, and aims to equip teachers with the skills to be able to implement engaging food lessons and healthy school initiatives.
It delivers eight different modules:
- Food in schools
- Food origins
- The Eatwell Guide and healthy eating
- Nutrition understanding
- Food safety
- Cooking in the classroom
Each module includes a short test, providing teachers with feedback on their progress. On successful completion of the final assessment, teachers will earn BNF certification. The course takes approximately 5-7 hours to complete.
Managing Director and Head of Education at the BNF, Roy Ballam said, ‘It is critical that teachers lay the foundations for children to make good dietary and lifestyle choices now and as adults. But most primary teachers have received virtually no formal training in food, nutrition and physical activity.’
‘It is because of this that the BNF believes that there is an urgent need to support these teachers during their training and when they are practising,’ he concluded.
The course has been specifically created for initial and practising primary school teachers and is based on requirements from the National Curriculum (England), the Public Health England (PHE) Core Competencies for Children and Young People and guidance to support primary school teachers deliver food teaching in schools from PHE and the Department for Education (DfE).
A similar course for primary schools in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales will be available shortly.
Teachers can find the course at Food a Fact of Life. You can find more information and resources on nutrition at humankinetics.com.