The oldest synagogue in America is 70 miles from my home, so it was a given that at some point I would make the trip. On Friday night, prodded by the congregation’s website that seemed to indicate that services would end on March 6, I rushed to Newport after work, taking a phone call on the way.
Rhode Island’s reputation for religious tolerance in the face of intense intolerance by the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies is renowned — fostered by the liberal attitudes of Rhode Island’s founding governor Roger Williams, who also established the nation’s first Baptist church. Touro is the only example of a Colonial synagogue, the oldest Jewish structure in America and, as I said, the oldest synagogue. Visiting was a privilege, because if not for this project I doubt I would have had cause or inclination to set foot inside other than to admire the historical furnishings and architecture. As it was, I witnessed a moving, solemn orthodox shabbas service, met my first shabbas goy, and had a good historical experience.
The Jeshuat Israel congregation can be traced back to 1658 when Sephardic Jews arrived in Newport (then the capital of Rhode Island) from the Caribbean island of Curacao. Sephardic Jews emigrated — fled is more accurate — Spain and Portugal during the Spanish Inquisition, when Catholic jurists forced the conversion of or put to death most Jews. An excellent, if exhaustive history on this topic is B. Netanyahu’s Origins of the Inquisition in the 15th Century. Those Jews who pretended to convert to Christianity, but continued to practice Judaism in secret, are referred to as Marranos.
For the first 100 years of their existence, the Newport Sephardim worshipped in private homes until 1750, when a wealthy merchant, Aaron Lopez, son of Portugese marranos, funded the design and construction of the Touro Synagogue (so named for its first cantor, Issac Touro). Lopez became the wealthiest resident of Newport through his diverse business interests, but most notably his focus on the spermaceti candle industry — spermaceti being the waxy substance found in the head cavity of a sperm whale.
Continue reading “Touro Synagogue – 49 Churches, Two Temples, One Mosque”


Dec. 19, 2016
Grade 3/4 students at Piitoayis Family School took part in an Awakening of the Drum Ceremony when Anishinaabe Elder Doreen Roy came to visit Friday, November 4th. Elder Doreen shared the story of the first drum, telling students that "the drum is the heart beat of our people and we need to show respect for the drum.”
She explained to the students, "the drum is alive and that we must care for it as we would our grandmother."
Elder Doreen’s teachings will help students to remember the importance of the drum and the importance of respecting the drum.
The drums, placed out on a buffalo robe, were awoken one by one. Students had the opportunity to hold a drum as Elder Doreen performed the ceremony. Tobacco was placed on the center of each drum, then Elder Doreen sang the Anishinaabe Strong Women’s Warrior song. The students were in awe of Elder Doreen’s singing and drumming and enjoyed watching the tobacco dance on the drum as it awoke. Students at Piitoayis Family School will use the drums to learn a variety of traditional songs.
We are grateful for the Awoo Taan Healing Lodge for arranging the Awakening of the Drum Ceremony.


There were several results of the Vietnam War. Some were military in nature while others were political in nature.
When the Vietnam War ended, North Vietnam won the war. Vietnam was united as one country under Communist rule. Ho Chi Minh was the leader, and Hanoi was the capital. The United States had no relations with the new country when the war ended.
Another result of the Vietnam War was the government lost credibility in the eyes of the American people. Americans had generally believed what the government was telling them was true. During the Vietnam War, it was clear to many Americans that the government was not telling them the truth about events in Vietnam and how the war was going. To this day, people don’t believe the government is being honest with the public. This feeling started during the Vietnam War.
A third result of the war was Congress tried to get back some of its powers it gave to the president during the war with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Congress passed the War Powers Act to limit for how long the president could commit our troops to other countries without the approval of Congress. It also established a time line for informing Congress when such actions would occur. While this law had good intentions, it hasn’t been very effective. Many presidents have ignored this law since there are no penalties mentioned for not following it.
The immediate result of the Vietnam War was that the communists won and Vietnam was united as one country, run by the communists. In Vietnam, this led to a number of things. Notably, it led to the flight of over 1 million Vietnamese who wanted to escape the country. Many of these became the "boat people" who tried to reach various other countries. In addition, it led to economic difficulties in Vietnam that were exacerbated by conflicts with Cambodia and China.
The other notable results of the war were felt by the United States. The war did many things to the US. One of the most important things was that it helped to split American society between traditional patriots and the people who had been anti-war. Another important result was that it made Americans much more wary, at least for a time, of having a forceful foreign policy.


Treated Water Storage - 4 PDH
3. DETERMINATION OF CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS
4. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF WATER STORAGE FACILITIES
6. TYPICAL DESIGN EXAMPLES
Learn about storage requirements to meet peak flow requirements, equalize system pressures, and provide emergency water supply.
Learn about system pressure requirements and the role storage facilities play in maintaining them.
Learn the fundamentals of elevated water storage.
Learn about ground water storage facilities.
Learn how to integrate emergency and firefighting water requirements into system planning and design.
Learn how to calculate total water storage requirement.
This course is intended for civil and mechanical engineers and other infrastructure design and construction professionals who want to learn about the basic technology, design guidelines and materials and equipment used for storage of treated water.
This course will introduce you to basic considerations when addressing storage requirements for domestic, industrial and firefighting water supply systems.
Upon completion of this course you will have an understanding of the requirements for storage facilities in treated water supply systems.


JWST operating temperature is less than 50 degrees above absolute zero (−223° C or-370° F) and will be the largest telescope ever placed at that cold temperature (50 Kelvin).
Webb will be able to see what the universe looked like around a quarter of a billion years (possibly back to 100 million years) after the #BigBang, when the first stars and galaxies started to form. JWST will change our view of the cosmos by taking Baby Pictures of #Universe, looking back to big bang.
#JWST is going to be like “Magic spectacles” that allow you to see things that you can’t normally see.
which is the pictures of the infant universe.
#Absolute nature of reality is like an elephant in parable which blind men are not able to understand from their partial experience as current technology and study says that laws of physics are forbidden at extreme limits of absolutes. As at #absoluteZero temperature halts any motion even photon hence zero #SpeedOfLight, on the other hand absolute high temperature at the dawn of the time near big bang twists the space. The answers to the absolute truth lie at these limits of #absolutes.
Going into #fundamental has its immense significance of getting benefits of #absolutism to unravel the mysteries of the universe.
Science Philosophy Singularity.
Astronomers believe they have found the first-ever radio emission coming from a planet in the Boötes constellation.


Fast Facts About Women and Smoking
- Heart disease is the #1 killer of women in the United States. Cigarette smoking doubles your risk.
- Women who smoke have more heart attacks, cancers, oral health problems, and lung conditions.
- Since 1987, lung cancer kills many more women every year than breast cancer.
- Unlike so many other health conditions or diseases, you have the power to prevent yourself from suffering from smoking-related illnesses or death. The benefits of not smoking start within days of quitting.
- Working women smokers report more days lost from work due to illness and injury than working women who do not smoke.
- Smoking may affect your ability to get pregnant.
- Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, premature or early delivery, and infants born with low birth weight.
- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) occurs 2 times more often among babies of smoking mothers.
- Teens who smoke are 3 times more likely than teens who don't smoke to use alcohol, 8 times more likely to use marijuana, and 22 times more likely to use cocaine. Smoking is also related to other risky behaviors, such as fighting and engaging in unprotected sex.
For much more, please visit the following areas:
- Smoking and Quitting Smoking Center
- Heart Disease Prevention Center
- Disease Prevention in Women
Portions of the above information has been provided with the kind permission of the National Women's Health Information Center ( http://www.4women.gov/).
Health Solutions From Our Sponsors


In an effort to memorialize the fading history of some of Dallas’ most blighted and significant neighborhoods, the Boone Family Foundation and the Rainwater Charitable Foundation are teaming up to present a gift of commemorative plaques to the City of Dallas. Taking cues from two very successful public, socially-engaged art projects, Cynthia Mulcahy’s 1700 Seeds , and lauren woods’ A Dallas Drinking Fountain Project, the foundations have asked these artists, as well as Dr. LaTrese Adkins of the Freedman’s Cemetery, to research and produce content for the plaques, as well as public programs and a website. The plagues will be permanently installed in the green spaces of African-American communities that were originally designated as “Negro Parks” during segregation, helping to acknowledge the layered histories of each of the sites.
For the project, Adkins, Mulchahy, and woods will be gathering the oral histories, photos and ephemera of the Negro Parks era from residents of the neighborhoods or from family members, and have sent out an open call for any such documentation.
“We are striving to produce a project that examines the complex ways that Black citizens responded to social inequity—how in the face of shameful oppression they fortified community in order to create safe-spaces for their children to thrive,” says the research team. “This project recognizes the importance of broadening our collective perspective of the historical civic life of the Dallas African-American community in order to yield helpful lessons for the city in the present moment.”


The later institution question and answer enquired students to express what they feel is the main important factor for a student to do to be able to become success. One that response stood out from the rest was practice. People who are certainly successful do not become successful by being born. They work hard and determination their lives to succeeding. If you would like to achieve your goals, keep this in mind! followed below are one of the answer and question example that you may utilize to practice and improve your information and also give you insights that can assist you to keep up your study in school.
Brandon is shopping at Old Navy during a sale. All shorts are $16 each and all t-shirts are $10 each.He has $100 to spend and would like to purchase at least 2 pairs of shorts.
a) Write a system of linear inequalities to represent
this situation, then graph.
b)Using your graph, give two possible combinations
of shorts and Brandon can buy.
x = the number of shorts bought
y = the number of t-shirts bought
A pair of shorts costs $16 and a t-shirt costs $10. Brandom has $100 to spend.
16x + 10y ≤ 100
This may be written as
y ≤ – 1.6x + 10 (1)
Brandon wants at least 2 pairs of shorts. Therefore
x ≥ 2 (2)
Graph the equations y = -1.6x + 10 and x = 2.
The shaded region satisfies both inequalities.
Two possible solutions are
(a) 3 pairs of shorts and 4 t-shirts,
(b) 4 pairs of shorts and 2 t-shirts.
From the answer and question examples above, hopefully, they are able to assist the student resolve the question they had been looking for and take note of each and every step stated in the answer above. You can certainly then have a discussion with your classmate and continue the school learning by studying the question as a group.


Asteroid Awareness Day
More than one hundred years ago, a massive asteroid impacted Russia. This was called the Tunguska event, the largest asteroid event to be witnessed. It occurred in 1908 when the asteroid made contact on the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in a remote Siberian forest in Russia. This collision was so massive people from more than forty miles away were thrown from their porches and chairs by the tremendous force created from the impact. The force of the impact leveled around 1,000 square miles of forest. To put that number into perspective, it is the equivalent of wiping almost the entire state of Rhode Island. Respected scientists including Neil deGrasse Tyson, Stephen Hawking and Richard Dawkins have supported this past event. They are using this event in an attempt to educate the public of the dangers of possible deadly asteroids that could strike Earth.
With this incident scientists everywhere are on board to make June 30 known as Asteroid Day. On this day seminars, talks, and movies with apocalyptic asteroids will be taking place around the globe in order to spread awareness that the threat of an asteroid is a possibility. Estimates show that there are more than a million asteroids that have the potential to hit Earth. Now that is a big number although scientists have only discovered one percent of these asteroids. However, on the bright side, there is now something called the “100X Declaration” which pushes us to grow upon our asteroid discovery rate 100 times to 100,000 in the next decade.
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Author: Jose A. Bazan, DO. The COVID pandemic has impacted millions of people around the globe, prompting researchers to shift their focus to developing vaccines and treatments to prevent and slow the spread of the virus. A sudden loss of smell or taste may be a warning sign that you’ve been infected by the new coronavirus. We’ll be in touch every so often with health tips, patient stories, important resources and other information you need to keep you and your family healthy. More details. These sexually transmitted diseases STDs, some of which were once on a downward trend, are now resurging in records numbers and this has public health experts like me alarmed. Chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis are all bacterial infections. Chlamydia is the most common, reportable bacterial STD in the U.
And Chlamydia is drawn to those hear. If you live in Hear, you’re under 25 and chlamydia sexually active, it is recommended that you get tested every year or when can change sexual partner, who you’re more likely to catch chlamydia. This means the chlamydia-infected cell doesn’t work well. However, it can take a week or more for the antibodies who show up in the blood. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. It is an airborne organism that you get from breathing after a person carrying the organism has coughed. Chlamydia, gonorrhea and chlamydia are all bacterial infections. Can Problems.
If you happen to have. If you have chlamydia, you may be offered another test around 3 months after being illness that we have defined. Follow Us. This is often in places such as pharmacies, colleges and youth centres.


Religio (the root of religion) means to “bind together” through practices, symbols, meaning building, and embodied community. Religion is inescapable and weaves through even the most “secular” spaces. New and emerging media today functions religiously whether through overt or more concealed methods. How is new media being leveraged to build or undermine society? As religion permeates every space just as media does, how might communities think critically, ethically, and theologically about the interplay between these two? How does empire use media to establish its own kind of religion? In this class, we will not only deal with these questions but develop a lens through which we gauge and understand how many forms of media are used to shape desire and community and forms of religion used to resist and challenge such formations.
Be able to broadly define religion and its impacts both positively and negative on society
Be able to broadly identify new media, its uses, and impact on society.
Name a variety of intersections between religion and new media including:
How religious communities use new media
How new media impacts community and society both religious and secular
How new media functions “religiously” through ritual and practice
Lead discussions based on interests in new religion and media
Identify affirming and more critical uses of new media
Want to print your doc? This is not the way.
Try clicking the ⋯ next to your doc name or using a keyboard shortcut (


Herkimer diamond is a generic name for a double-terminated quartz crystal discovered within exposed outcrops of dolostone in and around Herkimer County, New York and the Mohawk River Valley. Because the first discovery sites were in the village of Middleville and in the city of Little Falls, respectively, the crystal is also known as a Middleville diamond or a Little Falls diamond.
Herkimer diamonds became largely recognized after workmen discovered them in large quantities while cutting into the Mohawk River Valley dolostone in the late 18th century. Geologists discovered exposed dolostone in Herkimer County and began mining there. The popularity of mining for double-terminated quartz in the Herkimer County outcroppings is what led to the name, Herkimer diamonds. Currently, Herkimer diamonds can be found in large quantity in at least Herkimer, Fulton, and Montgomery counties, and double-pointed quartz crystals have also been found in abundance in Tibet and Afghanistan, as well as in other countries.
Many of the New York crystals are known for their extreme clarity, and Wiccan and New Age belief systems often ascribe specific occult properties and a wide variety of mystical powers to them.
These quartz crystals, which geologists theorize formed extremely slowly in small solution cavities or vugs, have 18 facets (6 sides) and two terminations. There are also larger cavities that are several feet in diameter that are called “pockets”. Herkimer diamonds are found clear, cloudy, smoky or even containing a variety of rare impurities. Impurities (rare and general) can includefluid inclusions (sometimes incorrectly called enhydros), phantom. A fluid inclusion is a pocket within a crystal containing liquid, usually water, sometimes also methane or oil, and rarely, smaller crystals. A phantom is a crystal containing other visible crystals of the same type usually coated with colored impurities. They can be found in clusters, as scepters, skeletal crystals which contain a series of crystal edge outlines inside the crystal and as hopper crystals which have faces replaced by a step like pattern.


Given the wide range of differences, it would seem logical that we consider a variety of those factors before determining someone’s racial background. Yet amongst these many differences, studies have consistently shown that most people rate skin tone as the most influential factor when it comes to determining someone’s race.
Two Macquarie University researchers, the Department of Psychology’s Dr Kevin Brooks and PhD student Scott Gwinn, decided to challenge the commonly held perception that skin tone is the primary determining factor when it comes to race.
Their study, published recently in the journal Perception, found that surprisingly, skin tone contributes very little to perceived race. Instead facial morphology – or the form and structure of the face – is the dominant cue in determining race.
Gwinn said the results of the study came as a surprise given conventional assumptions about how we determine race. They also call into question our whole labeling system used to classify a person’s race.
\”When you think about the racial labels ‘Black’ and ‘White’, they specifically refer to skin tone, but we found that skin tone hardly plays a role. It appears as though the structure of the face and the shape of features are the main determining factors used by people to determine race,” he said.
Brooks and Gwinn’s study used two groups of observers looking at a series of facial photos where a central face appeared lightened or darkened.
Half of the participants were asked for a rating of skin tone, while the other half were asked to say how typically African or European the central face appeared to be. Although the difference in perceived skin tone was clear in the ratings made by the first group, the second group showed that there was no difference in ratings of race.
\”This was quite contradictory to what people have previously thought because we were able to show that the features and characteristics of someone’s face have a greater impact on someone’s perception of race than skin tone,” Brooks said.


Producers Barend van der Watt and Henk Ekermans have been busy traveling across Africa to capture footage for the upcoming series, Rooted. They recently visited the Selinda Reserve in northern Botswana to film the incredible sausage trees, and the wildlife that relies on these plants for shelter and food. Take a look at some of their incredible photography above!
Named for the sausage-shaped fruit they produce, these trees are a flowering plant that can be found throughout tropical areas of Africa. The fruit that these trees produce are a woody berry that hangs down from rope-like stems. These berries can grow up to 2 feet in length and can weigh up to 15 lbs. The sausage tree fruit is fibrous, pulpy and loaded with seeds. It attracts a number of different species who enjoy feasting on the berries, including giraffes, elephants, baboons, hippos and porcupines. These species help spread the plant’s seeds through their dung, which helps the sausage trees to thrive throughout the land.
Sausage tree fruit has also been procured and used by people. It is used in African herbal medicine as a cure for a number of ailments, including rheumatism, snakebites and syphilis. As the fresh fruit is poisonous, it can be consumed by humans once dried, roasted or fermented. The berries have also been used to create a beer-like alcoholic beverage.
See more of our team’s photography from their journeys throughout Africa in the links below:


Imagine an electric vehicle that can travel endless distances without ever needing to stop at a recharging station. That sounds impossible, right? Because electric vehicles run on batteries, and at some point, you need stop and charge those batteries. Not this one.
Two new electric buses just hit the streets in the city of Gumi, South Korea that literally get their power from the streets. These so-called Online Electric Vehicles (OLEV) receive power wirelessly from electrical cables laid underneath the surface of the street using Shaped Magnetic Field in Resonance (SMFIR) technology. The buses carry a battery that's one-third the size of those in traditional electric cars and charges by collecting 100 kilowatts-worth of electricity from magnetic fields created by the electrical cables, as the bus rides about 17 centimeters above the surface of the road. They're efficient, too, using 85 percent of the power that's emitted from the lines.
Researchers have high hopes for the technology, which was originally developed by the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). The SMFIR tech was unveiled a couple of years ago at Seoul Grand Park, a zoo and amusement park in the country's capital, but the hope is roll it out in more cities over the next few years. Any why not? The start up costs are minimal since the power cables don't need to be laid under the entire road, just sections along the route, and because those sections are only activated when a bus drives over them, the power use is minimal.
In the larger scheme of things, it's hard to see SMFIR technology this being applied to regular passenger vehicles since you'd have to rip up all the roads everywhere to install the cables. However, there are plans to start sending OLEVs around the world. The next stop is the Kuala Lumpur Airport in Malaysia and Park City, Utah. The kids at Sundance will just love this. [PhysOrg]
Image via KAIST


The "Graphing Quadratic Functions Worksheet" provides users with a collection of worksheets and resources to improve their proficiency in graphing quadratic functions. It offers a wide range of exercises and problems that allow students to practice plotting quadratic functions on coordinate planes.
By utilizing the worksheets and resources on this page, students can develop several key skills related to graphing quadratic functions. They will learn how to identify the key features of a quadratic function, such as the vertex, axis of symmetry, and the direction of the graph's opening. They will also gain an understanding of how changes in the coefficients affect the shape, position, and orientation of the graph. Through guided practice, students will become proficient in sketching accurate graphs of quadratic functions, including both parabolas that open upward and those that open downward.
Engaging with the materials on this page enables students to strengthen their graphing abilities, visual-spatial reasoning, and mathematical communication skills. By working through various graphing exercises, students will develop a deeper understanding of the relationship between the algebraic representation of quadratic functions and their graphical representations. They will also improve their ability to interpret and analyze graphs, including identifying key points, determining the domain and range, and understanding the behavior of the function.
For teachers, the "Graphing Quadratic Functions Worksheets" serve as a valuable resource to support their instruction. It provides ready-to-use worksheets that can be incorporated into lesson plans or assigned for independent practice. The worksheets offer a progression of difficulty levels, allowing teachers to differentiate instruction based on students' abilities. Additionally, the page provides answer keys for easy assessment and monitoring of student progress.
In summary, the "Graphing Quadratic Functions Worksheet" is a valuable resource for users seeking to enhance their graphing skills in quadratic functions. It offers students the opportunity to practice and refine their graphing abilities, strengthen their understanding of quadratic functions, and improve their overall mathematical proficiency. For teachers, the page provides ready-to-use worksheets and assessment tools to support effective instruction and evaluation of students' graphing skills in quadratic functions.


There are some simple rules of grammar that will help you to avoid mistakes and become a fantastic English speaker. These include subject-verb agreement, tenses, and nouns. If you keep these rules in mind you will minimize your mistakes and will become a communication expert.
These are some things you should keep in mind while speaking in English
Many times, while speaking in English we make mistakes in singular and plurals. For example, the word people is a plural word meaning more than one person but many candidates use peoples for more than one person which is incorrect. Also another example is when people use woman’s as the plural of woman, while the plural of woman is women. Thus we should be careful while using singulars and plurals and not make these silly mistakes while speaking in English.
The verb in a sentence must agree with its subject.it is the corner stone rule. They both should be either singular or plural. Eg: A girl is driving a car. All the sentences that begin with each, every will have a singular verb. Each student in the class is hardworking.
You should brush up your knowledge of tenses as many new English speakers make mistakes in tenses. One should be aware of three main tenses: past, present and future and four subcategories of tenses: simple, continuous, prefect and perfect continuous.
Another mistake new English Speakers make is translating from Hindi to English. You need to understand that both these languages are different and have different grammar and thus if you translate between them you will definitely end up making mistakes while speaking in English.
While forming a sentence, the structure of the sentence should be kept parallel. For eg, she likes to write, travel and dance.
The above sentence is incorrect as the structure of the sentence is not parallel. The correct sentence will be: She likes to write, travel and dance OR she likes writing, traveling and dancing
This means writing the same thing twice.
For eg: She returned back from Paris.
In the above sentence returned and back mean the same thing, so the correct sentence will be She returned from Paris OR She came back from Paris.
Thus, by avoiding these silly mistakes you can become fluent and good English speaker which will help you grow and prosper in your personal and professional life.
Co-founder & Lead Expert


On present park property of York River State Park, many dwellings have come and gone, but one such dwelling carries with it a haunting past.
Near this site at a crossroads of what was once wagon trails on a farm stood a very large 2 story frame house supported by brick piers. This site was called “Richardson’s” on an 1863 map, but in fact the mapmaker was unaware that the owner was actually named “Richards.” Because there are many Richardson families in the locality, he assumed that this was just one more. So for historical accuracy, we’ll call this habitation “the Richard’s House” for now.
William H. Richards of New York built this house sometime between 1856 and just prior to the Civil War. No known photographs exist of the house in its younger years, but the by the mid-1930’s to early 1940’s the house had fallen into disrepair and stood as a lonely pillar of solitude. Because it was thought to be the dwelling place of ghosts, local youngsters in the early 1940’s called it “The Haunted House.” In 1969 after the Commonwealth of Virginia purchased the land, the Richard’s place still stood as gloomy as ever.
One day the caretakers of the property were out on a hike with their dog to witness for themselves this so called haunted house. Suddenly, a storm arose with lighting and thunder clapping loudly. The house truly did glow from the inside in front of their eyes. With gasping breaths they quickly decided to leave. It was at that time their dog broke loose from its leash and ran into the house. Try as they might to call for him, he would not return. They were NOT going into that dilapidated old place after the dog. All they could hear was loud and crazy barking and howling as if from many dogs. Needless to say, they scampered out of the woods back to their home.
The haunted house no longer exists today. In 1975 all old, insignificant structures in the park were knocked down and destroyed by fire as the Parks facilities were being built.


A new report, State of the Nation, from the independent think tank British Future, features some interesting anecdotes about the way in which opportunities for young people have changed.
One section of the report, Age versus youth?, has been written by Binita Mehta, an intern at British Future, who interviewed people in their 60s, 70s and 80s to compare the opportunities and lifestyles they had as young people with the situation for young people today.
What comes across quite starkly is that, although society in the early to mid 20th century was less affluent and young people were expected to take on greater responsbilities at an earlier age – people were married and had families earlier, credit was severely limited, food was rationed – there was a far higher availability of jobs and a getting a degree almost guaranteed getting a higher paid or professional job.
The decline of manufacturing (and the automation of much that remains), the collapse of high street retailers, a lack of opportunities for work experience, restricted access to the housing market and an education system that fails to adequately prepare young people for the world of work, have all contributed to the enormous difficulties they now face.
To bring about any meaningful change in the prospects for young people isn’t something that can be achieved quickly – current economic circumstances aren’t likely to lead to a significant increase in jobs any time soon – but we should be trying to improve education for young people, to better prepare them for the world of work.
Since those interviewed in the report were beginning their adult lives, society has changed beyond recognition. So too have the skills and abilities required in the workplace, yet our education system hasn’t kept pace with those changes. If we want to improve the situation for this generation, that is exactly where we should start.


Pregnancy apps, period tracking apps and other fertility-related programs for mobile phones and tablets aren’t always accurate, according to a study published in April 2020 by the BMJ of Sexual and Reproductive Health. This could have implications for anyone using these apps to either get pregnant or as contraception.
It’s estimated that apps to help track reproductive cycles have been downloaded more than 200 million times. They are often accessible, easy to use and inexpensive. However, critics point out that they can vary in accuracy. Tracking the menstrual cycle accurately, for example, relies on self-reporting several factors. Some apps only require minimal details, such as the date of the last period. This can lead to the fertile period of the cycle being accurately calculated, leading to either an unwanted pregnancy or a missed window of opportunity to become pregnant.
Lack of detailed information
The study showed that only around 9-20% of the apps studied gave truly accurate information. Many of the apps provided a simple calculation based on limited information and were not developed with any specialist or medical input.
Does this mean women shouldn’t use apps to control their reproductive health? Apps are fine in principle – they’re convenient and accessible, and allow women to understand their reproductive cycle. Some women don’t have access to other forms of contraception & it can help to have an app to keep track of their fertility. However, not all apps are created equally.
It’s best to opt for an approved app, such as Natural Cycles, which was approved by the FDA. Despite this high-profile clearance, there is still a risk of the app being inaccurate & causing either unwanted pregnancies or wasted windows of fertility.
It’s also wise to remember that an app is only as good as the information entered into it. Being diligent and consistent with details such as temperature and other factors will help the app to build a more accurate picture of your cycle. Factors such as early ovulation cannot always be predicted by an app. Finally, an app is not a replacement for a consultation with a doctor, and shouldn’t be used in place of medical advice.
Photo by Laura Chouette on Unsplash


as well as improves taste by eliminating plaque and tartar on the surface of teeth. Utilize a gentle up and down movement to clean your gums and teeth. You can floss twice daily. Here are some suggestions for the most effective oral hygiene.
How Much Time Does It To Brush Your Teeth?
The duration you should take brushing depends on age, activity level, and the depth of your teeth and their dental structure. Hard-to-reach back teeth need to be scrubbed longer than front teeth as there are no surface crevices at the front of the teeth that require your focus.
Continuously brushing for a minimum of 2 minutes and 30 seconds is the recommended time for everyone aged over 6 who does not engage in strenuous activity such as smoking or drink heavily. Brushing gently is among the best oral care techniques which ensures that each part of your mouth has been touched and appropriately cleaned by the brush.
Young children under the age of six should also brush at the same with their parents. But, it’s recommended they are supervised. For this situation, baby toothbrushes might be the best alternative.
Those who engage in high amounts of physical activity or wear braces for adults should brush for much longer; four minutes or more is the recommended amount. This allows you to brush more frequently making sure that all the spaces are reached by your toothbrush as well as removing any possible diseases.
What type of Toothbrush do you need?
The majority of dentists recommend that adults utilize a medium or soft toothbrush. This brush will allow you to brush gently your teeth, and is comfortable on your gums. Make sure to ask your dentist about the more robust toothbrush.
A gentle toothbrush suitable for kids must have a seal. This seal will ensure that your child’s toothbrush will be safe and effective in cleaning their teeth. The toothbrush is suitable for daily use.
Brushes that are soft and medium-soft help you gently cle


strings and endianness
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Wed Jan 18 11:40:33 PST 2012
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http://prowiki.org/wiki4d/wiki.cgi?ReviewQueue ). For name based hashes, a
name string is passed to a hash function and I need to make sure that the
resulting hash is the same on both little endian and big endian systems. So
what's needed to convert a string to e.g little endian?
string --> as string is basically a byte array, is byte swapping even
wstring --> read as shorts and swap using nativeToLittleEndian()?
dstring --> read as ints and swap using nativeToLittleEndian()?
Also remotely related questions: AFAIK http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4122.txt
doesn't exactly specify what encoding/byte order should be used for the UUID
names? Does this mean different implementations are allowed to generate
different UUIDs for the same input? (See chapter 'Algorithm for Creating a
RFC4122 also says "put the name space ID in network byte order.", but the
namespace is a ubyte, so how should this work?
Should name based UUIDs be different if they were created with the same
name, but using different encodings(string vs wstring vs dstring)? That's
the way boost.uuid implements it.
More information about the Digitalmars-d-learn


XML and XML Schema
Altova website: XML Mapping
XML is a markup language for text documents. XML Schema defines the structure and constraints of XML documents. In MapForce, XML files are structural components that can be used as data sources and targets. For information about basic data transformation scenarios, see Tutorials.
Insert XML schema/file
To insert an XML schema/file, select the menu command Insert | XML Schema/File or the toolbar button. The dialog box (see screenshot below) will prompt you to choose between a packaged industry-standard schema and a local or remote schema/instance file. If you choose a packaged schema, you will be prompted to select an entry point. If the schema you wish to use is not yet installed, you will be redirected to the XML Schema Manager to download it.
Generate an XML schema
When you add a local or remote XML file without a schema reference, MapForce will suggest generating an XML schema for you. You will then be prompted to select the directory where the generated schema should be saved.
When MapForce generates a schema from an XML file, data types for elements/attributes must be inferred from the XML instance document and may not be exactly what you expect. It is recommended that you check whether the generated schema is an accurate representation of the instance data.
If elements or attributes in more than one namespace are present, MapForce generates a separate XML schema for each distinct namespace; therefore, multiple files may be created on the disk.
DTD as a document structure
Starting with MapForce 2006 SP2, namespace-aware DTDs are supported for source and target components. To make mappings possible, the namespace-URIs are extracted from the DTD xmlns attribute declarations. However, some DTDs contain xmlns* attribute declarations without namespace URIs (e.g., DTDs used by StyleVision). To make such DTDs usable in MapForce, define the xmlns attribute with the namespace URI as follows:
xmlns:fo CDATA #FIXED 'http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Format'
In this section
The section is organized into the following topics:
•Comments and Processing Instructions


Etiquette is the customary code of polite behavior in society among members of a particular profession or group, and every country has their own. But today, we’ll be looking at how etiquette is perceived in two different countries: The United States and Russia.
Both countries are multi-ethnic, great powers, and have diverse societies. They are also known for their hospitality and appreciation for a direct way of speaking. Nevertheless, etiquette should not be underestimated due to its importance. We’ll be comparing 3 different aspects starting with Social Interactions.
In Russia, people are a little more formal and reserved, and casual behavior is considered a sign of disrespect, therefore smiling in Russia is not common, unlike the US. In the United States, it is less formal and more open, and social interactions are casual with frequent discussions and debates on both personal and non-personal matters. And just like many other countries, smiling is considered a common gesture of goodwill in America.
The next aspect we’ll be comparing is Personal Space and Conversations.
Personal space is not really an option in Russia; your space is their space. Americans, on the other hand, prefer more personal space. Since it is considered rude and unfriendly to keep a large distance during a conversation in Russia, people are comfortable talking with very little space between them. They tend to come closer gradually as the conversation proceeds and would rather speak sitting or walking quite close to each other.
Personal space in America is preferred and valued since being physically close to a person indicates a very close relationship and a high level of comfort between individuals. In America people immediately step aside to have some distance for conversation after greeting or giving a short hug. They feel uncomfortable or upset when another person gets too close, especially meeting a new person, so they would start to back away.
The last aspect we’ll be comparing is Relationships.
Trust plays an important role in mutual relationships and it is imperative for the Russians to be able to trust one another and keep that trust. They also believe in building friendships and staying connected after the trust is built. On the contrary, Americans build friendships become friends first and build trust later. In some situations, they may seem to open up at first, but it can take some time to earn complete trust from them.
These differences are representatives of how perspectives can vary differently from one region to another.


Maran is a title for exceptionally respected rabbis. The term is more prevalent among Sephardi Jews, but is also widely used by Ashkenazi Haredi Jews.
It is an Aramaic word used frequently in the Talmud which means 'our master' (מָרַן, māran, 'our master'). Most often, as the translation indicates, it is given to rabbis who are considered influential teachers and leaders.
Maran is also a surname used by people, mostly in the United States of America, such as the family of Josie Maran.
The most common use of the term is in reference to "Maran Beth Yosef", Rabbi Yosef Karo. In fact, when used without further qualification, Maran usually refers to Rabbi Karo. Amongst contemporary Rabbis, Rabbi Yosef Shalom Eliashiv and Rabbi Ovadia Yosef is most closely associated with the honorific.
In contemporary parlance Maran is often attributed to Rabbis who serve as founding heads of a particular ideological/cultural movement. This use is usually limited to communication within that particular movement. For example, within their respective communities Rabbi Elazar Shach (Maran HaRav Shach), Rosh Yeshivas Ponevitch, and Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum, Satmar Rebbe often receive the title.


Survey: Rohingya Refugees Fear for Health, Safety
A survey by the U.N. refugee agency reveals heightened worries by the Rohingya refugee population in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh over their health and safety.
It has been nearly four months since the mass exodus of Rohingya refugees began from Myanmar into Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. More than 645,000 Rohingya who escaped violence and persecution in Myanmar are living in squalid, overcrowded settlements.
A survey by the U.N. refugee agency and 13 other organizations finds the refugees have developed strong support networks to help them cope with their difficulties.
UNHCR spokesman Andrej Mahecic says the refugees have many worries. They express concern about their safety, considering their weak shelter accommodations and poor lighting at night.
“Access to sanitation is still insufficient, leading sometimes to long queues for latrines,” said Mahecic. “Women and girls are anxious about the shortage of private bathing spaces, forcing some to wash outside their shelters in early morning hours.”
The survey finds some children have to walk long distances to fetch water and firewood, a situation that can put them at risk. Mahecic says both parents and children want access to education and more safe places for children to play. He says health services also are a major concern.
“Increased mental health support for those who have witnessed the killings or suffered torture or rape remains crucially needed,” said Mahecic. “Refugees cite continued feelings of depression and rejection, especially among the elderly and disabled. Many young people are worried about their uncertain future.”
Mahecic says the UNHCR will use the survey findings to improve its protection and assistance programs for the Rohingya in the coming year. He says the agency already has begun providing alternatives to firewood to address child labor and environmental concerns.
He says efforts also are under way to improve the hygiene and sanitary conditions for women and girls and to provide more child-friendly spaces where boys and girls can play in safety. Children account for more than half of the refugee population.
Health officials say the refugees are extremely vulnerable to diseases as they have low vaccination coverage and are living in congested, unsanitary settlements that are breeding grounds for infectious diseases.


As if honey bees didn’t have it bad enough, a new study has found that exposure to the chemical glyphosate – the active ingredient in the popular herbicide Roundup – impairs a bee’s ability to return home.
The study, conducted by German and Argentinian scientists, was published in the Journal of Experimental Biology. The researchers reported that they had captured foraging honey bees and fed them a solution that had traces of glyphosate in it. The bees were then released and tracked with harmonic radar technology.
In the first release, the treated bees traveled homeward more often than the control bees, but in an indirect fashion. In the second release, the bees that had consumed glyphosate were unable to improve their navigation from the release site to the hive.
The scientists theorized that exposure to glyphosate can reduce bees’ ability to retrieve memories, an idea based on the fact the treated bees were unable to take direct flights to the hive, even after experience.
According to the study, feeding on nectar with traces of glyphosate can affect the learning and memory of bees, causing them to struggle to navigate between food sources and the hive.
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used non-selective herbicides. In recent years, between 13 and 20 million acres have been treated with 18.7 million pounds annually, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.


Your kidneys share a big responsibility — they remove waste from your blood so your body can continue functioning efficiently. The experienced team at Auburn Medical Group in Auburn, California, specializes in chronic kidney disease care. To learn more about chronic kidney disease management, call the office or schedule an appointment online today.
Chronic kidney disease describes a group of conditions which damage the kidneys and affect their ability to filter blood. If kidney disease progresses, toxins and waste materials build up in the blood and make a person feel sick.
With early-stage kidney disease, the symptoms may be very mild. If the condition continues to worsen, the symptoms may become more severe.
You may experience symptoms such as:
Symptoms will vary depending on the severity of the kidney disease. Certain symptoms are often associated with other health conditions and may not lead to a diagnosis of kidney disease at first.
Diabetes and high blood pressure are the most common causes of chronic kidney disease. When high blood pressure and diabetes are not sufficiently treated or controlled, the damage to the kidneys will continue to progress.
Other causes of chronic kidney disease include diseases that cause inflammation or damage to the kidneys. Some cancers, kidney stones, and an enlarged prostate may also contribute to the development of chronic kidney disease.
Several factors may increase your risk of chronic kidney disease, including:
Chronic kidney disease care can help you manage your disease as well as other health issues that can worsen your condition.
Your chronic kidney disease treatment plan at Auburn Medical Group might involve more than one treatment. To help your kidneys function better and avoid complications from chronic kidney disease, the team might recommend:
Without proper care and treatment, you might develop late-stage chronic kidney disease. Also known as kidney failure, the disease is much more complicated to treat than kidney disease as it causes your kidneys to shut down entirely.
If you have kidney failure, you have two main options for treatment: dialysis and kidney transplant surgery.
Dialysis is a treatment that performs your kidney function artificially. With hemodialysis, your blood filters through a machine. Another type of dialysis involves a solution that filters your blood.
A kidney transplant allows you to go without dialysis. The transplant can come from a donor, but it requires you to take lifelong medication to prevent your body from rejecting the new organ.
Call Auburn Medical Group or schedule an appointment online today to learn more about chronic kidney disease.


Global warming has become one of the major challenges in maintaining global food security. This paper reviews the impacts of climate change on fourteen strategic crops for eight sub-Saharan Africa countries. Climate change is projected to increase median temperature by 1.4–5.5°C and median precipitation by −2% to 20% by the end of the 21st century. However, large levels of uncertainty exist with temporal and spatial variability of rainfall events. The impact of climate change on crop yields in the region is largely negative. Among the grain crops, wheat is reported as the most vulnerable crop, for which up to 72% of the current yield is projected to decline. For other grain crops, such as maize, rice and soybean, up to 45% yield reductions are expected by the end of this century. Two grain crops, millet and sorghum, are more resilient to climate change for which projected impacts on crop yields are <20%. Root crops, such as sweet potato, potato and cassava are projected to be less affected than the grain crops with changes to crop yields ranging from about −15% to 10%. For the two major export crops, tea and coffee, up to 40% yield loss is expected due to the reduction in suitable areas caused by temperature increase. Similar loss of suitable areas is also expected for banana and sugarcane production, however, this reduction is due to rainfall variability in lowland areas. Other crops such as cotton and sugarcane are projected to be more susceptible to precipitation variation that will vary significantly in the region. In order to mitigate the long-term impacts of climate change on agricultural sectors, the development of small-scale irrigation systems and water harvesting structures seems promising, however, affordability of such measures remains a key issue.


The confusing ways the word “intelligence” belie the differences between human intelligence and machine sophistication
We’ve known, for as long as we’ve had chess-playing programs, that computers do not play chess like we play chess. We’ve lost sight of that difference because recent artificial intelligence (AI) program advances have overcome higher hurdles than previous programs. Computers now win at dynamic strategy games, translate languages, analyze MRIs, and even recognize cats. These advances seem, on the surface, to convey the idea that more is going on than mere programming, that computers are living up to their designation as “intelligent” in the same sense as a human being. But we should know better. And recent research into how the latest advances differ from human mental activity demonstrates that. More.
Brendan Dixon of the Biologic Institute is a Software Architect with experience designing, creating, and managing projects of all sizes. His first foray into Artificial Intelligence was in the 1980s when he built an Expert System to assist in the diagnosis of software problems at IBM. Though he’s spent the majority of his career on other types of software, he’s remained engaged and interested in the field.
Also by Brendan Dixon: The Numbers Don’t Speak for Themselves The patterns uncovered by machine learning may reflect a larger reality or just a bias in gathering data Because Machine Learning is opaque—even experts cannot clearly explain how a system arrived at a conclusion—we treat it as magic. Therefore, we should mistrust the systems until proven innocent (and correct).
AI Winter Is Coming: Roughly every decade since the late 1960s has experienced a promising wave of AI that later crashed on real-world problems, leading to collapses in research funding.
The “Superintelligent AI” Myth: The problem that even the skeptical Deep Learning researcher left out
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Pivot Tables separate beginners from intermediates and allow you to delve deep into your data like no other tool can. Use Excel effectively in your professional workplace and increase your productivity.
About This Video
- Learn from a well-designed curriculum by Microsoft Excel expert in no time with this concise course
- Discover Pivot Table and Pivot Charts business-related examples and case studies
- Analyze large sets of information with exercise files to practice follow along
We need to analyze data these days since we live in a very data-driven world. Therefore, data is important in any business, whether you are looking for trends or forecasting future business needs. As there is a lot of importance placed on data analysis, you must have the relevant skills to analyze data effectively.
Pivot Tables is an essential Excel skill for jobs that involve analyzing and visualizing large amounts of data. Pivot Tables are an interactive way of quickly summarizing large amounts of data by grouping and aggregating data sets and analyzing data clearly and effectively.
This course will discuss the importance of cleaning your data before creating your first Pivot Table. You’ll also learn how to create Pivot Charts and how to format your Pivot Tables and Charts. This course includes downloadable Excel data files that the instructor uses in the guide to follow along.
By the end of this course, you’ll learn the skills required to be able to clean the data, put it in the Pivot Table, analyse the data efficiently, and keep it updated with a single click.
Therefore, by opting for this course, you’ll be able to take your own information and leverage Pivot Tables to answer questions with ease.
This course is for anyone who works with Microsoft Excel even if you’ve never used data analytics, Pivot Table and Pivot Charts. This course is aimed at people who have never used Pivot Tables before and would like to get started. It is also helpful for those who understand Pivot Tables but would like to expand their Excel skills.
Individuals with basic knowledge of Excel 2019/365 and those upgrading from previous software versions will also be benefitted from this course.
Knowledge of MS Excel is useful but not mandatory.
Last Updated 11/2021
Microsoft Excel: A Beginners’ Guide to Pivot Tables in Excel.zip (1.4 GB) | Mirror


Subject Leader within the school is: Miss Payne
At Kingsfield Primary School, we believe that art is a valuable part of children’s education. Our art curriculum aims to develop creativity, engage and inspire children and equip them with the knowledge and skills to experiment, invent and create their own works of art, craft and design. Children will develop their critical abilities and their understanding of the visual language of art and design including line, tone, texture, colour, pattern, shape and 3D form.
Our art curriculum is designed to develop an understanding of their own cultural heritages and the cultural heritages of others through the study of a diverse range of artwork and artists, both locally, nationally and internationally.
Children will experience a wide range of media and tools and will have the opportunity to apply their understanding of this media in a range of contexts.
Our art curriculum is enriched through careful links to the humanities which are being studied and is further enhanced through the study of inspirational artists and renowned pieces of artwork.
Alongside the exploration of inspirational artists and artwork, first hand experiences such as visits, trips, use of the local area and workshops with local artists provide children with a real life context on which to base their artwork.
Children leave our school with an appreciation and understanding of art in the world around them. They are equipped with the knowledge and skills to experiment, invent and create their own works of art, craft and design. They have a clear understanding of how art and design both reflect and shape our history, and contribute to the culture, creativity and wealth of our locality, nation and world.


ScienceWiz Chemistry Kit
With step-by-step instructions and highly visual 3D illustrations that successfully guide you through each of the projects, central scientific concepts are presented so that you'll understand the "why" as well as the "how" of chemistry, with over 35 activities, including the following- make candles, grow crystals, sink and float an egg etc.
- Dimensions- 10.3" x 8.3" x 1.5"
- Includes 0.25 lb of wax, marbles, graduated cylinders, test tubes, over 25 additional pieces and a 40 page full color illustrated book
- Household items needed- empty milk carton, thin necked bottle, 2 empty soup cans, large clear empty bottle, food coloring, salt, baking soda, vinegar
- 2 eggs, clear plastic cups, measuring cups, pots or pans, matches, crayons, paper towels, casserole dish and a small candle
- WARNING- CHOKING HAZARD - Small parts, not for children under 3 years of age
- Recommended for ages 5 to 10 years
- WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD—contains small parts; not suitable for children under 3 years
- Wipe Clean
Web ID: 7943830


In partnership with the USDA, the HCP enables cacao bean submission to undergo genetic testing and analysis. Both the HCP and the USDA recognize that fine flavored cacao varieties are being lost due to the introduction of other cacao types into the growing region and to diseases. As a result, this genetic evaluation of samples helps to identify the types that are at most risk and screen for the existence of any remaining heirloom types.
Recently, our team at the USDA found a new way to more accurately and easily determine DNA profiles of cacao beans- by using the shell! This new discovery will help to better trace the genetic identity of a tree and provide strong evidence for the authentication of a cacao variety. In discussing the significance of this finding, Research Leader at the USDA/ARS Sustainable Perennial Crops Lab, Lyndel Meinhardt says:
“The ability to understand the genetic makeup of a single cacao bean is important to cacao research and to the fine chocolate industry in general. We now have the ability to open a bag of cacao beans and identify the genetic makeup of those beans. That information can be used to profile the cacao types that are represented in that bag of cacao; to authenticate them to a particular type, or identify adulterations and this ability could improve the sourcing and quality of cacao”.
Because of the work of the HCP and the USDA, pure Nacional species have been found in places like Ecuador that were thought to be on the verge of extinction. HCP samples have shown that there are still trees out there that can be found and brought back into production. This also gives ARS and the HCP hope that more rare cacaos, that in the 19th century were considered fine flavor cacao, could still exist in places such as Java, and Sri Lanka.
An article describing the USDA’s discovery regarding cacao DNA can be found in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry entitled “Accurate Determination of Genetic Identity for a Single Cacao Bean, Using Molecular Markers with a Nanofluidic System, Ensures Cocoa Authentication”
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The first step in Agile estimation is the writing of the user stories, that are a short description of the functionality.
The user story is usually structured as: “As a <role>, I want <goal/desire> so that <benefit>“. It defines the main agent (the end user, the business user,…), their need and the benefit on producing that feature. Each story is firstly estimated by Agile team in terms of day of work unit or points.
Estimating is not an easy task, and to keep the process manageable:
- Stories estimation should be in the range 1-10 points.
- New stories should be estimated in relative terms: We needed 5 points to do XYZ, and we estimate XYZ to do a similar job.
- Take into account the implication of the Cone of Uncertainty (wikipedia):
- Estimates (e.g. on duration, costs or quality) are inherently very vague at the beginning of a project.
- Estimates and project plans based on estimations need to be redone on a regular basis.
- Uncertainties can be built into estimates and should be visible in project plans.
- Assumptions that later prove to be mistakes are major factors in uncertainty.
- Include bugs fixing in your forecasts.


Although they are still statistically rare in the United States, plane crashes remain a concern for passengers, airline employees, and officials alike. One valuable safety tool that’s small but powerful is the flight data recorded, aka “the black box.”
Brief history of the black box
Flight data recorders were first used in the late 1940s but weren’t mandatory equipment until 1958. They’re also not entirely black but bright orange. The more common name of “black box” stems from the fact that they were initially housed in black plastic cases that helped camouflage the devices when they were installed in combat aircraft.
In modern commercial aircraft, they’re a helpful tool for investigators looking into the cause of aviation accidents. Depending on the type of black box, they can record cockpit conversations, electronic data and transmissions about the aircraft, or both.
The housing of these devices is made of a material that’s stronger than granite and constructed to withstand extremes in temperature, force, and altitude.
How flight data recorders work
These seemingly indestructible devices are often the only remaining evidence of what preceded a plane crash. So, what do black box recordings tell investigators after they’re recovered?
Black boxes are usually housed in the tail of an airplane, which is considered the most impact-resistant portion of the place. Each flight data recorder holds an average of two hours of conversation and the 25 most recent hours of flight operation.
During a flight, they detect, record, and download information for analysis regarding aircraft:
- Vertical acceleration
They can also transmit for up to 90 days after being submerged under water, which is an invaluable aid when locating planes lost at sea. The tracking signal is configured to activate upon contact with water.
Although they don’t directly prevent air traffic collisions, the data recovered from flight data recorders helps provide answers and some closure after a crash. The information obtained could also contribute to flight safety planning in the future.


What is Counseling
Counseling is a collaborative process that involves the development of a confidential professional relationship that focuses on personal problems. At Downstate, it is an opportunity to talk to a licensed clinical psychologist who is a skilled listener trained in the science of human behavior. The objective of counseling is to help you clarify issues, gain insight into your feelings and thoughts and deal effectively with problems. Nearly all students experience occasional difficulties that can interfere with their success or sense of well-being. These can include but are not limited to:
- Anxieties about academics
- Conflicts with friends
- Family or relationship/partner problems
- Career indecision or re-evaluating professional goals
- Habit control problems (e.g. over/under eating, alcoholism, drug abuse)
- Low self-confidence
- Excessive feelings of stress
- Anxiety or depression
- Sleep disturbance (sleeping too much or too little)
- Procrastination (putting off important tasks)
- Thoughts about death or suicide
- Identity issues
- Sexual/gender identity concerns
How is Counseling Helpful?
The counselor works with you to help you identify your strengths, gain insight into your ways of thinking, feeling and behaving and begin a process of change and growth. Sometimes students know WHAT they need to do but they just can’t get themselves to do it! Counseling can help you understand what is getting in the way of your making the changes you want in your life.
Counseling can also teach you ways of dealing with stressful life events and circumstances you can’t change. The counselor helps you analyze and respond to internal pressures and negative attitudes towards yourself or others. This may include developing a new set of coping strategies or helping you to refine those already in use.
Sometimes, the most helpful aspect of counseling is that the counselor is objective and is not involved in the situation you’re trying to resolve. The counselor has only your best interests to consider.
It can be difficult to begin counseling due to fears or even feelings of embarrassment. But most students find that once they come in, they feel some relief and hope because they begin facing their difficulties instead of avoiding them. If you’re uncertain whether counseling is right for you, we invite you rot come in and to discuss it. The counselor will talk with you and decide together if counseling might be useful.


Self-sabotage is the act of consciously or unconsciously undermining our own efforts to achieve a goal or reach our dreams. It can manifest in a variety of ways, such as procrastination, self-doubt, and self-destructive behaviors.
Self-sabotage can prevent us from living our best life by keeping us trapped in a cycle of failure and disappointment. We may find ourselves constantly setting goals and then failing to achieve them, which can lead to feelings of frustration, inadequacy, and low self-esteem.
One of the main reasons we self-sabotage is fear. Fear of failure, fear of success, fear of rejection, and fear of change are all common reasons that we hold ourselves back. We may also be unconsciously carrying around negative beliefs about ourselves that we learned in childhood, such as “I’m not good enough” or “I’ll never be successful.”
To overcome self-sabotage, it’s important to first become aware of the patterns and behaviors that are holding us back. Once we understand the root causes of our self-sabotage, we can start to make positive changes. This may involve challenging negative beliefs and learning new coping strategies.
Overall, learning how to overcome self-sabotage is important because it allows us to take control of our lives and achieve our goals. It can help us to build self-esteem and confidence, and ultimately lead us to living a happier, more fulfilling life.
If you want to learn more about how to up-level your life, sign-up for the FREE upcoming event called: “Overcoming Self-Sabotage: Understanding and Changing the Habits and Patterns that Hold You Back from Living Your Best Life.”


Outbreak, transmission and infection of the new coronavirus in 2019
The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a highly contagious and pathogenic viral infection that first appeared in the city of Wuhan, China in December 2019. The rapid spread of the virus around the world among humans is still going on. Genomic analysis has shown that the virus is 96% identical to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus. The transmission of the virus from the origin to humans is not known yet, but its rapid transmission from human to human has been widely confirmed. The virus increases the risk of mortality in people with a history of heart disease, diabetes, kidney problems and high blood pressure. Researchers found that the mortality rate is higher in men than women and elderly male patients above 60 are also at high risk. To date, no effective and approved antiviral medicine or vaccine is available for use against COVID-19. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend that humans should protect themselves and prevent the spread of the virus by taking personal hygiene, keeping a distance from people infected with the virus, and even quarantine. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the issues and necessary points for people to identify and deal effectively with the novel coronavirus and to provide a reference for future studies on coronaviruses.


The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) recently recommended a new rule that would require rear-view back-up cameras in all new cars, pickup trucks and SUVs by the year 2014. The rule was recommended in an effort to curb rear view collisions because nearly all vehicles have significant blind spots. Blind spots are areas the driver cannot see either by turning around or looking in the mirrors.
The implementation of the rear-view camera rule would mean drivers would be able to see what is directly behind them. Rear-view cameras would be particularly useful in SUVs because they tend to have large blind spots.
“Every vehicle has a blind zone immediately behind the rear bumper. It can be five feet or 50 feet, depending on the car’s styling. Lost in that space might be a fire hydrant, a pet, or even a child,” Ami Gadhia, senior policy counsel for Consumers Union, said in a statement received by CNN.
The implementation of the rule has been halted. The NHTSA says more research is needed before the final regulation can be issued. In addition, money is always a factor. The cost-benefit analysis will be significant.
The rule, which has been praised by people nationwide, could reduce the number of significant injuries and deaths. The cost to implement the cameras would be $159 to $203, which at least in part,would be passed on to the consumer.
The NHTSA realizes that the most important thing is to save lives. According to the NHTSA, back-over accidents cause an average of 229 deaths and 18,000 injuries per year. Small children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to these types of accidents. Small children are difficult to see behind a car, and they often do not appreciate the danger of playing behind a car.
The NHTSA believes the rule could save more than 100 lives a year and prevent 8,000 injuries a year.


- 1 min read
This is why the govt wants to set default AC temperature at 24°C?
The step, besides being beneficial to consumers from a financial and health point of view, would also help bring down energy consumption by 6 per cent, particularly since the country’s demand for ACs in the country is set to soar.
New Delhi: On June 25, 2018, the Power Ministry led by Union Power Minister R K Singh issued an advisory to air conditioner (AC) manufacturers to keep the default temperature setting of ACs at 24 degree Celsius. The step, besides being beneficial to consumers from a financial and health point of view, would also help bring down energy consumption by 6 per cent, particularly since the country’s demand for ACs in the country is set to soar.
COOLING DOWN IS CATCHING ON
As incomes rise, use of air conditioners is becoming increasingly popular, and India is set to become the largest consumer for ACs globally. By 2050, India is estimated to have 1.1 billion units of ACs, a massive jump of 4,206 per cent from the present 27 million units.
AIR CONDITIONERS A MAJOR DRIVER FOR ENERGY DEMAND
At present, air conditioning is the key driver of global energy demand. There are an estimated 1.6 billion AC units in the world, concentrated in the US followed by China, Japan and South Korea. In 2016, ACs consumed 1,997 TWh of energy. According to International Energy Agency (IEA), unless energy efficiency improvements are made, the global energy demand from ACs will go up to 6,205 TWh, resulting in a three-fold rise in the next three decades.
BUT EFFICIENT AIR CONDITIONERS CAN COOL DEMAND
Effective policies along with efficient ACs can bring substantial savings in energy demand. By 2050, the global energy demand can come down to 3407 TWh from the projected 6205 TWh–a staggering reduction of 45 per cent–by adopting efficient ways. Moreover, efficient ACs can also help get rid of the need for new power plants to meet peak power demand.
Sources: News reports, Statista, International Energy Agency
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We are continually striving to improve mental fluency and in particular multiplication tables. Learning through games is fun and successful whether the games are practical or online. All pupils have a Times Table Rock Star account and use this to practice times tables in school as well as at home.
Year 4 children are assessed using the government’s Multiplication Tables Check – an online assessment of 25 mixed times tables questions which are answered in six seconds. Pupils are expected to score 25 out of 25 to meet the expected standard.
The links below will help pupils improve their accuracy and speed and are similar to the format of the MTC.
Other useful links:
Please let school know if you find another interactive game that your child enjoys!


The Thinking for a Change curriculum has been revised and as a result NIC is no longer making available copies of any previous versions of Thinking for a Change 3.1.
Thinking for a Change (T4C) is the innovative, evidence-based cognitive behavioral curriculum from the National Institute of Corrections (NIC) that has broadly influenced the correctional field and the way correctional facilitators work with offenders and inmates. The program can be delivered to correctional clients by facilitators who have been trained to do so. Studies have shown that, when implemented with integrity, it can reduce recidivism among offenders. Lessons comprising this manual are: introduction; social skill-active listening; social skill-asking questions; social skill-giving feedback; social skill-knowing your feelings; cognitive self-change-thinking controls our behavior; cognitive self-change step 1-pay attention to our thinking; cognitive self-change step 2-recognizing risk; cognitive self-change step 3-use new thinking; thinking check-in; social skill-understanding the feelings of others; social skill-making a complaint; social skill-apologizing; social skill-responding to anger; social skill-negotiating; introduction to problem solving; problem solving skill 1-stop and think; problem solving skill 2-state the problem; problem solving skill 3-set a goal and gather information; problem solving practice skills 1-3; problem solving skill 4-think of choices and consequences; problem solving skill 5-make a plan; problem solving skill 6-do and evaluate; problem solving application; next steps; cognitive self-change-aftercare skill practice; social skill-aftercare skill practice; and problem solving-aftercare skill practice.


A spectacular double crater dominates this scene on Mars, pictured by the CaSSIS camera on the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter on 7 June 2021. The crater duo is located in an otherwise smooth plain of Arcadia Planitia [39.1°N/174.8°E].
Double craters like these are formed when two meteorites impact the surface simultaneously and in very close proximity. The two impactors would have originated from the same object that broke apart when it entered the martian atmosphere. The two craters are of similar size, which means that the two projectiles were approximately the same size as well.
During the impact, the interaction of the two shockwaves created an ejecta blanket with a butterfly shape. The remarkable linear streaks in the ejecta material radiates around the double crater, and are an indicator of the good level of preservation of this feature.
To the north are large isolated hills that likely predate the formation of the double crater.
TGO arrived at Mars in 2016 and began its full science mission in 2018. The spacecraft is not only returning spectacular images, but also providing the best ever inventory of the planet’s atmospheric gases, and mapping the planet’s surface for water-rich locations. It will also provide data relay services for the second ExoMars mission comprising the Rosalind Franklin rover and Kazachok platform, when it arrives on Mars in 2023.


Through the use of age appropriate transition assessments, teams will be informed in the development of the following:
- Present level of academic achievement and functional performance statements that address transition and have sufficient information to write measurable post-secondary goals.
- Post-secondary services that enable the student to make progress in their skill development that will increase the likelihood of achieving the post-secondary goals.
- An individualized and supportive course of study that is aligned with the student’s post-secondary goals and a skill-based annual goal that addresses transition.
- PA selection of appropriate transition services, & activities including engagement of families, employers, and community partnerships.
Use our assessment finder to help find assessments to support the development of strong transition plans for your student:
Refine Your Search
IEP teams are encouraged to use one of the tools below as they consider using or purchasing transition assessments to ensure they are addressing the needs of their students.
Transition Assessment Mapping Guide
This tool can help LEAs map district wide available assessments across grade levels.
Individual Student Transition Plan Form
This is a great tool from Transition Coalition, which can assist IEP teams determine what information is already known about a student, what information needs to be known, and what types of assessments need to be administered to get this information.
Transition Assessment Review Tool
IEP teams can use this tool as they consider using or purchasing new transition assessments to ensure that they are meeting the needs of their student population.


Photo © Shahadat Rahman
Report by Mr Kulesz for the 12th session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
Artificial intelligence (AI) can help to empower numerous creators, make the cultural industries more efficient and increase the number of artworks, which is in the interest of the public.
However, there are still very few artists and entrepreneurs that know how to use tools such as machine learning. In addition, the commercial logic of the large platforms may lead to increasing concentration of supply, data and income and to the impoverishment of cultural expressions in the long term.
In a tech world dominated by the United States and China –and to a lesser extent by Europe, Israel, Canada, Japan and the Republic of Korea –there is a risk of fomenting a new creative divide, which would result in the increasing decline of developing countries.
The lack of inclusion of culture in national AI strategies –in both the North and South –could mean that countries no longer have any cultural expressions of their own, which would end up damaging the social fabric.
It will be essential to develop strategies that go beyond a merely abstract code of ethics and design public policies to ensure that AI systems –and the actors that exploit them –are auditable and accountable.
Far from settling for a marginal role in the discussions on AI, the creative sector must claim its place with greater vigour.


The day-to-day struggle in Palestine centers on access to and control of land and water. Not only are these vital resources critical to self-determination, but they are necessary for life. And in Gaza, the five-year Israeli-imposed blockade and unrepaired destruction from Operation Cast Lead have pushed the population into dangerous health and sanitary conditions.
So says a report released June 14 from Save the Children and Medical Aid for Palestinians (MAP). The 30-page report (Gaza’s Children: Falling Behind – the effect of the blockade on child health in Gaza) details the ongoing impact of the blockade on Gaza’s water supply, which is heavily polluted by fertilizer and human waste. High rates of chloride and nitrates (up to 10 times WHO established safe levels) are linked to such health problems as anemia, cancer and childhood stunting.
« Gaza is not a safe environment. Its water supply and land are contaminated with pollutants that will threaten the health of people living in Gaza for generations, » the report states.
One key recommendation from the report: « As a matter of urgent priority for the health and wellbeing of Gaza’s children, Israel must lift the blockade in its entirety to enable the free movement of people and goods in and out of Gaza. »
To read the full report, click here.


Fibre optic cables are comparatively new technology. So, many people may not know the various advantages offered by these cables.
Here, we have listed few advantages of fibre optic cables over copper wire cable:
Fibre optic cables use the speed of light to transmit data from source to destination. Therefore, data transmission in optical fibre cable is much faster as compared to copper wire cables.
The range of fibre optic internet connections varies from 5Mbps to 100Gbps. Also, the uploading & downloading speeds are the same in fibre optic cables.
Copper wire cables offer a bandwidth of 10 Gbps. On another side, the optical fibre cables have a much larger bandwidth which is about 60 Tbps. In addition, there is no need to worry about internet speeds, even at high demands in an optical fibre cable.
It offers an uninterrupted speed for various business tasks having heavy bandwidth demands like :
- Web Conferencing
- Cloud Application
- File Sharing
Excellent Signal Strength & Low Attenuation
In copper cable, when the users move away from the central switch, the internet signal degrades. But, fibre optic cables have a very low attenuation.
Repeaters in single-mode fibre optic cables need to be added every 50 km or so on. On another side, repeaters need to be added at every 5 km in copper wire.
Lightweight & Longer Life Cycle
Optical fibre cables are much thinner in size & lighter in weight than copper wire cables. The weight of fibre optic cable is four pounds per 1000 feet, whereas the weight of copper wire is 39 pounds per 1000 feet.
Minimal Effect Of External Factors
In fibre optic cables are not affected by any potential electromagnetic interferences due to the close proximity of heavy machinery. Also, it is not prone to changes due to power failures & fluctuations due to change in weather.
Therefore, these are some advantages of optical fibre cables. In the long run, fibre optic will replace copper wires due to its enormous advantages with a few disadvantages. As per the need of the hour, if you are looking to install a new cable or want to replace your old copper wire, then optical fibre cables are the best option for you.


Nothofagus (commonly known as the Southern Beech species) is a genus of plants of concern and found in the following area(s): Chile, Indonesia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea.
Copyright Notice: This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Nothofagus".
|Scientific Name||Status||Listing Date||Range|
|2.||Nothofagus discoidea||VU-IUCN||1998||New Caledonia|
|4.||Nothofagus nuda||CR-IUCN||1998||Papua New Guinea|
Eight Species Declared Extinct But May Still be Out There1. Tasmanian Devil
The Tasmanian devil is endemic to Australia. Although this species is called tiger (named for its stripes) and wolf (due to its canid-like appearance), it is not a member of the cat or wolf family. It is a member of the marsupial family. Other members of this family include kangaroos and koala bears.
The last known Tasmanian tiger died in a zoo in Hobart, Tasmania in 1936, but there have been hundreds of unconfirmed sightings, and a reserve has been set up in Southwestern Tasmania in the hopes that possible surviving individuals can have adequate habitat.


A clearing account is an account used to temporarily accumulate funds that will later be transferred to another account. Clearing accounts are used for a variety of purposes, from payroll processing to mortgage servicing.
An escrow account, which is a kind of clearing account, is used for all kinds of business transactions. In mortgage servicing, clearing accounts called mortgage escrows are used to protect both the buyer and the seller. Money is not paid by the buyer directly to the seller but to an escrow account. The money is held there until all the stipulations of the contract has been satisfied by the seller. With mortgage escrows, these payments often include monthly payments as well as the insurance and property tax. This is beneficial since buyers can choose not to pay their annual property tax as a lump sum.
Clearing accounts are often used by large companies in payroll processing. Companies create a payroll clearing account (PCA). They transfer money from their main bank account to the PCA right before payday. Employee checks are then cleared against the PCA balance instead of the company’s main bank account. Once all employees have cashed their checks, the PCA’s balance goes back to zero. PCAs are advantageous for companies because it keeps their main bank accounts secure. It also makes it easier to check payroll transactions since they can all be seen in the PCA bank statements.


Fire Alarm System
A fire alarm system warns people when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other fire-related emergencies are detected. These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke detectors and heat detectors or may also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. Alarms can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns. They can also be speaker strobes which sound an alarm, followed by a voice evacuation message which warns people inside the building not to use the elevators. Fire alarm sounders can be set to certain frequencies and different tones including low, medium, and high, depending on the country and manufacturer of the device. Most fire alarm systems in Europe sound like a siren with alternating frequencies. Fire alarm electronic devices are known as horns in the United States and Canada and can be either continuous or set to different codes. Fire alarm warning devices can also be set to different volume levels.
Essex (/ˈɛsɪks/) is a county in the East of England. One of the home counties, it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, the North Sea to the east, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south and Greater London to the south and south-west. The county town is Chelmsford, which remains the only city in the ceremonial county until Southend-on-Sea is formally accorded city status. For the purposes of government statistics, Essex is placed in the East of England region.
There are four definitions of the extent of Essex, the widest being the ancient county. Next largest is the former postal county, followed by the ceremonial county with the smallest being the administrative county – the area administered by the County Council, which excludes the two unitary authorities of Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea and the areas administered by the Greater London Authority.
The ceremonial county occupies the eastern part of what was, during the Early Middle Ages, the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Essex. As well as rural areas, the county also includes London Stansted Airport, the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, Lakeside Shopping Centre, the port of Tilbury and the borough of Southend-on-Sea.


NSW Department of Education
A suite of learning and teaching resources has been developed by the NSW Department of Education as part of the NSW Government Centenary of Anzac.
NSW Department of Education's Anzac Centenary resources (link opens to external website)
NSW State Library
The NSW State Library holds one of the best collections of diaries and letters written by Australian men and women who served in the First World War. Access digitised diaries and letters from the collection, as well as maps, newspapers, posters, ephemera, artworks and photographs related to the First World War.
NSW State Library: Centenary of World War I Commemorative Program (link opens to external website)
NSW State Archives & Records
State Archives manages and provides access to State records dating back to 1788. As part of NSW's Centenary of Anzac commemortive program they have developed a guide to help identify research pathways for tracing the stories of NSW soldiers and nurses, as well as highlighting a number of resources that provide background information to life on the home front during the First World War.
NSW State Archives & Records: NSW Anzac Centenary - Records of NSW and World War I (link opens to external website)
The Australian War Memorial
The mission of the Australian War Memorial is to assist Australians to remember, interpret and understand the Australian experience of war and its enduring impact on Australian society. Their website contains a vast array of information and original source material relating to Australia’s involvement in war and conflict from the time of the first settlement at Sydney Cove in the 18th century.
Australian War Memorial: Australians at War (link opens to external website)
Commonwealth Department of Veterans’ Affairs (DVA)
DVA has developed an extensive collection of educational resources and links for teachers and students that cover a range of themes relating to Australia’s military and veteran service, from the two World Wars to peacekeeping, and including Anzac Day, Indigenous service and wartime artists.
Resources include digital books, video interviews with veterans, activities, games, worksheets and teachings aids.
Access DVA’s teaching resources via its Anzac Portal (link opens to external website)
DVA also runs the annual Anzac Day Schools' Awards. This national competition recognises the work of students, teachers and schools who engage with veterans and honour Australia's wartime history.
More information on the awards is available here.


Personally empowered teens are less likely to bully, harass and commit acts of sexual violence, according to a study by the University of New Hampshire, Rutgers University and University of Nebraska.
The Journal of Youth and Adolescence published the study. The study claimed that teens who have healthy relationships and support against violence prevention are less likely to mistreat their peers. The study also notes that coping mechanisms that the adolescents thrive and do well are important to prevent interpersonal violence.
Victoria Banyard of Rutgers School of Social Work said that the findings are much important. Banyard, who is the lead author, said that harassment, sexual violence and bullying can be reduced if the adolescents learn to deal with stress and build community connections.
Stress is reduced in individuals who engage more with adolescents from diverse backgrounds, Banyard said. Positive conversations with teens about healthy relationships are important that can have additional impacts. Adolescence is considered a high-risk age for indulging in violence, online bullying racial bullying and unwanted sexual contact, the researchers said.
They studied the behaviour of about 2,400 students from the middle and high school. The children were asked for a survey and were given several statements. They were asked to comment on alcohol use bullying, harassment and positive social norms related to violence prevention.


The conventional way of teaching technical courses is to teach people what to think and how to do something, then give them an exercise to test their newly acquired skill.
After many years of teaching technical courses, Greg has learned that he learns most while he is researching the course materials, creating the exercises and teaching the course. None of the trainees get a chance to do this. They just get presented with a manual and follow instructions.
So why not teach the trainees how to think and learn how to do their own research, gather their own ideas, organise them in a logical and memorable way, then use their newly acquired knowledge and skills to solve real problems. This is called enquiry-based learning.
The proposed 5 day workshop would focus on one chosen discipline. The options offered by Greg are:
- Clastic and Carbonate Sedimentology and Reservoir Geology
- Sequence and Seismic Stratigraphy
- Formation Evaluation / Petrophysics / Wireline Log Interpretation
Having chosen the theme of the workshop, the workshop will run as follows:
Session1: Critical Thinking – An Introduction to the fundamentals of critical thinking and critical thinking skills, as outlined in the Critical Thinking for Geoscience Course
Session 2: Define The Learning Path – Under the guidance of Greg, the trainees will brainstorm what the chosen discipline is, why we study it and how we study it. The deliverable from the process is a prioritized list of what we need to know and why we need to know it. This is the learning path. This session will provide ample opportunity to test research, knowledge management, communication, planning and prioritisation skills.
Days 2 – 5:
The remaining 4 days of the workshop will be taken up following the Research – Learn – Manage – Test path for each of the key subjects defined in the learning path.
Trainees will work in teams researching each subject, gathering key papers and references from websites and wikis, all under the direction of Greg. They will create key illustrations, well annotated, explaining the concepts, the fundamentals and the analytical methods, which is one of the best ways to learn. Then the teams will compile their newly acquired documents and illustrations and and in doing so learn about knowledge management. Then the trainees will test their comprehension by teaching each other. Having gained the knowledge and skills, the second half of the session will focus on applying the skills to solve real problems provided by Greg.
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Edited by Maurizio Gotti, Marina Dossena and Richard Dury
[Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 295] 2008
► pp. 241–256
The aim of the study is to analyse the subjective uses of the progressive in 17th and 18th century English, i.e., uses of the progressives as expressions of speaker attitude. After an overview of the Old and Middle English meanings of the progressive, I discuss the three different types of subjective progressives found in the 17th and 18th century data from ARCHER-2 (A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers 2). In this context, I discuss some methodological issues, as formal criteria have proved insufficiently reliable for the distinction of subjective uses (cf. Killie 2004). I then look at the relation between subjective and other meanings of the progressive. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the aspectual function of the progressive grammaticalizes, which leads to changing relative frequencies between subjective and objective uses. The paper ends with some suggestions about general tendencies in the relation between grammaticalization and subjectification and objectification.
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