State of the Birds 2022 in Northern Virginia, Audubon Society of Northern Virginia
Photo: Chimney Swifts, Gen Cvengros, Audubon Photography Awards
Following a 2019 report that we have lost 3 billion birds in 50 years in the United States and Canada, the national State of the Birds Report 2022 (released on October 12, 2022) shows that birds are declining in every habitat except wetlands, where 30+ years of conservation investment have paid off.
To see the national report, visit StateoftheBirds.org.
Here in northern Virginia, we have also lost many birds. Urban and suburban areas pose special threats to birds, including habitat loss, window and other collisions, and the spread of invasive species, including plants, insect pests, and outdoor cats.
In the face of these losses, there are many things we can do to promote bird conservation. ASNV’s Audubon at Home program advises homeowners on replacing invasive plants with natives. In addition, we advise park managers on how to manage parks for breeding birds, especially grasslands and meadows that support declining species such as Eastern Meadowlarks and American Kestrels.
The new State of the Birds report identifies 90 species that have declined more than 50% in the past 50 years. Of those species, five breed in northern Virginia and should be a special focus of conservation efforts here:
- Chimney Swift – You can help ASNV protect swifts by letting us know if you have breeding swifts or a fall roosting congregation.
- Wood Thrush and Red-headed Woodpecker – These birds need healthy forests to breed successfully.
- Prairie Warbler – This is a species that needs overgrown meadows with Eastern red cedars.
- King Rail – This a secretive wetland bird that often breeds in Occoquan Bay National Wildlife Refuge and occasionally in other wetlands nearby.
In addition to these five, our region supports important populations of migrating birds in spring and fall. These birds use small parks and even backyards while traveling on their perilous journeys, so everything we do to improve our local environment can make a big difference!


Liberty, Responsibility, and the Self-Made Man
Conferees examined the model of the self-made man presented in three narratives: Franklin's Autobiography, and two novels, The Autobiography of an Ex–Colored Man and The Great Gatsby. Participants also read essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Frederick Douglass, and Ayn Rand on the themes of responsibility for self and liberty.
Douglass, Frederick. "Self-Made Men" (1872). Downloaded from Monadnock Valley Press at http://www.monadnock.net/douglass/self-made-men.html.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Essays and Lectures. Edited by Joel Porte. New York: Library of America, 1983.
Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner, 2004.
Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. New York: Dover Thrift Editions, 1996.
Johnson, James Weldon. The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. New York: Dover Thrift Editions, 1995.
Rand, Ayn. The Virtue of Selfishness: A New Concept of Egoism. New York: New American Library, 1964.


The report by experts at the London School of Economics looked at 300 scientific studies to evaluate evidence of sentience, and they concluded that cephalopods (such as octopuses, squid and cuttlefish) and decapods (such as crabs, lobsters and crayfish) should be treated as sentient beings.
Vertebrates, animals with a backbone, are already classified as sentient in new animal welfare legislation currently under debate in the United Kingdom.
Learning more about cephalopods and decapods
The report used eight different ways to measure sentience including learning ability, possession of pain receptors, connections between pain receptors and certain brain regions, response to anesthetics or analgesics, and behaviors including balancing threat against opportunity for reward and protection against injury or threat.
It found “very strong” evidence of sentience in octopods and “strong” evidence in most crabs. For other animals in these two groups, such as squid, cuttlefish and lobsters they found the evidence was substantial but not strong.
However, the report said these varying degrees of evidence reflected disparities in the amount of attention different animals have received from scientists.
“Scientific attention has gravitated towards some (animals) rather than others for reasons of practical convenience (e.g. which animals can be kept well in labs) and geography (e.g. which species are available where a lab is located). Because of this situation, we think it would be inappropriate to limit protection to specific orders of cephalopod, or to specific infraorders of decapod,” the report said.


The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, in partnership with a number of key organisations has developed a new resource to teach children and young people about the hazards and consequences they may face in everyday life and how to make the right choices to stay safe.
The resource is written by experienced teachers with support from partner agencies and covers aspects of child safety including fire, home, water, rail, road, personal, digital, outdoor and what to do in an emergency. Get your outdoor products such as the best Thermo Gears.
The UK Government has announced plans to reschedule
certain cannabis-based products like CBD cream for medicinal use some from Ecowatch and has laid regulations in the Westminster Parliament to that effect.
Subject to annulment by either House of Parliament, those
regulations will come into force on 1st November 2018. This
letter provides support and guidance to clinicians following
the re-scheduling. In particular, this letter sets out
expectations of what this regulatory change will mean in
practice for clinicians working in the NHS and in private
practice in Scotland.
The resource is available at http://www.gosafescotland.com.
The new resource will be of significant benefit to teachers in delivering early intervention education and information relating to the learning and teaching of health and wellbeing as part of the curriculum for excellence.


Experimental and numerical study of the airflow and thermal characteristic of non-uniform transpired solar collector
non-uniform transpired solar collector, airflow and thermal characteristics, experiment, numerical simulation
A transpired solar-collector is a device, which is attached to building walls, that uses solar energy to provide preheated fresh outdoor-air before it is drawn into the building through the ventilation system. A transpired collector consists of a heat-collection plate with infiltration holes, an air layer, an air outlet, and other auxiliary components. A transpired solar collector with non-uniform holes is investigated in this paper, and a physical model for it is developed. The model is then simplified to enable effective simulation and subsequently verified by experiments to evaluate the reliability of the simulation results. Furthermore, a multi-factor sensitivity analysis of a transpired solar collector, with respect to airflow and thermal characteristics, is performed using a numerical simulation. In addition, the application of the device is combined with the thermal requirements of the actual building. The results show that the air-layer thickness has the strongest effect on the heat-collection efficiency, which can be increased to 93% when thickness is 30 mm and height ratio is 0.30. This effect is obvious only in the case of non-uniform perforation. Although a high air-velocity can increase the daily heat-exchange by 595.2 W, the average daily air-supply temperature decreases by 34.2 °C. Even though the temperature-target may not be reached when more fresh air is introduced, the reduction of the fresh air heating-load is substantial.
Tsinghua University Press
Dengjia Wang, Meng Gao, Qian Gao et al. Experimental and numerical study of the airflow and thermal characteristic of non-uniform transpired solar collector. Build Simul, 2020, 13(6): 1305–1319.


Invasive species: impacts on forests and forestry
Other FAO publications dealing with invasive species
Books and monographs
- FAO. 2009. Global review of forest pests and diseases. FAO Forestry Paper 156, FAO, Rome.
- FAO. 2007. Damaging poplar insects - Internationally important species. By de Tillesse, V., Nef, L., Charles, J., Hopkin, A. & Augustin, S. FAO, Rome, 107 pp. (unpublished)
- FAO. 2005. Identification of risks and management of invasive alien species using the IPPC framework, Proceedings of a workshop in Braunschweig, Germany, 22-26 September 2003, Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, FAO, Rome.
- FAO. 2003. An illustrated guide to the state of health of trees. Recognition and interpretation of symptoms and damage. By E. Boa. FAO, Rome.
- Biosecurity in Food and Agriculture, Committee on Agriculture - Seventeenth Session, Rome, 31 March-4 April 2003
- Biosecurity in Food and Agriculture, Committee on Agriculture - Sixteenth Session, Rome, 26-30 March 2001
- Alien species harmful to North American Forests, North American Forest Commission (NAFC) - Twentieth Session, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, 12-16 June 2000
- Biosafety issues related to biotechnology for sustainable agriculture and food security, Trade Issues: FAO Fact Sheet, Third WTO Ministerial Conference, Seattle, 28 November-3 December 1999
- Invasives - monthly newsletter of the Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (AFPISN)
Pest fact sheets - Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Network (APFISN)
last updated: Monday, July 26, 2010


How do you abbreviate double? There are two common ways to abbreviate double. (Note Internet slang has also contributed 2X as an abbreviated form of double)
- dbl. rewards
- dubl. number expected
Of these two abbreviations, dbl. is definitely the more common abbreviation. The plural abbreviation of double is dbls. or dubls.
When to Use This Abbreviation
You might see this abbreviation at a restaurant for a dbl. cheeseburger or for a credit card advertisement for dbl. rewards.
Generally speaking, however, abbreviations such as dbl. or dubl. will not appear in prose or similarly written texts. They are reserved for titles, headlines, advertisements, shorthand notes, or other areas where space is a concern.
What Does Double Mean?
Definition of Double: Double is defined as consisting of two equal, identical, or similar parts or things; having some essential part or feature twice, in particular; a thing that is twice as large as usual or is made of two standard units or things; become twice as much or as many.
- We bought our tickets at the box office the night of the concert, and were shocked that ours cost double what you paid!
- We joined two sleeping bags together to make a double.
- Shinbone Corporation’s profits doubled in less than 9 months!
The word double functions as an adverb in the first sentence, as a noun in the second, and as a verb in the third.
Outside Examples of Double
- An NBC News/Wall Street Journal survey of likely voters released Monday put Clinton ahead of Trump, 52 percent to 38 percent, outside the margin of error. That was a double the gap in a similar poll taken last Monday before the first presidential debate which gave Clinton a 48 percent to 41 percent advantage. –The Star Ledger
- Her (Clinton’s) plan would double the Child Tax Credit and provide low income families more money in refunds. –Newsday
Summary: Double Abbreviation
There are two common abbreviations of double: dbl. and dubl. If you want to make either of these plural, simply add on an “s.”


December 16, 2010: Fifteen million Americans are now unemployed, according to the most recent jobs report. The unemployment rate for November inched up to 9.8%. The grimmest numbers, however, are for the long-term unemployed (see chart 1): 6.3m people, 42% of those unemployed, have been jobless for more than 26 weeks. That number does not include 2.5m people who want a job but who have not looked for a month or more, or the 9m who want full-time work but can only find part-time openings. For the full story see the Economist.
America, unlike some European countries, is not used to such high numbers. No recent recession has seen so many Americans out of a job for so long. Now, with millions fallen from the ranks of the employed, the federal government has deployed its imperfect safety net to catch them.
The first and most generous form of help is unemployment insurance. It is usually paid from a state trust fund and lasts only 26 weeks, as long as recipients meet criteria such as continuing to look for work. But Ohio is one of many states whose unemployment fund is empty. Since 2008 the federal government has paid for an extension of benefits, now to 99 weeks in battered states. Last year this helped keep 3.3m Americans out of poverty, according to the Centre on Budget and Policy Priorities, a think-tank. If Congress passes Barack Obama’s recent deal with Republicans, workers will go on being eligible for the 99-week maximum payment until the end of next year. But even so, 99 weeks is all anyone can get, and many workers have already reached that limit.


Poison dart frogs, also called poison arrow frogs, get their name from their toxic skin secretions. Tribes in the frogs' native habitats used the frog poison on their arrows. The frogs' vivid colors warn potential predators they aren't safe to eat. As adults, poison dart frogs are carnivores, yet many are omnivores as tadpoles, says National Aquarium Curator Ken Howell on the organization's website.
Native to Central and South American rainforests and to some Hawaiian islands, poison dart frogs hunt spiders and small insects such as termites and ants. With a fast tongue flick, the frog grips the prey and pulls it into his mouth. Keen eyesight gives the tiny frogs an advantage for finding prey. Their zoo diet consists of crickets, the Smithsonian National Zoological Park website reports.
Many poison dart frogs eat algae as tadpoles. Because algae is a plant food, their diet is omnivorous at this stage. The tadpoles grow into baby frogs in small pools of water where they eat tiny insects as well as the algae in the water. Poison dart tadpoles will also eat other tadpoles, according to the National Aquarium website. In the dyeing poison frog species (Dendrobates tinctorius), the female returns to each tadpole to lay an unfertilized egg for her offspring to eat.
Gryphon Adams began publishing in 1985. He contributed to the "San Francisco Chronicle" and "Dark Voices." Adams writes about a variety of topics, including teaching, floral design, landscaping and home furnishings. Adams is a certified health educator and a massage practitioner. He received his Master of Fine Arts at San Francisco State University.


Prevention of ROP is best accomplished by decreasing premature births. However, premature births have not decreased; rather, smaller and more immature infants are surviving. Several prevention strategies have been trialed and continue to be investigated.
Oxygen has been associated with ROP since the early 1950s. In early studies, when oxygen administration was limited, the incidence of ROP dropped, but survival rates decreased and the prevalence of cerebral palsy increased. Subsequently, it was discovered that the oxygen level in the blood, rather than the amount of oxygen delivered, contributed to the development of ROP. Today, research continues to look at minimizing oxygen supplementation at stable levels in an effort to decrease the severity of ROP, while still preserving optimal oxygenation to vital organs.[12,18] A recent clinical trial found a significant decrease in the rate of severe ROP following an educational program and strict implementation of oxygen management and monitoring. The protocol included maintaining oxygen saturations at lower levels for very-low-birth weight infants and avoiding wide swings in oxygenation.
Early studies implicated environmental lighting as a factor in the development of ROP. Meta-analysis of research on this topic found that decreasing retinal ambient light exposure in premature infants is very unlikely to reduce the incidence of ROP.
Antioxidants are also being studied for their role in preventing ROP. Large dose vitamin E as a prevention measure was studied in the 1980s, but significant side effects halted clinical trials, and many physicians have abandoned the practice. Inositol, an antioxidant found in breast milk, is under investigation for its potential in reducing the severity of chronic lung disease. An unexpected finding in the preliminary results is a decreased incidence of ROP.
Gene therapy for inherited or acquired ocular diseases is also under investigation. Animal trials indicate that gene transfer to an eye using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors may be promising for infants with ROP.
NAINR. 2003;3(3) © 2003 W.B. Saunders
Cite this: Does My Child Really Need to Wear These Glasses? A Review of Retinopathy of Prematurity and Long-Term Outcomes - Medscape - Sep 01, 2003.


MP3 Audio Sample
From wagon ruts to a railroad empire, an expansive account of the battle to control the heavily contested transportation corridors of the American Southwest and to build America's greatest transcontinental route.
The driving of the golden spike at Promontory Summit, which marked the completion of the country's first transcontinental railroad, was only the beginning of the race for railroad dominance. In the aftermath of this building feat, dozens of railroads, each with aggressive empire builders at their helms, raced one another for the ultimate prize of a southern transcontinental route that was generally free of snow, shorter in distance, and gentler in gradients.
More than just a means of transportation, the railroads were a powerful mold, and the presence of a rail line had the power to make—or break—the fledgling towns and cities across the newborn American West. While much has been written about the building of the first transcontinental railroad, the bulk of the history of the railroads in the United States has been largely ignored. With a meticulous, loving eye, Walter Borneman picks up where most other histories leave off.
Author Walter R. Borneman
Narrated by Norman Dietz
Publication date Sep 22, 2010
Running time 15 hrs


This article provides an interesting statistic: “Currently, women make up 39 percent of traditional entrepreneurs in the U.S., but 49 percent of all social entrepreneurs.”
The article discusses the compelling story of Yasmine Mustafa, whose unique experiences inspired her to create ROAR, “the social good company that makes discreet-yet-sleek jewelry items for women that double as alert systems in the face of violence.” For example, “The first product, called Athena, is as big as a quarter, can be worn on a necklace or belt, and sends a signal to friends and family alerting them that you feel unsafe or are in a dangerous situation when you push it like a button.”
The article also discusses the definition of “social entrepreneur,” stating that one definition is “based on criteria offered up by researcher Greg Dees in 2001. The ventures are formed to create and sustain social impact. Founders have a deep sense of commitment to the people they serve and the outcomes they produce — all while pursuing tenets typical of all strong, nimble businesses, with investments in product innovation, adaptation and a conscientious use of resources.” We’ve read about Dees previously, and it was interesting to see how his definition aligns with social innovators in reality.
This is definitely a great idea and this article should the importance of being a social entrepreneur. Yasmine Mustafa’s idea was extremely unique to help integrate the entrepreneurship principles of creating a product that would be socially beneficial as well. If we as entrepreneurs can perceive these ideas into our products, then we would be more aligned with social entrepreneurship to help the world become a better place.


Guillaume de Machaut The Capture of Alexandria
Guillaume de Machaut, a man famous for both his poetry and his musical compositions, wrote his Prise d’Alexandrie (or Capture of Alexandria) just a few years after the death of his hero, King Peter I of Cyprus (1359-69). It is a verse history of Peter’s reign, and was Machaut’s last major literary work. Peter’s ancestors had ruled the island of Cyprus since the 1190s, and in 1365 Peter gained notoriety throughout western Europe as leader of a crusading expedition which captured the Egyptian port of Alexandria. His forces, however, were unable to retain control, and Peter was left with a war against the Egyptian sultan. It was his increasingly desperate measures to continue the struggle and carry opinion with him that resulted in his murder in 1369. Machaut relied on information relayed by French participants in Peter’s wars, but although he was not an eyewitness of these events, his account is independent of other narratives of the reign which were written in Cyprus apparently under the auspices of the king’s heirs.
’The translation is clear...Recommended for all academic libraries.’ De Re Militari '... [the] translation is brisk and vigorous, designed, as are others in the same series... we can only be grateful that this text, fascinating for historians and literary scholars alike, is finally full y available.' Medium Aevum '... technically expert, energetic, and eminently readable... contains much that those interested in the events it traces would find valuable...' Speculum


Huge progress in the ecology field is made by Central American country Costa Rica. Carlos Alvarado, the 38-year old president of the country, states that “Decarbonization is the great task of our generation and Costa Rica must be one of the first countries in the world to accomplish it, if not the first” and he is now using renewables to cover 99% of the needed energy in the country. This big eco change is followed by a spectacular plan for reducing and totally removing the fossil fuel powered cars by the end of the presidential mandate of Alvarado – in 2021.
This kind of change could be quite a challenge while the streets of Costa Rica’s capital San José are choked with traffic, the automobile market in the country is growing with the incredible 25% every year and only less than 2% of the cars now are electrics and hybrids. So, Alvarado’s plan will be a great leap forward in the idea of a greener Earth and will have a massive impact in the long term.
However, scientists and researchers are not very optimistic about the idea. According to them, reaching the full elimination of fossil fuels within a few years is unrealistic.
We are not sure if Costa Rica will succeed in making the planet greener, but one thing is sure: this plan is spreading the world-changing idea of saving nature and the air of our planet. And this one could be more valuable than we think, because every great deed starts with a brave idea and behind it stand people who believe in what they do.


In thirty chapters, the narrative develops the incredible story of how a boy (Younis/Eunus/Euno) captured as a slave in Afamia, Syria challenges the Roman Empire in Sicily, circa 140-132 BCE. The chapters dramatize the circumstance of his capture, his experiences as a tutor, the growth of his prophetic and magical abilities, events that fomented the uprising (cruelties, rapes, crucifixions), the role of female characters, connections to other historical events (e.g., the destruction of Carthage), as well as scenes of an exorcism, an ancient marriage ceremony, a play performed outside a besieged city, and several battles against the Roman legions. An epilogue by an imagined contemporary narrator, who explains why she wrote the novel, ends the work. In the chapters and epilogue, while using ancient sources to some extent (sparse and biased as they are), the work departs from them to resolve contradictions, fill in gaps, and present an alternative narrative of historical and cultural issues. It’s intended to remedy the neglect of this story in both ancient and modern sources, reverse the demonization explicit and implicit in them, and remedy the imbalance in the dominant constructs. It promotes the event as significant, certainly just as important as (if not more than) the Spartacus rebellion seven decades afterwards, or others that are commonly recounted.
A significant aspect of this revolt comes from the fact that Younis was able to forge a coalition of slaves, farmers and herders that defeated Roman armies and established an independent entity on more egalitarian principles. The novel also touches on a range of topics, such as prophecy, magic, languages, the construct of Western civilization, representation of regional cultures, customs, and mythologies. An idealized statue of this rebel stands today in Enna, Sicily, along with an inscription that seems designed to appeal to tourists, yet Younis’ rebellion contradicts the dominant notions promoted in Italy and throughout the West, especially the identification with imperial Rome. This novel is intended to remedy his legacy.


Computer Graphics Project
Aeroplane Crash Computer Graphics Project Report
The Report (Both Word and PDF) is Downloadable immediately after the successful payment
Click here to download the project Source Code
This computer graphics project is implemented using the C language in OpenGL libraries. Computer graphics is concerned with all aspects of producing pictures or images using a computer.
The project DEMOLITION OF A BUILDING BY AEROPLANE CRASH is created to demonstrate OpenGL’s concepts. It encompasses some of the skills learned in our OpenGL classes such as pushmatrix(), translate(), popmatrix(), and timer function.
On the initial screen mini project details like college name, project name, project associates, and guide name are displayed.
The user has to press ‘N” key on the keyboard so that the next screen appears.
The Contents of the Report are:
|S. No.||Topics||PAGE NO.|
|3.1||Purpose Of The Requirements Document||4|
|4.1||User Defined Functions||6|
|5.2||Functions Used To Set The Viewing Volume||9|
|5.3||Call Back Functions||10|
How to run the project in CodeBlocks on Windows:
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Michael A Cassar
Avoid making mountains out of molehills.
When we're stressed or overwhelmed, our brains can interpret small issues as significant problems, causing us to lose perspective and blow things out of proportion. This can lead to unnecessary worry, anxiety, and even panic.
To avoid making mountains out of molehills, it's important to practice self-awareness and recognize when we're feeling stressed or anxious. We can then take steps to calm ourselves down and regain perspective.
Some techniques that can help include:
Take a break: Sometimes, the best thing we can do is step away from the situation for a while. Take a walk, do some deep breathing exercises, or engage in a relaxing activity to help clear your mind and reduce stress.
Challenge your thoughts: When you find yourself catastrophizing or blowing things out of proportion, challenge those thoughts. Ask yourself if the situation is really as bad as you're making it out to be, and try to focus on the facts rather than your emotions.
Practice gratitude: Focusing on what you're grateful for can help shift your mindset from one of stress and anxiety to one of positivity and appreciation.
Seek support: Talk to a trusted friend or family member about your concerns, or consider speaking with a mental health professional if you're struggling to manage your stress and anxiety.
By practicing these techniques, you can avoid making mountains out of molehills and maintain a more balanced and healthy perspective, even when things feel overwhelming.
By taking action, you position yourself to thrive in any aspect of life. So, what are you waiting for, let's begin


Brief Fact Summary. The Supreme Court of the United States (Supreme Court) held that a Defendant, state of New Jersey (Defendant) statute, which prohibited other states from disposing of solid and liquid waste in New Jersey, violated the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution (Constitution).
Synopsis of Rule of Law. State laws, which regulate commercial activity, may not favor in-state interests over out-of-state interests.
Facts. A New Jersey law prohibited the importation of solid or liquid waste that originated or was collected from outside of the State. The stated purpose of the statute was to protect the quality of the environment of New Jersey. Private landfill operators challenged the constitutionality of the law. The State Supreme Court held that the statute advanced vital environmental objectives.
Issue. Did the New Jersey waste importation statute violate the Commerce Clause?
Held. Yes. The judgment of the State Supreme Court is reversed.
Protectionism measures can be unconstitutional for their means as well as their ends.
Whatever the purpose of the statute, it may not be accomplished by discriminating against articles of out-of-state commerce, unless there is some reason, apart from their out-of-state origin, for doing so. On its face, the statute imposes on out-of-state commerce the full burden of conserving the state’s landfill space. The statute violates the principle of non-discrimination both on its face and by its effect.
Dissent. Justice William Rehnquist (J. Rehnquist) stated that the Constitution does not require New Jersey to receive and dispose of solid waste from other States when doing so will inexorably increase the health problems of its citizens.
Discussion. State actions that are “protectionist” in nature (i.e., favoring in-state interests at the expense of out-of-state interests) are generally unconstitutional. In this case, the Supreme Court explains that state statutes need not be proven purposefully protectionist in order to be held unconstitutional. A state statute may also be regarded as unconstitutional protectionist legislation if it is only discriminatory on its face.


January 6, 2023
Researchers analyzed hundreds of human remains from the Chincha culture in Peru going back as far at 1000 CE in large mortuary structures to study the use of fingerprinting red pigment on skulls in funerary rituals. They found different kinds of red paint were used and only certain people were painted. Using X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and laser ablation ICP-MS, techniques, they found that 24 of the samples came from iron based ochres like hematite, 13 came from mercury based cinnabar, and one was a combination. Cinnabar came from hundreds of miles away and the hematite came from local sources.
Most of those whose skulls were painted were adult males. Bones of women and children who had healed traumatic injuries and those whose skulls were modified as babies were also painted. They used textiles, leaves and their hands to apply the pigment. It appears that the painters also entered the mortuaries to paint those who had been desecrated during the European conquest
The research is published in the Journal of Anthropological Archaeology.
Live Science has the report and photos here:


Posted: September 20th, 2022
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1/Please read the documents “Week #3 – Listening/Reading – The Middle Ages” and “Hildegard Von Bingen.” These documents are included in the “Course Documents” in the file Week 3. Also, listen to the composition “O Virga Ac Diadema” following that link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrqWsav5FI You can also read the lyrics and translation here: http://www.hildegard-society.org/2014/09/o-virga-ac-diadema-sequence.html 2/ Write a short response/summary about the “Hildegard Von Bingen” reading while incorporating elements you learned from the document “Week #3 – Listening/Reading – The Middle Ages.” Here are a few questions that could help you build your response: What new elements did you learn in the reading? Anything surprising or challanging? Anything you do not agree with? Any specific thoughts and questions when it comes to authorship, polyphony and gender politics? Also, in your response, include a short description of the piece you listened to “O Virga Ac Diadema” using the two reading as well as some basic musical elements you learned about in Week #1. What is the musical texture of this piece? Do you hear any melisma? Could this piece be considered a plainchant? How would you describe the voice you are hearing? What does it make you think of? How does it make you feel?
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In biochemistry, polysaccharides are relatively complex "unsweet" carbohydrates. Polysaccharides are polymers made up of many monosaccharides joined together (hence poly-saccharides). They are therefore very large, often branched, molecules. Properties include insolubility in water and not forming crystals. Examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
Polysaccharides have the general formula:
|Table of contents|
Starches are are polymers of glucose. Amylose consists of a linear chain of several hundred of glucose molecules. Amylopectine is a branched molecules made of several thousand of glucose units.
Starches are insoluble in water. They can be digested by hydrolysis done by amylases. Potato, rice, wheat, and maize are major sources of starch in the human diet.
Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals. It is a branched polymer of glucose. Glycogen can be broken down to form substrates for respiration, through the process of glycogenolysis. This involves the breaking of most of the C-O-C bonds between the glucose molecules by the addition of a phosphate, rather than a water as in hydrolysis. This process yields phosphorylated glucose molecules, which can be metabolized with a savings of one ATP molecule.
The structural components of plants are formed primarily from cellulose. Wood is largely cellulose and lignin, while paper and cotton are nearly pure cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer made with repeated glucose units.


Democracy’s ability to generate its own support is itself an outcome that cannot be ignored.’ Support the statement with examples.
Democracy is the most popular form of government as it allows people to participate in the process of electing their leaders, who run the country in their name. This right to choose gives people a sense of power which garners great support for democracy . The system in itself is such that it is preferred by the masses over other forms of rule like dictatorship or military rule. Some other features of democracy that make it generate support for itself are given below:
- Accountability : it produces a government that is accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.
- Transparency : . People have the right and the means to examine the process of decision making. This is known as transparency. This factor is often missing from a non-democratic government.
- Democracy ensures political equality , each voter has the same value, irrespective of his/her background.
- Inclusion : Democracy accommodates social diversity. It ensures people from diverse backgrounds are included in all walks of life. Their rights are protected by law.
- Right to Information : People can keep a check on the workings of the government by asking questions and seeking information about any matter.


Continents, countries, cities and other geographical and political subdivisions
The terms place and location in geography are used to identify a point or an area on the Earth's surface or elsewhere. The term location generally implies a higher degree of certainty than place, the latter often indicating an entity with an ambiguous boundary, relying more on human or social attributes of place identity and sense of place than on geometry.
- Laos - Territory in southeast Asia, ruled since 1975 by the Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao
- Latvia - Territory in north central Europe, ruled since 1990 by the Latvijas Republika
- Lebanon - Territory in southwest Asia, ruled since 1946 by the al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah
- Libya - Territory in northern Africa, ruled since 2016 by the Government of National Accord
- Lithuania - Territory in north central Europe, ruled since 1991 by the Lietuvos Respublika
- London - Capital of Great Britain
- Los Angeles - The City of Angels
- Louisiana - The Pelican State
- Lesotho - Territory in southern Africa, ruled since 1966 by the Muso oa Lesotho
- Liberia - Territory in western Africa, ruled since 1986 by the Republic of Liberia
- Liechtenstein - Territory in central Europe, ruled since 1866 by the Fürstentum Liechtenstein
- Lima - Capital of Peru, founded 1535
- Luxembourg - Territory in northwestern Europe, ruled since 1944 by the Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg
The introductory paragraph uses material from the Wikipedia article "Location" as of 12 Sep 2018, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.


The pharmaceutical products that remain after biological treatment are at low concentrations where bacteria usually do not directly produce enzymes to initiate biodegradation. We rely instead on co-metabolism or non-specific enzymes. In co-metabolism, enzymes produced by the system's microbes while degrading plentiful organics also break down bonds in the pharmaceuticals. Once enzyme actions start to work on the product, it is often transformed into less harmful forms and starts to degrade through biomediated or environmental chemical transformations.
Current discussions involve using oxidation, carbon adsorption, UV treatment, or engineered enzymes or microbes. The big question is can any be used in cost-effective manner with such a low concentration of target substrates. If not, could an activated carbon filter concentrate enough of the pharmaceuticals to allow for efficient treatment via oxidation, enzyme, or biological treatment in a separate unit.
At Aster Bio, we first worked with domestic wastewater with high concentrations of pharmaceuticals when we developed a program to improve biological waste treatment at a camp for special needs children. Due to high use of various pharmaceuticals by the children, the small biological treatment system had trouble maintaining any kind of stable biomass. We looked at various organisms having the capabilities to degrade a wide range of pharmaceutical compounds (they are commonly found in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants) while being able to grow readily on domestic waste. Using a simple routine dose of the microbial blend, we were able to establish a biomass that was resistant to the ever changing and relatively high concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the camp wastewater. This in concept would be similar to a biological treatment process that could be used on pharmaceuticals concentrated on activated carbon - where naturally occurring microbes can be harnessed to directly degrade or co-metabolize pharmaceuticals once critical concentrations are reached.


Colonial IU – Mindfulness for Educators and Their Students
Institution: Colonial IU
Course Name: Mindfulness for Educators and Their Students
Duration: 6 Weeks
Format: Online Asynchronous
Credits: 3 Credits/90 Hours
The goal of this course is to expand the teacher’s knowledge of mindfulness practices, and as a result of new learning, integrate concepts into his/her classroom accordingly which may result in increased teacher engagement and more effective classroom management, ultimately creating a more conducive learning environment for students.
Participants will learn…
- Analyze the theory and practice of mindfulness and how it can inform classroom experiences through taking/analyzing results of mindfulness surveys and setting classroom goals.
- Design and implement a plan to integrate mindful moments using basic mindfulness practices into their schedule to improve personal health and well-being through intention writing and creating SMART goals.
- Critique and evaluate scientific evidence related to varying mindfulness topics through a combination of resources and apply relevant information to classroom.
- Analyze the concepts of mindfulness of thoughts/emotions, mindful communication, gratitude and self-compassion and through reflective activities experience how these practices can increase health and well-being.
- Demonstrate how mindfulness can work in a classroom setting and help inform teaching practice through analyzing classroom scripts and summarizing, describing and analyzing mindful and not-so-mindful moments.
- Analyze the objectives, resources, wants and needs of their particular school district and create a plan to introduce the basic concepts of mindfulness to fellow teachers and administration.


Advances in technology have made the lives of many people easier. Although the existence of technology can facilitate many affairs and jobs, many experts argue that the use of technology has created an imbalance between school and life. You must be able to use technology well in order to help balance your life. Here are tips for using technology to balance your education and life.
Use Technology to Manage Your Priorities
You should be able to make a priority to-do list, including in relation to education, work, hobbies, and family. Leveraging technology can help you prepare important schedules and manage your time.
Using Technology For Better Communication
Communication is one of the important aspects of life and technology has helped many people to communicate. One of the ways is by activating notifications for urgent and important emails. This allows you to more quickly respond to incoming messages. Not only that, you should also prevent useless apps from sending notifications.
Using Different Ways To Get Education
Technology has made many things easier to learn as long as you have access to that education. Nowadays online courses have grown rapidly which allow you to not have to physically attend classes. You only need to take the time at any time to listen to explanations from teachers and mentors via videos. Especially for those of you who are too busy at work and don’t have time to take courses at educational institutions. Even if it’s done online, you still need to pay the tuition fee. The next problem arises and makes many people not willing to take the course because it is expensive and can burden their finances.
Utilizing Technology To Be On Time
You can use alarms to make sure you wake up on time and get reminders to do certain things. Many apps can allow you to schedule tasks and send you reminders. Technology is one thing that makes it easier for many parties. So don’t let technology unbalance your life and education.


With National Health IT Week underway, the question posed by HIMSS is: What is the value of health IT?
A clear answer is data freedom.
health it: what is it all about?
before defining data freedom, it is good to define health information technology (it). health it is:
- systems to support the delivery of patient care
- infrastructure to enable the delivery of patient care
- applications to record, analyze, and coordinate the delivery of patient care
- networks to exchange and share relevant and approved information to deliver patient care
the final element may seem out of place yet it is essential. health it is the people who make all the systems, infrastructure, applications, and networks work efficiently and effectively, supporting the care providers who care for patients and their families. ultimately, it is about people.
data freedom: the value of health it
on to data freedom. data freedom is:
- a responsibility. it is a responsibility to protect patient data from unwanted release and exposure. it is also about transparency in letting people know what data is being tracked and shared.
- unfettered flow. patient data needs to flow responsibly to each care provider who is involved in the continuum of a patient’s care. it is a call to get relevant information to deliver high quality, informed care without duplication of tests.
- efficient workflows. within any provider organization (e.g., hospital, lab, imaging center, or clinic), there are different applications. the workflow between the applications needs to work, meaning the data needs to flow seamlessly.
- centered on the patient. it comes back to people. people are patients and, in those moments, they need their data accessible to store, record, and share as needed. patients need a portfolio of their relevant care data, which includes family history along with their own. freedom comes to individuals when they can have access to their own data.
the value of health it is centered in data. moving it from paper to electronic formats and then empowering the electronic data to move in the directions in needs to flow. this is the value of health it.


Check Metro’s fire cleanup site and the region's wildfire recovery site for more resources and information.
Between wildfires, smoky conditions and windstorms, people in Oregon have been through a lot recently.
The wildfires in Oregon have claimed eight lives and another 16 people are missing according the Oregon Office of Emergency Management. More than 1000 homes have been destroyed and thousands of people have been evacuated.
If your property has been damaged – whether from wildfire or wind – you’re probably thinking about cleanup. Help is on the way. But right now, the best way to protect your health is to wait to clean up.
"When the air has cleared and it's safe for our employees to return to work, we will be ready to help,” said Metro Council President Lynn Peterson. “At this point, we're urging people to leave their debris alone – wait for information about asbestos screening and safe removal of anything that might be hazardous to the people who make sure the debris is safely disposed of."
Metro is working with government partners to find ways to dispose of burned materials and wildfire ash that protect your health, workers’ health and the health of our communities.
Wildfire debris and ash can be very hazardous.
When wildfire burns houses, sheds and other structures, it incinerates hazardous materials that end up in the ash. This ash can contain toxic chemicals like pesticides, motor oil and paint. Older houses may have asbestos, a dangerous substance that can cause health problems if inhaled.
In the aftermath of a wildfire disaster, downed power lines and sharp objects can also be buried in the debris. In order to clean up your property safely, you will need a professional to identify electrical and structural hazards, as well as any toxic chemicals or asbestos fibers.
The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) is working to make it as easy as possible to get fire-affected properties assessed for safe removal of debris. Staff will be ready to help when wildfire conditions improve.
Until your property can be checked for hazards, do not attempt to remove fire debris. Do not use a leaf blower to remove ash, as it can make hazardous chemicals airborne. And do not involve children in any part of wildfire debris cleanup.
This is for your health, the health of your neighbors and the health of people who will handle the debris once it’s ready for disposal.


Imagine molecules and atoms as a bunch of drunks in a room. If they don’t bump into each other, no reaction will happen. There’s more than an Avogadro’s number of molecules used in any lab-intended reaction to make sure the molecules bump into each other.
Proteins react whenever they bump into another molecule that fits their active site. Molecules fitting into an active site is like fitting Legos, puzzle pieces, or locks and keys. If the pieces don’t fit, there will be no reaction. The lock and key analogy often is favored because the protein typically changes shape after another molecule fits into its active site. Not all reactive sites are identified and understood.
Whenever you see a double-bonded atom (often oxygen) and the same atom negatively charged with a single bond, and both atoms bonded to the same central atom, imagine they’re spinning, the double-bond and the single-bond are switching many times per second. This goes to the stability of the molecular species, like peddling a bike stabilizes it or like a gyroscope.
Aldehydes aren’t going to give up their double-bonded oxygen or single-bonded hydrogen.
Fluorine is a “skinny slut”. It tends to take electrons whenever it can. It’s one of the smallest atoms and is the most electronegative.
Some weird triangular molecules occur when boron is involved.
Predictions for reactions based on the Periodic Table fall apart after Row 3, and get worse as you go down the Table.
Noble gasses don’t react because they have a full octet of electrons in their outer shell. It’s been traditionally considered “noble” amongst human beings not to react.
After taking microbiology, you’ll understand the “smell test”. If it doesn’t stink, it’s probably okay to eat.
The molecular properties of water are a miracle. When in doubt, explain anything and everything by citing hydrogen bonding in water.
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Lloyd Ferguson, the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, was born February 9, 1918, in Oakland, California. Growing up in Oakland, Ferguson was always passionate about school, particularly science. In the eighth grade, he bought a chemistry set which allowed him to do experiments and create substances such as gunpowder. Raised by his parents and grandparents, Ferguson was forced to get a job while in high school because his father lost his job during the Great Depression. Ferguson delivered newspapers, and after high school, he worked as a laborer for the Works Progress Administration (WPA) to save money for college.
Ferguson attended the University of California, Berkeley earning a Bachelor of Science in chemistry in 1940 and a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1943. One of his main contributions at Berkeley was developing a compound that could lose and gain oxygen rapidly. This compound was a type of hemoglobin and was later used as a source of oxygen for submarines. He went on to study the sense of taste through chemistry.
Ferguson joined the faculty of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College in Greensboro, North Carolina in 1943. In 1945, he moved to Washington D.C. to join the faculty at Howard University, where he chaired the chemistry department during the early 1960s. While at Howard, Ferguson created the first doctoral program in chemistry at an African American university. He left Howard University in 1965 to become the chair of the chemistry department at California State University at Los Angeles, where he remained until retiring in 1986.
Ferguson was a member of the American Chemical Society and did research for the National Institutes of Health. He lives in Southern California. He passed away on November 30, 2011. He was 93 years old.


The new versions of Blender have changed the way of defining the Boolean operations saw to make a nut in version 2.49.
This form of modeling, based on three basic operations with volumes topological, is now under the concept of “modifiers”.
Boolean operations are three:
- Add the sumar of volúmenes
- Subtract between volumes (deduct)
- Intersect or determine the common.
First select one of the objects that we want to apply the Boolean operation.
We will use our case study on a sphere and a cube as examples.
We will enter the window that allows us to add modifiers to the menu “Object modifiers“.
The first and last (Boolean operation) are independent of the first selected object.
It's the same sum to B to add B to A. Analogously occurs at the time of obtaining the intersection of two bodies.
But to subtract or remove a volume part is determining if the object you select first.
Modoficador indicate the type we want to add:
Modifier “Boolean” column is “Generate”. Automatically displays a new tab in which you can adjust the settings change.
In the window “Object” we can select the second object required to perform the Boolean operation. If we select with the mouse on this window will open a menu with the objects in the scene that we can use Boolean operation.
The last step is to select the Boolean operation between the three available.
The results can be seen in the following images:
In this case, as we discussed, the result depends on the order established for the elements.
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Air conditioners are designed to help keep you cool during summer’s heat but in fact contribute to it being hot outside. Researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison are saying that emissions from air conditioners are contributing to global warming.
By running our air conditioners we are increasing fossil fuel use and releasing more emissions into the atmosphere. According to their research, air conditioning could cause up to 1,000 additional deaths due to poor air quality in the Eastern United States alone. They looked at five different models to see how increased energy consumption during the summer will affect human health. Jonathan Patz, a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, says there’s no doubt that air conditioning saves lives during heat waves however, the trade-off is worse air quality.
If you want to do your part to reduce emissions but also stay cool, check out the following tips:
• Make sure there’s a fan in every room. Ceiling fans work best.
• Keep curtains and windows closed to reduce heat from the sun
• Increase circulation by placing a window fan to suck out air with all bedroom windows and doors open.
• Find an energy-efficient air conditioner
• Install a light-coloured roof
• Improve insulation
Here’s what you can do for personal comfort:
• Drink water often
• Wear light coloured and loose fitting clothing
• Spend time on lower floors as heat rises
• Spend time near the water
• Find shade
• Cut down on sweets, caffeine and alcohol
While it is true that you may have to put a little more effort in to lower your contribution to global warming and still stay cool in hot conditions, its certainly sounds better than the alternative, which is gambling with your health.


Herd Immunity Irrelevant for Vaccines
The recently proposed vaccine mandate is not justified by any convincing data. The herd immunity argument is being presented as more of a mathematical concept than a biological one. Herd immunity applies to naturally acquired immunity and has never been proven to have any relevance to vaccines. Epidemics that vaccines were said to have resolved were already in decline from natural herd immunity before the vaccines came out. Generally, it’s not exposure to disease that matters as much as how your body handles disease, and there are definitely natural ways to build a strong immune system.
Big pharma is just another crony capitalist-rigged system that is all about profit before people. It doesn’t promote natural prevention and cures because you’re worth more to big pharma sick than healthy. Look at how many other pharmaceutical products treat one disease, while at the same time causing other problems. So it shouldn’t be a surprise if the same is true for vaccines. Even if herd immunity did validly apply to vaccines, the 95 percent threshold would be impossible to achieve, since classmates are not the only people kids come in contact with. All in all, vaccines should only be voluntary, and those choosing vaccination should be given an informed consent form to sign that is honest and upfront about the risks versus benefits and the ingredients in the vaccine.


In the realm of PCB assembly and manufacturing, there are three different methods that come with printing the prototype PCB’s legend. The legend is what the engineer uses to figure out the component designators, switch settings, and test points — all helpful components need when assembling, testing, and servicing the prototype circuit boards.
However, there are more details that go into this legend, including gold plating. Here is a beginner’s guide to this specific PCB fabrication process.
What is gold plating, more specifically gold finger?
Gold finger is the gold-plated connectors that are on the edges of the printed circuit board prototype. They are similar to fingers in that they are long and narrow.
What are they made from?
The specifications for these have to be exact; flash gold must be used and the thickness cannot go over 3Us to 50Us. This is so the flash gold, which is one of the hardest golds available, will last a long amount of time and won’t need repair.
What is their purpose?
Gold fingers are edge connector contacts and are used to electroplate pads onto the board. The idea behind a gold finger is to help protect the printed circuit board prototypes from wear and tear. If applied correctly, with the right thickness, they are expected to last upwards of 1,000 cycles before there is any need of repair.
How are gold fingers used?
These little fingers are quite versatile, and they have many different uses depending on their intended purpose. Some of these uses include:
- Provides connections for network transfer data.
- Attaches specialty adaptors.
- Connects different devices to the board.
- Can be used as audio adaptors.
Are there specific design specifications?
Yes. As we mentioned previously, there are some specifications depending on the need and use of the board. However, despite this, there are some design rules that must be followed no matter the board’s intended purpose. This includes:
- No plated through holes can be included anywhere near the gold fingers.
- No soldermask or screen printing can be included near the gold fingers.
- The gold fingers should always be placed facing outward of the board’s center.
If you are interested in learning more about how these interesting little gold fingers work in the world of printed circuit boards, please contact our professionals today.


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“How many times do I have to tell you to finish your homework early so that you can sleep earlier and be more focused in school the next day!” You may have given your child similar instructions over and over until you are sick of repeating. But it just seems that your child isn’t sick of hearing the same thing. In fact, is he/she even listening at all?!
These behaviours may look like it is an outright act of rebellion. After all, how could it be that a child is unable to understand the same instructions even when told repeatedly?
The truth is, there are children who are unable to understand verbal instructions, no matter how many times it is being repeated. The underlying skill required for this ability is Verbal Sequencing. Children who are weaker in this skill tend to be unable to understand relationships between ideas and concepts. “Why do I have to finish my homework earlier to be more focused tomorrow?”
One academic area that relies on this skill is reading comprehension. Reading comprehension requires the grasping of sequential flow of events happening in the story. When a child is unable to relate the sequences, he/she would not be able to get a logical flow of the entire story. Answering the questions would also require more time and effort (as the child has to reread the story).
Verbal sequencing skill is also required to understand materials taught in class and follow the pace of teaching. If this skill is not strengthen, children would find it a chore to go to school because they just can’t understand the things that are being taught. However, with good verbal sequencing skills, children would be able to learn effectively and would enjoy listening in class!
Interesting Fact: As babies, we acquire language through the use of verbal sequencing. Learning new words phonologically requires the ability to sequence verbal information. This suggests that verbal sequencing is an innate skill that most of us are born with!
To find out about your child’s Verbal Sequencing ability, REGISTER for our Complimentary Learning Assessment.


Online learning can offer a wide range of benefits. However, the knowledge that a student is able to acquire this way depends upon not only the course material that is offered but also the practices used to provide them with the necessary information. Here are just a few of the best practices of online training which help to better facilitate the elearning process.
A supportive elearning environment and community. Teachers and elearning establishments should encourage a strong sense of community amongst their online students. This will enable students to interact with one another and the instructors, as well as with the resources provided, which will make for an enhanced educational experience.
Clear expectations between pupil and teacher. Students should be aware of what they will be receiving from the virtual class instruction, and both parties should know the preferred method of communication and delivery of the core curriculum. For example, a teacher may prefer to email assignments to students, while another might choose to deliver it via the elearning site instead. Also, it’s best to have clear expectations about how long each item of coursework should take to complete.
Utilization of asynchronous and synchronous activities. It’s important to incorporate activities that are more interactive, as well as those that require the student to brainstorm and research a topic in depth. Thanks to the internet students can now attend virtual live courses, as well as complete coursework offline that can enable them to delve into a specific subject or skill set.
Use of all of the online resources that are available. To get the most out of the elearning experience both the teacher and the student should take full advantage of the resources that are available online. It’s best if instructors use the platform that has been designed to administer coursework and interact with the student, while the student should be able to fully benefit from their virtual education by using the research tools and curriculum that is available to them.
Online training can allow teachers to directly connect with their students without any of the limitations that are generally placed upon the educational process by traditional instruction methods. What’s more, when best practices are utilized students have access to a wealth of information quickly and conveniently, anywhere and at any time. This can ensure that the elearning system is mutually beneficial.
Improve your employee, partner and customer training with our enterprise-ready learning management system. Book a demo now and see why our diverse portfolio of customers consistently give us 5 stars (out of 5!)


Guide rollers can be used in the various tracks with different configuration and in the application that need to linear motion. Such as special linear motion track, industrial robot, precision assembly line, overhead conveyer system, automatic equipments, office facilities, transmission machines, medical instruments, printing machines, giant slaughterhouse equipments, logistics transportation system and bring up the solutions from design to manufacture.
Welcome OEM order.
The following machines use the same type of special rollers:
• Machine tools for fiberglass cables (lawn mowers)
• Machines for spring manufacturing
• Machines for metal wires
• Machines for spooling, un-spooling and rewinding
• Fine and high precision wire drawing
Linear Motion Guide Roller Bearing are widely used to guide, support, locate, and accurately move machinery components and products in a wide range of automation applications. Rolling element linear bearings and guides provide low friction, smooth, accurate motion for nearly any moment or normal loading condition. Major applications include factory automation, medical, packaging, machine tool, semiconductor, printing, automotive assembly, aerospace and food processing. Specifying the right bearing for a given application is necessary to save time and excessive costs. Understanding the tradeoffs of each bearing type is important to accurately size and select the right bearing for your application. Choosing an inadequate solution can lead to higher costs in design, surface preparation, materials, assembly, and bearing maintenance. Or worse, it can lead to insufficient machine accuracy, repeatability, and life, requiring an entirely new type of linear guide. This article will provide an overview of the major types of linear bearings and guides, explain how to specify them for specific applications and describe how to trouble-shoot common application problems.


NCERT PDF | Psychology | Class 12
The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) created a new curriculum and formed Textbook Development Teams for Class XII to write textbooks in Psychology based on the new standards and curriculum. Every question in the 2022 Board Exams will be based only on the NCERT Class 12 Psychology Book PDF, which is available here. Questions about the new pattern The theory presented in this NCERT Psychology PDF is also used to create case-based MCQs.
NCERT Class 12 Psychology Chapter : 4 PDF
On this page, you can read or download Chapter 4 of the NCERT Book for Class 12 Psychology, Psychological Disorders. Students in Class 12 or preparing for any exam based on Class 12 Psychology might use the NCERT Book to supplement their studies. When you don't have access to a physical copy, digital NCERT Books Class 12 Psychology pdf are always useful.
The NCERT Class 12 Books are simple to obtain. Simply click the link to open a new window with all of the NCERT Book Class 12 Psychology pdf files organised by chapter. Choose the chapter you want to download, and you're done. You'll be able to study offline with the PDF on your device.
NCERT class 12 Psychology chapter 4 Psychological disorders pdf
About Chapter : 4 Psychological disorders
This chapter discusses the fundamentals of abnormal behaviour and the criteria used to detect it, as well as the elements that contribute to abnormal behaviour, the various models of abnormal behaviour, and the primary psychiatric disorders. This is one of the most interesting topics of the syllabus for students.


TECHNOLOGY TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF FISHING ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
BYCATCH PREVENTION PRODUCTS
A range of technological approaches to reduce bycatch, in pelagic longline, gill net, seine and trap fisheries
Acoustic Deterrent Device designed to reduce bycatch by alerting cetaceans to the presence of fishing gear.
Acoustic dissuasive device designed to scare dolphin from poaching fish and to reduce gear damage.
Low cost net illumination designed to prevent bycatch of turtles, fish, cetacean & seabirds in set net and trawl fisheries.
Deep drop fishing light in a range of colours to increase catches of pot and trap caught species.
Low cost, robust and long-lasting LED light designed to replace chemical light sticks forever.
Hook encapsulating device cleverly designed to prevent seabird bycatch in longline fisheries.
Looming Eye Buoy
Above water bird scarer designed to reduce seabird bycatch in gillnet fisheries.
Electric pulsed device designed to eliminate shark bycatch in longline fisheries.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Undertaking development work for a range of fishing, marine technology and conservation organisations.
New products designed and developed using the latest technology in our purpose built lab.
The fishing industry have numerous problems that we solve for them with our unique ideas and technological background.
We work with the fishing industry, universities, NGOs, scientists and others to develop technological solutions.


The common consensus is that we are “free” as human beings; yet, there are repercussions to every decision we make, which raises the issue of whether we are really free.
Inasmuch as our decisions have an impact on our identity and character, we become the products of those choices. As a result, it is essential that we exercise caution in deciding how to make use of our freedom. Coming of age and starting to exercise our independence, we want to be free of as many restrictions as possible (parents, restricted finances, curfews, etc.) as soon as feasible. The haste with which we seek freedom “from” or do as we want impacts our freedom “for,” which should be given more importance.
Obtaining freedom “for”
Obtaining freedom “for” sets us apart as individuals who are capable of greatness on a variety of levels. We must realize that every time we attempt to be free from something, we should be motivated by a desire to be free for something else. For some individuals, achieving independence “from” a restriction is a lifetime struggle, particularly when the restraint is financial. When faced with such adversity, our capacity to take a stance becomes critical. “When is the best time to pursue further education in order to get a better job than the one we now hold?” we may question ourselves as an example.
If we continue to pursue freedom “from,” we increase the likelihood of losing ourselves. This prevents us from building on our freedom “for,” thus restricting our reach and options. We seem to be going about in circles, escaping one obstacle just to be confronted with another. There is no such thing as true freedom in this case.
In the end, while we seek freedom, we should ask ourselves what we want to do with the freedom. When it comes to spending our freedom, we must use our intellect, since we are human. The pursuit of freedom for the sake of short-term gains only is equivalent to squandering freedom.


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What is traction alopecia? Definition 2023.
Traction alopecia or pulling alopecia is caused by hair loss due to repetitive and constant stretching in our daily life, which causes hair damage. This can affect everyone, regardless of gender or age. The hair is stretched from the roots and weakened by this tension. Over time, the follicles will be irreversibly destroyed. In their place is scar-like tissue, from which hair cannot grow irreversibly.
What causes traction alopecia?
The cause that affects this type of baldness are the female group, who notice the main symptoms of this terrible habit by making use of too tight hairstyles, use of dyes and some extensions for, which translates into the hair follicles are weakening over time by this bad habit. Women love to have their hair well groomed. Since we were little, our mother used to braid our hair and straighten it a lot. This is one of the reasons and causes why we have been losing our hair.
So if you wear braids or use chemical styling agents regularly, you may be putting a lot of stress on your roots. This is the main reason.
Sometimes it is assimilated with headaches that alleviate hair loss.
It can be reversed in the early stages of the problem, although if this pulling continues for months and years, and time passes, the hair loss is irreversible and permanent.
Educational treatment for the application of loose hairstyles.
Treatment of traction alopecia 2023
- Making dreadlocks in our hair. They tangle our hair.
- The headband is too tight or we make too tight pigtails in our hair.
- Braids to hug on the head.
- Do not use a curling iron or straightener every day.
- Extensions are poorly implemented on our head.
- PRP as aesthetic options, to have growth factors in the areas that we lose hair and be able to regenerate it quickly.
- Wear your hair loose and natural.
It is always necessary to follow the habits to prevent hair loss mentioned above, since it is very easy to appear. If your hair has already started to fall out, the first step is to stop using excessive pulling motions.
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Once there lived an ant and a grasshopper in a grassy meadow. All day long the ant would work hard, collecting grains of wheat. The grasshopper would look at her and laugh. ‘Why do you work so hard, dear ant?’ he would say. ‘Come, rest awhile, listen to my song. Summer is here, the days are long and bright. Why waste the sunshine in labour and toil?’ The ant would ignore him: “I am helping to lay up food for the winter, and I recommend you to do the same.” (The Ant and the Grasshopper)
Do you remember Aesop’s Fable? It has been used to teach children the virtues of hard work and the perils of improvidence. Moral: it is wise to worry about tomorrow today.
Life teaches you a completely different lesson. From families to corporations to nations, the grasshoppers always have the upper hand. The savings of the cautious and toilful people will be decimated each and every time it is needed to make up for prodigal sons, failed projects and, yes you’ve got it, ruined banks and states.
While most people would surely acknowledge that it is wise to anticipate and worry about the future and they will encourage you to save for the future, you won’t see many artists, conquerors, entrepreneurs or innovators actually worrying about the future in that precise way you are expected to do in Aesop’s fable. They are more like the grasshopper. And what nobody will tell you is that you are not expected to be saving for yourself, but to pay for those other people’s debts and failures, the ones deriving from creation, conquest, and sometimes pure insouciance.
And here comes my recommendation: if you have the courage, do not save for tomorrow. Be the grasshopper!
Featured Image: Jules-Joseph Lefebvre, Detail of The Grasshopper (La Cigale) painted in 1872


In recent years, building insulation has become an increasingly important topic. Properly insulating your home reduces heating costs, which means lower CO2 emissions. Today, the market is dominated by conventional insulation materials made of plastics or mineral fiber.
A research group at the University of Göttingen has long been researching manufacturing processes for products made of popcorn that are sustainable and efficient. Now, forest scientists have managed to develop a process by which insulation boards made of “granulated” popcorn can be produced that have excellent thermal insulation properties and good protection against fire.
This granular material is a plant-based, environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternative to the products derived from petroleum currently used in the industry.
Unlike petroleum-based insulation, popcorn is sustainable because it is made from renewable resources, sturdy enough to enable re-use, and easy to recycle when it comes to the end of its useful life. Its water repellency can also make it useful in other applications, such as insulation and packaging.
It could be an excellent substitute for expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam that is found not only in insulation but also in the millions of disposable food containers and shipping materials discarded annually. Polystyrene is cheap and lightweight but also non-biodegradable and difficult to recycle. According to the university, the new foam absorbs heat better than EPS, is much less flammable, is used to produce biogas, or even utilized as animal feed once discarded.
“This new process, based on that of the plastics industry, enables the cost-effective production of insulation boards at an industrial scale,” explains the head of the research group, Professor Alireza Kharazipour. “Especially in the field of insulation in construction, this ensures that natural insulation materials are no longer just niche products.” In addition, the new popcorn products have water-repellent properties, which opens up even more opportunities for practical applications and extends their useful life.
The technology has recently been licensed to Germany’s Bachl Group for the commercial use of the process and the products for building insulation.


Artificial intelligence (AI) and its implementation were among the five selected thematic areas of mutual interest discussed by the Indian and German scientific experts here.
Areas such as AI for sustainability, healthcare, autonomous robotics, trustworthy AI, and mathematical foundation were deliberated upon at the joint virtual workshop by the Indo-German Science and Technology Centre (IGSTC), together with the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and India’s Department of Science and Technology on September 6 and 7.
The workshop was organised as a follow-up of a decision to strengthen and enhance the cooperation in the field of artificial intelligence taken during the governmental consultations between two countries in November 2019, a DST release said.
The Indian co-chair of the IGSTC and DST’s international division head, S.K. Varshney, and German co-chair Katherin (who goes by a single name) stressed on strengthening the academia and industry partnership and enhancing cooperation between the two countries that would help the society, particularly in the field of AI, Machine learning, and robotics.
DST’s Frontier and Futuristic Technologies division chief, Dr Murali Mohan, said that globally AI is a very active research topic, and efforts should be made so that India and Germany can cooperate and augment the cooperation.
“There are numerous issues to address like upgrading of the technology, skill development and job creation in this field. Academia and industry need to be leveraged in this field, and products need to be geared up,” he said.
The workshop was accompanied by two main plenary lectures by Professor Rupak Majumdar from the German side and Professor Subhasis Chaudhuri from India and followed by invited lectures and plenary sessions, the release added.


Al-Mada: Jurnal Agama, Sosial, dan Budaya (Jan 2022)
Yoga Asanas as an Effort to Reduce Anxiety on Online Learning During Pandemic in Stikes Buleleng Students
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has attacked many sectors, including the education sector, which requires students to take part in online learning. This learning requires students to do assignments and achievements in accordance with the profile of graduates coupled with the unfinished pandemic situation causing students to experience more anxiety, this requires complementary therapies, one of which is yoga. This study aims to see differences in anxiety levels in the control group and the group given the yoga asanas treatment. The research method used is the pre-posttest design. Where the samples were taken were 23 control groups and 23 treatment groups. Control and treatment respondents were given a questionnaire first, then the control group was given IEC to reduce anxiety, while the treatment group was given yoga asanas which were carried out for 3 weeks. Furthermore, a posttest was given to assess the differences in the respondents' anxiety levels. The results showed that there were differences in the level of anxiety before and after in the control group (p-value 0.16) and the treatment group (p-value 0.001). Then the results of the different test analyses showed that there was a difference in the level of anxiety between the control group and the group given yoga asanas (p-value 0.01). The conclusion is that there are effective yoga asanas to reduce anxiety levels in students who take online learning during the pandemic.


Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Date of this Version
This article traces the history of the relationship of papermaking and paper to libraries over time. Paper was first made in China and is traditionally considered one of that nation’s four greatest inventions, along with gun powder, printing, and the compass. Papermaking was often associated with archives in its early development in China, as well as when it was introduced to Japan, where it came to be a part of some Shinto and Buddhist temples, and later governmental agencies. Under Islam, the availability of paper was linked to increased literacy and growth of libraries. In early modern Europe, before the widespread use of wood in the papermaking process, libraries and archives were part of an “economy of paper” with paper at times being in short supply. In the modern era, the world of papermaking did not intersect much with the world of the library, which made progress with the problem of brittle books, one of its greatest challenges, slow, though recent efforts of government, industry, scientists, and representatives of the library have produced positive results. The damage caused by wood-based paper in libraries was mirrored by the environmental damage caused by wood-based papermaking in communities. The history of papermaking and libraries demonstrates the importance of understanding the technologies which support the library, while also advocating effectively to the representatives of all its sources of support in ways which promote the values of the library and its associated community.


Swiss Re Institute - Endemic Covid: the end of the pandemic?
As the world starts to reopen and we grapple with other, immediate global concerns, the virus's fate has only one outcome: it will become endemic in our society. Each major variant so far has been more transmissible than its predecessors and brings different symptoms and differing resistances and susceptibilities to vaccines or treatments. Resurgent waves of breakthrough infections, driven most recently by the Omicron variant, in vaccinated populations with waning immunity, remain an ongoing risk to economic recovery and healthcare.
There is no hard and fast definition of an epidemic, pandemic, or endemic disease. Individual countries will likely declare themselves out of the pandemic or having reached a state of endemicity, before there are wider global statements made by international public health bodies, such as the World Health Organization (WHO). There are already signs of countries such as Denmark, the UK and elsewhere in Europe are approaching this stage in early 2022.
And yet, there are still challenges. As we write, countries in Asia and Oceania such as Hong Kong and New Zealand are seeing record case numbers and deaths are climbing. It is too early to say that the world has defeated COVID-19.
Our report - entitled Endemic Covid: the end of the pandemic? - discusses some of the many factors which will chart the future course of this global disease, as well as outline further considerations for insurers.
Click here to read the full article


Most Unique Animals In Africa
Some interesting facts about African Wildlife.
Most unique animals in africa. It is believed by African magicians to have magical powers. Mantled guerezas are also known as guereza or black and white colobus. There is literally no other animal like them on earth.
The aardvark directly translated as earth pig gets even stranger when you start looking at its genus. Top 15 Unique Animal and Birds Found In Africa. This rhino species is one of the most elusive animals in Africa.
And if youre not explicitly looking to see the African animals in their natural environment a great alternative to a reserve is a sanctuary. When you visit South Africa you dont necessarily need to go on a safari in Kruger Park to encounter the South African wildlife. Africa is known for wild predators such as CheetahLions and leopards but there are some amazing medium sized wild animals hunting and mating in the wild land of Savanna Grassland.
Image by dipthongasaurus rex on flickr. Most people who safari in Africa hope to see the BIG 5. They are usually associated with a.
Heres a tip you cant find in any guidebook. The giraffe is found in such African countries as Kenya Cameroon Chad Niger Uganda South Africa Namibia and Botswana. The Big 5 African dangerous game animals in Africa are.
The African penguins are the only penguins found on the African content. Like many odd and unusual animals the fossa calls Madagascar home. While this remarkable creature does have the ears and head shape of a cat it boasts one totally unique feature.
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An updated report from Environmental Defense Fund and conservation partners, including Diné C.A.R.E., Native American Voters Alliance and Grand Canyon Trust, sheds light on the amount of natural gas wasted on Navajo Nation lands, and offers recommendations to policymakers for addressing this problem and its negative effects on human health, the environment and economy.
The analysis estimates the amount of methane burned, vented or leaked across the oil and gas supply chain within the Navajo Nation and quantifies the economic value of that lost gas based on market prices.
Methane emissions take a disproportionate toll on Navajo communities, and the numbers speak for themselves:
- Oil and gas companies on Navajo Nation lands emit 22,000 tons of methane per year, the equivalent of 1.5 billion cubic feet of natural gas.
- The volume of lost natural gas is worth $4.8 million and causes the Navajo Nation to forgo up to $1.2 million in tax and royalty revenue every year.
- 5.2% of natural gas produced on Navajo Nation lands is emitted, more than double the national average.
- The methane pollution problem on the Navajo Nation carries the same climate impact as 400,000 automobiles per year.
Oil and gas has been produced on the Navajo Nation since the 1920s. Unfortunately, widespread waste of these energy resources has carried significant consequences for Navajo communities and their environment.
The Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency has the authority to enact policies to curb pollution like methane from oil and gas production and has begun to do so. According to the International Energy Agency, up to 50 percent of methane emissions could be avoided at no net cost to producers.


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whatUseek Directory Site Listings:
National Geographic: Biodiversity
- Biodiversity Atlas, "unexplored habitats", forum, and articles on biodiversity.
Resources for the Future Library: Biodiversity
- Research papers (PDF files) and project summaries related to economic and policy aspects of biodiversity protection. Topics include ecosystem valuation, endangered species laws, and habitat conservation.
The Biotrade Initiative
- An integrated approach towards trade, biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.
The Ecological Effects of Roads
- A summary of the effects of roads on biological diversity.
The Global Diversity Foundation
- The Global Diversity Foundation documents, monitors and promotes agricultural, biological and cultural diversity around the world, particularly through training and research.
Value Of Biodiversity
- Links to value of wildlife and biodiversity valuation.
Virtual Global Biodiversity Forum
- Offers people throughout the world who cannot attend GBF gatherings the opportunity to participate in discussion on biodiversity-related issues.
What is Biodiversity?
- From the Biodiversity Center - Defenders of Wildlife.
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Projector Throw Distance Calculator
What is throw distance for a projector?
A projector's distance from the lens to the screen surface is called the Throw Distance. The throw distance and the size of the image it produces on the screen are proportional to each other based on the optics of the lens. As you increase the distance between the projector lens and the screen the image will also increase.
How far do you put a projector from the screen?
A projector's distance from a screen and the size of the image it produces are proportional to each other based on the optics of the lens. As you increase the distance between the projector and a screen the image will also increase. If your projector has a zoom lens, the lens can be adjusted to change the size of the screen image without changing the distance of the projector. Since each projector lens is different, an online projection calculator tool will help you calculate the size of an image on a screen relative to how far the projector is placed from screen.
What is a throw ratio for a projector?
For any given projector, the width of the image (W) relative to the throw distance (D) is know as the throw ratio D/W or distance over width. So for example, the most common projector throw ratio is 2.0. This means that for each foot of image width, the projector needs to be 2 feet away or D/W = 2/1 = 2.0. So if I'm using a projector with a throw ratio of 2.0 and I have an image width of 5 feet, then my throw distance must be 10 feet. So the throw ratio is a simple formula that let's you easily compute throw distance or image width given that you know one of these measurements. A projector zoom lens will have two different throw ratios, one for the minimum zoom setting and one for the maximum zoom setting.
What is considered a short throw projector?
A short throw projector is a projector with a lens that has a throw ratio of 0.4 (distance/width) or less. These projectors are ideal for rear screen applications where the area behind the screen is limited, or for a wall mounted application where the projector will be mounted within 1 or 2 feet from the screen. The goal of these projectors is to produce as large of an image within the shortest amount of space between the projector and the screen.


Ursulaea macvaughii is a rare plant. A member of the bromeliad, or pineapple family, with only one other species in its genus, it has a small range of native distribution from southern Jalisco through Colima to western Michoacán. The Vallarta Botanical Garden is one of only a few botanical gardens in the world with examples of this plant on public display. Currently eight healthy specimens of U. macvaughii grace the VBG’s collections, but until now, none have yet bloomed.
The first few purple flowers began to open yesterday and more will surely follow over the next several days with a peak bloom predicted by the end of the first week of October. Buds of this plant are encrusted in a frost-like white texture and the pinkish bracts from which the inflorescence emerges are elegant enough for a swan to envy. Plant enthusiasts are encouraged to visit this rare treat and photographers are invited to take advantage of an opportunity to capture images of this spectacular jewel of our natural world.
Even after the purple petals fall away, the large showy berries of this plant are still a sight to behold and will delight observant visitors for months to come. In addition to extensive and diverse displays of bromeliads, the VBG’s other notable collections include orchids, palms, oaks, magnolias, cacti and much more. Plants at the Garden can be enjoyed in inspiring landscaped grounds, stunning plant conservatories, and adventuresome trails through a magnificent native forest preserve… it’s a place where Mexican plants meet the imagination!
Garden Hours: 9 am – 6 pm
Open 6 days/wk APR through NOV (closed Mondays)
Open 7 days/wk DEC, JAN, FEB, & MAR (except 25 DEC & 1 JAN)
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The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place.
Tumors in the small intestine may block the flow of food and affect digestion. As the tumor gets bigger, the blockages may cause pain in the abdomen. A slowly bleeding tumor may lead to anemia. Digested blood may cause the stool to become black or tarry. An obstruction—when the flow of food is completely blocked—may cause intense pain, nausea and vomiting and typically requires immediate surgery.
If there is a reason to suspect you have a small intestinal cancer, the doctor will use one or more methods to find out if the disease is really present.
Medical history and physical exam
When a doctor takes your medical history, you will be asked questions about your symptoms and risk factors. The doctor will specifically ask about symptoms that could be caused by a mass in the intestines and examine you, concentrating on your abdomen looking for any swelling or sounds of the bowel trying to overcome a blockage.
If your doctor suspects an intestine cancer, he or she will likely order some blood tests, such as:
Other methods of screening include:


Wearing a prosthesis can be a life-changing experience for many individuals who have lost a limb due to injury or illness. However, it is important to be aware of potential issues or concerns that may arise while wearing a prosthesis. Here are some things to watch for:
Proper fit: The prosthesis should fit snugly but not be too tight or too loose. A poorly fitting prosthesis can cause discomfort, irritation, and even injury.
Skin irritation: The skin under the prosthesis may become red, itchy, or sore. This can be caused by friction, pressure, or moisture. Proper cleaning and care of the skin, as well as using the right type of socks or liners, can help prevent skin irritation.
Swelling: Swelling can occur in the residual limb, especially if the prosthesis is not fitting properly. It is important to monitor swelling and adjust the fit of the prosthesis as needed.
Pain: Pain in the residual limb or in other parts of the body, such as the back or hips, can be a sign of a poorly fitting prosthesis or incorrect alignment. If pain persists, it is important to consult with a prosthetist or healthcare professional.
Mobility and balance: The prosthesis should allow for proper mobility and balance. Difficulty walking or standing may be a sign of an issue with the prosthesis.Functionality: The prosthesis should allow for proper function, such as grasping or lifting objects. If the prosthesis is not functioning properly, it may need to be adjusted or repaired.
Psychological adjustment: Wearing a prosthesis can be a significant psychological adjustment. It is important to be aware of any emotional or psychological concerns and seek support if needed.
Overall, wearing a prosthesis requires ongoing monitoring and care. Regular check-ins with a prosthetist or healthcare professional can help ensure that the prosthesis is fitting properly and functioning well.


The History of Yoga has plenty relation to the present instances. The earliest Yoga started a few 5000 years ago considering that human civilization has started. The scholars have believed that Yoga changed into originated out of Stone Age Shamanism.
This is due to the fact there have been some cultural similarities between Mehrgarh c8i02klfa which become a Neolithic agreement and also the Modern Hinduism. The shamanistic culture of Mergarh was in fact stimulated by way of Hindu ideals, symbols and rituals from the prevailing. The historic shamanism and early Yoga had a first-rate deal of similarity for the cause both desired going beyond the human circumstance.
Shamanism’s primary purpose became to heal the members who have been of their network and simultaneously act because the non secular mediators.
Archaic Yoga also had similar targets as they have been network oriented they usually aimed to determine the sizable order via senses and inner imaginative and prescient which then may be applied to our each day existence.
As time went on, Yoga has improved and has regarded the inmost experience. Yogis then have dedicated to a way to improve the man or woman enlightenment, healing and salvation.
Yoga’s evidences were first tracked in the archeological proof which was found in stone seals exhumed at the Indus valley. Yoga postures had been traced and visible from the figures which have been illustrated in the stone seals. The artifacts were placed on History books circa 3000 B. C., which become connected to the exceptional Indus-Sarasvati Civilization which was considered the most important civilization that exist within the historical world. The Indus-Sarasvati, being a maritime society, exported items throughout Africa in addition to the Middle East. They increase sewage systems and installation geometrical brick roads and constructed multistory complexes.
The Vedas are known as the oldest scripture in the world which were the ancient texts, became introduced by the Indus-Sarasvati civilization. It changed into a compilation of hymns that commends a better energy which included the oldest recorded teachings about Yoga. They have taken into consideration this the divine revelation. The intelligence of the Vedas turned into called the Pre-classical Yoga or the Vedic. This turned into defined with the aid of the ritualistic ceremonies which the Yoga practitioners had been required in an effort to go past the restrictions of the thoughts.


Annual vine climbing to 49 ft (15 m). Has large lobed leaves, tendrils, and yellow female flowers producing long cylindrical marrow-like fruit.
Habitat & Cultivation
Loofah is native to the tropics of Asia and Africa. It is now grown as a fruit in tropical regions around the world. It is harvested when ripe in summer.
Loofah contains polysaccharides, xylan, xylose, and galactan.
History & Folklore
Loofah was brought from India to China in the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE). It is best known in the West as a bathroom accessory—the fibrous skeleton makes a good skin scrubber.
Medicinal Actions & Uses
In Chinese medicine, the inner skeleton of the dried fruit is used to treat pain in the muscles, joints, chest, and abdomen. It is prescribed for chest infections accompanied by fever and pain, and is used to clear congested mucus. Loofah is also given to treat painful or swollen breasts.
Chinese research indicates that the fresh vine has a stronger expectorant effect than the dried fruit. German research (1999) using a homeopathic preparation of the plant showed it to be as effective as a standard nasal spray for relief of hay fever.