Read carefully following articles, they are very important!
Waste is inseparable to any life. We input all we need and output what we used and do not need anymore. It is natural. But with increasing civilization we need more than basic needs requires. We create more and more waste everywhere. Therefore handling wastes properly is our obligation to sustainable development.
It is important that the waste we produce do not remain only final state of the waste BUT is continuously treated to serve as new resources. Therefore everyone who produces waste have to think what is its future. Whenever waste separation is possible do it. It is crucial to create new resources and avoid as much as possible waste to be stored in the nature or treated not in line with ecology. Today RECYCLING is more and more important and use evolved techniques that produces materials for further use and reduce further environmental load.
- Paper – blue
- Plastic – yellow
- Glass – green or white
- Cartons from beverages – orange
- Biological waste – brown
- Metal (electro) – red
- Other (inseparable) – black
Consider that in developed countries today we have plenty of technologies to take all waste and change it back to new or old raw material. To put waste in/on the ground even in specialized places would have to be rare or exceptional. Once in future we will have to open all of this old loads and pay for it considerably more than today to safe our environment as this places are only a question of time to pollute our treasure on the Earth – at least water and air. Please make your best to avoid or at least minimize impact of your waste production. Thank you all for your effort – each effort counts!


A team from Friedrich Schiller University Jena in Germany are working with partners from Spain to test brewer’s spent grain as a bio-source for the production of materials for electrochemical energy storage systems. They were able to create both carbon to be used as an electrode in batteries, and activated carbon, which is used as an electrode material for supercapacitors. Currently, most activated carbon for supercapacitors is primarily obtained from coconut shells.
Their method is able to produce carbonaceous materials suitable for storage applications. The process maximizes the surface area and optimizes the pore size of the materials. When used as an electrode in supercapacitors, the carbons produced guarantee very high capacitance and make it possible to produce a device with high energy density.
“For some years now, we’ve been researching the suitability of different biological raw materials for realizing carbon-containing materials that we use to create energy storage devices,” said Prof. Andrea Balducci from the University of Jena. “And brewery waste meets important criteria for this: its chemical composition is, in principle, very suitable for the applications we’re targeting.”
Brewer’s spent grains are readily available. In the European Union, approximately 6.8 million tonnes were produced in 2019, 1.5 million tonnes of which were in Germany alone. Also, as breweries are well distributed around the country, the waste is readily available.
“This type of waste could be an interesting option for producing materials for supercapacitors if certain factors can be further optimized, such as the cost or the chemical composition of the raw material,” said Balducci. “We’ll work in further projects to better understand the advantages and limitations of using this abundant material so that it might then be used more widely in the production of sustainable energy storage.”


Satellite tracking of the Short-toed Eagle migration
On our webpages we repeatedly raised the question of studying migration of birds of prey using satellite telemetry. This method has pluses and minuses compared to traditional ringing, colour marking etc. The review makes an attempt to reveal, at least partly, potential opportunities of the satellite telemetry on the example of studying migrations of the […]
Current numbers of rare species of birds of prey in Ukraine
Estimation of rare species numbers is one of the most burning issues in the bird conservation strategy. Information given in the recent new edition of the Red Book of Ukraine (2009) allows comparing the data on birds of prey to those, published previously. Below there are data on the size of breeding populations of Falconiformes […]
Migrations of birds of prey in Ukraine: what do we know about them?
Seasonal migrations are an important stage in the annual life cycle of birds. They are characteristic for most species of Ukrainian birds of prey. However by the present time migratory routes and sites of mass concentrations are still poor known. Except for scientific importance this knowledge is essential for planning and organization of conservation of […]
Observations of marked birds
There came a period of bird spring migration, and again we’re searching the sky for silhouettes of our favourites. Quite often we don’t guess that our observations might give an unexpected result. During last decades an individual marking of birds of prey by using colour rings, wing tags or ‘windows’ on wings is rather common-spread. […]


Mitigating bird-window collisions with the help of technology from outer space
Worldwide billions of birds die because of collisions with glass. Apart from the massive impact on entire bird populations and biodiversity, this has also a growing impact on property owners, due to increasingly enforced legislation.
There are highly effective products on the market. However, these need to be applied to the entire glass surface and thus do not comply with the aesthetics of glass. The very well-known bird silhouette stickers e.g., only work efficiently, when applied to the entire glass surface with max. a hand-with apart from each other.
BirdShades develops a window film, which is invisible to the human eye, but highly noticeable to birds. The technology is based on a bird-specific ability: most birds see UV light. For humans this part of the light spectra is not visible. Essential for the product development are the findings of space technology: strong UVA-radiation is a challenge for the durability of materials. The solutions originally designed for this challenge in space are now being evaluated via a tech transfer program to identify the integration into the BirdShades bird protection window film. Initial studies show that BirdShades is highly effective in mitigating bird-window collisions. This autumn the first large scale production was successfully produced which is now being sold to pilot customers in the B2B sector.
BirdShades was founded in 2019 at the Centre for Applied Technology in Leoben, Austria. The team consists of dedicated biologists and material scientists with the goal to make the world a safer place for birds to fly.
BirdShades Innovations GmbH
Erzherzog-Johann Straße 9
8700 Leoben | Austria


Before you travel, take a look at the local area, including weather patterns, where local hospitals are situated, what kinds of emergency services are available and, if you’re taking a foreign trip, the location of your local embassy or diplomatic building. Write down or create an emergency information card that you keep with you when you travel. Provide family members or friends your complete itinerary, including phone numbers and the details of wherever you’re staying.
First, communication is vital, thus ensure you’ve got chargers for cell phones. Try to keep your phones fully charged all day. If travelling internationally, contact your cell-phone company and ask regarding adding international telephone company for the duration of your trip, or think about buying a local prepaid mobile phone that you can carry around for emergencies. Just as vital, ensure you’ve got any applicable phone numbers with you.
Having a first-aid kit or some medical provides will facilitate triage small or perhaps potentially large injuries. You can either get a kit or create one yourself. Pack a triangular bandage, Band-Aids, rubber gloves, medical tape and gauze bandages.
Keep some food and water readily available, even if it’s just energy bars. Because the folks victimized by the 2004 tsunami unfortunately found out, especially in foreign countries, food and water will become scarce quickly. Light is also necessary and having a flashlight or flashlights with you, including extra batteries, will be a huge morale and safety boost in an emergency.
After you arrive, walk around the area and take in the layout. Ensure you identify the ingress and egress routes from your room, your hotel and the local area. Attempt to take in who is hanging around and the layout of the neighborhood. If you’re traveling with friends or family, determine at least two rendezvous locations outside of the hotel where you’ll meet up if forced to evacuate the hotel. Identify a site that’s close and one that’s a little more away. It’s also a decent idea to own maps readily available that identify hospital locations, police and fire stations and the other emergency aid locations. If you’re in a hurricane or flood evacuation zone, trace the evacuation route faraway from the area to get an idea of where you’ll end up.


What is the notion of homework? It is a principle that is challenging to define or translate, but one that features fundamental implications for modern organizations and the economic interests. This article is exploring the notion and descriptions the benefits of detailed research and investigation just before investing in a particular business venture. Eventually, we’ll explore the benefits of research and why it’s so important for financial firms. When you’re interested in learning more regarding this term, keep reading to learn more about it is origins, classification, and app.
Due diligence can be described as legal notion arising from the social responsibility of establishments. It is an vital part of many international normative frameworks which is steadily currently being incorporated in national legal systems. The World Health Organization has implemented the World-wide Health Polices to motivate countries to practice due diligence. Yet due diligence is not without risks. In this article, most of us explore the importance of research in international law and how it works in the online context.
In rules, due diligence is definitely the process of exploring an venture before making monetary transaction. It assists organizations assess the value of a potential financial commitment, and may consist of legal and business associations. It is also a Click Here requirement when outsourced law firms are involved. Nevertheless there are two primary varieties of due diligence: the very first is a legal principle. And the second is a idea that is equally important. It refers to the process of making sure a legal organization is reliable and honest.


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Indigenous Plants Indigenous Plant Use Identification & Control
of Common Weeds
|Botanical Name:||Platylobium obtusangulum|
|Common Name:||Common Flat-pea|
|Sold As:||Tube ($2.00)|
|Ground Cover (up to 30 cm), Low Growing Shrub (30 cm to 1 m), Hedging|
|Full Sun, Partial Shade
Dry, Well Drained
|1 m x 1 m|
|Foliage:||Stalkless, mostly paired dark green triangular or arrow-shaped leathery leaves, 1-3 cm x 0.6-3.8 cm, network of veins, lobe tips prickly or rounded.|
|Flowers:||Yellow, red centre. 1-3 large pea flowers in leaf axils on short stalks 3-8 mm long which are hidden by overlapping brown scales and papery bracts. Small bracts overlap the base of the calyx. Flat, hairy, winged pods. September-December|
|Spreading, clumping or arching shrubs with hairless to densely shaggy stems. Frost tolerant. Attractive upright plant for gardens and bushland. Prune for hedging.|


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Education is a powerful key to success for anyone, including people with visual disabilities. With the help of assistive technologies, devices and software, blind people around the world have the opportunity to learn about the world around them and expand their horizons. One of such technologies can be our software product - a Kyrgyz speech synthesizer. Thanks to the synthesizer, blind children and students were able to read electronic textbooks and other literature in their native Kyrgyz language. In addition, for self-preparation of blind students for intra-university exams, we have developed an Internet resource on which we posted 47 audio textbooks on various university disciplines. Thanks to our free products, Kyrgyz blind students can pursue higher education on an equal basis with other students.
Assistive devices and personal assistance
Since 2006, our team has trained about 120 blind and visually impaired people to work with computers, office equipment and the Internet. These people today have received professions and work in various fields: massage therapists, teachers, musicians. All these achievements became possible thanks to our use of assistive technologies and the transfer of personal experience and knowledge. The personal assistance that our beneficiaries provide to each other after completing educational courses in our foundation also plays an important role. For these purposes, we have opened various groups on different topics in the WhatsApp application, where the blind share their experience and knowledge in a particular area using assistive technologies.
Communication becomes available to the blind when all the world's social networks and chats become available to the blind from the point of view of non-visual access. And when using speech screen access programs, visually impaired people can use a computer or smartphone as a means to communicate with the outside world. Our foundation is a leader in this area, since we have trained dozens of visually impaired people in computer skills, work with office equipment and the Internet.
Ensuring the availability of electronic educational and fiction literature for blind schoolchildren and students of Kyrgyzstan.
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For yourself (and your children) the most important thing you can do as a parent of a child with autism, is slow down – self-care is crucial to preventing caregiver burnout.
Slowing down sounds simple enough when you say it, but what does it really mean? For starters, it begins with setting your priorities and establishing a vision for yourself and your family.
Think about the big picture – what is most important thing in the world to you? Many parents would agree it’s their children and their future. Included in that, we also need to think about ourselves as Parents – we are an extremely important part of the equation, as is our partner. In order to thrive in today’s crazy busy world, we need to stay focused on our priorities. I like to think about the “4-P’s”.
- Person (me)
- Partner (my husband)
- Parent (my kids)
- Professional (work)
We have come to believe a myth in today’s society that our world as parents must ALWAYS revolve around our children, but guess what parents? It’s okay to think about yourselves too! Like my Great-Grandmother Mama Mai used to always say “Ain’t nobody happy if momma aint’ happy!”
You have to put on your own oxygen mask first.
You can’t be good to anyone else unless your good to yourself first.
Happy wife, happy life … okay that one is just for my hubby and yes, I love quotes!
The point is that we need to slow down and get really clear about what we want and what we don’t want. By the way, I’m a better professional when I’m looking after the first 3 P’s too.


Clark BridgeHighway 67
Alton, Illinois 62002
The Clark Bridge, opened in 1994, is a cable-stay bridge, unique in its structure in the United States. The bridge is named for explorer William Clark, who helped lead the Lewis & Clark Corps of Discovery expedition from 1804 to 1806.
Also known as the “Super Bridge” for its difficulty in being built and timing of its construction- which was still ongoing at the time of the Great Flood of 1993- The Clark Bridge’s arduous assembly was even featured in a NOVA documentary called “Super Bridge” which highlighted the difficulties of its construction. Hanson Engineers under contract of the Illinois Department of Transportation used techniques never before used in the United States. The bridge was the first time “Such a light, steel-framed, cable-stayed design was combined with a cable saddle type of pylon.”
The Clark Bridge is 4,620 feet long and carries U.S. route 67 between Alton, Illinois and Missouri. The structure required 8,100 tons of structural steel, 44,100 cubic yards of concrete and more than 160 miles of cable wrapped with four acres of yellow plastic piping. The bridge is supported by 44 steel cables looped over saddles and perched on top of a pair of ten foot wide concrete pylons 250 feet above the Mississippi River. Design work on the bridge began in 1985, with construction starting in June 1990. The span carries four lanes of traffic and two additional paths for bicycles and pedestrians- more than double the lanes of the preceding bridge of the same name.
Often described as looking like the sails of a ship, the Clark Bridge is heavily photographed and forms a perfect landmark over the landscape of the river. It can be seen from many points in Alton and has come to be known as a symbol of the city itself.


The Ebola virus is a serious and deadly disease transmitted by animals and humans. These virus cause hemorrhagic fever or profuse bleeding inside and outside the body, accompanied by a very high fever. An outbreak occurred in March 2014 that began in West Africa. The Ebola virus does not have a cure or vaccine at this time. Instead, measures are taken to keep the person as comfortable as possible.
According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ebola spreads through contact with the bodily fluids of an infected individual, or through exposure to contaminated objects. Studies showed that some viruses, similar to Ebola, are sensitive to a broad range of surface disinfectants.
It was reported that copper could help preventing the spread of Ebola. According to a research on viruses of similar genetic structure, conducted by Bill Keevil from the University of Southampton in England, it is expected that copper surfaces may inactivate Ebola and help control the spread of this virus if applied for publicly-used touch surfaces. Clinical trials conducted in the UK, US and Chile have shown surfaces made from solid copper or copper alloys (collectively termed “antimicrobial copper”) continuously reduce surface contamination by greater than 80%.
Antimicrobial copper surfaces have been described as a “no touch” solution, meaning that no special measures or human interventions are required for it to continuously kill pathogens. Replacing frequently-touched surfaces (door handles, taps and light switches, etc.) with solid copper or copper alloy will provide more hygienic environment, that may hopefully offer an additional method of controlling the current spread of Ebola.
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Guest contributors are welcome at the Alloy Wiki.It is a weekly wiki and guide on alloy information and processing technology, while also about the vast array of opportunities that are present in manufacturing. Our team of writers consists of a Machining Material Supplier / Machinist / Tool and Die Maker, a Biomedical Engineer / Product Development Engineer, a Job Development Coordinator / Adjunct Professor, and a President and CEO of a manufacturing facility.
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The Great Falls Park Historic District, in Fairfax County, encompasses part of the Potomac Canal, an 18th-century engineering achievement spearheaded by George Washington, and recognized in 1982 as a National Historic Landmark. The Great Falls canal contributed to the large system of sluices and skirting canals along the upper Potomac River that were intended to make the river navigable for commercial boat traffic and secure a trade route to the Ohio River, a longstanding—but ultimately unrealized—dream of Washington’s. In addition to its canals and locks, the district also contains the remnants of the canal town Matildaville, which existed from circa 1791 to about 1830. The landform at the core of Great Falls Park Historic District is a terrace, once known as Great Falls Glade. It served as a portage and hunting-fishing ground for Native Americans circa 6000 BC to 900 AD, and in 1751 was the site of a mill built by William Fairfax. From 1906 to circa 1952, a popular amusement park on the Glade attracted visitors who arrived by car or trolley line. Both Great Falls Park and Prince William Forest Park in nearby Prince William County are administered by the National Park Service.
Many properties listed in the registers are private dwellings and are not open to the public, however many are visible from the public right-of-way. Please be respectful of owner privacy.
VLR: Virginia Landmarks Register
NPS: National Park Service
NRHP: National Register of Historic Places
NHL: National Historic Landmark


1000 Books Before School
Reading aloud and talking to your kids are two of the best things you can do.
The 1000 Books Before School programme is a great way to read together and have fun while you light up your child's brain.
What is 1000 Books Before School?
1000 Books Before School is a collaboration between Tasman District Libraries and Motueka Family Service Centre and is supported by the Tasman District community.
Reading to preschool-aged children has been shown to develop early literacy by building vocabulary and language skills essential for learning to read.
The 1000 Books Before School programme encourages children, along with their parents and caregivers, to read (at least!) 1000 books during the 5 years between birth and starting their first year of school.
The more stories you read aloud, the more words your child will know and the better they will be able to talk to you.
How does 1000 Books Before School work?
The aim of 1000 Books Before Schools is to create a culture in our District where we read aloud to our children from birth.
Most picture books take around five minutes to read so:
If you read three picture books a night (around 15 minutes), 1000 books can be achieved in less than a year
If you read one book a night (around 5 minutes), 1000 books can be achieved in less than three years
How do I get started with 1000 Books Before School?
- Join the programme at Tasman District Libraries and get your 1000 Books Before School booklet. A library membership may be required to join the programme.
- Choose how to record your reading.
- Check in at Tasman District Libraries for stickers, rewards and support along the way.
- Every book that your child completes, or actively listens to, counts. This includes stories read at Storytime sessions, daycare, playgroup, kindergarten, as well as the same book over and over again. You can read books from anywhere - not just library books.
- The programme finishes once your child reaches 1000 books or completes their first term at school.


content delivery (content distribution, content distribution delivery, or content caching)
On the Internet, content delivery (sometimes called content distribution , content distribution delivery , or content caching ) is the service of copying the pages of a Web site to geographically dispersed server s and, when a page is requested, dynamically identifying and serving page content from the closest server to the user, enabling faster delivery. Typically, high-traffic Web site owners and Internet service providers ( ISP s) hire the services of the company that provides content delivery.
A common content delivery approach involves the placement of cache servers at major Internet access points around the world and the use of a special routing code that redirects a Web page request (technically, a Hypertext Transfer Protocol - HTTP - request) to the closest server. When the Web user clicks on a URL that is content-delivery enabled, the content delivery network re-routes that user's request away from the site's originating server to a cache server closer to the user. The cache server determines what content in the request exists in the cache, serves that content, and retrieves any non-cached content from the originating server. Any new content is also cached locally. Other than faster loading times, the process is generally transparent to the user, except that the URL served may be different than the one requested.
The three main techniques for content delivery are: HTTP redirection, Internet Protocol (IP) redirection, and domain name system ( DNS ) redirection. In general, DNS redirection is the most effective technique.
Content delivery can also be used for specific high-traffic events such as live Web broadcasts by continually dispersing content from the originating server to other servers via satellite links.
Content delivery is similar to but more selective and dynamic than the simple copying or mirror site of a Web site to one or several geographically dispersed servers.


The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) recently conducted a national study among 25,532 people to track patterns of disease and death, as well as risk factors for both. As part of the study, about half of participants also underwent a physical examination, and about a quarter completed both a physical exam and submitted blood samples.
Researchers found that while only about 16 percent of the study reported being current smokers, elevated blood levels of cotinine – a chemical found in tobacco – were present in almost a third of all participants. High cotinine levels in non-smokers indicate dangerous exposure to tobacco smoke through occasional smoking, use of other tobacco products or second-hand smoke.
According to Deputy HSRC Executive Director Priscilla Reddy, second-hand smoke is responsible for ten percent of the six million tobacco-related deaths recorded worldwide each year. She added that children are especially vulnerable.
Minister of Health Dr Aaron Motsoaledi has proposed an amendment to the current Tobacco Control Act that will ban smoking in all public places,including outdoor restaurants and beaches. The public smoking ban is expected to come into effect before the end of this year. According to Reddy, this may address a current gap in legislation.
“There is a gap in the enforcement of the law that results in people being exposed to tobacco smoke in public places,” said Reddy, referring to that fact although the law limits smoking to designated areas, this is often not enough to prevent non-smokers from being exposed to second-hand smoke. “[The results of this study] strongly suggest that there is an urgent need to protect the public by a 100 percent ban on smoking in public places.”
The HSRC study also found that almost half of all current smokers had tried to quit and that an equal proportion reported warning labels on cigarettes made them think about quitting. Overall, the study found that the number of people who smoked had also fallen by about 50 percent since the study was first conducted in 1993. – Health-e News Service.


A Christmas tree with a thickness of one atom has been made at Technical University of Denmark (DTU). It shows how terahertz measurements can be used to ensure the quality of graphene, wrote the statement issued by the university.
The Christmas tree is 14 centimetres tall and because it is constructed of graphene, it only has one layer of carbon atoms and is only a third of a nanometre thick. It is cut from a 10-meter roll of graphene, laminated in one piece with a redesigned lamination machine, and then scanned with terahertz radiation.
According to the statement, the work demonstrates that continuous quality control can be accomplished during graphene synthesis, which is likely to play a crucial role in future high-speed electronics, such as medical instruments and sensors.
New Atlas wrote that a one-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms is bonded together in a honeycomb arrangement to make graphene. It’s the world’s thinnest and strongest man-made substance, as well as being extremely electrically and thermally conductive and impervious to water.
Because of these properties, it can be used in a wide range of applications, including batteries, electronic devices, and high-strength composite materials. However, assuring its quality while making it on a commercial scale is a challenge. It was for this reason that the Christmas tree was created.
Professor Peter Bøggild, team lead of Christmas tree experiment, said “But behind the Christmas joke hides an important breakthrough. For the first time, we managed to make an in-line quality control of the graphene layer while we transferred it. Doing this is the key to gaining stable, reproducible and usable material properties, which is the prerequisite for utilising graphene in, e.g. electronic circuits.”
According to the researchers, graphene and other two-dimensional materials have a lot of potential, and can be used to make high-speed electronics that do lightning-fast calculations with significantly less power usage than current technology. However, before graphene can be widely used on an industrial scale and in electronics, three major issues must be addressed in everyday life.


The local electricity generation mix for Denmark has 47% wind power and 3% solar power averaged over 2018, with the rest mix as 32% fossil fuel and 17% biomass+waste. Because of the large fraction of renewables, Denmark is frequently cited in the media to demonstrate the virtues of these energy sources, for example:
The plots on this page show the reality of electricity consumption in Denmark.
The animation below shows the fraction of consumption average over hour in each month from September 2017 to August 2019. It can be seen that while at some times wind provides up to 70% of demand in winter, in summer up to 50% of imports are required to balance demand.
The animation shows averages over the same hour throughout each month.
Below are plots of wind+solar generation which demonstrate how the imports/exports and fossil fuel generation are needed to even out the peaks and valleys in renewable production.
The values shown are the fraction of consumption, with a sliding average over 3 days.
In this it can be seen that for a few days in July 2019 the wind+solar generation was over 90% of consumption and that some was exported, however, for a few days in August 2019 wind+solar generation was only 10% and 70% imports were needed to satisfy consumer demand.
In the winter, wind generation is higher on average with some peak generation being exported. The demand is satisfied by variations of both imports and fossil fuel generation.
The electricity exchanges of Denmark are with Norway, Sweden and Germany.
Often the imports and exports are explained as using the hydro-electrical facilities in Norway and Sweden as storage batteries. However, the imports outway the exports on average and in 2018 net imports were 17% of consumption. Further, the imports/exports to Germany, which has little hydro and much fossil generation, are significant.


My new column for the Visual Thesaurus looks at slogans for public-health campaigns. Their use (or misuse) has played an important in role during the COVID-19 pandemic (“Stay Home/Save Lives,” “We’re All in This Together,” “Six Feet Apart or Six Feet Under”), and, arguably, an even larger role in past public-health crises such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis.
Full access to the column is restricted to subscribers. Here’s an excerpt:
Rhyme is a proven mnemonic device — for examples, see my column on ads that rhyme — and one of the most durable public-health slogans was a short verse: “Coughs and sneezes spread diseases.” It was first used in the United States during the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic.
But it was in the UK, where it was popularized during World War II, that the slogan became … well, infectious. Cartoons by H.M. Bateman leavened the message without diminishing the warning.
The slogan was also used in short public-service films, first by the Ministry of Health and, after the war, by the National Health Service. Decades later, the World Health Organization included it in a short animated film. And the slogan returned to the US in a 1986 episode of the “Thomas the Tank Engine” children's television show, in which two characters mishear “diesel” as “diseasel” and insist that “coughs and sneezles spread diseasels.”
Read the rest of “Slogans for Health.”
Blog bonus #1: Listen to Bob L’Heureux and the All Mighty Cowboys singing “The C-19 Blues,” with the refrain: “Six feet apart or six feet under.”
Blog bonus #2: Watch Remedy PAC’s “29 Days: America’s Lost Month,” whose slogan/hashtag, #VoteForYourLife, links the COVID-19 pandemic with the November US election.


NASA has always built its spacecraft on Earth, but aerospace startup Tethers Unlimited is hoping to change that process by developing a system that combines 3D printing and robotic assembly to build spaceship parts in orbit. NASA is kicking in $500,000 in funding to the project, called SpiderFab, that will enable Tethers to begin testing and demonstrating manufacturing techniques. The money will bring the arachnid-looking concept one step closer to its goal of an in-space demo by 2020.
Football field-sized antennas built directly in space
In August 2012, Tethers was awarded $100,000 in initial funding from NASA that went into research and development. The latest injection of capital will be doled out over the next two years. During that period, the company will also develop what it calls a "Trusselator" — a machine that will use similar technology to build the support structure for solar arrays in space. "Once we've demonstrated that it works, we will be well on our way towards creating football field-sized antennas and telescopes to help search for Earth-like exoplanets and evidence of extraterrestrial life," says Rob Hoyt, Tethers CEO and chief scientist.
NASA has funded other projects that aim to bring 3D printing into space, but those efforts have focused on making things inside of a shuttle and not building pieces of a spacecraft itself. The ability to build structures up to a mile long, Hoyt argues, will open NASA up to producing components that are "tens-to-hundreds of times larger than are possible now, providing higher power, higher bandwidth, higher resolution, and higher sensitivity for a wide range of space missions."


When a tooth falls out, an empty space is left in the jaw where the tooth root used to be. A dental implant can replace a the missing tooth root in your jaw in order to hold an artificial tooth or bridge in its place.
While the procedure is said to cause little discomfort according to most patients, it takes six to twelve weeks for the jawbone to heal, during which the bone will fuse to the implant, making it secure and permanent. Unlike traditional bridgework, it is unnecessary to reduce the size of the adjacent teeth, making it a more attractive option for many patients. Dental implants are created to look and feel natural, so no one will know they aren’t real. You might even forget, too!
When a tooth falls out, there is risk of jawbone deterioration due to lack of use, which can also lead to facial collapse. Dental implants can prevent this from happening by substituting the lost tooth root; this stimulates the bone to grow and strengthen in order to support the artificial root.
Benefits of Dental Implants:
- Natural looking
- Improve appearance
- Prevent bone from deteriorating
- Function like real teeth
- Do not decay and can last a lifetime
- Do not require adjacent teeth to be altered
- Can replace one or many missing teeth or dentures
- Can prevent dentures from slipping


The Grave Creek Indian burial mound, at 70 feet high, dominates the skyline of Moundsville, WV. At the visitor center where I did my talk, there was a great deal of archaeological information, including about the human remains and artifacts that were found in and around the mound.
I knew that Lenape, Erie, Shawnee, Munsee, Susquehannock, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Yuchi, Tutelo/Saponi, Illini, Miami, Kickapoo, Wyndot, Wea, Eel River, and Seneca people lived In this area, but there was little about living tribes or their conflicts with European colonizers.
In textual exhibits, the fate of Native Americans was written in the passive voice or in a language of doubt: “The villages had been abandoned.“ “Many archaeologist believe…“ “By the 1700s, no large Native American settlements existed in West Virginia,” a variation on the “virgin lands” myth.
I found nothing about the Indian Removal Act of 1830, nothing about what is termed “the other Trail of Tears,” the removal of Ohio River Indian tribes, nor anything that mentioned the fate of tribal groups who lived in the area.
This erasure of “controversial” history that white audiences may find uncomfortable makes it easier to forget that we live on unceded land stolen from its ancestral people, that these events were only 7 generations ago, and view native people as a historical curiosity rather than a living people with contemporary needs and desires that live and thrive among us.


Most school cultures, however, in the interest of academic achievement, are highly controlling, leaving little room for students to take ownership of their learning themselves. Even when a school sets student ownership as a goal, the pervasive culture will fight that goal at every turn.
There needs to be room for students to take ownership of their learning and teachers to take ownership of their teaching while maintaining academic rigor. This means no more scripted curriculum but rather agentic personalized learning environments. For nearly all schools, this will mean a shift from a controlling, standardized environment to one that offers increased autonomy to students. But changing the processes and goals will have little effect as long as a controlling culture is in place. First, changing the culture has to become the priority.
The now nearly ubiquitous industrial culture backfires when teachers don’t have the conditions to take ownership but are expected to somehow push kids toward narrow measures of success. In a counterproductive culture:
- Teachers feel powerless to achieve their externally set goals
- Teachers feel it’s dangerous to focus on any part of their job other than drilling students in facts and procedure to pass high stakes tests
- Good teachers feel helpless to really help the kids they serve and often leave the profession
- Great teaching is often not recognized because of the narrowness of the success metrics
- Teachers experience tremendous stress and often drop into a state of learned helplessness
A more effective culture occurs when teachers have more autonomy and where excellence is measured in good part by the judgment of their fellow educators. Under a new culture:
- The professional judgment of the educators in the building counts when it comes to recognizing excellent teaching.
- Teachers are accountable to each other and their principal for continual, measurable improvement in academic achievement, workforce skills, and increased student agency.
- Teachers experiment with agentic pedagogies to make their classrooms more and more engaging and challenging.
- Teachers and students are working harder than ever, but instead of grinding it feels like “hard fun.”


Students Performance Prediction in Online Courses Using Machine Learning Algorithms
Automatic Student performance prediction is a crucial job due to the large volume of data in educational databases. This job is being addressed by educational data mining (EDM). EDM develop methods for discovering data that is derived from educational environment. These methods are used for understanding student and their learning environment. The educational institutions are often curious that how many students will be pass/fail for necessary arrangements. In previous studies, it has been observed that many researchers have intension on the selection of appropriate algorithm for just classification and ignores the solutions of the problems which comes during data mining phases such as data high dimensionality, class imbalance and classification error etc. Such types of problems reduced the accuracy of the model. Several well-known classification algorithms are applied in this domain existing models a student performance prediction model based on supervised learning decision tree classifier. In addition, an ensemble method is applied to improve the performance of the classifier. Ensemble methods approach is designed to solve classification, prediction problem. we propose a method for predicting final grades of students by a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) from the log data stored in the educational systems. We applied this method to the log data from 108 students and examined the accuracy of prediction. From the experimental results, comparing with multiple regression analysis, it is confirmed that an RNN is effective to early prediction of final and suitable job for the student based on their academic performance and knowledge on skill set.


World Alzheimers Month is a campaign that is taking place this September, to raise awareness and understanding about dementia, and challenge the stigmas associated with the disease.
What is the difference between Alzheimer’s and Dementia?
Dementia is an umbrella term used to describe a group of symptoms affecting how well our brains work. It can affect anyone. The chances of developing dementia increase as people get older.
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia – around two-thirds of people with dementia have Alzheimer’s disease.
- 80% of New Zealanders know or have known someone with dementia.
- The number of people living with dementia in New Zealand will triple by 2050.
- At most, only half of those affected ever receive a diagnosis, which means they are not getting the help and support they need.
- Dementia is associated with around as many deaths as cancer (27% of total deaths).
- Dementia is expensive with associated health and social care costs almost matching the combined costs of cancer, heart disease and stroke.
- With the right support, it is possible to live well with dementia.
You can find out here about the dementia support that our Enliven services offer.


All of the earthquakes which occurred in the epicentral area of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake during the period from 1960 to 1970 were relocated by using the master-event method. Five events from 1969 to 1970 are located within a small area around the main shock epicenter. This cluster of activity is clearly separated spatially from the activity in the surrounding area, so these five events are considered foreshocks. The wave forms of these foreshocks recorded at Pasadena are, without exception, very complex, yet they are remarkably similar from event to event. The events which occurred in the same area prior to 1969 have less complex wave forms with a greater variation among them. The complexity is most likely the effect of the propagation path. A well located aftershock which occurred in the immediate vicinity of the main shock of the San Fernando earthquake has a wave form similar to that of the foreshocks, which suggests that the foreshocks are also located very close to the main shock. This complexity is probably caused by a structural heterogeneity in the fault zone near the hypocenter. The seismic rays from the foreshocks in the inferred heterogeneous zone are interpreted as multiple-reflected near the source region which yielded the complex wave form. The mechanisms of the five foreshocks are similar to each other but different from either the main shock or the aftershocks, suggesting that the foreshocks originated from a small area of stress concentration where the stress field is locally distorted from the regional field. The number of small events with S-P times between 3.8 to 6 sec recorded at Mt. Wilson each month suggests only a slight increase in activity of small earthquakes near the epicentral area during the 2-month period immediately before the main shock. However, because of our inability to locate these events, the evidence is not definitive. Since the change in the wave forms is definite the present result suggests that detailed analyses of wave forms, spectra, and mechanism can provide a powerful diagnostic method for identifying a foreshock sequence.


Every great leap forward, whether technological or social, stems from a number of smaller steps and events. A revolution first needs a spirit of discontent, oppressive leadership, and a spreading philosophy which allows the masses to think about means to freedom. The inventor of the internal combustion engine needed to know about mechanics, metallurgy, chemistry, and these technologies all came from previous inventions.
In the same way, we need to develop a foundation of bridging technologies before mankind can become a truly space-faring race. Robot Guy sets out a detailed description of what we need to do, and why, in his latest Carnival of Space submission. He explains the specific technologies and skills required to achieve such milestones as easily travelling between the ground and Low Earth Orbit. He discusses what sorts of workhorse vehicles are needed to work up there, the construction facilities we need to build in orbit and the technologies they’ll have to use, and the problem of maintenance and supplies.
It’s a well thought out article, and brings together a lot of the problems organisations such as NASA and the ESA should be addressing. The best part: they’re all merely engineering problems!
For the original article, click here: http://robot_guy.blogspot.com/2010/05/technological-stepping-stones-to-space.html


Routine dental cleanings are important to maintaining good oral hygiene, particularly for pediatric dental patients. Professional cleaning can remove mineralized plaque that may develop even with careful brushing and flossing, particularly in areas that are difficult to reach. We recommend that you child see us for a teeth cleaning once every six months.
You can expect a pediatric dental cleaning to last between 30 minutes and an hour. Typically, a trained dental assistant will do the cleaning, and the dentist will come in for an exam at the end. Teeth cleanings are painless, and do not cause any discomfort. There are two important steps to a dental cleaning. The first step is scaling the teeth, which will remove the plaque and tartar from the tooth surfaces. The second step is polishing to remove any final plaque and buff the teeth.
Routine dental exams are important to maintaining healthy teeth and gums. Additionally, they can help you avoid the financial costs associated with large treatment plans later on. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recommends twice yearly checkups. At this frequency, most problems can be caught early.
The dentist first examines your child's mouth visually, using dental equipment such as mouth mirrors, dental picks, and high intensity lights to look for cracked and decayed teeth. The dentist might also review items such as:
- Medical history review: The dentist will assess how any new medical conditions or illnesses may affect your dental health.
- Tooth decay evaluation: Your mouth will be checked for cracked or decayed teeth.
- Oral cancer screening: The face, neck, lips, tongue, throat, tissues, and gums will be checked for any signs of oral cancer.
- Gum decay evaluation: Your gums and bone around the teeth will be checked for any evidence of periodontal disease.
- Examination of existing restorations: Current fillings, crowns, and other restorations are made sure to be in good order.
- Diagnostic X-rays: Bitewing x-rays are typically taken every 12 months and a panographic x-ray, which revolves around the head, is taken every 3-5 years.
We provide high quality pediatric dental exams and cleanings for children of all ages through San Luis Obispo County, including the communities of Atascadero, Paso Robles, Templeton, and San Luis Obispo.


By Ethan Proud
Sticking to the theme of the season, dame’s rocket is an escaped ornamental.
Dame’s rocket is a showy species in the mustard family, with bright purple petals (four per flower) and lance-shaped, serrated leaves. Plants can grow up to 4 feet tall and are biennial or short-lived perennials. It is common in wildflower mixes, highlighting the importance of buying local seed mixes from vendors who are familiar with Colorado law.
Dame’s rocket can be found in Chromo, in subdivisions off of U.S. 160 and in the Town of Pagosa Springs. If this plant has taken up residence in your lawn or garden, it can be hand-pulled or mowed prior to seed set to prevent its spread. Mowing after seeds are produced will only spread seeds further and help this invader on its way.
When shopping for wildflower seed mixes, check the label to determine if there is a statement regarding noxious weeds or carefully read the mix and do some research on the plants you aren’t familiar with.
Archuleta County Weed and Pest is your local resource for managing noxious weed populations and controlling other pests.
Save the date: Nov. 3 — ServSafe for restaurant workers.
Visit us on the Web at https://archuleta.extension.colostate.edu/ or like us on Facebook and get more information: https://www.facebook.com/CSUARCHCTY.
CPR and first aid classes
CPR and first aid certification classes are offered monthly by the CSU Extension office, generally on the second Monday and Wednesday of each month from 6 to 10 p.m. The cost for the classes is $80 for combined CPR/first aid and $55 for CPR, first aid or recertification. Call the Extension office at 246-5931 to register.


Foundations of Maternal and Child Health
Around the world, more than 800 women die every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Both new mothers and their infants face an even greater risk of experiencing poor health outcomes if they live in an under-resourced part of the world.
The great majority of maternal and infant deaths occurring in low-resource setting can be prevented. Improvements in maternal knowledge, leading to health-promoting behaviors, are often an important part of the solution.
In collaboration with the Philani Maternal Child Health and Nutrition Trust, we created a collection of foundational health education videos addressing key topics in maternal child health. The series was first narrated in isiXhosa, then translated into Hindi and Dioula. It is currently being used in South Africa, India and Burkina Faso.
By partnering with community health workers, who are trained in delivering health education messaging, we work to disseminate our content via mobile technology to families who would otherwise lack access to this information. Armed with tablets and smartphones, and using our offline app, we empower these frontline healthcare providers with accessible teaching tools which empower them in the field. The maternal child health content is also freely available on our DM YouTube Channel.
In 2017, we began conducted focus groups with community health workers who had experience using our video health promotion content during their home visits. Recent research suggests that tablet-based, digital teaching tools were an acceptable, feasible and empowering resource for community health workers.
Nutrition 3 (Xhosa)
Nutrition 5 (Xhosa)
Nutrition 6 (Xhosa)
Nutrition 1 (Xhosa)


Milk Storage Guidelines
Whether out of necessity for return to work or desire for flexibility with feeds, most parents at some point will express their milk and introduce bottles.
It’s important to correctly store pumped milk to protect its biological properties and reduce the risk of contamination. Human milk is a living, dynamic food, even when not available directly at the breast. It is the gold standard for infant nutrition.
Prior to expressing milk by hand, manual pump or double electric pump, parents should wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water. The pump itself should be clean. Milk should be collected in clean containers that were washed in hot, soapy water, thoroughly rinsed and air dried, or dried with a paper towel. Milk can be expressed/stored in glass bottles, bottles that are BPA free or plastic storage bags specifically designed for human milk.
Guidelines below are based on healthy, full-term infants. Milk storage guidelines differ for infants that are are preterm, ill or in the NICU.
- All milk should be dated before storing. Be mindful of expiration dates. Use the oldest fresh or frozen milk first. Avoid accumulating a large freezer stash.
- If freezing, leave about 1 inch at the top to allow for expansion. To take up less space, lay milk flat in human milk storage bags and stack on top of each other. The bags can be contained in a large, plastic freezer bag, which adds an extra layer of protection.
- Thaw milk overnight in refrigerator or by placing in a bowl of lukewarm water. Never refreeze thawed milk.
- To avoid waste and for easier thawing, store milk in portions of 1-4 oz. (30-120 ml). to previously expressed milk.
For current human milk storage guidelines, per the CDC, check here https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/humanmilk-en-4×6-508.pdf


What Makes BGJHS Unique
One of the highest forms of learning can include teaching the concepts. Our elementary students took a science field trip to Glenwood, where 7th and 8th graders hosted a nature scavenger hunt and showed our young Spartans how to make natural seed packs to plant.
MAKER SPACE & TECHNOLOGY LAB
BGJHS' Technology and Design Lab and Maker Space Program have given students opportunities to think, plan and build.
Students are hands-on as they work on projects and develop their own ideas.
Equipment available in the lab includes 3D printers, drills, drill presses, bandsaws, computers, laser printers, various cutting tools, sanders, calipers, hand tools and craft materials.
BGJHS Design Lab/Maker Space Website
MUSIC & THE ARTS
SCIENCE & HANDS-ON LEARNING
BGJHS has two outdoor classrooms including an amazing Courtyard that's been developed with hands-on science in mind.
Glenwood’s Natural Habitat and Pollinator Garden was grant funded and maintained since 2016. Federal ESSER dollars were used to further expand on the outdoor learning space including a teaching pavilion. The space can be used for observation, planting, water and soil analysis among many other purposes.
A Terracycle $15,000 grant in 2022 established a Recycled Garden made up of recycled tables, benches and planting beds that are durable and made to last. They surround a Federally funded Composter that is used to take cafeteria waste and provide nutrients for growing and planting.


Contact us for better product and solution.
Dedicated to helping clients solve their most challenging? products? and technology issues.
Hydraulic cylinder?An industry term that everyone is familiar with, but do you know what components the hydraulic cylinder in the hydraulic piston seal is made?Dongsheng seal tells you that the hydraulic cylinder in the hydraulic piston seal can be roughly divided into five components: cylinder block assembly, piston assembly, sealing device, buffer device and exhaust device, so do you know that the large components of these hydraulic cylinders are composed of those small components?The following is a detailed introduction to what small components are made up of each major component!
Hydraulic cylinder piston structural assembly in hydraulic piston seal (As shown in Figure 1).The piston assembly includes the main parts such as the piston and the piston rod, and the connection type between the piston and the piston rod (As shown in Figure 1).
1. thread connection:
Its structure is simple and easy to install and disassemble, But nut anti-loosening device is required under high pressure and large load;
2. half ring connection:
It is complex in structure and inconvenient in assembly and disassembly, but it works reliably and can withstand large loads and vibrations;
3. welding connection:
It has small axial size, easy processing, but inconvenient disassembly.
In addition, the piston and piston rod in the hydraulic piston seal also have an integral structure, but it is only suitable for occasions where the size is small (Working Environment).The piston is generally made of wear-resistant cast iron, while the piston rod is hollow and solid, mostly made of steel.


What is a Board-Certified Veterinary Dental Specialist or Veterinary Dentist?
The increased sophistication of veterinary medicine and increasingly important role of pets in our society has resulted in the emergence of a number of veterinary specialties comparable to those in human medicine (e.g., cardiologists, radiologists, surgeons, internists, dermatologists, and dentists). Dentistry is one of more than 22 specialties currently recognized by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA).
Specialty certification requires completing 3 to 6 years of training in the area of specialization beyond the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree. Requirements vary among individual “specialty colleges” but all candidates must pass advanced credential requirements approved by the AVMA. In addition to comprehensive training in the area of expertise, a veterinarian must submit credentials of expertise to a review board in the specialty college. Following acceptance of the credentials, an extensive written and practical examination must be successfully completed before being acknowledged as a specialist.
When these requirements have been met, the applicant is then designated as a “Board-Certified Specialist” or “Diplomate” of the respective specialty college. Veterinary dentistry specialty candidates who complete this process can then use the well-earned titles, Diplomate of the American Veterinary Dental College, Board-Certified Veterinary Dentist, Veterinary Dentist and Veterinary Dental Specialist.
As of 2020, there are only 156 Diplomates of the American Veterinary Dental College in the United States (small animal), i.e. Veterinary Dental Specialist and Veterinary Dentist!
What does the Veterinary Dental Specialist do?
Board-certified veterinary dental specialists are trained to evaluate genetic as well as acquired problems. Advanced diagnostics, including dental radiology and laboratory evaluations, allow proper diagnosis of the oral health and related medical problems prior to treatment planning.
Since the veterinary dental specialist is trained in surgery, medicine and dentistry, a wide range of special treatment options can be implemented.
Patients with oral health problems usually require general anesthesia for evaluation and treatment. Veterinary dental specialists receive extensive training in the safe and effective use of anesthesia and pain management.
AVDC diplomates are prepared to implement appropriate therapeutic programs to improve oral health and the general wellness of their patients.
Source: American Veterinary Dental College


Despite belonging to the most critical programs in our pc, the web internet browser isn’t set up intended for security automatically. It’s frequently used to connect all of us to email, banking expertise, social media and also other sites which have personal and financial details.
Luckily, we can do our portion to make sure it could be secure by using these tips in order to browse the net more securely. From deciding on a secure web browser to applying best practices about our network, these steps is able to keep our data from slipping into the wrong hands.
1 ) Make sure your browser is up to time frame
The latest types of browsers are definitely the most secure. A large number of hackers make use of flaws in outdated program to access the computers and steal delicate data. Web browsers typically have standard revisions that fix these vulnerabilities. Ensure that staff are on a regular basis updating their browsers and restarting all their computers to put in these posts.
2 . Steer clear of autofilling security passwords, logins and forms
Making use of the “autofill” alternative in browsers can open up your computer http://underantivirus.com/avg-internet-security-reviews/ up to destructive hackers exactly who could get into the account or perhaps send out spam e-mails. It is recommended that personnel turn off the autofill function to limit the potential of getting victimized by a cyberattack.
3. Only check out websites apply secure links
Only surf the internet on sites with a green locking mechanism symbol left of the WEB LINK. This means that their particular connection is normally encrypted and nosy sniffers won’t be able to read the data you mail. Additionally , definitely log away of an accounts before you close the internet browser so that your transactions are closed without one different can see them.


41.1 million individuals in America identify as having a disability according to the latest census. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate indivduals with disabilities actually make up 26% of the US population since not all individuals disclose their disability status.
With this group being over a quarter of our population, there is huge lack of representation in advertisements (ads), television, media, etc. A recent survey from the Nielsen Group (2021) found that only 1% of ads featured disability representation in the form of visuals, topics, or themes. They surveyed roughly 450,000 primetime tv ads and found that only 6,000 showed disability representation with more than half of those being in the health and personal care category.
This statistic shows the misrepresents of our society in media. Without proper representation, the World Institute of Disabilities notes that this promotes a false narrative that individuals with a disability are lazy, helpless, or have an unhealthy lifestyle. When individuals with disabilities are represented, their voices are heard, accessibility issues are addressed, and our largest minority population is represented. Entertainment falls short when the entire audience cannot enjoy an advertisement or film due accessibility issues.
Companies need to address accessibility not only within the workplace but also in their advertising, marketing, production, etc. The majority of ads neglect to include accessibility features for example alternative text for those who are blind, auditory cues for those who are deaf, and ensuring text color and backgrounds have contrast for those who are colorblind. Incorporating accessibility features in your marketing plan allows the entire audience to enjoy. Visibility is a key component to inclusion. Including individuals with disbailities in your marketing plan and hiring them in your workplace eliminates potential biases and invite new perscoectives.
Promoting inclusion has a long-lasting effect on not only your company but also your consumers.


Are you looking for a way to maintain your potassium levels without compromising your taste buds? Look no further because we have compiled a list of low potassium meals menu for you! Potassium is a mineral that is essential for the proper functioning of our body. While it is important to have enough of it, too much potassium can be harmful to individuals with kidney problems.
Why is Potassium Important?
Potassium helps to regulate the balance of fluids in our body, aids in the transmission of nerve impulses, and helps our muscles to contract properly. Our body needs a certain amount of potassium to function properly, but for individuals with kidney problems, too much potassium can be dangerous.
What are the Symptoms of High Potassium Levels?
If you have kidney problems, it is important to monitor your potassium levels. High potassium levels can lead to heart palpitations, weakness, numbness, and even paralysis. It is important to consult with your doctor if you have concerns about your potassium levels.
Low Potassium Meals Menu
Start your day right with a low potassium breakfast! Try a bowl of oatmeal with fresh berries, a smoothie made with almond milk, spinach, and bananas, or eggs with whole grain toast.
For a low potassium lunch, try a salad with mixed greens, grilled chicken, and a vinaigrette dressing. You can also try a quinoa bowl with roasted vegetables and a squeeze of lemon.
Snacking doesn’t have to be unhealthy! Try a handful of almonds or walnuts, carrot sticks with hummus, or a fruit smoothie with low potassium fruits such as apples, strawberries, and blueberries.
For dinner, try grilled fish with asparagus and brown rice, grilled chicken with roasted sweet potatoes, or a stir-fry with tofu, broccoli, and brown rice.
Who says desserts can’t be low potassium? Try baked apples with cinnamon and a dollop of whipped cream, a fruit salad with low potassium fruits, or a slice of angel food cake with fresh berries.
Maintaining a healthy diet and monitoring your potassium levels is important for individuals with kidney problems. With these low potassium meals menu, you can enjoy delicious and healthy meals without worrying about your potassium levels. Consult with your doctor or a registered dietitian for personalized recommendations.


Africa’s Mosquitoes Dislike Zika Virus
Why hasn't the Zika virus (ZIKV) disease caused as much devastation in Africa, its continent of origin, as it has in the Americas?
Outside of Africa, this flavivirus is transmitted by a ubiquitous mosquito subspecies, Aedes aegypti aegypti, which emerged from the African forerunner subspecies A. aegypti formosus and acquired a preference for human blood and a peridomestic lifestyle, said researchers in a study published by Science on November 20, 2020.
Aubry et al. tested 14 laboratory mosquito colonies for their relative susceptibility to ZIKV. Quantitative trait locus mapping showed differences on chromosome 2 between mosquitoes from Gabon and Guadeloupe.
Mouse infection experiments revealed that African mosquitoes transmitted a smaller virus inoculum than South American insects. Increased susceptibility coupled with the ability of A. aegypti aegypti to breed in any discarded object containing water has amplified the problematic nature of this virus as it has circumnavigated the world.
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major arbovirus vector native to Africa that invaded most of the world’s tropical belt over the past four centuries, after the evolution of a “domestic” form that specialized in biting humans and breeding in water storage containers.
Thus, the recent evolution and global expansion of A. aegypti promoted arbovirus emergence not solely through increased vector–host contact but also as a result of enhanced vector susceptibility.
ZikaNews publishes research-based news.


Digital Education Action Plan
Action 7: Common guidelines for teachers and educators to foster digital literacy and tackle
In October 2022, the Commission launched a Guidelines for teachers and educators to foster digital literacy and tackle disinformation through education and training
The aims of the Guidelines:
- Address the importance of digital literacy: Recognize the increasing significance of digital literacy in today's digitalized world and the need for individuals to be confident, knowledgeable, and critical in the digital realm.
- Respond to disinformation challenges: Acknowledge the rise in challenges related to the spread of disinformation and harmful content, particularly during times of crisis, and the impact on democracies and individual well-being.
- Emphasize the need for digital literacy skills: Highlight the necessity of digital literacy skills, such as distinguishing between factual and false information, managing information overload, and navigating online safely, as identified by respondents in various surveys.
- Recognize the role of education and training: Acknowledge the crucial role of education and training in equipping citizens with critical thinking skills to make informed judgments in the online world, considering the influence of algorithms, information bubbles, and echo chambers.
- Support teachers and educators: Provide guidance and practical examples to support teachers and educators in promoting digital literacy and addressing disinformation, catering to both primary and secondary teachers with or without specialist knowledge of digital education.
The Guidelines aim to provide hands-on guidance, practical tips, and activity plans for teachers and educators to effectively promote digital literacy and combat disinformation. They were developed in collaboration with experts from various fields to ensure comprehensive and well-informed recommendations.


The Nobel Peace Prize 1976
Born: 22 May 1943, Belfast, Northern Ireland
Died: 17 March 2020, Belfast, Northern Ireland
Residence at the time of the award: United Kingdom
Role: Founder of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)
Prize motivation: “for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland”
Betty Williams received her Nobel Prize one year later, in 1977.
Prize share: 1/2
Peace Must Be Built from Below
In 1976, three innocent children were killed in a shooting incident in Belfast. The housewife and secretary Betty Williams witnessed the tragedy. She decided to launch an appeal against the meaningless use of violence in the conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland. Betty was joined by the dead children's aunt, Mairead Corrigan, and together they founded the peace organization the Community of Peace People.
Betty Williams had a Protestant father and Catholic mother, a family background from which she derived religious tolerance and a breadth of vision that motivated her to work for peace. Early in the 1970s she joined an anti-violence campaign headed by a Protestant priest, before she threw herself with full force into grass-root activities for the Peace People. By setting up local peace groups comprising former opponents who undertook confidence-building measures, they hoped to set a peace process in motion from below.
The Northern Irish peace movement disintegrated in the course of 1978. This was due both to internal disagreements and to the spreading of malicious rumors by Catholic and Protestant extremists.
Nobel Prizes and laureates
See them all presented here.


Digitale Übersetzungsprogramme und Online-Wörterbücher im Fremdsprachenunterricht:
Erkenntnisse aus einer Umfrage bei Lehrpersonen und Lernenden der obligatorischen, post-obligatorischen und tertiären Bildung
This survey investigates teacher and student perceptions and beliefs relating to the use of digital translation tools and online dictionaries (e. g. Google Translate, DeepL, Leo, Pons) in the foreign language classroom. Over the past few years, these tools have become increasingly popular, a development that has given rise to questions about their benefits for foreign language learning and teaching. A total of 1187 participants (985 students and 202 teachers) took part in the study. They came from primary schools, lower and upper secondary schools (Gymnasium and Fachmatura, vocational schools), as well as tertiary education and professional development classes. The survey was conducted in French (n=834) and German (n=353) in the cantons of Bern, Fribourg, Geneva, Jura, Neuchâtel and Solothurn. Participation was voluntary. Results show that regardless of language background and educational context, participants perceive of the tools as a normal and largely established part of their everyday practices. Compared to their teachers, students are more optimistic about the tools’ potential contribution to foreign language learning and less concerned about possible pitfalls linked to using the tools. Students in lower secondary school use digital translation aids less frequently and rate their contribution to language learning and motivation less favourably than the other learner groups. Many teachers would like to use digital translators and online dictionaries in their classroom, but they express uncertainty about how to do so meaningfully. Teachers voice concerns over certain student practices, namely the lack of cognitive involvement when simply translating text without considering the output. Teachers also highlight the gap between curricular/institutional prescriptions and the way the tools are commonly used, a mismatch that can affect their teaching. Overall, our findings emphasize the need for a) empirical evidence on the effects of digital translation tools on foreign language acquisition, b) pedagogical scenarios for implementing the tools, and 3) alignment of policy with practice.
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 International.


Military and aerospace PCBs are often subjected to hostile environmental conditions, including elevated/fluctuating temperatures, extreme humidity, and moisture, among others. Moreover, they are frequently exposed to harsh chemicals, hydrocarbon solutions, dust, and other contaminants. Only the PCBs assembled with the best quality materials built by utilizing the right manufacturing methods will survive adverse conditions in military and aerospace applications.
How Military and Aerospace PCBs Should be Designed
PCBs meant the military and aerospace applications require specialized treatment in design, fabrication, and assembly when compared to standard boards.
When it comes to assembling PCBs for the military and aerospace industries, there are some additional features must be incorporated. Some of these include:
- Apply thermal compounds wherever necessary to dissipate heat.
- Apply additional shielding and grounding on critical traces.
- Apply high quality acrylic-based sprays to coat the PCBs protecting them from the aggressive environment of the applications.
- Use mil-spec components than using commercial grades.
- Use proper termination techniques.
- Select materials and components carefully to withstand extreme heat. These include Pyralux AP, epoxy laminates like FR408, and various metal core materials.
- Use extremely reliable finishing materials for enhanced protection in harsh conditions. Some of the most commonly used finishing materials in the assembly of military and aerospace PCBs include:
- Electrolytic nickel and gold
- Lead Free HASL
- Immersion silver
- Electrolytic wire bondable gold
- Immersion gold
- Manufacture military and aerospace grade PCBs in conformance with MIL-PRF-31032, MIL-PRF-50884, and MIL-PRF-55110 standards.
- Verify the flexural strength, bond strength, trace width, thickness, resolution, protective coatings, and dielectric thickness etc. thoroughly before dispatching. Make sure that they are ready for use in hostile industrial environments.
Design military and aerospace grade PCBs keeping quality and durability as paramount importance. Failure of the PCBs drastically affects the functioning of the application, and in turn the success of a mission as a whole.


Institutional Review Board (IRB)
The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is an administrative body established to protect the rights and welfare of human research subjects recruited to participate in research activities conducted under the auspices of the institution with which it is affiliated.
The IRB is charged with the responsibility of reviewing, prior to its initiation, all research (whether funded or not) involving human participants. The IRB is concerned with protecting the welfare, rights, and privacy of human subjects. The IRB has the authority to approve, disapprove, monitor, and require modifications in all research activities that fall within its jurisdiction as specified by both the federal regulations and institutional policy. The IRB shall have at least five members of varying backgrounds in order to provide complete and adequate review of human research and its institutional, legal, scientific, and social implications. The Board will also include at least one member who is not affiliated with the institution and one member who is not a scientist. The IRB has several consultants who advise the Board and are periodically involved in protocol review.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
The FDA is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), cosmetics, animal foods & feed, and veterinary products.


A question that has baffled not just scientists but many people for decades, whether we are alone in the universal, While we are still waiting for the answer or the result, scientists have captured a tiny object orbiting the earth.
According to CNN report, an asteroid known as 2020 CD3 has been orbiting around our planet for about three years now, acts as a temporary mini-moon whirling around our planet.
Discovered recently by Kacper Wierzchos and Theodore Pruyne, research specialists for the NASA-funded Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) in Arizona.
However, Mini-moon is expected to drop out of orbit around the Earth in April and return to a heliocentric orbit, which is an orbit around the sun.
Have a look at their tweet about the discovery they made on the night of February 15:
BIG NEWS (thread 1/3). Earth has a new temporarily captured object/Possible mini-moon called 2020 CD3. On the night of Feb. 15, my Catalina Sky Survey teammate Teddy Pruyne and I found a 20th magnitude object. Here are the discovery images. pic.twitter.com/zLkXyGAkZl— Kacper Wierzchos (@WierzchosKacper) February 26, 2020
The Minor Planet Center of the International Astronomical Union (MPC) also announced the discovery. The asteroid, measuring about 6.2 feet and 11.4 feet in diameter, is almost the size of a small car.
(2/3) The object has just been announced by the MPC and its orbit shows that it entered Earth's orbit some three years ago. Here is a diagram of the orbit created with the orbit simulator written by Tony Dunn: pic.twitter.com/2wsJGtexiO— Kacper Wierzchos (@WierzchosKacper) February 26, 2020
This is a huge deal as the object is only the second asteroid known to orbit Earth after 2006 RH120. “Over the next few weeks, more observations are likely to come in,” Pruyne was quoted saying by CNN. “This will better help us understand the origin of the object, as well as a more accurate timeline of when the object came into orbit.”


Well maybe not, if you're good at communicating in 15,000 year-old language. To be honest the title holds most of the popular words that scientists have evaluated as being common to all the ancient languages of which we know.
There are only 13 more that aren't in our sentence. Mark Pagel at Reading University and his colleagues Quentin D. Atkinson, Andrea S. Caluded, and Andrew Meadea from New Zealand and New Mexico, have predicted that certain words changed so slowly over time that they keep traces of their ancestry for more than ten thousand years. Basically he explained at the Department of Evolutionary Biology, "We discovered we could predict a rate of evolution for words." The full paper can be found at
Computers then statistically chose the individual words that could be understood in the long term, across the great languages of the past, because of similar sound and/or spelling. These words would have evolved more slowly. This happened because of the great usefulness that can be ascribed to communication between different groups. Life and death problems could have been solved simply because somebody spoke the right words at the right time. It certainly makes you think what could have saved a life or lives.
Recognition of meaning was key, it seems. A different letter like Vater from German and Pater from Latin wouldn't lose the basic meaning of father, despite the pronunciation. Everyday speech in those days was certainly odd compared the language used in more modern times. The numbers, pronouns and some adverbs remain stable in many languages, which is perhaps the reason we all use Arabic numerals!
Professor Pagel stated, "As a rule of thumb, words used more than about once per thousand in everyday speech were seven to ten times more likely to show deep ancestry in the Eurasian super-family." He did look at many other languages that more or less conformed to his rule of thumb, too.
The relevance of course is to that age-old problem about myths and monsters, migrations and human evolution, through African beginnings, Asian spread and post-glacial colonisation. Half the world's people now use the descendants of this basic core of language. From Dravidian India to Arctic Inuit languages and that wonderfully-migrated Uralic group that gave us Hungarian and Finnish!
Good luck with your "root words" today. Use them carefully, they're older than you think.


Health Education across Academic Disciplines (HEAAD)
A Tool to Help Students Think Critically about the Risks of Excessive Cell Phone Use
Background and Purpose: Studies have shown that teens who hypertext are at a higher risk to engage in other health risk behaviors including binge drinking, tobacco use, illicit drug use, partaking in physical fights, engaging in risky sexual behavior, and driving distracted. Interventions addressing excessive use of mobile devices have mainly focused on mobile phone use while driving. The aim is to describe the Health Education Across Academic Disciplines (HEAAD) teaching tool and implementation, which may help to educate and raise awareness of the risks associated with excessive cell phone use among adolescents and young adults. Educational Teaching Tool: HEAAD includes introductory activities ranging from identifying risks related to excessive cell phone use to follow-up interactive activities with examples applied across academic disciplines other than health. HEAAD targets students in grades nine through twelve and can be adapted to the college population for freshmen and sophomores enrolled in personal health and wellness classes and/or other health orientation and first year experience classes. Conclusion: HEAAD intends to engage students in practicing decision-making skills related to excessive cell phone use, which may be applicable to their lives. Pilot testing of HEAAD is recommended to determine its effectiveness and potential.


Differences between forming and finishing of stamping parts
In order to improve the precision of metal stampings, some stamping processes, such as refurbishment and refurbishment, are sometimes added during the production process of stamping parts. So, people who have just entered the industry will ask, what is the difference between the two?
Shaping is to use the reshaping die to press the inaccurate parts of the bending or stretching parts into an accurate shape; Or for the stamping parts with surface flatness requirements, the flat stamping parts with arch bending and warping shall be flattened with the leveling die. That is to say, depending on the material flow, the shape and size of the process parts are changed a little to ensure the accuracy of the workpiece. It belongs to the forming process of stamping parts.
Trimming is to remove the allowance of the outer edge or inner hole of the blank with the trimming die to obtain a smooth section and accurate size. It is a blanking process applied to stamping parts and belongs to blanking process.
That is to say, shaping is used for the forming process of stamping parts to improve the shape quality and dimensional accuracy of finished metal stamping parts; The trimming is often used in the blanking process of stamping parts to obtain high-quality blank or inner hole of stamping parts and improve the dimensional accuracy.


Jora Composting Program for Schools
We offer a 15% discount
Encourage your students to learn about composting
On average, a school of 200 students generates 75 pounds of compostable waste each week – over 3000 pounds per year. Over 26 percent of today’s kitchen waste ends up at landfills. This food waste could easily be composted in to a resource that instead would benefit our environment and gardens around the country.
These wasted resources are also a lost opportunity to teach children and youth lifelong sustainable practices.
Our school composting initiative is three-fold
- By establishing a composting initiative in your school or classroom you can educate your students on the relevance of resource conservation and composting to the environment.
- Children can better understand the circle of life of a plant – from seed to plant to food and back to seed and soil.
- The compost can be used to boost the health of a school vegetable, ornamental or habitat garden OR donated to a private or community garden.
Jora Composters are easy to use & work very efficiently
This makes them a perfect teaching aid to visually show how composting works. While composting can be finicky – the unique insulated properties of the Swedish Jora Composter make it very forgiving as far as what you can and cannot put in the composter. All plant matter including citrus, and all food waste INCLUDING fish, meat and bones are compostable.
Your classroom or school composting program can start small – with a single Jora Composter and the enthusiasm of one teacher or staff member you can energize students, create a ‘Compost Committee’ and start composting right away.
Before starting your classroom or school composting initiative, we will schedule a training call to get you educated on both the Jora Composter and composting, and answer any questions you may have.
or email firstname.lastname@example.org
to find out more about putting a Jora Composter in your school or classroom.


What if I don't remember how to do this?
Parents, you do not need to be an engineer or rocket scientist to help your child learn math. All that is needed is a positive attitude (even when you are frustrated), a willingness to observe and learn with your child, and, making an effort and take time to help. Homework may be assigned to students for one of several possible purposes:
- Watch video to get ready For tomorrow's Class (See Flipped Class)
- Review and practice what we have covered in class
- Explore skills more fully than classroom time permits
Homework can help children to develop positive study skills and habits, improve their thinking and memory abilities, and encourage them to use time well, learn independently, and take responsibility for their work. Assignments provide children with the responsibility to manage time and meet deadlines. To help your student succeed, please consider these tips:
- Set a regular time and place for homework
- Be interested in your child's work and understanding
- Be available for questions and discussions, encourage your child to call you if you are not home during homework time
- Help your child stay organized Encourage good study habits.
- Quiz your child, help him study, avoid last minute cramming Work with the teacher


THE STRUCTURE OF THE LEXICAL-SEMANTIC FIELD "CLOTHES/FASHION"
This work presents classification according to professional recognition.
- Examples of the most recognizable terms in the field of fashion design and fashion can be such as: model, mannequin, catwalk, show, and even a thread with a needle. These words are clear to both a professional and any native speaker.
- There are terms that will cause difficulty in understanding. But people who are interested in fashion, albeit unprofessional for them these concepts are well known.
- The last type of terms will be understood only by professional circles. Here is a small test of how well we know the following terms: Watteau fold, aigrette, nansuk, parasol, plastron, sarong. Probably makes it difficult to understand and does not allow us to give definitions the fact that all examples are terms of foreign origin.
How to Cite
Egamberdieva Sevara. (2023). THE STRUCTURE OF THE LEXICAL-SEMANTIC FIELD "CLOTHES/FASHION". EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 9(5), 28–31. Retrieved from https://eprajournals.net/index.php/IJMR/article/view/1961


Gate Valve is an isolation valve used for fully open and fully close applications. The main part in the gate valve is the disk, which is called wedge, and it is moved by linear motion of the stem. Gate valves can be made of ductile iron, WCB steel or stainless steel.
A gate valve type is defined through its construction peculiarities, such as, wedge shape, sealing type, manufacturing standard, body material, disk material, and so on.
Gate valves are typically used in gaseous and fluid applications. Gate valve can be mainly categorised depending on the wedge type, there are resilient-seated gate valves, metal-seated gate valves, or the spindle (shaft) type as gate valves with a rising or a non-rising stem (NRS).
On the other hand, knife gate valve is a lighter valve used for media with high solid contents, it comes witj low operating pressure. The main part in a knife gate valve is the shut-off plate which ensures a tight closure for the media, because it cuts into the media with solid matter in a fashion similar to a knife. Furthermore, knife gate valve has an advantage of small stagnant areas which allows to avoid clogging.
The most widely used mode of operation for the gate valves is manual, with a handwheel or just a bare shaft. If gate valves are used for a frequent switching or for critical aplications, then they are operated via electric, pneumatic or hydraulic actuators.


Pirate Directed Drawing
Obviously a pirate directed drawing is cool and kids will love it. But I actually use it and have used it for years for the sight word “ARE.” I am always looking for mnemonic devices to help me or my students remember things. See this new frieebie on Teachers Pay Teachers.
These cards by Child 1st Publications are something I use in small and whole group. I also use them with the gesture that goes with each sight word. They are called Snap Words. I don’t necessarily use ALL of them, but I especially use them for tricky words or words that the gesture just “makes sense.”
You can find them here (there are other grade levels of cards available):
If I had to pick one thing that my kindergarten students struggle with every year it would be sight words. It is always a challenge. For some students, it clicks after Christmas. For others, it is May and they still haven’t quite “got it.” I am a firm believe that children must learn in their own time. My son still struggles with spelling sight words and he is 12. My job is to provide strategies to help those for whom it doesn’t “come naturally” to read and spell those tricky words!
If you are looking for more directed drawings ideas for the whole year, look HERE. And if you are unsure of why to do them, check out this post HERE.


Varr-skógrOld Norse Dictionary - varr-skógr
Meaning of Old Norse word "varr-skógr" in English.
As defined by the Cleasby & Vigfusson Old Norse to English dictionary:
- m. knotty wood (?), cp. A. S. wearr, B. K. 55, or qs. vár-skógr = wood-cutting in the spring (?).
Possible runic inscription in Younger Futhark:ᚢᛅᚱᚱ-ᛋᚴᚢᚴᚱ
Younger Futhark runes were used from 8th to 12th centuries in Scandinavia and their overseas settlements
- A. S.
➞ See all works cited in the dictionary
Works & Authors cited:
- B. K.
- Björgynjar Kálfskinn. (J. II.)


Mr Panda has just finished conducting his Math H3 course on Mental Arithmetic and has set a test for his S students. Given a number N, he wants his students to mentally calculate the Nth prime and write the answer out in words. Who would ever think that a Math course would test spelling? Obviously many of the students have forgotten their primary school math and Mr Panda has become so angry that he does not want to continue marking the test papers. He has asked you, as his assistant, to help him create a program to mark the rest of the questions in the test.
For simplicity's sake, the answers will exclude all punctuation marks including commas and hyphens. All "and"s will also be omitted so 999,999 will be written as "Nine hundred ninety nine thousand nine hundred ninety nine". Only the first letter of every answer will be capitalized.
The first line of input consists of 2 integers: N and S.
The following S lines contain student i's answer on the ith line.
On the ith line, output "Correct!" or "Wrong!" denoting the mark for the ith student.
0 < S ≤ 10 for all subtasks.
Subtask 1 (0%): Sample
Subtask 2 (50%): 0 < N ≤ 1000
Subtask 3 (50%): 0 < N ≤ 100000
3 3 Three Five Seven
Wrong! Correct! Wrong!


Changing what you eat could add up to 13 years to your life.
A study . . . created a model of what might happen to a man or woman’s longevity if they replaced a “typical Western diet” focused on red meat and processed foods with an “optimized diet” focused on eating less red and processed meat and more fruits and vegetables, legumes, whole grains and nuts. If a woman began eating optimally at age 20, she could increase her lifespan by just over 10 years, according to the study published Tuesday in the journal PLOS Medicine. A man eating the healthier diet from age 20 could add 13 years to his life. Focusing on a healthier diet could also lengthen the lives of older adults, the study said. By starting at age 60, a woman could still increase her lifespan by eight years. Men starting a healthier diet at age 60 might add nearly nine years to their lives. A plant-based eating style could even benefit 80-year-olds, the study said: Men and women could gain about 3.5 years of extra life from dietary changes.
“The notion that improving diet quality would reduce the risk of chronic disease and premature death is long established, and it only stands to reason that less chronic disease and premature death means more life expectancy,” said Dr. David Katz, a specialist in preventive and lifestyle medicine and nutrition, who was not involved in the study.


Windows 10 has brought new changes in the typing applications. It now allows users to enable text prediction, word suggestions, auto corrections for not only the software keyboard applications but also for the physical or hardware keyboard. The physical keyboard now comes with the auto correction and a text suggestion feature deeply ingrained in the OS versions. So, if you are looking out for writing a proper grammar without any typos, then the best option is to turn on text suggestions and auto correction on Windows 10. The process is extremely easy. If you want to turn off the feature, then you can revert back anytime to the default settings. By default, the two features are turned on for software keyboard, but not for physical keyboards. Here, we shall show you the step by step process. here, an important thing to note is that for hardware keyboards, only English (United States) will have this support. Other languages are not yet in the list.
Steps To Enable Text Suggestions And Auto Correction on Windows 10
1. Click on Start Button, go to Settings.
2. Click on Devices.
3. In the left panel, click on Typing.
4. In the right panel, you will find the option Hardware Keyboard. Below it, there are options which you might be looking for. If you want to turn on text suggestions, then tap on the slider below the option Show text suggestions as I type. When the slider turns green, you can know that the feature is turned on. Again, if you want to turn on auto correction of mispelled words, then tap on the slider below the option Autocorrect Mispelled Words I Type.


Group formation and the evolutionary pathway to complex sociality in birds
Downing, Philip; Griffin, Ashleigh; Cornwallis, Charlie (2020), Group formation and the evolutionary pathway to complex sociality in birds, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.sn02v6x11
Group-living species show a diversity of social organisation, from simple mated pairs to complex communities of inter-dependent individuals performing specialized tasks. The advantages of living in cooperative groups are well understood, but why some species breed in small aggregations while others evolve large, complex groups with clearly divided roles is unclear. We address this problem by reconstructing the evolutionary pathways to cooperative breeding across 4730 bird species. We show that differences in the way groups form at the origin of cooperative breeding predicts the level of group complexity that emerges. Groups that originate through the retention of offspring have a clear reproductive divide with distinct breeder and helper roles. This was associated with reproductive specialization, where breeders invest more in fecundity and less in care. In contrast, groups formed through the aggregation of unrelated adults are smaller and lack specialization. These results help explain why some species have not transitioned beyond simple groups, while others have taken the path to increased group complexity.
This data was collected via literature searches using key words in Web of Science, Google and Scopus.
There are three files included in this upload:
Please README for full details of each file.
Vetenskapsrådet, Award: 2017-03880
Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation, Award: 2018.0138
National Environment Research Council, Award: PhD studentship
Royal Society, Award: University Research Fellowship


Potential Use of Cow Manure for Poly(Lactic Acid) Production
Cow manure is an abundant residue and poses a problem regarding recycling. Intensive animal farming produces manure, which, if not properly managed, can contaminate nearby water bodies and soils with nutrient excess. There are 1.9 billion cattle worldwide, with a calculated capacity to produce 7.6 billion tons per year. Feeding of these cows is carried out mainly with cellulosic material. Therefore, cow manure contains an important fraction of lignocellulose. Cow manure can be valorized using such lignocellulosic fractions as the raw material of several fermentative processes. This fraction can be transformed into sugar, which can, in turn, be used to feed lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB produces lactic acid (LA), which can later be polymerized to poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a bioplastic with promising market forecasts. This review describes the most updated processes for all of the necessary steps to produce lactic acid from lignocellulosic biomass with LAB. Key process parameters to obtain PLA from lignocellulose are reviewed and analyzed herein, including lignocellulosic fraction extraction, sugar transformation, pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, purification, and polymerization. This review highlights the potentiality to obtain lignocellulose from cow manure, as well as its use to obtain PLA.