Are you curious about the future? So were the disciples! The visible, literal, physical, glorious return of Jesus will happen one day. But many events both wonderful and terrible will happen first.
A timeline of future events can be established by studying all of Scripture. One of the most helpful books that I’ve read about prophecy is by Paul Benware, Understanding End Times Prophecy. He gives the following guidelines:
1. Interpret the prophetic passage literally (the same way that you would any other piece of literature or conversation, recognizing facts, figures of speech, literary devices, etc.)
2. Interpret by comparing prophecy with prophecy
3. Interpret in light of possible time intervals
4. Interpret in light of double reference
This will give us an interpretation of Scripture based on a historical-grammatical hermeneutic, where we are trying to understand what the writer of Scripture intended to communicate.
The following illustrations and my explanation of end times events are based on a study of prophetic passages as described above. I realize that there are many different perspectives on when certain end time events will occur. I humbly offer my description of the future as that which I understand based on my studies. I don’t have any unique interpretations of Scripture; there are many Bible teachers who present the same view of the future.
In my video, I discuss Jesus’ teachings about the future in Matthew 24, and explain various end times charts. If you haven’t a part of our classes, I’m sharing lessons from the Follow Me workbook to give you more information. Click here! Unit 10.Lessons 1 and 2
The best thing about the future is that we will see Jesus return and reign in all His glory!


There’s something wonderful about sending a handwritten letter to someone special. But did you know that Black inventors helped make it easier for you to write and mail a letter?
The Love Sharpener
John Lee Love (?-1931) was a Black inventor who created the hand-cranked pencil sharpener — the kind mounted on the wall of classrooms in schools around the country — in 1894. That would have been enough to cement his place in history.
But three years later, he filed a patent for the Love Sharpener, a portable sharpener that consisted of a simple blade housed in a wooden casing that was small enough to fit in the palm of your hand. This design is a highly practical and convenient way to sharpen everything from writing and art pencils to makeup pencils, such as eyeliners and lip liners.
Today, pencil sharpeners based on Love’s design are commonly found in children’s school boxes, home offices and makeup kits around the world.
The Street Letter Box
Another prominent Black inventor was Philip Bell Downing (1857-1934). He created several everyday items, including an envelope seal moistener and a desktop notepad, both of which can be found in some form in many offices today.
But his most successful invention was the street letter box, which was patented in 1891. Before Downing invented the sturdy curbside letter box, people wishing to send a letter usually had to travel to the nearest post office. But his design, a tall metal box with a hinged lid to keep out rain or snow, quickly changed that.
Downing’s letter box enabled people to skip the lines at the post office and instead drop their mail into the nearest box, where it would be collected by a letter carrier and sent on its way. Even today, the ubiquitous blue USPS metal boxes based on Downing’s design can be found in nearly every town in America.
Black Inventors Make Everyday Life Better
Why not use a Love Sharpener today to sharpen a pencil so you can write a letter to one of your favorite people? Then, take a walk or a drive and drop that letter into a curbside letter box, and think of the two Black inventors who made it possible.


/ (ˈkwiːnzˌlændə, -ləndə) /
Save This Word!
a native or inhabitant of Queensland
CAN YOU ANSWER THESE COMMON GRAMMAR DEBATES?
There are grammar debates that never die; and the ones highlighted in the questions in this quiz are sure to rile everyone up once again. Do you know how to answer the questions that cause some of the greatest grammar debates?
Question 1 of 7
Which sentence is correct?
Words nearby Queenslander
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
How to use Queenslander in a sentence
Queenslander: "Oh, that fellow—'dead mariner'—very dear; three shillings, I think."
But any North Queenslander will tell you that when one has had fever he has to be extra careful of not catching cold.
Later came the death of poor Macleod the Queenslander, whose wound had been mortal.South Africa and the Transvaal War, Vol. 3 (of 6)|Louis Creswicke
No North Queenslander will resent records of high temperatures.Tropic Days|E. J. Banfield
One of these, the species of cactus known as the prickly pear, the Queenslander has pretty nearly all to himself.Wealth of the World's Waste Places and Oceania |Jewett Castello Gilson


As children, everyone imagines having some superpowers or getting some futuristic gadget that would make their lives easier. But this doesn’t happen ever because these things are imaginary and impossible to exist. However, technology has advanced that turning such imaginations into reality is not a big task. A famous saying is that children are bound by nothing but their vision. The 3D printer allows children nowadays to achieve the ability to turn their imaginations into reality. The equipment’s colossal popularity can be accounted for by analyzing the number of purchases occurring every year. It is a common misconception that such equipment costs a lot when in fact, the 3d printer price singapore is quite reasonable.
The process of 3D printing is also known as additive manufacturing. This is because 3D printing involves manufacturing layers of the desired object and then adding it one over the other to complete the structure. 3D printing is one of the most significant accomplishments of the manufacturing industry in recent years. The process of 3D printing is proven to be more economical, efficient, and successful. This is due to the technology and logic of workflow used in the product. 3D printing in the past few years has gained exponential popularity due to the highly efficient manufacturing alternative that it presents to users. This is why3D printers price Singapore is gradually increasing due to the high demand.
A 3D printer can be explained as a computer-aided manufacturing device or CAM device. This machine enables the process of 3D printing to be possible. This is achieved by laying down liquid or powdered material in thin layers. The different layers are fused after drying. This simple but elegant process allows the printer to print even the most complex of engineering designs in a very efficient manner. Also, additive manufacturing technology accounts for the least amount of material waste and thus highly economic manufacturing.
Modern 3D printers offer various features that account for their popularity. Some of the most common features of a 3D printer are discussed below:
- Speed- Modern printers provide significantly high printing speeds. This enables users to print complex structures in the least possible time.
- Accuracy- The accuracy provided by a 3D printer is relatively high. This is because a computer-simulated design is used to achieve this.


CATCHING light beams is the sort of trick that wizards perform in fairy
stories—which must make Achim Wixforth and his colleagues sorcerers of the
first order. For in their lab at the University of Munich, they have found a way
of catching a beam of light, bottling it up for a while and then sending it on
its way again.
It’s a neat trick and one that could have far-reaching implications. For the
electrons that carry data around existing computers have their limitations. They
interfere with each other, they need wires to travel along and they carry
information to and fro at a snail’s pace.
The properties of a light beam, on the other hand, read like a wish list for
communication and computing. Its information-carrying capacity, or bandwidth, is
colossal. A single burst of laser light can transmit the entire
Encyclopaedia Britannica in a second. It is easily split into many
individual beams, making it ideal for parallel processing, widely seen as the
future of high-speed computing. And, of course, it’s fast: indeed, there’s
nothing faster in the Universe.
Light may be a swift and capacious carrier of data, but like a runaway mail
train whose brakes have failed, if you want to get at that data, you’ve got to
crash it into something. Physicists have devised some pretty fancy walls for
light to crash into in recent years, and they go by the collective name of
optoelectronics—the technology of turning data carried by light into the
electronic form used by conventional machines.
Optoelectronics allows you to send information from one place to another at
the speed …


Absolute Zero Report
This report summarises actions required to deliver net-zero emissions in the UK by 2050, without the emergence of not-guaranteed new technologies. The authors calculated that this would require much more drastic actions than suggested by government bodies such as the Committee on Climate Change (CCC). For example, all airports would need to be closed between 2030 and 2050, with the potential for re-opening airports with carbon-neutral power sources when they become available (electricity, or hydrogen produced using renewable energy).
The authors also emphasise that nature provides our only existing large-scale method for carbon capture, and state that restoration of forests is a priority for a net-zero world. In order to free-up more land for creating forests and other natural habitats, we will need to reduce the area of farmland. This can most easily be done by reducing meat consumption. Indeed, the report concludes that for the UK to have net-zero emissions, all beef and lamb would need to be phased out, compared to the CCC’s suggestion of a 50% reduction in consumption of beef, lamb and dairy products by 2050.
The report’s central message is the need to radically cut down on high-emission activities, at least until low-emission alternatives are developed. However they highlight that the activities that people enjoy the most are sports, social life and eating, which can all be done whilst having a low carbon footprint.
Since it is unlikely that these huge reductions in consumption will happen voluntarily, we are left with two major options: enforce changes in consumption, or develop the technologies that this report assumes we will not have. The latter means pushing R&D in Carbon Capture and Storage; this can be achieved by governments mandating that fossil fuel companies must start capturing a certain percentage of their CO2 emissions, and ramp this percentage up year-on-year. This technology is not ‘impossible’ as some claim, but requires investment in order to make it possible on the scales we require to stop global warming.


Infant mental health is all about giving children the best start in life. Learn more in the infographic below.
When a new bundle of joy joins the family, we parents do all we can to ensure that they grow up to be a happy, healthy child and later a well-adjusted adult. While the bulk of our efforts are focused on physical health, emerging research has highlighted the importance of nurturing positive infant mental health as well.
What is Infant Mental Health?
The National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families have defined infant mental health as:
“The developing capacity from birth to three to experience, regulate, and express emotions; to form close relationships; and to explore the environment and learn all in the context of family, community, and cultural expectations for young children.”
Those working in the field have produced some incredible research on the role of infant mental health in shaping cognitive, emotional and social wellbeing later down the line.
Why is it Important to Look After My Baby’s Mental Health?
During the first few years of a child’s life, the brain undergoes tremendous development – usually reaching 80% by the age of two. This period is therefore key in influencing a child’s social and emotional development and can have a lifelong impact on their health and wellbeing. In particular, the attachments a child forms in this time play a critical role in their overall development.
What Can I Do to Foster Good Infant Mental Health?
If you are curious about infant mental health and would like to know how to apply its principles at home, why not check out this super informative infographic from Westcan Personnel. This handy infographic guide outlines the basic concepts of infant mental health and offers some tips on how you can encourage positive mental health in your child.
Read the below infographic for more information.


New Vaccine Aimed at Preventing Endemic
Throughout many developing nations, foot and mouth disease is considered an endemic in livestock; especially in Asia, Africa, and parts of South America. Previously, the only vaccines for foot and mouth disease were very fragile and had to be created inexpensive labs with the proper equipment, and needed to be kept refrigerated in order to stay “alive,” preventing possibilities of any long-distance transportation.
Now, researchers have created a synthetic version of the foot and mouth vaccine that does not require refrigeration, making it much more accessible to rural areas where the disease is common. The new vaccine can be transported and even created in developing countries since it can withstand varying temperatures.
Within the last few years, the UK, South Korea, and Japan were all victims of an outbreak of the virus that had originated in Asia. The foot and mouth outbreak in the UK cost the country an estimated 8 billion pounds.
The researchers’ goal of having the foot and mouth vaccine distributed globally in order to stop the virus at the source instead of waiting for an outbreak will now be much more practical with this synthetic version. Scientists say that the new version could be widely available within 6 to 8 years. Researchers are also working on synthetic vaccines for diseases that affect human populations, including polio and human hand, foot, and mouth disease.
– Christina Kindlon


So what is a Neural Network? Rather than embark upon a lengthy description here, I will instead refer you to a couple of useful sites (linked below). These will provide you with an introduction into Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and their uses:
I have written my own neural network classes, and I’ve used these in an example project, which you can download here:
You can also download this project from its GitHub repository: github.com/prucha/neural-networks
The project contains C++ classes for creating a Multi-Layer Perceptron Network. I have implemented these classes in an example Win32 Console application (compiled using Visual Studio 2012). You are free to use this code under a MIT License.
Below is a diagram which illustrates an example Perceptron Network that can be configured using the MLP Network classes.
The main source files are as follows:
- perceptron.h – MLP Net class declarations
- perceptron.cpp – class definitions
- testpercept.cpp – test program using the MLP Net classes
Multi-Layer Perceptron networks are probably the best know and most widely used of all Artificial Neural Networks. They are often used to tackle problems such as hand-writing or voice recognition. An MLP net is constructed by arranging perceptron units together in a series of ‘layers’. The neurons in each layer are connected to the neurons in the adjacent layers in a hierarchical fashion (the neurons outputs from one layer supply the inputs for the next). Typically, each neuron within a layer will have an input ‘dendrite’ connected to the output of every neuron in the previous layer (this is known as a FULLY-CONNECTED network, which is the method employed in my classes). The bottom layer is known as an ‘input layer’ and usually receives input data from sensors or some other input device(s). Further documentation of my perceptron classes can be found here: neural.pdf.


By Megan Barney, Elmira College Intern
During the 1950s and 1960s, there was a widespread fear of nuclear war. In response, the government advocated for the creation of fallout shelters, both in personal homes and in community places. In Elmira, families built their own fallout shelters and organizations created community ones. Among others, one was located in the since demolished Robinson Building on Lake Street. Each location provided a central place for people to escape to in the event of a nuclear attack.
|Robinson Building, c. 1960s|
The suggested foods included milk, juice, fruits, vegetables, soups, one-dish meals, sweet spreads, crackers, cereals, beverages, sugar, hard candy, and salt, all of which equated to 2000 calories per day for an adult. Most Civil Defense Offices argued that non-perishable food such as the ones listed above could last for up to three years if stored correctly. In the case of emergency, however, moldy bread was edible, sour milk was drinkable, and fruits and vegetables with rotten spots were acceptable to eat. Even foods that were exposed to nuclear fallout could be washed, peeled, and enjoyed.
In the case of a nuclear attack, water was more important for the survival of people than food. Under extreme circumstances, people can survive three weeks without food, but only three days without water. The Civil Defense Offices advocated that each family member should have seven gallons of drinking water stored in air tight containers. In most cases, water could also be found in hot water heaters that often stored anywhere from 30 to 60 gallons of water. However, if push came to shove, water was readily available in different pipes in the home, including the toilet bowl.
In the end, the most important part of surviving an atomic bombing was not only finding immediate shelter and having a stockpile of food for two weeks, but also selecting familiar foods. The New York State Civil Defense Commission suggested that families should select familiar foods because “they are more heartening and acceptable during times of stress” and could be a potential morale lifter in times of tragedy. So if tragedy strikes, is your pantry and family ready?


This feature layer represents percentage mountain area covered by protected sites at Administrative County level. The layer has been developed as a proxy to represent SDG 15.4.1 'Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity' for Ireland. The layer was created using protected areas data produced by the National Parks and Wildlife Service (i.e. Special Areas of Conservation (2018), Special Protection Areas (2017), Natural Heritage Sites (2018)), more info, and Administrative County boundary data produced by Ordnance Survey Ireland (OSi).In 2015 UN countries adopted a set of 17 goals to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all as part of a new sustainable development agenda. Each goal has specific targets to help achieve the goals set out in the agenda by 2030. Governments are committed to establishing national frameworks for the achievement of the 17 Goals and to review progress using accessible quality data. With these goals in mind the CSO and OSi are working together to link geography and statistics to produce indicators that help communicate and monitor Ireland’s performance in relation to achieving the 17 sustainable development goals.The indicator displayed supports the efforts to achieve goal number 15 which aims to protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.


Georgia Institute of Technology professor Ronald Arkin is developing what he calls "ethical governor" software and hardware that will tell military robots when to use their weapons. Arkin argues that not only can robots be programmed to behave more ethically on the battlefield, but may be able to respond better than human soldiers. "Ultimately these systems could have more information to make wiser decisions than a human could make," Arkin says. "Some robots are already stronger, faster, and smarter than humans. We want to do better than people, to ultimately save more lives."
Humans are unlikely to relinquish control of military robots any time soon, particularly because Arkin's ethical governor is designed more for a traditional war where civilians have evacuated the war zone, while the U.S. military is currently acting as an occupational force in Afghanistan and Iraq. Arkin is working to translate 150-plus years of codified, written military law into terms robots can understand and interpret. "Robots don't have an inherent right to self-defense and don't get scared," he says. "The robots can take greater risk and respond more appropriately."
Arkin says robots capable of lethal force without the control of humans "are going to happen," adding it is just a question of how much autonomy will be given to these robots and how soon they will be developed.
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With its salaried staff of nearly 280,000, the VA has long been a model for health care delivery. The VA’s 152 hospitals, 900 clinics, 300 mental health centers, and other facilities — many located in rural areas that the private sector ignores — care for more than 230,000 people a day. In a recent survey of veterans for the American Customer Satisfaction Index, patients rated the system’s services as equal to or better than private sector health care facilities.
One reason is the VA’s systematic efforts to improve quality care and patient safety. The VA computerized medical records long before private hospitals. The VA conducts widespread training on inter-professional communication and teamwork that decreases patient deaths and injuries due to the kind of medical mistakes and problems that kill over 400,000 patients a year. In 2007, the VA launched a successful initiative to dramatically reduce the dangers of one the deadliest hospital superbugs —methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
The VA has singular expertise in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Many injured soldiers have returned from Iraq and Afghanistan with what is known as poly-trauma — PTSD plus traumatic brain injury and limb amputations. Few primary care physicians — or even specialists — have much experience treating such cases in the private sector. In fact, without the VA, vets would have trouble getting any primary care services given the serious shortage of primary care providers in this country.
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Neighborhoods seem like safe places to drive, but they can actually be full of potential accidents between vehicles and vulnerable road users. Drivers should always use caution when driving through neighborhoods and stay attentive of their surroundings at all times. When drivers become complacent or distracted, they may be caught off guard and cause a potentially costly accident. Knowing the potential hazards to look for can help to keep you and others in your neighborhood safe.
Neighborhood Hazards to Watch For
When driving through a neighborhood, remember to drive slowly first and foremost. The number one killer of children ages 4 to 14 in the United States are car accidents, according to the NHTSA. Keep in mind that others may be using the road, sometimes unpredictably. Common hazards that you should watch for in neighborhoods include:
- Children playing in the street. There may be kids playing a game in the street, or a child may run into the street while chasing after a ball.
- Pedestrians crossing. Many residents take walks with family or pets around the neighborhood and may cross at a corner or in the middle of a street. People on skates or skateboards may be using the street as well.
- Parked cars. This may seem like an easy problem to avoid, but sometimes drivers fail to notice parked cars or may not see a person exiting a parked car. Children or others may also dart out between parked cars and into the street without warning.
- Bicycles, scooters, and motorcycles. These vulnerable road users have as much right to use the road as do automobiles. Watch for these smaller two-wheeled vehicles, especially at night when visibility is low.
- Blind corners. Trees, bushes, light poles, parked cars, and other obstructions sometimes create a blind corner in a neighborhood. Always approach these areas with caution and slow speed until you can see that the way is clear.
One moment of inattention or recklessness in a neighborhood can lead to a costly accident. Respect traffic laws and street signs at all times and always be on the lookout for others using or crossing the road. If you have an accident, it is important to have the appropriate insurance coverage beforehand so that you are financially protected.
For sound advice and assistance regarding the many types of insurance coverage available and to find one that meets your family’s needs, please contact the helpful Chicago auto insurance agents of Insure on the Spot today at 773-202-5060.


Language: Mandarin Chinese
Source: Classical literature
Dāo shùliáng (刀束樑) literally means "saber binder beam".1 It is the suspension bar held by the two suspension bands on Chinese saber scabbards.
The alternative terms qiàoshàng shuāngyǎn shù (鞘上雙眼束) and simply dāo liáng (刀梁) were also used.2
The Manchu term is sirdan sele.
Suspension bands and bar on a very fine Chinese saber of the 18th century.
With its original suspension system with belt hook.
Suspension bands and bar on a 19th century southern saber.
For a complete overview of saber terminology, see: A Chinese saber glossary.
1. Tongwen Guanghui Quanshu (同文廣彙全書) or "Enlarged and complete dictionary" of 1702. A Qing imperial dictionary in Chinese and Manchu, each entry double-checked and approved by the Kangxi emperor.
2. Wuti Qingwen Jian (五體清文鑑) or "Five languages compendium". A Qing imperial dictionary in Manchu, Mongolian, Uighur, Tibetan and Chinese of 1766. Published under the Qianlong emperor and Gongbu Junqi Zeli (工部軍器則例) or "Regulations and precedents on military equipment for the Board of Works" of 1815. A Qing imperial text dealing with the details of arms manufacture.


Jean Paul Aazan
USEK - Holy spirit University of Kaslik
The history of kfardebian ( a district in Lebanon ) values " Al Salib Valley ” as being the most inhabited and the most active space at the beginning of the 1613s, and later turns into an abandoned site, so how can we revive this rich site and attract people to come back? Al salib Valley was known for its rich and bountiful land and a destination for the inhabitants of the villages and surrounding areas to buy vegetables, fruits and products. The old town was abandoned, leaving behind ruins…
Try to add more variants of trees, these looks exactly the same, so its texture mix together. It can also help to use better shadows settings to sepparate each tree.
Using more of 2-point perspective can help to introduce the real dimmensions of this design. It is also better for observer to understand space. To be clear, I do not think it is neccessarry to add 2 point perspective at maximum level.
It is pitty, that there is no ¨real skies¨ effect used, or some HDRI map. You can instantly improve your rendering just by using this one effect. You can see it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qjDhWqOkaI
composition of this picture is not perfect, you should think about edges. It is always better to let some margin ¨clear¨. Otherwise, it takes your shapes visualy for the edge and destroy your main lines.


How Many Jobs Gained During a Presidential Tenure?
This chart uses data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Employment Tables to show the number of jobs gained during each presidential tenure since 1945. The chart shows the historical record of how presidents rank against each other by number of jobs gained and the unemployment rate.
Polls show over and over again that jobs are a major concern for Americans. While presidents don’t create jobs, their policies can influence the direction of the economy. Presidents can create an environment that is more or less conducive to job creation—hence, the close scrutiny of employment statistics during presidential campaigns.
This chart uses data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Employment Tables to show the number of jobs gained during each presidential tenure since 1945. This chart isn’t meant to compare President Obama (who’s completed just under one term so far) to President Clinton (who completed two terms.) Rather it is meant to look at how each president did during their tenure. Also, considering that population grows and labor participation varies over time, this data is probably slightly biased in favor of President Obama for both the job numbers and unemployment rate.
Although President Obama has not yet finished his first term, the data show that it would take him roughly 280,000 new jobs per month for every month from now until January 2013 to get him out of last place. Presidents Clinton and Reagan saw the highest gains in jobs and maintained some of the lowest unemployment rates during their administrations.
Veronique de Rugy further explains these job gains at NRO’s The Corner.
Note on data:
The estimated job changes take into account the year-to-year changes in employment, typically from January to January (unless the president left office earlier or later). Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Bush, Reagan, and Clinton served two terms; Presidents Obama, Ford, and Kennedy served less than a full four-year term. Thus, any conclusions should take note of these terms. Lastly, the data comes from the BLS “B” Tables, which are data taken from payroll records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments.


The Culture of Reconciliation (Muldrew)Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz
The themes of this week’s #RetroConflictsInspirations are informal dispute settlement, community and trust, courtesy of ‘The Culture of Reconciliation’ by Craig Muldrew. Connecting economic growth with the great increase of the numbers of disputes in early modern England, Muldrew makes a strong case for the prevalence of “communities based on extensive networks of informal personal trust”, and informal means of conflict resolution.
Economic disputes, related to e.g. contracts and credit, became more complex as trade expanded, and increasingly, the authority of law was required in dispute resolution. The growth of legal suits strengthened the occurrence/importance of laws of contract & debts. But this did not mean that the role of informal means of dispute settlement was replaced. To paraphrase, Muldrew aptly states that examining conflict only in terms of the law is insufficient, and that attention should also be paid to the practices, conceptions, and emotions of disputing individuals (p.918). Expanding research to the role of social institutions (hierarchy, kin networks, guilds) has indeed been prevalent in current research to conflicts – and perceptions of conflicts, and the reactions to them by individual actors, are an invaluable part of our project’s research. Moving from conflict resolution to #conflictmanagement makes it further possible to analyze the process of the increasingly complex mercantile disputes, and all the forms of (in)formal ways individuals and communities sought means of arbitration and the resolution.
C. Muldrew, 'The Culture of Reconciliation: Community and the Settlement of Economic Disputes in Early Modern England', The Historical Journal, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Dec., 1996), pp. 915-942


Period: Early Cretaceous
Order, Suborder, Family: Saurischia, Theropoda, Abelisauridae
Location: South America (Argentina)
Size: 21 feet (6.5 meters)
This recently described genus was an unusual theropod. Carnotaurus (its name means "meat bull") is known from a single, nearly complete skeleton that had skin impressions over much of the skull and body. It was so complete because it was preserved in a large concretion (a lump of rock that is harder than the rock around it) that protected the bones and skin impressions. It was found in Early Cretaceous rocks in the Patagonia region of Argentina.
Its skull had stout horns above its very small eye sockets. Its bladelike, serrated teeth were much like those of other theropods. The arms of Carnotaurus were short for its body size, but unlike Tyrannosaurus with its slender arm bones, the arms of Carnotaurus were stout. Its arms were so short that it almost looked like the hands were attached to the upper arm bone (the humerus). The bones in the back and tail (vertebrae) were also unusual; they look a little like the wings of a fantasy spaceship.
The most exciting feature of this animal is its skin. It is more common to find skin impressions of hadrosaurs (duckbilled dinosaurs); theropod skin impressions are rare. The skin impressions of Carnotaurus show that its skin was made of many low, disklike scales with larger semiconical scales in rows along its sides. Like the skin of all known dinosaurs, these scales did not overlap like scales on some lizards and snakes.
Carnotaurus and other South American Cretaceous dinosaurs were much different from related animals in other areas of the world, even North America. This group of animals supports the theory that during the Cretaceous Period South America was isolated from the rest of the world, so the animals evolved differently. The unusual and exciting Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America are just beginning to be worked on and will reveal a great deal of information in the near future.


During your field trip to the zoo, you and your
partner will make general observations of primates and then
focus on one particular individual. Through this activity, you
will gain experience in data collection and conducting behavioral
observations, as well as gain insight into the extraordinary
life of chimpanzee or gorilla society.
Prepare for Field Trip:
Before you conduct your own observations, read samples
from Dr. Goodall’s research.
Jane later adopted more standardized methods, using
datasheets and the time interval technique.
Read about the different primate behaviors to prepare
for your general observations at the zoo.
Print out the datasheet
and be sure to take it with you on the field trip!
Choose one particular category of behaviors (e.g., Aggression)
to focus on in the second part of your data collection
and then find our more by reading about the behavior.
In the “Specific Behaviors” section of the
data sheet, fill in behaviors you will look for under your
chosen category. For example, if you chose Aggression and
you will be viewing chimpanzees, you may write arm raise,
charging display, and biting in the provided spaces.
Find Out More
Start Your Data Collection:
At Gombe, two researchers work
side by side to collect data of chimpanzee behavior. One researcher
records data on a target individual and the other records
data on the entire group of chimpanzees. When making your
observations at the zoo, you and your partner will mirror
the research methodology used at Gombe.


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Literacy is an essential part of the kindergarten curriculum. Students learn to write through a variety of activities such as daily journals and responses to texts read and discussed in class. Additionally, writing is incorporated across all thematic units for science and social studies.
Reading development is a key component of kindergarten. We implement reading skills in all aspects of the curriculum through whole group lessons, reading groups, and integrated in all subject areas.
Students learn counting, sorting, patterns, addition, and subtraction in kindergarten. Kindergarteners not only learn foundational math skills, but also practice critical thinking and problem solving. In conjunction with whole group instruction, students enjoy learning in leveled math groups.
Kindergarten students study the seasons, magnets, space, animals, and plants! The other core subjects are integrated into our thematic units so we read, write, and work on math skills all while learning about the topic.
Kindergarten students learn the importance of printing letters and numbers in order to communicate with others.
Each week at school mass, kindergarten students are responsible for bringing up the gifts, an opportunity to actively participate and contribute to weekly school masses.
Kindergarten participates in an ongoing service project called “Chores for Change” throughout the school year. Students perform “chores” at home to earn an “allowance.” As a service to others, the money earned is donated to those in need through Saint Vincent de Paul. This money helps to purchase needed items for the food cupboard, to pay utilities, and subsidize rent for those in need. YOU ARE NEVER TOO LITTLE TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE!
Kindergarten students at St. Clare are paired with fifth grade buddies. These buddies play a special role in the kindergarten program. We read with our buddies bi-weekly, attend field trips together (pumpkin patch and the Oregon Zoo), and celebrate holiday parties together. Long-lasting friendships develop during their years here at St. Clare!


Ernest de Sarzec
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Ernest de Sarzec, in full Gustave-Charles-Ernest Chocquin de Sarzec, (born 1832, Rennes, France—died 1901, Poitiers), French archaeologist whose excavation of the mound of Tello (ancient Girsu, Arabic Tall Lūḥ), in present-day southern Iraq, uncovered the Sumerian capital of Lagash and revealed much of what is known about the art, language, and history of the most ancient of Mesopotamian civilizations.
In 1874, while serving as French vice consul at Basra (al-Baṣrah), Ottoman Mesopotamia, now in Iraq, Sarzec learned that old statuettes had been observed at Tello. Securing the exclusive right to excavate the site, he began digging in 1877 and continued working there intermittently until 1901, systematically excavating the entire area and offering the modern world its first glimpse of Sumerian culture.
His discovery in 1880 of a diorite portrait sculpture of Gudea (c. 2150–2050 bce), the seventh governor of Lagash, and other artworks was one of the celebrated achievements of 19th-century Assyriology. In addition to architectural remains and many works of art, weapons, vessels, and other artifacts, he found evidence of Sumer’s greatest legacy to Babylonia—writing. From the temple archives he secured about 30,000 inscribed clay tablets yielding much information on temple administration, commerce, farming, and stock raising. In conjunction with L. Heuzey he published Découvertes en Chaldée (1884–1912; “Discoveries in Chaldea”). The extensive collection of Sumerian art in the Louvre is largely the result of Sarzec’s work.


O.Thetford, P.Gray German Aircraft of the First World War (Putnam)
Oertz V1 Eindecker
The V1 with a 7-cylinder Gnome of 70 hp was first flown on September 4, 1911 by Ernst Dax. Unfortunately it crashed shortly after on October 21, 1911.
The Oertz V2 was flown by Wijnmalen on the Luneberger Heide in early February 1912 at the flying field of the Oertz company at Schneverdingen.
Flight, October 9, 1919.
THE OERTZ FLYING BOATS
"Among the most successful, and, therefore, most noteworthy, flying boats, are those designed by D. Ing. Max Oertz, which were built at the Oertz Works at Hamburg. Dr. Oertz, the famous yacht and motorboat builder, was one of the first in Germany to realise the possibilities of flying and the suitability of his works, with their special facilities and trained workmen specialists, for the requirements of aircraft construction. Above all, the Oertz Works were not laid out as quantity production works, but were used to meet the special requirements of yacht construction by scientific investigation into the smallest mechanical details, and to devote an absolutely loving care to workmanship and finish.
"These fundamental facts, which were reflected in all new productions of this scientifically working factory, whether boats or flying machines, could already be noticed in the very first machine built in 1910. This was a land machine, a monoplane with monocoque body, which weighed only 770 lbs., and, fitted with a 70 h.p. Gnome engine, reached a speed of 80 m.p.h. This first success encouraged Oertz to return to his proper element, the sea, and to apply the same principles to the construction of a flying boat; this was ordered by the Navy in the spring of 1913.


As part of testing and analysing the model a set of standard multipliers, first year effects and a collection of examples is presented with every model version. These give a broad overview of the analysis possibilities of ADAM. Multipliers are used to analyse the effects of economic and political changes. A demand shock in ADAM affects both production, employment and consumption in the short run. In the long run the effect on employment disappears. In contrast, a supply shock will have a permanent effect on employment. This is in line with most models of small open economies with a fixed exchange rate policy and a Phillips curve.
In principle, there is no automatic monetary or fiscal policy reaction function in ADAM. This aspect should be taken into consideration in the comparison with other economic models. Furthermore the specific danish laws and rules modelled in ADAM could be important when comparing with models for other economies.
For every new model version a series of standard experiments are produced to enable the analysis of the model characteristics. At the same time, the experiments makes it possible to compare the characteristics of the new model version with previous ones. All multiplier analysis are based on a base line representing a solution with respect to the endogenous variables based on a stylized forecast of the exogenous variables.
standard multipliers are made by changing one or a few of the exogenous variables and afterward calculating the effect on the endogenous variables.
first year effects represents the short run. Focus is especially on fiscal policy and the characteristics are examined by comparing with the previous model version.


For weavers and collectors, pictorial motifs are called "natura" due to the fact that they are inspired by their natural surroundings. In fact, these designs often include local flowers, trees, birds, ocelots, jaguars, iguanas, and other flora and fauna native to the Darién rainforest. Pictorial designs come in a variety of styles, some perfect renditions of the floral subject matter the weaver is conveying, and some an artistic interpretation of the flora using angular shapes and shaded background. Here a pair of perching birds pay tribute to the incredible diversity of avian life found in the rainforests of Central America. Handmade by artists of the indigenous Wounaan people of Panama and Colombia using only natural materials gathered in the Darién rainforest. Baskets as intricate as this one can take weeks, even months, to create using thin strips of palm frond and needles to achieve the tightly woven pattern.
The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) has opened its first bilingual exhibition at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. "Barro Colorado Island: 100 Years of Discovery and Wonder," STRI's first major exhibition on the National Mall, celebrates 100 years of tropical forest research on Barro Colorado Island in Panama, the world's oldest continuously studied tropical forest.
- Each basket is one-of-a-kind
- Palm fronds
- Approximately 5"W x 5"H
- Keep away from sunlight as the vegetal dyes may fade in direct sunlight.
- Made in Panama


On high freeboard ships, such as some container ships and autocarriers, there is a door let into the ship's hull, below the weather deck and closer to the waterline. This reduces the height the pilot has to climb.
OOCL Oakland is an example of how this works:
A pilot ladder is suspended adjacent to the hull door. Although the pilot needs some agility to transfer from ladder to doorway, the door is sufficiently high that he is out of the way of the boat whern he makes that transition. The is also a safety railing around the doorway.
On the current Atlantic Container Line G3 ships, the ladder is rigged from the doorway itself, Atlantic Cartier is typical:
When the G1 (S class) ACL's were lengthened, large sponsons were attached to the hull for strength and stability. Atlantic Song is typical:
The sponsons prevented the pilot from getting alongside the ship's hull, and thus to reach a pilot ladder. The solution was to recess the pilot door in a recessed area of the sponson (well aft of amidships), and extend a small platform and steps for boardng directly into the ship.
Here's a blowup:
Another feature of the lenghtening of the G1s and G3s were long steel plate battens welded to the ships' hulls just below the deck line. These added longitudinal strength to the longer ships.
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Eating Well: Diet and Nutrition
Cancer survivors should strive for a plant-based diet full of fruits, vegetables and legumes to provide vitamins, minerals, fibers, carotenoids and other beneficial nutrients that help prevent cancer.
You should also incorporate whole grains and high-fiber foods — including whole-grain breads, cereals, rice, pasta and beans — into your diet. Associated with a lower risk of developing cancer, whole grain foods are made from the entire grain seed (wheat, rice, oats and barley) so they’re higher in fiber, vitamins and minerals than processed grains.
Avoid or limit their consumption of saturated fats, processed foods, high-calorie foods, added or refined sugars, and processed or red meat.
A major contributor of fat and cholesterol, processed and red meat are associated with an increased risk of developing cancer. Nitrates, which can lead to cancer, are added to many processed meats. Additionally, cooking meat at high temperatures produces mutagens and carcinogens known to cause cancer.
If you do eat red meat, opt for lean cuts and smaller portions, and prepare meat, poultry and fish by baking, broiling or poaching.
A diet emphasizing vegetables, fruits, whole grains and legumes can reduce your risk of developing cancer.
What You Should Eat:
- 2.5 cups of a variety of vegetables and fruits daily
- Include vegetables and fruits at every meal
- Emphasize whole vegetables and fruits
- Choose 100% juice if you drink vegetable or fruit juices
- Protein sources, such as beans, poultry or fish
- Whole grains instead of refined or processed grains
- Brown rice instead of white rice
What You Should Avoid:
- Creamy sauces, dressings and dips with fruits and vegetables
- Processed meats, such as bacon, sausage, luncheon meats and hot dogs
- Red meat including beef, pork and lamb
- Fried foods and charbroiled meat
- Refined carbohydrates, including pastries, candy, sugar-sweetened breakfast cereals and other high-sugar foods


We strongly believe that children have a right to play outside as well as inside at all times and throughout every season. We have an extensive outdoor play area with access to climbing equipment, an enormous sand pit and a range of tricycle and bicycles. In addition, we also have a very large natural play area where we provide activities that are inspired by the Forest School approach. To find out more about Forest Schools click here. This area includes two mud kitchens and we celebrate ‘International Mud Day’ every year.
Partnership with Parents/Carers
Fundamentally we think that parents and carers are their child’s first and foremost educators. When a child first starts, we encourage their parents/carers to spend time in Willow to support them with settling in to Nursery life. We also have parent meetings and welcome parent/carers into the Nursery as visitors, volunteers or to help out at special events. Parents and carers are always welcome to come and join in the fun!
Learning through Interests and Schemas
It is very common for children at this age to practice things repeatedly. Many parents ask us if playing the same games over and over again is normal, or if they should worry about obsessions over characters such as ‘Thomas the Tank Engine ‘or ‘Peppa Pig’- this is all part of normal development. These small ‘obsessions’ relate to schemas and to how children make sense of the world. It is their way of practicing doing things and eventually, they will move on to new things.
We capture children’s schemas through observations and record them in their Learning Journeys.
We use an online software application called Learning Journals, as the platform to capture and track the progress of the children.


Each of your body systems relies on the others to work well. Your respiratory system relies on your circulatory system to deliver the oxygen it gathers, while the muscles of your heart cannot function without the oxygen they receive from your lungs.
A Ladder of Complexity
It can be helpful to visualize the levels of organization as a ladder. Beginning at the bottom rung with the most basic component of the human body, you can imagine each subsequent rung as a new level of organization, building in complexity as you work your way up the ladder.
Cells in the Human Body
The simplest unit of life is the cell. In fact, some organisms like bacteria are nothing more than a single cell. The human body contains approximately 30 trillion cells and that is without considering all the unicellular bacteria that naturally colonize the digestive tract. Scientists estimate there are approximately 200 unique types of cells in the human body.
Cells Form Tissues
Groups of cells organized together for a specific function form tissues. There are four basic types of tissue in the human body: epithelial, muscle, nerve and connective. Epithelial tissue covers the exterior of the body as well as the linings of the organs and cavities of the body. Muscle tissue contains cells that are sometimes called “excitable” because they are able to contract and enable movement. Nerve tissue conducts electrical impulses and send signals through the body. Connective tissue holds the body together and includes both bones and blood.
Tissues Form Organs
An organ is two or more tissues that come together to form a single unit with a unique structure and function. The heart, for example, is an organ that contains all four types of tissue to accomplish its very important task. There are 78 organs in the human body, including five organs considered vital for life. These vital organs are the brain, heart, lungs, kidney and liver. The largest human organ is the skin, which can weigh around 20 pounds.
Of course, the levels of organization of the human body don’t stop with the organs. Individual organs work together in nine major organ systems. And, at the very top of the ladder, all those systems, organs, tissues and cells come together to form an organism: you!
(hope this helps can i plz have brainlist :D hehe)


A Soil Salinity Map for Farmers in the Southern Regions
The soil salinity map is one of the flagship achievements of the Foum El Oued integrated agricultural project based in the Laayoune region. Presented in an interactive form at SIAM 2018, the map attracted the attention of many visitors intrigued by its usefulness.
Launched by the Phosboucraa Foundation, the salinity map is one of the flagship achievements of the Foum El Oued integrated agricultural project. The map, presented in interactive form at SIAM 2018, caught the attention of all visitors, whether they were agronomy students, farmers, or just visitors. Everyone wanted to know the purpose of this innovation as well as its impact on farmers.
Easy to use, the interactive soil salinity map took young and old on a journey through the municipality of Foum El Oued, located in the coastal region of Laayoune, 18 kilometers from the city of Laayoune. This region has several natural constraints that negatively affect the crop yields of farmers who don’t yet have the technical skills to adapt their farming practices to their soil type. And soil salinity is a key factor. To help them, the Phosboucraa Foundation, in collaboration with the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), the Regional Directorate of Agriculture (DRA), and the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), has launched an agricultural development pilot project in the Foum El Oued perimeter. The soil salinity map is a tool that provides farmers with information on soil salinity levels, four of which were determined, ranging from 0 to 16 g/L. The proposed approach makes it possible to carry out soil and water analyses, select salt-tolerant species on the basis of studies carried out at the Foum El Oued site, and follow a farming management protocol that can guarantee good yields while reducing the negative impact of salinity. Among the new species shown to be salt-tolerant are quinoa, sesbania, fodder beet, millet, barley, blue panicum, and the cowpea plant. Thanks to this innovation, farmers on 52 farms with an average surface area of 8 ha now have the opportunity to cultivate their land sustainably to improve their incomes, and, consequently, their lives and those of their families.


Community based conservation and management of dugong and seagrass habitat in Bintan, Alor, Tolitoli and Kotawaringin Barat, Indonesia (ID3)
Research and anecdotal information from communities confirm that the dugong population in Indonesia is declining. Incidental catch (bycatch) and stranding in fishing gear (gill nets), as well as direct hunting are the main reasons for the decline of the dugong population here. The degradation of seagrass habitats due to destructive fishing methods, coastal development and pollution puts even more pressure on the dugong population in Indonesia.
Project ID3 will address these threats by working with communities, located in four dugong hotspots in Indonesia – Bintan, Alor, Kotawaringin Barat and Tolitoli. ID3 will study these local communities’ perception, awareness and knowledge of dugongs and seagrass, and analyse the local socio-economic conditions to identify the drivers of change to the seagrass ecosystems and dependent biodiversity, including the dugong.
This information will be used to devise socially accepted economic solutions/ models for the conservation of dugongs and sustainable management of their seagrass habitats. The economic solutions/ models will be managed by Kelompok masyarakat pengawas (POKMASWAS) or Community Surveillance Group and will provide income-generating alternatives, while at the same time reducing dugong bycatch and hunting.
1. Establish community management and monitoring groups in 3 pilot sites.
2. Build the capacity of the community management and monitoring groups by developing conservation action plans.
3. Assess the feasibility of community-based economic solutions to enhance dugong conservation and sustainable management of seagrass beds.
4. Adopt feasible community-based economic solutions/ models for dugong and seagrass conservation in Alor, Tolitoli and Kotawaringin Barat


After more than five months have been spent working on this project, now it is time to post the final draft of this work. The game The Secret of a Healthy Diet has as learning objective teaching students who attend New middle schools about the significance of following a healthy diet in order to boost their ability to learn. In the game the dominant form of interaction is reading. Students who was selected to play the game had to read the information that are written on many cards that are used to build the game. This method supports the learning objective it allows players to learning about what constitute a good or a bad diet.
Cogintive and behavior of the participants are the two systems that the game affected the most. The cognitive system is affected because the game deals with the process of learning. In the other hand, it affects the cognitive aspect because it leaves players with the possibility to choose between what constitute a good or a bod diet. In term of the number of players that are engaged in the game, it could goes from 2 to 5 players. They interact with the game cooperatively.
The primary objective of the game is to win and learn about good diet. However, the better you do when playing the game, the more positive feedback you would receive. You will receive reward that can be money, trips, bike, gift card, etc. The game objective reinforce the leaning objective. The feedbacks and the rewards are all intended to promote players’ tendency to follow good Diet. The rules of the game are very simple. Each player has to roll 3 dimes, and the total number of the 3 dimes correspond to the question they will have answer on the card. The rules do not conflict with the game learning objectives because they are what makes game functioning.
The game is engaging. The elements support learning in the sense that the player learn about the benefits of making good choice when it comes to food. He will observe his improvement in the domain of learning and food choice.
The game ends when one player wins. It is very easy to play. All a player will need is a basic learning about healthy food. The good part is that while you are playing the game itself will teach you about this basic knowledge. It will take a few minutes to learn the game and become an very efficient player.


As public concern for the climate crisis grows, fossil fuel companies have used the legal system to threaten the First Amendment rights of those who speak out against its practices.
EarthRights has identified 152 cases in the past ten years where the fossil fuel industry has used strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPPs) and other judicial harassment tactics in attempts to silence or punish its critics in the United States.
The fossil fuel industry is not alone in its use of these tactics but stands out for the brazenness and scale of its attacks. SLAPPs and other types of judicial harassment are an ever-present threat to many people in the United States who speak up on political and social issues. This affects people across the political spectrum.
What is happening in the United States is part of a broader global trend of closing civic space, where those who exercise their fundamental rights to speak up about matters of public interest face retaliation in the form of judicial harassment and physical violence.
The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution sits at the very heart of American democracy. To prevent the U.S. legal system from being used to stifle First Amendment rights, we recommend several steps that policymakers, civil society, and the private sector should take to end the use of judicial harassment tactics in the United States. In this policy brief, we have provided specific guidance on how to:
- Promote broader public awareness of the threat.
- Provide at-risk people and organizations with access to legal support.
- Adopt anti-SLAPP laws for all federal and state courts.
- Hold lawyers accountable for using abusive tactics.
- End the practice of treating protesters like terrorists.
These recommendations are not only relevant to environmental and social justice activists but to all people in the United States who want to exercise their rights to speak up about issues that matter to their communities.
Image credit: Greenpeace


AC-3 (Dolby Digital)
AC-3, also known as Dolby Digital , is a perceptual digital audio coding technique that reduces the amount of data needed to produce high-quality sound. Perceptual digital audio coding takes advantage of the fact that the human ear screens out a certain amount of sound that is perceived as noise. Reducing, eliminating, or masking this noise significantly reduces the amount of data that needs to be provided. Dolby Laboratories developed two other perceptual coding systems, AC-1 and AC-2. Building upon Dolby's two previous coding systems, AC-3 was the first coding system designed specifically for multichannel digital audio. AC-3 is the sound format for digital television ( DTV ), digital versatile discs ( DVD s), high definition television ( HDTV ), and digital cable and satellite transmissions.
AC-3 is a 5.1 format, which means that it provides five full-bandwidth channels, front left, front right, center, surround left, and surround right. A low-frequency effect (LFE) channel is included for the sound needed for special effects and action sequences in movies. The LFE channel is one-tenth of the bandwidth of the other channels and is sometimes erroneously called the subwoofer channel. AC-3 also has a downmixing feature that ensures compatibility with devices that do not support the 5.1 format.


Discover, Develop, Deploy
Discipleship defines the very essence of who we are. A disciple (from the Greek word for ‘pupil or apprentice’) is someone who is committed to the task of life-long learning. Beginning with our baptism, our lives as disciples are devoted to learning - to growing in our faith in Jesus Christ. Sustained by the Holy Spirit we are called to a lifetime of discovery, development, and deployment as we deepen our relationship with God through Jesus.
We discover new disciples:
- as we witness to God’s love in a broken world
- as we attract and welcome new parishioners.
- as we welcome new members through baptism and confirmation.
- as we discover a new or renewed sense of discipleship within ourselves.
We develop as disciples:
- through regular worship and sharing in the Eucharist
- through regular disciplines of prayer and reading Scripture
- through regular disciplines of stewardship
- through study together, of the Bible and our faith.
- through holding one another accountable for our conduct as disciples of Jesus Christ
We are deployed as disciples:
- as we witness to God’s love in our daily lives, in our work, our family life, our recreation
- through ministry in and to the wider community
- through caring for creation
- through caring for the needs of one another and our neighbours
Let your light so shine before others that they may see your good works and glorify your Father in heaven.
― Baptismal Liturgy, Book of Alternative Services


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Reclaiming the Lost Art of Storytelling Using TextilebyIrene Jones
There are so many similarities in Navajo textile and African American artist, like Bisa Butler, Quilters of Gee’s Bend, and Faith Ringgold. One of the similar characteristics is the ability to tell stories or recall stories about a particular piece of textile. Story telling is an important part of the history of both the Navajo and African American when they create their art. Navajo stories are often retold through storytelling, prayers, and songs. These stories often recall important events such as family and cultural histories. The tapestry can continue to preserve the struggles, perseverance, and stories woven or sewn into the art.
This unit is intended for second grade students but could be used for first grade, too. This unit will be covered in three weeks. It incorporates art and Language Art Lessons to teach the students about storytelling. Both Navajo and African American cultures have a rich history of storytelling passed down through art. Students will learn storytelling by listening and reading about artists from both cultures as they recall stories that are elicited by their art.
(Developed for Social Studies and Art, grade 2; recommended for Art, Social Studies, and Diné Studies, grades 1-3)


Study and Removal of the Frog's Brain
- Page ID
Starting at the most anterior part of the head, the olfactory nerves connect to the nostrils and then to the olfactory lobes (A) where odors are processed. Just posterior to the olfactory lobes are two oval structurs, the cerebrum (B), and it is the frog's thinking center. Posterior to the cerebrum are the optic lobes (C), which function in vision. The ridge just behind the optic lobes is the cerebellum (D), it is used to coordinate the frog's muscles and maintain balance. Posterior to the cerebellum is the medulla oblongata (E) which connects the brain to the spinal cord (F).
Removal of the Frog's Brain: Turn the frog dorsal side up. Cut away the skin and flesh on the head from the nose to the base of the skull. With a scalpel, scrape the top of the skull until the bone is thin and flexible. Be sure to scrape AWAY from you, carefully chip away the roof of the skull to expose the brain. To receive extra credit for removing the brain, you must present it to me on a paper towel with all structures above visible.
The lower leg of the frog is a muscular leg that the frog uses for jumping. There are 3 main sets of bones in the lower leg. The femur is found in the upper thigh, and the tibiofibula is found in the lower part of the leg. The foot and ankle are made of the tarsals and metatarsals (toes).
To expose the frog's leg bones you must remove the thigh muscle the biceps femorus and the calf muscle the gastrocnemius. You can leave the Achilles tendon intact (this tendon connects the muscle to the bone). The tarsals and metatarsals do not need to be exposed. To receive extra credit, clean your bones by removing the surrounding muscle. Bring the two bones on a paper towel.
**Label the leg bones: Femur, Tibiofibula, tarsals, metatarsals, pelvic girdle**


We bet you’ve never seen the story of Passover told like this. Passover, which starts tonight, is the Jewish celebration of freedom from slavery in Egypt over 3,000 years ago, and the creation of the Jewish nation under Moses. To help everyone understand the story behind the holiday, these students built a Rube Goldberg machine that shows it all. In a Rube Goldberg machine, each piece falls, tips or rolls to knock another piece, which knocks another piece, causing all kinds of crazy things to happen. As you see in this video, each set of stunts tells a story from the Torah, from a fan blowing a baby doll across a kiddie pool (Moses in the river) to branches catching on fire (the Burning Bush). See if you can count the pieces, and tell the story yourself!
Wee ones: If the machine shows the Plague of Blood, the Plague of Frogs, the Plague of Hail and the Plague of Darkness, how many plagues is that? (Don’t worry — they use red food dye and Dominoes for that first one.)
Little kids: If the dominoes take 2 seconds to turn off the lights for the Plague of Darkness, and the lights stay off for 8 seconds, how long did that story take? Bonus: If the lights go off at 1 minute 25 seconds into the video, at what time do they flick back on 8 seconds later?
Big kids: If the machine has 10 domino runs with each using 20 blocks or pieces of matzo, how many pieces in total had to be set up? Bonus: If each tipping piece of matzo is 1/2 inch taller than the piece before it, how tall is the 9th piece if the 1st one was 5 inches tall?
Wee ones: 4 plagues.
Little kids: 10 seconds (8 + 2). Bonus: At 1 minute 33 seconds.
Big kids: 200 pieces. Bonus: 9 inches tall, since the 8 jumps will add 4 inches total.


Toddler children are to have two full changes of clothing. Toddlers need 4 pull-ups daily, if they are in the beginning stages of potty training they will require 6. The teacher will notify you if your child is low at the end of the day. These children are changed every two hours or when wet. Toddler children are taken to the restroom after every meal and before and after outside time. If potty training potty time is around the hour marker. Toddler children need to be walked to their classroom so that they can put their belongings away. By walking the children to their rooms, they learn responsibility and you encourage them on literacy. You encourage literacy by helping them find their name. If the children aren’t to the point where they recognize their name, they can turn to you for encouragement. When the teacher helps them, it’s only to reinforce the literacy.
If you bring in items needed for the child, YOU are to place them in their cubby. This will eliminate you leaving items in the infant room. The Infant room is for 0-18 months and the Toddler room is 18 months-2 ½ years old. Please take your child’s soiled clothing/blankets home at the end of the day. This means that when you pick your child up in the evening, go to their class and check their cubbies. Don’t be afraid to take the artwork, we made it just for you! Please make sure your child’s physical is up to date and have to weather appropriate clothing. We go outside temperature permitting. Children are required to have an hour of daily outside time per the state. Toddlers require a blanket for a nap, no pillows.


When it comes to lubrication of bearings, there are two common types of lubricants that can be used – solid lubricants and oil lubricants. While both serve the same purpose, there are differences between the two that can have an impact on the performance of the bearing. In this article, we will explore the differences between solid and oil lubricants, and explain when each type is best used.
Solid lubricant are materials that are used in a solid form and can reduce friction between surfaces. They are typically used in high-temperature, high-load applications where it may be difficult or impossible to use liquid lubricants. Solid lubricant are typically made from a variety of materials such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide, and PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene).
Oil lubricants are liquid materials that are used to reduce friction between two surfaces. They are typically used in applications where there is a continuous flow of lubricant and where the risk of overheating is low. Oil lubricants are made from a variety of materials, including mineral oil, synthetic oil, and vegetable oil.
In summary, the choice between solid and oil lubricants depends on the specific requirements of the application. Solid lubricants are ideal for high-temperature and high-load applications, whereas oil lubricants are better suited for applications where there is a continuous flow of lubricant and cooling is required. It is important to consider the operating conditions of the bearing when choosing a lubricant, as selecting the wrong type can lead to premature wear and failure.
We are one of the largest suppliers of bearings in China. Providing the same products at the best price is the long term motivation and driving force for our business development. Contact us today to learn more about our products and services.


Top 5 Significant Events That Happened on May 17 in History: Exploring the Past
Top 5 Events That Happened on May 17 in History
Let’s delve into the past and explore the top 5 significant events that occurred on May 17 in history. These moments have played a crucial role in shaping our world, leaving a lasting impact on various aspects of our lives.
1. Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court Decision (1954)
On May 17, 1954, the United States Supreme Court issued its landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education, ruling that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. This pivotal ruling marked a significant milestone in the Civil Rights Movement and laid the groundwork for desegregation efforts in the education system.
2. First Successful Solo Transatlantic Flight (1927)
On May 17, 1927, American aviator completed the first successful solo transatlantic flight, flying nonstop from New York to Paris. This remarkable feat not only showcased the progress in aviation technology but also captured the world’s imagination and propelled aviation into the modern era.
3. Norway’s Independence from Denmark (1814)
On May 17, 1814, Norway officially declared its independence from Denmark after centuries of Danish rule. This event marked the beginning of Norway’s journey as an independent nation, shaping its history, culture, and national identity.
4. The World Health Organization (WHO) is Established (1948)
On May 17, 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO) was established as a specialized agency of the United Nations. The WHO plays a vital role in international public health, coordinating efforts to combat diseases, promote health equity, and improve healthcare systems worldwide.
5. Publication of the First Full Human Genome Sequence (2006)
On May 17, 2006, an international consortium of scientists announced the publication of the first full human genome sequence. This monumental scientific achievement opened doors to personalized medicine, genetic research, and a deeper understanding of human genetics and inherited diseases.


For years, unregulated recreation and random camping has impacted the local community, grasslands and wildlife habitat in the Koocanusa area. The Koocanusa Recreation Strategy is an attempt to restore balance to the landscape and was created after years of engagement from stakeholder groups, government, including First Nations, and local community members. The strategy identifies designated areas for camping and for different forms of recreational activities, concentrating impact in certain sectors and leaving others as priorities for wildlife.
A survey is seeking feedback on the Koocanusa Recreation Strategy until March 28. Please take a minute to support this recreation strategy and help to restore balance to the landscape.
Grasslands are one of the most impacted ecosystems in Canada, as they frequently intersect with human development in valley bottoms, like the grasslands of the Rocky Mountain Trench. They are home to many species, like the long-billed curlew and Lewis’ woodpecker, and provide important food for ungulates like deer and elk.
We are seeing increased impacts from recreation throughout the Kootenays — Koocanusa has become wildly popular with recreation of all forms, including mud bogging, biking and camping. Increasingly, police and Conservation Officers are having to intervene in unregulated events. Recreation management plans support our continued recreation while attempting to find a balance, and identifying areas where wildlife and local community needs are prioritized. Please support the Koocanusa Recreation Strategy today and support the efforts of so many that went into finding a made-in-the-Kootenays solution to support balanced recreation at Koocanusa.


The importance of dietary salt may explain why bees are often observed collecting brackish water, a habit that may expose them to harmful xenobiotics. However, the individual salt preferences of water-collecting bees were not known. We measured the proboscis extension reflex (PER) response of Apis mellifera water foragers to 0-10% w/w solutions of Na, Mg and K, ions that provide essential nutrients. We also tested phosphate, which can deter foraging. Bees exhibited significant preferences, with the most PER responses for 1.5-3% Na and 1.5% Mg. However, K and phosphate were largely aversive and elicited PER responses only for the lowest concentrations, suggesting a way to deter bees from visiting contaminated water. We then analyzed the salt content of water sources that bees collected in urban and semi-urban environments. Bees collected water with a wide range of salt concentrations, but most collected water sources had relatively low salt concentrations, with the exception of seawater and swimming pools, which had >0.6% Na. The high levels of PER responsiveness elicited by 1.5-3% Na may explain why bees are willing to collect such salty water. Interestingly, bees exhibited high individual variation in salt preferences: individual identity accounted for 32% of variation in PER responses. Salt specialization may therefore occur in water foragers.
Keywords: Apis mellifera; PER; Salt concentration; Sodium preference; Water foraging.
© 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.


Governor Tony Evers has proclaimed September, 2021, Coastal Awareness Month in Wisconsin. This proclamation recognizes how Lakes Michigan and Superior contribute to the quality of life in the state, help stimulate the economy, and provide resources, recreation and scenic beauty.
The proclamation calls special attention to the role of the Wisconsin Coastal Management Program at the Department of Administration, which is dedicated to serving and improving access to the natural and historic resources of Wisconsin’s Great Lakes. Since 1978, the Coastal Management Program has worked with stakeholders in state, local and tribal governments, as well as business and non-profit organizations, to manage and protect Wisconsin’s Great Lakes coastal areas. The Program receives significant funding through the Coastal Zone Management Act, administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This includes funds for an annual grant program to support initiatives and research in the Great Lakes region.
Evers’ Proclamation also mentions the newly designated Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary, one of only two such sanctuaries in the Great Lakes. The Sanctuary is located off the coast of Manitowoc, Sheboygan and Ozaukee Counties in Lake Michigan, and contains the sites of 36 known historically significant shipwrecks from the 19th and 20th centuries.
According to a press release from the Department of Administration (Sept 13, 2021) Wisconsin has also recently received almost $250,000 from NOAA for a Project of Special Merit to fund the Collaborative Action for Lake Michigan (CALM) project. This project will help Wisconsin’s Lake Michigan communities develop, revise and adopt policies to improve coastal hazard resilience. The project will “expand coordination efforts among agencies, organizations, and local governments and leverage opportunities to share lessons learned and promote resources, tools, and data within Wisconsin’s 11 Lake Michigan coastal counties.”
Two earlier NOAA Project of Special Merit projects were responsible for launching the Wisconsin Coastal-Management Data Infrastructure (WICDI) project, which focuses on the role of culverts (structures that allow water to flow under roads and other barriers) in mitigating flood hazards. The WICDI project seeks to provide the resources needed by coastal managers to quickly respond to flood damage and identify vulnerable culverts before catastrophe.
These NOAA Projects of Special Merit are administered and managed by the Wisconsin Coastal Management Program. Information on the Wisconsin Coastal Management Program’s goals and strategy can be found in its 2021-25 Needs Assessment and Strategy.


In November 1994, some Roman frescoes detached with the ”strappo” technique in the 1960s from the archaeological site of Masada were found in the deposit of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. The Roman frescoes, depicting faux marble, originally adorned the walls of the house in Masada called Liscat Hamefaked, which was probably the residence of an officer in charge of the local garrison. Only a few photos were taken before they were removed from the site. What was left of them was a few shreds of paint and plaster firmly glued onto jute canvas and haphazardly shelved.
The CCA, Centro di Conservazione Archeologica, developed a program for their conservation and return to the site, to history and to visitors.
The program involved gathering the frescoes, packing and transporting them to the CCA laboratory in Italy in order to restore the surfaces completely. Some of the delicate lab operations were documentation, consolidation, application on a new movable support, cleaning and treatment of lacunae.
Once the frescoes had recovered their aesthetic and material coherence, they were wrapped in special packing materials and taken back to Masada, where they were installed in their original location for presentation to the public.


Earth system models are important tools for assessing the magnitude and impacts of future climate change. Such models have to run in ever finer resolutions in order to capture extreme events, which, in turn, are often responsible for the majority of weather-related and environmental impacts. Therefore, Earth system models require a huge increase in computer power, which is difficult to achieve because of the disruptive evolution of supercomputing technology. To enable big simulations on such gigantic machines necessitates close collaboration between Earth system modellers and computer scientists.
The PilotLab ExaESM (PL-ExaESM) offers a platform where these two communities can meet and interact to build the next-generation Earth system models. To facilitate this process and coordinate the operations, the PL-ExaESM has now a brand-new online place to call home. The new website https://www.exaesm.de/ has been brought online recently to host all relevant information regarding PL-ExaESM, its activities and latest updates. The website is hosted by the Jülich Supercomputing centre and will be the central hub to gather and disseminate information on the project’s effort to enable exascale readiness of Earth System models and associated workflows in Earth System science.
For the official launch of the website, a new ESM Pill has been developed through a collaboration between the ESM and the PL-ExaESM coordination offices. If you are curious to know more about the project and are looking for a condensed documents of informative materials, check out our Outreach materials for download on the dedicated page.


NASA’s TBIRD Mission Demonstrates Breaks its Own Record With 200 Gbps Optical Downlink
NASA’s TBIRD mission recently broke its own record for optical communications in space, demonstrating 200 gigabits per second in a space-to-ground optical link from a satellite in orbit to Earth. NASA said this is the highest data rate ever achieved by optical communications technology.
The TBIRD payload — TeraByte InfraRed Delivery — was built by the MIT Lincoln Laboratory and integrated into NASA’s Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator 3 Satellite (PTD-3), built by Terran Orbital. This is part of NASA’s Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program.
The recent demonstration beat the spacecraft’s previous record of 100 Gbps milestone previously demonstrated by the same team in June 2022. The spacecraft also demonstrated transmitting 1.4 terabytes of test data to a single ground station in a pass that lasted less than five minutes in December.
“Achieving 100 Gbps in June was groundbreaking, and now we’ve doubled that data rate – this capability will change the way we communicate in space,” said Beth Keer, mission manager for TBIRD. “Just imagine the power of space science instruments when they can be designed to fully take advantage of the advancements in detector speeds and sensitivities, furthering what artificial intelligence can do with huge amounts of data. Laser communications is the missing link that will enable the science discoveries of the future.”


It's a plausible theory but, while there's been a slight slowing, it turns out to be wishful thinking.
First, so far there's little impact: according to the US National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration, in the year to February 2009 global emissions grew at a rate of 2.28 ppm per year. The total concentration of CO2 equivalent gases in the atmosphere now stands at 463ppm. Co2 is at 386ppm. (See http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/index.html#global)
Mark Hughes of Climate Risk argues that, because of what's happening with other factors, the economic downturn and GDP deterioration is not likely to get atmospheric CO2 levels down in the future either.
While there's an approximate relationship between global GDP and emissions from energy, this doesn't catch the full greenhouse gas picture by any means and can be misleading.
Essentially, emissions from sources other than energy (e.g. agriculture, land-use, land-use change and forestry etc.) are still growing. Forestry and agriculture alone account for about 31% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
Plus, atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are effected by global carbon sink efficiencies and these have recently been reported to be deteriorating. On top of that positive feedbacks are starting to come into play (e.g. release of previously stored methane from permafrost and deep sea floor deposits).
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Hull Maritime MuseumPolly Checkland Harding
Housed in one of the city’s finest buildings, Hull Maritime Museum has been showcasing 800 years of maritime history since 1975 – including a 113-year-old 40ft whale skeleton and the largest collection of scrimshaw this side of the Atlantic.
First opened in 1871 as the Hull Dock Offices, the Grade II*-listed building is now home to a remarkable collection charting the city’s maritime activities from the late 18th century to the present, grouped into the three main categories of whaling, fishing and merchant trade, and encompassing the likes of harpoons and other tools as well as seafaring paraphernalia including journals, logbooks and contemporary paintings of ships.
The museum also houses the UK’s largest collection of scrimshaw; engravings or carvings into the bone and teeth of whales. It’s a beautiful, if haunting, reminder of the number of whales killed since the deadly trade – now illegal across most of the globe – began in the 18th century. Whale oil was used both domestically and industrially – as fuel for lamps, to soften coarse woollen cloths and in the tanning process – and, by the 1820s, over 60 whalers would set off from Hull to the Arctic every season, bringing back baleen (whale bone) and oil from around 600 Greenland whales.
Hull Maritime Museum is one of six heritage sites – including the Spurn Lightship lightvessel and the Arctic Corsair deepsea trawler – that make up the Maritime Hull Project, a multi-million-pound endeavour to highlight the unique maritime history of the city. Transformational improvements at all six sites will be assisted by £15 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund and £10 million from Hull City Council; at Hull Maritime Museum, enhancements include a new café, public access for the first time to the second floor, and access to one of the building’s domes, with panoramic views across the city.
The museum is currently closed for major renovation works; on reopening, the 50,000 exhibits will have been documented, cleaned and redisplayed to showcase them better than ever.


Identifying linear, exponential, and quadratic expressions and using them to solve problems. Rewriting simple rational expressions in different forms.
Mapped to CCSS Section# HSA.SSE.A.1, HSA.SSE.A.1a, HSA.SSE.A.1b, HSA.SSE.A.2, HSA.SSE.B.3, HSA.SSE.B.3a, HSA.SSE.B.3b, HSA.SSE.B.3c, HSA.APR.D.6, HSA.APR.D.7
Interpret expressions that represent a quantity in terms of its context. Interpret parts of an expression, such as terms, factors, and coefficients. Interpret complicated expressions by viewing one or more of their parts as a single entity. For example, interpret P(1+r)n as the product of P and a factor not depending on P. Use the structure of an expression to identify ways to rewrite it. Choose and produce an equivalent form of an expression to reveal and explain properties of the quantity represented by the expression. Factor a quadratic expression to reveal the zeros of the function it defines. Complete the square in a quadratic expression to reveal the maximum or minimum value of the function it defines. Use the properties of exponents to transform expressions for exponential functions. Rewrite simple rational expressions in different forms. Understand that rational expressions form a system analogous to the rational numbers, closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by a nonzero rational expression; add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational expressions.


Convert between electric horsepower and other major units of power.
A unit of power = 746 watts.
The proposition made by Mr. W. H. Preece, at the recent meeting of the British Association, to change the electrical horse-power from 746 Watts to 1000, and the number 33,000 to 44,236 foot-pounds, so as to preserve the corelation between the electrical and the mechanical horsepower, has very properly been severely criticised, and it is extremely doubtful whether Mr. Preece’s desire to thus establish a new unit will be gratified. Although the adoption of the proposed change would, perhaps, in some respects be convenient for electricians, it is evident that the confusion arising from an excessive multiplication of new units is a constant source of annoyance, and even a superficial investigation would have shown Mr. Preece that the deep-rooted prejudice against the introduction of such units, unless in imperative demand, is not unfounded. Assuming that the substitution of 1000 Watts for 746 as an electrical horse-power would really prove as desirable as claimed, it is not at all clear why the convenience of engineers in general should be sacrificed for the convenience of those more directly interested in the study of electricity, and hence the suggestion made a short time ago that the new unit be called a Preece instead of a horse power. This, of course, would eliminate one of the objectionable features of the proposition, but still the fact remains that we would have another addition to the already long list of existing units—a circumstance which in itself is by no means desirable, and which, we trust, will not and ought not to meet with approval.
Mechanics, vol page 228 (November 1884)
Copyright © 2000-2011 Sizes, Inc. All rights reserved.
Last revised: 16 January 2011.


Rosa setigera (Climbing Prairie Rose)
Also known as Climbing Prairie Rose.
Prairie Rose features clusters of pink flowers that gradually fade to white. Its dark green foliage turns deep red and purple in autumn. It can be grown as a climber or allowed to ramble and mound. It allowed to mound it can be grown as a low, informal hedge. Branches allowed to touch the ground will root if left on the ground for long enough.
Prairie Rose tolerates does best in average, medium to moist, well-draining soil in full sun to part shade. Best flowering and disease resistance occur in full sun. As with any roses, good air circulation is vital and not watering the foliage is best for plant health.
Prairie Rose produces male and female flowers on separate plants. Both sexes are required to produce rosehips. Fruit is relished by birds.
AT A GLANCE
|Sun exposure||Full sun to part sun|
|Bloom color||Pink to white|
|Bloom time||Late spring to early summer|
|Mature height||4-15 ft
|Mature spread||6-8 ft|
|Notes||Native and Bumble bee friendly. Provides nesting material or site for native bees.|
|Present in state|
|Present in county and native|
|Native to North America, but adventive & escaped in state|
|Not present in state|
|Present and rare, native in county|
|Previously present, now extinct|
|Questionable presence (cross-hatched, regardless of color)|


George Sargent was born in Glouster, MA, in 1818 and married Mary Perrin in Iowa in 1839. he was just twenty-one years old, working as a government surveyor. He would eventually become surveyor general for Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Sargent worked for the Banking House of Jay Cooke, helping to sell bonds in Europe to finance the Union effort during the Civil War. After the war he returned to Iowa but traveled to Philadelphia, New York, and Europe often for business. He moved to Duluth in 1869 to work as Jay Cooke’s financial agent and is credited with being the prime driving force behind Duluth’s early commercial success. He opened Duluth’s first bank on Superior Street, oversaw the construction of Duluth’s first hotels (Clark House and Bay View House), and helped finance St. Paul’s Episcopal Church, the town of Duluth’s first church. He and Mary also had a summer home on Minnesota Point, later the property of their son William.
According to historian Walter Van Brunt, Sargent also “sustained close relations with the Jay Cooke banking house of Philadelphia,” and during the years 1871 and 1872 went abroad three or four times, selling bonds the proceeds from which were to finance the Northern Pacific Railway for this banking company. Sargent was a man of high attainments, a discriminating and thoughtful reader and a close observer of men and events. He was an authority on matters of finance, and held a high position in the circles in which he moved.”
General Sargent died in 1875 in Germany while on business. Mary Sargent died in 1896.


IB offers a continuum of high-quality education that encourages international-mindedness and a positive attitude to learning. Their programmes are accessible to students in 131 countries through our close cooperation with the worldwide community of IB World Schools.
- They offer a continuum of education, consisting of three individual programmes—Primary Years Programme (ages 3-10), Middle Years Programme (ages 10-16), Diploma Programme (ages 17-19). The IB 6-12 school in Pittsburgh offers the Middle Years and Diploma Programmes.
- They have a strong reputation for high-quality education sustained for over 35 years. Their curriculum represents the best from many different countries rather than the exported national system of any one. The challenging Diploma Programme assessment is recognized by the world's leading universities. They maintain high standards by actively training and supporting teachers, and by authorizing and evaluating IB World Schools.
- They encourage international-mindedness in IB students. They believe that students must first develop an understanding of their own cultural and national identity. All IB students learn a second language and the skills to live and work with others internationally—essential for life in the 21st century.
- They encourage a positive attitude to learning by encouraging students to ask challenging questions, to critically reflect, to develop research skills, and to learn how to learn. They encourage community service because of a belief that there is more to learning than academic studies alone.
- They ensure that our programmes are accessible to students in a wide variety of schools—national, international, public and private—in 131 countries. These IB World Schools form a worldwide community in which there is no such thing as a “typical” school (more than 50% of IB students are in state-funded schools). IB World Schools cooperate in curriculum development, student assessment and the governance of the IB, making this a unique international collaboration.


Foods that have both fat and carbohydrates are more rewarding, calorie for calorie, than foods with either energy source alone, according to new research.
Fatty foods like cheese trigger one pathway of signals to reward centers in the brain while carb-loaded foods like grain or a lollipop take another route, says Dana Small, professor of psychiatry at Yale University and senior author of a new paper on the research.
“Our study shows that when the signals are combined they make foods more reinforcing,” Small says.
What makes this finding interesting, says Small, is that foods high in fat and carbohydrate do not exist in nature with only one exception: breast milk.
This makes sense, says Small, since it is important for infants to learn to suckle in order to survive.
“In the modern food environment that is rife with processed foods high in fat and carbohydrate like donuts, French fries, chocolate bars, and potato chips, this reward potentiation may backfire to promote overeating and obesity,” Small says.
Can graphic warnings steer us away from junk food?
Additional coauthors are from Yale and the Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research in Germany.
The research appears in the journal Cell Metabolism.
Source: Yale University


What is a Pixel?
A pixel (also known as 1×1 tracker) is a piece of code, which gathers information about visitors. This information is used to report on an advertising campaign’s performance, or to build new segments.
Why is it called a pixel?
Traditionally, a pixel is loaded by inserting an image on a webpage or email. These images are 1 pixel wide and 1 pixel tall. The image is a single pixel.
How are pixels used?
An advertiser places a pixel on a webpage or email. When that pixel is loaded, the visitor’s web browser sends information to the provider of that pixel. Advertisers use tools offered by ad-tech vendors (such as Google or Facebook) to create a pixel.
The advertiser will have a dashboard, where they can see how often that pixel is loaded. This gives the advertiser an idea of how often the measured event has taken place. Using this information, the advertiser can understand their advertising campaign’s performance.
In addition, visitors who loaded that pixel, can be placed into an audience. The advertiser can choose to show ads to this audience again. This is called re-targeting.
How do pixels work?
Pixels tend to be long URLs, for example:
Whenever this URL (the pixel) is loaded, it will measure this as a hit for a given site and marketing campaign.
When the URL is loaded, the following information is sent to the pixel provider:
- Browser (e.g. iOS Safari 12)
- Website where the pixel was loaded
- Screen resolution
- IP address (which can be used to determine location)
In addition, the pixel provider can “connect the dots.” If a user loads one pixel on Website A and a different pixel on Website B, the pixel provider can match information (like the IP address) to build a unique profile for that visitor.