Post-Traumatic Growth (PTG) is different than resilience in that it refers to the difficulties people encounter when they experience a traumatic event that challenges their core beliefs, endure psychological struggle, and then ultimately have a sense of personal growth. Most people show Post Traumatic Growth naturally after encountering such serious challenges. However, when individuals cannot positively adapt to these difficult situations and emotions, or return to their normal functioning, psychologists can be very helpful.
Because of the prolonged duration and world-wide impact of the pandemic, most people have been affected directly and/or indirectly. There is pervasive uncertainty and insecurity. Pandemic-related distress and/or possible growth is influenced by the complex dynamic relationships between factors both within the individual and interpersonally (socially and organizationally).
People have reported dramatic increases in stress, anxiety, depression, fear, loneliness, and discomfort due to the pandemic, which affected multiple areas of their lives – family, work, school, social and environment. Frequently an effect in one area, impacted the lives of individuals in other areas (for example, changes in the workplace influenced the ability or necessity to take care of family members). These changes affect individuals on various levels - emotionally, physically, socially, spiritually, and cognitively.
The impact on individuals, families, and society has been severe and is anticipated to have long-term effects. Children and adolescents have been especially affected and experienced higher rates of stress, anxiety, and fear. Social isolation, financial uncertainty and disrupted placed significant stress on children and their families. Many people have benefitted by working with psychologists in building and strengthening their coping strategies and resilience.


1. Do you like maps?
2. Are you good at reading maps?
3. What do you think when you look at a map of your country?
4. Do you understand all of the symbols on a map?
5. What do you think when you look at a map of the world?
6. Have you ever got lost using a map?
7. Is the public transport map in your city very easy to read?
8. Could you draw a map of your country?
Design legend Michael Bierut tells the story of the accidental success of one of the most famous maps in the world — the London Tube Map.
Let’s ask a Geologist what a continent is. The Antarctic, plate, the Australian plate, the Eurasian plate, the South American plate, the African plate.
Maps are flat representations of our spherical planet. Johnny Harris cut open a plastic globe to understand
His struggle to make a flat map out of the plastic globe is indicative of a challenge mapmakers have faced for centuries: It is mathematically impossible to translate the surface of a sphere onto a plane without some form of distortion.
To solve this problem, mathematicians and cartographers have developed a huge library of representations of the globe, each distorting a certain attribute and preserving others.
For instance, the Mercator projection preserves the shape of countries while distorting the size, especially near the north and south pole.
For a more accurate view of land area look at the Gall-Peters projection, which preserves area while distorting shape.
In the end, there’s not “right” map projection. Each comes with trade-offs, and cartographers make projection decisions based on the particular tasks at hand. But if you are interested in seeing an accurate depiction of the planet, it’s best to stick with a globe.


Home Economics Curriculum Activities
Today's home economics curriculum must address technological advances, cost analysis and communication skills. By developing activities that emphasize real-life challenges, students can learn to master the skills needed for home economics while reinforcing the lessons learned in other courses.
1 Starring in Your Own Informercial
Present your class with a budget of $5,000 to cover all the appliances needed in a new home. Give each student a specific appliance to study, such as washing machine, blender or food processor. Each student must decide which current product on the market is the best, and make a presentation to the class, selling them on his choice. He must include price comparisons and technological advances, as well as why it is superior to other products. Additionally, each student must prove that whatever the cost of their chosen appliance, it still fits into the budget.
For example, a student who argues for spending $2,500 on a high-end refrigerator must demonstrate that by buying a used washer and dryer and a basic stove, the fridge still fits in the budget.
This activity teaches communication skills, analysis and budgeting.
2 Building Projects
Have each student design a backyard shed for a specific activity, such as a playhouse, storage unit or outdoor office. They must build a model and present a budget for materials. Have the students contact local contractors for rough estimates. Ask a building inspector or contractor to come in and speak about cost-cutting measures. Each student must then present a new budget for their project that is 20 percent lower than their original.
This activity emphasizes cost analysis.
3 Grocery Shopping
Give each student a $200 budget to feed a family of four with specific criteria, such as a family with a toddler, vegan daughter and father who is allergic to dairy. Using weekly supermarket circulars, coupon sites and other money-saving techniques, each student must present one week's menu of healthy meals, including recipes and the actual cost of the food involved. Each day's food must meet the recommended daily allowances from the nutritional pyramid.
This activity emphasizes nutrition and budgeting.


- Scientists have discovered the fossil remains of a giant penguin they believe roamed the waters near New Zealand 55 to 60 million years ago, shortly after dinosaurs became extinct.
- Researchers say the ancient penguin, called ‘Kumimanu biceae’ was 177cm tall, measured 100kg and would have been “considerably more powerful than a person”.
- This gigantic penguin would have been an expert hunter due to its long beak and muscly build.
- It’s believed that these animals disappeared following the rise of marine animals such as seals and toothed whales.
- Kumimanu was named after a creature in Maori folklore.
- For some perspective, the Emperor Penguin is the largest penguin alive today, at 120cm tall and weighing about 40kg.
- For more information, I’ve linked a fantastic article from the LA Times below.
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Travelling – the way to Europe (Podróżowanie - drogą do Europy)
In this project, students from 8 schools in 6 countries have developed an online guide named "little homeland" and improved their research skills and their knowledge about European countries
The site offers information about the European Union and all the member states
BBC Bitesize: The European Union
This is an interactive resource webpage in the education section of the BBC’s website. It offers information and activities about the EU from the perspective of human geography.
The Geographical Association: The leading subject association for all teachers of geography
The GA promotes and supports geography teaching by producing high quality
resources for teachers
Not For Parents - Europe: Everything you ever wanted to know
A fun and entertaining look at the more unusual sides of Europe’s countries.
Passport to the European Union
This booklet provides information and asks questions about all the different EU
countries in the form of a passport.
Learning Modules for Civic Education (Lernmodule zur politischen Bildung)
This site offers teachingexamples and lesson plans on themes relevant for the political education like democracy, participation and migration, political systems and Europe
Human Rights; Children’s Rights (Menschenrechte; Kinderrechte)
This site is helpful for teachers when preparing a discussion on human rights
Polis - The Austrian Centre for Citizenship Education in Schools (Zentrum Polis – Politik lernen in der Schule)
This site helps teachers to bring citizenship and human rights education into the classroom
Terrorism and Human Rights (Terrorismus und Menschenrechte)
This site helps teachers to discuss with students how terrorism has become one of thebiggest challenges facingtheinternationalprotection of human rightsandthe implications forcollectivepeacekeeping


Social medicine aims to understand how social and economic conditions impact health, disease and the practice of medicine and then try to work out how we can foster conditions to lead to a healthier society. Social Medicine focuses on the wider determinants of health or 'upstream' factors and include housing, education, income, poverty, transport, health care organization and environmental and genetic influences. By targeting these factors we can prevent illness from happening and so save costs and lives.
Social medicine uses social science and humanities research to improve the practice of medicine, the delivery of treatment and development of healthcare policies. Public health work applies the findings of social medicine to improving services and the health of populations. Social medicine is often said to be made up of social epidemiology, social psychology, medical geography, medical sociology and health economics. In some places, it is considered the academic arm of public health whilst others have called it the bridge between medicine and public health.
If you wish to find out more about social medicine, see The Society for Social Medicine.
There is also a journal Social Medicine which is full of interesting articles on the latest research in the field.
Linked to this is the Social Medicine Portal which can tell you more about the field, especially the work being done in the United States.
An interesting introductory read is http://www.med.unc.edu/socialmed/about/madison-1993 which explains how social medicine evolved from being an application of medical insights to social problems in 19th century to the multi-disciplinary field today.


8 Facts About Drywall Water Damage
It’s no surprise that water damage to drywall is common. Lightweight, durable, non-combustible and quickly installed, drywall, also known as gypsum board, is the most prevalent building material in American homes today. However, drywall and water don’t always get along. While the material readily withstands random splashes and drips, drywall is often one of the first casualties of serious home water damage.
- The first priority must be identifying the source of water and eliminating it. In addition to obvious scenarios such as flooding, damage may occur from hidden sources such as leaky plumbing pipes routed through wall cavities and above ceilings—both areas typically enclosed by drywall.
- To reduce the likelihood of mold growth occurring in wet drywall, effective drying techniques must be initiated within 24 to 48 hours following the water damage incident.
- Proper ventilation, continuous indoor dehumidification and adequate air circulation with fans are essential elements in drying out wet drywall.
- Drywall is very absorbent. If the source of water damage is toxic such as raw sewage, affected drywall must be replaced to ensure toxins are fully removed from the indoor environment.
- Physical damage due to water exposure is also an indicator of replacement. Drywall that has lost structural integrity and is bulging or sagging cannot be restored and must be replaced.
- Other signs of deterioration due to drywall water damage include rust on fasteners used to secure drywall as well as delamination of the outer layers of paper
- Moisture meter readings must be taken to verify that the internal gypsum material is fully dried. If meter readings are not consistent, laboratory testing of samples is recommended to ensure that the drying process is complete.
- Deciding to replace drywall may depend on some or all of the above factors.


Conclusion: More to School than Meets the Eye
There is more to school than reading a book, writing a paragraph, or solving a math equation. What about all those sometimes forgotten skills that help us to be successful as we take notes, follow directions, play a game, take a test or interact with classmates? These abilities cannot be ignored no matter if the student is primarily an auditory, visual or kinesthetic learner. I have learned that since the eyes take in the information and the brain makes sense of what it sees, the visual system is of high importance.
General School Difficulties
- Having efficient speed/accuracy/ memory needed to copy from the board to their paper
- Forgetting which way was right or left when playing games
- Mixing up cardinal directions
- Following multistep directions
- General ability to process information and remember it
- Wearing shoes on the wrong feet
- Proper organization of school supplies/work
- Needing to touch everything to know how it feels
Education and Vision Therapy
I am sad when I think of my students who lost confidence to do their work correctly and retreated into themselves. I also had students do the opposite, who acted out behaviorally because doing the work was so hard for them. Staying at either end of the spectrum for too long is not a place we want a child to be. Something that vision therapy offers is the chance to be in an environment where making mistakes is okay. During vison therapy we learn and grow in multiple ways at each session. While working on eye focusing skills we learn patience. We teach our eyes to work as a team, while being a part of a team that encourages each other to do our best. Our eye tracking abilities improve while we push ourselves. We gain spatial awareness and appreciate the body God gave us. A positive attitude helps foster and encourage our visual thinking skills. As a former classroom teacher and current vision therapist, I am blessed to continue my work of helping others learn more than classroom skills, but life skills as well.


1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Episode
EPISODE, an incident occurring in the history of a nation, an institution or an individual, especially with the significance of being an interruption of an ordered course of events, an irrelevance. The word is derived from a word (ἐπείσοδος) with a technical meaning in the ancient Greek tragedy. It is defined by Aristotle (Poetics, 12) as μέρος ὅλον τραγῳδίας τὸ μεταξὺ ὅλων χορικῶν μελῶν, all the scenes, that is, which fall between the choric songs. εἴσοδος, or entrance, is generally applied to the entrance of the chorus, but the reference may be to that of the actors at the close of the choric songs. In the early Greek tragedy the parts which were spoken by the actors were considered of subsidiary importance to those sung by the chorus, and it is from this aspect that the meaning of the word, as something which breaks off the course of events, is derived (see A. E. Haigh, The Tragic Drama of the Greeks, 1896, at p. 353).


\kˈɒnd͡ʒuːɡətˌɪv pˈɪləs], \kˈɒndʒuːɡətˌɪv pˈɪləs], \k_ˈɒ_n_dʒ_uː_ɡ_ə_t_ˌɪ_v p_ˈɪ_l_ə_s]\
Definitions of CONJUGATIVE PILUS
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Filamentous or elongated proteinaceous structures which extend from the cell surface in gram-negative bacteria that contain certain types of conjugative plasmid. These pili are the organs associated with genetic transfer and have essential roles in conjugation. Normally, only one or a few pili occur on a given donor cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p675) This preferred use of "pili" refers to the sexual appendage, to be distinguished from bacterial fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL), also known as common pili, which are usually concerned with adhesion.
By DataStellar Co., Ltd
Word of the day
- With fleshy stems. [Greek] With fleshy stems.


May 8, 2012 — A new study published in the May 5 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine has found that babies are more likely to have birth defects when they are born to couples who use fertility treatments.
The researchers specifically linked maternal use of Clomid to a three-fold increased risk studyof birth defects. The authors of the study found that couples who struggled for at least a year to get pregnant naturally were 40% more likely to have a baby with a birth defect.
The estimated risk of having a baby with a birth defect after fertility treatments was 8.3%, compared with 5.8% of babies whose parents did not use a fertility treatment. The overall risk of birth defects was 28% higher when the parents used any type of assistive reproductive technology.
The risk is significantly greater for women who used Clomid to improve their chances of getting pregnant. The study found that women who used Clomid independently, without medical supervision, were three times more likely to have a baby with a birth defect.
The researchers based their conclusions on an analysis of data from clinics in South Australia, gathered over 16 years (between 1986 and 2002). It was the largest study that has ever been conducted to investigate the link between fertility treatments and birth defects. The study relied on data from 300,000 live births, including 18,000 babies who had a birth defect.
The researchers declined to comment on which birth defects were specifically associated with the fertility treatments, because this information will be included in an upcoming publication. The birth defects noted in the study were described as “cardiovascular, muscoloskeletal, urogenital, gastrointestinal abnormalities and cerebral palsy.”
The study concluded by noting that even though fertility treatments are associated with a higher risk of birth defects, the risk could be due to some underlying factor. It is plausible that a couple who has problems conceiving naturally might have a biological disorder that would increase the risk of birth defects once they do conceive.


Power Failure in Canada During 1989
On March 13th, 1989 a huge solar induced magnetic storm played havoc with the ionosphere, and the Earth's magnetic field. This storm, the second largest storm experienced in the past 50 years, totally shut down Hydro-Quebec, the power grid servicing Canada's Quebec province:
Montreal, March 15, 1989
Hydro-Quebec confirms that the March 13 blackout was caused by the strongest magnetic storm ever recorded since the 735-kV power system was commissioned. At 2:45 a.m., the storm, which resulted from a solar flare, tripped five lines from James Bay and caused a generation loss of 9,450 MW. With a load of some 21,350 MW at that moment, the system was unable to withstand this sudden loss and collapsed within seconds, thereby causing further loss of generation from Churchill Falls and Mania-Outardes.
Magnetic storms affect power system behaviour, mainly in that they cause transformer saturation, which reduces or distorts voltage. Hydro-Quebec's long lines and static compensators make the system particularly sensitive to such natural phenomena. For example, analysing the events that caused the March 13 blackout, the utility's experts noted a coincidence between the exceptional intensity of the magnetic storm and the tripping of several static compensators, especially at Chibougamau and La Verendrye substations. Immediately after this loss, records show voltage oscillations and power-swings increasing until the the lines from James Bay were lost. Within seconds, the whole grid was out of service.
The system-wide blackout resulted in a loss of some 19,400 MW in Quebec and 1,325 MW of exports. An additional load of 625 MW was also being exported from generating stations isolated from the Hydro-Quebec system.
Service restoration took more than nine hours. This can be explained by the fact that some of the essential equipment, particularly on the James Bay transmission network, was made unavailable by the blackout. Generation from isolated stations normally intended for export was repatriated to meet Quebec's needs and the utility purchased electricity from Ontario, New Brunswick and the Alcan and McLaren Systems.
By noon, the entire generating and transmission system was back in service, although 17 percent of Quebec customers were still without electricity. In fact, several distribution-system failures occurred because of the high demand typical of Monday mornings, combined with the jump in heating load after several hours without power.
Material prepared by Richard Thompson


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By Taylor and Ed
Uses standard voice telephone lines Uses a modem to place a telephone call to another modem at a remote site Two major disadvantages 1.cannot be used to call while modem us being used 2. limited bandwidth Speed usually 56 kbps Not good for busy networks
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) DSL is an always-on technology meaning that you dont have to dial up each time you want to connect to the internet. With DSL you can be on the internet and have a phone call at the same time. You can do this because the phone company the bandwidth of the analog voice on the lines There are a few thing to consider when choosing DSL. DSL has distance limitations. The lines used with DSL were designed to carry analog information. Meaning that the distance that the signal can be sent is limited. Another thing to consider is that the information and data must be separated at the customer site. You have to have a device called a splitter that separates the connection to the phones and the connection to the local network devices.
Standard for sending voice, video, and data over telephone wires Uses digital tech to carry data Better than analog Three services basic rate interface(182Kbps), primary rate interface(1.500 Mbps), and broadband Two different types of communication channels B( data, voice, video) and D(controlling signaling)
ADSL ( Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) ADSL is the most commonly used DSL technology. ADSL has different bandwidth capabilities in each direction. ADSL has fast download speed but a slow upload speed The download speed is typically around 1.5 Mbps. While the upload speed is a lot slower than that. Because of the slow upload rate of ADSL it typically does not work well when hosting a web server or FTP server.
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The Visitor design pattern is another behavioral pattern that simplifies access to an object’s data collections. Moreover, it is closely related to the Iterator design pattern. Unlike the Iterator pattern, the Visitor pattern makes client codes visit one data item at a time. In other words, it repeatedly calls some client codes for each of the data without exposing the client to the complexity of an object’s internal data.
An Object With Complex Collections of Data
We can use the example object with complex data collections from this Iterator Design Pattern post.
The Visitor Pattern Off The Gang of Four
The Gang of Four book states the Visitor design pattern’s intent succinctly.
Represent an operation to be performed on the elements of an object structure. Visitor lets you define a new operation without changing the classes of the elements on which it operates.
Therefore, we create another object (A) representing an operation (method) that accepts an item of data of a specific type. Moreover, the object (B) that has the complex data calls the operation repeatedly for each data item. Hence, the operation simulates the act of visiting each data item. The other object (A) could then derive helpful information from each data item when the operation happens. For example, the total count of data items.
Since the Visitor design pattern requires object B to have a reference to object A, it is essential to use abstraction to decouple them. For example, we have a common interface that both use. As a result, we could create various kinds of object A to process the data item one at a time and derive other information.
Other Design Patterns
The Visitor design pattern is only one of the behavioral design patterns we can use to create maintainable software applications. Check out the other design patterns on Design Patterns Are The Ultimate Toolkit For Programmers.


Welsh Tract Old School Baptist Church Bicentennial Minutes 1903
Downloadable ContentDownload PDF
- This item contains the minutes of the Welsh Tract Old School Baptist Church's bicentennial celebration. The Welsh Tract Old School Baptist Church was initially established in Wales among sixteen Baptists in the year 1701. Thomas Griffith was their first pastor, and the new congregation decided to move to the United States, arriving in September of 1701. They settled first near Philadelphia at Pennepek. The church experienced growth during this time and then in 1703 the church moved to New Castle County, Delaware, where they settled on land known as “Welsh Tract.” The church continued to grow and by the mid 1700s began to send members to start a number of churches in other regions of the United States. Welsh Tract Old School Baptist Church was one of five original churches to form the Philadelphia Association until 1794 when they along with a few other churches requested to join the Delaware Association. Welsh Tract is said to be the oldest Old School Baptist church in the United States.
- Last modified
- October 21, 2022
- Date Created
- October 19, 1903
- New Castle County (Del.)
- Resource Type
- Primitive Baptist Library and Archives - Elon, NC
- Preferred Citation
- Primitive Baptist Library and Archives collection, Archives and Special Collections, Library at Southeastern, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, Wake Forest, NC.
- In Collection:


NEEDS-BASED PUBLIC BENEFITS
Needs-based public benefits are also known as means-tested public benefits. Needs-based public benefits are benefits that have more strict income asset/resource requirements to qualify and be eligible for. Needs-based public benefits are the essential benefits that, CPT, as Trustee, protects.
Needs-based public benefits consist of the following:
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)-A Federal income supplemental program that provides monthly cash disbursements to assist with food and shelter to individuals who are disabled, blind, or aged (65 years old or older)
Medi-Cal(California’s Medicaid Program, every state has own Medicaid Program)-Provides health coverage to low income adults, pregnant women, children, older adults, and individuals with disabilities. Medicaid is the primary payer across the nation for long-term care services.
In-Home Support Services (IHSS) Program– Program that will assist in paying for services for individuals so they can remain in their own residence instead of living in a nursing or care facility. Individuals must be over 65 years of age, or disabled (child or adult), or blind to be eligible.
For More Information and Resources:


In 1925, when painting the ceiling of the Dutuit staircase dome at the musée du Petit Palais in Paris, Maurice Denis created a visual history of French art and granted Claude Monet an important place among the major figures of Impressionism. He features alongside Edgar Degas, Berthe Morisot, Auguste Renoir, and Paul Cézanne.
Maurice Denis visited Claude Monet three times at Giverny, on February 17, 1924, November 16, 1924, and lastly on July 5, 1925. On these occasions, as was his habit, the artist produced several life sketches, including the remarkable Portrait of Monet in Giverny during his second visit. The notes in his journal attest to the admiration Maurice Denis held for the master of Impressionism, in particular for the painter's last great work: "A beautiful day at Claude Monet's, in Xavier [de Lacroix]'s car. Domi, Miss Baudot and Edmond Renoir. Astonishing series of great water lilies. This little man of eighty-four years pulling the cords of his blinds, pushing his easels. "You would not have done that at twenty years old. – Not even twenty years ago." And he can only see through one eye with glasses, the other is obscured. And his tones are truer and more accurate than ever." (Maurice Denis, Journal, volume III, (1921–1943), Paris, Éditions du Vieux Colombier, 1959, p. 40)


Area of Science: Chemistry
Meant for at least Grade K-3 (age 5-7).
This experiment is edible.
An adult need not be present.
Mechanical generation of light (by chewing)
Wintergreen Lifesaver candy (no other flavor will work).
To prevent accidental choking on the candy pieces, have a glass of water handy to drink.
How to do the experiment:
Triboluminescence is the mechanical generation of light. Certain chemical bonds will generate light energy when the molecules are torn apart by mechanical crushing. Wintergreen Lifesaver candies contain some of these bonds. No other flavor of lifesaver candy (such as peppermint) will work in this experiment.
1. Find a room with a mirror, that can be made very dark. Most bathrooms are good for this experiment.
2. Fill a glass of water to drink in case you choke on the candy.
3. Wait about 15-20 minutes in the darkened room until you can see your teeth in the mirror. Make certain your eyes have adjusted to the dark environment.
4. With your lips open so that you can see your teeth, chew a single lifesaver candy while watching your mouth in the mirror.
Each time a part of a Lifesaver is chrushed by your teeth you will see one or more flashes of white light in your mouth! Each piece of candy can produce many flashes of light as it is chewed and crushed.
You are generating light energy by triboluminescence because each time you chew the candy your teeth are tearing apart the chemical bonds that where formed when the liquid candy was molded into a solid lifesaver. Wintergreen contains molecules that exhibit triboluminescnece.
Automotive scientists are studing triboluminescent flashes as a way to sense automobile crashes so that the air bags can be inflated. Imagine having your life saved by a Lifesaver candy!


The subproject focuses on the graphic communication system of the historical and divinatory Mesoamerican manuscripts, commonly called codices in the scholarship.
Mixtec pre-Hispanic codices tell the accounts of the local ruling dynasties and are characterized by a narrative construction, manifested mainly in the spatial organization of content. Divinatory codices were sacred books that served as the principal media to determine what divine forces shaped particular periods of time, thus making them favorable or not for certain activities.
These documents have been studied so far by a whole constellation of important researchers who developed and adopted different approaches In our project, primarily the recent philological-cognitive method by Mikulska (2008, 2015) and Dehouve (i.e. 2009, 2018) will be applied with the aim to:
- investigate how the GCSs applied in Mixtec historical codices and divinatory codices codify and create meaning, both on the level of a sign and of bigger graphic clusters (including whole pages as another unit of meaning),
- examine what graphic (notational) strategies are applied at the structural level to create the effect of narration in the Mixtec historical codices and parts of divinatory ones,
- confront the theories of writing and literacy with central Mesoamerican GCS which do not meet the classic narrow definition of writing but possess a syntax and is clearly capable of codifying narrative.


Important copyright concepts when working with Multimedia content
Multimedia content needs to be properly cited just like a book or article. It's also important to understand when it's okay to re-use multimedia content. The following examples give some guidance:
- The image is a public domain work. Generally, anything published in the U.S. before 1923 is in the public domain.
- The image is available under a Creative Commons license. CC images are labeled as such. When using a CC image, be sure to provide proper attribution to the source.
- The image is otherwise made available for re-use by the content provider. Some websites permit you to re-use their images as long as certain conditions are met (e.g. non-commercial use only). In these cases, you can find out whether re-use is permitted by looking at the website’s Terms & Conditions.
- You have permission from the copyright owner.
Sometimes a multimedia image is copyrighted, but re-use qualifies as Fair Use. The concept of fair use means that there are some kinds of uses that do not require permission or payment. Typically, a "four-factor test" is applied to determine if fair use can be claimed or not when using copyrighted content.
Four Factor Test:
- Purpose and Character of the Use - Purposes that favor fair use include education, scholarship, research, and news reporting, as well as criticism and commentary more generally. Non-profit purposes also favor fair use (especially when coupled with one of the other favored purposes.) Commercial or for-profit purposes weigh against fair use.
- Nature of the Original Work - This is typically a consideration of whether the work is more "factual" or more "creative": borrowing from a factual work is more likely to be fair than borrowing from a creative work.
- Amount and Substantiality of the Portion Used - This focuses on the amount of a work is being used (one image from a copyrighted collection of photos versus all the photos in the collection) and substantiality, or whether the work used comprises the "heart" of the original work.
- Effect of the Use on the Potential Market For or Value Of the Source Work - This asks if the use in question substituting for a sale the source’s owner would otherwise make.
Video - Follow the Four Factors of Fair Use


- Media Release
Nuclear-powered subs open opportunities for Australia
Reforming the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act is the first step in developing the skills and infrastructure to support the critical technology needed to acquire nuclear-powered submarines as announced today by the Australian, British and United States governments.
This is an incredible opportunity for Australia’s economy – not only will we develop the skills and infrastructure to support this naval technology, but it connects us to the growing global nuclear power industry and its supply chains.
While Australia has one third of the world’s uranium supplies, it has limited its nuclear capacity to a single world class medical research reactor at Lucas Heights in Sydney.
Outdated regulations at the Federal and State levels that prohibit nuclear power – and in some cases exploration and mining of uranium – contribute to Australia being unable to properly even consider let alone develop this important industry.
The next generation of nuclear technologies – small modular reactors (SMRs) – will provide some of the cheapest zero emission 24/7 power available.
As Australia looks to decarbonise, these technologies should be allowed. Not only do they produce electricity, they can be configured to produce hydrogen and synthetic fuels and industrial heat that will play key roles in delivering a net zero emission future.
Now that Australia is acquiring nuclear submarines which use small reactors, there is no reason why Australia should not be considering SMRs for civilian use.


Tungsten Chloride Hydrolysis Method Preparing Tungsten Acid
What is tungstic acid?
The general formula of tungstic acid is mWO3•nH2O, the known tungstic acid is variety, and most of them are compounds which formed by the combination of tungsten trioxide WO3 and then united with water at different ratio and formation. Tungstic acid includes yellow, white tungstic acid and metatungstic acid ect..
Tungsten chloride hydrolysis method preparing tungsten acid has been researched for a long time, and with the developing of comprehensive utilization of low grade tungsten ore and recycling of waste tungsten material, it has been further promoted and applied. When tungsten or tungsten compounds reacts with chlorinating agent, it will generate the volatile tungsten compounds of oxychlorination tungsten (WOCl4, b.P.227℃), tungsten hexachloride (WCl6, b.P.346℃) and tungsten dichloride (WO2CI2,b.p.246℃) which are easily generating tungstic acid after hydrolysis, while the purity is as high as more than 99.9%; at present, the often used chlorinating agents are Cl2, HCl, CCl4, S2Cl2, SCl2 ect., and the chlorination efficiency is difference with the changing of chlorinating agents and reaction condition. However, since the harsh conditions of high toxicity of chlorinating agents and the temperature (Required among 500~1000℃), it will cause serious corrosion to the equipments, thus this method is still not widely promoted in industrial; but this process is widely used in vapor deposition to prepare tungsten composite materials, it can be predicted that this method is a promising new method for recycling waste tungsten.


Overall Picture of the Network
Japan Open Chain builds up the blockchain network using Go Ethereum (or Geth), open source Ethereum node software that is most widely used in the Ethereum mainnet.
It uses Proof of Authority (PoA) for a consensus algorithm to form cooperation among nodes. While Proof of Work (PoW), which is used in Bitcoin or Ethereum mainnet, is operated in several 10 thousands of node software around the world, PoA is operating blockchain in a limited number of organizations. Instead, this allows PoA to offer the high speed transaction exceeding 1000 tps.
Furthermore, Pow or Pos only holds “Probabilistic Finality”, by contrast PoA ensures “Deterministic Finality”. In addition, Japan Open Chain limits the operators to Japanese businesses thus compliant with the Japanese law system, what is more is stable, controllable, energy-efficient, and eco-friendly blockchain network. It can be used around the world.
Besides, the commissions are extremely reasonable compared to the Ethereum mainnet. Japan Open Chain ensures the network reliability by forming the system operated by up to 21 organization nodes in order to further enhance the credibility of the network.
PoA, as well as PoW, is a formal algorithm developed by Ethereum Foundation. It has long been operated mainly in Ethereum testnet as well as widely used in many cases of building own chains. As a result together with PoW, PoA became the algorithm safe enough to use and will be able to benefit from the Ethereum community.
Japan Open Chain ties up with Ethereum Foundation and forms a cooperative relationship with Ethereum Enterprise Alliance, of which many of the world’s leading companies are the members. Each working group is advancing research on Enterprise Ethereum and able to have technological advice from development members.


Did you know you can unwittingly expose pollinators to harmful pesticides? Some plant growers still use strong insecticides when growing their garden plants. Neonicotinoids, commonly referred to as “neonics,” are very toxic to pollinators, beneficial insects, and aquatic invertebrates, and are the most widely used class of insecticides in the world. The active ingredients in neonic containing products are absorbed into the plant and circulated throughout it, making the entire plant, including pollen and nectar, toxic to pollinators that feed on them. The insecticide’s potentially long-lasting presence in plants makes it possible for these chemicals to harm pollinators even when the initial application is made months before the bloom period.
New studies from the University of California, finds that neonics not only directly affect bee health, but effects from past exposure can carry over to future generations. So, what can a gardener do to protect our invaluable pollinators?
- Avoid using pesticides. Try the least toxic approach for managing pests – use cultural, mechanical, and biological control methods first.
- Choose plants suited to your environment and select disease and pest-resistant plant varieties.
- Grow a variety of flowers that provide nectar and pollen and that bloom at various times, spring through fall.
- Plant native flowering plants choosing species that are naturally resistant to insect pests.
- Provide habitat by leaving patches of bare ground and brush piles or installing nesting blocks for solitary bees, and plant caterpillar host plants for butterflies and moths.
- Shop at smaller nurseries, green houses, and garden centers that grow their own stock or purchase them locally. Check plant labels or ask staff whether the plants have been treated with neonicotinoids.
Fortunately, many retailers and wholesalers have recognized the risk and have eliminated use of neonics. You can find lists of neonic-free nurseries (including small local native nurseries) online.


Processing Tragedy and Pain
Dear Members of the Brighton School Community,
We join the community in being horrified, saddened, and deeply concerned about the murder of Tyre Nichols. We recognize that people are grappling with emotional hurt and processing yet another tragic, racially-based situation. In each of these instances, we consider the best ways to communicate to you, your children, and our staff. We weigh the impact versus the intent of our communication and how we can be perceived as either performative, political or how communication can only add to pain and trauma. We also know how important it is to acknowledge and offer support. Ultimately, our role is to be educators, counselors, and caregivers to the children of this community and to support you in doing the same. Our actions are focused on that objective.
We are here to support each other and lean into each other. The links below have been provided as a resource to groups of staff member in our district who are working with students to process this horrific situation. You may be interested in utilizing them or passing them along to someone who may benefit from having additional support.
Thank you for continuing to support one another and our school community as a whole.
Kevin McGowan, Ed. D.
Superintendent of Schools
Responding to Tragedy: Resources for Educators and Parents | Edutopia
Addressing Race and Trauma in the Classroom | The National Child Traumatic Stress Network
Teaching in the Wake of Violence | Facing History and Ourselves
Talking to Children About Violence: Tips for Parents and Teachers (nasponline.org)
Head, Heart, Conscience | Facing History and Ourselves


Ineffective of OSH training
It is a common paradigm in workplaces, or at least it is expected, that new worker get some kind of training in occupational safety and health. The aim is make the worker aware of the potential risks involved in the work in order to perform the work safely. For the younger workers, who are more vulnerable to accidents due to lack of experience, the need for training is more pronounced. But, how much is learnt in the workplace training?
It is reported in earlier research work that, most training approaches aim at improving OSH among young workers are teaching-based paradigms using lectures, awareness campaigns, and behavioral modeling rather than learning-based-paradigms such as situated learning, community of practice. Teaching-based methods are mostly are disconnected from the work context.
According to Laberge et al (2014): “Learning in a work situation involves facing diverse dynamic and iterative daily events. An actual work situation is often changing and unforeseeable and requires the development of nuanced approaches.” New workers may experience diverse operational scenarios during the production process variation.
Laberge and Co. add, “With respect to OHS rules, the goal of strictly following rules was sometimes utopian. Both apprentices and experienced workers related situations where a rule had been adapted in order to be able to do a task properly and safely. Generally, experienced workers were able to develop proper strategies to negotiate production and safety, but these adaptions were not always obvious for young workers.”
Workers face a number of practical challenges that affect how OSH learning takes places. And with teaching as the point of departure, learning becomes arbitrary, each new worker developing own learning pattern, taking shortcuts here and there, resulting in learning distant from the original thought.
Read more: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753514000976


Tiny Frogs Caught Turning Bamboo Shoots Into Bachelor Pads
This little green frog goes by many names: Günther's bush frog, the white-spotted bush frog, chalazodes bubble-nest frog, Raorchestes chalazodes. But, if you're not into the whole brevity thing, acts-out-your-Sims-fantasies-inside-bamboo frog would be a pretty fair moniker, too.
Researchers at the National University of Singapore recently discovered this unusual amphibian behavior, in which the frogs squirm through tiny cracks in bamboo shoots to mate, lay eggs and care for young:
A frog disappears into a crack in a bamboo shaft, in sequence by alphabetical order. (Credit: Seshadri K S)
It's the first time frogs have been spotted turning bamboo shoots into sex-pads-slash-nurseries, the scientists report in the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Though the frogs are tiny - about an inch long - the cracks they fit through are smaller still, about a tenth of an inch wide. After squeezing through the narrow opening, the male frogs call out to females, who lay egg clutches within the hollow shoot.
That's not the only biological quirk of the white-spotted bush frogs - born as froglets, they skip the tadpole stage and are raised by dad inside the bamboo. Listed as critically endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the frogs were thought to be extinct for nearly a century, until a handful were discovered in India.


Storyteller’s Card Game
Our Storyteller’s Card Game teaches kids rich, descriptive vocabulary to help them write brilliant stories.-Enjoyed by the whole family
-300 word cards, hilariously illustrated by our team of Hollywood artists
-200 story prompts to fire kids’ imaginations
-Developed with childhood literacy experts
-Guaranteed to make the whole family explode with laughter. May the best storyteller win!
Playing Storyteller’s Card Game is simple: players take turns to be the Master Storyteller. The Master Storyteller takes a Words For… card and reads it aloud. The other players each pick the word card in their hand that they think best fits the scenario. The Master Storyteller decides which word card is the best – whether it’s the funniest, scariest, or simply the most disgusting. Whoever put down the winning card gets to keep the story card. The first person to collect five story cards wins!
What are Storytelling Words?
The words in this game were chosen to help children write brilliant stories, excel at school and in life. Storyteller’s Card Game features 300 storytelling words, carefully curated into six themes – Character, Settings, Taste and Smell, Action, Emotion, and Weather. It was developed with childhood literacy experts and with word selection informed by cutting-edge machine learning
Mrs Wordsmith exists to take every child on an epic word learning adventure that will make them smarter. Let’s face it. The world has moved on, but word learning has not. The engagement gap between video games and schoolwork has grown a mile wide, leaving kids uninspired. If engaged, they could be learning harder, more relevant words – if only they were made to care. They could be explaining, writing, arguing, and singing as only kids can.We’re the new word learning experts, here to ignite the adventurous word learner inside every child.
Out of stock


From FARE (Food Allergy Research and Education):
“What is Food Allergy?
The job of the body’s immune system is to identify and destroy germs (such as bacteria or viruses) that make you sick. A food allergy results when the immune system mistakenly targets a harmless food protein – an allergen – as a threat and attacks it.”
(Accessed March 17, 2014; http://www.foodallergy.org/about-food-allergy )
From the Mayo Clinic:
Food allergy is an immune system reaction that occurs soon after eating a certain food. Even a tiny amount of the allergy-causing food can trigger signs and symptoms such as digestive problems, hives or swollen airways. In some people, a food allergy can cause severe symptoms or even a life-threatening reaction known as anaphylaxis.
Food allergy affects an estimated 6 to 8 percent of children under age 3 and up to 3 percent of adults. While there’s no cure, some children outgrow their food allergy as they get older.
It’s easy to confuse a food allergy with a much more common reaction known as food intolerance. While bothersome, food intolerance is a less serious condition that does not involve the immune system.”
(Accessed March 17, 2014; http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/food-allergy/basics/definition/con-20019293 )


Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2010 March 4
Explanation: Magnificent spiral galaxy NGC 4565 is viewed edge-on from planet Earth. Also known as the Needle Galaxy for its narrow profile, bright NGC 4565 is a stop on many telescopic tours of the northern sky, in the faint but well-groomed constellation Coma Berenices. This sharp, colorful image reveals the galaxy's bulging central core cut by obscuring dust lanes that lace NGC 4565's thin galactic plane. An assortment of other galaxies is included in the pretty field of view. Neighboring galaxy NGC 4562 is at the upper right. NGC 4565 itself lies about 40 million light-years distant, spanning some 100,000 light-years. Easily spotted with small telescopes, sky enthusiasts consider NGC 4565 to be a prominent celestial masterpiece Messier missed.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.


7+ Easy Ways What Is The Difference Between Credit Card And Debit Card
7+ Easy Ways What Is The Difference Between Credit Card And Debit Card. The amount of money you can spend using a debit card is dictated by your account balance, while the amount of money you can access using a credit. Credit and debit cards are often the preferred payment method for many consumers.
Credit card provides better protection against different types of fraud. One key difference between credit cards and debit cards is where the money you spend comes from. While both, the debit and credit cards look identical, there may be a lot of features that make them absolutely different.
But The Debit Card Is Directly Connected With The User’s Bank Account Which Is Less Safe Than Credit Cards.
However, if you don’t pay your monthly. While they look the same and generally function the same, the manner in which transactions operate are different. The term “credit card” is commonly used to refer to both.
One Key Difference Between Credit Cards And Debit Cards Is Where The Money You Spend Comes From.
The main differences between debit and credit. Debit cards have some similarities to credit cards. Looking at the pros and cons of each can help you decide whether.
Both Can Make It Easy And Convenient To Make Purchases.
Generally, come with greater protection than most debit cards. When you make a purchase with a. Learn more about key distinctions lie in the transaction limits, interest, payment methods and more to understand how credit and debit cards differ.
The Main Difference Is That With A Credit Card, You Don't Have To Repay Any Of The Money You Spend Until Your Credit Card Bill Is Due.
The chief difference between a debit card and a credit card is this: Namely, a debit card uses money deposited. You use your card to make purchases which are reflected in your bill.
Difference Between Debit Card And Credit Card.
That’s why credit cards charge interest. Or you can wait longer and let the credit owed roll over from. The biggest difference between a credit and debit card is fees.


Breeds August-December. Nankeen Kestrels hover above open pastures whilst hunting, looking to catch rodents below in the grass. In grasslands of the south, established pairs are resident year round. Three to seven eggs are laid in late winter and incubated by the female alone. Hatching takes place after 26 to 28 days, with the male bringing food to the female. Multiple broods are raised in good seasons.
Black 'teardrop' through eye, rounded black edge on tail. Slim build, small size and distinctive straight-winged hovering habit.
Source: Atlas of Living Australia
The smallest Australian falcon. Hovers in mid air and once prey is spotted moves nearer to the ground until it is close enough to pounce.
Carnivore. Eats mainly insects but also small birds, reptiles and mice.
Occurs in open grasslands, woodlands, croplands and urban areas.
Native to Australia


Ethnicity and Stereotypes
Addressing and standing up against stereotypes
A stereotype is an overgeneralized, fixated, and unfair belief about a specific group of people or things based on a particular characteristic or expectation. While it may be common knowledge not to poke fun and make stereotypes at other ethnic groups, the same applies to your ethnicity. After all, ethnicity is a legally protected characteristic.
In this microlesson, we show how one by-standing co-worker is offended after his colleague is making fun of their shared culture and his own family. While it may seem like a joke to one person can be offensive to others, even the most well-intentioned people have blind spots and are not aware of their actions. In the video scene, employees and managers will see how one colleague “typecasts” another employee based on their background, creating an uncomfortable and awkward interaction. This microlesson is also included in the Preventing Workplace Harassment Training course.
- Making stereotypes about one’s own ethnic background creates a disrespectful workplace.
- How to be more aware of your actions and words.
- How actions and “light-hearted” jokes can impact others.
Interested in training your employees with 3-5 minute video lessons that address specific and timely concepts?


What is the MOD function?
What does mod stand for in math? MOD stands for modulus, an operation to find the remaining number after a division operation.
What is the MOD function in Excel? A function to calculate the remainder of the division.
MOD Function Syntax
number, required, the number to be divided
divisor, required, the number that will divide the number argument
- If divisor value is 0, then returns an error #DIV/0!
- MOD function result sign always the same as the divisor sign argument.
How to Use MOD Function in Excel
For example, there are data such as the image below. What is the result of the MOD function in column C?
MOD Function #1
The MOD function returns an error #DIV/0! Because the divisor value is 0
MOD Function #2
There is no remainder for each number divided by 1
MOD Function #3
Three divides by two have one remaining; a minus sign appears because the divisor has a minus sign.
MOD Function #4
Not for integer number only, you can use the MOD function for a decimal number. No remainder for 3 divides by 1.5
MOD Function #5
Like the 5th MOD function, you can use decimal number both in number and divisor argument. Three divides by 2.5 return 1 for the remaining number.
Please see the image below for the results of the five functions above.
Another Alternative How to MOD
Another way to do MOD is to use mathematical formulas. The formula below gives the same results as the MOD function.
MOD(n, d) = n - d*INT(n/d)
n is the number argument, d is the divisor argument, and INT is rounding down function to the nearest integer.
The results are as shown below.
The MOD function or its alternatives gives the same results. For me, the Excel MOD function is better, than having to write a longer formula 🙂


Find accurate definitions of over 5,000 Catholic terms and phrases (including abbreviations). Based on Fr. John Hardon's Modern Catholic Dictionary, © Eternal Life. Used with permission.
Random Term from the Dictionary:
The state of the soul in mortal sin, based on the analogy with bodily death. Just as a physical body may be not only ill or suffer injury, but cease to retain its principle of life, so the soul can lose sanctifying grace through mortal sin and supernaturally cease to live. It is, therefore, spiritually dead because it is no longer united with God, who gives it supernatural life, even as a body is dead on separation from its animating principle, which is the soul. While still on earth, this union with God is both a possession and a movement. We possess him by grace and in faith, and we are moving toward him in the beatific vision of glory. When persons sin mortally, they are twice dead: once because they lose the gift of divine life they formerly had, and once again because they are no longer moving toward the consummation of that life in heaven.
Mortal sins are no longer remissible by any power within the soul itself, much as the human body, once dead, cannot be brought back to life except by a special intervention of God. In Patristic literature the restoration is compared with the resuscitation of Lazarus. The exercise of almighty power in either case is the same. "Everyone who sins, dies," says St. Augustine. Only the Lord, "by his great grace and great mercy raises souls to life again, that we may not die eternally" (In Joannis Evangelium,49). Only infinite mercy can reconcile the grave sinner.


The simple division of environmental testing can be divided into “climate environmental testing”, “mechanical environmental testing” and “comprehensive environmental testing”.
Climate-related environmental tests include environmental stress tests such as temperature, humidity, and pressure, while mechanical environmental tests include environmental stress tests such as shock and vibration, and comprehensive environmental tests are stress tests that integrate climate and mechanical environmental factors.
- Mechanical environmental test: Environmental stress: impact, vibration, collision, acceleration, high noise, high wind
- Comprehensive Environmental Test: Environmental Stress: Environmental Factors Combining Mechanical Environment and Climate Environment
- Climate environment test: Environmental stress: temperature and humidity, gas, salt fog, wind and rain, pressure, solar radiation
Of course, tests conducted using environmental test equipment cannot completely reproduce the environment in which the product is used and simulate all environmental factors. Here, the limitations of environmental tests must be understood.
An environmental test consisting of a single factor (temperature, humidity, pressure, vibration, shock, or a substance such as salt) is called a simple environmental test.
In fact, it is very difficult to create a completely single environment, and most test environments are very complicated.
Therefore, when designing the test conditions, the tester needs to select the most important environmental factor that has the greatest impact on the product, so the environmental test can only be an artificial environment that is still very different from the real environment.
In general, product defects are caused by the following aspects:
- The concentration and diversity of raw materials, friction, wear, stress, heat, current, and electric field strength, these factors will affect the performance of certain aspects of the product;
- Factors caused by product characteristics (raw materials, manufacturing processes, structural components, and mass production) during product design and manufacturing;
- Stress is generated by the external environment.
Therefore, the test conditions must be based on specific product conditions, which are different for different products.
If the product under test has changed, the corresponding environmental test will also change.


Self-Advocacy for Patients with Bone Marrow Failure Diseases
What is Standing Up for Your Health?
Standing Up For Your Health means being a strong self-advocate and an empowered patient. It means taking a more active role in your care to ensure you or your loved one receive the best care and treatment available.
Standing Up For Your Health is also a program created to help people with bone marrow failure diseases and their families develop the skills necessary to ensure they receive high quality care. It includes an integrated set of tools, learning experiences, materials and resources for you to examine, evaluate, and engage with, all with the goal of helping you become a more effective advocate for your own healthcare and a more powerful patient.
The Five Principles of Standing Up for Your Health highlight what empowered patients and strong self-advocates do that leads them to consistently receive high quality care.
Why is self-advocacy important?
- Self-advocacy helps you get high-quality care.High quality care means getting the right care at the right time delivered by the right healthcare professional for you.
- Self-advocacy helps you feel in control. At times you may feel like your disease is running your life. Standing up for your health can give you back a sense of control. When you stand up for your health, you can get the information you need to make informed choices about your medical treatment and your healthcare providers.
- Self-advocacy helps you get the support you need. When you stand up for your health, you ask for help from family, friends, and others. Their support can help you cope with your disease.
Self-Advocacy: Speaking out about your need, small or large, in an effort to get help to meet that need. Effective and respectful communication is important for successful advocacy. It is both a "mindset" and a set of skills you can learn.
Powerful Patient: An empowered patient who educates themselves about their condition, advocates for their needs, and retains control of key decisions about their care.


Ben Gray’s actions sparked his entire school district to eliminate the use of non-biodegradable polystyrene lunch trays. This past Earth Day, April 22, the entire Franklin Special School District in Franklin, Tennessee switched to reusable and biodegradable trays only.
Day after day during lunch, Gray, an eighth-grade student at Freedom Middle School in Franklin, noticed kids in his school throwing away the polystyrene cafeteria trays. Chloe, his fourth- grade sister, confirmed his suspicion that the same thing was happening at her elementary school and most likely at the other seven schools in the district.
As it turns out, Gray learned the school district’s cafeterias had used and disposed of roughly 220,000 trays this school year alone. The use of these trays just seemed wrong to him in an age of heightened environmental consciousness, so he decided to do something about it.
Gray felt that the use of the polystyrene trays conflicted with the other green initiatives sponsored by the school district and city. That was enough to spur Gray on his quest to find and implement an alternative way to serve school lunches. As a result, the school district began phasing out its current supply of polystyrene trays in favor of the washable and biodegradable trays. Moreover, on Earth Day, April 22, 2014, all of the school district’s meals were served on recyclable or compostable lunch trays, providing thousands of students with the same message taught in their classroom: reduce and recycle.


BSID #: 883674
Students who have been eligible to write the OSSLT at least twice and who have been unsuccessful at least once are eligible to take the course. (Students who have already met the literacy requirement for graduation may be eligible to take the course under special circumstances, at the discretion of the principal.)
This course has the following units of study:
OLC4O has a course cumulative project (e-portfolio) worth 10% and a final exam worth 20% of the final grade calculation.
A. Building Reading Skills
A1. demonstrate the ability to read and respond to a variety of texts;
A2. demonstrate understanding of the organizational structure and features of a variety of informational, narrative, and graphic texts, including information paragraphs, opinion pieces, textbooks, newspaper reports and magazine stories, and short fiction;
A3. demonstrate understanding of the content and meaning of informational, narrative, and graphic texts that they have read using a variety of reading strategies;
A4. use a variety of strategies to understand unfamiliar and specialized words and expressions in informational, narrative, and graphic texts.
B. Building Writing Skills
B1. demonstrate the ability to use the writing process by generating and organizing ideas and producing first drafts, revised drafts, and final polished pieces to complete a variety of writing tasks;
B2. use knowledge of writing forms, and of the connections between form, audience, and purpose, to write summaries, information paragraphs, opinion pieces
C. Understanding and Assessing Growth in Literacy
C1. demonstrate understanding of the importance of communication skills in their everyday lives – at school, at work, and at home;
C2. demonstrate understanding of their own roles and responsibilities in the learning process;
C3. demonstrate understanding of the reading and writing processes and of the role of reading and writing in learning;
C4. demonstrate understanding of their own growth in literacy during the course.


Not that long ago, multiple industries used asbestos to manufacture a broad range of products. Many of them provided little training or safety equipment for their workers, resulting in people inhaling particulate asbestos because of their work.
However, as medical evidence about the dangers of asbestos became more readily available, this mineral substance fell out of favor in many industries. The investments necessary to make asbestos handling safe for workers may be prohibitive, to say nothing of the long-term liability companies have if they expose their workers to this known carcinogen.
Although far fewer people now have to handle asbestos than in the past, tens of thousands of workers have already suffered dangerous levels of exposure. Additionally, even their family members might be at risk. Anyone with firsthand or secondhand asbestos exposure will need to remain vigilant for warning signs of illness for the rest of their lives.
No amount of asbestos exposure is safe
Not everyone exposed to asbestos falls ill as a result. Some people can encounter asbestos frequently and inhale small amounts occasionally with no negative consequences. However, there are other people who will develop cancer after even intermittent exposure to asbestos.
Workers who did not have proper safety and decontamination equipment when working with asbestos could be at risk for developing illnesses decades later. Mesothelioma might not show symptoms until long after someone retires. Workers may also develop lung cancer or asbestosis.
Family members of those who work with asbestos are also at risk. Secondary exposure because a worker brought home asbestos particulate on their clothing or body could lead to their loved ones getting sick later in life.
Asbestos claims are often complex
Making a claim for compensation related to workplace asbestos exposure can take some time. A worker may qualify for workers’ compensation benefits in some cases, but they may have long since left the job that exposed them.
Proving complex medical cases in court may be difficult. Even if the employer already has an asbestos bankruptcy trust established, the process of making a claim could take months and require legal assistance. Connecting your illness with your employment or a loved one’s former job could be the first step towards seeking compensation for an asbestos-related illness.


The assertion that “all counseling is cross-cultural” is widely accepted by practitioners due to the diverse society we live in today. The field of mental health comprises professionals from various ethnicities and backgrounds, providing services to individuals from different cultures.
The statistics show that the representation of different ethnic groups among psychologists in the United States is not proportionate to the country’s demographics. Therefore, it is essential for practitioners to gain knowledge, experience, and techniques in working with diverse populations.
BHS 465 Topic 2 DQ 1
Accurate data on the demographics of the country, including ethnicity, can be obtained through regular censuses and assessments. This information enables us to evaluate cross-cultural differences and develop effective approaches. Considering the cultural competency of practitioners is crucial.
They need to acquire research, practical experience, and measures that are valid and reliable in working with different cultures. This ensures the provision of information related to social desirability bias and supports the development of tailored therapies.
In my personal opinion, I agree that all counseling is cross-cultural. While there may be instances where clients share the same ethnicity as the professionals, it cannot be assumed that every client will come from the same cultural background. It is important for practitioners to maintain an open mind, exhibit flexibility, avoid biases, and gain experience in working with diverse populations. This preparation allows for the delivery of continuous and effective therapy. BHS 465 Topic 2 DQ 1
Maryville university (2021). Multicultural counseling: types, strategies, and techniques. Multicultural
Counseling: Types, Strategies, and Techniques | Maryville
Kristine E. Larson, Catherine P. Bradshaw, (2017). Cultural competence and social desirability among
practitioners: A systematic review of the literature, Children and Youth Services Review, Volume 76, ISSN 0190-7409,


When Was the Holy Land an Independent Arab State?
For years Yasser Arafat has referred to Israel as “our country, Palestine” and has talked about retaking the land, “restoring its freedom,” and restoring the State of Palestine with “holy Jerusalem” as its capital. But there has never been a state to restore.
Furthermore, Jerusalem has never been an Arab or Muslim capital. Even when the Ottoman Turks (non-Arab Muslims) ruled (1517–1917), their capital was Istanbul, not Jerusalem. But King David made Jerusalem the capital of Israel 3,000 years ago.
In 1922 the British gave the Arabs a state by giving them three-fourths of the land that had been designated for the Jewish people. All the Jews living there were expelled. This bequest became the Kingdom of Jordan.
However, Arafat seeks to “liberate” the remainder of the land. Thus the goal is not independence; it is the destruction of Israel. Zuheir Muhsin, the late military department head of the Palestine Liberation Organization, told the truth to the Dutch newspaper Trouw in March 1977, when he said, “Yes, the existence of a separate Palestinian identity serves only tactical purposes. The founding of a Palestinian state is a new tool in the continuing battle against Israel.”


My macbook gets really hot these days, ya because it’s summer out here now! so it’s almost unbearable to keep it in my lap usually! I changed many power options to keep it cool but it failed me . . .
Anyway, so coming to the point, how can i check the core temperature of my computer and / or temperature of my laptop processor (it’s core2duo btw)
There are many utilities out there that perform the specified function of testing your processor’s temperature (specially intel based) and report it back to you. However some of them interpret the data and don’t tell you the exact processor temperature! they infact use the algorithm and report you back the core temperature.
The application that i used (for windows – on my macbook) is called Real Temp. A pretty simple, small and to the point application!
Oh and btw! your processor can go upto 70 degree celcius (as a industry standard) – so don’t panic if it’s too hot! Hopefully you will find this application useful.
4 comments on “How to monitor your processor temperature”
I’ve had had mine running well above 80 before and even had trouble with one a while ago ran at over 100 degrees:P not good for it but it didn’t die and you will find that 70 is not considered to be getting too hot. No need to worry
even 65 to 70 degree can become so hot for you to bear the laptop in your LAP
Ive been looking for something like this for ages
so now you got it! :)


What are Antinutrients?
Antinutrients are compounds found in nuts, seeds, cereals, pseudocereals, legumes, soy, nightshades and cruciferous vegetables. There aare different types of antinutrients:
Antinutrients with known harmful effects to human health:
- Phytic acid or phytate: found in legumes and grains
- Anti Trypsin inhibitors
Antinutrients with known benefits to human health:
How do Antinutrients work:
- They can inhibit amylase, trypsin and pepsin making more difficult to digests proteins, carbohydrates and other nutrients making fermentation and gut dysbiosis more easy to exist
- Block the absorption of minerals: zinc, magnesium, calcium, iron, manganese,etc.
a. Eating foods that are rich in Vitamin C and Vitamin A can counteract phytate and increase iron absorption.
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People Asked: Can We Really Overcome Food Allergies?
Food allergies are immune system reactions that occur immediately after eating certain foods. Even small amounts of foods that cause allergies can cause signs and symptoms such as digestive problems, hives, and swelling of the airways.
According to Dr. Deepti Khatuja, food allergies are mostly developed during childhood but they can develop at any age of life. Food allergies that develop during adulthood, are likely to be lifelong allergies.
We have come to a point where we often confuse ourselves between food allergies and food intolerance. In this blog, we will be discussing the difference between food allergies and food intolerance quickly. A food allergy occurs when the immune system reacts to harmless food. Food intolerance occurs when the body has a chemical reaction to eating a particular food or drink. A true food allergy causes a reaction in the immune system that affects many organs in the body. It can cause a variety of symptoms. In some cases, allergic food reactions can be serious or life-threatening. In contrast, symptoms of food intolerance are generally less severe and are often limited to digestive problems.
What are the common food allergies?
Can we outgrow food allergies?
You can overcome allergies. Some experts believe that resistance to allergens can develop when a person is exposed to very low levels of allergens over time. This is similar to how a vaccine works to immunize a particular bacterium or virus, or how an allergic shot works to reduce a person's allergic reaction to a particular allergen. A lot of people often outgrow food allergies, but it also depends on what they are allergic to. While eggs, cow’s milk, wheat, and soy allergies can be outgrown, allergy to peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish tends to persist.
Studies have shown evidence that between 60 and 80 percent of young children will outgrow a milk or egg allergy by age 16, that 20 percent of children will outgrow a peanut allergy, and that 4 to 5 percent will outgrow a fish or shellfish allergy.


Most of the victims of slave labor in Brazil are illiterate males, according to Marcelo Campos, adviser in the Brazilian Ministry of Labor and Employment’s Department of Work Inspection.
These men work mostly cutting down forests, preparing forests and fields to plant forage grass, and tending livestock. Last year Pará was the state with the largest number of workers freed by the Ministry’s Special Mobile Inspection Group: 1,128 altogether.
Campos observes that the definitions of slave labor and degrading labor conditions are frequently confused. "Slave labor is when workers are prevented from leaving their jobs. They can’t tell their boss they won’t be back to work the next day. If they do, they will be beaten, and their lives may even be threatened," he informs.
Under degrading labor conditions, according to Campos, individuals are free to break their contracts. "They are deprived of all their workers’ rights, as in the case of slave labor, but, in effect, if they so desire, they are not obliged to return to work the following day," he explains.
According to Campos, workers subjected to slave labor conditions are inveigled by promises of employment and a better life. They are recruited by landowners or go-betweens.
"They [the recruiters] go to where there are workers available, most of the time in other states, and they hold out false promises of good wages, good housing, and good working conditions. They delude them. They take these workers to the farms, maybe even advancing them some money," he warns.
"When they get there, the workers realize that nothing they were promised was true. And they are blocked when they try to leave."


innovation for industry
Information and communication technologies
Leti has been using the 3.5 GHz frequency with a bandwidth of 40 MHz to test a 5G network on the MINATEC campus since January 2017. The frequency could be the first to be released for 5G network rollout.
To run the multiservice transmission tests, a base station was installed at a high point on the campus and three mobile terminals are used to emulate smartphones. The researchers working on the project started by tackling how to enhance the signal waveform and decode it at the receiver. “We tested a post-OFDM multicarrier waveform to make sure it was compatible with the three types of service 5G networks will provide: very-high-speed internet, optimized transmission for IoT, and high-reliability low-latency communications,” said a Leti researcher.
The researchers are also currently testing innovative multiple-access control systems to demonstrate that information can be transmitted and received by multiple users simultaneously. Finally, some of the more advanced features of tomorrow’s 5G networks will also be tested, such as in-band full-duplex, which can double capacity by allowing data to be transmitted and received at the same time on the same frequency band.
CEA is a French government-funded technological research organisation in four main areas: low-carbon energies, defense and security, information technologies and health technologies. A prominent player in the European Research Area, it is involved in setting up collaborative projects with many partners around the world.


As the partial government shutdown nears the one-month mark, there is increasing concern that hackers may use the shutdown as an opportunity to infiltrate U.S. government networks.
Last November, President Trump launched the Department of Homeland Security’s new Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA). CISA’s purpose is to defend the federal government’s computer systems from potential cyberattacks. However, less than two months after its creation, nearly 45% of the agency’s staff has been furloughed due to the shutdown. While some cybersecurity processes can be automated, many others require analysts to evaluate threat reports and determine the appropriate course of action. And even “essential” cybersecurity functions have been hampered by the shutdown, due to a lack of incoming information from other government agencies.
At the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which sets and updates security and privacy standards for the government and private sector, nearly 85% of employees are furloughed. The Computer Security Resource Center, where NIST posts its comprehensive guidelines for network and account security, is another casualty of the shutdown—the website is currently unavailable.
Routine maintenance and security patching of federal websites has also come to a halt, creating opportunities for malicious actors to break a website’s encryption and insert malware. Since the start of the shutdown in December, HTTPS security certificates for over 80 government websites have expired, including pages maintained by the Department of Justice and NASA.
Aside from direct hacking of federal computer systems, the government shutdown creates an opportunity for hackers to examine network activity and determine which are considered “essential,” in preparation for a future attack. Moreover, the rapidly increasing backlog of unassessed threats and system maintenance has the potential to hinder cybersecurity agencies far into the future, even after this record-setting shutdown finally comes to an end.


Banja Luka, Bosnia
BANJA LUKA (Banya Luka), city in northern Bosnia. The earliest reference to a Jewish community dates from 1713, when Jewish merchants of Banja Luka appealed to the French government to appoint one of them French mercantile consul in the town. The community had both a Sephardi and an Ashkenazi synagogue and numbered 226 persons in 1875, 336 in 1895, and 457 in 1927. A joint community center was built in 1936. It was damaged by Allied bombing in 1944. Each congregation had its own rabbi: Menachem Romano for the Sephardim, Pinchas Keller and Mavro Frankfurter for the Ashkenazim. There was some Zionist activity under the leadership of Judah Levy and Hans Bramer. Both synagogues were destroyed during the Holocaust, when most of the local Jews perished.
From the 1990s Banja Luka was the seat of the Republika Srpska (Serbian Republic) as part of the Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. A small Jewish community was reestablished.
Jevrejski Almanah, 1–2 (1926–27), index. ADD. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Spomenpca 400 (1966); Y. Eventov, Toledot Yehudei Yugoslavia, vol. I (1971), 97–99; Z. Loker (ed.), Toledot Yehudei Yugoslavia, vol. II (1991), 213–15.
Source: Encyclopaedia Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group. All Rights Reserved.


Writing to persuade has a lot in common with writing exposition. Your organizational and developmental strategies will be the same. However, with persuasive writing, you write to convince, not to teach. There is a difference. Keep reading for five steps and how to structure your persuasive paper or article.
Writing to Persuade, The How
With persuasive writing, you make a claim, or statement you want others to believe. Then you must support these claims or statements with facts. You should not use absolute statements and modifiers such as all, every, and always to support your claims. Most often, these absolutes are impossible to logically defend and will actually weaken your argument.
Writing to Persuade Example, What Not To Do
You couldn’t say “all children prefer chocolate cake to white cake” because even though some children most certainly prefer chocolate, all don’t and your reader may very well know just such a child. And there you will have lost them.
You also need to back up your claims with evidence: numbers, witness accounts, etc. Few intelligent readers will accept claims solely on your opinion.
Hopefully, if you are writing a persuasive paper on a topic, you already know a great deal about that topic. To be effective with your persuasive writing, knowledge of the subject is a required. This means, if you aren’t already an expert on the topic, you will need to do some reading and research. Don’t try to fa
ke your way through. Also, don’t forget to quote those resources and give credit where possible. Showing you have done the research from reliable sources will only strengthen your argument.
Writing to Persuade, Five Steps and How to Structure Your Paper or Article:
- Make your claim in the introduction.
- Second, recognize and refute your opposition (in the first paragraph preferably).
- Once done with this, don’t mention the opposition again.
- Voice your arguments (most of the space of the article should be dedicated to this), starting with your least convincing point and ending with your most convincing.
- End strong (most convincing argument) for the most impact on your readers.
- Now that you have them, restate your claim.
Now, go persuade someone.
Great article! I’ll be putting it in practice on my next post.


Retaining walls are most commonly used in excavations for preventing the collapse of soil into the excavation. Retaining walls are especially necessary if there are other buildings or structures near the excavation. Retaining walls may be temporary or they may be left in place as a part of the permanent structure. The walls may be constructed waterproof. In addition to excavations and underground construction, retaining walls are also used in water works and shore construction, such as in quay walls or jetties of harbours.
The retaining walls of building pits are usually realised by means of sheet piles and support elements, such as dam walls implemented by means of excavation piling. Dam walls often form a part of the permanent structure. Construction excavations may also be supported with soldier pile walls where horizontal piles are attached on vertical supports. A retaining wall may also be constructed of adjoining steel piles which may be connected with locks. Retaining walls are often supported by anchoring them to the rock.
Sheet pile wall
Sheet piles are driven into the soil by means of impact or vibratory hammers and made waterproof by the locks of the sheets. Our modern tonguing and grooving equipment allows the installation of even 25-metre full-length sheets using a resonance-free method which significantly reduces the vibration caused to the surroundings. High-frequency vibrator penetrates even dense moraine. Data collection during sheet pile wall installation is automated and real-time.
In addition to sheet pile, soldier pile and dam walls, retaining walls can also be implemented as combi walls. Combi walls combine steel piles with sheet piles, allowing a better management of vertical loads than in sheet pile walls.
Our tonguing and grooving equipment is especially well suited to sites where:
- sheeting is installed in difficult ground and environmental conditions
- the sheeting is long – we can install even 25-metre sheeting profiles in full length
- tight vibration limits apply
- the soil contains a dense moraine layer
- the sheeting should be installed until the rock surface


This encyclical, issued by Pope Pius XI, appeared in 1931 on the fortieth anniversary of Rerum Novarum, an encyclical authored by Pope Leo XIII. Like its predecessor, Quadragesimo Anno (translated "In the Fortieth Year") equally condemned unfettered capitalism and socialism, and reiterated workers' rights to form unions as well as to receive "just" wages. In so doing, as David O'Brien argues, it vindicated the Bishop's Program of 1919 and Monsignor John A. Ryan's work as a social reformer. It went beyond Rerum Novarum, however, in its discussion of how "to abolish conflict between classes with divergent interests and thus foster and promote harmony between the various ranks of society." In so doing, in ¶88 through ¶105, this encyclical not only earned its English title "Reconstructing the Social Order," but it also implicitly challenged U.S. Catholic social reformers to develop their version of what Pius XI called "vocational groups."
As you read this document, reflect on the following questions:
1. What connections does Pius XI make between individual moral reform and social transformation?
2. What values ought to govern humankind's economic life?


Information Literacy Defined
“Information literacy is the set of integrated abilities encompassing the reflective discovery of information, the understanding of how information is produced and valued, and the use of information in creating new knowledge and participating ethically in communities of learning.”
Association of College & Research Libraries
Information Literacy & Social Work Practice
“The information literate social worker possesses the agency, capacity, and critical thinking to reflectively negotiate the information universe; to ethically discover, evaluate and integrate new knowledge into practice; and to apply an anti-oppressive, social justice foundation to their use and dissemination of information on behalf of their practice, communities of service, and profession.”
Johnson, S.C., Bausman, M., & Ward, S.L. (2021). Fostering information literacy: A call for collaboration between academic librarians and MSW instructors. Advances in Social Work, 21(1).https://doi.org/10.18060/24697
|Module 1||717 Clinical Practice Lab I||Sources of Knowledge: Foundational, Emerging, and Experiential||Group project|
|Module 2||702 Social Welfare Policy II||The Expanding Information Universe: Integrating Subscription and Publicly Available Information Sources||Position paper or advocacy memo|
|Module 3||751 Research I||Social Work Research: Advanced Database Searching||Literature review|
|Module 4||Professional Seminar||The Professional Seminar Project & the Information Literate Social Worker||Final paper or project|
"Information literacy is the set of integrated abilities encompassing the reflective discovery of information, the understanding of how information is produced and valued, and the use of information in creating new knowledge and participating ethically in communities of learning.
"The Framework opens the way for librarians, faculty, and other institutional partners to redesign instruction sessions, assignments, courses, and even curricula; to connect information literacy with student success initiatives; to collaborate on pedagogical research and involve students themselves in that research; and to create wider conversations about student learning, the scholarship of teaching and learning, and the assessment of learning on local campuses and beyond."
- ACRL Framework for Information Literacy in Higher Education


Using automated recognition software to identify leopards from their spot patterns
After the few seconds spent in awe following spotting a leopard, we usually grab our camera to record that rare encounter. As scientists, we do the same, but with an additional goal in mind: we want to know who this leopard is! We can recognise individual leopards by their unique rosettes pattern and we have been using camera traps deployed at waterholes to estimate our leopard population size. Until now, each picture was attributed to an individual by comparing it manually to a database of individual pictures. Needless to say, this process is highly time consuming‼ With the advances in computer vision technology over the past few years, it is now possible to use software that do that job for us. We have recently been checking the capabilities of one called HotSpotter and the results are quite amazing. It takes but a few seconds for the software to identify a coat pattern, compare them to all of the other images in the database and present us with a set of the 10 most likely matches for us to choose from. And more often than not, the 1st match is a correct one. The computer can do in seconds what can take us hours! Stay tuned for more automated image recognition news when we start to experiment with other species such as zebras, giraffes and spotted hyaenas!


SCI-TECH | Ancient asteroid collision boosts biodiversity on Earth: study
An international team of scientists found that a collision in the asteroid belt 470 million years ago diversified life on Earth.
WASHINGTON — An international team of scientists found that a collision in the asteroid belt 470 million years ago diversified life on Earth.
The study published on Wednesday in the journal Science Advances showed that the breakup of a major asteroid between Jupiter and Mars filled the entire inner solar system with enormous amounts of dust.
The dust led to a unique ice age and, subsequently, to higher levels of biodiversity, according to the study.
The blocking effect of the dust partially stopped sunlight reaching Earth and an ice age began, and the climate changed from being more or less homogeneous to becoming divided into climate zones: from Arctic conditions at the poles, to tropical conditions at the equator, according to the study.
Then, the high diversity among invertebrates came as an adaptation to the new climate.
Researchers identified extraterrestrial helium isotopes incorporated in the petrified sea floor sediments in southern Sweden, since the asteroid dust, on its way to Earth, was enriched with helium when bombarded by the solar wind.
Some scientists proposed that it would be possible to place asteroids, much like satellites, in orbits around Earth so that they continuously liberate fine dust and hence partly block the warming sunlight, a method to cool the planet in an era of global warming.
“Our studies can give a more detailed, empirical based understanding of how this works, and this in turn can be used to evaluate if model simulations are realistic,” said the paper’s lead author Birger Schmitz, a professor of geology at Lund University.


WHY COWS NEED SANCTUARY
Cows are farmed extensively for their meat, milk, and hides, and frequently endure cruelty and trauma within the industrial farming system. In the U.S., more than 29 million cows suffer and die in the meat and dairy industries every year. Young cows face branding, dehorning, and castration without painkillers and when they are old enough, most cows raised for beef spent their short lives on filthy, outdoor feedlots before being sent to slaughter.
Cows used in the dairy industry are kept nearly constantly pregnant, so that they continue producing high quantities of milk. Their newborn calves are traumatically taken away from them so that their milk can be sold. After only a few years, their bodies are exhausted and these mothers are sent to slaughter. Female calves are raised in the cycle of the dairy industry, while male calves are killed after only a few weeks, and sold as veal.
Cows deserve better. They are incredibly sensitive beings, capable of feeling complex emotions and forming deep bonds.
DID YOU KNOW
- Cows are highly devoted mothers and mourn the death of and separation from those they love, often calling out and searching for their babies.
- Calves will nurse from their mothers for up to three years if given the opportunity.
- Researchers have found that cows not only can solve problems but also enjoy the intellectual challenge and get excited when they find a solution, just as humans do.
- Cow herds have complex social dynamics and relationships are very important to them. Each cow can recognize 50 or more members of the herd!
CARING FOR COWS
Cows are clever, inquisitive, playful, and sweet. Their natural curiosity and large size can make them challenging to keep, but a little extra knowledge will help you and your cows live harmoniously together. Read on for more information about how to keep your cows happy and healthy.
Find fun animal-themed activities, as well as educational and compassionate lesson plans for kids and teachers on our kids page!


Helene Chepfer is collaborating with researchers of CIRES Environmental, Observations, Modeling and Forecasting division to understand the role of clouds and precipitations on the polar climate. In particular, they are using the observations collected by the active remote sensing instruments (CALIPSO lidar and CloudSat radar) part of the A-train, to understand how clouds and precipitations interact with the ice sheet over Greenland. Clouds and the atmospheric state play fundamental roles in the cryospheric mass budget of the Greenland ice sheet both as a source, via precipitation, and potential sink, via modulation of the surface energy budget. Understanding present and future manifestations of change to the Greenland ice sheet requires an explicit understanding of regional atmospheric processes, including how the atmospheric processes interact with the ice sheet and how they might be modulated as their environment changes. The observations collected by CALIPSO and CloudSat since 2006, complete the information collected over Greenland ground base sites, by providing, for the first time, an almost-decadal view of the detailed vertical distribution of clouds and precipitations over the entire Greenland. Those observations are used by Helene Chepfer and CIRES researchers to understand the cloud and precipitation-related processes over Greenland, and to constrain the description of polar clouds in climate models, a necessary step toward more reliable predictions of future polar climate evolution.


Levoča Cage of Shame
Too much gossip or just missing curfew could land you in here for a couple of days.
Public shaming has, sadly, a long history. Stocks and pillories were used for centuries to put criminals and troublemakers on public display, to try and keep a town’s rowdier elements in check. Throughout parts of Europe there was another form of humiliation as punishment, called the “cage of shame.”
Such a cage can be found in Levoča, a small Slovakian town that dates to the 16th century. Fashioned from wrought iron, it looks more like a big bird cage than anything else. In keeping with its reformatory intent, there is a small metal heart worked into the design of the door, as if to welcome the next delinquent and whisper “this is for your own good.”
In order to maximize the dishonor, the cage was often used during markets, fairs and festivals, when crowds were teeming. Miscreants would be locked up for any number of offenses: excessive gossiping, cheating on your spouse, public drunkenness, or just staying out too late could all land you inside for a couple of days, where you’d be pelted by rocks and rotten vegetables, or just plain old spit.
You can find cages of shame in other Slovakian towns, but this one is said to be the biggest and most historical. It’s in the old Town Square, which is bordered by the renaissance Town Hall, colorful medieval row houses, and a 14th century Church of St. James. The cage is kept locked most of the time, but occasionally it’s opened up for special events. On those days feel free to pop inside for a shameful gag photo.
Know Before You Go
Levoča is in eastern Slovakia, in the richly historical region of Spiš. The Cage of Shame is in the town square, in front of the old Town Hall (which is now a museum).
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