Developed by the Orbital Assembly Corporation (OAC), the Voyager Station could be operational as early as 2027, with the infrastructure built in orbit around the Earth. Work is due to start on the world’s first ‘space hotel’ in low Earth orbit in 2025 and it will come equipped with restaurants, a cinema, spa, and rooms for 400 people.
The space station will be a large circle and rotate to generate artificial gravity that will be set at a similar level to the gravity found on the surface of the Moon.
The cost of building the space station or staying in the hotel has not been disclosed, though OAC claims that costs are falling thanks to recycled launch vehicles like the Space X Falcon 9 and the future Starship.
The Gateway Foundation will operate some of these 24 units, which will include crew quarters, air, water, and fuel. Commercial businesses and governments can lease or buy the remaining units. The station could be used by government departments to host their science module or as a testing facility for astronauts planning to go to Mars.
The idea of an orbiting space station built around a central, circular wheel goes back to the earliest days of space travel, in an idea by Wernher von Braun. He was one of the architects of the NASA Apollo programmed and in the 1950s proposed a wheel-shaped habitat spinning to create artificial gravity.
The concept for the Voyager station, which is a similar idea but on a much larger scale, first came about in 2012 with the launch of the Gateway Foundation.
For more details, visit our website Property News.


Hudson Bay in late summer. Today’s Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a late summer view of Hudson Bay, which is located in northeastern Canada just south of the Arctic Circle. The photo shows the southern side of the ocean inlet, where it is bordered by Ontario.
The Hudson Bay receives fresh water from more than 40 major rivers. As sediment and dissolved organic matter mix in from various types of ecosystems, the color of the bay’s salty water is changed.
The image captures a brown sediment plume around Partridge Island that was carried in by the Severn River.Founded on 2 May 1670, the Hudson’s Bay Company opened its first department store in 1881 in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The chain operated under the company name before being rebranded to The Bay in 1965. It operated exclusively in Western Canada until the acquisitions and conversions of department stores Morgan’s, Freimans, Simpsons, Woodward’s, coupled with the opening of new locations, positioned its presence nationwide in the second half of the 20th century. After nearly 50 years with The Bay brand, the chain was rebranded to Hudson’s Bay with a modernized logo in 2013.
The photo was taken on September 19, 2020 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8.
Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory
By Chrissy Sexton, Earth.com Staff Writer


What are tides?
Tides are the periodic (occurring at regular intervals) variations in the surface water level of the oceans, bays, gulfs, and inlets. Tides are the result of the gravitational attraction of the sun and the moon on the earth. The attraction of the moon is far greater than the attraction of the sun due to the close proximity of the earth and the moon. The sun is 360 times further from the earth than the moon. Therefore, the moon plays a larger role than the sun in producing tides. Every 27.3 days, the earth and the moon revolve around a common point. This means that the oceans and other water bodies which are affected by the earth-moon system experience a new tidal cycle every 27.3 days.
Because of the physical processes which occur to produce the tidal system, there are two high tides and two low tides each day. Because of the angle of the moon with respect to the earth, the two high tides each day do not have to be of equal height. The same holds true for the two low tides each day. Tides also differ in height on a daily basis. The daily differences between tidal heights is due to the changing distance between the earth and the moon.
Scientists use measurements of the height of the water level to examine tides and the various phenomena which influence tides, such as hurricanes and winter storms.
What do you think a graph of tide data looks like?


Microtektites have been recovered from three horizons in eight middle Eocene to middle Oligocene marine sediment sequences. Five of these occurrences are coeval and of latest Eocene age (37.5 to 38.0 million years ago); three are coeval and of early late Eocene age (38.5 to 39.5 million years ago); and three are of middle Oligocene age (31 to 32 million years ago). In addition, rare probable microtektites have been found in sediments with ages of about 36.0 to 36.5 million years. The microtektite horizon at 37.5 to 38.0 million years can be correlated with the North American tektite-strewn field, which has a fission track age (minimum) of 34 to 35 million years and a paleomagnetic age of 37.5 to 38.0 million years. There is no evidence for mass faunal extinctions at any of the microtektite horizons. Many of the distinct faunal changes that occurred in the middle Eocene to middle Oligocene can be related to the formation of the Antarctic ice sheet and the associated cooling phenomena and intensification of bottom currents that led to large-scale dissolution of calcium carbonate and erosion, which created areally extensive hiatuses in the deep-sea sediment records. The occurrence of microtektite horizons of several ages and the lack of evidence for faunal extinctions suggest that the effects of extraterrestrial bolide impacts may be unimportant in the biologic realm during middle Eocene to middle Oligocene time.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||3|
|State||Published - 1983|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes


CATIA macro programming
We can all learn basic CATIA macros and use them in our daily work.
Introduction in CATIA macro
A CATIA macro is a typical script or program for speeding up processes. If you catch yourself doing the same things, it’s the place for a macro. When you know what to speed up it’s not that hard to try to write a macro. If you have a good level of modeling knowledge I think it’s a good time to start programming. I know it’s a very hard and long path but you can make it. I hope so this website will help you. You can ask anything about macros or you can propose a theme for the post.
How to create CATIA macro
If you are interested in the creation of CATIA macro inside Visual Basic you will need both of these methods. With Visual Basic you will get real and beautiful applications. Visual Basic is a must to learn because it has many more possibilities and it’s much easier to create CATIA macro.
This is a very good definition of CATIA macro so now you can understand what macro finally is. I have been working for 5 years as a mechanical engineer. Because of that, I have seen a lot of repetitive tasks. CATIA macros can be a very good replacement for the boring processes so you can bypass a lot of mistakes by using them.
In some period I started making simple CATIA macros. Those CATIA macros helped me a lot in simple boring tasks. Therefore I started learning how to make CATIA macros in VB. That was very hard to do because you can not find on the Internet a lot of info about it. Learning CATIA macros is hard because you must be very persistent. I tried to make some of them a hundred times. The purpose of this web page is to help you, so you can learn CATIA macro more easily. Even more, u can visit the Eng-Tips forum or StackOverflow to find more good stuff to use.
If you want to start programming CATIA Macros in VB you can download Visual Studio for free on this link.
Above all, I made this web page to sell my VB macro application with a lot of integrated CATIA macros.


Sheep shearing is a process whereby the woolen fleece of a sheep is cut off. An adult sheep will typically be sheared annually and the fleece will then be processed into the textile known as wool.
Almost all sheep need to be sheared in order to live comfortably based on the climate of their country. Their dense fleece will help them stay warm in the chilly wintry months but will be a hindrance during the summer months.
Not only will the sheep be at the risk of experiencing heat stress, a long and bulky fleece will also decrease their mobility.
The sheep will find it hard to move around in their thick fleece as it will get dirty and tangled throughout the year
The best time to shear a sheep is right after the end of winter months. Although they can be sheared anytime of the year, shearers will take into consideration the need for these sheep to stay warm during the chilly winter period.
Some shearers will even shear their sheep twice a year, once during spring and once just at the beginning of fall so that the fur will grow back in time for winter.
Some shearers will shear their sheep twice a year to keep them comfortable
Watch this expert shear his sheep in no time! The sheep looks so comfortable afterwards:


Step by Step: The March Towards Equal Employment Opportunity
Did you know that the Federal government’s attempts to combat discrimination in the workplace date back to the 1940s during World War II? While awareness of Affirmative Action, the Civil Rights movement, and the purpose of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is widespread today, these workplace regulations started with Executive Order 8802, issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 25, 1941.
An important step toward ending racial discrimination in federal government employment, the Order eliminated discrimination in the U.S. defense industry and federal government on the basis of race, creed, color, or national origin. At the same time, it established the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC), solely as an investigative and advisory committee. Bills to make the FEPC permanent were defeated in Congress after World War II, when African Americans held 8% of the jobs in the defense industry and about 200,000 government jobs. Although lacking enforcement, the FEPC contributed to the momentum behind future efforts on equal employment and antidiscrimination, and significantly impacted policies and legislation thereafter.
In the 80 years since Executive Order 8802 was issued, what progress have we made? How much further do we have to go to fully eliminate the barriers to equal employment opportunity in the labor force? There is still plenty to do.
All materials from Princeton University Library Discrimination in employment; pamphlet collection, IR-10293


If it is available, the second cell site returns the Walsh Code that will be assigned for the soft handoff. At this point, the original base station orders the soft handoff by using a handoff direction message on the traffic channel using one of the two types of signaling: dim and burst or blank and burst.
- First Base Station Orders Soft Handoff with new Walsh Assignment
- MTSO Sends Land Link to Second Base Station
- Mobile Receives Power from Two Base Stations
- MTSO Chooses Better Quality Frame Every 20 Milliseconds
Once the handoff direction message is acknowledged, the MTSO sends the land link to the second base station who then begins to send the information on the assigned Walsh code traffic channel.
The mobile then receives both signals from the two cell sites, each operating of different PN offsets and Walsh coded traffic channels and combines the signals from both base stations by using the two Pilot signals as coherent phase references.
In a two way soft handoff, two of the mobile’s rakes are used: one for each of the received base station’s signals. This provides greatly improved fading performance. At the same time, each of the cell sites independently receives the signal transmitted by the mobile station.
Each cell site demodulates the signal and returns the decoded data to the MTSO. The MTSO then compares the two signals on a frame-by-frame basis and selects the better of the two to send to the codec to pass along to the public telephone network.


Researched and written by Vicki Meade
Module 2: Medical-Legal Issues and Patient Counseling. University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
The oral contraceptive pill is one of the most widely studied medications ever prescribed.
Since their approval by the Food and Drug Administration in 1960, oral contraceptives have played a key role in preventing unwanted pregnancy. Studies have shown that for most women, oral contraceptives constitute a safe, effective method of birth control that can be used throughout the reproductive years. Some women, however, have health conditions or risk factors that require caution or make it advisable to select another form of contraception. There are a number of contraindications and precautions to keep in mind when considering the use of oral contraceptives.
Experts differ somewhat concerning absolute contraindications to oral contraceptive use. A contraindication, however, that is widely agreed upon is a current or past history of vascular disease, including thrombophlebitis, thromboembolic disorders, stroke and coronary occlusion. Conditions that predispose women to these problems are also generally viewed as contraindications. Because exogenous estrogens activate blood clotting mechanisms, women should not use oral contraceptives if they have risk factors related to excessive clotting. However, thromboembolic events related to known trauma or to use of an intravenous needle are not necessarily cause for avoiding oral contraceptives.


Written by Dr. Sandra Miranda, ND
Glyphosates is one of the world’ most common herbicides. It is the active ingredient in popular weed-control products like Roundup, Rodeo and Pondmaster. It is used in lawns, greenhouses, forest plantings and unfortunately, it is also sprayed in staggering quantities on most commercially grown staples crops, including canola, corn, cotton, soybeans, alfalfa, sugar beets and wheat.
Even the World Health Organization (WHO)’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified it as a “probable human carcinogen”. A growing body of research is also documenting glyphosates as a detrimental endocrine disruptor (which means it makes your hormones go off balance). Last but not least, it also kills beneficial gut bacteria creating more leaky gut problems which can lead to food sensitivities and other inflammatory health concerns.
Now, you don’t need to worry about having a small amount of exposure to glyphosates but the problem is that it is so prevalent that we are surrounded by it- it is in our food, water and air!
It is the long-term exposure and the lack of elimination from our body that may be a concern.
Some reports show that long-term exposure may cause the following:
Here are some recommendations on how to best avoid glyphosates:


Gum disease is more common than many people realize. Although family history plays a part, anyone can get periodontal disease. That’s why it’s essential to do what you can to take care of your gums. Here are some important preventative measures to take.
Brush and Floss
It’s essential that you brush and floss your teeth on a daily basis. This is one of the best ways to prevent gum disease. You should brush your teeth at least twice a day for at least two minutes each time. It’s best if you can floss and brush after each time you eat. If not, you end up with plaque buildup, which can accelerate gum deterioration. Consider using mouthwash after brushing as well.
Visit the Dentist
Regular visits to the dentist are an important part of oral health. Your dentist will be able to check for early signs of gum disease. It’s essential that it’s caught and treated as early as possible so that you don’t end up with severe tooth decay. You should schedule a cleaning for every six months with a family dentistry Highland Park IL. Make sure to also check in with your dentist if you have any pain or excessive bleeding.
Foods that are high in sugar cause more plaque buildup than healthier foods. Foods that are high in vitamins A and C can help keep your gums healthy. Broccoli, spinach and other leafy greens are all good for oral health. You should avoid smoking cigarettes and using smokeless tobacco as these can have extremely detrimental effects on the mouth.
Although no one is immune to gum disease, taking preventative measures can make a difference. If you’re worried about your gum health or are noticing signs of gum disease, be sure to talk to your dentist. It’s always better to be safe than sorry.


I remember being a kid and watching old highlights of Larry Bird wondering to myself how the heck he was such a consistent shooter. The man exhibited an overwhelming amount of confidence out on the basketball court; it was as if every time the ball left his fingertips he knew it was going in. I listened to Larry talk about his shot and remember hearing him say that when he practiced shooting free throws he would line his right foot up with his right elbow and his right eye. By setting up his body in such a manner Bird was able to maintain consistency at his release point.
When a shooter releases a basketball the distance it travels occurs as a direct product of the amount of force that he/she applied. The further away from the basket the shooter is, the more force they will be required to put on a shot if they want to get it in the hoop. The spin a shooter puts on the ball occurs as a result of their release. A good jump shot typically has a good amount of backspin so that if the ball were to ricochet off the backboard it would come off at a downward angle into the hoop. The term used by most basketball connoisseurs to describe the trajectory at which the basketball flies through the air is “arch”. The more arch a shot has, the more likely it is to come down in the hoop. This is because when a ball comes straight down it makes the rim bigger. Think about it, dropping a ball down into a hoop is a lot easier than trying to shoot it in at an angle because you have more of the basket to work with. In order to figure out the correct arch to use, a shooter must take into consideration their height, how far away from the basket they are, the weight of the basketball, and how tall the hoop is. Their last step would be to figure out the correct combination of what angle they would like the basketball to fly through the air at when they shoot it and what speed they should shoot the ball at.
Willis, Bill. The Physics of Basketball. 2001. 4 Oct. 2003.


I was interested to learn today that in spite of the fact that the American gymnast Nastia Liukin and the Chinese gymnast He Kexin both posted scores of 16.725 for their uneven bars performances in the Beijing Olympics, He was awarded the gold medal whereas Liukin received the silver medal. Apparently ties were allowed in Olympic gymnastics until 2000; in such cases, both athletes would be awarded the same medal type. However, since 2000, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has adopted so-called “tiebreaker” rules conceived of by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) which effectively penalize the athlete who receives the least consistent, or most highly variable set of scores across 6 judges.
The technical details concerning the actual algorithm used by FIG are provided here. For starters, the highest and lowest scores provided by 6 judges are tossed out so the “execution” score is based upon the average of the remaining four scores. Effectively, the data are “winsorized”, presumably for the purpose of discounting the effects of overly generous and overly miserly judges. Once this calculation has been made, then the first tie-break calculation requires throwing out the highest and lowest deductions from a perfect”execution score of 10 and then averaging the remaining four deductions. If there is a tie after the first tie-break (as there was in this case), then the rules call for a second tie-break in which the highest remaining deduction is thrown out, leaving a total of 3 of the original 6 deductions to averaged. When this calculation was performed, He had an average deduction of .933 versus Liukin’s .966. Liukin lost primarily because after the second pass, she had a higher average deduction among the remaining three judges. He won because her average deduction from 10 by the 3 remaining judges was lower than it was for Liukin.


What Does Continuous Galvanizing Mean?
Continuous galvanizing is a process in which the surface of a continuous ribbon of steel is coated on both sides with a thin layer of zinc. The coating, which is applied by passing the sheet or strip through a zinc bath at high temperatures, improves the corrosion resistance of the final product.
The galvanizing process is a low-cost and effective way of improving the durability of steel. The resulting finish enhances corrosion resistance and also accepts paints, which can give the product a decorative appearance and additional protection.
Corrosionpedia Explains Continuous Galvanizing
The continuous galvanizing process involves the following steps:
- The sheet surface is cleaned to remove oils, surface oxides and iron fines using rotating brushes and caustic soap.
- The steel is preheated to a low temperature for further cleaning and reducing of time required to anneal.
- The sheet is put in the reducing zone for annealing.
- Once annealed, it is cooled to a temperature roughly matching that of the molten zinc. This is done to avoid compromising the coating adherence, which can arise if the sheet's temperature is too high.
- After the annealing and cooling, the sheet is passed through molten zinc at a speed of 650fpm. This speed allows the sheet to be in the bath for between two and four seconds.
- The sheet drags molten zinc on its surface as it exits the bath. Gas knives are used to remove the excess zinc and only leave the desired thickness of the coating.
- Once the coated sheet exits the bath, it is cooled and the zinc solidifies on the surface. A strong metallurgical bond is formed by diffusion to form the alloy layer.
The continuous galvanizing process is used to apply coatings of varying thicknesses, ranging from 0.25mm or thinner to 6.3mm.
There are three gauges of continuous galvanizing:
- Light gauge - For the construction industry roofing sheets, flashing, sidewall panels
- Intermediate gauge - For automotive industry body panels
- Heavy gauge - For automotive structural parts, culverts, grain bins and garage doors


Exposure to high temperatures is known to impair immune functions and disease resistance of poultry. Characterizing changes in the transcriptome can help identify mechanisms by which immune tissues, such as the thymus, respond to heat stress. In this study, 22-day-old chickens from two genetic lines (a relatively resistant Fayoumi line and a more susceptible broiler line) were exposed to acute heat stress (35 °C) and/or immune simulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 µg/kg). Transcriptome responses in the thymus were identified by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Expression of most genes was unaffected by heat and/or LPS in the Fayoumi line, whereas these treatments had more impact in the broiler line. Comparisons between the broiler and Fayoumi transcriptomes identified a large number of significant genes both at homeostasis and in response to treatment. Functional analyses predicted that gene expression changes impact immune responses, apoptosis, cell activation, migration, and adhesion. In broilers, acute heat stress changed thymic expression responses to LPS and could impact thymocyte survival and trafficking, and thereby contribute to the negative effects of high temperatures on immune responses. Identification of these genes and pathways provides a foundation for testing targets to improve disease resistance in heat-stressed chickens.
Available at: http://works.bepress.com/max-rothschild/270/
This article is published as Monson, Melissa S., Angelica G. Van Goor, Michael E. Persia, Max F. Rothschild, Carl J. Schmidt, and Susan J. Lamont. "Genetic lines respond uniquely within the chicken thymic transcriptome to acute heat stress and low dose lipopolysaccharide." Scientific Reports 9 (2019):13649. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50051-0.


One-Day Health and Safety Awareness Training Course
This one-day course is designed to help those who are about to or have just begun work in industry to understand the potential hazards they face on site. It provides a practical summary of health, safety, welfare and environmental issues, identifying the delegate’s responsibility for looking after themselves and others; outlines they employer’s duties; and explains what should be done if the worker thinks that anyone’s health and safety is being put at risk. The course is an ideal foundation for those wishing to obtain an industry accreditation card. The course is also an alternative route to the QCF Level 1 Award in Health and Safety in a Construction Environment for the CSCS Labourer Card.
Aims and objectivesThe course aims to ensure that ...
Aims and objectivesThe course aims to ensure that individual responsiblities are understood:
- why they are carrying out their identified duties
- what is expected of them
- how they contribute to the safety of the workplace
At the end of the course delegates will be able to:
- understand the need to prevent accidents
- have an understanding of health and safety law
- identify how their role fits into the control and management of the site
- understand the need for risk assessments and method statements
- appreciate the need to perform safely, and to stop and ask for advise if not sure
- report unsafe acts to prevent an accident
- general responsibilities
- accident prevention and recording
- health and welfare
- dust and fumes (Respiratory risks)
- manual handling
- work at height
- personal protective equipment (PPE)
- first aid and emergency procedures
- fire prevention and control
- hazardous substances
- electrical safety and hand-held tools and equipment
- noise and vibration
- site transport safety
- excavations and confined spaces
- safety signs and signal
- All delegates are required to bring some form of photographic identification along on the day of the course. Where identification evidence is not provided by a delegate, they will be refused attendance on the course.
- All delegates attending the course are to have a good understanding of spoken and written English.
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Pollen season likely to get longer from climate change
It's pollen season in central New York.
Don Leopold, a conservation biology professor at SUNY-ESF, said trees tend to be more significant pollen producers in the spring, grasses in the summer and ragweed in the fall with wind dispersing it. He said plants do not contribute equally to the pollen profile of the area.
"If people are wondering if what they're seeing is contributing," said Leopold, "if it's a pretty flower, I know this is subjective, but, like all the rhododendrons and azaleas, think of everything that you notice in the spring blooming, if you notice it, it's probably not a big contributor, if at all."
He said as the climate changes we're going to see an increase in pollen production.
"Trees only disperse pollen when they're blooming which is for about two weeks," Leopold said. "For a lot of these grasses and the ragweed — things that can keep on blooming until frost — they'll have often an extra month of that pollen production."
But climate change's effect on pollen depends on the region.
"It's not drier here," Leopold said. "It's not hotter here, like a lot of places with climate change. What that does for our pollen producers, it makes plants more robust. They might produce more flowers. They might produce flowers for longer and they might produce more pollen."
Leopold said the best times for allergy sufferers to be outside is early in the morning when humidity is higher.


Indian Journal of Science and Technology
Year: 2018, Volume: 11, Issue: 22, Pages: 1-9
Sweta Singh* and Dayashankar Singh
Computer Science and Engineering Department, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur – 273016, Uttar Pradesh, India; [email protected], [email protected]
*Author for correspondence
Computer Science and Engineering Department, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur – 273016, Uttar Pradesh, India; [email protected]
To tap into the communication, modify traffic, and stop the network traffic is always the intension of an attacker. ARP poisoning is one of the simplest ways to accomplish these malicious intensions of the attacker. Objective: For detection and prevention of such attempt, a concept of voting and ICMP echo requests has been introduced to verify the binding and defend these malicious intensions of the attacker. Methods: A voting is done to validate the binding from the other hosts of the LAN such that if attacker pretends to be a new host, it can easily be detected. In case of mismatch of IP or MAC, ICMP echo packets have been used. Findings: The validation performed by each host has made the scheme free from being centralized and even do not demand any incompatibility or modification in the existing protocol model. Implementation is conducted on Ubuntu using raw socket coding in python and scapy. ICMP packets are created and spoofing is conducted. Fake ARP packet is sent using packEth and the incoming and outgoing of packets between the hosts is analyzed using Wireshark. Improvements/ Application: New host entering the network is also validated in this scheme. The scheme can effectively mitigate LAN attacks.
Keywords: Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), ARP Poisoning, ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), LAN attacks, Voting
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I have a very hard time wrapping my head around who wins and who loses when economic changes occur between two countries. Below are a historical and a theoretical question that each get at some of the issues I find particularly confusing. Any response would be very much appreciated. 1. How did Europe gain wealth from the primitive accumulation of Latin American silver and gold during colonization? More specifically: (a) Precious metals aren't in themselves much use, so is it fair to say that the boost to European productivity was already latent in the European work force (similar to the way WW2 put latent American labor capacity to work)? (b) Since European money at the time was pegged to precious metals, why did the massive influx from Latin America lead to economic gain instead of massive inflation? 2. I would really love to hear a Marxist explanation of how exchange rates (i.e. the way they affect things like debts, investments, currency reserves, etc. in both the A and B countries), currency devaluations, and currency wars like the one between the US and China work. I can never understand these phenomena no matter how hard I apply myself, which makes me suspect that, as so often with economic theory, the whole point is to prevent regular people like me from understanding. Thanks for all you do from a fan since 2011! I would be so thrilled to hear you address issues like these from time to time.
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CAH2510 - Cultural Exchange in Global Context
|* The offering term is subject to change without prior notice|
Cultural exchange means cultural fusion and also the discovering of the necessary “other(s)” for a particular culture. Cultural exchanges and the processes of contestation and negotiation that go with it often take place within the context of political, economic, social, and technological shifts. In this sense, culture exchange does not necessarily mean a simple relationship of giving and receiving from other cultures. Trans-cultural encounters often result in transforming all the parties involved, and even in cultural hybridity.
This course aims to provide basic knowledge and scholarly frameworks to examine cultural exchanges in Hong Kong, Chinese, East Asian, and global contexts. We examine movements of people, commodities, and ideas that have shaped diverse expressions of cultures in these contexts, such as the cultural journeys of objects that are most basic to our everyday lives. To do this, we will draw from history to pursue a longer and more grounded view of what globalization mean, and also to rethink our presumed cultural traditions. With the pronounced flow of cultural forces on a global scale, we also need to be highly aware of the contemporary connectivity of economic, cultural, political, and social activities in different parts of the world. We will try to develop an understanding of the dynamics of these global flows in shaping the emerging and fluctuating world order.
This course analyzes these themes interdisciplinarily, with approaches drawn from the history of cultural contact, sociology, cultural studies, and anthropology. Through examining the interface of global, domestic, and trans-border cultures, this course helps students gain a better understanding of how exchange and contact is always critical to the making and remaking of culture(s). It also broadens and deepens our view of cultural globalization. By taking this course, students will also become more discerning in their assessment of information and opinions pertaining to global cultures.
Assessment (Indicative only, please check the detailed course information)
Continuous Assessment: 100%
Detailed Course Information
|Department of Chinese and History|


Yes – this blog is supposed to be about Australian birds, I know.
This evening, however, our local ABC Television station showed a programme called “Flying Home” about Whooping Cranes. Scientists are trying to save this endangered species by showing them a new migration route from Wisconsin to Florida. They use various techniques to help the birds act as normally as possible. By training them to follow several ultra light planes to a wintering area in Florida they hope to eventually establish a range of Whooping Crane colonies in separate parts of the country, thus enhancing the survival chances of this species.
It was an interesting documentary with some good photography; what else would one expect from the BBC Natural History Unit? The programme also makes a case against the annual shooting of thousands of Sandhill Cranes, which are not endangered.
The narration, however, was rather appalling. Whoever wrote it deserves a few basic lessons, like being forced to view several hundred hours of David Attenborough’s work.
It is natural to make comparisons with the beautiful semi-fictional movie length “Fly Away Home” which features Canada Geese. While the techniques and photography in both are quite brilliant, that’s where the similarities end. The movie has a tension that makes it compelling viewing. This documentary was, at times, dull enough to induce yawns.
UPDATE: these cranes have been in the news again – for the wrong reasons. Recent storms have killed some of the cranes. Read about it here.
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Infancy is a developmental period when children are most vulnerable and when they present with the greatest potential. Infant and early mental health (IEMH) involves the social, emotional, cognitive wellbeing of infants and young children. IEMH care aims to ensure every child has the best possible start in life.Research tells us that:Infant and early child development sets the stage for later development and functioning.Babies and young children who experience adversity are at increased risk of poorer health and social outcomes in childhood and later in lifeSuch adverse childhood experiences influence development of the baby’s brain, the number and type of connections between brain cells, how they respond to stress, and even their DNAYoung children are the most vulnerable with the least access to mental health services and supportsThe development of infants and young children is strongly affected by the quality of their relationships with adults (parents or other caregivers)Love and nurturing can protect against some of the negative experiences of young childrenWe know what to do. We have the evidence and practice and policy requirements are clear. Changes are required to training and education of healthcare practitioners. Early intervention services must be accessible in a timely manner and responsive to the needs of the child and family. Policy change is required to support at-risk families and involves partnership between families, healthcare, community services, and child welfare. Listen while Dr. Chaya Kulkarni discusses leadership, evidence-informed practice and policy, resources, and educational opportunities to increase Canadian capacity to ensure all babies get off to a great start.This session will be of interest to:Healthcare professionalsFamilies & CaregiversSocial service providersLegal servicesSpeaker BioDr. Chaya Kulkarni is the Director of Infant and Early Mental Health Promotion (IEMHP). This national organization, at The Hospital for Sick Children, also known as SickKids, aims to improve outcomes across the lifespan through translating and promoting the science of early mental health into practice with families during pregnancy, infancy, and early childhood. Chaya is also an advisor to Dolly Parton’s Imagination Library, a member of the Strategic Advisory Committee at the Ontario Centre of Excellence on Child & Youth Mental Health, and a member of the Board at Family Day Care Services. Prior to joining IEMHP, Chaya was VP, Parent and Professional Education at Invest in Kids, and has also served as Senior Policy Analyst and Researcher for the Office of the Official Opposition, Queen’s Park.


What Is CDMA Roaming Mode?
This article will explain what CDMA roaming mode is and how to turn it off on your Android phone.
Your smartphone is designed to enter global roaming mode automatically when you activate your carrier’s Worldwide service. This means your device should automatically connect to an appropriate CDMA network or GSM/UMTS network when you travel.
CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access, and it describes the way data is converted into radio waves that are transmitted and received by CDMA handsets. Those CDMA devices that have SIM cards are called global phones, and they’re the ones that will offer roaming support in GSM markets.
What is Roaming?
When dealing with your carrier, roaming is a term you often hear, especially when wondering why it costs so much. However, roaming is a term used to describe the ability of phones to connect to the network of a different carrier, abroad or at home, to offer users the same features they use while on their “home” network – making and receiving calls and text messages and surfing the web.
COPYRIGHT_NOVA: Published on https://www.novabach.com/i/what-is-cdma-roaming-mode-2/ by Daniel Barrett on 2022-05-11T15:07:17.000Z
How To Turn Off CDMA Roaming Mode
- Go to your Home Screen.
- Swipe down the notification panel and choose Settings.
- Navigate to Cellular and click on it.
- Tap Cellular Data, and click the Voice Roaming switch to turn it on or off.


The CO-ordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) was birthed out of an increasing need for detailed, high-resolution regional information regarding future climate. Information at this regional scale is needed by scientists in disciplines that require climate information (e.g. hydrologists), as well as decision- and policy-makers, and by those assessing climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Although climate change projections must necessarily be undertaken with global models, such models do not have sufficient spatial detail for all applications.
The task of the CORDEX programme is to organize an internationally coordinated framework to produce an improved generation of regional climate change projection information world-wide for input into impact and adaptation studies within the AR5 timeline and beyond.
CSAG has been extensively involved in CORDEX from its original conception through to the present. In particular, CSAG has been the lead institution for the CORDEX Africa activities including capacity building workshops, publications “write shops”, and community network development.
Time frames: Continuous (no set time frames)
Funder: World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)
Partners: Large number of partners
For further details: See the official CORDEX website or contact Dr Chris Lennard


I am very sure the title of the article has confused you, and for good measure. Mars, which is a planet several lightyears away from our planet, how can it possibly be here on earth. It is not, but there is a place here on this very planet, that is uninhabited, and possesses the most Mars-like conditions, so much so, that people have used this place for research related to Mars. The place I am talking about is Devon Island.
Devon Island in the Arctic is the largest uninhabited island on Earth, and for good reason. With a polar-desert climate and barren, rocky terrain, which is frequently veiled in fog, this desolate landmass is hardly welcoming.
The vast inland plateau is blanketed by boulder fields and cut by deep canyons and mazes of valleys. The landscape is also scarred by a large meteorite impact crater and smoothed by ancient lake beds.
Researchers with NASA’s Haughton-Mars Project come here every summer to study one of the most Mars-like places on Earth and learn how to explore Mars in the future.
Google Earth possesses a tailor-made tour around Devon Island and while you can always manually search for it, the following method makes the experience a bit more insightful and immersive.
Step 1. Open the Google Earth app on the web browser. This version of Google Earth has the feature we are talking about.
Step 2. Click on the three-line button at the top left-hand side of the home page.
Step 3. From the menu that appears, click on the Voyager button.
Step 4. Scroll through the various options and click on the ‘Mars on Earth’ tab.
You will now start an interactive tour of the Devon Islands, and not only can you virtually explore the place, but you also get some really insightful information about it. Personally, I didn’t really know a lot about the Devon Islands and was not even aware that it is called Mars on Earth. This virtual tour from Google Earth really taught me something new, and I hope it does for you too.
If you want to use the Google Earth Pro application on the PC, then you will be restricted to manually searching for Devon Islands and virtually exploring it on your own. You will not be able to see the insights about the location.


National Menstrual Hygiene Day: What, Why, & What Can You Do?
First, Happy National Menstrual Hygiene Day! What is it? In 2013, National Menstrual Hygiene Day (MH Day) was started by the German non-profit, Wash United. MH Day is now observed globally! This day brings awareness to the millions of menstruators globally that lack access to products and education alongside continued stigma and taboos around menstruation. It's a day to raise awareness, educate, and partake in global advocacy efforts. Why does it matter? 1.8 billion people across the world menstruate. Millions of these menstruators are not able to experience their period in a dignified way because of the taboos, stigma, discrimination, and lack of access to products and education. What can you do? 1.) Talk about it! Talk about periods and start the conversation. This helps remove the taboos and stigmas. 2.) Support organizations and brands that are doing amazing work to fight period poverty and/or promote menstrual equity. Some we...Read more
Earth Month & Menstruation
April is Earth Month, so it’s the perfect time to consider the environmental impact of our daily habits, including our Period care routines! The Reality of Disposable Period Products The reality is that period products are a necessity, but disposable products are detrimental to the environment. The average...Read more


When making a chart of the book of Revelation I was surprised to see how many different animals are described throughout the book. At times John seems to see a literal animal and describes it in the book, while at other times John uses an animal as a way to described what he sees (an example is when John says he sees a “lamb” when he sees Jesus).
Here’s a brief outline of some of the animals described in the book of Revelation.
Two beasts are discussed in Revelation. The first is mentioned in Rev 11. When the two witnesses complete their testimony, the beast that comes up out of the bottomless pit declares war against them, conquers them, and kills them (11:7).
A. Beast of the Sea
Revelation 13 reveals the most material about the two beasts of Revelation. The first beast rises up out of the sea with seven heads, ten horns, and ten crowns on its horns.
Written on each head are the names of those that blasphemed God (13:1). This beast looks like a leopard but has the feet of a bear and the mouth of a lion. The dragon gives the beast his power, throne, and great authority (13:2). One head on the beast of the sea is wounded but it is healed. The whole world marvels at this beast, gives allegiance to him, and worships him (13:3-4). This beast is allowed to speak blasphemes against God and is given authority to do whatever he wants for forty-two months (13:5-6).


Ineffective drugs are inefficient use of resources
“The results of the COVID-OUT trial provide persuasive additional data that increase the confidence and degree of certainty that fluvoxamine and ivermectin are not effective in preventing progression to severe disease,” wrote Salim S. Abdool Karim, MB, and Nikita Devnarain, PhD, of the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, in an accompanying editorial.
At the start of the study, in 2020, data on the use of the three drugs to prevent severe COVID-19 were “either unavailable or equivocal,” they said. Since then, accumulating data support the current study findings of the nonefficacy of ivermectin and fluvoxamine, and the World Health Organization has advised against their use for COVID-19, although the WHO has not provided guidance for the use of metformin.
The authors called on clinicians to stop using ivermectin and fluvoxamine to treat COVID-19 patients.
“With respect to clinical decisions about COVID-19 treatment, some drug choices, especially those that have negative [World Health Organization] recommendations, are clearly wrong,” they wrote. “In keeping with evidence-based medical practice, patients with COVID-19 must be treated with efficacious medications; they deserve nothing less.”
The study was supported by the Parsemus Foundation, Rainwater Charitable Foundation, Fast Grants, and UnitedHealth Group Foundation. The fluvoxamine placebo tablets were donated by Apotex Pharmaceuticals. The ivermectin placebo and active tablets were donated by Edenbridge Pharmaceuticals. Lead author Dr. Bramante was supported the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. The researchers had no financial conflicts to disclose. Dr. Abdool Karim serves as a member of the World Health Organization Science Council. Dr. Devnarain had no financial conflicts to disclose.


Data on display
Note: These data have been updated. The most recent chart is available here.
Even if your career path seems hazy, the data are clear: More education leads to better prospects for earnings and employment.
According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), earnings increase and unemployment decreases as educational attainment rises. Grouping workers by education level, the chart shows that those with more education have higher earnings and lower rates of unemployment than those with less education.
For example, workers with a professional degree had the highest median weekly earnings ($1,730) and lowest unemployment rate (1.5 percent) in 2015 of all groups shown. That’s more than triple the earnings ($493) and less than one-fifth the unemployment rate (8.0 percent) of workers with less than a high school diploma.
Education alone doesn’t guarantee that you’ll find a job or make a lot of money, however. Earnings and employment vary by occupation, and they are further affected by industry, geographic location, experience, and other factors. BLS data and resources, such as the Occupational Outlook Handbook, can help you learn more about the occupations that interest you.
These data are from the BLS Current Population Survey, a monthly survey of households that collects information about demographic and labor force characteristics.
Dennis Vilorio, "Education matters," Career Outlook, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2016.
- Employment and unemployment of recent high school graduates and dropouts
- Should I get a master’s degree?
- Career planning for high schoolers
- College to career: Projected job openings in occupations that typically require a bachelor’s degree
- Paying for college: Strategies to afford higher education today


Race and Racism in Nineteenth-Century Art
The Ascendency of Robert Duncanson, Edward Bannister, and Edmonia Lewis
The extraordinary struggle, achievement, loss, and reclamation of three brilliant African American artists of the 1800s
Painters Robert Duncanson (ca. 1821–1872) and Edward Bannister (1828–1901) and sculptor Mary Edmonia Lewis (ca. 1844–1907) each became accomplished African American artists. But as emerging art makers of color during the antebellum period, they experienced numerous incidents of racism that severely hampered their pursuits of a profession that many in the mainstream considered the highest form of social cultivation. Despite barriers imposed upon them due to their racial inheritance, these artists shared a common cause in demanding acceptance alongside their white contemporaries as capable painters and sculptors on local, regional, and international levels.
Author Naurice Frank Woods Jr. provides an in-depth examination of the strategies deployed by Duncanson, Bannister, and Lewis that enabled them not only to overcome prevailing race and gender inequality, but also to achieve a measure of success that eventually placed them in the top rank of nineteenth-century American art.
Unfortunately, the racism that hampered these three artists throughout their careers ultimately denied them their rightful place as significant contributors to the development of American art. Dominant art historians and art critics excluded them in their accounts of the period. In this volume, Woods restores their artistic legacies and redeems their memories, introducing these significant artists to rightful, new audiences.


Pain Points of Renewable Integration
When renewables energy penetration increases on a given microgrid, certain limitations arise such as voltage and frequency oscillations and non-optimal power factors. Coordination of installed distributed generation and energy storage assets must be managed to ensure facility resiliency and to maximize carbon reduction. The net zero carbon goals of government facilities, whether military base, national laboratory, federal office building, or otherwise, cannot come with a sacrifice in reliability. As such, the preexisting technology gaps must be addressed, as the problems they cause will only become more pronounced as renewable integration advances.
Energy storage, dynamic modelling and expanded transmission have both been recognized as necessary solutions amid a high renewables grid, highlighting the need to solve the previous pain points of misalignment between power demand and typical renewable generation.
In addition, greater penetration of renewable energy also brings decreased inertia levels across the grid. Inertia is the characteristic inherent to generator-based power systems (such as fossil fired power plants) that allows a generator to continue to spin during brief moments of failure or outage thanks to the momentum of the turbines. This continuity in turbine output ensures greater levels of grid reliability in a way that renewable assets like wind turbines and solar panels cannot. As such, a grid with more renewable capacity comes with increased likelihood of interruption, a true impediment to embracing more renewables in microgrids that can least afford grid interruption, such as government buildings and military bases.


Most Common Passwords
First and foremost, here are the passwords you absolutely should NOT be using. If you are using any of these passwords for any of your accounts stop reading this right now and go change them. These are the most commonly used passwords on the internet from 2015.
Use Different Passwords Everywhere
Change Passwords Often
How To Create A Strong Password
- Use AT LEAST 8 characters. Ideally, you should use even more than that. It goes without saying, the longer the passwords the more letter combinations a person will need to use to hack it.
- Use a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters. Most websites are case-sensitive. This means you are required to get the capitalization correct for a password to be accepted. Again, another barrier a hacker would need to pass in order to gain access.
- Insert number and special characters – Adding both numbers and special characters makes it harder to guess a password. You can even use numbers in place of letters. For example, using a “1” in place of an “i” or a “5” in place of an “s”. This is good form because this negates machines that run through the entire dictionary trying to match your password to a real word. The same can be said about special characters. Use “!”, “@”, “#”, “$”, and other special characters to boost password strength.
- Don’t use words or phrases that could be associated with you. For example, last names, children’s names, addresses, or other easily accessible information. It’s best to use random words or phrases. One trick is to think up a random phrase like “The fat cat wanted to eat but has no home!” and then use the letter to come up with a password. Which would translate to “Tfcw2ebhnh!”. It is at least 8 characters long, has capital and lowercase letters as well as numbers and special characters.
- Don’t use sequential patterns or predictable, complete words like 12345 or “password”
Test Your Password
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What's the relationship between second, the unit of time, and second, the thing after first? Well, the latter has been around much longer, but we can trace both to Latin. Back when Ptolemy was categorizing all kinds of stuff, he called minutes pars minuta prima, which meant "first small part" and implied that it was the first major subdivision of an hour. Seconds, on the other hand, were designated pars minuta secunda, which meant "second small part" and implied that it was the second major subdivision of an hour. As the phrases evolved, the first one shed the pars and prima to become English minute, and the second one lost pars and minuta to become "second". Interesting as that is, let's move on. Secunda (which, meaning "the thing after first", is obviously the etymon of the other meaning of "second") comes from another Latin word, sequor, which meant "to follow" and comes from Proto-Indo-European sek, "to follow", through Proto-Italic. Minuta, meanwhile, comes from minuere, meaning "to diminish", from PIE mey, meaning "small".
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Hello! I'm Adam Aleksic. This year, I graduated from Harvard University with a degree in Government and Linguistics. There, I co-founded the Harvard Undergraduate Linguistics Society and wrote a thesis on Serbo-Croatian language policy, magna cum laude. In addition to etymology, I also really enjoy trivia, politics, vexillology, geography, board games, conlanging, art history, and law.


⋅ BY KINSEY EVERHART ⋅
Aflatoxins are a type of mycotoxin that is produced by Aspergillus flavus which has a worldwide impact on human and animal health. They are particularly dangerous to animals and can be passed through dairy feed into milk that is consumed by humans.
Even though mycotoxins occur frequently in nature, it is important to mitigate it as early as possible to prevent illnesses and food waste. Sound post-harvest practices can reduce or prevent contamination or buildup once the crop is harvested and stored.
Most Aspergillus contamination occurs on corn with broken and damaged kernels and in foreign material. Heat and drought stress can cause seed coat fractures and increase the chances of infection. Even if corn was previously free of aflatoxin, when under these conditions in the presence of mold and fungi, aflatoxin can develop in corn within 24 hours. Proper harvest, handling and storage of grain can reduce and prevent contamination.
• Clean out harvest, handling, drying and storage equipment.
• Check and repair grain bins.
• Use an approved insecticide to treat bins before filling.
• Mow around storage bins.
• Set combines to maximize cleaning of grain and minimize grain damage.
• Set fans higher to clean out lightweight, cracked grain and undeveloped kernels.
• Don’t pick up ears in contact with the ground.
• Do not hold high moisture grain in wagons or trucks longer than six hours.
• Keep moisture below 12%-13%.
• Cool grain below 60°F with outside air as soon as temperatures permit.
• Aerate stored grain when grain is 10°F warmer than outside air temperatures and the humidity is below 65%.
• Inspect and probe grain every three to four weeks.


After use by the various sanitary appliances and appliances, the water enters the exhaust system through a siphon and, through the pipes, is conveyed into a braga.
The siphon has the main function of avoiding the return of bad smells at home.
The braga is located under the WC and is connected to the upright column.
The riser in turn reaches the collector that collects the drains of all the riser columns and conveys them into the drainage system to which it is connected via a siphon.
The upstream column of the exhausts requires a vent, generally located on the roof of the house. This secondary piping is called "ventilation" and contributes to the elimination of the typical bubbling of the exhaust.
In case there are drainage pipes placed at a lower level than the sewage system (for example the drainage pipes coming from the cellars) they will be conveyed into a septic tank.
When the septic tank is filled, a pump activated by a level float starts, which directs the black water into the external sewer
Under the road
In rooms located below the level of the public sewage system, it is necessary to eliminate the discharge water of the toilets, which flow into a specific collection drainpipe, using a special autoclave system (a pump).
The pump starts running whenever the pit is full. The pump motor is controlled by a float switch located inside the pit.


“She Didn’t Know I Was in the Room”: The Effects of Hatfield’s Illustrations on Readers’ Interpretations of “The Yellow Wallpaper”
When Charlotte Gilman's short story, "The Yellow Wallpaper," was first published in New England Magazine in 1892, staff illustrator Joseph Hatfield created three realistic-style images to accompany the text. Research suggests that Gilman had no control or influence over these images, which altered readers' perception of her story about the dangers of the rest cure for female hysteria. While Hatfield faced artistic limitations and his intentions are not discoverable today, the choices and details in his illustrations support interpretations of the short story as a piece of horror fiction in which his cohesive series of images is a more reliable source than the verbal text. By omitting details that are emphasized in Gilman's text, Hatfield’s illustrations support the interpretation that the protagonist—who supposedly describes the same setting as the one shown in the images—is an unreliable narrator with delusions leading her to exaggerate her captivity. By extension, for original audiences, the images suggest that the protagonist’s mental illness is caused, at least in part, by her own failure to abide by the rest cure, rather than being caused by the oppressive circumstances about which Gilman sought to warn readers.
"“She Didn’t Know I Was in the Room”: The Effects of Hatfield’s Illustrations on Readers’ Interpretations of “The Yellow Wallpaper”."
The Downtown Review.
Available at: https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/tdr/vol9/iss2/3
Classical Literature and Philology Commons, Literature in English, North America Commons, Reading and Language Commons, Theory and Criticism Commons, Women's History Commons, Women's Studies Commons


Childhood Victimization: Violence, Crime, and Abuse in the Lives of Young People
This book presents a vision of childhood victimization, one that unifies the conventional subdivisions like child molestation, child abuse, street crime, bullying, and exposure to community violence. It shows how children are the most criminally victimized segment of the population, with over one-in-five facing multiple, serious “poly-victimizations” during a single year. Developmental Victimology, the book’s term for this new integrative perspective, looks at how victimization changes across the span of childhood and offers insights about how to categorize juvenile victimizations and how to think about risk and impact developmentally. It presents new data about unexpected declines in childhood victimization during the 1990s and early 2000s and suggest some of the reasons for this drop. The book also provides a new model of society’s response to child victimization — the Juvenile Victim Justice System — and a fresh way of thinking about barriers that victims and their families encounter when seeking help.
Oxford University Press
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Finkelhor, David. Childhood Victimization: Violence, Crime, and Abuse in the Lives of Young People. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.


What is FERPA?
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) is a federal law that protects the privacy of student education records. The law applies to all schools that receive funds under an applicable program of the U.S. Department of Education.
Does FERPA give a parent the right to see the education record of their child?
FERPA gives parents certain rights with respect to their children's education records. These rights transfer to the student when he or she reaches the age of 18 or attends a school beyond the high school level.
Students to whom the rights have transferred are "eligible students."
What information can be shared without permission?
Directory information, as defined by FERPA, is "information contained in a student's education record that generally would not be considered harmful or an invasion of privacy if disclosed." A school can share this information with anyone without consent if the student has not invoked the right of non-disclosure of directory information.
FERPA allows but does not mandate the release of directory information which includes:
Dates of attendance
Degree and date received
Previous education institutions attended
Eligibility and participation in officially recognized activities and sports
*Current address and phone number are considered restricted directory information. These items are only released if a legitimate educational interest is established.
What information is never shared without permission?
Non-directory information is never released without the student's official authorization. These items include but are not limited to:
Grade point average (GPA)
Grades or transcripts
What are a student's rights under FERPA?
Student rights under FERPA can be found in the College's Annual Notification of Rights Under FERPA.
What is a waiver of academic privacy?
Students must submit the FERPA Consent Form (found in your orientation packet) before the College will release the student's academic record to any third-party.


May is the month Catholic devotion to Mary increases. Praying the rosary before the Blessed Sacrament and the May Crowning by children who received their First Holy Communion are common devotions throughout the diocese. Just this past weekend many of our young children received the Eucharist for the first time. It happened on a significant day: May 13th. On that day in 1917 Mary appeared to three children in Fatima: Jacinta, Francisco, and Lucia. Providentially the day of First Communion was tied together with one of Mary’s most important apparitions.
Before these three children encountered Mary in 1917, they had another visit in the spring of 1916 with an angel. The angel appeared three times to them. The first time he taught them to pray for the conversion of sinners. The second time he taught them to offer sacrifices to help people convert. Finally, at the third visit the angel gave each child Holy Communion. Jacinta had already received Holy Communion, but for Lucia and Francisco, this was their first time. Each visit was meant to strengthen the children for their encounter with Mary a year later.
While we often associate these three children with Mary’s apparition a year later, it was the encounter with the angel a year prior that changed and prepared them. In particular, their reception of Holy Communion would enable these young children to do great deeds for the conversion of the world. This year, God reminds all those families and children who celebrated their First Communion about the power and need of the Eucharist.
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Powder diffraction is used to examine small, weakly interacting crystals in random orientations. Many materials exist as powders or in polycrystalline form, including ceramics, metals, superconductor oxides, pharmaceuticals, geochemicals, zeolites and related porous solids, all of which can be studied with powder diffraction. The technique can be used to study polycrystalline materials such as metals and alloys.
High quality, high resolution powder patterns will be recorded with short scan times via multi-element analyser stages while fast, wide-angle position sensitive detectors will allow the rapid collection of powder patterns in time-resolved studies in non-ambient conditions.
The high resolution opens the possibility of novel studies of phase transitions in large macromolecules as a function of temperature, leading to improved methods for the preparation of large single crystals. The high intensity X-rays can probe more deeply into the sample than laboratory techniques, and the use of resonant diffraction allows complex structures with low "normal" electron contrasts to be studied.
New research studies will include the refinement of the structures and P-T mapping of organic molecular pharmaceutical solids; determination of the effect of competing effects in highly correlated oxides and chalcogenides; the study of structural changes in polymer lithium ion conductors; the structure of porous materials and of nanoscale systems formed by inclusion within the pores and the time dependence of the intersite cation ordering in mineral phases.
Technological areas studied with this technique include catalysis, energy storage, radioactive waste treatment, magnetic recording, structural biology and pharmaceuticals.
Diamond Light Source is the UK's national synchrotron science facility, located at the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus in Oxfordshire.
Copyright © 2022 Diamond Light Source
Diamond Light Source Ltd
Harwell Science & Innovation Campus
Diamond Light Source® and the Diamond logo are registered trademarks of Diamond Light Source Ltd
Registered in England and Wales at Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom. Company number: 4375679. VAT number: 287 461 957. Economic Operators Registration and Identification (EORI) number: GB287461957003.


US Navy Living Marine Resources (LMR) Monitoring Program Publications
Aschettino, J.M., Engelhaupt D.T., Engelhaupt A.G., DiMatteo A., Pusser T., Richlen M.F., Bell J.T.
During winter months, humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) frequent the coastal waters of Virginia near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Located within the Bay is Naval Station Norfolk, the world’s largest naval military installation, and the Port of Virginia, the sixth busiest container port in the United States. These large seaports, combined with the presence of recreational boaters, commercial fishing vessels, and sport-fishing boats, result in a constant heavy flow of vessel traffic through the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay and adjacent areas. From December 2015 to February 2017, 35 satellite tags were deployed on humpback whales to gain a better understanding on the occurrence, movements, site-fidelity, and overall behavior of this species within this high-traffic region. The tags transmitted data for an average of 13.7 days (range 2.7–43.8 days). Location data showed that at some point during tag deployment, nearly all whales occurred within, or in close proximity to, the shipping channels located in the study area. Approximately one quarter of all filtered and modeled locations occurred within the shipping channels. Hierarchical state-space modeling results suggest that humpback whales spend considerable time (82.0%) engaged in foraging behavior at or near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Of the 106 humpback whales photo-identified during this research, nine individuals (8.5%) had evidence of propeller strikes. One whale that had previously been tagged and tracked within shipping channels, was found dead on a local beach; a fatality resulting from a vessel strike. The findings from this study demonstrate that a substantial number of humpback whales frequent high-traffic areas near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, increasing the likelihood of injurious vessel interactions that can result in mortalities.
Link To Publication
Some links to publications are behind pay-walls and hence might not be readily accessible to the public


As you may have guessed already, sweat bees get their name from their unique attraction to the salt in perspiration and have been known to land on people to “lick” the sweat off. Not to worry though if one lands on you! These bees are not aggressive and are just looking to absorb some nutrients. Sweat bees are small (1/4 to ¾ inches in length), solitary insects that have a wide variation in coloration depending on the species: dull or metallic black to metallic green, blue, or purple. They are also major pollinators of wildflowers and commercial crops, such as stone fruits and sunflowers.
Depending on the species they will overwinter in their nest as prepupae or adults. In the spring the females will mate and search for a new nest site. Sweat bees are primarily ground nesters, but some species will nest in rotting wood. Once the foundress bee has excavated her nest, she will then collect pollen and nectar to use as provisions for her brood. A mixture of pollen and nectar is placed in each brood cell along with an egg before the cell is closed.
Some species of sweat bees are parasitic, meaning that they won’t build their own nest. Rather the parasitic species will find another bee’s nest, kill the eggs already there, and will then lay their eggs. The non-parasitic bee will care for these eggs, thinking that they are raising their own offspring.


Inland dunes with open Corynephorus and Agrostis grasslands
Open and usually patchy grassland on siliceous inland dunes: Ephemeral-rich Aira swards (Thero-Airion alliance), Grey hair-grass communities (Corynephorion canescens), perennial patchy dry sandy grasslands with Agrostis vinealis, Carex arenaria a.o.
Notes on habitat mapping
The delimitation should be based on the presence of the mostly more or less patchy vegetation on inland dunes of the syntaxa given above. Smaller level areas in between the dunes hosting the relevant vegetation or smaller areas hosting other vegetation may be included. Stands of the relevant vegetation on fluviatile alluvial sands (alluvial fans, purely fluviatile sediments) do not belong to this habitat type. Xeric sand calcareous grasslands (Koelerion glaucae) are to be considered under habitat type 6120.
Proposal for amendment of name: 'Sandy dry grasslands on inland dunes'.
Xeric sand calcareous grasslands (Koelerion glaucae) on inland dunes are a priority habitat type, cf. 6120. Calcareous fixed dunes occur in some large river-carved valleys: Depending on their vegetation they should be considered under either 2330 or 6120.


Humans have been battling viruses since before our species had even evolved into its modern form. For some viral diseases, vaccines and antiviral drugs have allowed us to keep infections from spreading widely, and have helped sick people recover. For one disease — smallpox — we've been able to eradicate it, ridding the world of new cases.
But as the Ebola outbreak now devastating West Africa demonstrates, we're a long way from winning the fight against viruses.
The strain that is driving the current epidemic, Ebola Zaire, kills up to 90 percent of the people it infects, making it the most lethal member of the Ebola family. "It couldn't be worse," said Elke Muhlberger, an Ebola virus expert and associate professor of microbiology at Boston University.
But there are other viruses out there that are equally deadly, and some that are even deadlier. Here are the nine worst killers, based on the likelihood that a person will die if they are infected with one of them, the sheer numbers of people they have killed, and whether they represent a growing threat.
The 9 Deadliest Viruses on Earth
Image credit: National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
The failed pattern recognition of researchers who cannot link virus driven hecatombic pathology from archaea to the innate immune system and negative supercoiling of DNA in virus-damaged patients may be the biggest historical failure of all failed pattern recognition.
People may be very angry if they are ever told that the pathology could be reversed with as little as a single energy-dependent base pair change and one RNA-mediated amino acid substitution.
Telling them that the problem arose in the context of human evolution is an insult to the intelligence of all serious scientists who know how to link energy-dependent changes from angstroms to ecosystems in all living genera without claiming that different species evolved. They adapted to the viruses or became extinct. Adaptation is nutrient-dependent and pheromone-controlled in species from microbes to humans.
Why would anyone report polycombic ecological adaptation as if it exemplified evolution of our ancestors to clinical laboratory scientists?
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Junior High 7-82023-2024 School Year
Our upper grades liberal arts curriculum prepares your child for the academic rigors of high school and college by providing a challenging scope and depth of subjects that include: mathematics, the sciences, language arts, geography, social studies and the fine, performing, and practical arts.
Because Waldorf curriculum is experiential and interdisciplinary, students spend considerable time building solid foundations and capacities in critical and cooperative thinking. They are able to do so by actively engaging in the classroom, in the lab, on the playing field, on stage, and in our natural environment.
Subjects are taught in concert, not isolation, to further demonstrate the interconnectedness of the disciplines presented. Approaching a subject from a variety of perspectives provides our students with a multi-faceted understanding of complex issues and a more global approach to real world applications and concepts.
Nine subjects are taught in block rotations, with specialty classes, field trips, and lab classes supporting and deepening learning. Our students do not just memorize subjects, but experience and fully engage with the material. Your upper grade student at WSB is prepared for high school as a confident, compassionate, resilient, and well-rounded individual with a capacity for creative, flexible, independent thought.
“If you’ve had the experience of binding a book, knitting a sock, playing a recorder, then you feel that you can build a rocket ship — or learn a software program you’ve never touched. It’s not a bravado, just a quiet confidence. There is nothing you can’t do. Why couldn’t you? Why couldn’t anybody?”
— Peter Nitze, entrepreneur and graduate of the Rudolf Steiner School, Harvard, and Stanford
High School Prep
Our Jr. High teachers along with our Educational Support staff are making sure WSB students are ready for the transition to high school and beyond. The most important things for success include a sense of inquisitiveness, a desire to ask questions, and a genuine interest in pursuing the answers to their own questions. Waldorf is very strong in cultivating these qualities.


Are you here because you want to create your own games? Excellent! But you might soon find that this looks like work. We all know we’d rather skip work and go farming for gold in WoW or Eve or some other game, right? So why learn to program? What does a person get out of it?
0.1 Learn to Make Games and Get Paid
Learn how to make games and get paid? Ok, I won’t pay you, but if you learn to program, there are plenty of people that will pay you. Here’s how to profit:
Learn to program games.
Have fun making your own games.
Select favorite job offer.
Look, no ??? in this plan!
Think about it. You can play games, but anyone can do that and it really isn’t much of an accomplishement in life if you think about it. Or you can learn to create games. People care about that.
Now you may be here to create games, but tell your parents and co-workers you are studying computer science. It sounds better.
0.1.1 Why Study Computer Science?
According to the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE), Computer Engineering is the best-paid degree, Computer Science is third best paying degree, and Information Science is the 10th. Most of the other degrees are also in technology-related and involve software.
Computer engineers work at integrating computer programs with hardware. In today’s engineering market, most of those engineering jobs will need to know some computer programming. Information Science is a degree for people who like computers but never really liked programming. This book aims to make sure that isn’t you.
While learning to program games, you can be studying towards the best paying four year degrees you can get. And let’s be honest, those engineering degrees usually take five years. Computer Science is a great bet for a career.
Requirements: Students enrolling in online courses should be comfortable using the computers and browsing on the Internet.
Instructor: Dan Armendariz, David J. Malan


Sexual harassment may include a variety of situations. It could be someone telling sexually explicit stories or jokes that make someone uncomfortable. It could be inappropriate touching.
The basic definition of harassment, according to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, is something that happens repeatedly. So, sexual harassment is usually an action that occurs more than once.
However, due to the incredibly sensitive and potentially dangerous nature of harassment of a sexual kind, there could be situations where one occurrence is enough. For example, if the incident is so serious that it impacts your ability to do your job or feel secure, then one time may be all it takes to make a claim.
Another example is if it impacts an employment decision, such as a manager requiring you to go on a date with him or her to get a promotion. While this may only happen one time, it is serious enough to report.
In general, though, sexual harassment requires multiple incidents where there is a resulting issue. For example, if the situation continues and leads to you feeling uncomfortable or unsafe in your workplace, then it is harassment.
General teasing or comments do not typically fall under sexual harassment. In those situations, asking the person to stop is the best course of action. You can report it as well. If it continues, then you may have a situation that allows you to make a claim.
Sexual harassment is never ok. You should always feel like you can report any incident. However, one isolated incident is usually not enough to bring a claim.


As parents, sometimes it is hard to distinguish between your child just being in a bad mood or if there is really something deeper going on they are not telling you about. If your child is bullied, it can take on many faces with your child. This blog will go into what to look for if you suspect your child might be the victim of bullying.
To help you identify if your child is being bullied at school, here are a few things you might notice in your child:
- Coming home from school hungry because they did not eat their lunch
- Unexplained cuts or bruises
- Missing books or toys
- Faking illness to stay at home from school frequently
- Difficulty sleeping or nightmares
- A decline in grades or loss of interest in school
- Lower self-esteem
For a more detailed list of bullying warning signs visit StopBullying.org.
Be sure to talk to your children and gauge their responses to help you decide if your child might be the victim of bullying. Some students might say they are being bullied, when in fact they are not. On the contrary, some students might try to hide the fact they are being bullied by their parents because they feel threatened by someone else. Kids who are bullied often have feelings of helplessness and they are unsure what they should do to make it stop.


audio example by a male speaker
audio example by a female speaker
the above transcription of precinct is a detailed (narrow) transcription according to the rules of the International Phonetic Association; you can find a description of each symbol by clicking the phoneme buttons in the secction below.
press buttons with phonetic symbols to learn how to precisely pronounce each sound of precinct
press the "test" button to check how closely you can replicate the pitch of a native speaker in your pronunciation of precinct
An example use of precinct in a speech by a native speaker of american english:
“… and i worked the third precinct um it's …”
A precinct is a part of a larger area, such as a city, town, or village.
the word precinct occurs in english on average 1.8 times per one million words; this frequency warrants it to be in the study list for C2 level of language mastery according to CEFR, the Common European Framework of Reference.
it is hard to perfectly classify words into specific topics since each word can have many context of its use, but our machine-learning models believe that precinct can be often used in the following areas:
1) business and work;
2) transport and travel;


Many tools which are used today were not present during the Neanderthal age. That is why the Neanderthal man was not able to hunt as efficiently as we do today. The absence of arrows also meant that the civilization at that time was not that developed. While many of the tools and resources were developed at a later stage but the Neanderthals civilization also lacked certain basic hunting tools. We will shed some light on these tools today.
What specialized hunting tools did Neanderthals lack?
The Neanderthals lacked arrows as well as Spears. Due to this very reason, they were not able to hunt from a greater distance. Whenever they wanted to hunt, they had to go very close to their prey. This also meant that they were risking their lives. However, in order to get food, they had no other option but to go very near to their prey. In addition to that, they also set up some of the traps for the smaller prey. That is why not always they were required to go near the prey.
In addition to that, whenever they wanted to hunt bigger prey, they had to put their life at risk. This was due to the absence of large hunting tools which they lacked. Owing to the lack of efficient tools, their success rate in hunting bigger prey was also pretty limited. Dueto this very reason, they relied mostly on plants and smaller animals in order to gather food.
Moreover, the animals and the prey of those times where much larger as compared to what we see today. That is why there was a higher risk for them of getting injured. This was one of the main reasons why hunting was so risky during the Neanderthal age. It was only after the Neanderthal age that hunting instruments like spear and arrows were built.
Spears and arrows could help man catch their prey from a greater distance. That is why they were able to keep away from the bigger prey and the vicious prey. They were still able to capture it quite easily. This meant that they were able to gather food without having to put their lives at risk.
Thus, when you look at the Neanderthal age, some of the most vital hunting tools like arrows as well as spears were lacking. This was the reason why they were not that efficient at hunting.


Through fun, healthy role-modeling, you may be inspiring a future summer Olympian! Check out this summer track and field relay activity to help students practice the place value concept in a fun and engaging way.
The Importance of Active Play
It’s important for students to get plenty of physical activity time in and out of school. If you’re looking for a fun math-themed physical activity idea for elementary students to practice the place value concept, try out the suggestion below: Race for the Place.
Race for the Place
With this activity kids can practice place value as they perform relay activities.
- Ask kids to imagine they are competing in the Summer Olympics in a Track and Field Relay event.
- In a large area, divide kids into groups.
- Let each group decide on a country they will represent for the Olympics.
- Give each group a set of commas.
- Place the numbers in an area opposite of where the kids are located.
- Write a number on the dry erase board and show it to the kids.
- Instruct kids that on signal,
- The first person in each group will use a locomotor skill (run, hop, skip, slide, swim) to move to the number pile and bring back the number in the ones column.
- Touch the second person’s hand , who then gets the number for the tens column and so on until the number is complete.
- When all numbers have been retrieved, the group places the comma(s) in the appropriate place and practices saying the number.
More Group Physical Activities and Games
If you’re looking for more ways to get some physical activity time in with a group of students, check out the other blogs on our site. We have gathered a large number of fun games and activities that are great for PE class and out of school groups.
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Public Health Law: Past & Present
A Public Health Law Academy training
Before there were regular street cleanings and trash pick-up, garbage and filth accumulated on the streets and alleyways of big cities. Diseases like tuberculosis, dysentery, and cholera were rampant. In 1850, the average age of death in New York City was younger than 21.
However, through the use of laws and policies, public health practitioners of the 19th and 20th centuries turned these trends around. This legacy of using legal tools to ensure the health and well-being of people and their communities continues today.
Laws and policies stop the spread of communicable disease, ensure that our food is safe for consumption, shape our transportation infrastructure, establish guidelines and codes for safe housing, and much more. Equally important, however, are our civil liberties. Public health officials and policymakers — those responsible for designing, implementing, and enforcing these policies — must always take into account the rights of affected individuals. Preview the content of our full-length training by watching this video short about public health law authority and this video short about types of laws.
This training will help you
- become familiar with the historical events that helped shape the practice of public health law today;
- understand the constitutional limitations on the government’s ability to enact public health regulations; and
- recognize how law affects public health practice and identify ways to use this information to improve the practice of public health.
If you are a TRAIN user, please register for this course through TRAIN. To learn more about earning the Public Health Law Academy Certificate of completion, see the complete training plan.
After viewing the training, please consider sharing your feedback.


Surely you’ve heard the flu going around right now is pretty rough. Maybe you’ve had it or know someone who has. Across the U.S., it’s led to hospitalizations and a few deaths, although, according to the NYTimes, this year’s flu is nothing new or unusual compared to past seasons. The CDC has described it as “moderately severe.”
To keep from catching or spreading it, it’s common knowledge to wash your hands often and cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze (although, be careful holding in your sneeze, you could end up in the hospital). But according to new research from the University of Maryland, these methods might not be enough.
The study, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, finds that you can catch the flu if a sick person breathes on you. So basically, if you’re in the same room as an infected person, you’re at risk.
“People with flu generate infectious aerosols (tiny droplets that stay suspended in the air for a long time) even when they are not coughing, and especially during the first days of illness,” lead researcher Dr. Donald Milton explained in a statement.
Milton and his team analyzed samples of exhaled breath from 142 University of Maryland college students infected with the flu. In roughly half of the samples, they detected aerosol particles that contained the virus and were small enough for airborne transmission.
“The study findings suggest that keeping surfaces clean, washing our hands all the time, and avoiding people who are coughing does not provide complete protection from getting the flu,” said Sheryl Ehrman, Don Beall Dean of the Charles W. Davidson College of Engineering at San José State University.
The authors hope that this new information could lead to improved ventilation systems in schools, workplaces and on public transit. Until that day comes, if you’re sick, stay home, they advise.
And if you haven’t already gotten your flu shot — even though this year’s vaccine is not as effective a match with the current strain of the virus, doctors still recommend it. It’s not too late to get one, as cases of the flu will continue to spread into the spring.


Toward the Adoption of New Farming Systems among Farmers: A Case study of Short Rotation Woody Crops in North Carolina
This study explores the human dimensions of the broad-based adoption of Short Rotation Woody Crops (SRWCs) among farmers in North Carolina. We used an actor diagramming and tracing approach to explore factors influencing farmers’ adoption of SRWCs. Results suggest four factors strongly influence the adoption process: 1) market availability, 2) education awareness, 3) funding, and 4) social networking. Based on these results, we recommend that Extension professionals use the following education modules to prompt the adoption of SRWCs practices and potentially adopt other new farming practices: 1) ecological sustainability, 2) financial considerations, 3) harvesting, and 4) community building.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License.
Ile, O. J., Typhina, E., Brannum, K., Parajuli, R., Bardon, R. E., & King, J. S. (2023). Toward the Adoption of New Farming Systems among Farmers: A Case study of Short Rotation Woody Crops in North Carolina. The Journal of Extension, 61(1), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.34068/joe.61.01.09


FACTS ABOUT CHRISTMAS
1. There is no proof that Christ was born on December 25th. But the glorious good news is that HE WAS BORN as our Savior, that He came down from heaven to seek and to save the lost (Luke 2:8-12). 2. Another fact is that we can rejoice in Christ on December 25th just the same as on the other 364 days of the year. We do not have to cease to be happy in Jesus on this day! In Phil. 4:4 we read, “Rejoice in the Lord always!” This would include Christmas day the same as all other days in the calendar. 3. Instead of revealing the date of the birth of Christ, God has revealed the day on which He was raised from the dead – the first day of the week (Mk 16:1,9; Luke 24:1-47). God does want Christians to celebrate this day, “the Lord’s Day” (Rev. 1:10; I Cor. 16:2; 11:23-28) when we meet each week to break the bread and drink the cup in memory of sacrificing His body and blood. 4. It is proof of the divinity of Christ to find Him so popular in the world 2,000 years after His birth, whether it knows the date or not. Thank God for sending our Lord Jesus and His miraculous arrival by virgin birth!


Jefferson Memorial - Washington DC
President Roosevelt spoke at the Memorial groundbreaking on December 15, 1938 and laid the cornerstone on November 15, 1939. There were fervent protests against chopping down and moving cherry trees, which FDR dismissed; yet, in fact, fewer than 50 trees were lost from the 1912 plantings.
Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., who had served on the McMillan Commission, was made the official landscape planner for the project in 1938, with the work done by Henry V. Hubbard of Olmsted’s office. After a good deal of back-and-forth with the architects and the National Park Service, the 19 acres of grounds were filled, landscaped and planted, and a circular access road built in time for the dedication in 1943.
|Federal Cost||Local Cost||Total Cost||Project #'s|
Thomas Jefferson Memorial, Historic American Buildings Survey, 1994. https://memory.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/dc/dc0400/dc0473/sheet/00001a.tif
National Park Service, Cultural Landscape Inventory, 2003. https://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/JEME_CLIrevised2009.pdf
Carl M. Brauer. The Man Who Built Washington: A Life of John McShain. Wilmington DE: Hagley Museum and Library, 1996
Project originally submitted by Brent McKee on December 4, 2019.
Additional contributions by Richard A Walker.
We welcome contributions of additional information on any New Deal project site.SUBMIT MORE INFORMATION OR PHOTOGRAPHS FOR THIS SITE


Land is an important resource in Nepal, and is used for a variety of purposes including agriculture, forestry, urban development, and recreation. Nepal has a diverse range of landforms, including the Himalayas, plains, and hills, which support a variety of ecosystems and resources.
- Agricultural land: Nepal has a large agricultural sector, with around two-thirds of the population engaged in farming. The major crops grown in Nepal include rice, wheat, maize, and millet, as well as a variety of cash crops such as tea, coffee, and cardamom. Agricultural land is an important source of food, income, and employment in Nepal.
- Forest land: Nepal has a rich forest cover, with a variety of tree species including pine, oak, rhododendron, and sal. The forests in Nepal provide a range of ecological, economic, and social benefits, including timber, fuelwood, and non-timber forest products.
- Urban land: Nepal has a number of cities and towns, which are important centers of economic, cultural, and social activity. Urban land is used for a variety of purposes including residential, commercial, and industrial development.
- Recreational land: Nepal has a number of parks, reserves, and protected areas, which provide recreational opportunities and protect natural and cultural resources. Recreational land is an important asset for the country, and plays a role in promoting tourism and preserving natural and cultural heritage.
Overall, land is a valuable resource in Nepal, and plays a vital role in the economic, social, and cultural development of the country.


Vatican Council II Print and Photo Collection
Link to the Finding Aid:
Abstract: This is a collection of printed materials and a few photographs from the Vatican Council. This includes booklets that were printed by the council, as well as leaflets and correspondence. There are also newspaper clippings and magazines from the period of the council. There are also full newspaper from the time period in English and Italian. Lastly, there are two books of English translations of selected Vatican II documents.
The Second Vatican Council was held in Rome from October 11, 1962 through December 8, 1965. The Council was called by Pope John XXIII in response for the calls for reform within the Church. The main goals of the Council were to unite Catholics, to clearly define the role between the bishops and the pope, to renew the Church, and lastly reach out to the modern world. The Council dealt with reaffirming Church doctrine and to make an importance of scripture again. There was also a deep focus on reaching out and involving the laity within the Church. In particular there was a greater focus on the mass and revising the liturgy to emphasize the use of the "mother tongue". This meant that the liturgy would be translated into the native language of the laity. Overall, the Council consisted of 2625 members and had representatives from around the world, including the new independent nations of Africa and Asia. The Council was closed by Pope Paul VI on December 8, 1965. The outcome of the Council remains a matter of debate for scholars.
Collection Size (number of document cases and boxes):
2 linear feet; 2 boxes
Collection Description (Ex., administrative notes, diary, printed matter):
This is our most visual collection and contains a variety of photos and images from Vatican II.Â This includes the personal files of Bishop Daly of Des Moines, which includes photographs from his participation in the Council.Â The collection also includes two published books of the conciliar and post-conciliar documents from Vatican II.Â The majority of Life magazines featuring covers and articles concerning Vatican II are also included, as well as issues of the New York Times, the Tablet, Time magazine, the Daily News, and some Italian magazines/newspaper containing reports from Vatican II.