In addition to the general quantitative skills you will need for many Schar School courses, "Microeconomics for Policy Analysis (PUBP 720)" uses more specific mathematical concepts and principles. Many of these concepts are introduced in our general basic math tutorial and reviewed in a special "math camp" offered to students in the weeks prior to the semester they take the microeconomics course.
While the quantitative requirements for microeconomics can vary by instructor, all students should be very familiar with certain topics related to graphs and functions. We have found that once students build a strong base in a discrete number of quantitative topics, they are able to better enjoy and understand the models presented in PUBP 720. This enables instructors to focus the course on applications rather than elementary quantitative requirements.
The video tutorials below review the key mathematical concepts used in the Schar School's microeconomics courses. These topics are generally covered in pre-algebra, algebra and pre-calculus math courses in high school and college; students that want additional resources in any of these topics should refer to the appropriate math (not economics) textbooks and/or discuss the issue with their professors. Knowledge of the material presented in the video tutorials is generally assumed in PUBP 720, and may not be reviewed in detail during the course.
Schar School of Policy and Government
Basic Math Tutorial for Economics
This tutorial covers the absolute basics of graphs, including building and interpreting graphs and important elements of graphs.
Slope of a Line
This tutorial covers the definition and calculation of slopes.
Slope of Curves
This tutorial covers the ideas behind average slopes of curves and slopes at a point of a curve.
This tutorial covers the computation and form of the line function.
Total, Marginal and Average Values
This tutorial covers the concepts of total, marginal and average values. It is a good review before reviewing the concepts of derivatives.
This tutorial reviews the concepts of derivatives. It does not cover computation.
This tutorial covers functions and their inverses.
This tutorial defines logarithms and reviews the laws of logs.
This tutorial covers the steps involved with solving systems of two equations with two unknown variables.


Thinking about change
For this edition, here’s a little theory about how things change.
Individual Change Is Gradual
For individuals, changes come by gradual improvements in skill, habit, and character. Dramatic shifts are rare, and when they do happen they are usually unsustainable for us. Considering how much of our thinking and decision-making is automatic—the great majority—it makes sense that individual change is gradual. We can all become better people, but usually it happens by degrees over time.
Social Change Is Sudden
At the level of society, change rarely happens gradually. In many cases, it doesn’t happen at all for many years. But when it does come, change comes suddenly. That’s because social change happens when institutions change, through laws (Brown v. Board of Education), policies (LGBTQ service in the military), programs (Social Security), leadership (US Presidents), or technology (TikTok). And social change tends to be sudden even though the ingredients of social change can take years to develop.
Individual change and social change have at least some things in common. Neither comes quickly. They both require patience and urgency.
- To help people (and ourselves) change, we are willing to do it by degrees. We keep at it and enjoy small daily victories.
- To help society change, we persist as credible advocates with a plan, persuading minds one at a time and being ready to show the way when the moment comes.
And it means not quitting, even when it feels like change is slow or nonexistent. We can trust that change for the better is always possible.
What change are you looking for and what can you do each day to help make it happen?
Seeing Good at Work
An inspiring example of change at a social and individual level, Oakland’s Operation Ceasefire reduces gun violence through life coaching and data analysis. One study directly ties it to a 32% reduction in homicides. But the program took over a decade and three different attempts to finally stick.
Now that I have a couple of months of the newsletter under my belt, I would be incredibly grateful for your feedback. If you have ideas, criticism, or resources to share with me, please reach out.


Chief Ministers of India
In India, the Chief Minister is the real ruler of the State and his role, status and position is very high. The Chief Minister is in the state what the Prime Minister is at the centre. After every general election, the Governor appoints the leader of the majority party in the State Assembly or as is often the case, the leader of a combination of parties forming a coalition, the Chief Minister of the state.
The Chief Minister is the head of the Government. The Ministers are appointed on the advice of the Chief Minister. Portfolios among ministers are in reality allocated by the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister has also the power to ease a minister out of office. He may advice the Governor to drop a minister. The Chief Minister presides over the meetings of the State Cabinet. The Chief Minister also is the leader of the legislature. He is the leader of the majority group. Through his control over the legislative majority, he controls the legislature. The position of the Chief Minister is very important and his role is to carry out the most important functions of the state.
In the Republic of India, a chief minister is the head of government of each of twenty-nine states and two union territories (Delhi and Puducherry). According to the Constitution of India, at the state-level, the governor is de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the state legislative assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given he has the assembly's confidence, the chief minister's term is usually for a maximum of five years; there are no limits to the number of terms he/she can serve.


Leo Tolstoy Folk Stories as Apprehended by the American Writer and Russian Illustrator and Emigrant
Main Article Content
The article discusses the way the creative work of Tolstoy had been infl uencing the ideology formation of the American Tolstoy readers in the middle of the 20th century from the point of view of Dorothy Canfield Fisher, the famous American writer, educational reformer and social activist of that age. The latter definitely vowed for women rights, equality and education foreverybody. Besides organizing children education according to Montessori method she run the first US educational programme and influenced literary preferences. In 1957 the first American best children book award named Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children’s Book Award was founded. The book encompassed the Tolstoy Folk stories dedicated to the Scripture with engravings of Alexander Alexeieff , the eminent illustrator and the first wave emigrant, dealing mainly with love, kindness an humanism. The American enlightener assumed the book to attract attention of the American public to the necessity of the spiritual education of children and self-perfection of every grown up reader. The authors of the article presume the former to have considered the book to be the source of spiritual love and Angel’s blessing to all its readers regardless of nationality, sex and age.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.


Economic globalisation – increasing economic interdependence of economies across the world through rapid increase in cross border movement of goods, service, capital and technology.
- Increased investment in developing countries stimulate their economies.
- Free trade – production to the capacity and import goods
- Wide range of products available
- Sharing of technological innovation
- Better payment to employees
- Expansion of trade, industrialisation, finance.
- Higher unemployment – due to outsourcing, cheap labour etc.
- Transnational corporation going beyond powers of small governments
- Economies are linked – hardship in one country affects another.
- Loss of cultural diversity – use of western products
Political globalisation – spreading social relations from one end of the world to other.
- Expansion of international law and organisations
- Expansion of diplomacy
Social globalisation – impact on the life and work of people – families – society
- Working conditions
- Income and social protection
- Culture and identity
- Empowerment of women and minority groups
Cultural globalisation – transmission of ideas, values and meanings – dressing, television programs, food habits etc.
- The best of cultures can be shared and understood.
- Shaping public opinion knowingly
- Expansion of western culture and values
- Increase in violence
- Triumph of markets over governments


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A Virtual Machine (VM) is the virtualization/emulation of a computer system. Virtual machines are based on computer architectures and provide marginal functionality of a physical computer. Virtual Machines also be considered a Guest Device, which is a virtual computer with their own CPU, Memory, Network Interface, and Storage all located on a Physical Machine known as a Host Device with the two being separated by a software called a Hypervisor. In some cases, the use of Virtual Machines may require the use of specialized hardware, software, or a combination of the two.
- VMs are used in various organizations and can be used for various reasons
- resource testing
- running outdated operating systems that are required for running legally systems
- software design and testing
- consolidating servers within a business
Virtual Machines will often vary depending on their particular functions. Because of this VMs are organized into two categories, System Virtual (Full Virtualization) and Process Virtual.
System Virtual Machines
System Virtual Machines, or Full Virtualization Machines, are isolated duplicates of real computers, or guest operating systems, being emulated through a real-world host machine. A host machine can emulate several guest machines running different operating systems.
Process Virtual Machines
Process Virtual Machines, not to be confused with application virtualization, runs a normal application through a host OS, and support a single application process. Its purpose is to provide a platform-independent programming environment that abstracts away details of the underlying hardware or operating system and allows a program to execute in the same way on any platform.
In most cases, Process Virtual Machines is used in Java Program Development as an abstraction layer for other computer languages. In other instances, Process Virtual Machines are used in computer clusters for their abstraction over communication mechanisms.


The role of principal is certainly not an easy one, though. It requires long hours, doesn’t pay as much as the work demands, it rarely consists of authority equal to the responsibilities, and the job is simply becoming less appealing as the demand for accountability increases. Finding great principals is quickly becoming a crisis, and holding back efforts to reform education.
Traditionally, in order to become a principal you must have first taught, otherwise you won’t be able to effectively lead teachers since you don’t share or understand that experience. Along with having taught previously, to become a principal you must have proper certification. But these requirements for the role of principal shrink the pool of potential, and great, education leaders because they must come within the ranks of educators. That is not to say that there are not great education leaders to be found there, but there definitely are not enough.
This is why organizations like the Broad Foundation, the Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, and the Alliance to Reform Education Leadership (AREL) at the George W. Bush Institute are working to change the ways principals are recruited, evaluated, and supported. The most immediate and potentially effective means of recruiting great principals is to widen the field of potential candidates; rethink the teaching and certification requirements, because a “certified” leader isn’t necessarily a qualified leader. Limiting the field to only those who have taught or are certified neglects the fact that there are many qualified candidates who are knowledgeable about K-12 education and have a proven track record of great leadership.
Principals must also have authority equal to their responsibilities, especially in regards to personnel matters. Additionally, principals should be well paid to attract and retain great leaders. Traditional thinking has done little to improve or change things throughout time, and it has certainly done little to improve K-12 education. It is time to start thinking outside of the box about all means of education reform, but especially when recruiting and developing principals. We cannot overlook the importance of this role, because great schools can only be created through great leadership.


Technischer Bericht NTB 88-07
Hydrochemische Synthese Nordschweiz:Tertiär- und Malm-Aquifere
This Tertiary-MaIm synthesis represents the first part of an overall hydrochemical synthesis of deep groundwaters in Northern Switzerland and adjacent areas. The interpretation of data from the underlying aquifer groups (Dogger, Lias, Keuper; Muschelkalk; Buntsandstein-Permian-Crystalline) is still in progress. This investigation is mainly based on data from Nagra deep boreholes, from Nagra regional programme as well as from external sources (= "Fremde Analysen"; boreholes for other purposes, literature).
The first part of this report NTB 88-07 provides a hydrogeological overview including a short description of the aquifer rocks. Additionally, a compilation of all existing hydraulic potential data is given and the distribution of hydraulic potentials is discussed for the regions of Northern Switzerland, the Bodensee area and the western Swabian Alb.
In the Molasse Basin, hydrochemical and isotope analyses allowed a distinction of three main water types which are positioned one upon another: calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate groundwaters, sodium-bicarbonate and sodium-chloride deep groundwaters. Older waters are generally situated at greater depth. Hydrochemical and isotope-geochemical details of these three water types comprise the major part of this report.
Unlike the other two water types, the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate groundwaters also include shallow waters with considerable tritium activities, indicating a mean residence time of less than 35 years. These shallow groundwaters were locally found only to depth of about 25 m, but at other localities they can also slightly exceed a depth of about 100 m. The calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate groundwaters infiltrated during similar climatic conditions as today. In contrast, most of the sodium-bicarbonate groundwaters represent recharge during an earlier, colder climatic period, as during glaciation. The sodium-chloride groundwaters are probably of marine or brackish origin, now diluted with infiltrated waters.
Finally, the spacial distribution of these three water types is demonstrated and different secular flow models in the Tertiary-MaIm aquifer group are discussed.


Why is it important ?
Over 80% of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity can be found in forests - from pine trees in the boreal North to the rainforests in the tropics. The degradation and loss of forests threaten the survival of many species, and reduce the ability of forests to provide essential services such as clean air and water, healthy soils for agriculture, and climate regulation.
Healthy forests support the livelihoods of 1.6 billion people globally, one billion of whom are among the world’s poorest. Deforestation and forest degradation have real and tangible impacts on the lives of these vulnerable communities. For example, 52 per cent of all land used for food production is moderately or severely impacted by the erosion of healthy soil. This occurs when trees are removed from a landscape, leading to increased food insecurity.
Climate mitigation and adaptation
The world’s forests absorb 2.4 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year, one-third of the annual CO2 released from burning fossil fuels. Forest destruction emits further carbon into the atmosphere, with 4.3–5.5 GtCO2eq/yr generated annually, largely from deforestation and forest degradation. Protecting and restoring this vast carbon sink is essential for mitigating climate change.
Forests also play a crucial role in climate change adaptation efforts. They act as a food safety net during climate shocks, reduce risks from disasters like coastal flooding, and help regulate water flows and microclimates. Improving the health of these forest ecosystems and introducing sustainable management practices increase the resilience of human and natural systems to the impacts of climate change.


Since their relatively recent evolution, diatoms have come to dominate today’s oceans, playing a critical role in major biogeochemical cycles, including carbon and silicon, and supporting coastal and polar food webs. A key factor underpinning diatom ecological success is their secretion of dissolved organic matter (DOM) that attracts a variety of heterotrophic bacteria in aquatic environments; in turn, these heterotrophs supply diatoms with nutrients and cofactors essential for their survival in different environmental regimes. These symbiotic exchanges occur in the diffusive boundary layer surrounding phytoplankton cells, including diatoms, known as the phycosphere. Research efforts over the past few decades have explored the nature and range of associations between diatoms and bacteria and illuminated the profound influence they can have on diatom physiology and ecology. Recent advances in genomics, microscopy, mass spectrometry, microbial cultivation, and microfluidic devices have revolutionized the study of diatom-bacteria symbiosis and promise to provide an unprecedented view of the importance of this microbial symbiosis to the oceanic ecosystem. In this chapter, we discuss DOM, alongside other nutrients, as major drivers of diatom-bacteria symbiosis, and outline new concepts in interkingdom signaling, exploring their role in diatom microbiome assembly and maintenance. We synthesize the current knowledge in light of new discoveries and highlight novel directions to further expand our understanding of diatoms and their success in the modern ocean living alongside bacteria.
|Title of host publication||The Molecular Life of Diatoms|
|Editors||Angela Falciatore, Thomas Mock|
|Publisher||Springer Nature Switzerland AG|
|Number of pages||33|
|ISBN (Print)||9783030924980, 9783030924997|
|State||Published - 2022|


New Vision After Trauma
The CDC estimates that in 2010 alone, 2.5 million emergency room visits or deaths were associated with traumatic brain injury in the United States. This type of injury can cause severe damage to a patient's vision, and even lead to blindness. Now though, researchers have discovered that sight can be restored in people who've suffered from a traumatic brain injury. Even more, they were able to restore perfect vision in patients who were legally blind prior to their injury.
A small study conducted by researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, the Kresge Eye Institute at Wayne State University in Detroit, and the L.V. Prasad Eye Institute in India was published in the journal Ophthalmology. The research included 20 patients who had surgery for Terson syndrome, a specific type of hemorrhage caused mostly by traumatic injury, such as vehicular collisions. Some of the patients experienced this hemorrhaging in both eyes, thus allowing for the study of 28 eyes.
The procedure used to restore sight in these patients is known as a vitrectomy. The surgery removes the jellylike tissue behind the lens of the eye and replaces it with a saline solution. The patients were split into groups who had the surgery within three months of the hemorrhage and those who received it after the three month mark.
Legally Blind to Normal Sight
Just one month after the surgery, patients' vision improved to an average of 20/40 from an average of 20/1290. Within a few months, almost all patients had 20/20 vision (normal visual acuity).
Researchers noted how the length of time between the injury and the surgery did not factor into how well the patient's sight was improved. This is an important development since there are often other factors more closely linked with a patient's imminent death that must be stabilized prior to any surgery to restore sight can take place.
As Rajendra S. Apte, MD, PhD, the Paul A. Cibis Distinguished Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at Washington University School of Medicine stated "It was important to learn how long we could wait to operate without having a negative effect on vision." This could have a huge impact on those staggering statistics, offering hope to millions of people each year.


As we age, if we maintain healthy habits then it strengthens muscles and bones hence activities like getting up from a chair or opening a door become easier. It’s never too late here are some healthy habits you can start practicing for a better health condition and lifestyle.
As we age the digestive system slows down. Maintaining a well-balanced diet and drinking water will help to maintain a healthy weight and also get the needed nutrients. Hence lowers the risk of developing chronic health conditions like heart disease and diabetes.
Focus on prevention
Prevention is better than cure. Preventions include getting vaccinations, preventive care visits like screenings for cholesterol levels, colon cancer, heart problems, and more qualify for Medicare coverage too.
Get information on medication management
Regularly review the medications with the physician. Also, consider possible drug interactions and Pay attention to any new symptoms they show after changing or starting medications.
Get some sleep
Frequent waking and insomnia at night are common among aged people. Turn the lights off in the evening to bring drowsiness. Make sure they get enough rest and sleep to stay healthy.
Remember mental health
The Geriatric Mental Health Foundation recommends seniors to read and write and try new hobbies to stimulate their minds and to engage with the world around them. Activities like this will help to maintain mental health.
Screen for vision changes
Seniors who wear glasses should check their prescriptions every year for changes and have their eyes screened for health issues. Having the right pair of glasses can prevent many problems.
Time spent with family and grandchildren helps seniors feel connected, especially if they have mobility issues.
Stay physically active
Exercise not only alleviates depression but also improves energy and memory. Eg Long walks will keep seniors healthier longer and to stay active, which is important for overall well-being.
Visit the dentist every six months
Risk of cavities goes up with age. Many mouth infections can also be linked to serious health conditions, like diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Hence seniors should see the dentist regularly.


Food Fraud: Foods That Aren’t What They Appear to Be
It seems reasonable to assume that if you read ingredient labels, you should always know exactly what you’re eating, right? Maybe not: A new report from the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (USP), a nonprofit watchdog group that works to ensure the quality and safety of food and medicine, found an increasing number of fake ingredients cropping up in foods we eat every day, everything from olive oil to milk to coffee. Late last month, the group added 800 new items to its Food Fraud Database and found a 60 percent increase in fake food ingredients since last April.
According to the USP, “food fraud is a collective term that encompasses the deliberate substitution, addition, tampering, or misrepresentation of food, food ingredients or food packaging or false or misleading statements made about a product for economic gain.” So basically, a food producer substitutes less expensive ingredients or makes unfounded claims and charges you a higher price.
USP found that the most tampered with foods are olive oil, lemon juice, tea and spices because they’re easy to dilute or enhance with other ingredients, according to ABC News. Also high on the list: milk, honey, coffee, syrup and seafood.
Clouding agents were also found to be a big problem, involving 877 food products from 315 companies. These compounds are commonly used to improve the visual appearence of fruit juices by giving them a “freshed-squeezed” look. These kinds of additives have been linked with health repercussions if consumed over an extended period of time.
USP continues to actively seek out any food fraud offenders to add to its database. You can report ingredients that seem suspicious or search the database here. Read more about the new report here.


Fruit Bowl with Ripening Pocket
Nowadays a lot of consumers only purchase fruit when it is close to or perfectly ripe to consume. One of the problems this creates is that the window of opportunity for these fruits to be sold in supermarkets is very short before a ripe fruit transforms into an overripe fruit. Overripe fruit cannot be sold and is often shipped back or thrown away, resulting in a very unsustainable and wasteful way of handling fruit.
This is a broad problem to tackle, so this product focuses on reducing climacteric fruit waste. Climacteric fruits are fruits that keep ripening after being harvested. Some examples of climacteric fruits are: apples, pears, bananas, mangos, melons, apricots and plums. As they ripen, these fruits constantly release
ethylene gas, which acts as a natural accelerant for their own ripening.
The product I designed is a twopiece fruit bowl with a ripening pocket. This enclosed space at the bottom of it allows the concentration of ethylene gas released by the fruits to raise. Raising the concentration of the gas allows climacteric fruits to ripen faster and that way the users can control which fruits they want ready for consumption simply by placing them in the pocket, while keeping the rest unripe so that they last longer. This method could reduce the food waste created due to fruits becoming overripe and being thrown away, as all fruits would be kept as unripe as possible before being chosen for consumption.


tcl_findLibrary is one of several commands documented at http://www.purl.org/tcl/home/man/tcl8.4/TclCmd/library.htm
Here's the basic information:
This is a standard search procedure for use by extensions during their initialization. They call this procedure to look for their script library in several standard directories. The last component of the name of the library directory is normally basenameversion (e.g., tk8.0), but it might be library when in the build hierarchies. The initScript file will be sourced into the interpreter once it is found. The directory in which this file is found is stored into the global variable varName. If this variable is already defined (e.g., by C code during application initialization) then no searching is done. Otherwise the search looks in these directories: the directory named by the environment variable enVarName; relative to the Tcl library directory; relative to the executable file in the standard installation bin or bin/arch directory; relative to the executable file in the current build tree; relative to the executable file in a parallel build tree.
Shouldn't $auto_path also be searched?
How should one use this routine in a case where one has the following installation?
DGP [tcl_findLibrary] does not support unconventional installations like that. See Tcl Feature Request 695441 and Tk Bug 765642 for more information.
In this case, one checks the tcl_findLibrary call in the extension in question to see the enVarName which needs to be set to the additional directory.


Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's minds. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief against our neighbour's superstition. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest.
想请教各位老师的是最后的“our own among the rest”该怎么理解？尤其是“the rest”怎么解释？
从句主干为 these institutions ... must be considered together, our own among the rest。
our own和the rest说的都是前面的institutions，即our own institutions among other institutions，对应considered together——institutions这里是惯例、习俗等一类意思。


This page compares quaternion multiplication and orthogonal matrix multiplication as a means to represent rotation.
If you are not familiar with this subject you may like to look at the following pages first:
We want to be able to represent 3D solid body movements (rotations and translations) in one operation.
Initially it would seem that multivectors based on 3D vectors would be ideal for this because such a multivector contains a 3D bivector (which could represent rotations) and a 3D vector (which could represent translations). However there are problems with this approach, one problem is that multivectors are not always invertible, whereas 3D isometry translations do always have an inverse.
There are subsets of multivectors that do always have an inverse (such as a * a†=1) but this restriction means that the vector part is no longer independent of the bivector. this means we have to go to higher dimensional multivectors to represent independent rotation and translation.
In order to explore this subject I have calculated the condition a * a†=1 for multivectors based on various dimensional vectors on these pages:
- Isometry properties of multivectors based on 2D vectors.
- Isometry properties of multivectors based on 3D vectors.
- Isometry properties of multivectors based on 4D vectors.
- Isometry properties of multivectors based on 5D vectors.


As the global population increases to approximately 8.3 billion people, the United States National Intelligence Council (2012) predicts a 35% worldwide increase in demand for food, 40% increase in demand for water, and a 50% increase in demand for energy. Thus, educating and cultivating a workforce that can identify ways to meet these demands will be paramount; the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ predicts that science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) jobs will be among the fastest growing fields. However, STEM fields continue to struggle to attract and retain men from historically underrepresented groups and women (NSF, 2017). The underrepresentation of women, Blacks, and Latinxs become even more pressing as demographic models of the US predict a future population that is majority-minority (Landivar, 2013; Ortman, & Guarneri, 2009). Therefore, identifying ways to make STEM accessible to all, and increase representation in STEM-related careers is vital to addressing future global needs (NSF, 2013; Committee on Underrepresented, 2010). Previous work has shown that mathematical identity and science self-efficacy are factors in choosing STEM disciplines (Boaler & Greeno, 2000; Chemers, Zurbriggen, Syed, Goza, & Bearman, 2011). Our presentation will explore how mathematical identity and science self-efficacy interact with each other and differ by sex and race. We draw on literature and a multiple regression analysis to examine the complex interplay between these constructs and reflect on how our results may impact both current and future practitioners.
Talisa J. Jackson, George Mason University, United States
Joanna G. Jauchen, George Mason University, United States
This paper is part of the IICEHawaii2019 Conference Proceedings (View)
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This course seeks to help students better understand the Bible and appreciate its role as an authoritative collection of sacred texts for Jews and Christians. The Bible is a difficult book, one that is demanding on many levels. In order to read the Bible intelligently, it is important to understand the historical and cultural backgrounds of the biblical writings.
This course explores the history and geography of ancient Near Eastern civilizations that shaped the experience of ancient Israel and, later, the Greek and Roman imperial contexts that shaped Second Temple Judaism and early Christianity. The focus of the course, however, is on the biblical narrative itself and the particular ways that the story of Israel and its covenant with God was represented in scripture: in tales, poems, hymns, dialogues, and genealogies.
A basic goal of the course, then, is to promote intelligent, well-informed reading of the Bible. Also important is the willingness to read the Bible closely and critically, with a view toward larger questions raised by biblical texts: how is God to be known and understood? What is the purpose of human life in the world? What moral obligations ought to structure our common life? Does human history have direction and purpose? What is the good and how do we follow it? The Bible takes up these questions and many more. Though an ancient anthology shaped by the succession of Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman empires, the Bible is not merely a product of its original contexts. Millennia of transmission and interpretation have made it a product of history in a much more extended and dynamic sense.
In this course, we will examine larger questions raised by the biblical writers and consider the ways that the Bible has shaped, informed, and guided Jewish and Christian ways of life.


National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Brazil
Transpiration in tropical forests plays a critical role in regulating the global water cycle and climate. Transpiration is often considered to be light- but not water-limited in humid tropical rainforests due to abundant soil water, even during the dry seasons. As the climate becomes warmer and drier, it is more likely that a threshold could be reached after which soil moisture, instead of light availability, becomes a primary regulator of transpiration. The record-breaking 2015-16 El Niño drought provided a unique opportunity to examine whether transpiration is constrained by water under severe lack of rainfall. We measured sap velocity, soil water content, and meteorological variables in an old-growth upland forest in the Central Amazon throughout the 2015-16 drought.
We found a rapid decline in sap velocity and in its temporal variability during the drought compared to the regular dry season. Such changes were accompanied by a marked decline in soil moisture and an increase in temperature and vapor pressure deficit. Sap velocity was largely limited by net radiation during the wet season; however, it shifted to be primarily limited by soil moisture during the drought. The threshold in which sap velocity became dominated by soil moisture was at 0.33 m3/m3 (around -150 kPa in soil matric potential), below which sap velocity dropped steeply. Our study provides evidence for a soil water threshold on transpiration in a moist tropical forest, suggesting a shift from light limitation to water limitation under future climate characterized by increased temperature and an increased frequency, intensity, duration and extent of extreme drought events. The ability of tropical forests in the Amazon to survive in the future largely depends on their acclimation and adaptation to drier conditions.


What is Daylighting?
Daylighting is the use of windows and skylights to bring sunlight into your home.
Today’s highly energy-efficient windows, as well as advances in lighting design, allow efficient use of windows to reduce the need for artificial lighting during daylight hours without causing heating or cooling problems.
The best way to incorporate daylighting in your home depends on your climate and home’s design. The sizes and locations of windows should be based on the cardinal directions rather than their effect on the street-side appearance of the house.
South-facing windows are most advantageous for daylighting and for moderating seasonal temperatures. They allow most winter sunlight into the home but little direct sun during the summer, especially when properly shaded.
North-facing windows are also advantageous for daylighting. They admit relatively even, natural light, producing little glare and almost no unwanted summer heat gain.
Although east- and west-facing windows provide good daylight penetration in the morning and evening, respectively, they should be limited. They may cause glare, admit a lot of heat during the summer when it is usually not wanted, and contribute little to solar heating during the winter.
If you’re constructing a new house, you want to consider daylighting as part of your whole-house design—an approach for building an energy-efficient home.


Did you know that the first four countries to have educational exchanges under the Fulbright Act of 1946 where Burma (now Myanmar), China, Greece, and the Philippines? While the bilateral agreement with China was signed before Burma’s, the first action under the Fulbright Act was with Burma.
The realities of the narrowly defined Fulbright Act made it slow to get implemented. The requirements included 1) a signed bilateral agreement between the Secretary of State and the foreign government, 2) the managed sales of surplus military equipment in the country, 3) certification by the Department of the Treasury that the local currency was available, and 4) the establishment of a U.S. Educational Foundation in the foreign country. Under the terms of the Fulbright Act, no more than $1m in local currency may be used in one year in any one country, no more than $20m may be spent in one country, and the money may only support educational activities of individuals.
As of June 1948, there were agreements with the four countries:
- China — signed November 10, 1947, for $20m (equivalent) over a 20yrs.
- Burma — signed December 22, 1947, for $3m (equivalent) over a 15yrs, to be increased to $4m over 20yrs.
- Philippines — signed March 23, 1948, for $2m (equivalent) over 10yrs.
- Greece — signed April 23, 1948, for $2m (equivalent) over 5yrs, subject to renewal for up to $8m for 20yrs.
The Fulbright Act was not inclusive in nearly all aspects. Other funds, private and public were often necessary. One other public source was the Smith-Mundt Act, which often supplemented Fulbright scholarships. The Mundt program made U.S. Government dollars available for a wide range of activities, including but not limited to education (i.e. technology, agriculture, science, civil engineering, governance), did not require a bilateral agreement between governments, did not require the identification of local foundation, and did not have a per country cap.
Burma is once again an important country to foster exchanges. They need, and are eager, for the opportunities that exchanges can bring. This is for all kinds of programs, not just educational but professional and technical, related to media to civil engineering to governance to agriculture and more.


The absolutely free avast anti virus course is capable of protecting computers from malwares, ransomware,…
How Does Antivirus Program Detect Potential Viruses?
If you want in order to keep computer as well as the information placed upon it safe from malwares, antivirus application is an essential protection measure. Although how exactly does it detect potential infections? In this article, we will take a look at how an ant-virus program recognizes and gets rid of malicious code.
Antivirus programs identify likely viruses simply by analyzing incoming files and code that are passing through your network. The firms that build these types of software put together an extensive data source of already-known viruses and malware to teach the application how to acknowledge them. Consequently, as data and code pass through your whole body, the malware software even comes close them to the database with regards to matches. Any kind of that are identified as matching noted viruses or perhaps malware will be isolated, sought, and taken away.
Modern antivirus programs work with heuristics and machine understanding how to detect fresh or customized forms of malwares, too. These types of techniques can be more effective than signature diagnosis at distinguishing unknown types of spyware. Heuristics and machine learning types are created simply by examining hundreds or perhaps thousands of examples of malware, trying to find patterns and attributes which might be common among them. Then the computer software can determine similar habits or manners in inbound data, seeing that it may end up being malware even without having a specific match in the database.
Malware programs which have been using only heuristics or equipment learning, however , can sometimes wrongly identify legit pieces of software as viruses. That’s why it is critical to use an anti virus solution with multiple ways of detecting threats, including personal detection and http://webroot-reviews.com/best-antivirus-for-windows-10/ heuristics.


Britain’s longest-reigning monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, ruled the throne for 70 years, and after her passing, she left behind a legacy of empowerment. During her reign, multiple organizations have highlighted the contributions made by the Queen to the education sector, as well as the youth.
Queen Elizabeth II was a patron of the Association of Commonwealth Universities since 1986, and because of her assistance and patronage, the association has been able to provide a forum for universities all over the world to share ideas, information, and ideas. Her dedication to providing for the youth and their education was also emphasized through the Queen Elizabeth Commonwealth Scholarships, which offers outstanding opportunities to students from Commonwealth countries with low or middle-income backgrounds. These scholarships are aimed at students who wish to create change in their communities, build networks globally, and experience a new culture in a new country.
Universities Canada has also vowed to honor the memory of the Queen through the Canadian Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Scholarships program, which was first established in 2012 and has been awarded to over 2,200 students from Canada and around the world.
Another program that helped transform the lives of the youth from every Commonwealth nation, was the Queen’s Young Leaders Program which aimed to discover, celebrate and also support the youth of today. About 240 people received Queen’s Young Leaders Awards from the Queen herself. This 4-year program mentored a group of promising individuals, which started by taking a year-long leadership course online, from the University of Cambridge’s Institute of Continuing Education.
During her reign, Queen Elizabeth II continually encouraged and promoted the importance of higher education for not only the students, but also for communities and the economy. She did this through her three decades of patronage of The Queen’s Anniversary Prizes, where UK universities and colleges were celebrated for their innovations, excellence, and public benefits annually.
It is evident that Her Majesty has left behind a remarkable legacy, and it is crucial for future leaders and the community to continue her passion for education and learning.


FRANCISCANS. Franciscans is the popular name of the priests and brothers of the Order of Friars Minor, founded by St. Francis of Assisi in 1209. In 1517 Pope Leo X divided the order into two autonomous branches, Observant Friars Minor and Conventual Friars Minor. A third branch, the Capuchin Friars Minor, begun in 1525, became autonomous in 1619. Within the ranks of the Observants, three stricter groups were formed in the sixteenth century: the Discalced or Alcantarine, the Reformati, and the Recollect Friars Minor. All the Franciscans in New Spain, except those who belonged to the Discalced Province of San Diego in Mexico beginning in 1599, were Observants. A Franciscan province comprises a number of conventos or friaries in a certain area, and these are under the jurisdiction of a minister provincial. No fewer than six provinces were established in Mexico between 1534 and 1606. The Franciscan missionary colleges, of which seven were founded in Mexico between 1683 and 1860, did not belong to a province but were the equivalent of a small province; each consisted of only one large convento or colegio, governed by a father guardian. The colleges ceased to exist in the latter part of the nineteenth century. The members of the colleges wore a grey Franciscan habit, while those of the Observant provinces had a habit of a bluish color; the Discalced Friars' habit was light brown. In 1897 Pope Leo XIII reunited the Discalced, Reformati, and Recollect Franciscans with the Observants in one Order of Friars Minor, simply so-called; and dark brown was made the common color of the habit of all its members.
Full article on the Texas State Historical Association's Handbook of Texas Online


There is a wide range of resources on sustainability education that provide information, advice, case studies and teaching and learning materials.
Environmental and zoo education centres provide advice and resources on teaching sustainability education and implementing sustainable practices.
School Infrastructure NSW – Environmental sustainability provides information and advice on energy, water and waste management to create more sustainable schools.
Sustainable school grants – School Infrastructure NSW invites all NSW public schools and preschools to apply for funding of up to $15,000 to deliver hands-on, sustainability-focused projects that link to the NSW curriculum.
HSIE key learning area – curriculum provides programming support, resources and professional learning. Geography, in particular, investigates sustainability issues and asks students to consider personal and collective responses for a sustainable future.
Science key learning area – curriculum provides programming support, resources and professional learning. In both the Science and Technology K-6 and Science 7-10 syllabuses there are opportunities for scientific investigations relating to sustainability and, in K-6, for designing and producing using sustainable materials or as sustainable solutions.
Creative arts key learning area – curriculum provides resources that use sustainability as a learning context, such as Waste as art on the Visual arts page.
Learning outside – school site as a context K-6 (DOCX 59KB) maps learning activities outside in the school grounds across each stage of learning K-6 in science and technology, geography, history and mathematics.
HSIE Sustainability – Learning across the curriculum cross curriculum priorities teacher resource K-10 (DOCX 126 KB) plots the organising ideas of sustainability across geography and history teaching and learning.
Getting started with sustainability in schools provides a comprehensive learning resources portal and case studies from across Australia. The site is managed by the Australian Association for Environmental Education.
Sustainable Schools NSW provides links to teaching resources, student activities, excursion venues and professional development. The site is managed by the Australian Association for Environmental Education NSW.
Australian Association for Environmental Education NSW provides membership opportunities, networks, resources, conferences and suggestions of ways to become involved in environmental education in NSW.
Australian Association for Environmental Education provides membership opportunities, journal subscriptions and national conferences.


While the suicide rate among young children has remained relatively stable, a new study shows that the number of black kids between the ages of 5 and 11 who commit suicide has almost doubled since 1993.
The research, published Tuesday in the journal JAMA Pediatrics, shows that from 1993 to 2012, there were a total of 657 kids in the age group who killed themselves in the U.S.; 84% were boys and 16% were girls. Overall, the suicide rate was stable over the nearly 20-year period, yet the rate among black children significantly rose while the rate among white children dropped. Why black children were more likely to die by their own hand could not be determined in this study. The researchers say that the apparent racial disparity needs further investigation.
Study author Jeffrey Bridge, an epidemiologist at the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus, Ohio, told the New York Times that he was “shocked” by the results.
The findings are troubling, and the authors note in the study that historically, the rates of suicide among black children has been lower than the rate among white children. Suicide previously ranked as the 14th cause of death among black children ages 5 to 11 from 1993 to 1997, but it went up to the ninth cause of death in 2008 to 2012. For comparison, among white children, suicide was ranked as the 12th cause of death for the age group from 1993 to 1997 but it dropped to the 11th cause of death from 2008 to 2012.
“Although rates of suicide in adolescents aged 12 to 19 years are roughly 50 times higher than suicide rates in children aged 5 to 11 years, investment in upstream suicide prevention approaches that occur prior to the onset of suicidal behavior may have strong potential to reduce youth suicide rates,” the study authors write.
The researchers call for more studies to understand the trend, and to hopefully determine what interventions might be necessary.
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Letter from the Director
Reading your child’s cues may sometimes be a difficult task. This can be especially hard for parents of infants and toddlers who have limited words to describe their feelings. When young children do not have the vocabulary or understanding to express their needs, often their behaviors are misinterpreted which leads to frustration in both the child and the adult.
It is important for adults to remember that children can experience the same emotions as adults do; they just express those feelings differently. Remember that behaviors have meaning, and it may take lots of patience and trial and error to find out exactly what your child is trying to say to you.
Always be aware that sounds, body language, facial expressions, and gestures are a form of communication for a child. For example, babies use their whole body to communicate by gazing intently, crying, arching their back, kicking, or waving. Toddlers become more skilled at communicating their needs by using sounds, gestures, and some language. Preschool-age children grow their communication in leaps and bounds, but please do not mistake their use of language for them being able to fully regulate their emotions. Sometimes they do not have a label for how they are feeling, so they act in a less desirable way. It is our responsibility as parents and teachers to give them the tools they need for expressing these feelings in an age appropriate way.
If you are having a hard time reading your child’s cues as they pass through these challenging milestones, help them by observing and interpreting their behaviors, responding based on what you think the meaning of their behavior is, and trying something different if your first response was wrong.
Remember, you can’t always understand what your child is trying to communicate, and that is perfectly okay. Just remain calm and keep trying, and your efforts will build powerful communicators.


Basic House produces roofs in elements or in farms. All high quality materials we use in the production of roof systems are guaranteed effective and eco-friendly.
We use standard 400mm roof mineral wool insulation. However, we also apply variety of sizes depending on customers’ requirements and geographical location where the building will be erected. We also use the following sizes:
200mm, 250mm, 300mm, 350mm, 400mm, 450mm, 500mm, 550mm, 600mm
1 External Cladding
2 Distance Laths
3 Bituminous Layer
5 Distance Laths
7 Tyvek Soft
8 Mineral Wool Insulation
10 Wooden Battens
11 Gypsum Board
Scandinavian houses commonly use wooden trusses, which are a composite of lumbers engineered to build frames that are attached together using truss plates made of galvanized steel. We use many sizes for wood trusses, which undergo a series of stress tests in our factory to ensure strength (especially when handling the weight of snow during the winter season).
1 Frames for double-pitch houses
2 Frames for single-pitch houses
One of the many examples of the frames.
Build a wonderful life with Basic House!
Let us know what you need and we will gladly be of service!


Responding to the specific needs of women in prison
The rise in the global female prison population, women’s unique vulnerabilities to HIV infection and insufficient provision and inequitable access to HIV services places gender-responsive services in prisons high on the agenda of HIV prevention among key populations.
Approximately 7% of the world’s prison population are women, with over 714,000 women and girls held in prisons and other closed settings. This number has increased by about 53% since the year 2000 compared with 20% for the male population, and is rising on all continents.
The same challenges that lead to women becoming incarcerated are often those that lead to their increased risk of HIV infection, and include punitive laws such as those which criminalize sex work and drug use, prolonged detention, and high rates of pre-trial detention. Their situation is exacerbated by stigma, gender-based violence and inequality, discrimination, and HIV risk behaviours.
In prison, women’s specific health care needs, including access to sexual and reproductive health, treatment of infectious diseases including sexually transmitted infections, as well as nutrition and hygiene requirements, are often neglected. The limited access for women (and their children) to ante- and postnatal care, labour and delivery services and antiretroviral therapy poses a serious challenge to prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. This leads to infants born in prisons being at high risk of contracting HIV during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding.
What we do:
Supporting the revision, adaptation, development and implementation of effective legislation, policies and strategies
UNODC engages national key partners and community-based organizations to identify best practices and determine how national policies can be strengthened to ensure that the right to health for women and their children in prison is protected and respected.
Development and dissemination of normative guidance on HIV
Subsequently, a training was held in Nigeria, and regional trainings in Namibia and Minsk with participants from 13 countries in total, to sensitize decision makers and prison authorities on the importance of women in prison having access to HIV and sexual and reproductive health care, and to teach health care providers how to implement measures to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, viral hepatitis and syphilis.
UNODC promotes human rights-based, gender responsive, public health-centered and evidence-based approaches, elimination of stigma, discrimination and violence.


This observation captures details regarding the evolution of gully features observed in a crater in Acidalia Planitia.
A Context Camera image provides context for these gullies showing an approximately 7-kilometer diameter crater in which we see that the gullies occur exclusively on the northern wall. This is unlike most of the observed gully sites in the northern Martian hemisphere, which typically have gullies on their pole-facing slopes. Another unique observation of this set of gullies is that they start mid-way down the crater’s wall rather than cutting directly into the upper crater wall or rim.
The younger, more recently active fans are generally rougher than the older, smoother fans that are located near the base of the slope . Consistent with this interpretation, are a number of observed superposition and cross-cutting relationships. The rougher fans are always superimposed over the older, smoother ones.
Discontinuous fractures are observed to cross-cut only older features, while the most recently active portions of the gullies, in this case the channels or fans, are not cut by the fractures, but in some cases even superimpose them. This suggests that the fractures formed prior to the last phase of gully activity.
Written by: Radu Capitan, Livio Tornabene, Eric Pilles and Matt Bourassa (audio: Tre Gibbs) (23 October 2017)
More info and image formats at http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_052432_2325
Image: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona


After the infamous Odebrecht scandals sparked protests and investigations throughout the region, hope and promise for the strengthening of institutions and change in the corruption of daily life abounded in much of Latin America. Yet after many years, the outcome has been mostly the same: politicians receiving minimal sentences after millions of dollars given or taken in bribes amidst a backdrop of embezzlement and money laundering that has now become ubiquitous.
Compared to other regions, Latin America boasts comparatively low sentence lengths. In many countries in the Asia-Pacific region, the sentence is death, while in the United States a person will serve 15 years or more for the same crime. Not only is the maximum length practically useless as a deterrent to commit crimes, but it also fails to properly fulfill its role in punishing those who give or take bribes even if they are sentenced, mainly due to loopholes.
According to an article posted in Actualícese, although Colombia has a maximum sentence length of twelve years for bribery on paper, the real sentence for bribery ends up being a year and a half instead of the twelve as a result of several criminal reductive measures. Colombia is not the only country to do this either, with Brazil being a famous example of allowing for a sentence reduction if criminals submit book reports, alongside numerous other caveats.
The punitive measures afforded to Marcelo Odebrecht, one of the masterminds of Latin America’s biggest corruption scandal are emblematic of the region’s dealings with corruption. In short, Odebrecht managed a slap on the wrist in the form of a small and comfortable sentence after an investigation discovered over 5.3 billion dollars of bribes in Brazil alone. A deal was struck to reveal dozens of other names, turning a 19-year total sentence for several crimes into a 2-year house arrest in a comfortable mansion—even reserving the ability to return to work at his company.
To lower the absurd quantities of money that are stolen and used for bribes, countries in the region must begin by fixing their penal codes as well as strengthening their enforcement institutions, in order to prevent the greed of a few hundred people to significantly affect the progress and well-being of nations.


Malaria in Zimbabwe exacerbated by Covid-19
A new outbreak of malaria in Zimbabwe is being worsened by the Covid-19 pandemic
The World Health Organization cautioned that there is a risk of diseases such as malaria being neglected during the pandemic. “The malaria community must remain committed to supporting the prevention of malaria infection, illness and death through preventive and case management services, while maintaining a safe environment for patients, clients and staff. Deaths due to malaria and its comorbidities (anaemia, undernutrition, etc.) must continue to be prevented,” said a recent report.
It is currently malaria season in Zimbabwe and a total of 201 outbreaks have been reported, mainly in Manicaland, Masvingo, and Mashonaland East. But with these outbreaks occurring in the midst of a global pandemic, resources are stretched.
Zimbabwean Health Minister Obadiah Moyo said that the death toll from malaria is on the rise. “The malaria death toll has increased and as we speak it’s now 152. We are in a malaria season in Zimbabwe but the country has focused more on the fight against Covid-19,” Moyo said. “We normally have our teams going out to test for malaria around this time and those found with malaria would receive their treatment. We have now started sending teams out, hence we have picked the outbreaks.”


Blinky Lights – JRG01-KITX
This expanded kit combines the Junior Genius Blinky Lights Experience (Kit 1) with the first two expansion kits (More LEDs + LED I.C. Chaser) all in one fantastic kit!
Junior Genius Kits are built for experimentation, learning and fun! Through Blinky Lights you can experience the joy of creating an LED circuit that lights up. The Blinky Lights Kit leads you through 10 core activities: from a simple LED circuit up to more advanced transistor LED blinky light circuits, using standard parts on a real-world breadboard.
Learn about voltage and current by using LEDs, resistors, capacitors and transistors. You’ll be able to build circuits using a schematic diagram, and there’s plenty of help to get you there. Simple examples make it easy to grasp the basics and the ‘What’s Happening’ and ‘Things To Try’ sections encourage you to dig deeper.
With these next-generation science kits you get to experience how real parts work and you’ll learn to build a real circuit. Working with real electronic parts helps you to gain the confidence to graduate to other projects. The parts and breadboard can be disassembled and reused for new creations.
You will get valuable assembly and troubleshooting experience as you learn to use a great experimentation tool, the solderless breadboard. Real hands-on experience means greater educational value.
A great introduction to the world of electronics for both students and adults!
For Educators and Classroom sets, check out class sets here: JRG01-EDU
- Detailed 60-page color Instruction Manual full of experiments & activities + 8-page manual for expansion. Manuals include Troubleshooting Tips, explanations about How Things Work, and lots of interesting facts.
- 3 full Lessons, 15 Activities, PLUS over 45 “things to try.”
- Online access to Junior Genius Club, Online Circuit Simulator, resources, activities and content.
- 134 electronic parts, a power box, wires, batteries, and BB400 BreadBoard
- Ages 10+
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November is Eat Smart Month! Nourish yourself, your family and your community by learning how to shop, cook and eat smart! Making more of your meals at home is one of the best ways to eat healthier and save money, too. Try these tips to get cooking.
• Add more color to your meals with fruits and vegetables. Fresh, frozen, canned and dried can all be healthy choices, but watch out for salty sauces and sugary syrups.
• Compare nutrition label information at the grocery store. Choose products with the lowest amounts of sodium, saturated fat and added sugars.
• Learn some new cooking methods and techniques. Instead of frying foods – which can add a lot of extra calories and unhealthy fats – use healthier cooking methods that add little or no fat, like roasting, grilling, baking or steaming.
• Give your pantry a makeover. If your cabinets, fridge and freezer are well-stocked with the right staple ingredients, it will be easier to make healthy meals.
• Make it fun for kids to try new foods. Let them pick out a new fruit or vegetable in the grocery store each week. Figure out together how to cook or prepare it in a healthy way.
• Make healthy substitutions, like whole grain instead of refined white flour. Take small steps over time to replace less-healthy ingredients in your family favorites.
• Cut down on the salt and learn new ways to give food great flavor, including herbs, spices, vinegars, citrus, garlic and other seasonings.
• Upgrade your fats. Use liquid vegetable oils such as canola, corn, olive, safflower, sesame and sunflower in place of butter and solid fats.
• Include some meatless meals. Choose plant-based proteins like beans, vegetables, legumes and tofu.
• Relax! Have fun in the kitchen and get the family involved in planning and preparing meals. Explore new recipes together.
Find recipes, cooking tips and more at heart.org/HealthyforGood.


Gene’s impact on ‘good’ cholesterol could affect heart disease riskJul. 12, 2012, 7:00 AM
Changes in body weight (either gain or loss) can prompt one’s levels of “good” cholesterol (HDL) to fall. Because low HDL levels increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, this presents a potential roadblock to further success in reducing heart disease mortality.
Recently, Heidi Silver, research associate professor of medicine, and colleagues showed that a variation in the CNR1 gene (the H3 haplotype) protects against the significant decline in HDL that typically accompanies weight loss. In a study published in PLoS ONE, the researchers describe how this gene variant influences HDL level response to modifications of dietary fat intake.
They found that normal to overweight adults with the H3 variant had robust short-term changes in HDL while on a high-fat diet. The effect was four-fold greater in women than in men, and this gender effect was also significant in obese women who consumed a high-fat, calorie-restricted diet.
The results suggest that the gender-specific effect of this variant on dietary fat-induced changes in HDL may help guide nutrition strategies for weight loss while improving cardiovascular health.
The research was supported by grants from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (RR024975), the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease (DK064857, DK069927, DK020593, DK080007) and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (HL069757) of the National Institutes of Health, The Dr. Robert C. and Veronica Atkins Foundation, the Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, and the Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute.
Send suggestions for research to highlight in Aliquots to: email@example.com


One of the top-selling vehicles in the world, the Toyota Corolla, is assembled at Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Mississippi (TMMMS) in Blue Springs, Mississippi.
It takes a Herculean effort to roll 170,000 cars off the assembly line each year. To lend a hand, TMMMS employees are assisted by “Godzilla,” a large material-handling robot, which looks like a big metal arm and can maneuver loads up to one ton. More than 1,900 Mississippi employees are trained and skilled in stamping, welding, painting, assembling and inspecting brand-new Toyota Corollas every day. Since breaking ground in 2007 and starting production in 2011, TMMMS and its suppliers have created nearly 4,000 jobs and invested over $1.2 billion in the state’s economy. To date, 1.4 million Corollas and counting have been assembled at the plant.
The Mississippi facility is the North American model for promoting sustainable environmental performance. To reduce carbon emissions and save energy during the cooler months, TMMMS employs a geothermal system that uses the Earth’s natural heat transfer for cooling. The plant also utilizes an ElectroCell system, which generates low voltage electricity to produce electrocoagulation. Electrocoagulation is a water treatment technology that causes particles as small as 1 micron to cluster together, improving the effectiveness of the system filters. The ElectroCell system is expected to lessen the plant’s annual water usage by 6%, or more than 4.5 million gallons. Additionally, TMMMS decreases waste by using a handheld device to inspect vehicles for defects. This initiative replaces paper spec sheets and eliminates 22,740 pounds of paper waste per year — that’s the equivalent of saving 273 trees from being cut down.
As part of its commitment to the environment, TMMMS supports biodiversity on its property by maintaining 1,540 acres of wildlife habitats that house grasslands, forests, wetlands and stormwater ponds. This diverse program aligns with Toyota’s sustainability initiative, which lays out three conservation themes: native habitat restoration, green landscaping and pollinators.
TMMMS continues to strengthen its community ties, develop its workforce and assemble efficient and dependable cars.
Learn more about TMMMS here.
Originally published September 21, 2021


To reduce pollution from construction activities by controlling soil erosion, waterway sedimentation, and airborne dust.
Create and implement an erosion and sedimentation control plan for all new construction activities associated with the project. The plan must incorporate best management practices (BMPs) to control erosion and sedimentation in runoff from the entire project site during construction. The BMPs must be selected from EPA’s BMPs for construction and post-construction site runoff control. The erosion and sedimentation control plan must list the BMPs employed and describe how the project team will do the following:
- preserve vegetation and mark clearing limits;
- establish and delineate construction access;
- control flow rates;
- install sediment controls;
- stabilize soils;
- prevent soil loss during construction;
- stockpile topsoil for reuse;
- protect slopes;
- protect drain inlets, all rainwater conveyance systems, and receiving water bodies;
- stabilize channels and outlets;
- control pollutants including dust and particulate matter;
- control dewatering;
- maintain the BMPs; and
- manage the erosion and sedimentation control plan.
© Copyright U.S. Green Building Council, Inc. All rights reserved.
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About DCS Servers
The Department of Computer Science uses a variety of hardware platforms and operating systems (O/S). The purpose of the following sections is to explain what kind of hardware can be found in the various DCS labs and what O/Ss are being run on each machine. On the UNIX and Linux side of things, DCS has multiple servers which run Unix/Linux. They are: metis, elara, europa, thebe; with four CPUs and 4GB of memory, which runs Linux. Our print server is called prm and our file server is phobos. The PCs boot up on their own and can load either Windows or Linux at boot-time. Windows is only available on the PCs and is started from the PC's hard disk as opposed to a remote server. While one can login into the UNIX/Linux machines both locally and through the Internet using an ssh client, the Windows machines can only be accessed locally. Worthy of mention is the fact that the file server provides all users with a centralized "home" directory that can be accessed from any of the DCS UNIX/Linux servers and Windows . It is important to remember, though, that a program compiled on one particular O/S and hardware platform cannot be run on another. For example, if you compile and run a C program on Windows on a PC, you could not then run the same executable on a Linux sytem. You would first have to re-compile the program on the Linux sytem and then you could run it. The same principle applies to both the UNIX and Linux systems.


A trendline is a line that shows the general trend of data points in a chart.
The following step-by-step example shows how to add a trendline to a chart in Google Sheets.
Step 1: Enter the Data
First, let’s enter the values for the following dataset:
Step 2: Create a Chart
Next, highlight the values in the range A1:B15. Then click the Insert tab, then click Chart.
In the Chart editor panel on the right side of the screen, choose Scatter chart as Chart type.
The following scatterplot will appear:
Step 3: Add a Trendline
To add a trendline to the chart, click the Customize tab in the Chart editor. Then click Series from the dropdown list, then click the checkbox next to Trendline.
The following linear trendline will automatically be added to the scatterplot:
Step 4: Modify the Trendline
Feel free to modify the aesthetics of the trendline.
For example, we may choose to change the Type of trendline to Exponential, change the Line color to red, and the Line thickness to 4px.
Here’s how the resulting trendline looks:
Feel free to modify the type of trendline until you find one that seems to fit the data points well.
The following tutorials explain how to perform other common operations in Google Sheets:
How to Find Line of Best Fit in Google Sheets
How to Add Error Bars to Charts in Google Sheets
How to Add a Horizontal Line to a Chart in Google Sheets


Windmills made agriculture viable across the American West
The iconic windmill has been a part of western landscape since the mid 1800s.
It was the windmill that allowed settlers to farm and ranch large tracks of land. And it was also the windmill that allowed trains to travel across the empty plains and mountains. A steam engine needed to refuel their water tanks every 20 or 30 miles, and it was the windmills that pumped the water from wells to the water towers at the depots and refueling spots.
As a best-of-the-best Journeys podcast we are resharing an interview recorded in 2018 with Tanya Meadows at the Windmill Museum in Lubbock, Texas, and Jim Stark at the Kregel Windmill Factory Museum in Nebraska City, Nebraska.
The Lubbock, Texas based Windmill Museum showcases more than 100 historic windmills.
There's also historic signage, ephemera, and photographic displays that showcase the windmills’ vital role in making farms viable enterprises across the American West.
At one time more than 700 U.S. windmill manufacturers supplied ranchers, farmers and railroads. Today, just two windmill manufacturers remain in business.
The circa-1903 Nebraska City Kregel windmill factory remains intact exactly as it stood back in the mid-1930s. Kregel’s windmills were regarded by some as superior to the leader of the pack—the ubiquitous and almost bulletproof Aermotor—which is still manufactured today in San Angelo, Texas.
A handful of Kregel’s "Eli" windmills are still pumping water on farms and ranches around Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, and South Dakota.


The Vocal Behaviors of North American River Otters (Lontra Canadensis) Individual Differences and Shared Repertoires
Date of Degree
The current information on the vocal repertoire of the North American River Otter is very limited. To date there have been no direct studies conducted on their repertories. In this study, I examined the vocal behavior of 12 captive river otters. The discriminant function analysis suggests that river otters have 4 distinct call types with 7 sub-call types and one call the whistle is unique to one group of pups. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis comparing acoustical structures shows strong evidence for the presence of individuality with some individuals showing greater differences in comparison to the others. I also examined the differences in sexes and age groups, and the results show that unique calls are present, and there are significant differences across groups when comparing acoustical structures. Finally, I examined the uses of vocalizations, and the results show a positive correlation between the duration, max frequency, and max power of the call and the arousal state of the individual producing the call. Specific call types also showed tendencies to be produced when the individual was in a particular interaction (asocial or social) and when in a particular arousal state.
Almonte, Carla, "The Vocal Behaviors of North American River Otters (Lontra Canadensis) Individual Differences and Shared Repertoires" (2011). CUNY Academic Works.
Digital reproduction from the UMI microform.


The strongest evidence we have says that wearing a mask and practicing social distancing are the most effective things we can do to slow the spread of COVID-19.
Masks now recommended by the CDC
The CDC is now recommending wearing cloth face coverings in public areas where social distancing is hard to maintain. Masks help prevent the spread of disease through speaking, coughing or sneezing.
Masks prevent accidental spread
Many people who have COVID-19 do not show any symptoms. When they go out without a mask, they can spread the disease unknowingly. Someone who does not show symptoms can give the virus to another person who could become critically ill.
Join Sound Family in staying safe
Our team members are wearing masks in all our clinics, to protect each other and patients. We require that all patients bring a mask to the clinic and wear it the entire time they are in the building. This mask guideline does not apply to children under age 5. We will provide you a mask if you do not have one of your own. For patients who cannot wear a mask, we will offer alternatives, including car visits or video visits.
How to properly wear a mask
Wearing your mask properly is important to prevent the spread of disease. Always wash your hands before you put on or take off your mask.
- Put it over your nose and mouth and secure it under your chin
- Try to fit it snugly against the sides of your face
- Make sure you can breathe easily
Thank you for all the support
We are incredibly grateful for the outpouring of support from our community, especially Farm 12, who has donated several hundred masks as well as sweet treats for our staff.
We continue to welcome mask or fabric donations
Masks and the materials to make them are in short supply these days. If you are able to sew and donate masks, or have extra material available to donate, we would be grateful for the support. Donations can be brought to any of our clinics or to our main office.
Our clinics remain open and safe
Thanks to our staff of professionals and our strict safety protocols, our clinics remain open and ready to care for you. Please do not delay needed care. In addition to in-office appointments, we can see you via telephone, video visits and car-side appointments.


What is climate smart agriculture in simple words?
Climate-smart agriculture has been developed as an approach to attain ‘triple wins’ in agriculture, through increased agricultural productivity, adaptation (supporting crops and livestock to grow in changing climatic conditions) and mitigation (reducing greenhouse gas emissions where possible).
Why is climate smart agriculture important?
Climate-smart agriculture is a pathway towards development and food security built on three pillars: increasing productivity and incomes, enhancing resilience of livelihoods and ecosystems and reducing and removing greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere.
What is climate smart agriculture India?
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach for transforming and reorienting agricultural production systems and food value chains so that they support sustainable development and can ensure food security under climate change.
What is climate smart agriculture for kids?
Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is a set of farming methods designed to increase the resilience and productivity of land affected by climate change.
What is the difference between climate smart agriculture and sustainable agriculture?
But it is distinguished by a focus on climate change, explicitly addressing adaptation and mitigation challenges while working towards food security for all. In essence, CSA is sustainable agriculture that incorporates resilience concerns while at the same time seeking to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.


MORE ON MONARCHS
On July 21 the monarch butterfly was declared endangered by IUCN (The International Union for the Conservation of Nature). Being listed on the IUCN Red List means it is the first time the monarch has been officially considered in danger of extinction. Evidently, there is a big difference in which population —the eastern or the western— is more at risk. Our western population has declined 99.9 percent in the last few decades, from around 10 million in the 1980s to under 2,000 in 2121. The eastern population declined by 84 percent between 1996 and 2014. There was a recent controversial study based on citizen-science data from summer nesting sites that showed an increase in some US locations. However, according to the latest research, it is the winter data that tells the real story. Even if populations rebound in some places in the summer, overwintering populations, whether declining or even remaining stable, are just way too low.
So what to do? As always, plant as much milkweed as possible, because chemically sprayed farmland milkweed, loss of habitat, and overdevelopment of traditional nesting grounds are some of the reasons our gardens seem to be the last ditch resource for our western monarchs. We advocate planting native milkweeds, but if you do plant tropical milkweed, be sure to cut it back in the fall/winter. Tropical milkweed stays green and discourages monarchs from migrating. Cutting it back also helps to eliminate spores that could be on the plant. Climate change has made it easier for tropical milkweed to overwinter in our area. So I repeat, be sure to cut it back. Look for native milkweed plants at our CNPS plant sale this fall. We’ll keep you updated on which species will be available.


Last week I wrote about some myths people think about with Project Based Learning- especially in the secondary classroom setting. If you missed it, you can check it out here.
Today I want to share a special invitation with you!
One of the biggest reasons I see secondary ELA teachers shying away from PBL is that they just don’t know where to start. I totally get that! It can feel overwhelming.
Maybe you really enjoyed my Disney Movie Pitch Project and you found yourself thinking, “How can I do more of THIS”?!
I would love to work with other secondary ELA teachers who want to learn more about this approach and how to incorporate it into their curriculum. I am offering a FREE virtual workshop in late June just for this!
In the workshop, I will cover:
Why I believe so strongly in PBL- especially at the secondary level.
How I begin planning for the project.
How I approach my students with the project.
How I grade each person’s performance.
What my students have said about PBL.
And my secret tip for maximum participation from everyone.
Our students are entering a highly competitive and hyperconnected world. They need a curriculum that reflects that, challenges them, and most importantly prepares them for all the challenges that will await them.
My hope with this introductory workshop is that you start to feel more confident in your abilities to offer PBL to your secondary students.
If this sounds like something you would like to learn more about and see if it’s a good fit for you and your classroom, click this link to go ahead and jump on the waiting list.
Don’t forget, it’s 100% FREE!


This study is designed to illuminate the unique insight of Etherege as illustrated in his comedy The Man of Mode, or Sir Fopling Flutter. The insight given is not only appealing to its audience but also inclusive. It is meant both to amuse at the same time to educate. It exposes and mocks the foibles of so as to possibly improving them. The play hosts all social strata and mainly focuses on the hilarious essentials of the Beau Monde society in London. Their humors, ethos and trends are carefully contrived and flippantly introduced to give a vivid portrait of a morally loose society known for its artificiality and failings. Among the chief essentials, the play reveals and mocks, are the importance of wit and good breeding, reputation and honor, dissembling, love of gossip, the importance of beauty and clothes, the libertine attitude toward love and marriage, affectation and foppery, masks and masquerades, and the vanity of the elite and their disdain to lower classes. All these attributes are skillfully contrived in one smart lump, to yield an everlasting comedy able to please and perhaps awaken audiences despite time.
Keywords: Etherege, comedy of manners., man of mode, restoration society, the beau monde


Safe Toys Shouldn’t Be a Holiday Miracle
Children love Curious George. Looking at this Curious George doll, you can just imagine a little kid playing with him, hugging him tightly, even kissing his face.
So it would be shocking to learn that the face of this Curious George doll, bought and tested by CEH in 2007, was made with extremely high levels of lead, a stunningly toxic chemical that can cause lifelong learning and developmental problems.
CEH’s work to expose this and dozens of other toys and kids’ products we found with high levels of lead had a major impact. We pressured Congress to act, and in December 2007 we won a holiday miracle when Congress passed the first-ever federal ban on lead in all children’s products.
But that’s just one chemical
Unfortunately, lead is just one chemical in toys that can threaten children’s health. Recent testing has found arsenic, mercury, and other toxic chemicals can still be found in some toys. That’s why we continue to pressure Congress to adopt comprehensive federal rules on all toxic chemicals, requiring chemical companies to demonstrate that their products are safe before they end up in our kids’ toys – or in hundreds of other products we use every day.
In the absence of federal action, we support state and local laws for safer products. In Albany County New York, I testified last week in support of a local rule that would ban the sale of toys and other children’s products containing the most toxic chemicals. Now the County legislature is poised to vote on the issue.
Your Support Matters!
If you live in Albany County (or know friends who do), the legislature is scheduled to vote today! Call your legislator and urge him or her to support the Toxic-Free Toys Act for safer children’s products. And all of us can contact our U.S. Senators and let them know that we want real reform of national chemical rules, so all of our children and families are protected from disease-causing chemicals.
And please consider a year-end donation to CEH – your support helps us continue our work to protect children and families, especially when we can’t count on the government to look out for our health.
Update-January 7, 2015: Today the Albany County legislature adopted the Toxic Free Toys Act! Many thanks to everyone who helped make this happen. Click here to see the Just Green Partnership statement.


When the centrifugal pump is started, it will carry out the actual operation of exhaust and water filling, which can make the machine run more effectively. So next, I'll explain the water filling and exhaust methods of this machine in detail. Let's take a look. Since the centrifugal pump generates vacuum pump and water seepage after the pressure in the pump is discharged by the centrifugal impeller, in addition to the centrifugal pump and the self suction pump with the centrifugal impeller immersed in water, it is generally necessary to fill the pump with water before starting the pump every time, which is also known as adding a diversion channel. There are two ways to fill water: one is to fill the pump immediately (at this time, the air outlet should be opened to drain the gas in the pump); The second is to pump out the steam in the pump, create a certain vacuum value (at this time, close the stop valve at the outlet), and introduce water resources. 1. Install gate valves at the inlet and outlet to fill water. This type of method is to install a gate valve at the water inlet, and then fill the pump with water after connecting the tap water pipe. 2. Fill water with hand pump. Some pumps have built-in hand pressure pumps, and small and medium-sized hand pressure pumps can also be purchased or made by ourselves. Stop valves must be installed on the inlet pipes. After closing the gate valve tightly, fill the water pressure machine with a small amount of water to carry out the diversion channel. After manually pressing the water output of the pump, it indicates that the pump is filled with water and can be started. 3. Exhaust and fill water with vacuum technology. The self exhaust of centrifugal pump is the same as the negative pressure exhaust of mechanical pump, so the water ring mechanical pump exhaust can fill the water channel. Therefore, when the centrifugal pump cannot perform the actual operation of exhaust and water filling normally, it must be repaired immediately to prevent endangering all normal applications of machinery and equipment, or it will continue to cause damage to machinery and equipment at a certain level.
Calibration method of Vacuum Leak


Linda F. Malanson
My curriculum unit is divided into eighteen basic sections. It is targeted at second grade “scientists”, but can be simplified for Kindergarten or extended to sixth grade. (This way my curriculum will be of more use to more teachers.)
It is also my hope that my second graders will “catch fire” with all the scientific knowledge available and will view themselves as “scientists”. This is something I was not able to do as a child . . . (I was taught early on that I was a “lousy scientist” by several teachers . . . )
Since children learn far faster with the “hands-on” approach, I intend to make these eighteen sections into “hands-on” projects and/or activities. At the same time these activities will run the gamut of the curriculum.
In other words, this curriculum will be integrated into mathematics, reading, language arts, social studies, music, physical education and art. Extension activities will be included in the appendix. This curriculum unit will be presented over an eighteen week period.
My main objectives are:
1. To write the finest curriculum unit of which I am able.
2. To “light a fire” in my little scientists so they view themselves as “real scientists”.
3. To convey knowledge in a “hands-on” manner.
4. To share my curriculum with other innovative teachers who can also “light a fire”, too, in their classrooms.
5. To make my curriculum unit user friendly.


US Presidential candidate and Sen. Barack Obama, in Iowa City, announced a proposal that would expand health insurance to almost all U.S. residents and reduce premium costs.
The Universal Healthcare proposal would save the average family as much as $2,500 annually. The proposal would require health insurance for children but not adults.
Under the proposal, employers would have to offer health insurance or pay a percentage of their payrolls into a federal fund to provide coverage. The proposal would exempt the smallest employers from the requirement. The proposal would establish a public health plan for residents who cannot obtain health insurance through their employers or current public programs such as Medicaid and SCHIP. The proposal would expand Medicaid and SCHIP to cover more low-income residents.
In addition, the proposal would establish a National Health Insurance Exchange, a regulated market of private health plans in which the public plan would compete. Residents who cannot afford health insurance would pay for coverage on a sliding scale based on their annual incomes, and health insurers could not deny coverage to residents with pre-existing medical conditions. The proposal would include funds to improve technology in the health care industry through measures such as the implementation of an electronic health record system.
The proposal also would establish a reinsurance pool for catastrophic conditions and would call for a focus on preventive care. In addition, the proposal would increase federal regulations on mergers between health insurers. Obama said that the proposal would save the average family as much as $2,500 annually on health insurance costs.
Health care and health insurance become key political issue for US Presidential candidates, and all struggling to control health costs while providing high-quality, easily accessible care.


Although Goethe’s literature had a great influence on the culture of his time, considering himself in German Shakespeare, and is still studied in institutes and faculties, the author was deeply mediocre in some areas.
Like most writers in history, Goethe was not only ignorant in science, but he believed in surrealist supercheries and displayed scientific opinions right and left as if he thought he was smarter than scientists than his time.
For example, he conceived a theory of colors inspired by science, but also in poetry, to challenge the proposal by Isaac Newton. He also argued that marriages work like chemical reactions. As Sam Kean explains in his book The Waning Spoon :
Even Goethe’s masterpiece, Faust, contains rancid speculation about alchemy and, what is worse (at least alchemy is cool), it includes a vain Socratic dialogue between “neptunics” and “plutonic” about how rocks are formed. Neptunians like Goethe thought that rocks were formed by the precipitation of minerals in the ocean, the kingdom of the god Neptune; They were wrong.
The Plutonic so-called in honor of the god of the underworld, Pluto, and whose defense is taken over in Faust, in a little subtle hint, Satan himself, argued, correctly, that the volcanoes and the heat of the Earth’s interior form Most rocks. As always, Goethe took sides with the losing side because he was aesthetically pleasing.


- The observance of rules of discipline and good behaviour shall be a condition essential to a student’s continuance in a school. All the cases related to discipline issues are referred to a Disciplinary Committee constituted by the school. The Disciplinary Committee investigates the matter, talks to the student/s concerned and their parents and recommends the action to the Principal who takes the final decision about the punishment to be given. The nature of punishment depends upon the gravity of indiscipline. It can be in the form of fine or detention during the break. In case of serious nature of indiscipline, it can also be expulsion or rustication from the school. It is hereby clarified that expulsion or rustication are not applicable to students studying upto Grade VIII.
- Fine may be imposed on a student in the following cases namely :
- late attendance
- absence from class without proper application from the parent or guardian
- truancy which means absence from class/school for more than 30 minutes without any permission three times during the academic year
- wilful damage to school property
- delay in payment of school fees and dues
- Expulsion or rustication is applicable to students studying in Grade IX and above. This punishment is given only in cases of grave offences where the retention of the student in the school is likely to endanger its moral tone of discipline.
- non-payment of fees and other dues for 10 days after the last day for payment
- continued absence without leave for six consecutive days by a student of class IX to XII and ten consecutive days for a student of class VIII or below


Sloths are mammals that are known for their slowness of movement. Most of their time is spent hanging upside down on trees. These animals are found in tropical rainforests of South America and Central America. The meaning of the word ‘sloth’ is ‘laziness. Therefore this name suits these animals with a low metabolism rate. Some sloths are two-toed, whereas the other sloths are three-toed. Six extant species of sloths have been currently identified. Their slowness assists them in avoiding the gaze of predatory hawks and cats that hunt by sight.
Baby sloths are reliant on their mothers to teach them to survive. They are adorable as well as fragile. The baby will cling on to the mother’s fur after its birth and crawl onto her chest for safety.
Baby sloths are born ready with their eyes open, fully formed teeth, and sharp claws.
The ones in human facilities sleep for an average of 15 hours a day. The Sloth Sanctuary in Costa Rica has been functioning since 1997 and is an officially authorized rescue center. Their aim is to rescue, rehabilitate, research, and release sloths and conserve the sloths’ natural habitat, the Costa Rican rainforest.
A video of a cute little pair of sloths having an interesting conversation surfaced on the internet. The two adorable animals were caught talking to each other at the Sloth Sanctuary in Costa Rica. It was such a beautiful moment captured on video. Although we can’t understand a single word they say, their delicate voices surpass all the levels of cuteness. The sound they produce almost sounds like an “aaaargh”. Even though most of you have seen other animals talk, we are pretty sure that you haven’t seen sloth’s talk. So don’t forget to have a look at this adorable video .


Below is a selection of items from the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, where U of T grad Dag Spicer (BA 1993 TRIN, MA 1995), is senior curator (see Computer Whiz).
|Antikythera Mechanism (150–100 BC): The multiply geared machine, dredged up from the depths of the Aegean Sea at the turn of the 20th century, helped the ancient Greeks predict the location of the planets and moon and the timing of eclipses – making it the earliest known astronomical calculator.|
|Hollerith Electric Tabulating System (1889): Herman Hollerith’s machine won a contest to tabulate the 1890 U.S. census, using punch cards. His patents eventually became the basis of IBM’s business, and the company made punch cards a central element of computing up to the early 1980s.|
Enigma Machine (1928): It was used by the Nazis to send secret messages during the Second World War – secret until British intellectuals used Polish intelligence and a computing device named the Bombe to break the code. Encrypting and decrypting technology remains relevant for sensitive emails.
|Xerox Alto (1973). The personal computer as we know it grew from a model Xerox – it had the first mouse, rudimentary email and whatyou- see-is-what-you-get laser printing.|
|Google Server Rack (1999). With a company founded in their garage, Google founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin assembled racks of electronics and the software that enabled their search engine to achieve world domination.|
Fighting for Justice
In her latest documentary, filmmaker Nisha Pahuja tackles a most difficult topic – sexual assault
Rogers Foundation Gives $90 Million to Usher in New Era in Cardiac Care
Gift will enable the Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research to expand its research into heart failure – and save lives
Solving a Climate Puzzle, One Tree Ring at a Time
A natural archive reveals how Canada’s arctic climate has changed over the past 1,000 years