Presentation by Professor Paulo de Souza
QVMAG – Inveresk meeting room
Sunday, 26th August 2012 Commencing 2.30 pm until 4.30 pm
FREE for Royal Society Members. Small charge for others. RSVP6323 3798
About the Speaker
Professor Paulo de Souza from UTas has been a collaborating scientist of NASA’s Mars Exploration program for more than a decade. His contribution to the program has been recognised with two NASA Achievement Awards. He is a physicist by training, and has a broad background having worked in industry as a researcher for seven years and published over 200 peer-reviewed papers. He is a co-author of a series of papers identified as the Breakthrough of the Year by Science magazine in 2004. Paulo is the Chief Scientist of SenseT Program, a cutting-edge scientific endeavour aiming at bringing social, economic and environmental benefit to Tasmania by supporting informed decision-making in real-time through sensor data sharing. This program is a partnership between UTas, CSIRO, NICTA, IBM, Aurora, among other collaborating organisations.
Brief Abstract of the Talk
The robotic exploration of Mars started in 1997 with Sojourner, a microwave oven size rover that navigated 104m around the lander. The Mars Exploration rovers Spirit and Opportunity (2004) were as big as a golf cart, and worked much beyond the warranty of 3 months. Eight years after, Opportunity is still exploring the landscape of Meridiani Planum. These rovers confirmed that water not only was present on Mars, but has been present in many different forms. Like on Earth, our red neighbour had oceans, lakes, fresh water wet lands and hot springs. All registered in very clear geological evidences. However, we were still unsure about how long water was present there and if it was there long enough for life to be formed, to flourish and evolve. Curiosity is there to shed new light on these questions and to tell us more about the evolution of the Solar System and if life could have existed beyond Earth.


Shadow Boxing -
You get a lot of talk about shadows on the moon by the collective stupid who claim we didn’t go there. They do one thing when they should do that, they are too dark, they aren’t dark enough, they are produced by stage lights and so on and so on ad nauseam.
These pages aren’t about that.
What these pages summarise is the information that the Apollo images show about the length of the shadows, and how that length is entirely consistent with the times at which the photographs were taken. You’ll also get to see how they change over time as a mission progresses. You might want to read my other page on the movement of the lunar terminator over the length of Apollo missions, which you can find here.
You can see a list of sun angles for mission times at this website, but I’ll also be using Stellarium to confirm the angles, and this site to calculate the shadow lengths based on those angles and a rounded up LM height of 7 m. It’s worth mentioning that 7 m is the maximum height of the LM assuming an absolutely level surface and minimal compression of the legs on landing.
Times will be converted from Ground Elapsed Time to GMT (aka UTC) and dates will be in UK format. Degrees will be in decimal, as this is what the shadow length calculator gives.
If you want to save yourself some time, take it as read that the Apollo images and video show an entirely consistent progression of shadows over the course of each mission, and that the length of shadows is also entirely consistent with the sun’s angle at the time and the surface topography. Not once can you see the multiple shadows that you would expect in a studio set up, and which would be needed to recreate the bright light conditions seen in the photographs.
Because they were taken on the moon, that’s why.
Read on (NB: This is a work in progress)


1.1 Caring in intimate relationships
Like others in the population, some people with learning disabilities find themselves becoming a carer for their partner.
Activity _unit8.1.2 Activity 2 Shifting roles
Watch this short video about Charlene and Terry. They are in a romantic relationship but Charlene is also Terry’s carer. Then answer the questions below.
Transcript: Video 3
Because Terry’s social care package changed
Because Terry’s family circumstances changed
The correct answer is b.
Getting ready to go somewhere
Getting to places
The correct answers are a and b.
Have the videos about Charlene and Terry (Video 3) and Gloria and Muriel (Video 2) in this section challenged your views about the types of relationships that people with learning disabilities have? The boundaries in relationships are often blurred: a romantic relationship may cross into a caring relationship; a caring relationship may become a deep and long-lasting friendship. This applies to everyone, not just people with learning disabilities.
This section has shown that while many people with learning disabilities need support, some also provide care and support for others. However, society rarely acknowledges when people with learning disabilities are caring for others. This means that people with learning disabilities can lose out on support or resources that they are entitled to as carers.


Northwest Farmers Wary About Obama's Expected Water Rule
The Obama Administration is expected to announce a new clean water rule in the next few days, which has some Northwest farm groups worried what new regulations could mean for their operations.
The rule has also drawn criticism from property rights groups and praise from environmentalists.
The Environmental Protection Agency says the new rule will help limit pollution in streams and wetlands. Two U.S. Supreme Court decisions in 2001 and 2006 created uncertainty about who can regulate these smaller bodies of water.
Evan Sheffels, associate director of government relations for the , says farmers would rather work with state agencies on water protection issues.
“There’s just a great amount of uncertainty about how EPA would implement this. There’s not any kind of level of trust,” Sheffels says.
A bill recently passed by the U.S. House would block the new clean water rule.
Environmental groups say this new rule will provide critical protection for clean drinking water and fish habitat, what they say was the original intent of the Clean Water Act. One half of people in Oregon and one-third of people in Washington get drinking water from sources that rely on these types of small water bodies.
“The challenge of tackling water pollution is that we can’t just go to one source and deal with the problem," said Lauren Goldberg, staff attorney for . "It’s really an issue of society coming together and having strong laws at every corner, including this new rule, that will help ensure that for generations to come we have safe drinking water.”
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Iraq - Republic of Iraq Observer
Republic of Iraq has arid desert land to the west of the Euphrates, a broad and fertile central valley between the Euphrates and the Tigris, and mountains in the northeast.
Iraq is bounded on the east by Iran, on the north by Turkey, on the west by Syria and Jordan, and in the south by Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
Two-thirds of the Iraqi economy is powered by oil production. Existing oil fields are widely dispersed throughout fields in the south of the country, amounting to one of the largest reserves in the world.
Iraq has significant gas reserves, usually found in conjunction with oil. Significant amount of these remains untapped but could be exported or used to provide a significant and sustainable energy source for electricity production with the view to drive the domestic manufacturing industry.
Apart from hydrocarbons, Iraq’s other natural resources include phosphates, and sulphur. Agriculture has historically been of a great economic importance for Iraq. Farm management, animal husbandry, and pasture improvement, with livestock including cattle, sheep, goats and poultry, are important industries.
Iraq is a founding member of the UN, OPEC and the Arab League.
|Language(s)||Arabic (official), Kurdish|
|National currency||Iraqi Dinar|
|Labor force (inhabitants)||10,718,823|
|GDP (current billion US$)||207.89|
|GDP per capita (current US$)||5,048.39|
|GDP growth (percentage)||2.78|
|Exports of Goods and Services (current billion US$)||50.19|
|Proven natural gas reserves (billion c.m.)||3,714|
|Natural gas marketed production (billion c.m.)||9.59|
|Domestic natural gas consumption (billion c.m.)||19.32|


Every day, children are dying from preventable causes, missing out on education and being exposed to perilous circumstances. In nearly 120 countries, we are a strong voice for and with children, implementing collaborative and diverse programs for a brighter tomorrow.
Our programs give children – no matter who they are or where they live, every day and in times of crisis- the chance to reach their full potential. We’re focused on empowering girls and boys to fulfill their rights and are on the ground working to ensure every last child has an equal to survive, learn and be protected. Together, we’re changing children’s lives and the future we all share.
We are committed to providing effective children’s health and nutrition programs that save children’s lives and ensure they grow up healthy.
We work to ensure every last child receives a quality education and gains the skills and knowledge they need to thrive.
Save the Children is there for vulnerable children, keeping them safe from harm whether they are living on the streets, in refugee camps, or in institutions.
During and after emergencies, children are the most vulnerable. We ensure children survive, and that their right to learn, play and enjoy a childhood is protected, no matter what is going on around them.
We focus on breaking the cycle of poverty by empowering women and girls to secure and transform their livelihoods for sustainability and food security and by building supportive environments.
Save the Children works to address the root causes of the gender inequalities that prevent girls and boys to realize their human rights and achieve their full potential.


This famous archeological mystery may be an ancient example of movable type.
Since its discovery in 1908, the Phaistos Disc has baffled experts worldwide. Though many have attempted to decipher the enigmatic code of the 241 hieroglyphic symbols comprising 45 signs, the meaning, age, and place of origin of this artifact remain a mystery.
This double-sided clay disc, roughly 10.5 centimeters in diameter and characterized by the the spiral pattern of of the symbols imprinted on its surface, was discovered by Italian archeologist Luigi Pernier during an excavation of Phaistos, the site of a Minoan palace in Crete. While the disc is named for the place in which it was discovered, the absence of similar artifacts in the region suggests that the site is not the disc’s actual place of origin.
Attempts to determine its place of origin, however, have proved inconclusive. Equally inconclusive are the attempts to decode the disc’s meaning, and though experts and amateurs alike will no doubt continue to try, it is unlikely that a definitive interpretation will arise without similar objects to compare it to. Estimates of the disc’s age have dated it anywhere from 1400 BC to 1850 BC.
The most compelling argument is that the disc was an early system of the use of movable type, as it seems to have been printed with a series of stamps which could have been used to produce multiple copies of the same text. If this is correct it would make the Phaistos Disc the earliest example of movable type yet found.
Predictably, skeptics have suggested that the Phaistos Disc is a forgery and a hoax, but most experts have found little reason to doubt its authenticity. You can find the Phaistos Disc on display at the Heraklion Archological Museum in Crete.
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Peer-Review in Three Minutes
This three minute video describes and discusses the importance of peer-review and its process.
(NCSU video, 3:15 minutes)
Scholarly articles are sometimes difficult and long to read. However, once you understand the structure of a scholarly article, you can scan the article for the info you need.
Check out the video below for tips on how to skim a scholarly article. This video is presented by the University of California Irvine's Science Library.
Anatomy of a Scholarly Article from NC State University Libraries on Vimeo (4:48 min).
Peer-reviewed research has gone through a refereeing process (like a sports referee). Through the peer-review process, a scholarly work is checked by a group of experts in the same field to make sure it meets the professional standards before it is published. It is largely used with scholarly research journals (academic journals) to help ensure that published articles represent the best scholarship that is currently available.
Publications that do not use peer-review, such as Time, Discover, Newsweek, and U.S. News, rely on the judgment of the editors as to whether an article is quality material or not. Articles are not as rigorously reviewed because these publications do not rely on solid, scientific scholarship.
Most databases often indicate whether a journal is peer-reviewed. Some databases may even offer a way to limit results to only peer-reviewed materials. Within Academic Search Premier, for example, a search within the Publications provide info about the journal, including if it is peer-reviewed.
Another way is to check the library's catalog, which will indicate whether a journal is peer-reviewed (example below). Search for the journal name, and under the name of the journal it will indicate if it is peer-reviewed.
Another way is to visit the journal or publisher's web site. Publishers usually indicate if a journal is peer-reviewed.
Just because a journal is deemed peer-reviewed does not mean that every article within that journal is peer-reviewed. For example, book reviews, editorials, and some other sections of a journal do not qualify as peer-reviewed.


Setting a table properly is a nice skill to have but you can get through life without it. Sometimes, we need to teach the minor skills in order to make our kids into well rounded adults. This skill falls into that category.
Not every meal needs to look like pigs feeding around a pig trough. Sometimes we need a little sophistication, especially when friends or family are coming over or perhaps at holiday time. I know that my children are super proud to point out to guests that they did their table placement.
How To Set A Table Properly
Set the right number of chairs for the number of guests and set a placemat and a napkin on the table in front of each chair. You’ll want to fold the napkin or use a napkin ring. Make it as fancy as you want.
Place the plate in the center of the placemat and lightly tuck the napkin to the left of the plate with the folded edge under the plate rim. Did you know this? I learned this fact while doing this lesson with my kids.
Place a knife and fork next to the plate, knife to the right with blade edge towards the plate with fork on the left.
Place the salad fork to the left of the main fork. (The idea is that with silverware, when eating, you work from the outside in). If you’re teaching how to set a table for a simple dinner then this step isn’t necessary. Practice both a simple set up as well as a formal set up.
If soup will be served, place a soup spoon to the right of the knife.
Place a fork and spoon above the plate and invert them so the spoon faces left and the fork right. These are used after dinner for dessert and drink.
Place a small plate for bread above the plate and to the left with a knife horizontally across it. Put a glass for water on the opposite side.
There you have it. Your children will learn how to set a table for a special event as well as a simple meal.
This skill has appeared as the Skill of the Week.
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Buenos Aires, Argentina
Basilica of Our Lady of Lujan
This Argentinian basilica is home to a famous icon and 15 bells, each with a different name and motto.
For 238 years, the Lincoln Cathedral held the enviable title of tallest building in the world. Taking the title from the ancient Pyramids of Giza, the medieval cathedral towered above the world’s greatest structures from 1311 to 1549. But before it reached record heights, the Cathedral was built – and then rebuilt – multiple times.
Plans for the Cathedral were conceived by the Bishop of Lincoln, Remigius de Fécamp. In 1072 he hired masons to begin building, and after 20 years, the Cathedral was completed. Sadly, Remigius never saw his vision come to fruition as he passed away four days before the consecration ceremony.
Remigius wound up being buried in the Cathedral, but his resting place didn’t stay intact for long. The timber roofing caught fire in 1124 and much of it was destroyed. After being restored, an earthquake swept through and destroyed it — again. However, this second restoration, also helped to introduce the structure to ‘new heights’.
Thanks to the addition of spires, the Cathedral soared to 525 feet tall – officially surpassing the Pyramids’ 454 feet and dethroning them of their world record which they had held for 4,000 years.
Unfortunately, after two centuries, the Cathedral had to forgo its hard-earned record as well. However, it wasn’t surpassed by another architectural marvel, rather another stroke of bad luck. In 1549 a storm raged through Lincoln, demolishing the towering spires that cinched the world record for so long. While the Cathedral has had to bow to the will of Mother Nature, it still remains at the height of cultural prominence in England.
Written by: Kelly Murray
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As the world population is expected to reach nine billion by 2043, according to the United Nations, the basic premise of more-people-equals-more-fuel consumption is quite straight-forward. The International Energy Agency’s (IEA) recent edition of its World Energy Outlook puts this basic premise into real terms.
According to the report’s “New Policies Scenario,” where governments introduce new but cautious energy policies, primary energy demand is forecast to increase 1.2% every year to 2035. Non-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (NOECD) countries are estimated to account for 93% of this growth, with the largest non-OECD country, China, using about 70% more energy than the U.S. by 2035. In fact, China is already the world’s largest total energy consumer, even though the U.S. uses more energy per capita.
One thing that isn’t expected to change dramatically, according to the IEA, is the use of fossil fuels. Oil is forecast to continue as the dominant fuel in the world’s energy mix, though hydrocarbons are expected to fall to 75% by 2035 from about 81% today. Renewables, meanwhile, are slated to increase their share of the mix to 18% in 2035 from 15% today.
Theoretically, the global population is increasing faster than the energy industry and government’s ability to find alternatives to fossil fuels. Change will come, but for the next 25 years, if the IEA view holds true, we’re going to be using the same sources we’ve come to rely on for the past several decades, including energy from Canada’s oil sands and shale based resources.
The regulatory and litigious hurdles facing refiners in daily operations is resonating to other areas of the energy industry value chain as well. For example, the Obama Administration’s decision to cancel construction of the Keystone Pipeline compels Canadians to instead opt to focus their energy resources toward Asia.
The only sure bet is that the population will continue to explode with or without alternatives to fossil fuels. Optimistically, fossil fuels, whether from tar sands in Canada or shale oil in Argentina will continue to provide secure energy alternatives for many producing-consuming countries.
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Good day, today I will discuss the principle of electronic sphygmomanometer.
Principle of electronic sphygmomanometers
Indirect blood pressure measurement methods are divided into auscultation method and oscillometric method.
The auscultation method has its inherent shortcomings: First, whether the diastolic blood pressure corresponds to the fourth phase or the fifth phase has always been disputed, and the discrimination error caused by this is very large. The second is to judge the systolic and diastolic blood pressure by listening to Korotkoff’s voice. The readings are affected by a series of factors such as the doctor’s mood, hearing, environmental noise, and subject’s nervousness. Subjective errors are easy to introduce and difficult to standardize.
Although the electronic sphygmomanometer made according to the principle of auscultation has realized automatic detection, it has not completely solved its inherent shortcomings such as large error, poor repeatability, and easy noise interference.
Most sphygmomanometers and automatic electronic sphygmomanometers use the oscillometric method to measure blood pressure indirectly. The oscillometric method determines blood pressure by establishing the relationship between systolic, diastolic, average pressure, and cuff pressure shock waves.
Because the pulse pressure oscillation wave has a relatively stable correlation with blood pressure, the blood pressure measured by the principle of the oscilloscope is more accurate than the auscultation method in the application of self-measurement of blood pressure at home. Moreover, when using the oscillometric method to measure blood pressure, there is no pickup device in the cuff, which is easy to operate and has strong anti-interference ability against external noise. It can also measure the average pressure at the same time.
It must be pointed out that from the point of view of measurement principle, the two indirect measurement methods do not have the problem of which is more accurate.
Well, today’s knowledge about the principle of electronic sphygmomanometers is introduced here. Next time I will continue to talk about the product structure of the blood pressure monitor


Gambling is an activity where you place a bet on something, usually with the intent of winning. It can be anything from a marbles game to a horse race, and involves three elements: consideration, risk, and a prize.
Positive Effects of Gambling
Despite its negative reputation, gambling can be a great way to win cash, meet new people, and develop your personal skills. It may also help you relieve unpleasant feelings such as boredom or stress in healthier ways.
It can also help you learn to make more complex decisions and solve problems in a more thoughtful way. It’s a form of self-expression that allows you to take risks and try out new ideas in a safe environment.
Problem Gambling can lead to serious harm and can destroy your life. It can affect your relationship, financial situation and mental health, as well as your performance at work or study.
You can help prevent problem gambling by only gambling with what you can afford to lose. Set money and time limits, then stop when you hit them.
Gambling has become increasingly socially acceptable and accessible, with the popularity of online casinos and real-money apps increasing rapidly. However, it can be addictive and cause harm if you do not gamble responsibly. It can also be a sign of a more serious problem, such as gambling addiction, which requires treatment and support.


The visualization of model output is generally challenging and an untapped space. To demonstrate one potential method of visualization, KUNGFU.AI and makepath have partnered to create a prototype that will combine the power of machine learning with open source GIS and create a visualization companies could use to interpret patterns within their data. GIS data is notoriously difficult to visualize in a compelling, easy-to-understand way, and finding a solution to this problem will unlock significant business value. For example, businesses can now use machine learning to track the physical world around them and uncover behavioral patterns. makepath allows them to see patterns and even predict future patterns or events.
Using this prototype, companies can better understand unexplored opportunities, forecast shortages, and reallocate resources. The two teams will be using data from frequently visited gas stations in Texas and looking at three specific types of data.
The data will then be used to create visualizations to uncover any patterns or insights.
The visualizations above demonstrate a potential use case for the visualization tools. It identifies the cars visiting a large gas station and uncovers which location they are visiting, how they move through and utilize the space, and the frequency at which they are visiting the station. This allows the company to better understand which locations are being used most frequently, how they are being used, and by which type of cars.
makepath helps companies visualize what is hiding in their geospatial data through beautiful and engaging data visualizations. With deep expertise in data science, software development, and open source GIS tools, they focus on analyzing and showcasing data with a storytelling element, to make large and complex datasets easy to understand.
While this is just one specific example, the opportunities are endless. If you are interested in applying machine learning to track and visualize trends, please reach out to us at email@example.com. And stay tuned for more updates!


Abstract. Its important to understand the role of permafrost in the future climate and water resources management, for huge storage of soil organic carbon and ground ice in the permafrost. To date, large uncertainties still exist in permafrost simulations for many reasons. One reason is being a lack of long-term meteorological, permafrost and carbon observations. Here, we therefore present datasets for air temperatures, precipitation, soil temperature and moisture, active layer thickness, ground temperatures at different depths, soil organic carbon contents, and ecosystem carbon emission rates for the Qilian Mountains of the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during 20112020. The data come from 5 automatic meteorological stations, 21 boreholes with depths from 11.5 to 149.3 m, and 12 active layer monitoring sites, which are used to obtain the hydrothermal and thermal states, and climate change in the study area. Soil organic carbon contents is available from 10 deep boreholes, down to a depth of 20 m. Ecosystem respiration rates are obtained from the prevalent vegetation types of alpine wet meadow, meadow, and steppe for the growing seasons. This decades high-quality datasets are expected to serve as useful inputs for earth system models, and are for researchers working in those disciplines including geophysics, ecology, and hydrology in alpine environments. The datasets are available from the National Tibetan Plateau/Third Pole Environment Data Center and can be downloaded from http://dx.doi.org/10.11888/Cryos.tpdc.272840 (Mu and Peng, 2022).


German researcher Dr. Jens Frahm of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttigen have developed technology that advances the insightfulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). With this technology, called FLASH2, Frahm was able to accelerate the imaging to 100 frames per second, allowing for real time results. This is particularly important, especially during emergency situations. To demonstrate this amazing technology, the Institute created three separate videos – one that shows a patient speaking and singing in German, as well as and an incredible video showing movement of the thorax within the chest.
Frahm and his team finally solved the problem of the high number of required individual measurements with FLASH2. Simply put, FLASH2 is the FLASH technology with video function: It uses a new mathematical process for image reconstruction and thus manages only a few individual measurements per image. The technique significantly accelerated MRI scans once more and allowed for up to 100 frames per second. FLASH2 makes live processes inside the body visible – a major step forward in medical diagnostics. For the first time, it is possible to directly observe joint movements, speech movements, swallowing processes or the beating heart and draw conclusions about why the knee hurts when bending, someone suffering from heartburn, stutters or pain in the chest area.
Real-time MRI image of the natural movements of the ribcage: respiration and heartbeat are clearly visible. In contrast to clinical practice with conventional magnetic resonance tomographs, the patient does not have to hold his breath here thanks to the fast frame rate, nor does the patient need to be controlled via the ECG signal.


San Luis Potosí
San Luis Potosí ( san ˈlwis potoˈsi ), officially Free and Sovereign State of San Luis Potosí (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de San Luis Potosí), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 58 municipalities and its capital city is San Luis Potosí.
It is located in North-Central Mexico. It is bordered by 9 other Mexican states, making it the state with the most borders with other neighboring states. To the north it borders the states of Nuevo León and Coahuila, to the northeast with Tamaulipas, to the east Veracruz, to the south Hidalgo, Querétaro, Jalisco and Guanajuato and Zacatecas to the northwest.
In addition to the capital city, the state's largest cities include Ciudad Valles, Matehuala, Rioverde, and Tamazunchale.
In pre-Columbian times the territory now occupied by the state of San Luis Potosí contained the cultural areas of Mesoamerica and Aridoamérica. Its northern and western-central areas were inhabited by the Otomi and Chichimeca tribes. These indigenous groups were nomadic hunter-gatherers. Although most natives died during the Spanish settlements, huasteco groups still live, along with pame and náhuatl although their numbers are significantly small.


1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Shield
SHIELD (O. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in “shell” or “scale”; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger. root skeu, seen in Gr. σκῦτος, κύτος Lat. cutis, skin, scutum, shield, O. Eng. hyd, hide, and in “sky”), a piece of defensive armour borne upon the left arm or carried in the left hand as a protection against missiles. Varying in shape and form, it was the principal piece of defensive armour from the Bronze and Iron Age to the introduction of fire-arms, and is still borne by savage warriors throughout the world (see Arms and Armour, and for the heraldic shield Heraldry).
In modern times the principle of the shield has been applied to guns of all calibres from 11 and 10 in. calibre downwards. Whereas the turret, barbette, cupola and other heavy-armoured structures are intended to be proof against the heaviest projectiles, the shield is usually only designed to resist rifle and shrapnel bullets or very light shells. For the application of shields to field artillery, &c., see the articles Artillery and Ordnance.


Our team recently had the opportunity to take a tour of the Springfield Materials Recycling Facility (MRF) to see how these facilities separate the many materials in a recycling bin. The Springfield MRF, owned by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection and operated by Waste Management Recycle America, has been sorting and selling the recyclables of Western Mass since it started up its conveyor belts in 1990. Despite a lot of progress in increasing recycling rates, there is still a great deal of confusion about what can and can’t go into a typical single-stream or dual-stream recycling bin.
There are a few products in particular that repeatedly cause issues for recycling facility staff. Plastic bags and other types of “film plastic” are among the worst culprits. Because they are thin and stretchy, they often get stuck in the sorting machinery. Instead, search the Plastic Film Directory to find a drop off location for film plastic.
Another common contaminant is black plastic, often used for to-go containers or packaging. While black plastic is technically recyclable just like white or clear plastic, the black dye on the plastic diminishes the economic value of the product when it is all melted together. Manufacturers often re-dye the recycled plastic that they purchase from the MRF to create new products, but the black dye makes it harder to do so. Black plastic should go in the trash.
Other contaminants include Styrofoam (polystyrene), motor oil containers, light bulbs, and textiles. If your business want to recycle materials like polystyrene, textiles, and plastic film, use the RecyclingWorks database to find an outlet for these materials.
Anything with more than trace amounts of food residue can contaminate recyclables as well. Rinse out food containers, and leave plastic caps on plastic bottles to ensure these materials can be recycled.
RecyclingWorks in Massachusetts is a recycling assistance program for businesses and institutions. If you need assistance diverting a material from disposal, call our hotline at (888) 254-5525 or email firstname.lastname@example.org.


Science.gov 5.0 launches
The latest version of Science.gov — Science.gov 5.0 — launched Monday, allowing users to search additional collections of valuable science resources; more easily target their searches; and readily find links to information on a variety of science topics.
Science.gov is a free, integrated single-search gateway to reliable science and technology information from 17 organizations within 13 federal science agencies.
According to a Department of Energy news release, Science.gov 5.0 improves upon the previous version, Science.gov 4.0, by offering seven new databases and portals which allow researchers access to over 200 million pages of scientific information. New information available includes thousands of patents resulting from DOE research and development; documents and bibliographic citations of DOE accomplishments; millions of electronic scientific documents from around the world known as e-prints; and comprehensive and peer-reviewed toxicology data for thousands of chemicals as well as more than three million references to worldwide literature on the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
New information also includes a digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature and cancer-related information of all kinds for all audiences, including support and treatment resources for patients, comprehensive descriptions of research programs and clinical trials for healthcare professionals and the general public, and funding opportunities for researchers.
Another key feature of Science.gov 5.0 is a “clustering” tool, which helps target searches by grouping results by subtopics or dates. This technology was recently developed through a DOE Small Business Innovation Research Program award.
In addition to quadrupling the amount of searchable content and enhancing the search technology, Science.gov 5.0 now provides links to related EurekAlert! Science News, found at http://www.eurekalert.org, and Wikipedia, and provides the capability to easily download research results into personal files or citation software.
Science.gov is hosted by DOE’s Office of Scientific and Technical Information, within DOE’s Office of Science.
In addition to DOE, Science.gov is supported by contributing members of the Science.gov Alliance, including the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Health and Human Services, and the Interior, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Government Printing Office, the Library of Congress, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation, with support from the National Archives and Records Administration.


Patent Protection and the Human Right to Health – a Contradiction? Access to Essential Medicines in Developing and Emerging Countries
Serious infectious diseases, which occur primarily in developing and threshold countries, account for a total of ten per cent of the global distribution of diseases.
Pharmaceutical companies often focus on research into drugs that can be marketed profitably in industrialised countries. Patent protection on drugs can serve as an incentive to develop new active substances. However, new essential and life-saving drugs are hardly affordable for the people and healthcare systems in developing and emerging countries. For them, access to drugs is blocked and health is becoming a cost issue.
The German Ethics Council addresses the tension between the human right to health and patent protection as an instrument to encourage the development of drugs. It first will examine this issue from an ethical and international law perspective and then discuss the following questions with representatives from politics, non-governmental organisations and pharmaceutical companies:
- Are patents necessary to safeguard drug development?
- How can medicines be made available for all people, taking into account the human right to health and patent protection?
- What responsibility do pharmaceutical companies, individual states and intergovernmental organisations have to provide essential medicines in developing and threshold countries?
- What opportunities exist in the Federal Republic of Germany to work towards the development of medicines for developing countries within the framework of publicly funded health research?


Even the Sparrow Finds a Home
“Yea, the sparrow hath found an house, and the swallow a nest for herself, where she may lay her young, even thine altars, O LORD of hosts, my King, and my God. Blessed are they that dwell in thy house: they will be still praising thee. Selah.”
If there is one type of bird that we just take for granted without actually noticing it, it must be the sparrow. Where I grew up, in the industrial northwest of England, sparrows were two-a-penny. It did not matter where you looked. If I walked into the woods, they were there. In our own yard, they were there too. And at high school, which was in the heart of Manchester – England’s second city – they were there too. Nor were they particularly noticeable. The plumage of the male Old World House sparrow is a dull brown, though with a highlighted dark brown, nearly black beak. The female is lighter, and even less distinctly marked. These sparrows live in such close proximity with people, especially in cities, that they show little fear, dodging between the legs of pedestrians to pick up morsels of discarded food. They have prettier relatives, however – all the various species of sparrows appear to be in the same created kind, or baramin, as finches.
The Bible illustrates many important points by reference to the ubiquity of sparrows. In Psalm 84, David refers to the desirability of being in God’s house, remarking that even the sparrow finds a home there, close to God’s altar. And Jesus used sparrows to remind us how much God cares for us, as not a single one falls to the ground without the Father knowing. “Fear ye not therefore,” He said. “Ye are of more value than many sparrows” (Matthew 10:31).
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(1) When using polystyrene foam in white mold manufacture, its density is very small, and the labor intensity of the operators is low during the operation. The foam material will not pollute the environment and damage the human body at normal temperature. It is also easy to achieve cleaner production.
(2) Compared with the traditional casting process, the lost foam casting process does not need to make the core, which greatly simplifies the mold making process. The post-treatment process of sand used in casting is also simple. The carrying capacity of white mold and yellow mold between processes is also small, which greatly reduces the labor intensity. In the process of white mold processing and transportation, it is easy to realize mechanized and automatic production.
(3) Due to the use of dry sand molding, the fluidity is good, the sand mixing procedure and equipment can be avoided, and the generation of noise and dust can be greatly reduced, so that the old sand recovery equipment and process can also be saved.
(4) The lost foam casting method does not use the production of the core. The precision of the blank castings produced by this method is relatively high, and the refractory coating on the outer surface of the blank is easy to fall off. In this way, the cleaning of the blank in the later stage of production is simple, and the labor intensity of the operators can be reduced.
(5) Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other exhaust gases produced in the production process of lost foam casting are relatively small. During casting, the white mold material decomposes and gasifies under the action of high temperature of molten metal, resulting in a small amount of waste gas such as carbon monoxide and dioxide, which can be effectively treated in the process of vacuumizing.


Hay fever can be managed in various ways. There are various treatment options such as over-the-counter medications particularly antihistamines.
It is best to set an appointment with a doctor if the symptoms do not seem to improve after antihistamines are used. In such cases, prescription medications such as a nasal steroid medication is required.
Commonly used treatment options for hay fever
These medications work by blocking the action of histamine which is a chemical that is released if the body is under attack by an allergen. It stops the symptoms of an allergic reaction.
Antihistamines are generally effective in managing the itchiness, watery eyes and sneezing. They are available in tablet form as well as nasal sprays and eye drops.
Corticosteroid nasal drops and sprays
Corticosteroids are given to manage hay fever due to their anti-inflammatory effect. These drugs work by lessening the inflammation and prevent the symptoms of hay fever.
The nasal sprays or drops are given if the individual has a persistent case that does not respond to antihistamines, a blocked nose is the main symptom or if breastfeeding and pregnant.
If rapid relief from severe symptoms is needed, the doctor might prescribe a course of corticosteroid tablets for 5-7 days.
Since hay fever can trigger a blocked nose, a decongestant as a nasal spray can be used. These drugs work by reducing the swelling of the nasal blood vessels which opens the nasal passages and allows easier breathing.
These are available to treat the hay fever symptoms that affect the eyes such as itchiness, redness and watering. These drops include antihistamine to lessen the inflammation in the eyes to relieve the symptoms.
If the individual has persistent hay fever symptoms that could not be relieved by the stated measures, the doctor might suggest immunotherapy. This involves gradual introduction to small amounts of the allergen and monitoring for a reaction in a controlled environment.


BLACK HISTORY MINUTE!!! Marcus Garvey (1887 - 1940)
Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr., ONH (17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940) was a Jamaican political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent of the Black nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). He founded the Black Star Line, part of the Back-to-Africa movement, which promoted the return of the African diaspora to their ancestral lands.
Prior to the twentieth century, leaders such as Prince Hall, Martin Delany, Edward Wilmot Blyden, and Henry Highland Garnet advocated the involvement of the African diaspora in African affairs. Garvey was unique in advancing a Pan-African philosophy to inspire a global mass movement and economic empowerment focusing on Africa known as Garveyism. Promoted by the UNIA as a movement of African Redemption, Garveyism would eventually inspire others, ranging from the Nation of Islam to the Rastafari movement (which proclaims Garvey as a prophet). The intent of the movement was for those of African ancestry to "redeem" Africa and for the European colonial powers to leave it. His essential ideas about Africa were stated in an editorial in the Negro World titled "African Fundamentalism" where he wrote:
"Our union must know no clime, boundary, or nationality… to let us hold together under all climes and in every country…"
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The National Hurricane Center is no longer producing a forecast track for Florence.
Around a million people on the US Eastern Seaboard face evacuation as Hurricane Florence bears down on North Carolina. The storm is one of the most powerful to threaten the Atlantic Coast in decades.
The National Hurricane Center issues forecasts every 3 hours, and this map will update automatically. The line shows the most likely predicted path, the cone shows the uncertainty around that forecast, and the color is an estimate of the likelihood of that area experiencing hurricane-force winds — greater than 74 mph — over the next five days.
The precise track of a storm is difficult to forecast: About a third of the time, the center of a storm’s path may veer outside of the predicted cone of uncertainty. Flooding from storm surges and severe wind and rain can also be dangerous well away from the center of a storm. So even if your home is not currently in the cone, don’t assume that you are safe.
“This is a huge system, it’s a big engine,” Steven Pfaff, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service, told BuzzFeed News. “And its impacts are going to be so far outside of the center tracks — there’s a potential for millions of people to be impacted by this.”
See here for the latest watches and warnings about the storm and here for other information from the National Hurricane Center.
With reporting from Zahra Hirji.
Updated to reflect the fact that the National Hurricane Center is no longer producing a forecast track for Florence.


What Does Passive CO2 Mean?
Passive CO2 as the name suggests has to do with carbon dioxide in plants, particularly in an enclosed environment. Passive CO2 enables photosynthesis by penetrating through the leaf pores. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the growing environment greatly affects the growth of a plant, desired levels of passive CO2 helps plant growth, while lack thereof can be a plant growth deterrent.
Maximum Yield Explains Passive CO2
Since carbon dioxide is a crucial part of photosynthesis in farming, passive CO2 is used to increase CO2 supplementation and consequently increase the yield of plants in a controlled environment farm. Passive CO2 is a favored supplement CO2 in indoor farms due to its affordability and return on investment. It is a budget-friendly and less-heat generating way to provide plants with a higher amount of carbon dioxide than what is generally present in an indoor environment. Passive CO2 can be found in the form of fungus in bags or sheets of fabric.
CO2 enrichment, triggered by passive CO2 , can increase the production of plants and make indoor farms more efficient. Passive CO2 catalyst products release CO2 slowly into the environment and ensure plants are able to acclimatize with the change. There are commercial and DIY passive CO2 options available. But, the DIY options (involving things like dry ice, baking soda, vinegar etc.) are not as effective or efficient.


Quiz Answer Key and Fun Facts
1. When Jesus saw the crowd of people and spoke to them from the top of a mountain, were the disciples present? (Matthew 5:1, KJV)
2. While on the mountain, Jesus gave the crowd eight teachings that began with the same word. What word did Jesus use? (Matthew 5:3-8, KJV)
3. In Jesus's Sermon on the Mount, what group of people did He say would inherit the earth? (Matthew 5:5, KJV)
4. According to Jesus in His sermon, who shall be called the sons of God? (Matthew 5:9, KJV)
5. Jesus explained to the crowd that He considers them what kind of seasoning? (Matthew 5:13, KJV)
6. According to Jesus at the Sermon on the Mount, what will happen to pearls if they are cast to swine (pigs)? (Matthew 7:6, KJV)
7. During the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus instructed the crowd what they should do if they were asked to walk a mile. What were his words of advice? (Matthew 5:41, KJV)
8. Jesus spoke to the crowds about their Heavenly treasures. To end this part of the sermon, Jesus told the crowd that they couldn't serve two masters. They could either serve God or mammon (money). (Matthew 6:24, KJV)
9. What did Jesus tell the crowd would happen if they judged someone? (Matthew 7:1, KJV)
10. To end the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus compared believers and non-believers to a wise man and a foolish man who built their homes on rock and sand, respectively. (Matthew 7:24-27, KJV)
Source: Author pennie1478
This quiz was reviewed by FunTrivia editor looney_tunes
before going online.
Any errors found in FunTrivia content are routinely corrected through our feedback system.


The word toggle was first attested in 1769, with the specialized nautical meaning of "a pin passed through the eye of a rope". Nobody's a hundred percent sure where that come from, but some etymologists theorize that it might be connected to the word tug. What's far more interesting than that, though, is how the word developed after it was adopted. Toggle bolt is another sailing term referring to a fastener that spreads out the weight of an item- that was coined in 1794. By 1836, a verb form developed, meaning "to secure with a toggle or toggle bolt". In 1934, we finally move onto land, as toggle was attested in a context meaning "wall fastener" of any kind, and history was made in 1936 when toggle switch (the up-and-down kind) was coined. This development, which came about because the switch looked a lot like a toggle, was important because it influenced all the future meanings. In 1979, toggle was first used in reference to computers, for a key which turns something on and off, and in 1982, it came to mean "alternate between actions". Usage of the word toggle today is almost three times what it was a hundred years ago- and it's all because of the development of computing.
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Hello! I'm Adam Aleksic. This year, I graduated from Harvard University with a degree in Government and Linguistics. There, I co-founded the Harvard Undergraduate Linguistics Society and wrote a thesis on Serbo-Croatian language policy, magna cum laude. In addition to etymology, I also really enjoy trivia, politics, vexillology, geography, board games, conlanging, art history, and law.


There are several natural supplements derived from bees, including propolis, bee pollen and royal jelly, which have been used by traditional healers around the globe. Even honey itself has well-documented healing powers.
Propolis is a resinous mixture used by bees to seal the hive. It has topical antibiotic and antifungal properties, and is often used in oral hygiene products to protect against dental caries. Its emollient properties make propolis effective for mild burns and sore throat. It’s also an immune system stimulant, offering protection against upper respiratory infections.
Bee pollen is noted for several health benefits. It can help reduce hay fever and seasonal allergy symptoms by desensitizing the body to pollen, similar to the action of an allergy shot, and has been shown to reduce symptoms of chronic prostate gland conditions.
Royal jelly, a creamy substance used in hives to feed the queen bee, shows marked cholesterol-lowering abilities, and animal research shows its ability to increase lifespan and increase energy levels.
A recent clinical study showed that a variety of bee products, including propolis, royal jelly and honey, were effective in inhibiting cancerous tumor growth in mice. Honey also has documented antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, and is used topically to aid the healing of burns and wounds.


Common Pheasant – Phasianus colchicus
Phasianus colchicus – Common pheasant
The common pheasant belongs to the pheasant family – Phasianidae.
It is native of Asia and has been widely introduced elsewhere as a game bird.
There are many colour forms of the male common pheasant, ranging in colour from nearly white to almost black in some melanistic examples. These are due to captive breeding and hybridation between subspecies and with the green pheasant, reinforced by continual releases of stock from varying sources to the wild.
There are about 30 subspecies split in five groups (sometimes six). These can be identified according to the male plumage, namely presence or absence of a white neck-ring and the color of the uppertail (rump) and wing coverts.
In principle, they reach sexual maturity during the second year. The male is polygamous. During the breeding season, pheasants remain in small groups of a rooster and 2 to 5 hens. Within each group, the rooster has a dominant position. The clutch size varies from 6 to 15 eggs. The incubation period does not exceed 27 days. When females incubate, the male stays around them and watch over them.
The common pheasant is omnivorous and has a particularly varied diet, fruits, seeds, berries, buds, young leaves, shoots, bulbs, tubers, insects, earthworms, slugs and small reptiles.


Vector Maps of Jackson : city, capital of Mississippi, U.S. It lies along the Pearl River, in the west-central part of the state, about 180 miles (290 km) north of New Orleans, Louisiana. Jackson is also the coseat (with nearby Raymond) of Hinds county. Settled (1792) by Louis LeFleur, a French-Canadian trader, and known as LeFleur’s Bluff, it remained a trading post until the Treaty of Doak’s Stand (October 18, 1820) opened the territory to white settlement. Selected as the site for the state capital and named for Andrew Jackson, it was laid out (April 1822) using Thomas Jefferson’s checkerboard plan with alternate squares designated as parks. The state legislature first met there December 23, 1822. The first railroad arrived by 1840.
• State capital city: 113.23 sq mi (293.27 km2)
• Land: 111.09 sq mi (287.73 km2)
• Water: 2.14 sq mi (5.54 km2)
Instant download archives: royalty free, editable vector maps of Jackson Mississippi in high resolution digital PDF and Adobe Illustrator format.
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In the United States, venture capital has played a significant role in the growth and development of many of the country’s most successful technology and innovative companies.
Venture capital (VC) is a form of private equity financing that is provided to early-stage, high-potential, growth companies in exchange for an equity stake in the business.
VC firms are typically comprised of a team of experienced investors who are responsible for identifying and evaluating potential investments.
They provide not only capital, but also valuable industry connections and guidance to the companies in which they invest.
The venture capital industry in the United States has a long history, dating back to the 1950s. However, it was not until the late 1970s and early 1980s that the industry began to take off, driven by the emergence of new technologies such as personal computers and biotechnology.
Since then, the venture capital industry in the United States has continued to grow and evolve, with the total amount of capital under management by VC firms reaching an all-time high of over $200 billion in 2018.
One of the key characteristics of the venture capital industry in the United States is its concentration in certain regions, particularly Silicon Valley. Many of the largest and most successful VC firms are based in the San Francisco Bay Area, and a significant percentage of the total venture capital invested in the United States flows into the region.
The venture capital industry in the United States is also known for its strong focus on technology and innovation. The majority of venture capital investments in the United States go to technology companies, with a particular emphasis on software, internet, and biotechnology companies.
Despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, venture capital activity in the United States remained robust in 2020 and 2021 with record levels of investment in technology startups and a focus on digital health, remote work, and e-commerce.
Overall, the venture capital industry in the United States plays a vital role in the country’s economy, fostering innovation and supporting the growth of promising new companies.


The COVID-19 pandemic brought into focus an indisputable fact about the US today: access to quality internet service is key to full participation in society and the economy. As workplaces and schools moved online and households increasingly relied on internet-enabled services like ecommerce and streaming platforms, those with good internet service were better able to manage the transition than those without.
But inequitable access to high-speed internet has been an issue for much longer than the last two years. Policymakers and business leaders—especially those from low-income and rural communities—have long advocated for increased investment in broadband infrastructure to unlock greater economic opportunities in underprivileged areas. These efforts, along with the access issues raised during the pandemic, have inspired major action over the last two years. Federal COVID relief legislation like the CARES Act and American Rescue Plan included funds to support broadband expansion, and a $65 billion investment in broadband was one of the major components of the bipartisan infrastructure package signed into law last November.
The importance of connecting more Americans has grown as the internet has become a more ubiquitous part of society and the economy over time. Beginning in the 1990s, the internet moved from primarily government and academic uses to application for communications, business, and other wide-ranging uses. By 2000, just over half of U.S. adults reported using the internet in some capacity, and innovations like ecommerce and smartphones encouraged even greater adoption in the two decades since. Today, 93% of American adults report using the internet, according to a recent survey by Pew Research Center.


To clean someone’s clock is an American idiom that was first seen at the turn of the twentieth century. We will look at the meaning of the term clean someone’s clock, where it comes from and some examples of its use in a few sentences.
To clean someone’s clock may mean to give someone a severe thrashing, to beat someone up. Clean someone’s clock might also simply mean to best someone soundly in a contest. While the oldest known use of clean someone’s clock goes back to 1908, the popularity of this idiom has steadily risen since the 1940s. The idiom comes from the figurative meanings of two different words. The first figurative meaning is the use of the word clean to mean to vanquish someone, to give someone a drubbing. The second figurative meaning is the use of the word clock to indicate a person’s face. Related phrases are cleans someone’s clock, cleaned someone’s clock, cleaning someone’s clock, getting one’s clock cleaned.
After last Tuesday’s primaries, Clinton has a clear majority of pledged delegates and 3.7 million more popular votes, and she cleaned his clock in California, where he spent weeks campaigning. (The Sacramento Bee)
The news coverage of the third night of Donald Trump’s GOP convention was marked—predictably and perhaps justifiably—by the chorus of boos that descended upon Sen. Ted Cruz when he spoke from the stage and defiantly refused to endorse the celebrity mogul who cleaned his clock (and insulted his wife and father) during the primary campaign. (Mother Jones Magazine)
It turned out he’d been sent home early because a classmate had dissed Gordie, and Marty “turned around and cleaned his clock,” Murray said. (The Pueblo Chieftan)


Millions of people have now been infected with COVID-19, with numbers increasing daily. As countries have implemented social distancing, quarantine and other community containment measures to limit the spread of the virus, data show higher infection rates and deaths among particular minorities. In the United States, African Americans have been disproportionately affected by the virus, exposing decades of health and social inequalities, including lower health insurance access, overrepresentation in essential work, greater health risk factors, poor health service coverage in certain geographical areas, and even unconscious bias among health providers. Such findings, similar to data emerging from the United Kingdom, challenge the notion that COVID-19 is “the great equalizer”. 1 Instead, COVID-19 lays bare stark disparities in power. Among the world’s poorest and conflict-affected populations, these power hierarchies persist, albeit in different forms. In refugee camps, social distancing is a luxury made impossible by living in close quarters. In many low-income communities around the world, the poorest lack access to basic water, sanitation and hygiene to protect themselves from the virus.
Lokot, Michelle, and Yeva Avakyan. (2020). “Intersectionality as a Lens to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Sexual and Reproductive Health in Development and Humanitarian Contexts.” Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, vol. 28, no. 1, p. 1764748.


As far as sports go, skateboarding isn't very old, but nobody knows exactly when the first skateboard was invented. We do know that skateboarding has its roots in surfing. Surfers called it "sidewalk surfing," but no self-respected surfer took it seriously. They skateboarded to improve their technique, especially when the waves weren't good. As a result, all skateboarding moves mimicked riding waves.
In recent decades, skateboarding was associated with the punk rock scene of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Skateboarders came to be known as radical individuals -- a rebellious youth subculture with a death wish. Skateboarders were stereotyped as criminals, known for destroying property and despising authority. But not all skaters fit the old stereotype, and in many ways this persona is only a caricature. Today's skateboarders aren't associated with any one style of music or clothing (or with crime, for that matter). And not all of them are young anymore. Long-time professionals, like Tony Hawk, Rodney Mullen and Steve Caballero, have skated well into their 30s and 40s.
Simply put, "skateboarding" means riding on a wooden board with four wheels fastened to the bottom, propelled forward by the push of one's own foot or at the force of gravity on a slope. But skateboarding, transcends mere movement. Today's skateboarders take the simple action of riding a skateboard and turn it into both a sport and an art form. And despite its allure and the undoubted athleticism required to perform skateboarding tricks, the sport has fallen in and out of favor with the public and been driven underground several times.
If you’re into skateboarding and other board sports, check out the sandboarding article, video and images at Discovery’s Fearless Planet to learn more.
In this article, we'll take a look at the different types of skateboarding, how skateboards are made and the fundamental tricks that make it possible for hundreds of exciting, logic-defying combinations. We'll also take a look at the history of skateboarding. First, we'll start with the skateboard itself.


As with my earlier Senior College course “Historians and Racial Conflict in America,” this course will examine a complex historical event as interpreted by leading historians. These will include several who were featured in Ken Burns’ recent PBS documentary “The U.S. and the Holocaust,” such as Deborah Lipstadt (Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory), Timothy Snyder (Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin) and Daniel Okrent (The Guarded Gate: Bigotry, Eugenics, and the Law That Kept Two Generations of Jews, Italians, and Other European Immigrants Out of America).
In addition, we will consider recent works by historians Jeffry Herf (Israel’s Moment: International Support for and Opposition to Establishing the Jewish State, 1945–1949) and David Kertzer (The Pope at War: The Secret History of Pius XII, Mussolini, and Hitler). A complete list, with links to videos and recommended readings, is available here.
Instructor Bob Rackmales will be teaching his tenth Senior College course dealing with aspects of the Holocaust. My interest stems from a combination of family history (my ancestors’ roots were in the “bloodlands”), academic background in German and Eastern European history and my profession as a diplomat. Over the course of my career I represented the United States at a memorial service at the only Holocaust extermination camp in Italy, advised Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel during his visit to Belgrade at the height of the war in Bosnia and, as Director of the Office of Human Rights, prepared policy guidance on matters relating to violations of international law, including genocide.
Members must be fully vaccinated against Covid-19 to register for this course.
We will follow the current mask policy of the course site.
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Need for creative learning experiences
The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 looks into making education more accessible but not much attention is payed to the learning environments. 8 climatic types, 11.7 crore rural children, 75 years since freedom still a dark dingy morose school template being dogmatically replicated over 29 uniquely diverse Indian States.
Rote learning methodology adopted from an outdated curriculum combined with the dingy learning spaces has not been a recipe for success. Neither are the youth getting trained for real life skills that would be relevant to create jobs, nor is the environment of the schools refreshing to retrieve the information provided.
The Attendance Playgrounds
Two dark, boxy classrooms; one of which non-operational, a compound and a flag post are often collectively called as “primary schools”. in rural India. The compound sure is spacious, but all the children can do is glide on the soil. It is not the most tragic scene, but not happy enough to motivate them to be regular at school.
Children in the villages are often found running with the tyres, climbing the trees, playing chauka-bara, but none of this requires the venue to be the school, their village alleys are enough. Maria Montessori said, “Play is the work of the child”, indeed, it’s very serious stuff. So we did just that, used “play” like our trump card to fight the rising problem of absenteeism in village schools.
Conventional rides like slides, see-saws and swings are connected using obstacle-courses that allow multiple entry-exit points to the playgrounds, creating magnified versions of the modern jungle gyms. Concepts like Open Ended Play are introduced through these playgrounds to allow the child to think for themselves and explore the playground in their own way, enabling imagination and creativity.
The introduction of over 12 playgrounds in various village school compounds of Maharashtra and Karnataka observed an increase in attendance in the schools simply to get access to these play experiences.


In China, during the Chinese Great Leap Forward famine, the male to female birth ratios fell significantly. This implies that whenever food is in short supply, women are more likely to bear daughters than sons.
During the famine, which lasted from 1958 to 1961, between 18 to 32.5 million people died. At that time, the population of China was 600 million. This means that 5% of the overall population died in these years due to poor planning by the Politburo, while droughts and poor weather conditions didn’t help matters.
Shige Song, a sociologist and demographer at the City University of New York analyzed the data from about 300,000 Chinese women, who gave birth between September 1929 and July 1982. His findings were published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B today (March 28, 2012).
The Great Leap Forward famine was caused by Chinese leaders trying to boost industrial productivity by ordering workers off agricultural lands.
Just one year after the famine started, there was a sharp dip in the percentage of boys being born. The ratio didn’t return to pre-famine levels until July 1965. This supports the sex-ratio adjustment hypothesis, that species alter the sex of their offspring in response to environmental conditions. To keep populations up in times of famine, women will give birth to fewer boys.
In animals, this has already been studied, but until now, the evidence in humans has been much less clear and previous results have been inconsistent. Since the Chinese food shortage was much more severe, and ran longer than previous famines, it affected more people and resulted in a larger data set. The analysis implies that it might take about a year for the effect to be triggered in a population.
The data that Song used was gathered in 1982. China’s one-child policy, which was introduced in 1978 to skew the sex ratio to favor boys, is unlikely to have influenced the results. However, malnutrition may not be the sole cause of the dip. Increased physical and psychological stress may have been contributing factors as well.
Reference: “Does famine influence sex ratio at birth? Evidence from the 1959–1961 Great Leap Forward Famine in China” by Shige Song, 28 March 2012, Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
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Farming continues to be the biggest employment-generating sector in the Cauvery delta region. Seminars and discussions by agricultural experts are regularly conducted in the Cauvery irrigation belt for the farmers. Experts also advise and train the farmers on the ideal crop combinations to choose, based on seasonal factors. We continue to indulge in various confidence-building ventures among farmers, in order to reduce the exodus of people from farming. We create awareness about the various schemes launched by the state and central governments aimed at farming. Each year, in collaboration with the government and private sector companies, we choose a handful of villages and implement several agriculture-related schemes.
Conservation of water bodies
We are involved in conserving, maintaining, rescuing and reviving the water bodies, which form the backbone of agriculture, with the participation of the local villagers.
With the support of the local students, we are involved in a massive campaign to create ‘green’ villages, by planting trees and maintaining the existing ones.
We are creating awareness among the farmers on cultivating teak and sandalwood tress on barren lands, which could substantially improve the rural economy. We train each and every household in the village on how to raise such cash-trees, and also provide free saplings to them. As part of our attempt to bring greenery back to the villages, we are involved in planting and maintaining trees along the sides of the road.
With the support of the government and various private companies, we are involved in various projects to provide and improve basic infrastructure facilities like roads, drinking water, toilets and community halls in the rural areas.


History of Wafer Paper
By Wouter Smits on 27-05-2020
The history of wafer paper can be traced back several centuries. Its origins are not entirely clear but we know that during the Renaissance, wafer paper was served as a dessert. It was a luxury foodstuff that only the aristocracy and upper middle class could afford. To no surprise potato starch was the key ingredient driven by its abundant availability in Europe. Did you know that potato is the no. 1 staple in the Netherlands as illustrated by Vincent van Gogh in his painting “the potato eaters”.
Later, wafer paper was invested with religious significance, symbolizing the celebration of the Eucharist. Today wafer paper is a product that is appreciated by all citizens regardless of income, religion and appetite. Its versatile usage symbolizes the cultural richness of Europe, it is a vital part of cocosmacroons, torrones, nougat, calissons, Lebkuchen, paleisbanket and many more food items.
One of the first industrial manufacturers of wafer paper was Primus Wafer Paper in the Netherlands. Primus was founded in 1916 on the banks of the river Zaan in the original “Food Valley” of the Netherlands. In 1935, there was a merger between Primus Ouwel and De Vrede to strengthen their market position. After WWII the global usage of wafer paper started to spread out and many more applications for wafer paper were developed.
It is striking that the recipe of wafer paper (no addtives, pure and natural ingredients) is in 2020 still very relevant and desired by many customers. The future will tell what role wafer paper is going to play in the world but all trends (less sugar, no plastic, authentic foods, sustainability) are supporting the raison d’etre of this unique category.


There is significant geographical variation in cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. Cervical cancer is a clear example of a global health disparity with about 90% of the disease occurring in low or medium HDI regions. Screening has been shown to reduce mortality from breast and cervical cancer. In the Nordic countries with population-wide screening programs, attendance is suboptimal in women with foreign background. Barriers for screening in these population groups have been examined so far only to a limited extent.
In the Nordic countries, there are national population, cancer and screening registries with high completeness. Thus, the Nordic countries provide a unique data source to follow and monitor cancer incidence, cancer mortality and screening participation in female populations with foreign origin.
This study focuses particularly on women born abroad and women born in the Nordic countries to immigrant parents. In the Nordic countries combined the share of people with foreign background is substantially higher than in Finland alone. Population with foreign background is expected to grow in all the Nordic countries in the near future.
The aim of this research is to estimate cancer incidence, mortality and survival, and to identify possible barriers to cancer screening among women with non-western background in the Nordic countries.
Contact: Nea Malila, Professor, MD, Ph.D. Director of the Finnish Cancer Registry, Cancer Society of Finland, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org


Who is ”inlingua” – The history.
inlingua optimizes its courses on offer continuously and adjusts them to meet the needs of their customers.
The traditional method of learning a language
Up until the 19th century languages were taught by placing an emphasis on grammatical analysis. Mastery of this technique required many years of excessive drill learning, and because each language had its own exceptions and irregularities did not seldom form insurmountable hurdles. The primary method of practice was translating, needless to say, a tedious process of coding and decoding words through standardized patterns of thought.
Not until the turn of the century did people realize that translating was an unnecessary step on the way to active mastery of a new language. For the first time an attempt was made to create a direct connection between the intellectual imagination of the learners and intuitively graspable phonetic expressiveness of the target language.
inlingua direct method
It was on the bases of this new finding that the first language schools arose. In 1968 the largest one of them was sold to an US company. The majority of the European owned institutes, who were not in agreement with the takeover and preferred to remain independent joined together to form a new organization and called it inlingua.
inlingua quickly developed the direct method further, always with the aim of practical language proficiency in the shortest possible time. Certain elements from “suggestopedia” and other teaching methods, as well as modern media support were also incorporated into the didactic concept of inlingua.
In the world-wide headquarters in Switzerland, a team of professional writers and educators are continuously working to developing new teaching materials, according to the latest discoveries, to keep the direct -method up to date. These educational materials are produced in the company’s own publishing company and will benefit only inlingua students.
With the inlingua direct method in over 350 inlingua schools worldwide faster to success!


Brent Woods, MA, LPC
The Reality Behind Trauma Bonding: What You Need to Know
Trauma bonding is a form of psychological attachment that occurs between two people who are exposed to trauma together. It is often seen between people who have been victims of violence or abuse, or who have a history of mental health issues.
Trauma bonding can be described as mutually dependent relationships between two people who share a history of suffering. In trauma bonding, both parties feel obligated to stay together, even in the face of great pain and suffering. This type of bonding often occurs in survivor groups, families with a history of abuse, and other situations where people have experienced traumatic events. When a person experiences trauma, their body releases hormones such as oxytocin and cortisol that create an intense bond between them and their abuser. This bond can be particularly intense in victims of severe trauma, such as sexual assault. It is often referred to as "trauma-induced bonding" and can last long after the trauma has ended.
The effects of trauma bonding can last well into the future. Victims of trauma often struggle with feeling a close connection to the person that caused them harm, even though the relationship may have been harmful. This is why professionals say it is essential for survivors of trauma to seek trauma-informed care, such as therapy, which can help them heal from the past trauma and understand the process of trauma bonding.
Therapy can address the effects of trauma bonding in several ways. First, therapists can help to break the cycle of trauma bonding by challenging thoughts and beliefs that stem from it. They can also help to increase self-awareness so the survivor can make better decisions about the current situation and relationships. Additionally, therapy can be used to gain insight into why the trauma bonding occurred, so the survivor can better understand how to break free of it.
Ultimately, understanding trauma bonding is important in order to understand how to deal with traumatic experiences. Trauma bonding must be taken seriously in order to facilitate healing and ensure that future relationships are healthy and safe. Therapists that are trauma-informed and use evidence-based treatments are an important resource in helping survivors learn to cope and heal.


Child Safe School
Support for students with specific needs
Our Equity Leader has a dedicated team of educational support staff who support students with specific learning disabilities (SLDs), including those funded through the Program for Students with Disabilities (PSD). This team works in conjunction with the students, their parents, teachers and Year Level Leaders to put together individual education plans (IEPs) and Learning Goals for the students. Our teachers constantly review our learning sequences and access professional development to support the learning of students with SLDs, such as dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, etc.
Support for well-abled students (Gifted and Talented)
We recognise that well-abled students need specific supports to be able to access and cultivate their ‘gifts’, to encourage them to engage mindfully with their education and foster a growth-mindset. The Gifted and Talented Students co-ordinators in our school assist staff to identify students who are very well-abled academically or in particular subject areas (e.g. art, sport, etc.).
With the student, their parents and teachers, the co-ordinators develop an individual education plan (IEP) for the students that takes into account their areas of strength, challenge and interest to develop long and short term learning goals. In this way, we aim to encourage our well-abled students develop higher-order and critical thinking skills through curriculum enhancement tasks in the context of a mixed-ability classroom.


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Dog bites on the rise, study suggests
Washington - The number of people admitted to the hospital because of dog bites increased by 86 percent between 1993 and 2008.
WASHINGTON — The number of people admitted to the hospital because of dog bites increased by 86 percent—from 5,100 to 9,500 hospital stays—between 1993 and 2008, according to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
On average in 2008, 866 people visited the emergency departments at hospitals each day for treatment of dog bites, according AHRQ.
The recently released data also showed:
- Seniors and young children were most likely to be hospitalized for a dog bite. For 65- to 84-year-olds, there were 4.5 hospital stays per 100,000 people. For people age 85 and older, there were 4.2 stays per 100,000 and for children under 5 there were four stays per 100,000.
- Compared to urban residents, people in rural areas made four times as many emergency department visits for dog bites in 2008 (119 visits per 100,000 people versus 29 visits per 100,000 people). Rural residents also had 3 times as many hospital admissions (nearly three stays per 100,000 rural residents versus less than one stay per 100,000 urban residents).
- About 43 percent of people hospitalized for dog bites required treatment for skin and underlying tissue infection; 22 percent had wounds of the legs or arms; 10.5 percent had wounds of the head, neck and torso; and the remaining patients had problems ranging from bone fracture to blood poisoning.
- More than half (58 percent) of all people who were hospitalized required a procedure such as wound debridement, sutures and/or skin grafts.
- Treating patients admitted for dog bites cost hospitals $54 million, with an average of $18,200 per patient, AHRQ reports.


Safety at School or Work
A SAP is particularly important in settings where a primary caregiver or partner who understands the patient’s epilepsy is not present.
In a school setting a child may need both a SAP and medical orders for the school nurse, depending on the school system, and school nurses may be able to help with the development of a SAP for the school setting. A school SAP may need to be adapted to include information about the recommended length and intensity of observation required after a seizure or administration of rescue meds . Additionally, aspects of the SAP may need to be incorporated into the child’s Individualized Education Plan (IEP). A school SAP may need additional background on the child’s typical seizure pattern and understanding seizure clusters, as this can be an area of uncertainty among school nurses, and some school systems may have differing requirements about the need to notify emergency medical services in a seizure emergency . The SAP Coalition virtual backpack offers a checklist and resources to assure your child has everything they need in place at school to help keep them safe.
If a chance exists you will have a seizure at work, it is a good idea to share your SAP with your employer and co-workers, as well as to determine any accommodations that will keep you safe in the workplace.


Staying active in your later years can greatly improve your quality of life. It can also lower your risk for many health problems such as heart disease. In your later years of life, you want to live comfortably and independently. By making an effort to stay active, you will be able to do these things. Here are a few of the numerous benefits you will notice if you try to stay active and healthy throughout your life and especially as you age.
Injury Prevention: Staying active can help prevent injuries in older adults. Physical activity keeps the muscles flexible and strong so injuries are less common. Proper posture and stability also increase as physical activity increases, which helps lead to less falls in the elderly.
Strengthens Immune System: Physical activity helps keep illness away by strengthening the immune system. When you are older, your immune system leaves you susceptible to more illnesses. Exercising can strengthen your immune system to help you lead a healthy life.
Mental Wellness: Exercise can boost your mental wellness. Proper dosage of exercise has been shown to relieve tension, anxiety, depression, and anger. If you choose to exercise with your significant other or friends, this will also help you stay social as you age, which is very important.
The American Heart Association recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate activity each week. Simply put, if you try to get at least 30 minutes of activity in per day, you will be able to improve your physical and mental health and prolong your independence during your golden years.


A monster problem for Halloween.
A while ago I suggested you look at , which using the dominance idea is zero. Of course your students may try graphing or a table. Here’s the graph done by a TI-Nspire CAS. Note the scales.
This is not the way to go. Since the function is increasing near the origin, but the limit at infinity is zero there must be a maximum point where the function starts decreasing. And as the expression can never be negative once x > 1, there must be a point of inflection where the graph becomes concave up and can thereafter approach the x-axis from above as a horizontal asymptote. The maximum can be found by hand which makes for some great algebra manipulation practice:
Setting this equal to zero and solving gives
The second derivative is
and is zero when x =
Okay, I skipped a few steps here, but you can challenge your students with that. Since we’re really interested in the solution here more than the solving ,this is really a good place to use a CAS calculator.
The first line in the figure above defines the function to save typing it each time. The second line finds the x-coordinate of the maximum point (how do we know this is a maximum?) and the third finds the x-coordinate of the point of inflection. Much simpler this way!
Take a minute to consider the numbers. They are BIG! In fact, if the units on our graph paper are centimeters, then the maximum point is a little over 5,480 light-years away from the origin! The point of inflection is about 2.665 times farther at more than 14,607 light-years away!
Meanwhile the maximum value is only 91.9699 cm. That’s right centimeters, less than a meter. And the y-coordinate of the point of inflection is about 91.9524 cm. A drop of 0.0175 cm. in a horizontal distance of a little over 9,127 light-years.
Some problems are a lot less scary if done with technology.


Elon Musk, who created the Neuralink company, has repeatedly expressed his desire to expand human capabilities by combining it with a computer. The billionaire project involves the introduction of an implant directly into the brain. A group of international researchers who have demonstrated the success of a less invasive technique looks at the problem quite differently.
A real surgical operation is required to insert a brain implant. Perhaps someday it will be quick and as simple as a regular vaccination, but so far there are hardly many people willing to go for an autopsy of the cerebral cortex. A group of Austrian and American scientists have proposed to establish the interaction of the brain with a computer through an electrode inserted directly into a blood vessel.
The first experiments have already been completed. A stent, a special elastic tube that includes electrodes, was inserted into a vein in two volunteers and passed up the jugular vein into a vessel next to the primary motor cortex of the brain. The electrodes were pressed against the vessel walls, which made it possible to identify the motor signals of the brain. When a person tries to do something, a signal is sent wirelessly to a computer via an infrared transmitter surgically inserted into the chest.
After a short training course, the subjects returned home. As it turned out, just two weeks later, both patients learned to move the mouse cursor and click with the power of thought – this is enough to work in Windows 10. The team of researchers is currently seeking funding. According to them, the equipment captures only one bit of information, which is not enough for large-scale projects. But it can improve the lives of those in the chair by allowing them to get jobs on the Internet along with other users.
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Ethical or moral issues have been associated with the effective distribution of vaccines in the U.S. for contagious diseases like the recent Covid-19 pandemic. Theorists have presented varying ethical approaches to solve dilemmas and ensure coverage of 100% of the American population. First, the utilitarianism approach will be highly effective in allocating or distributing the vaccine since it holds on providing the greatest good for the majority in society (Marquis & Huston, 2021). According to the theory, the end justifies the means, and vaccines should be distributed nationally with priority on essential/frontline workers and those at high risk to mitigate the spread of the contagious disease when in contact with the infected individuals. When this happens, most people will be protected from contact infections since care providers and vulnerable groups will be vaccinated as the nation continues to manufacture more of the vaccine.
On the other hand, there is a combination of utilitarianism and duty-based theory to guide in making a more ethical decision or solution for distribution and the proper allocation of the vaccine. According to the duty-based ethical reasoning approach, some choices must be made since there is a duty to do something or take a different course of action. In this case, vaccine providers or distributors must decide on vaccinating frontline care providers and vulnerable groups or those at risk of exposure to the contagious disease because they must prevent its spread (Marquis & Huston, 2021). The duty-based approach shares a similar strategy to the utilitarian approach that focuses on saving the lives of the majority by focusing on the duty to prevent the spread of contagious diseases through contact tracing and vaccine distribution in the correct order.
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Researchers from Stanford University have published a paper showing how it's possible to deliver high performance cooling by beaming heat into space. The study, published in Nature Communications, shows how "radiative cooling" could be used to reduce temperatures by a substantial amount—up to 42.2 °C cooler than the air surrounding it.
According to New Scientist, the technology works by placing a thermal emitter—a device that gives out more heat than it takes in—within a vacuum to decouple it from the surrounding environment and to prevent it from transferring heat due to conduction or convection. The emitter is also designed to emit heat at specific wavelengths that allow it to pass into the atmosphere without being bounced back to Earth. A special window on top of the vacuum chamber allows the heat to radiate from it.
And it's quick, too. After a half hour of the device beaming heat into space, the emitter's temperature fell 40 °C below the ambient air temperature.
A significant drawback of the device is that it requires a clear patch of sky to operate correctly. Any clouds in the way of the heat radiation prevent it from proceeding into space, bouncing it back to Earth to "almost eliminate the effect of radiative cooling."
The authors envision a wide range of applications for the technology, including "passive building cooling, renewable energy harvesting from the universe, and refrigeration in arid regions." However, cost is a concern when it comes to scaling up the technology to fit these practical uses. The material which makes the window, zinc selenide, is expensive. Fortunately, for applications where such low temperatures are not needed, cheaper, less effective materials can be substituted.
While the cost of the technology can easily be remedied for some applications, the interference of cloud cover is a more prohibitive limitation. The researchers have created a start-up to further study how this technology can be commercialized, but it is highly unlikely that it will come to replace all of our cooling devices.


Course: Learn CSS – For BeginnersLearn to Work with Cascading Style Sheets
Students learn to harness the true power of front-end development using CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). Through comprehensive, hands-on exercises, students will develop stylish, responsive web layouts using CSS properties and style definitions.
We start with basic concepts such as the parts of a CSS rule and working with Classes, Divisions and IDs. Next we explore an intensive collection of style definition, from working with text, backgrounds and transparency, right to CSS positioning, link styling, and popular layout development techniques.
Students will have the opportunity to work on several projects to master the limitless potential of this powerful language.
What you’ll learn
Parts of a CSS RuleCSS DIVSCSS Selectors, Classes, SpansCSS Text PropertiesCSS Display & Position PropertiesCSS BackgroundsCSS Positioning (Static, Relative, Absolute, Fixed, Float)Styling LinksCSS Tables
Intro to CSSParts of a CSS RuleTypes of CSS RulesCSS – Color Names and CodesCSS Classes and SpansCSS Divisions – DIVsCSS IDsCSS MarginsCSS PaddingCSS Font PropertiesCSS BordersCSS BackgroundsCSS TransparencyCSS Text on Top of ImagesCSS Width and Height PropertiesCSS Display PropertiesCSS Static PositioningCSS Relative PositioningCSS Absolute PositioningCSS Fixed PositioningCSS Float PropertyCSS Clear PropertyCSS Z-IndexCSS Styling LinksCSS TablesCSS Project – IntroductionCSS Project – CSS RulesCSS Project – Navigation RulesCSS Project – Responsive CSSCSS Project – Page Elements


Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompasses a range of conditions that affect social behavior and communication skills. Although a lifelong disorder, treatments can improve symptoms and functional ability. At Carolina Wellness Psychiatry, PLLC, Allison Foroobar, MD has extensive training and experience in the diagnosis of ASD and the management of its symptoms. If you’re concerned that your child might have an autism spectrum disorder, call the office in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, today or book an appointment online.
Autism spectrum disorders are developmental brain disorders that result in problems with social and communication skills. Symptoms generally appear in the first two years of life, but autism can be diagnosed at any age.
Children and adults who have ASD can range from being only mildly impaired to having severe disabilities, and diagnoses can include what was previously called Autistic Disorder, Asperger’s Disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder not otherwise specified.
Difficulty with social communication and interaction, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors can be signs of ASD. Not all people with ASD exhibit classic behaviors, but these may include:
Not all children who have autism display the same symptoms and many children who don’t have ASD might have some of these symptoms. Early assessment and diagnosis can improve access to services and treatment.
ASD is a part of who your child is, and isn’t something that needs a cure. Treatment involves helping your child adapt to their different view of the world and manage the problems they encounter. Treatment should ideally begin as soon as possible after diagnosis to begin learning new skills.
Treatments may also include medications to treat symptoms of aggression, hyperactivity, or symptoms of depression and anxiety. Behavioral, psychological, and educational therapy programs can help to reduce challenging behaviors, build upon strengths, improve social and communication skills, and learn life skills.
Treatment can be provided by developmental pediatricians, child psychiatrists, child psychologists, speech and occupational therapists, as well as via school-based interventions.
For an individualized autism action plan that brings out your child’s true potential, call Carolina Wellness Psychiatry, PLLC, today or book an appointment online.