POLA ASUH MAKAN IBU SERTA PREFERENSI DAN KONSUMSI SAYUR DAN BUAH ANAK USIA SEKOLAH DI BOGOR
The aim of this study was to learn mother’s food parenting practices and school-age children’s preference and consumption of vegetables and fruits. Design of this study was a cross-sectional with purposive sampling of 108 school-age children in SDN Cibanteng 1 in rural and SDN Papandayan in urban, Bogor District. Hedonic scale and semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire were used for measure preference and consumption of vegetables and fruits. Mothers in rural had higher score in three components of food parenting practices (mother’s role in feeding, mother’s control in child’s eating, and family eating habits) than mothers in urban. Mothers in urban had higher score in one component of food parenting practices (family eating habits of vegetables and fruits) than mothers in rural. Vegetables consumption in urban (68.5±31.6 g/day) was higher than rural (45.4±18.7 g/day). Children’s fruits consumption in urban (166.5±67.7 g/day) was higher than rural (106.9±43.0 g/day).


Red-capped mangabeys are cheek-pouch monkeys, meaning they have extensive pouches in their cheeks and throats (similar to squirrels or chipmunks) that can be used when foraging to store food to eat later when they are safe from predators. Agile jumpers and climbers, mangabeys forage, sleep, and hide in trees using their long tails for balance. However, they usually escape predators such as leopards and eagles by running on the ground. Mangabey fingers and toes are partially webbed, making them excellent swimmers. They also have opposable thumbs and big toes, allowing them to grasp items with either their hands or feet.
Bright white fur around their eyes enhances social interactions such as blinking to communicate with other mangabeys. They also communicate using a variety of sounds, including shrieking, screaming, grunting, chuckling, barking, and roaring. Males produce a distinctive “whoop-gobble” call that can be heard half a mile away. These boisterous monkeys live in groups of 12 to 25 individuals with many males and females.
Red-capped mangabeys live in the dense vegetation of inland swamps, mangroves, and rainforests along the coastal regions of west and central Africa.
These monkeys are primarily frugivorous. Soft and hard fruits comprise most of their diet, but they also eat palm nuts, seeds, young leaves, grass, mushrooms, grubs, insects, bird eggs, and agricultural crops, especially peanuts.
A mangabey’s body length is 18 to 25 inches, with the tail slightly longer at 20 to 31 inches. They weigh 16 to 22 pounds, and males are about 25 percent larger than females. Lifespan in the wild ranges from the late tees to late 20s. In human care they can live up to 35 years. The oldest recorded red-capped mangabey lived much longer: 46 years!


E-portfolios are personal online environments in which digital objects and tools can be independently selected, organized and published by students. The compilation of the artifacts by the authors requires the reflection of processes and results of their own work as well as their own person. The e-portfolio is thus both an electronic folder and a tool for reflection. By showing the personal learning history of a person, the portfolio can give a very comprehensive and profound impression of the knowledge, skills and competencies of the learner (Stratmann, Preussler & Kerres,. 2009, p. 5). Thus, it is also suitable as a form of university assessment. The publication of the personal e-portfolio on the Internet also provides the opportunity for feedback from fellow students, teachers or future employers and can be used to present the student's achievements and competencies (social publishing) or to present the student to the outside world (social networking). The e-portfolio is thus a digital collection of artifacts that documents both the learning outcomes and the process of competence development of the learners (Diegel, Weiglich & Deimann, 2019, p. 48ff).
The research literature suggests quite different ways of distinguishing portfolio types. The following four forms of (digital) portfolios are particularly suitable for use in higher education teaching:
Learning or reflection portfolios help in many study programs (e.g., teaching, art, media, or languages) to map the development of students' competencies and furthermore to reflect metacognitively and critically on their own learning path, but also on the institutional learning scenario.
The development or career portfolio helps students plan their studies and makes them aware of personal as well as academic interests. The risk of dropping out of studies can thus possibly be reduced.
Evaluation portfolios are suitable as a form of assessment, which captures the competencies of learners in more depth and not only
knowledge or non-knowledge.
Finally, the presentation portfolio prepares students for the transition from study to work. It could be an optional part of the acquisition of key competencies within the framework of study regulations. Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)


Senator William Bradford (1729-1808) was a fifth-generation descendant and namesake of the famous governor of Plymouth Colony. He began his career as a surgeon, but after his arrival in Bristol in the late 1750s, Bradford left medicine and turned to a new profession in the law, and was admitted to the bar in 1767. He established a practice at Bristol. He served the town as state representative and town moderator. Bradford was speaker of the House of Representative for 18 non-consecutive terms, a delegate to the Second Continental Congress, and lieutenant governor from 1775 to 1778.
Bradford served on the Committee of Safety of Bristol from 1773 to 1776 on the Committee of Correspondence for the Rhode Island colony. His home was destroyed when the British Navy bombarded Bristol on October 7, 1775. Following the destruction of his home, Bradford went on board a ship to negotiate a ceasefire.
Bradford was a leading supporter of ratification of the federal Constitution and served as U.S. Senator from March 1793 until October 1797 holding the prestigious post of senate president pro tem during the last four months of his tenure. He acquired Mount Hope Farm via confiscation from Loyalist Isaac Royall in 1783 and resided there until his death in 1808.
Originally buried in Bristol’s East Burying Ground, his grave was later moved to the Juniper Hill Cemetery. His distinguidhed Rhose Island descendants include James DeWolf Perry and LeBaron Bradford Colt.


4. Theory and practice. There are basic principles on which every profession is built, and there are fundamental laws that have existed for decades, if not hundreds of years. But it is very important to put each theory to the test by practice, and be based not on someone else's stories, but on your own personal experience. That is why many architectural universities value practical teachers who have their own architectural bureau and workshop and really work, as they say, "on the ground".
5. Technologies. In a modern and rapidly changing world, modern technologies largely determine the construction industry. This must be taken into account, to make adjustments to the learning process for the design of buildings and structures, as well as related subjects. Teachers should be able to learn new things not under compulsion, but from an understanding of the current need and benefit to their students.
6. Self improvement. If you think that every architecture graduate will actually design floating cities and the tallest skyscrapers, you are wrong. Breaking to the top of iconic buildings and structures is possible, but this is the exception rather than the rule, and usually hundreds of people work on one large project. But in no case should this stop the creative development of the individual. Perhaps you are the very person who will ascend the architectural Olympus, but you need to be prepared for this.


|کد مقاله||کد نشریه||سال انتشار||مقاله انگلیسی||ترجمه فارسی||نسخه تمام متن|
|263465||504075||2013||10 صفحه PDF||سفارش دهید||دانلود رایگان|
This research aims to identify the microclimate of the living wall system (LWS) in a hot and humid climate and to examine how ventilation and different wall-vegetation distances (w-v-d) affect the thermal performance of the LWS. Two identical thermal labs are constructed with adjustable LWS installed on their west-facing walls in Wuhan, China. Three series of experiments were carried out. Results show that the LWS has a notable cooling effect to the wall surface and the indoor space. The microclimate created by the LWS features in a cool layer of air with identical mean relative humidity as the ambient air. Instead of gaining heat, the exterior wall surface is losing heat to the microclimate all day, where the LWS is the cooling instrument that removes heat by radiative heat exchange. The LWS with a sealed air layer performs better in cooling the wall surface than the LWS with a naturally ventilated air layer. Lastly, three comparison experiments tested the LWS with different w-v-d: 30 mm, 200 mm, 400 mm, and 600 mm. Results show that the smaller distance has better cooling effect but higher relative humidity in the air layer.
► The LWS has a notable cooling effect on the wall.
► The exterior wall surface losses heat to the microclimate.
► The LWS is the cooling instrument and the air layer is the heat source of the microclimate.
► The LWS does not increase the humidity of the air layer nor bring more humidity to the indoor space.
► The LWS with a sealed air layer or a smaller w-v-d performs better in its cooling ability, but is more humid in the air layer.
Journal: Energy and Buildings - Volume 61, June 2013, Pages 298–307


Finding a safe and efficient carrier of hydrogen is a major challenge. Recently, hydrogenated organic compounds have been studied as hydrogen storage materials because of their ability to stably and reversibly store hydrogen by forming chemical bonds; however, these compounds often suffer from safety issues and are usually hydrogenated with hydrogen at high pressure and/or temperature. Here we present a ketone (fluorenone) polymer that can be moulded as a plastic sheet and fixes hydrogen via a simple electrolytic hydrogenation at-1.5 V (versus Ag/AgCl) in water at room temperature. The hydrogenated alcohol derivative (the fluorenol polymer) reversibly releases hydrogen by heating (80 °C) in the presence of an aqueous iridium catalyst. Both the use of a ketone polymer and the efficient hydrogen fixing with water as a proton source are completely different from other (de)hydrogenated compounds and hydrogenation processes. The easy handling and mouldable polymers could suggest a pocketable hydrogen carrier.
|出版ステータス||Published - 2016 9月 30|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- 化学 (全般)


The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)’s elaborate Inspections were an opportunity to brief representatives from the military, aeronautical industry, universities, and the press on the NACA’s latest research efforts and its state-of-the-art test facilities. This Web site contains presentations, photographs, and planning materials for the majority of the Inspections.
Congress created the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in 1915 to coordinate the Nation’s aeronautical research. The committee established the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in 1920 to conduct research of its own. In the 1920s the NACA began holding annual industry conferences to connect the Nation’s military, government, university, and industry aeronautical community with the work being performed at Langley. NACA researchers gave presentations on their efforts as the visitors toured the test facilities. The conferences were suspended at the onset of World War II.
At that time the NACA also added two new research sites: the Ames Aeronautical Laboratory and the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory. The conferences, now referred to as “Inspections,” resumed in 1946 as multiday events at all three laboratories. The Inspections were very important to the NACA, and great efforts were expended to ensure they were carried out flawlessly. Every detail of the visit was thoroughly planned—from the research presentations and the tour schedules to the cigarette breaks and lunch. The NACA Inspections always received rave reviews.
The Inspection planning materials—including invitation lists, schedules, correspondence, transcripts of the talks, and photographs of the exhibits and charts—were then collected and bound in a single volume that was permanently stored in the Lewis library. This Web site is designed to share these materials from the majority of the Inspections. The Glenn Research Center created the site in 2015 to mark the NACA’s Centennial


Healthy Eating for Infants
Healthy eating is important at every age. When it’s time for solid foods, offer babies a variety of fruits, vegetables, grains, protein foods, and dairy or fortified soy alternatives. When deciding on foods and beverages, choose options that are full of nutrients and lower in sodium and avoid added sugars. Start with these tips:
Feeding your young baby
If possible, feed your baby only breast milk from birth to about 6 months of age, and continue through at least the first year of life—longer if desired. If breast milk is unavailable, feed your baby iron-fortified infant formula. Talk to your healthcare provider about vitamin D supplements for your baby.
Look for cues
When your baby is hungry, he or she usually lets you know. But fullness cues are not as obvious. A child may be full if he or she closes mouth, turns head away from breast or bottle, or relaxes hands. Recognizing and responding to these cues helps children learn how to self-regulate their intake.
Starting solid foods
At about 6 months, infants may show signs that they’re ready for solid foods, such as bringing objects to the mouth or swallowing food rather than pushing it out. Do not put infant cereal or other solid foods in an infant’s bottle, but small amounts of water may also be introduced when your baby starts solid foods.
Serving first foods
Introduce a variety of foods, flavors, and textures from all food groups. Include foods rich in iron and zinc, particularly for breastfed infants. Examples include lean meats, fortified infant cereals, and beans.
Make sure your baby is sitting in a highchair or other safe, supervised place for meals and snacks. Offer foods that are the appropriate size, consistency, and shape for your child’s age and eating skills.
Serving safe foods
Avoid feeding your baby any foods that contain raw or cooked honey. Honey can contain bacteria that could cause serious illness or death among infants. Also avoid unpasteurized foods or beverages, such as juices, milk, yogurt, or cheeses, as they could contain harmful bacteria.


The National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization) or NARIT under the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation (MHESI) has recently disseminated images of the "total solar eclipse" that occurred on April 20, 2023, in Com, Timor-Leste. The release of these images allows observers to witness several significant phenomena, including Bailey's beads, the diamond ring effect, the corona layer, Earthshine, and solar flare.
Dr Saran Poshyachinda, the Executive Director of NARIT, spearheaded the investigation into this celestial event. The team established observation points in close proximity to a primary school in Com, Timor-Leste, where the total eclipse was visible, and captured images that were subsequently shared with the Thai public. Moreover, His Excellency Ekapol Poolpipat, the Thai Ambassador of Timor-Leste, accompanied them in their observation.
The clarity of the sky during a total solar eclipse provides a comprehensive view of the phenomenon from initiation to termination, including the occurrence of Bailey's beads, the diamond ring effect, the corona layer, Earthshine, and the solar flare. Other concomitant events, such as shadow bands and the crescent shadow, can also be observed before and after the total eclipse. During the brief period of the moon's total coverage of the sun, lasting one minute and fifteen seconds, the sky becomes dark enough to allow the bright shining of Jupiter and Venus.
The April 20, 2023 solar eclipse was a hybrid eclipse, which is a combination of an annular and a total eclipse, and was the 52nd of 80 sets of the Saros cycle 129. The path of totality traversed from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, crossing over various land masses and water bodies, such as Australia, parts of eastern Timor, and Indonesia (Papua New Guinea and West Papua). The eclipse occurred from 09:42 to 12:52 (Thailand time).
The subsequent total solar eclipse is expected to take place on April 8, 2024, traversing North America, Mexico, the United States, and Canada. However, it will not be visible from Thailand. Thailand's next observable solar eclipse is anticipated to be a partial eclipse on August 2, 2027.


Salt, which is the most basic spice, was not commonly found or affordable in ancient or medieval times. Salt was one of the essential items to be stored as strategic materials in a castle. It was also a major product for commerce and trade. Naturally, salt production sites were considered as highly important strategic locations.
In the Age of Discovery, spice wars were much larger and more global than wars over salt. Pepper, which was introduced to ancient Rome, was transported by land. With the Age of Discovery, various spices produced in Southeast Asia could be shipped using merchant vessels.
The prices of spices vary by era and type but the prices of pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon, and other famous ones were comparable to that of gold in their glory days. Spices were the driver behind powerful European countries’ marine investment. Highly valuable products were needed to justify the huge costs and sacrifices required to deploy fleets to Southeast Asia traveling across Africa and the Indian Ocean. Spices fit the bill better than anything else.
It was a time when there wasn’t much difference among merchants, soldiers, and pirates. The vessels of European countries arrived in Southeast Asia and waged wars over the production sites of spices and the rights to trade them. The wars became international as not only European countries but also the pirates of native kingdoms, China, and Japan got involved.
Spies, unlike salt, are not necessities for survival. However, they caused more bitter international conflicts than salt did. It was claimed later that nutmeg prevents the Black Death and cures all diseases but the facts don’t change fundamentally. How can we interpret this irony?
It seems that human lives don’t deviate much from food, clothing, and shelter. These are the initial necessities of life but also can be the conditions for wealthier lives, as well as the items to show off oneself and authorities. Craving a nicer house, more elegant interior, and richer food is the basic desire of humans and sometimes leads to wars, ruthless oppression, and nasty crimes.


Food Safety is a crucial topic to prioritize and keep up to standard.
You can never be too careful on how you handle your product to ensure that it is kept to the highest measure of quality and that the quality is assured.
Be sure to explore the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Melon Food Safety Guidelines below. This resource is valuable to consider in alignment with your watermelon business.
Commodity-Specific Food Safety Guidelines for the Melon Supply Chain
Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA)
The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) is transforming the nation’s food safety system by shifting the focus from responding to foodborne illness to preventing it. Congress enacted FSMA in response to dramatic changes in the global food system and in our understanding of foodborne illness and its consequences, including the realization that preventable foodborne illness is both a significant public health problem and a threat to the economic well-being of the food system. Learn more about FSMA here: https://www.fda.gov/food/guidance-regulation-food-and-dietary-supplements/food-safety-modernization-act-fsma
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They say you don't need to worry about the ticks you find on your skin; you need to worry about the ones you don't find...
1. Try to avoid ticks latching (wear clothes/boots treated with Permethrin, wear repellant on your ankles and any exposed skin, tuck your pants or long-johns into your socks, don't brush against plants, do a thorough tick check when you get home, etc.)
2. Know what kind of ticks are a threat in your area. e.g.:
3. Take a thread (if the tick is very small, you may need to unravel it to get something thin enough), tie it in a knot around tick, as close to the skin as possible (you may need to have someone hold the tick perpendicular to the skin with their finger or with a drinking straw), and then gently pull until it comes off. (I've also heard that you can tape the ends of the thread to a pencil and then twist the pencil until the twists reach the tick and it lets go).
4. Learn about ticks more generally, and what you should do, given the type of tick and amount of time it was latched:
Ticks home | CDC
Information on ticks and tickborne disease. Provided by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.


109 Leopards Slain in 12 years, Risks Rising for 1000 Left
As the national day of the Sri Lankan leopard is marked once again tomorrow, experts say the economic crisis could raise the threat levels related to the big cats. Law enforcements against trappings and killings could diminish, and as people continue to lose their livelihoods, poaching could increase.
The leopard is the apex mammalian predator and the largest wild cat in the Sri Lankan wildernesses. Reports indicate that 109 leopards died during the past 12 years in Sri Lanka.
It is estimated that there fewer than 1,000 leopards left and this would be a worrying number, said Prof. Enoka Kudavidanage of the Sabaragamuwa University, who is also the co-chair of the wild cat subcommittee of the Wildlife and Nature Protection Society (WNPS).
To read full story visit: https://www.sundaytimes.lk/220731/news/109-leopards-slain-in-12-years-risks-rising-for-1000-left-490532.html?fbclid=IwAR1c6EGfqyfY_jtT4y5f1-kW3ZSGVD4am0TikLxoq9a7gxiarOhiTy7nQL0


Generally speaking, entrepreneurship and style share a variety of common qualities. They have overlapping goals, a common explanation, and related practices. All are driven by a drive to innovate and develop new alternatives, products and services. On the other hand, they have specific functions, techniques, and methods.
Design motivated entrepreneurship can be described as process where designers and also other innovators engage with people and communities to create solutions that are not just technically feasible although financially practical. These alternatives can be used to treat concerns, boost customer understanding and offerings, and make new product sales and distribution strategies.
Style has been named an important market in many market sectors. Some of the most dominant global brands have adopted design-thinking to create ground breaking products and services. These businesses have also well-known the potential for design to create fresh know-how and protect everyone system.
Design-driven entrepreneurship combines design and civic diamond to create new solutions which can be loved by consumers. It also assists solve concerns and give new meaning to customer know-how.
There are a few various ways to study design-driven entrepreneurship. The http://www.devillers-forge.com/generated-post/ AP-Degree in Entrepreneurship and Design and style Control may be a two-year AP-degree program that needs group projects, company to truly and a feuille. It also instructs marketing, design and style trends and self-agency.
The Art of Enterprise is known as a curated variety of contemporary practices in entrepreneurship. It includes selection interviews from visible entrepreneurs and designers, and also open-ended actions. Its perhaps most obviously feature is its use of the most beneficial type of entrepreneurship: design.


A large number of hospital patients and primary care patients suffer from recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) and urosepsis. Some of these patients end up in intensive care units with multi-organ failure. New draft guidance from the National Institute for Health & Care Excellence (NICE) states the following: 1) Patients should be advised on lifestyle changes and hygiene care, 2) No evidence has been found on the benefits of drinking cranberry juice, 3) In non-pregnant women narrow spectrum antibiotics should be used as first-line treatment e.g. nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim, 4) In lower UTI in pregnant women, back-up antibiotic prescription should be given, while waiting culture reports, 5) One-third of E. coli UTIs show a worrying resistance to common antibiotics, 6) Ideally, antibiotics should only be started after a positive midstream urine sample. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) organisms are becoming the ‘super-bugs’ of urology. They usually require costly intravenous drugs, pressure on hospital beds and medical / nursing staff time. In everyday practice, microorganisms are showing unexpected and mysterious changes. We need to stay one step ahead of them.


As we turn over the calendar to the new month of September, we want to take a moment to recognize National Kinship Care month. This is a time to celebrate the support of families and other adults with family-like relationships, who have stepped into the role of a caretaker when biological parents cannot do so safely.
This scenario is more common than you might imagine, impacting 4% of all children across the United States, totaling more than 2.6 million children. When a grandparent, aunt, uncle, or other trusted adult steps up to be the primary caretaker, it can significantly reduce the trauma of being removed from their home and placed with someone they do not know. The opportunity for a child to live with someone they already have a relationship with helps to create a sense of security, belonging, community, and cultural identity. When children can stay in their community, they have an opportunity to continue to build supportive relationships and strong bonds with friends and family. This also creates the possibility for children and youth to experience their own cultural heritage, an additional protective factor.
When kin agree to take on the additional responsibility of being the primary caregiver of their family or friend, it naturally comes with additional stressors. Pathways to Permanency Project, a Vaya Health initiative created to align the work of the child welfare and behavioral health systems, has a workgroup focused on developing innovative ways to support kinship families.
We have overwhelmingly heard that kinship providers need more support in three areas: financial resources, social support, and licensing. As we take time to honor and celebrate kinship families during the month of September, Pathways to Permanency Project will continue our diligent efforts to increase supports for kinship providers so that children can benefit from the love and support of their own community and in turn promote resiliency in the children’s lives. A heartfelt thanks goes to anyone that has offered a child that is family or friend a safe place to call home. If this is you, know that you have made a difference in the life of a child and your selflessness will have lifelong impacts.
Kinship care. The Annie E. Casey Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved September 2, 2022, from https://www.aecf.org/topics/kinship-care


Date: c. 1896
Dimensions: 36 × 26cm
Collection: Niland Collection
Provenance: Purchased from the Dawson gallery in 1968 by Sligo County Library and Museum.
This monochrome watercolour is an illustration to W.B. Yeats’s Stories of Red Hanrahan, which first appeared in The Secret Rose, (1897). This mystical text centres on the character of Red, a poet who sees the lovers of Ireland walking in procession on Ben Bulben. In this scene he stands and shouts to banish the ghost of one of these unhappy lovers, Devorgilla. The story and Yeats’s illustration of it are closely connected to the landscape and mythology of Sligo. Red Hanrahan stands on the dramatic rock of Lugnagall beneath which the Sligo countryside expands. Behind the gesturing figure the distinctive profile of Knocknarea with the tomb of Queen Meabh on its summit adds to the mystery and power of the landscape.
The painting was never published as an illustration and remained in Jack Yeats’s possession. His father, John Butler Yeats, provided the illustrations for W.B.’s book. The theme of Red Hanrahan recurs in Jack’s later work. It provided for him as with W.B. a fascinating symbol of the special relationship that exists between the artist and the mythical and historical significance of the land.
Written by Roisin Kennedy


Normal sleep consists of cycles of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep alternating with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM sleep consists of light sleep and deep sleep. REM sleep is also known as “dream” sleep. The function of sleep is believed to be restorative, a time of rest and repair for the body.
Adults need an average of 8 hours of sleep (Range of 6 - 10 hours). It is normal to fall asleep within 10 to 20 minutes of going to bed, to wake up spontaneously once or twice in the night then fall back to sleep readily, and wake up feeling refreshed. Children need more sleep and tend to have more deep sleep, while the elderly have more frequent awakenings and less deep sleep.
The serious short and long term consequences of sleep deprivation reflect the important restorative functions of sleep. When we do not get enough sleep, our thinking, memory, concentration, alertness and mood are affected. Daytime sleepiness leads to poor school or work performance and can result in serious accidents. Left untreated, long term sleep disturbances decrease quality of life and can lead to increased morbidity and mortality.
Sleep disorders are sleep-related disturbances due to underlying medical problems, lifestyle and environmental factors which usually cause sleep disruption, leading to insufficient or poor quality sleep.
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A death sentence is usually attributed to offences that are very grievous in nature. These type of offences are called capital offences since they attract a capital punishment. Some of these offences are murder, treason, treasonable felony, armed robbery, kidnapping, etc.
Section 33 of the Nigerian Constitution guarantees every Nigerian citizen of their right to life. It provides that persons living in Nigeria, shall have a right to life and no one shall be deprived intentionally of his life unless in execution of the sentence of a court of a criminal office of which he has been found guilty.
If you have ever been in a court room and experienced a judge passing a death sentence on an individual, then you must have noticed the judge breaking the tip of their pen. In this article, we would examine how this tradition started, and reason for it.
The act of judges breaking the nib of their pen after sentencing an individual can be traced back to British History. The rationale behind the breaking of the nib was majorly done by convention, and not because of any laid down rule that made it compulsory.
There is no law that authorizes judges to break the nibs of their pens after passing a death sentence. There have however been quite a number of theories given to this conventional practice done by judges.
One theory sees the breaking of the nib as a symbolic act. It is done so that the pen which is used to sign a person’s life away will not be used to do that ever again.
According to another theory, the nib is broken so that after writing or signing the death sentence, the judges have no power to review or revoke the judgement he has passed.
There’s also a theory that sees the breaking of the nib as an act done by the judges in order to distance themselves from the judgement and the guilt that comes with it.
Source: BnB legal, Google


How Does a Magnetic Speed Sensor Work?
For centuries speed sensors have been used to determine the speed of moving objects. In fact, the very first primitive speed sensors were lengths of rope with a knots tied in them that were tossed over the sides of moving ships to determine how many “knots” the ship was traveling at. However; the advent of the motorized wheeled carriage created the need for a more advanced mechanical speed sensor, such as the type that used a gear and a cable to run a speedometer on an automobile.
A Technological Need
As time and technology progressed however, the need for other types of accurate speed sensors developed. This in turn led to the development of what is often referred to as the magnetic speed sensor. So how do they work? How can a magnet detect and transmit the speed of a moving object?
The Hall Effect
It is not just the magnet in a magnetic speed sensor that is used to determine speed but an electrical current that surrounds the magnet as well. There is a certain electrical phenomena called the “Hall effect” that is used to determine the speed of an object with a magnet.
An Electrical Current
In short, when an electrical current is ran near a magnet and the magnet detects ferrous metal such as iron or steel the electrical current is effected. This electrical effect can then be transmitted by wires to a speed gauge where it can be displayed.
Gear Toothed Magnetic Sensor
Often a gear is used in conjunction with a magnetic speed sensor. As the gear spins or turns, each spline or tooth in it will be detected by the magnet as it passes and a corresponding electrical pulse is sent out. The faster the gear spins the faster the electrical pulses the sensor sends and thus a speed reading is made.
Source by Rosa Telip Ten
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Excel’s COUNT functions can help you count cells with numbers, text, or blank cells. Excel actually has a small family of COUNT functions, but the most useful are:
- COUNT: Counts cells that contain numbers; blank cells and cells with text aren’t counted. Syntax: = COUNT(A2:A10).
- COUNTA: Counts cells that contain any kind of data, including numbers and text. Syntax: = COUNTA(A2:A10).
- COUNTBLANK: Counts blank or empty cells. Syntax: = COUNTBLANK(A2:A10).
Create a Count Formula
The COUNT function counts cells that contain numbers; blank cells and cells with text aren't included.
- Click in the cell where you want to add the formula.
- Click the AutoSum button list arrow.
- Select Count Numbers.
- If necessary, select the desired cell range.
- Click Enter or press the Enter key.
Excel displays the number of cells that contain numbers in the range.
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A neurodevelopmental disorder that generally appears before the age of three. Autism affects the typical progression of neurodevelopment in regions of the brain associated with social interaction, communication skills, and overall cognitive functioning. Common delays observed in individuals with autism include difficulties with communication (both verbal and non-verbal), atypical play/leisure skills and difficulties with social interactions. The overall adaptive functioning in individuals with Autism is noted as delayed as well.
The most recent figures from the National Autism Association note that Autism now affects 1 in 44 children, with males being four times more likely to have Autism than females. Autism is a spectrum disorder and does display great variety in all affected, no two people with Autism are alike.
After receiving an autism diagnosis, the next step is finding a way to improve your and your child’s quality of life. We understand that every autism diagnosis is different, and each should be treated uniquely. Our autism treatment services in Miami, FL, offer specialized solutions to help you or a loved one improve their quality of life.
At A1A Behavioral Health we provide top-quality, individualized treatment plans to address the challenges associated with Autism and other related disorders. The treatment approach utilized is known as ABA (applied behavior analysis) therapy. Applied behavior analysis applies the principles of learning theory in a systematic approach to modifying behaviors. The overall goal of ABA therapy is to increase adaptive skills and replacement behaviors while focusing on interventions to diminish maladaptive behaviors. The systematic approach to treatment planning includes identifying how behavior works, how behavior is affected by the environment and how learning takes place. Considering these elements is crucial to developing a treatment plan aimed at modifying behavior. Treatment focuses on increasing language abilities, developing communication skills, improving attention, fostering social skills and decreasing problem behaviors.


Religious Education Intent
Religious Education, at Thrussington School, is based upon the Leicestershire Agreed Syllabus for Religious Education and the Understanding Christianity document.
The aim of Religious Education is to encourage and assist all pupils to explore, reflect and express their own response to the spiritual and religious approaches to life. The children will acquire a knowledge and understanding of Christianity and other religions, beliefs and practices. They will understand and respect how religious beliefs and values affect ways of living and develop a reflective and caring approach to life. Tolerance and understanding will be considered very important. Daily acts of Collective Worship are of a broadly Christian nature, as required by the Education Reform Act. The vicar, and other visitors, share in the leading of collective worship.
The R.E. curriculum is delivered using many practical methods including group work, drama, story telling and acting, discussion, handling of religious artefacts and role play. This encourages a deep understanding across a range of religions. The children are actively encouraged to debate and discuss whilst, at the same time, respecting everyone’s views and opinions.
If you would like any further information regarding the curriculum, please contact your Class Teacher or our Head Teacher, Mrs Roddy.


Residents in Texas know that they must share the roads and highways with a wide range of vehicle types as well as pedestrians and bicyclists. It is the responsibility of everyone to follow laws and make wise decisions to help keep themselves and others safe. For truckers, there is a set of rules to follow in addition to the traffic laws that govern all other people. These are set forth by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and one of the rules focuses on trucker fatigue.
The Hours of Service rule provides parameters around when a truck driver may work and how many hours the trucker may drive each day and each working week. Break times and durations are also clearly specified in this rule. The objective is to reduce instances of fatigue to prevent accidents caused by tired truck drivers.
Fatigue is just one of many factors that may contribute to accidents involving large commercial vehicles. These accidents appear to be a serious and growing problem in Texas. According to records from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the number of fatalities in truck crashes statewide jumped dramatically from 2016 to 2017. In 2016, 558 people died in large truck accidents. These fatalities represented 14.7% of all vehicular deaths in Texas that year.
In 2017, there were 3,722 recorded vehicular fatalities across Texas. Of those deaths, 649 resulted from accidents involving semi-trucks or other large vehicles. Those truck deaths accounted for 17.4% of the total accident deaths in the state. This was a higher percentage than in any of the prior four years.


Dental crowns are placed on top of a damaged or vulnerable tooth in an effort to protect and restore it. Teeth that have been severely damaged or decayed, or those treated with endodontics or an implant often require a dental crown. Without a crown, a tooth can be left susceptible to breakage or decay. A vulnerable tooth makes it difficult to bite or chew; a crown can restore these functions. Crowns can be made from different materials such as, porcelain, zirconia, or porcelain-fused-to-metal. Your dentist can help you choose the best crown for you depending on you and your tooth’s needs.
Porcelain is a material very similar to the enamel on your natural teeth. Porcelain can be color-matched to naturally blend with the rest of your smile. Because of its natural appearance that closely resembles real teeth, crowns made of porcelain are often used in the front of your smile. Porcelain is not the most durable crown material, which is why purely porcelain crowns are not as common for restoring teeth in the back of the mouth.
Crowns made from a porcelain and metal fusion combine the durability of metal with the natural appearance of porcelain. An outer veneer of porcelain is applied to a metal crown to all parts where the crown is visible. The porcelain veneer can be color-matched to the rest of your teeth just like with a purely porcelain crown. The metal part of the crown provides strength for biting and chewing. The crown metal is often an alloy made up of both precious and base metals.
The use of zirconia in dentistry is relatively new. Zirconia is the strongest ceramic available for dental crowns. It is usually not combined with any other material because it is strong enough on its own. Depending on the location of the tooth needing a crown, zirconia may be a worthwhile option.
YOUR DENTIST CAN HELP YOU CHOOSE THE RIGHT CROWN FOR YOUR TOOTH
A crown can be made of different materials best suited to protect your tooth. To learn more, schedule an appointment by calling Cosmetic & Implant Dentistry of Kansas City, MO, today at 816-897-4288.


Orconectes neglectus is Established in the Northeast
|Title||Orconectes neglectus is Established in the Northeast|
|Publication Type||Journal Article|
|Year of Publication||2001|
|Authors||Daniels, RA, Murphy, DC, Klemens, MW|
|Keywords||crayfish, Hudson River, introduced species, Orconectes neglectus, southeastern New York|
Orconectes neglectus, a crayfish native to the Mississippi River drainage in Arkansas, Oklahoma, Missouri, and Kansas, is reported from streams in southeastern New York for the first time. This species is the newest component of a crayfish fauna that is increasingly dominated by introduced species. Individuals of this species were collected in 1997–1999. First and second form males and females ranged in size from 7.5–40.9 mm carapace length. Ovigerous females were collected in May 1999. These data demonstrate that this species is established and reproducing in clear, rubble-bottom streams in southeastern New York. O. neglectus is readily identifiable by its distinctive coloration and color pattern; other characteristics of the rostrum, mandible, gonopod and annulus ventralis also are useful in distinguishing it from other species inhabiting northeastern North America. Currently, O. neglectus is known in the northeastern United States only from tributaries of the upper Croton River of the lower Hudson River drainage. We assume that it was introduced into the area accidentally.


Definition: to be mentally unstable/crazy
Martin proudly presented the sandwich he had made to his family. “It’s peanut butter and turkey,” he announced.
“Are you off your rocker?!” was the response.
First of all, this idiom doesn’t discriminate. It doesn’t have to be ‘your’ rocker. It can be his, her, or theirs.
But what is this rocker it refers to? The image and explanation that most commonly comes to mind is somebody, especially an elderly person, physically falling off their rocking chair. This doesn’t seem to have any bearing on the idiom as this points to a physical issue, not a mental one.
The origin is most likely a mechanical one.
Within many machines, a rocker is a sort of regulator which helps control its performance. If this rocker slips or becomes misaligned, the machine will work incorrectly, if at all.
There is a similar phrase with the same meaning which appeared in the English language at the same time, to be ‘Off your trolley‘. This seems to refer to the overhead lines that provide power to trolley cars. If the car loses contact with this line, there is a loss of power and the trolley grinds to a halt. There are some claims that the wheel that made this connection was sometimes referred to as a rocker, but whether it was or not, it is clear that the two idioms are likely from the same source.
Iddy’s never hopped on or off a trolley car. It’s probably a good thing as he has a hard enough time just sitting in a chair.


Plants 5-10 cm. Leaves spreading; blade 10-20 cm × 2-8 mm; sheath 3-8 cm × 5-8 mm, distalmost occasionally fibrous. Flowers: perianth 5-10(-12) cm, tube (4-)5-8(-10) cm; tepals 2-2.5 cm × 3-7 mm; anthers 4-6 mm; pedicel slender, 0.5-3 cm. Capsules 5-8 mm. Seeds 3-4 mm. 2n = 22, 26, 28, ca. 50. Flowering spring (Mar--Jun). Scrub flats, short-grass prairie, sagebrush deserts to open montane forests, sandy to rocky areas; 800--2400 m; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.Mex., N.Dak., Oreg., S.Dak., Utah, Wyo. Leucocrinum montanum exhibits an unusual chromosomal and pollen heteromorphism (M. S. Cave 1970; R. Ornduff and M. S. Cave 1975). Populations from the Rocky Mountain region, Utah, and central and eastern Nevada shed their pollen in monads and have x = 14, while populations from extreme western Nevada, California, and Oregon all shed tetrads and have x = 13. The occurrence of intraspecific dimorphism in pollen shedding is extremely rare. The showy flowers of Leucocrinum montanum (L. S. Hannibal 1976; H. Rickabaugh 1975) with their long, white floral tubes are reportedly fragrant (V. A. Matthews 1986), and the subterranean capsules are more or less sessile on the rootstocks. Native Americans have eaten the roots (G. Kunkel 1984), and the Paiute and Shoshone tribes used the plant as a dermatological aid (D. E. Moerman 1986).


On January 15, 1929 Martin Luther King was born. We will celebrate his birthday on Monday, January 16, 2017.
Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs.
He wrote five books as well as numerous articles. In his activist years, he led a massive protest in Birmingham, Alabama, that caught the attention of the entire world, providing what he called a coalition of conscience. and inspiring his “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”, a manifesto of the Negro revolution; he planned the drives in Alabama for the registration of Negroes as voters; he directed the peaceful march on Washington, D.C., of 250,000 people to whom he delivered his address, “l Have a Dream”, he conferred with President John F. Kennedy and campaigned for President Lyndon B. Johnson; he was arrested upwards of twenty times and assaulted at least four times; he was awarded five honorary degrees; was named Man of the Year by Time magazine in 1963; and became not only the symbolic leader of American blacks but also a world figure.
On the evening of April 4, 1968, while standing on the balcony of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was to lead a protest march in sympathy with striking garbage workers of that city, he was assassinated


This week marks Homelessness Prevention Week. A week earmarked to raise awareness about homelessness and surrounding issues in Australia.
There are over 105,237 people experiencing homelessness in Australia*. That’s 1 in 200 Australians living in shelters, boarding houses and temporary accommodation or on the streets.
Homelessness can have huge social impact on our community but for those personally experiencing living without a home (particularly those aged under 25), they are also more likely to experience anxiety and depression, and the longer they are on the streets the more sever and persistent mental illness becomes.
At Teen Challenge, we see many of our students that come through our program have experience homelessness or are at high risk of becoming homeless. While most suffer an addiction, the addiction is most often a subsequence of mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and/or physical and physiological abuse.
There are 1 in 6 young people (aged 15-24) living in poverty, according to ABS data. That is a large number of young people susceptible to homelessness, mental illness and potentially addiction.
Teen Challenge QLD will continue to offer safe accommodation and support to those young people struggling to get off the streets, struggling to overcome their issues, struggling to break addictions.
How can you help?
– Become a monthly giver; – Hold a fundraiser; or – Make a one off donation.
*Data sourced from www.homelessnessaustralia.org.au


Fluid can flow through large pores very quickly. Even if no pressure is applied using the VPM, gravity can cause the sample fluid to drain from the upper fluid cell to the lower fluid cell (of the NP4000 nanopore) in a matter of minutes.
Follow the recommended steps below to control the rate of fluid flow:
- Do not use applied pressures above 5 mbar for large pores. In addition to the inherent pressure head in the fluid cell (equivalent to ~0.45 mbar), this is sufficient to drive particles through the pore.
- If necessary apply a small vacuum (up to 0.4 mbar) in order to reduce the total pressure and hence the fluid flow.
- To ensure a consistent pressure head from sample to sample:
- Remove excess fluid from the bottom fluid cell, such that all of the fluid is contained underneath the pore material, with a fluid meniscus on each side of the central well.
- Remove excess fluid from the upper fluid cell (this can be done by removing the upper cell and tapping it against a tissue).
The stable operating period can be determined by looking at the rate plot after the data has been analysed.
A constant (linear) rate plot indicates a largely stable pressure – measurements should only be taken for this time period.
A drop off in rate indicates a significant change in pressure:


To meet today’s economic, political and climate crises, we must sharply reduce demand for gasoline. Coltura outlined its strategy for rapidly and equitably reducing gasoline consumption in an article, “Towards a National Strategy to Cut Gasoline Use,” published last month in the Georgetown Journal of International Affairs.
Here’s a summary of our three-pronged approach:
- Set Goals. Set gasoline and emission reduction goals for light duty vehicles (passenger cars and light trucks). Aim for a 50% cut in gasoline use by 2030, a target consistent with UN and Biden Administration climate goals.
- Use Data to Guide Policy and Investment. An understanding of gasoline data must guide policy and investment in reducing emissions from light duty vehicles. A deep dive into data led Coltura to this conclusion: We must design EV incentives and other policies to prioritize the switch to EVs for those who currently use the most gasoline, particularly for people in lower income brackets. Doing so will provide financial relief to those most burdened by gasoline costs, and push us towards our climate goals faster. This maximizes both the climate and equity impacts of EV incentives.
- Require Accountability. We must hold governments and organizations accountable for meeting specific gasoline reduction goals using accurate, timely, and detailed data on gasoline use.
With clear goals, data-driven policymaking, and accountability, we will be able to cut gasoline use more quickly, while becoming a more equitable, more prosperous, and healthier nation.
Read Coltura’s Paper in the Georgetown Journal of International Affairs


The most remote inhabited island in the world has a number of distinct tourist routes, allowing one to get to know in depth one of the most enigmatic cultures on the planet. Te Ana has a route that includes five landmarks, among them the Tahai ceremonial complex, where it is said you can view the best sunset on Easter Island, where the romance of the sky is accompanied by five giant Moai that stand watching the horizon.
Museo Antropológico Padre Sebastián Englert anthropological museum: combines archaeological artifacts with the characteristic elements of the local heritage. Located in Tahai, you can visit on foot or by vehicle. Its main attraction is comprised of a collection of information, both geological and of the civilization of the island, at different stages of its development.
Complejo Ceremonial Tahai (Tahai Ceremonial Complex): includes three altars and the only restored Moai, with eyes colored with white coral and red volcanic rock. An example of how the Moai would have once looked. It is said that here can be seen one of the best sunsets.
Ana Te Pahu: in front of its entrance, due to the humidity, a lush cover of vegetation grows on the rocky walls. Inside this cave there are two underground conduits, one of which contains a source of rain water, the second serving as a refuge.
Ahu ‘a Tiu: is an altar with seven Moai, reconstructed by archaeologists with the help of the Rapa Nui community. Like other platforms of the island, its Moai look exactly towards where the spring equinox occurs.
Puna Pau: an esplanade in which you will find a small crater from where the red volcanic rock, used in sculpturing of the Moai’s hair, was quarried. In the area you will see 23 cylindrical prototypes in their initial stage of being carved.


Volleyball rules are the rules for volleyball. The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) publishes rules for the volleyball game. Download the latest official volleyball rules.
Download: FIVB Official Volleyball Rules 2013-2016 (3.65 MB)
Volleyball is a sport played by two teams on a playing court divided by a net. There are different, versions available for specific circumstances in order to offer the versatility of the game to everyone. The object of the game is to send the ball over the net in order to ground it on the opponent’s court, and to prevent the same effort by the opponent. The team has three hits for returning the ball (in addition to the block contact). The ball is put in play with a service: hit by the server over the net to the opponents. The rally continues until the ball falls on the playing court, goes “out” or a team fails to return it properly. In volleyball, the team winning a rally scores a point (Rally point system). When the receiving team wins a rally, it gains a point and the right to serve, and its players rotate one position clockwise. There is more than one way to hit the ball, however, the three main ones are the bump, set, and spike. Along with restrictions of course, restriction include physical contact with the opposing team with a violent intent. A ball touching the net will remain in play until grounded, or exceeds the three hit limit.


Double Stars: Course of the Eye Examiners
There are a number of double stars in the spring sky, some of which can be seen separately with a keen eye. Whether as a challenge for our eyes or for our understanding of stellar physics: It's always worth taking a closer look!
Binnies and multiple stars are very common in the sky. However, many can only be recognized as such in the telescope – if at all. This is because very close double stars cannot be seen separately, even in large telescopes. Only when their light is broken down into its individual colors with the help of a spectroscope does their true nature reveal itself on the basis of the spectral lines. These are spectroscopic binary stars. Only when the orbits of the stars are further than the orbit of Neptune around the sun and when the star system is less than a hundred light-years away from us, there are angular distances in the range of a few arc seconds in the sky, so that the stars of the system can be seen with an amateur telescope are individually visible.
In many cases, there are clear differences in color and brightness (see image on p. 70 below). Such contrasts, which are attractive to the eye, are also of particular interest to astrophysicists, namely as a test of their star models: after all, two stars formed here together. Thus, despite their often different masses and stages of development, they are exactly the same age, initially had the same chemical composition - and as a true double star they still form a bound system today. The brighter and more massive partner may then have already developed into a red giant, while a less massive companion, which is more economical with its fuel supply, develops more slowly and therefore still shines as a normal star in pure white …


Solar fuels production from water splitting with sunlight
thesisposted on 2022-03-28, 14:16 authored by Kyle Chen
With the increase in the depletion of fossil fuel resources and its accompanying harmful environmental effects, a clean, efficient and portable fuel is in need of development. As a result, hydrogen fuel has attracted much attention because of its favourable characteristics, but due to its limiting technology to produce it, hydrogen fuel is not widely used. Photocatalytic water splitting is a recent development that can potentially lead to an economical and efficient process to produce hydrogen. The power that drives this technology is sunlight, an environmentally free and renewable resource, making it a valuable approach to producing hydrogen fuel in the future. This thesis aims to conduct further work on the development of an efficient photocatalyst, which initiates the splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen.The project fabricated iron oxide/carbon nitride nanotubes (FeOx/C3N4 NTs, and then tested its hydrogen generation performance, by emitting artificial visible-light on the chemical product submerged in water. The results showed an increase in photocatalytic performance as compared to the bulk graphitic C3N4, and C3N4 NTs by itself. In essence, the nanoparticles, FeOx, reduced the negative effect of recombinant rate and increased the visible-light absorption capacity. In addition, different weight percentages of FeOx/C3N4 NTs were synthesised (1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5 wt%, 7 wt% and 9 wt%). The photocatalytic test determined the optimum weight percentage for hydrogen evolution is 5 wt%. Any subsequent testing wt% values that were either above of below 5 wt% showed a reduction in hydrogen production. The morphological structure of the synthesised FeOx/C3N4 NTs was characterised by TEM, while its crystal phase was determined by the XRD. TEM images proved that FeOx particles are indeed anchored on the C3N4 NTs. However, many agglomerated on the NT surface, suggesting that the adopted method was not successful in synthesisin distinct NPs adhered onto the host photocatalyst. XRD results showed evidence of Fe3O4, Fe2O3 and Fe NPs. UV-vis absorption and PL spectra analysis showed that the hybrid photocatalyst is a visible-light driven photocatalyst and has a low recombination rate when exposed to visible light.


What is Title I?
"Title I" is the federal program that provides funding to local school districts to improve the academic achievement of disadvantaged students.
The purpose of this program is to help every child receive a high quality education to achieve the high standards set by the state of Georgia. For more information, visit: Cobb County School District, Title I Office
Welcome to Our Parent Resource Center!
Our Parent Resource Center provides a place for parents to gather information to take home and assist their children. Our focus is to work together as partners to increase student achievement.
The mission of the Parent Resource Center is to empower parents as their child’s first teachers thus making them great partners in education and increase student achievement. Please check-out the materials and resources for you to use with your child at home.
Hours of operation: Monday - Friday, 8:00am – 2:00pm
2022-2023 Title I Documents
Parent's Right to Know (p. 10)
Parent Information Guide - (Spanish)
Title I School Improvement Plan - Comprehensive Needs Assessment
District Family and Community Engagement Policy 2022-2023 (English)
2022-2023 Argyle Elementary School/Home Compacts
Listed below in the resources.


In Latin America, water governance is facing the problem of rising demand for water resources, increased hydrological variability in a context of climate change, proliferating contamination and thus —in general— increasing scarcity of water in terms of quantity, quality, and opportunity. This creates competition and conflicts among stakeholders. The issue coincides with the urgent international problem of concentration of land, which is heavily intertwined with the concentration of water in the hands of the few. Globalization and a neoliberal political climate facilitate that powerful actors accumulate water rights and volumes at the expense of less powerful water users. This paper examines some exemplary situations in Peru. It is based on literature review, reports and archival research. The paper concludes that the unfair distribution of land and water, at the expense of rural families, communities and indigenous territories, constitutes a serious threat to environmental sustainability, water security and food security.
Authors and Publishers
The Federated Network of Institutional Repositories of Scientific Publications (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas), or simply LA Referencia, is a Latin American network of open access repositories. Through its services, it supports national Open Access strategies in Latin America through a platform with interoperability standards, sharing and giving visibility to the scientific production generated in institutions of higher education and scientific research.


>You can tell it’s spring by the signs of Earth Week in my classroom. Worked into the collection between the other books are many Earthy titles. Science Verse is there because it’s one of my favorites and April is also Poetry Month.
Look to the right, and you’ll see why there are so many on the shelf; the Seasonal bucket wasn’t big enough for all the books on an environmental theme.
My desk is often a repository of evidence of whatever we’re studying. Cluttered, perhaps; but look closely. Here, in the corner by the keyboard.
It’s one of our Earth Week specialty plans: the Circle of Earth Cookie. One of my colleagues at the environmental charter shared this plan. The cookie is a circle, like Earth. The M&Ms represent soil (brown), plants (green), animals (orange), sky/ air (blue), and last but not least, yellow for the sun. The frosting is there to hold it all together.
The students loved the cookies and the simple plan. They really knew what each piece represented.
This post is going up a week after the official Earth Week celebration. However, it’s important to keep inserting eco-conscious habits into our lives every day.
>Now we as mankind are frosting, huh? Ha!!!
>Mmmm. Consuming planet earth, one luscious bite at a time! That's what that cookie says, ma'am. 😉
>I just love your classroom!


When we ingest animal protein, our bodies produce higher levels of the hormone IGF-1. This hormone is prominent during childhood and adolescence and then it levels off into adulthood. It is involved in the growth of bones and muscles, and it helps manage and maintain blood sugar levels.
Overproduction of IGF-1 causes cancer in adults and children and animal protein intake significantly boosts IGF-1 production from our liver.
The opposite happens in just a few days on a plant-based diet as IGF-1 levels drop significantly. Plant proteins reprogram the human body to slow down IGF-1 production and animal proteins send a different signal to the liver to increase production.
Children with cancer have often shown to have four times the levels of IGF-1 in their bloodstream. You will not see the same type of damage in the bodies of those committed to consuming plant sources.
Does Soy Protein Affect circulating Levels of Unbound IGF-1?
Despite what you may have heard or seen in the media, soy or soybeans in their natural whole food form are very beneficial. Soy is a super protein that can actually help reverse cancer. One reason for the confusion over the years, is due to the results of older studies done on rodents which showed the opposite result. When studies were done on women in more recent years, soy showed significant benefit, especially in reversing breast cancer.
Overconsumption of isolated soy protein in a concentrated form, as it is often found in many nonmeat fast-food burgers, appears to dramatically increase the production of IGF-1.
It is important to note that excess intake of any type of protein can cause a lot of stress on the kidneys as they try to clear it from our bodies. In worst-case scenarios, this can lead to renal failure and the need for dialysis.
Public and regulatory agencies are trying to hold producers of these products more accountable. The expectation, supported by science, is that food selections will improve by incorporating or preserving more of the whole components of natural plant food, and standards will continue to increase to safer levels.
Stores are increasingly improving on stocking up organic ancient grains, beans, barley, whole grain chips, cookies, cereals, and varieties of previously unknown organically grown delicious vegetables like daikon root, jackfruit, hearts of palm, and baby bok choy.
One interesting fact is that organically grown produce typically contains 10-30% more nutrients than nonorganic.
Hence another reason to make sure you reach for organic food.


South American Fire Observations and MODIS NDVI
- Visualizations by:
- Lori Perkins
- View full credits
More information on the Fire Information for Resource Management (FIRMS) is available at http://maps.geog.umd.edu/firms/.
This animation shows fires over MODIS NDVI in South America from July 2002 through July 2011. The still image seen here is from July 15, 2007 where fires scorched more than 3 million acres. Naturally ocurring fires are not uncommon in the drier forests and grasslands of South America, but this type of intense, continent-spanning fire activity is almost certainly a product of human activities.
Please give credit for this item to:
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio
- Lori Perkins (NASA/GSFC) [Lead]
- Greg Shirah (NASA/GSFC)
- Adam P. Voiland (SSAI)
- Chris Justice (University of Maryland)
- Louis Giglio (University of Maryland)
- Luigi Boschetti (University Of Maryland College Park)
- Kayvon Sharghi (USRA)
MissionsThis visualization is related to the following missions:
SeriesThis visualization can be found in the following series:
Datasets used in this visualization
Terra and Aqua Fire Location (Collected with the MODIS sensor)
Credit: Fire location data courtesy of MODIS Rapid Response Project (NASA/GSFC and University of Maryland - http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov)See more visualizations using this data set
Terra and Aqua NDVI (A.K.A. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)) (Collected with the MODIS sensor)
Note: While we identify the data sets used in these visualizations, we do not store any further details nor the data sets themselves on our site.


One of a popular series of books featuring boy and girl twins Topsy and Tim. Tim doesn’t want his breakfast one morning, and his Dad discovers that he has a red and swollen throat. Mummy takes him to the Health Centre to see Dr Sims, who checks his tonsils and ears, and listens to his chest with his stethoscope. He tells Tim he’s been a brave lad and gives him a prescription for some medicine. The family collect the medicine from the pharmacist and Tim has a spoonful when he gets home (he thinks that the medicine tastes nice). Mummy puts the bottle in a high locked cupboard. Soon, Topsy also has a sore throat and Dad takes her to the Health Centre (this time they have an appointment with a female doctor). The story gives a positive view of doctors and medicine taking, and may help to explain to children that minor illnesses like sore throats get passed around from person to person.
Categories: Doctors, Hospitals & Operations
Topsy and Tim: Go to the Doctor
Introducing young children to what happens on a typical visit to the doctor. Provides a positive description of taking medicine.
Author: Jean and Gareth Adamson Illustrator: Belinda Worsley Publisher: Ladybird


Solgami: These Origami Solar Panels Generate Electricity For Apartments.
by Mike Brown on February 11, 2019 – Inverse.com
A new design of solar panel could help apartment dwellers harvest electricity from their windows without prohibitive installation costs. Solgami, designed by Australian architect Ben Berwick, is a window blind that generates power while bouncing more light into the room using a folded origami design.
“It’s a bit of a reconnection to the natural setting,” Berwick, who founded architecture firm Prevalent, told Fast Company* this weekend. “It’s making your apartment a better place to be.”
The design combines thin film solar cells with reflective inks. It’s folded into a shape measuring 10 centimeters (under four inches) deep so that it bounces light into the room, meaning natural light reaches broader areas of the space. It can switch between open and closed, meaning it acts as a replacement for blinds, while also folding back for complete window access. The design has undergone several iterations since its first unveiling in 2015.
It’s an idea that could help millions of people living in apartment buildings. Around 54 percent of the global population lived in an urban area in 2014, a figure set to rise to 66 percent by 2050. While the Tesla Solar Roof and similar panels can help homeowners harvest clean energy, Berwick’s solution could help the majority of the world take advantage of similar technologies.
The project is also aimed at offering a simpler solution for city-based solar generation, compared to invasive measures like special solar windows. SolarWindow, a company developing such a solution, noted that a 50-storey building generating energy through this solution could generate up to 50 times more power compared to placing roof panels on the same building.
Berwick’s design was chosen as a finalist for the 2019 Lexus Design Awards at the end of last month, meaning it will now receive support from the car firm to create a prototype in time for the Milan Design Week in April. The entry was one of six chosen from 1,548 entries, with other finalists including a turbine that harvests aircraft jet blasts for electricity and a modular house design. Four experts will chose the eventual winner on April 8.


Planning Your Pond
In many respects, your pond is an “outdoor aquarium.”
Creating a beautiful pond in your yard—complete with fish, a fountain, a waterfall, water lilies and other plants—is as rewarding as it is challenging.
The pond is an interactive part of an uncontrolled environment that affects and is affected by all of its natural surroundings. As an artificial construct, it cannot exist without regular maintenance. It is probably best to think of it as an outdoor aquarium. When planning your pond, you need to consider the following:
- Filtration: Although a pond is a significantly larger body of water than an aquarium, the same rules about stocking the right amount and type of fish apply. Typically, your pond will include goldfish or koi, both of which can grow quite large and are messy eaters. Robust mechanical, chemical and biological filtration is necessary.
- Live plants: Live plants are a must. Aside from their natural beauty, they will out-compete algae for nutrients and keep it in check. A pond works best when it replicates nature’s balance as closely as possible.
- Pond placement: When planning your pond, avoid placing it where direct sunlight is the rule and not the exception. Areas that are at least partially shaded by trees or other objects are a better choice, both for your fish and for controlling algae growth.
- Water changes: In areas or times of little rainfall, evaporation may become
a problem. Add water as necessary to keep water volume ideal for plants
- Water movement: Keeping pond water in gentle motion helps:
- oxygenate the water;
- leech out chemical and environmental contaminants;
- move nutrients around;
- keep pond water from completely freezing in the winter, and;
- prevent stagnation
Installing a waterfall or fountain in the pond is a beautiful way to achieve movement.
- Water temperature: Temperature control is not required. Goldfish and koi can adapt to a wide temperature range (as long as the change is gradual). They can even endure cold winters as long as their pond water only freezes at the surface.
Once it’s up and running, your pond will do much of the work itself, leaving you free to sit back and enjoy your fish. Take the right steps at the beginning and your pond will be a beautiful and healthy aquatic home.


Enforced Disappearances in PakistanOctober 31, 2011
“My son was born seven months after my husband went missing…he has never met his father, he just looks at his pictures.”
Across South Asia, thousands of people disappear in the context of violence against the state. These thousands are often caught in the crossfire between security forces and militants. You can help by taking action now.
The practice of enforced disappearances has increased dramatically since Pakistan joined the US-led “war on terror” in 2001. Disappearances occur across the country but especially in Balochistan province in the south-west, which faces violence from ethnic and religious armed groups and state security forces. Activists, journalists, and students have been especially targeted and an increasing number have been found dead with their bodies showing signs of torture.
In Balochistan from October 2010 to May 2011 alone, we recorded 93 cases of people who had been killed after being reported as missing. Many of the victims’ families blame state security forces, especially the paramilitary Frontier Corps for these killings.
A judicial Commission of Enquiry on Enforced Disappearances has failed to resolve the crisis or to hold the security forces and intelligence agencies to account in cases implicating them. The Prime Minister of Pakistan who controls the security agencies needs to urgently step in to address this human rights situation.


Science has been constantly evolving and so are we. Our Science Club aspires to engage children in various scientific activities of practical actions and challenges that bring forth the scientists in them. We aim to boost scientific activity by conducting workshops and experiments using 3D Models applied in real life scenarios.
The activities at Edsmart Science Club are designed to inspire students to invent methodologies/practical solutions in scenarios that ask for ‘ditching the dirt’, ‘growing food when your land floods’, ‘ how cavemen created fire’ etc. By letting them ponder over these kinds of situations, we help promote creative and scientific temper among our students. We expose children to the knowledge of how different concepts have been invented, how different processes have been designed and implemented to favour the humankind, in a fun-filled, engaging bunch of activities.
Even the most progressive form of syllabus may fail to cater to the needs of a scientifically able student whose interest constantly lies in innovating and creating novel forms of utility. Hence, we focus on identifying the unique talents of our students and guiding them to achieve their aspirations successfully. Apart from inspiring children to learn science, we properly organise science club activities to enhance group participation, development of explorative, constructive and innovative faculties among children. The Scientific and technological advancement of the modern world is the result of a series of experimentation and innovation from the stone age and will continue along a long journey forward. We gear the current generation up to meet the needs of tomorrow by inspiring them in the pursuit of scientific knowledge and rigorous ways of developing their scientific outlook.


The Origins of Chinese Kongsi
Wang Tai Peng
128 pag. paperback 14 x 22 cm
THE ORIGINS OF CHINESE KONGSI is essetial reading for those seeking to understand the reason behind the success of Mainland China and the failure of the Sovjet Union to introduce economic reforms. The answer lies in the creation of the kongsi, which is the fundamental system used to overcome economic ills, social ostracism and oppression. This system has been moulded and modified to adapt to modern environment and local legislation.
Although the Kongsi is similar to modern partnership, it incorporates the spirit of genuine co-operation, welfare consideration and brotherhood. The Chinatowns in the main cities worldwide are the direct result of the Kongsi concept. Countless Chinese companies commenced as Kongsi and ended up as conglomerates in many parts of the world. They do not boast of their wealth but take pride in earning monetary rewards through their industry and combined efforts of the individuals involved.
This book is an examination of the Kongsi concept in the past, present and future. Many eminent foreign writers of the past had dealt with the subject with a narrow angle. Wang Tai Peng has given this book a broader outlook through a faithful interpretation of the Kongsi system in recent times from Chinese, Japanese and European souces.


Author : HASSAN MD TAREQ | Updated : 2021/09/09
- A cmdlet is a lightweight command that is used in the PowerShell environment
- Commands for PowerShell are known as cmdlets. Cmdlets are native PowerShell commands. In addition to cmdlets, PowerShell allows you to run any command available on your system
- Cmdlets are collected into PowerShell modules that can be loaded on demand
- Cmdlets can be written in any compiled .NET language or in the PowerShell scripting language itself
- A cmdlet is a single command that participates in the pipeline semantics of PowerShell. This includes binary (C#) cmdlets, advanced script functions, CDXML, and Workflows.
- Cmdlets perform an action and typically return a Microsoft .NET object to the next command in the pipeline
- The PowerShell runtime invokes these cmdlets within the context of automation scripts that are provided at the command line (also invokes them programmatically through PowerShell APIs)
- Pipeline is a command chain in which output of one command goes to next command as input
A pipeline is a series of commands connected by pipeline operators ( ) (ASCII 124)
- Each pipeline operator sends the results of the preceding command to the next command.
- The output of the first command can be sent for processing as input to the second command, and so on…
- Details: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.core/about/about_pipelines


- Autores: Capinha C, Ceia-Hasse A, Marques TA, Pereira HM, Tiago P
- Ano de Publicação: 2017
- Journal: Scientific Reports
- Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-13130-8
Opportunistic citizen science databases are becoming an important way of gathering information on species distributions. These data are temporally and spatially dispersed and could have limitations regarding biases in the distribution of the observations in space and/or time.
The authors tested the influence of landscape variables in the distribution of citizen science observations for eight taxonomic groups. In addition, collected data through a Portuguese citizen science database (biodiversity4all.org). They also used a zero-inflated negative binomial regression to model the distribution of observations as a function of a set of variables representing the landscape features plausibly influencing the spatial distribution of the records. Results suggest that the density of paths is the most important variable, having a statistically significant positive relationship with number of observations for seven of the eight taxa considered. Wetland coverage was also identified as having a significant, positive relationship, for birds, amphibians and reptiles, and mammals.
The results highlight that the distribution of species observations, in citizen science projects, is spatially biased. Higher frequency of observations is driven largely by accessibility and by the presence of water bodies. The authors conclude that efforts are required to increase the spatial evenness of sampling effort from volunteers.


Amorphous binary CrZr alloys containing 11-66 at% Zr were successfully prepared by a magnetron sputtering method. Amorphous CrZr alloys thus prepared were spontaneously passive in 6 M HCl solution. Their corrosion rates were four orders of magnitude lower than chromium metal and one-third of zirconium metal and decreased with alloy chromium content. XPS analysis revealed that airformed films and passive films on the amorphous CrZr alloys were composed of double oxyhydroxides of chromium and zirconium. This appears to be responsible for the high corrosion resistance of the amorphous CrZr alloys in comparison with their constituent elements; the formation of chromium-containing passive film is more protective than the film on zirconium metal, despite the fact that chromium metal dissolves actively in 6 M HCl solution.
|Number of pages||11|
|Publication status||Published - 1993 Jan 1|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Chemical Engineering(all)
- Materials Science(all)


The search engine, Google, celebrated the life of Justine Siegemund, a 17th-century midwife responsible for the first comprehensive guide to childbirth in Germany, by using imagery that clearly depicts the unborn child.
Google regularly produces temporary alterations to its logo on its homepage to commemorate a person or event of historical importance. This temporary alteration has come to be called a ‘Google Doodle’.
March 28, as Google explains, was the anniversary of the certification of a pioneering midwifery textbook, The Court MidWife, written by German midwife, Justine Siegemund.
Born in 1636 in Rohnstock, Lower Silesia, now part of Poland, Siegemund’s book was certified on March 28 1690. It represented a massive step forward in midwifery at a time when the knowledge that midwives accumulated was largely passed on through oral traditions.
As Google explains “After an apprenticeship, Siegemund began her career in midwifery by offering free services to underprivileged women. She soon became known for her ability to safely guide women through difficult births, and word spread quickly to expecting women across the country”.
She became Court Midwife to the royal family in Berlin and delivered their children.
A Google page explaining the Doodle says “Thank you Justine Siegemund for setting the foundation for modern childbirth education! Your legacy still inspires physicians to take a page out of your book — to make labor and delivery safer for all.”
As part of the Doodle, the altered Google logo depicts an unborn child being guided out of the womb by the hands of a midwife.
Right To Life UK spokesperson Catherine Robinson said “Google can hardly be said to be a pro-life company but it is encouraging that they choose to celebrate a woman who was deeply committed to helping women and their babies.”


The Hudson River has historically played a huge role in the development of Catskill, Athens, Coxsackie and New Baltimore. With the transition of the regional and national economy, the waterfront is increasingly utilized for public enjoyment, recreation, and tourism purposes. The focus on utilizing the Hudson River as an economic driver is as important as ever, as the Historic River Towns solidify their place in the region and continue to increase the quality of life for residents. Matters of climate change, sea-level rise and water quality will continue to be issues within these communities, not only concerning the Hudson, but its tributaries as well.
The Hudson River remains a major attraction for avid boaters. Boaters travel up and down the river, stopping at towns and villages along the way to shop, dine, and relax. Greene County has not one, but four towns and villages on the riverbanks. Coxsackie, Athens, and Catskill all have public boat launches, docks, and parks. An economic expansion as a result of water-related travel has begun to emerge and is foreseen to grow in the future with visitor-related uses along the waterfront.
New York State offers local governments the opportunity to participate in the State’s Coastal Management Program (CMP) on a voluntary basis by preparing and adopting a Local Waterfront Revitalization Program (LWRP), which provides a more detailed implementation of the CMP through use of existing broad powers as zoning and site plan review.
New York State Coastal Atlas
• Using the Coastal Atlas on the GIS Gateway
Four communities including the Village of Catskill have been working with the Hudson River Estuary Program to understand and prepare for the risk of future floods. The Village created a Waterfront Resilience Task Force which issued the Catskill Task Force Final Report, in 2019 recommending actions to increase the safety of waterfront areas.
Measures to protect waterfronts can include :
Village of Athens Local Waterfront Revitalization Program
The Village of Coxsackie was awarded $100,000 in 2018 to develop an LWRP and is currently in the planning process.


Pandemilerin Toplumsal, Psikolojik ve Ekonomik Etkilerinin İncelenmesi: Aksaray İli Covıd-19 Örneği
Güden, Rumeysa Ayşe
xmlui.mirage2.itemSummaryView.MetaDataShow full item record
Throughout life, human beings are confronted with new viruses whose sources cannot always be determined precisely and which cause many serious health problems. In the twenty-first century, the most important agenda and most urgent responsibility of the world has been to fight the COVID-19 pandemic. The extent of the health, social, economic and environmental impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to be examined. The study aim was to examine the social, psychological, and economic effects of pandemics in Aksaray province with the example of COVID-19 pandemic and determine the characteristics associated with it. The study was planned as a descriptive epidemiological study. Data was collected in December 2020. The questionnaire form prepared by the researcher and the COVID-19 phobia scale (C19P-S) were used in the study as data collection tools. SPSS 25.0 statistical package program was used for data entry and analysis. Statistical analysis results are presented with Chi-square test, corrected Pearson Chi-square test and descriptive statistics. 328 women and 314 men aged 18 to 84 years participated in the study. Participants' COVID-19 phobia (C19P-S) scores were classified as low, moderate, and high. Participant’s level of experiencing COVID-19 phobia was examined with the COVID-19 phobia scale (C19P-S) in four categories as psychological, somatic, social and economic COVID-19 phobia. A significant relationship was found between the level of COVID-19 phobia (C19P-S) and the participants' gender, age, education level, marital status, number of children, chronic disease, occupational status and their self-reported economic status. The results of the research reveal the necessity of conducting studies on the causes of experiencing COVID-19 phobia.


Economic evaluation of telemedicine compares the costs and other consequences of delivering specific services through telemedicine vs. alternative means. Cost-effectiveness analysis, the most common method used for health issues, helps to assess whether the expected health benefits are worth the investment. Telemedicine raises particular challenges for evaluators: a telemedicine system may have multiple uses and joint costs that are difficult to apportion to one service, the existence of a system may lead to expanded indications for use, and technological change may rapidly make an evaluation outdated. Public and private regulation and payment may affect the diffusion of telemedicine. Uncertainty surrounds the policy of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which is still formulating its position. Changes are underway in policies on licensure and credentialing of clinicians, which have traditionally been done by state and by site, to reflect the fact that telemedicine services may cross these regional boundaries. Lack of insurance coverage for telemedicine services has been considered an impediment to adoption with fee-for-service payment. Under capitation payment and fixed budgets, however, providers have financial incentives to use the most efficient method to deliver services, and these arrangements would favor telemedicine if it is the less costly alternative. If telemedicine were most costly and the health benefits worth the cost, monitoring might be needed to ensure the quality of care.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||7|
|Journal||Telemedicine journal : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association|
|State||Published - 1998|
ASJC Scopus subject areas


In 1894, the Banffshire Journal published a long article about William, mainly on research he had carried out on rotting turnips and a possible link to an insect. The article also painted a wider picture of William’s researches including:
“Mr Sim has also done good work in botany; and some time ago he discovered three species of fresh water Algae new to Britain.”
In 1882, William Joshua, a naturalist from Cirencester, published an article about British freshwater algae. He also advertised in Hardwicke’s Science Gossip, a journal which the Sims read and to which they contributed short articles. He was seeking other naturalists to correspond with him and exchange specimens of algae. One year later, in 1883, Joshua published a second article about freshwater algae and twelve of those he listed had come from Den of Gight. This was a location close to their farm at Gourdas with which the Sims would have been familiar – but which was unlikely to have been known to Joshua unless he had help. Did William find the new algae and send them to Joshua who published the find?
Further research led to collections of William Joshua’s microscope slides in the Natural History Museum, London, and University of Limerick, Republic of Ireland. Some of these slides identified the source of the algae as Den of Gight, Aberdeenshire, including one marked as a new British species.
Slides from Natural History Museum
All of the research seems to support the statement made about William in the Banffshire Journal. I have found some references to William Joshua but nothing, such as letters, that provide a definite link between him and William Sim. Is there anything more out there to help this research?


Color schemes are one of the most difficult things to worry about when presentetion. Here is a package that can help you solve your problem.
The color “#4b61ba” used is similar to the color used in Danmachi’s “God’s Example String”.
In addition, here are some color codes that can be used for color schemes in presentation materials.
・Playing with R: Could it be used for color schemes in presentation materials? Character hair color?
Package version is 0.2. Checked with R version 4.2.2.
Run the following command.
#Install Package install.packages("devtools") devtools::install_github("jiho/chroma")
See the command and package help for details.
#Loading the library library("chroma") #Plot the specified color:show_col command #Array is x-directional, separated by "," is y-directional show_col(c("#e1e6ea", "#505457"), c("#4b61ba", "#a87963")) #Saturation adjustment:saturate,desaturate command #Saturation range:amount option;1-10 n <- "#4b61ba" show_col(c(saturate(n, amount = 5), n, desaturate(n, amount = 5))) #Color channel:channel command #Color channel:model option;rgb,hsv,hsl,hcl,lch,lab,cmyk channel(x = "#4b61ba", model = "rgb", channel = "g") g 97 #Enter CMYK numbers to obtain color code:cmyk command cmyk(c = .3, m = .2, y = 0.6, k = 0.1)  "#a1b85c" #check show_col("#a1b85c") #Color temperature:color_temperature command show_col(color_temperature(5200))
I hope this makes your analysis a little easier !!


Types of Abuse
The Virginia Administrative Code establishes five categories of abuse or neglect: physical abuse, physical neglect, medical neglect, mental abuse or neglect, and sexual abuse.
PHYSICAL ABUSE occurs when a caretaker creates or inflicts, threatens to create or inflict, or allows to be created or inflicted upon a child a physical injury by other than accidental means or creates a substantial risk of death, disfigurement, or impairment of bodily functions.
PHYSICAL NEGLECT occurs when there is failure to provide food, clothing, shelter, or supervision for a child to the extent that the child’s health or safety is endangered. This also includes abandonment and situations where the parent or caretaker’s own incapacitating behavior or absence prevents or severely limits the performing of childcaring tasks.
MEDICAL NEGLECT occurs when there is failure by the caretaker to obtain and or follow through with a complete regimen of medical, mental or dental care for a condition which if untreated could result in illness or developmental delays.
MENTAL ABUSE OR NEGLECT occurs when a caretaker creates or inflicts, threatens to create or inflict, or allows to be created or inflicted upon such child a mental injury by other than accidental means or creates a substantial risk of impairment of mental functions.
SEXUAL ABUSE occurs when there is any act of sexual exploitation or any sexual act upon a child in violation of the law which is committed or allowed to be committed by the child’s parents or other persons responsible for the care of the child.
Source: VDSS Division of Family Services


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Small Bead Frame
Introduced to students beginning Lower Elementary, as ready
Addition, subtraction, multiplication
WHAT IS IT?
The Small Bead Frame is a material students use to add, subtract, and multiply into the thousands.
Designed for children beginning Lower Elementary, the material helps children to move toward an abstract understanding of mathematical operations.
HOW DOES IT WORK? (ADDITION)
Solve the following equation: 2346 + 3452.
Notice there is a row of beads for each digit:
1 (units), 10 (tens), 100 (hundreds), and 1000 (thousands).
The color coding for units, tens, and hundreds is consistent across the majority Montessori materials.
Make “2346” using the bead frame. Slide 6 units, 4 tens, 3 hundreds, and 2 thousands to the right side.
Now add the units. In the number “3452” there are 2 units.
Add 2 units to the 6 that are already there.
How many units are there now? Count the beads and write down the answer: 8 units.
Repeat this process for the tens column: 4 + 5 = 9.
In the hundreds column: 3 + 4 = 7.
In the thousands column: 2 + 3 = 5.
2346 + 3452 = 5798.
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Created | Updated Oct 19, 2012
The Merriam-Webster Dictionary describes 'hillbilly' as a person from a backwoods area. It's not incredibly informative so here you'll find a more comprehensive definition. More commonly known as a group of people thought to have originated along a section of the eastern edge of North America, in an area known as Appalachia1, members of the Hillbilly culture tend to flock together in family units. Other nations boast similar sub-cultures, each with variations depending on that nation's laws, values and norms2. However, these variations are beyond the scope of this article, which concentrates on the American Hillbilly.
Hillbillies can be collectively identified by the following traits:
- There are more appliances in the yard than in the kitchen.
- Vehicles dot the back yard.
- Most vehicles are located on cement blocks.
- All vehicles have gun racks in back window.
- The favourite piece of china is the spittoon.
Three Distinct Varieties
The Hillbilly culture has its own hierachy and distinct groups of which the 'Mountain Williams' group is considered the elite among hillbilly society and can be identified by:
- The appliances3 in the yard are organized by size.
- The vehicles are new4 models, and possibly include a non-truck.
- The spittoon has bits of goldtone5 plating remaining on some surfaces.
Next in the pecking order is the 'Hill Billy', the most common variety: the middle class:
- The appliances may include an ice-box6.
- The pickup trucks may be equipped with AM radios.
- The spittoon is a rusty coffee can.
Last but not least are the 'Stump Jumpers'. These are the dregs of hillbilly society, considered even among other clansmen to be the lowest of the low and can be recognised by:
- The most modern appliance is an old washboard.
- The pick-up trucks have no beds.
- The spittoon is a battered old beer can.