The main objective of a PCB is to create a path of current flow in a defined and predictable way. A designer spends a considerable amount of time connecting and isolating the individual components of their circuit design so that they function as intended. There are a lot of considerations when it comes to PCB layout but the most fundamental is electrical continuity and isolation. That is where electrical test (E.T.) comes into play.
Electrical test has come a long way over the years, but at the core it is still the same process; verify that a “net” has connection from node to node and that it is isolated from all other “nets”. Gone are the days where a costly fixture had to be created for each part number in order to test on a grid or bed of nails tester. Now it is possible to create a program on a fixtureless “flying probe” tester that is cost effective to test small quantity and prototype runs.
At Sunstone, we utilize the Gerber files that you submit with an order to create the “Flying probe” program, insuring that we are testing to your original, unedited files. These Gerber files give us all the information necessary (net connections, x- y locations, pad geometry, hole size and location, as well as soldermask openings) to create these E.T. programs. This process insures that there were not any connections created or eliminated during the manufacturing process, giving you peace of mind that the PCBs matched the files submitted when they are shipped.


Sarah Orne Jewett (1849–1909)
From Sarah Orne Jewett: Novels & Stories
On May 30, 1868—149 years ago—Americans marked the first national Decoration Day, established by General John A. Logan “for the purpose of strewing with flowers or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country during the late rebellion, and whose bodies now lie in almost every city, village, and hamlet churchyard in the land.” Logan was inspired by the scattered localities that had honored their war dead in similar fashion after the end of the Civil War—and which community hosted the “first” such day is still hotly contested.
We now call it Memorial Day and often have to remind ourselves that the occasion means something more than the unofficial start of summer. Yet even a quarter century after the first Decoration Day, Americans were concerned that the holiday was losing its meaning. Living in Maine, Sarah Orne Jewett complained that “nothing is done here except to put the pathetic little flags about the burying-grounds,” and she was heartened to learn that the local veterans were resuscitating “a parade in honor of the day.” That parade inspired her to write “Decoration Day,” a nearly forgotten story that was one of her most popular tales during her lifetime.


English meaning of the festival
The syllable GU means darkness, the syllable RU, means a person who dispels them. Because of the power to dispel darkness, the guru is thus named. Guru Purnima is the full moon day on which the Guru is revered and respected.
How the date is decided annually
Guru Purnima falls on the full moon day in month of Ashaad (July).
Significance of the festival to Hinduism
A Guru dispels darkness or one who is the giver of light. The Guru has also been taken as PARABRAHMA, the one without attributes who turns a person’s soul towards light. Swami Sivananda has stated that the Guru is God manifesting in a personal form to guide the aspirant. According to the Vedic tradition, the Guru is expected to lead a life of high moral principles and is considered an embodiment of DHARMA for the disciple to emulate. Guru Purnima is the celebration of such a Guru.
How to observe/practice
The day is observed in prayer, sathsang and listening to discourses. Those who can, visit their Gurus to show their respect and appreciation and to receive the blessings of the Guru.
Updated: 25 January 2023
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At Holy Cross, we use the Highway Heroes curriculum to teach our students the essential tools for self-management and building resilience at home, in the playground and in the classroom.
The curriculum grows with children as their social, emotional and learning landscapes change. Based heavily on experiential learning, we know that the social, emotional and learning issues that a child faces in Prep will most certainly not be the same in either Year 1 or Year 2. And that’s the magic of Highway Heroes – it grows with the children’s experiences and expands on their knowledge and skill set whilst core concepts are rehearsed and consolidated.
Our Prep students engage in little Highway Heroes which is aligned with the Early Years Learning Framework. Our Prep students will learn about making and keeping friends, developing empathy, learning the skills to calm down right through to managing the really tough stuff like teasing, silliness and bossiness.
The Year 1-3 and Year 4-6 curriculum consists of 4 modules:
Travel the Social Highway – Modules 1 (Bullying & Teasing) & Module 2 (Friends and Playground Resilience).Travel the Learning Highway – Module 3 (Growth Mindset, Staying-power & Grit).Travel the Emotional Highway – Module 4 (Feelings, Moods & Resilience).
The Year 1-3 and Year 4-6 modules consist of similar content, however the conceptual, linguistic and cognitive demand on the child to find their own solutions, to come to their own way of rating and scaling a situation and then independently manage it, increases in the Year 4-6 Modules. Activities are less scaffolded, children create their own scenarios rather than using those given to them and more is asked of each child in terms of choosing an appropriate TOOL to get past the BUMP or HAZARD.
This whole school approach is a significant strength and allows consistency of language and concepts functionally and developmentally within the life of the Holy Cross school community.
For more information please contact us.


Apparent Power and Power Factor:
Apparent Power – The power factor is useful in determining useful power (true power) transferred to a load. The highest power factor is 1, which indicates that the current to a load is in phase with the voltage across it (i.e. in the case of resistive load). When the power factor is 0, the current to a load is 90° out of phase with the voltage (i.e. in case of reactive load).
Consider the following equation
In terms of effective values
The average power is expressed in watts. It means the useful power transferred from the source to the load, which is also called true power.
If we consider a de source applied to the network, true power is given by the product of the voltage and the current. In case of sinusoidal voltage applied to the circuit, the product of voltage and current is not the true power or average power. This product is called apparent power. The apparent power is expressed in volt amperes, or simply VA.
In Eq. 6.10, the average power depends on the value of cos θ, this is called the power factor of the circuit.
Therefore, power factor is defined as the ratio of average power to the apparent power, whereas apparent power is the product of the effective values of the current and the voltage.
Power factor is also defined as the factor with which the volt amperes are to be multiplied to get true power in the circuit.
In the case of sinusoidal sources, the power factor is the cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current
As the phase angle between voltage and total current increases, the power factor decreases. The smaller the power factor, the smaller the power dissipation. The power factor varies from 0 to 1. For purely resistive circuits, the phase angle between voltage and current is zero, and hence the power factor is unity For purely reactive circuits, the phase angle between voltage and current is 90°, and hence the power factor is zero.
In an RC circuit, the power factor is referred to as leading power factor because the current leads the voltage. In an RL circuit, the power factor is referred to as lagging power factor because the current lags behind the voltage.


There is a huge amount of false information and misunderstanding regarding types of electrical power, i.e. instantaneous, active, reactive, distortion and apparent. The following article aims to address any misconceptions and provide a solid base for any future analysis on power.
Let’s define what power is!
Instantaneous Power , measured in Watts [W], is given by (1) and it is the product of voltage and current, in the time domain.
This equation is independent of waveforms.
Let’s consider that current , exits from the positive pole of the source. Positive value of means that power flow is from the power source to the load, while negative means the opposite, as can be seen in the figure below.
But how is possible for a load to transfer power to a source?
There are some mechanism for this:
- Energy stored in electric or magnetic fields, generated by the load, i.e. capacitors and inductors
- Power transformed to electrical from another form, i.e. an electrical machine that rotates
- In this category we can include batteries, with store chemical energy and with some proper peripherals can either be charged or supply power
- Power Electronic Converters that use non-linear components, such as diodes, thyristors and transistors and distort the signals , resulting to power oscillations
So, how do we know how much energy or power was transferred from the source to the load, during a time interval? We integrate!
Active Power , is the integral of instantaneous power , during some time interval, as defined in equation (2)
Now, if is a periodic signal, if for example it is the product of two sinusoidal voltage and current waves, then we define , as shown in equation (3)
Does this makes sense from dimensions perspective? Well, sure. is measured in Joules [J] and divided by time [s], is measured in .


People who are building their own computer from scratch, or looking to upgrade their existing computer, will inevitably run into a piece of computer hardware known as a sound card. The sound card gets connected to the computer's motherboard and allows the computer to output sound to speakers or headphones, as well as input sound from microphones.
The sound card's responsibility is processing and outputting audio signals, turning binary digital data from music tracks, games or videos into the kind of signals that a speaker or headphones can turn into soundwaves. Sound cards are available in many different forms with a variety of features. There are internal expansion cards that get connected directly to a computer's motherboard and also external USB devices that can be connected and disconnected with ease. The features range from automatic audio processing and support for a variety of audio formats.
Most modern computers come with a built-in sound chip that has the same functions as a sound card. The problems that most often arise with the on-board sound chips are a more scratchy sound, interference or a volume output that is too low. The main benefit of a sound card is the fact that it has the ability to process audio signals at a much higher quality than what is possible through the use of the computer's built-in audio chip.
Many sound cards even have automatic audio processing capabilities that can improve the audio quality of music, games, and videos by modifying the reverb, equalization and surround sound in real time. Another benefit of sound cards is the ability to input audio at a very high standard. Musicians, producers and other professionals who are required to record and produce high-quality audio will find this feature especially useful. An extra feature on some sound cards is specific input and output ports for connecting microphones, audio mixers and other professional audio equipment.
Anyone who has the desire to improve their computer's audio quality can consider a sound card as a good investment. The ability to enhance audio quality, record and produce audio input and output of high quality and compatibility with different audio formats are all at the users disposal. The musician, gamer, series-binger or anyone else who just wants to enjoy the best sound possible from their computer should look into buying a high-quality sound card and experience the significant improvement in their sound experience. You can also check out other Tech Gadgets from our website.


575 million years ago was when Spain was born. Well, the land mass that would eventually become Spain was born. Now, I’m not gonna bore you with the evolution of the Precambrian Era but let’s just say that over the past several million years there’s been a lot of molten rock which eventually cooled and became great masses of granite. Those great masses of granite were eaten away by wind, rain, and snow while others were progressively degraded over millions of years to create globular monolithic forms known as bolos, true sculptures molded by the hand of nature. One area of Spain managed to retain just a vestige of that original granite. You guessed right – Los Barruecos.
Los Barruecos is 575 million years old, formed at the time Spain’s bedrock solidified from the magma. It was declared Natural Monument (a designation that guarantees the protection of this space with the aim of preserving it for future generations) due to the nature richness it holds and because it is surrounded by spectacular landscapes. Water has played an essential part in creating this unique natural habitat. The many lakes provide a habitat for numerous animal species, such as white storks and the grey heron, which find this an ideal place for their colonies.
During our recent trip to Spain’s Extremadura region, Los Barruecos was a short 20 minute drive west from the historic Old Town of Cáceres (check out the photographs HERE) and we figured we’d stop there for a while before our almost three hour drive back to Madrid. We weren’t expecting much but this bizarre and beautiful place became one of our favorite stops on our trip. I’ll let the photographs speak for themselves on this one but needless to say that no trip to Spain’s medieval Extremadura region should be complete without a stop at Los Barruecos.
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Appian Applied Development
Go hands-on with an Appian project simulation
There’s no better way to reinforce app-building concepts than by building an app. Applied Development is a 5 day, instructor-led course delivered in-person or remotely. This course simulates real-world project development and delivery using knowledge and skills learned during the initial Appian Developer curriculum.
In just 5 days, you’ll use real-world requirements to build a robust and functional application. You’ll reinforce basic skills and learn more advanced platform capabilities through guided practice and challenge activities. Class will be structured in such a way to re-create real world development, so in addition to building a realistic app, you’ll see Appian’s delivery methodology at work.
Applied courses emphasize hands-on learning through doing rather than lecture and demonstration. The instructor serves as a coach and mentor to each student while working through the project simulation user stories. This course assumes all students have a strong grasp of concepts taught in the Appian Developer curriculum.
After completing this course, you’ll be able to:
- Plan and Build a Realistic Application
- Translate Requirements into Objects
- Identify Patterns and Anti-Patterns
- Implement Quality Assurance
- Plan and execute simple application architecture patterns
- Explain commonly used Appian delivery methodology practices
- Translate requirements into application objects
- Identify common design patterns/anti-patterns
- Implement common quality assurance practices by testing the app features (using different business user personas)
How can you take this course?
You will spend 5 full days in a physical or virtual classroom with one of our instructors, as they direct your progress through the material.


As a result of this natural decay of eggs, as women approach their mid to late 30's, they are more likely to have children affected by chromosomal abnormalities (the most common being Down syndrome). The "American Family Physician" article on Down syndrome provides the following graph showing the risk of Down syndrome as a % versus maternal age. As the article notes, from age 20 to 30, the risk of Down syndrome stays relatively stable, although it does increase somewhat. After age 30, the risk increases exponentially each year.
Additionally, women in their mid to late 30's are more likely to have miscarriages. The "Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago" provides the following summary of miscarriage rate by age group:
It is important to note that these rates of miscarriage only apply to pregnancies that have been confirmed by ultrasound, so the actual rate, including pregnancies lost very early on, would be higher.
To see this information interactively, check out the Age and Fertility Calculator.
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HOUSTON — A new school year is about to begin, and parents with young students should on the lookout for a learning disorder that affects millions.
Tom Cruise, Cher, and Steven Spielberg have all spoken about their struggles with Dyslexia. Although they've not been officially diagnosed, it's believed that Albert Einstein and George Washington were also dyslexic. Proving you can still be successful in life but getting it isn't always easy.
Actor Henry Winkler, who's known for portraying the "Fonz" in "Happy Days", struggled throughout childhood with the learning disorder. His own parents thought he wasn't trying hard enough in school and often referred to him as "dummer hund" which translates to "dumb dog" in German. Today, Winkler is a bestselling author behind the "Hank Zipzer" series of children's books, which follow the adventures of a dyslexic child.
By addressing learning disorders early, kids can overcome the major stumbling blocks and learn to read. Even for adults, there is help available.
Dr. Tracy White Weeden and Lara Speights joined Great Day Houston to discuss the resources available at Neuhaus Education Center.
The Neuhaus Education Center was founded in 1980 by parents and teachers who wanted appropriate instruction for dyslexic students. Neuhaus offers online programming, on-site courses, and adult programming, in addition to referrals to Dyslexia Therapists.
Their Speaker Series features industry experts and thought leaders who are dedicated to promoting reading success for all.
October is Dyslexia Awareness Month, and Neuhaus has a variety of events planned, including a Virtual Dyslexia Simulation.
For more information on the Neuhaus Education Center, visit their website or call 713-664-7676.


Hampf: Industrialisierung, Transport und Kommunikation im 19. Jahrhundert
AS 32421(Bachelor Nordamerikastudien) / PS 32423(Magister):
Aufbauseminar [BA-NAS, 2 SWS, 5 LP, max. 30 Teiln.] zugleich Proseminar [Grundstudium Magisterstudiengang Nordamerikastudien, 2 SWS, 7 cr]
Die 14-16 JFKI Raum 203
Industrialization, Transport and Communication in the 19th Century
This class deals with Industrialization, Transport and Communication - intricately connected categories in the 19th century United States. Industrialization, well under way in the 1820s, needed a transport revolution in order to open markets and obtain raw materials. Until the 1850s, turnpikes handled the largest share and most valuable part of regional commerce, despite the overbuilt canal network and early railroads. Only after 1850s, the canal system grew in importance, as did the early railway system, which received its most important thrust during and after the Civil War. Communication was essential to both industrialization and the transport system. Correspondence, still painfully slow in 1800, was uncoupled from human carriers of news and information through the invention and implementation of the electric telegraph, which revolutionized not only mass media, but also trade and international financial markets.
Requirements: Regular participation in class and online, presentation in class, research essay
Reading: A course pack will be made available at the beginning of the semester. Sources and additional reading will be provided through the e-learning platform Blackboard.
Introductory reading: David R. Meyer, The Roots of American Industrialization. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.


Italian farmers annually produce 700 million tons of pears, which require protection with fungicides from a disease known as brown spot. The fungus overwinters in leaf litter on the orchard floor and spores are released in the spring under wet conditions. Spots appear on the fruit and internal rots occur as the result of fungal invasion. Severe outbreaks can result in defoliation of the pear tree and fruit dropping off the tree.
“Stemphylium vesicarium is the causal agent of brown spot, the main fungal disease of pear in Italy since the late 1970s. … Many pear orchards in Po valley, the main pear growing area in Italy, are affected by this fungal disease that may cause heavy loss of production, up to 100%. … Besides some cultural practices, scheduled preventative applications of dithiocarbamates, dicarboximides, strobilurins and tebuconazole (DMI) from petal fall to fruit ripening are the only way to control the disease.”
Authors: G. Alberoni, M. Collina, D. Pancaldi and A. Brunelli
Affiliation: University of Bologna
Title: Resistance to dicarboximide fungicides in Stemphylium vesicarium of Italian pear orchards.
Publication: European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2005. 113:211-219.


There is No Autism Epidemic?
The prevalence of autism among children in the United States in the 1960s was estimated at 1 in 10,000. By the 1980s, prevalence of the neurological condition had increased to about 2 in 10,000 children. By the 1990s, the rate under the broader classification of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was estimated at 1 in 2,500 […]
How Vaccines are Made
Opinion | If you do a Google search on the topic of how vaccines are made, the first hit you may get is a page from Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) titled “Making Vaccines: How Are Vaccines Made?” On it is a video by pediatrician Paul Offit, MD that, at first, gives the sense that […]
What’s So Effective About a Flu Vaccine That’s Less Than 10 Percent “Effective”?
Sometimes topics for opinion pieces just fall out of the sky. Last week, officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced that the new estimate for the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine during the second half of the 2018-2019 “flu season” was only nine percent. That’s pretty bad even by influenza vaccine […]


Earthquake sensors track devastating German flood
November 1, 2022
Seismometer data accurate as water level sensors while online
University of Göttingen researchers report that modified seismometers are able to sense the magnitude, velocity, and trajectory of a flood — up to 1.5 km (0.9 mi) away. The flood-detecting abilities of seismometers study was published in Geophysical Research Letters.
Data from in-situ seismic sensors can supplement existing flood monitoring networks, established to provide early warning flood control districts and emergency management agencies with information to save lives and mitigate damage.
Scientists examined one hour of seismological data from a seismometer station near the town of Ahrweiler, Germany especially in relation to the timeline of the July, 2022 flood through the towns of Rech, Dernau, Walporzheim and Ahrweiler.
Researchers reconstructed the disaster up to moment the sensor lost power and the data stream abruptly ended. A number of mathematical models were combined to estimate the speed of the flood, extract information about the water level and the amount of debris.
The earthquake sensor data proved helpful since three existing water level stations in the valley were destroyed earlier in the flood.
Lead researcher Michael Dietze, faculty of geosciences and geography for the University of Göttingen said, “The current network of water level stations is not enough to be adequately prepared for future events.”


Clean before you Disinfect
This may seem obvious, while to others it's a concept they haven't fully thought out. Everyone knows that cleaning and disinfecting are the one of the first lines of defense in a broad approach to help prevent and slow down the spread of infectious diseases. In addition to staying home when sick, covering coughs and sneezes, and washing hands often, you should understand the difference between cleaning and disinfecting.
Cleaning removes dirt, germs, and other impurities from objects and surface areas. Cleaning is accomplished by using soap or detergent with water to physically remove germs from surfaces. This does not mean that germs have been killed, but by removing them it lowers their numbers and the risk of infectious diseases spreading.
It's okay to smile at your own reflection in the bubbles during Quarantine because #socialdistancing
Disinfecting is what kills germs on surfaces and objects. Disinfecting can be accomplished with natural sources like vinegar and water & essential oils or with traditional chemicals you can buy online or in stores, like Lysol and Clorox. Disinfecting does not clean dirty surfaces, but by killing germs on a surface after it has first been cleaned, it reduces the spread of infectious diseases even further.
*Use chemical based disinfectants as directed, spraying Lysol into the air will not only HARM your respiratory system, but it is wasteful and will it NOT prevent you from getting sick*
Sanitizing lowers the number of germs on objects and surfaces to a level deemed safe by public health standards and requirements.
The standards are higher than usual these days, but you don't need to run out and buy a full body suit just yet.


Wealth and Resources of Alaska, Census Bulletin No. 39, March 16, 1891
Washington, D.C. Department of the Interior, 1891.
First Edition. Softcover. Very good. 15 pp, 7.75 x 10 inches; stapled self-wrappers. Old creases from folding, light handling wear; very good. Issued in advance of the full 1890 census report on the Alaska territory "in view of the extraordinary interest now being manifested in everything that relates to this remote and comparatively unknown country," this bulletin provides details on the "four principal sources of wealth" in Alaska: fur, fish, minerals, and timber. The author, a Russian-born soldier, historian, and newspaper editor, was director of the 1890 Census for Alaska. Here, after discussing the resources prominent in different parts of the territory, he bemoans the fact that the land is being stripped of its bounty by outsiders, with little care or compensation for the native population and other local residents: "The spectacle of so vast a tract of country being thus drained continually for twenty-three years without receiving anything to speak of in return can not probably be equaled in any other part of the United States, and perhaps of the world." The solution, he says, is increased immigration and settlement by those who wish to develop Alaska's industrial potential, but this "would appear to be still in the distant future." Wickersham 8626.


When most people think of living in caves, they think of prehistoric folks who didn’t have another option. However, did you know that some individuals still live in caves today by choice?
A small village called Kandovan in northwest Iran is home to a group of people who live in rock-hewn homes dating back roughly 700 years.
Kandovan is located in the province of East Azerbaijan. It has a unique geology thanks to ash and debris deposited by the Mount Sahand volcano.
Mount Sahand’s last eruption occurred 11,000 years ago. Roughly 10,300 years after this eruption, the residents dug into the ash left behind by the volcano to hide from the invading Mongolian army.
These caves have come a long way since the villagers first dug into them for protection. They now feature two-meter-thick walls that keep the interior cool in the summer and warm in the winter.
If you ask Kandovan’s residents, they describe their homes as “Karan,” a Turkic word that translates to “beehives.”
Kandovan villagers have called these beehive-like cave structures homes for nearly a century. In recent years, they’ve also opened them up to tourists.
Visitors can book tours and explore locals’ real cave homes. Some residents even enhance the experience by selling souvenirs or offering traditional food and beverages.
Rentals are also available for those who want to go the extra mile and spend the night in a cave.
The five-star Kandovan Laleh International Rocky Hotel is another option if you can’t find a private rental. The rooms at this hotel are much more luxurious than the average cave. Each offers a jacuzzi, 24-hour room service, and breakfast — and they only cost $100 per night!
No one time is best for tourists to visit Kandovan Village. These caves can easily withstand various weather conditions and are accessible year-round.


The big picture: stepping towards the shadows in 1940s Harlem
Roy DeCarava’s picture of a woman all dressed up on a derelict street is rich in symbols and evocative of a troubled era
Roy DeCarava had been taking pictures in Harlem, where he grew up, for a decade when he came upon this scene of a young woman in the street in her graduation dress. DeCarava had mostly thought of photography as a means to an end – he had used a camera to produce aides-memoire for his painting. But around this time, 1949, his vocation changed and he became primarily a photographer.
Looking at this picture, and its uncanny symbolism, it is easy to see why. Harlem, during the civil rights years, was full of visual gifts from real life. The young black woman, briefly bathed in sunlight in her white silk, is stepping forward into a place of complicated shadows. Alone, she is flanked by an incomplete “Princ–” scrawled on a wall. Her eyes are drawn to the sleek lines of the Chevrolet advert, a promise of escape from the derelict streetscape, but an alternative means of transport, an antique trash cart, is also at hand. If you were staging Cinderella in racially divided New York in 1949, it would be hard to conjure a more evocative set.
This picture was among those that caught the eye of the poet and guiding spirit of the Harlem renaissance, Langston Hughes, when DeCarava paid him a visit in the summer of 1954. By then DeCarava had become the first African American to be awarded a John Simon Guggenheim fellowship, which allowed him to make pictures full time. Hughes was so struck by DeCarava’s work that he insisted his publisher produce a volume of it, for which he supplied an accompanying text. The Sweet Flypaper of Life launched DeCarava’s long and celebrated career documenting the everyday struggle of black America, up until his death in 2009. A new retrospective of his pictures in London demonstrates at every turn his belief that, as here, the best photographs “present a moment so profoundly a moment that it becomes an eternity”.
Roy DeCarava: Selected Works is at David Zwirner Gallery, London W1, until 19 February


In a paper published in July in the journal Neuron, Krishna Shenoy, PhD, and a team of neuroscientists at Stanford University report that they have established a simpler way to study the brain’s electrical activity that could one day open the door to potentially wireless brain sensors that would bring thought-controlled prosthetic devices into wider use.
In the paper, the team explains how it has circumvented the current process of tracking the activity of individual neurons in favor of decoding neural activity in the aggregate. Each time a neuron fires it sends an electrical signal, known as a spike, to the next neuron down the line. “Each neuron has its own electrical fingerprint and no two are identical,” said Eric Trautmann, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher in Shenoy’s lab and first author of the paper. “We spend a lot of time isolating and studying the activity of individual neurons.”
The process is called “spike sorting,” and must be done for every neuron in every experiment, an endeavor that consumes much of a researcher’s time annually and is expected to become more so as scientists build implants with greater numbers of electrodes.
To record the activity of many neurons without the complexity of spike sorting, the researchers borrowed a theory from statistics that suggested how they could uncover patterns of brain activity even when several neurons are recorded on a single electrode. They then demonstrated their approach experimentally. They used a new type of electrode that was designed to pick up brain signals in mice and adapted this technology to record the brain signals of rhesus monkeys. They recorded hundreds of neurons at the same time and showed that they could get an accurate portrait of the monkey’s brain activity without spike sorting.
The researchers believe their work will ultimately lead to neural implants that use simpler electronics to track more neurons than ever, and also more accurately. In addition, the new electrodes, coupled with the sampling algorithms, should eventually be able to record brain activity without the many wires needed currently to carry signals from the brain to the computer that controls the prosthesis, Trautmann said.
“This study has a bit of a hopeful message in that observing activity in the brain turns out to be easier than we initially expected,” said Shenoy, the Hong Seh and Vivian W.M. Lim Professor of Engineering, and senior author of the paper.
Editor’s note: This story was adapted from materials provided by Stanford University.


Evidence of what appears to be the earliest known surgical amputation of a limb, dating to c.31,000 years ago, has been identified in Borneo.
The discovery was made during excavations in Liang Tebo cave, in East Kalimantan, where archaeologists uncovered a burial belonging to a young adult, aged 19-20 years old, who was missing the bottom third of their left lower leg. Further examination confirmed that this was likely the result of a deliberate surgical amputation, as the clean, oblique cut, severing both the tibia and the fibula, does not match the pattern that would result from an accident or animal attack.
Researchers also identified bony growth at the distal end of the remaining tibia and fibula bones that indicates the patient lived for at least six to nine years after the surgery. This suggests that the injured individual received a great deal of care from their community, both in the immediate aftermath of the event and for the remainder of their life, in order to survive in such a rugged, mountainous area with reduced mobility.
The burial has been dated to between 31,000 and 30,000 years ago, making it significantly older than the previous earliest known evidence of surgical limb amputation – a Neolithic farmer in France, dating to 7,000 years ago. The discovery in Borneo dramatically changes our understanding of the development of such medical traditions, and reveals that non-sedentary foraging groups living in this region in the Late Pleistocene possessed a comprehensive knowledge of human anatomy and were able to carry out complex medical procedures.
The research has been published in Nature.


Keeping Fast Growing NewSpace Safe
May 23, 2020
Companies like Leo Labs and now the Space Force are attempting to track objects in space that can create damage to satellites, potentially severe enough to put an end to the use of space for a long time. Most of us would agree that the best solution is to avoid creating debris in the first place, and that means ensuring that satellites have the means to remove themselves at the end of mission, and to be built with means of avoiding collisions while they are in service.
Satellite debris mitigation has become increasingly important, but the FCC has not provided comprehensive updates to its regulations since they were adopted in 2004. The new regulations require that (1) numerical values be assigned to collision risk,(2) the operator must indicate the probability that a satellite will be successfully disposed of at the end of the mission, and (3) that they report the casualty risk associated with satellites that re-enter Earth’s atmosphere. Companies applying for approval to place their satellites into orbit will also have new disclosure requirements about how to protect inhabitable spacecraft, how they will maneuver, and how they will be tracked and identified.
Additional issues remain, and have been set aside by the FCC to a “Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking” so that additional comments on mitigation measures that specify the probability of accidental explosions, and reporting the collision and casualty risk for satellite constellations on a system-wide basis in addition to that of individual satellites. Further comment is also sought about requirements for maneuverability for space stations located above a certain LEO altitude, and how to limit post-mission orbital lifetime.


Fire protection in casting pillars
Actualizado a fecha: 2 December, 2018
We often refurbish buildings and stores with casting pillars of hollow section. This type of constructive element was very common at the beginning of the last century. Due to aesthetic reasons, they are often pretended to leave seen which means a problem when legalizing the activity once the local is reformed to certify its fire resistance, since there is no existing rule regulating the fire resistance of these elements.
Nowadays, metal structures used as structural elements are made of steel and the test regulation UNE EN 13381to determine its carrying capacity “R” before the fire is based on this material. The cast pillars are made of iron, this means that they don’t use carbon, this is why its fire behavior is worst and the critical temperature is lower.
In its favor, we have to say that buildings were not built the same way than now. Nowadays, we calculate the minimum section of steel needed to withstand the applied loads (within the safety margins allowed by regulation), and a century ago, calculations were much more experimental and the elements section is usually, in most of the cases, factored in more than 20% of that required according to the efforts they bear.
There are studies maintaining that those pillars only work in compression, this section growth required counteracts the lack of carbon in its composition and that they can be treated for fire resistance as if it was a regular steel pillar. We calculate its massiveness or form factor and protect it with intumescent paint (Teclack), Mortars (Tecwool F), or silicate panels and magnesite (Tecbor) for the required fire resistance.
The General Direction of Prevention, Fire Fighting and Rescue of Generalitat of Catalonia, has released a circular “SP-130-2015” which reviews the legalization of such elements and it is a little strict. It says that in order to ensure the fire resistance with coatings, we can apply theUNE EN 13,381 -8 as if it were a conventional steel pillar but we should calculate the coating thickness for a critical temperature of 350ºC and not 500ºC as usual.


Admittedly, the Commonplace Fun Facts editorial department is not exactly a paragon of cultural sophistication. This is especially true when it comes to the phenomenon known as Modern Art. For this reason, we tend to delight in those situations that confirm our belief that the experts in this field are more delusional than they are cultured.
Our official position is that you can’t tell whether a painting is upside-down, it’s probably not worth looking at right-side-up.
Case in point, we present The Fossil Hunters by Edwin Dickinson. When it went on display in 1928, the curators of the museum hung it sideways. The mistake went unnoticed for some time.
A similar situation took place in 1947 at the Museum of Modern Art. Le Bateau by Henri Matisse was displayed upside-down for 47 days before anyone noticed.
Both of these paintings appear in this article. We think we have them oriented correctly, but who can tell?
Our favorite example is a painting that we have been unable to locate. We hope one of our readers can direct us to a copy. The painting is called Pink Lillies and was created by Margaret Gest. The reason we like this one is because it was accidentally displayed upside-down during a competition in 1936. Despite this, it still won a prize.
These examples support our opening premise, which is further articulated through one of our favorite comic strips, Bloom County:
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Northern saw-whet owl
The smallest owl east of the Mississippi River, the saw-whet stands about seven inches tall. It has a brown head with no ear (feather) tufts and white streaks above its eyes. Its body is brown with white streaks on the belly. The immature saw-whet has a completely different plumage: a distinct chocolate brown with a large white spot above the bill extending over the eyes. This plumage disappears by the end of the first summer.
Found across southern Canada and most of the United States, with the exception of the southeastern states, and into Mexico. Saw-whet owls winter in their breeding range, but many have short migrations to move out of the northern most portions of their range.
An owl of dense woods, the saw-whet owl is found mostly in coniferous or mixed hardwood forests.
A cavity nester, the saw-whet owl nests near bogs or swamps. It usually lays from three to six eggs.
Saw-whet owls feed primarily on small rodents, insects, and amphibians. They have also been reported to take songbirds.
Raptor Center Data
A common patient during the month of October - the fall migration.
This owl has no special status and is considered to be quite common.


Medium: Children’s Picture book
When Zory and her classmates go on a field trip to a portrait museum, they are excited and amazed by all of the beautiful paintings they see. But as Zory walks through the museum, she notices something that bothers her: none of the faces in the portraits look like her. Where are the zebra portraits? she wonders. When her teacher tells the class to choose a favorite portrait because they are going to copy it, Zory has trouble making a choice – until she comes up with her own solution.
What Zory notices about the museum she visits is the same thing a lot of people experience when visiting museums. Many well-known museums lack diversity in both the artwork and the artists they show.
Traci Zaretzka’s background is in fine art and elementary education. She often used picture books as teaching tools. Like Zory, she noticed that both picture books and art curriculum did not represent the diverse world in which her students lived. She wants to write stories that make all children feel represented and important.
Traci is a children's book author and illustrator. Her mentor was Daniel Kirk.


- List of species
- Taxa, synonyms
Scapeuseboides is the scientific name of a group of Lamiinae -also called lamiines or flat-faced longhorned beetles-
Scapeuseboides Breuning, 1958
S. Breuning is the author of the original taxon.
The type species is Rhodopini (Scapeuseboides) bicolor Breuning, 1958.
Scapeuseboides Breuning, 1958 is the full name of the group-genus in the taxonomic classification system.
Scapeuseboides has 1 species. This genus is ranked in the Desmiphorini tribe of Lamiinae.
Distribution for species of Scapeuseboides...
Distribution for species of Scapeuseboides
1 taxon refers to Scapeuseboides...
1 taxon refers to Scapeuseboides
Rhodopini (Scapeuseboides) Breuning, 1958 [ sp. type : Rhodopini (Scapeuseboides) bicolor Breuning, 1958 ]
Some citations found in the bibliography excluding lists and catalogs except with nomenclatural act or image or data...
Some citations found in the bibliography excluding lists and catalogs except with nomenclatural act or image or data


Do nuclear bombs exist?
From a high of 70,300 active weapons in 1986, as of 2019 there are approximately 3,750 active nuclear warheads and 13,890 total nuclear warheads in the world. Many of the decommissioned weapons were simply stored or partially dismantled, not destroyed.
Can you survive a nuclear bomb at ground zero?
It’s even possible to survive a nuclear blast near ground zero if you happen to be inside a robust building, such as a fortified structure or an underground facility, says Brooke Buddemeier, a certified health physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California.
Is it true that nuclear weapons are real?
The computers in my division were used for weapons design and later weapons verification. I wore a dosimeter at all times on site and was within walking distance of the onsite plutonium vault. Yes, those weapons are VERY VERY real. No, of course not. But stupidity is. No, they’re all a lie. Why is the health of the average American plummeting?
Are there really nuclear bombs in the world?
Let me know what you think when you finish. Many people have “seen” nukes go off, but they were also told to close their eyes, cover their ears and bury their heads in their laps while it happened. The explosions are real, it’s just that they are huge piles of layered / stacked dynamite, NOT single tiny nuclear bombs.
Is there any evidence that nuclear weapons are a hoax?
The following documentary explores the surprisingly abundant evidence that nuclear weapons are a hoax. Many of the nuclear explosion videos we have all seen and presumed real are shown to be complete fakes using model trees, houses and cars exploding on a set.
Where does the energy from a nuclear bomb come from?
Nuclear weapon. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions ( thermonuclear bomb ). Both bomb types release large quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter.


Ages: 2-5 and 6-18
Testing Time: 20 minutes
The Autism Spectrum Rating Scale (ASRS) is the first nationally-standardized, norm-referenced instrument to effectively identify symptoms, behaviors, and associated features of Autism Spectrum Disorders in children and adolescents ages 2 through 18. Using a five-point Likert rating scale, parents, teachers, and caregivers are asked to evaluate how often they observed specific behaviors in the child or adolescent in areas such as socialization, communication, unusual behaviors, behavioral rigidity, sensory sensitivity, and self-regulation.
It is an easy-to-use assessment intended for psychologists, school psychologists, clinical social workers, physicians, counselors, psychiatric workers, and pediatric/psychiatric nurses. The ASRS was normed on a diverse sample of 2,560 individuals across the United States, between October, 2006 and October, 2008.
The ASRS includes a Total Score, a DSM-5 Scale, ASRS Scales, and Treatment Scales. The comprehensive scales are: ASRS
- SC = Social/Communication
- UB = Unusual Behaviors
- Self-Regulation (6–18 Years only)
- PS = Peer Socialization
- AS = Adult Socialization
- SER = Social/Emotional Reciprocity
- AL = Atypical Language
- ST = Stereotypy
- BR = Behavioral Rigidity
- SS = Sensory Sensitivity
- ASR = Attention/Self-Regulation (2–5 Years only)
- Attention (6–18 Years only)
- Full-length (2-5 years) comprises 70 items.
- Full-length (6-18 years) comprises 71 items.
- Short forms (2-5 years and 6-18 years) contain 15 items.
COMPLETE ASRS HANDSCORED KIT with DSM-5 SCORING UPDATE INCLUDES: Manual, 25 ASRS [2-5 Years] Parent/Teacher/Short QuikScore Forms & 25 ASRS [6-18 Years] Parent/Teacher/Short QuikScore Forms. Forms updated with DSM-5 Scoring.


UGC-NET | UGC NET CS 2016 Aug – II | Question 7
Which of the following is the most efficient to perform arithmetic operations on the numbers?
(B) 1’s complement
(C) 2’s complement
(D) 9’s complement
Explanation: Sign’s magnitude is only for sign convention (MSB is 1 then no is negative and if 0 then no is positive).
Main difference is that while adding numbers using 1′ s complement, we first do binary addition, then add in an end-around carry value. But, 2′ s complement has only one value for zero, and doesn’t require carry values.
9’s complement of a decimal number is the subtraction of it’s each digits from 9. Like 1’s complement, 9’s complement is used to subtract a number using addition.
2’s complement representation is unambiguous for 0 (i.e., only positive 0), but Sign-magnitude, 1’s complement and 9’s complement are ambiguous representation for 0 (i.e., both positive and negative 0).
So, option (C) is correct.
Quiz of this Question
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FIFTH TO EIGHTH GRADES
Education in students from 10 to 14 years old is essential for cognitive and emotional development; this process should be a priority, giving young
learners a specific place within the educational system. In addition, learning good habits is considered essential for everything, from the development
of personality traits, determination, curiosity and study habits to making decisions about the future.
This educational stage provides the opportunity to firmly cultivate the attributes of the Diploma Program.
Our curriculum is rooted in local and international culture. Some of the benefits we provide include:
- Active learning methodologies.
- Collaborative work.
- ESL and Advanced English classes.
- French from seventh to eleventh grade.
- Soft skills development.
- Digital citizenship.
- Alternative assessments.
- Digital support with the use of specific apps for each subject: Progrentis, ALEKS, Science Bits, EduSoft.
Our educational offer is unique and is supported by what makes us different:
- Bilingual IB Diploma.
- DELF certification with the French Alliance.
- MATEM Certificate from ninth grade.
- Schedule support program for high-performance athletes.
- Exchange programs to the US, France and England.
- Educational tours.
- Cheerleading, Soccer, Volleyball, Taekwondo, Badminton and Basketball Teams.
- TOEIC and TOEFL preparation programs and accreditations.
- Robotics and STEAM.
- Electives (Fine Arts, Computer Programming, Public Speaking, Chess, Band, Functional Training).
- Service and Leadership.
- Hands-on Lab experiences for all levels.
- One on one support program.
- Small groups.
- Financial education
- Personalized attention for parents and students.


Beauty in Decay 2020 | The Ghost of Screaming Tunnel
Local Urban Legend says that this haunted tunnel in Niagara Falls, Ontario still holds the dying screams of a girl who burned alive inside.
The tunnel, known to locals as as “Screaming Tunnel” was created in the early 1900s as a drainage passage to keep the tracks from being lost beneath flood waters, also to help the crops and farmers fields from flooding.
Made from 125 feet of limestone bricks, the tunnel took on a haunted air early in its existence as moss and algae took hold of the porous stones. Given its eerie look, it is no wonder the simple tunnel became home to its own legend.
There are several versions of the tale of Screaming Tunnel,
According to one version of the story, a local farm near the tunnel caught fire one night and a young girl ran screaming from the blaze, hair and clothes alight. Before she could find help, the girl collapsed right in the middle of the tunnel, perishing from her burns.
A second version of the story claims that the young girl is burnt to death in the tunnel by her father, mad with rage.
Whatever the real story might be, all stories agree on the outcome: the girl’s spirit still haunts the tunnel and if a flame is lit inside the tunnel around midnight, you can hear her scream and she will blow out your flame.


A 3D-printed house has yet to be realized, but Swiss architects Michael Hansmeyer and Benjamin Dillenburger are doing something a little more on the conceptual side at this point. In a project titled Digital Grotesque, they have engaged in what they're calling "computational architecture" by programming algorithms that can design deeply elaborate structures.
The resulting grotto contains more than 260 million surfaces, generated with 3D-modeling software in a process inspired by cell division.
"At a basic level, the algorithm used to generate the Digital Grotesque room functions by gradually refining and enriching a simple input form," reads the Digital Grotesque Web site. "The surfaces of a form are divided into smaller surfaces, and these in turn are divided again and again. Changes to one surface propagate down to its children. By altering the division ratios, one can control the geometry of the form.
"Using this simple process, one can create astoundingly complex geometries with only a few subdivision steps. By changing the division ratios, one can also generate a surprising variety of forms. The process remains entirely the same; only the division parameters are altered."
The two architects input the basic shape of the room and left the algorithms to do their work. The resulting design was then 3D-printed in pieces of sandstone with a layer resolution of 0.13 millimeters -- a much more durable material than the more common plastics -- by Swiss industrial 3D-printing company Voxeljet AG. The process, in all, took around 13 months.
The grotto itself measures 172 square feet -- at 10.5 feet in height -- and contains 11 tons of printed sandstone.
"As a fictive narrative space, the Digital Grotesque project is less concerned with functionality than with the expressive formal potentials of digital technologies," the pair said. "It examines new spatial experiences and sensations that these technologies enable. As such, Digital Grotesque is a lavish, exhilarating space, full of details at the threshold of perception, waiting to be discovered and spurring one's imagination of what is yet to be created."
(Source: Crave Australia via Australian Popular Science)


Are You Concerned About Safety and Concussions?
News stories regarding concussions in professional football have fueled debate about the safety of football from youth to the pros. On the positive side, it has changed rules and policies, improved equipment, increased awareness and education and increased research - making the game safer. On the negative side, these stories have fueled unreasonable fears and assumptions based on emotions - not on facts.
Here are the facts:
The NFL, as do other professional sports, involve the the world's strongest and fastest athletes and involve unique risk. More than 3 million kids play youth football, more than 1 million play high school football - there are only 2,000 players in the NFL.
News stories linking brain issues to football are specific to professional football - in particular the examination of 111 donated brains. 111 out of the tens of thousands that played professional football.
Research published by the Mayo Clinic determined that athletes that played football through high school did not have an increased risk of neurodegenerative disease overall or of the individual conditions of dementia, parkinsonism, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Research published in the Journal of American Medicine (JAMA) examined athletes that played football through high school indicates no harmful association between playing football through high school and increased cognitive impairment later in life.
All physical activities, including sports, carry the risk of injury - safety should always be taken seriously. For kids 14 years old and younger the risk of injury in football, including head injury, is comparable to or even lower than many other sports and activities such as cycling, soccer, baseball, basketball, etc.
Is youth football safe? It's about as safe as other sports and activities (see below). None of which are without risk.
Youth Football - Making a Safe Sport Safer
The Washington Junior Football League and its members make player safety our top priority. Our commitment to USA Football and the Heads Up program requires concussion awareness education for coaches, parents and players. It requires training and certification for all coaches that includes safe and proper tackling and blocking techniques, equipment fitting and more.
A Lot Has
Research determined that athletes that played football through high school did not have an increased risk of neurodegenerative disease overall or of the individual conditions of dementia, parkinsonism, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.


CEWA schools explore the oceans in National Science Week
21 August 2020
CEWA staff and students across the State have been celebrating National Science Week this week, and the 2020 theme ‘Deep Blue: Innovations for the Future of our Oceans’.
CBC Fremantle’s science week celebrations are a hit with students each year, and in 2020 the Science Department once again presented entertaining and educational demonstrations for students across all year groups.
Students had the opportunity to step into the deep ocean, with the Human Biology Lab set up to explore underwater worlds through experiments and Virtual Reality.
CBC’s science week activities also included the ever-popular Explosive Show, a hands-on experience with a reptile incursion, and Scitech scientists talking with Year 10 students about meaningful career opportunities that can be opened up through STEM studies in school.
At St Peter’s School in Inglewood, the Deep Blue theme was explored through a range of science and art-based activities and competitions.
Younger students were tasked with exploring ways they could reduce, reuse and recycle with benefits for the ocean.
Other classes learned about the water cycle, discussed why water is such a precious resource, and created mini terrariums to take home and watch grow.
The festivities at St Peter’s finished with a science-themed assembly and dress up day.
Year Seven students at Chisholm Catholic College set the scene for science week at their school by decorating with colourful fish designs.
The College’s Science Learning Area ran a project competition open to all students, with a brief to design aquaculture units that could allow sustainable fish and crustacean farming.
Entries in the competition were presented as posters, videos, Minecraft models and 3D digital models, showing a depth of research, creativity and engagement with a real-world issue, and a barramundi farm concept created by two students was named the winner.
Other activities at Chisholm included learning around ocean acidification and methods of reducing carbon emissions, and a science week Kahoot quiz organised by the Wellbeing Committee.
St John Bosco Catholic College also embraced Virtual and Augmented Reality technologies for National Science Week, with their teachers leading a professional learning session for educators from a number of schools, and St Helena’s Catholic Primary School held their celebrations a week early – you can read more here.


Professor Ben Freedman, Group Leader of the Heart Rhythm and Stroke Prevention Group at HRI, and collaborators have published research confirming a clear pattern between the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and First Nations peoples, which includes Native Americans, Aboriginal Australians, and Māori and Pacific people in New Zealand. All experience higher levels of AF at an earlier age, which increases their risk of stroke.
Cardiovascular diseases have a high burden that sees a greater proportion of the population suffer from conditions such as heart attack, stroke, kidney failure and heart failure, and therefore go on to experience a higher mortality rate. AF is another of the cardiovascular morbidities that is seen in a greater proportion and at an earlier age. In Aboriginal Australians, for example, there is a much higher risk of stroke than in those of European origin when AF occurs below the age of 50.
“There are multiple possibilities, such as a genetic susceptibility to AF and cardiovascular disease. However, what is more likely is societal and lifestyle risk factors, which include obesity, diabetes, sleep disordered breathing, higher alcohol consumption and smoking rates and low physical activity. This is coupled with racism and social deprivation following colonisation by Europeans.”
Ten per cent of strokes occur in people unaware they have AF. It is therefore essential to introduce early AF screening in the population and to help First Nations peoples lead healthier lifestyles.
In this research, Dr Stavrakis from the University of Oklahoma and Professor Freedman implemented opportunistic screening to detect silent AF in American Indians attending a tribal primary care clinic in Oklahoma, by using a mobile, single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) device. Patients over the age of 50 with no history of AF underwent a 30-second ECG, and a cardiologist then reviewed the results to diagnose AF. It was found that 1.5 per cent of the patients were discovered to have AF, which would have otherwise gone undetected.
Professor Ben Freedman founded and leads the AF-SCREEN International Collaboration, a global group that is interested in the problems around detecting unknown atrial fibrillation, including those specific to First Nations peoples.


The composition of the microbiome - the countless bacteria, fungi and viruses that colonize our body surface, skin, intestines or lungs - makes a decisive contribution to human health or disease. However, biological mechanisms that cause inflammations in the microbiome are still largely unknown. Together with a group of researchers from the University of Kiel and the University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Professor Dr. Oliver Cornely (head of the Center of Excellence for Invasive Fungal Diseases at Cologne University Hospital) has deciphered a mechanism by which specific intestinal microbiota amplify inflammatory reactions in the lungs. The results of the study, published in Cell, could accelerate the development of new therapies for common diseases.
'The fungus Candida albicans, which colonizes the intestines, skin and mucous membranes, is actually harmless', Cornely said. 'However, our study has shown that Candida albicans affects the balance of our immune system.'
Candida albicans stimulates the immune system to produce specific defense cells, so-called Th17 cells. However, some of these Th17 cells then attack other fungi, such as Aspergillus fumigatus. This phenomenon is called cross-reactivity. The research showed that immune-compromised individuals have an increased level of cross-reactive Th17 cells in their lung tissue. This concentration is associated with a deterioration of these patients' health. The protective Th17 reaction in the intestine seems to amplify pathogenic immune processes in the lungs.
'With this observation, we were able to show for the first time how a single member of the microbiome, Candida albicans, influences the specific immune response to a large group of other microbes. Immune cross-reactivity is probably a common mechanism by which the microbiome manipulates the immune system - with both protective and harmful effects', Cornely remarked.
Deciphering such specific effects of individual microbes will in future contribute to the development of targeted therapies.


Feline Corneal Degeneration
Corneal degeneration is and eye disease from the deposit of fatty material within the cornea. It is usually secondary to other ocular or systemic disorders and may be unilateral (one-sided) or bilateral (both sides). Clinical appearance may be highly variable; lipid infiltrates are often dense white, grayish-white, or crystalline with sharply demarcated borders.
Corneal degeneration is rare in the cat.
Causes of Corneal Degeneration in Cats
What to Watch For
Diagnosis of Corneal Degeneration in Cats
Treatment of Corneal Degeneration in Cats
There is no treatment available to decrease or prevent the development of lipid within the cornea, but any corneal inflammation present should be treated appropriately. Surgery is not recommended to remove the lipid because the infiltrate usually returns to the cornea after surgery.
Home Care and Prevention
It is very important to follow the instructions given to you by your veterinarian. Re-examination is indicated if any ocular pain or corneal ulceration develop, and to monitor any concurrent corneal inflammation.
The best way to prevent corneal degeneration is to control any underlying corneal diseases. In most instances, lipid degeneration of the cornea is not painful and does not significantly decrease the cat’s vision.


Pig (Knees-to-Chest Pose)
Kindergarten to 2nd Grade • 39s
Knees-to-Chest is great for releasing the lumbar spine and aiding in digestion. When we lift and lower our legs, we engage and build strength in our core muscles to help with stabilization, posture and more!
Up Next in Kindergarten to 2nd Grade
Pirate Ship (Wide-Legged Forward Fold)
Children can work together to practice wide-legged forward fold while singing our fun pirate song! Partner poses strengthen social-emotional learning skills and wide-legged forward folds lengthen our adductors, the muscles that pull our legs in towards our bodies.
Planting Vegetables (Low Lunge & Half...
Use children's yoga and sing-along music to practice stretching, planting and picking with our original garden song! Low Lunge and Half Split are deep stretches, while raising arms strengthens the core and opens the heart!
Come play with the frogs and ducks - time to get splashing!
Hello My Friends
Deep Breath In
Jump In the Water
© RDC ARTS, LLC. All Rights Reserved


NIHScientists can distinguish between a viral and a bacterial infection by assaying just seven human genes, according to a study published this week (July 6) in Science Translational Medicine. A clinical test based on these findings would enable doctors to more appropriately prescribe antibiotics, which are ineffective against viruses.
This May, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that doctors prescribe antibiotics when they’re not needed in around 30 percent of cases examined. Overuse of these drugs may promote more widespread antibiotic resistance.
To address the problem, scientists at Stanford University looked at more than 1,000 patient blood samples to identify gene activation signatures associated with either bacterial or viral infections.
The researchers found they could distinguish these two classes of infections by analyzing the expression of seven genes alone. “The notion that there are just seven targets with...
“Our test can very reliably rule out bacterial infection,” study coauthor Purvesh Khatri wrote in an email to The Scientist.
For example, if the prevalence of bacterial infection is 15 percent in a community, and 100 patients are tested, if they all test negative, then the test is almost totally accurate: 98 patients truly won’t have a bacterial infection, according to the team’s analysis.
The researchers are working to improve the approach so that it can be applied in the clinic.
“A lot of people said we need a test like this, and we hope our test, or one like it, will help to reduce the crazy overuse of antibiotics that is threatening not just medicine but whole parts of our society based on our inability to treat certain infections,” Sweeney told Time.
Sweeney and Khatri told The Scientist that the test could be particularly useful during the early stages of an infection—prior to life-threatening sepsis—when antibiotics can be safely avoided.


What Happens During a Sports Physical?
Whether you play football, soccer, hockey, basketball, softball or any sport for that matter– you’ll likely need a sports physical. This goes for both adults and kids. But what exactly is a sports physical and what does it entail?
Being in sports puts your body through a lot of vigorous activity. Sports physicals can help an athlete make sure their bodies and in healthy condition to continue to play their sport of choice. In other words, it promotes health and safety for the participant. In many cases with school sports and as required by law in some states, the sports physical is a prerequisite before being able to enter the sport (a preparticipation physica evaluation or PPEl).
During the physical the doctor will take several measurements and do a few tests. They will record you height and weight, take your blood pressure, measure your pulse and test your joints and flexibility. Your vision will be tested and your lungs, heart, nose, ear and throat will be evaluated. Additionally the physician will review your medical history– this includes finding out about past injuries and current conditions.
More information on sports physicals can be found at MedlinePlus.gov.
The exam can take approximately 20-30 minutes. Before you arrive at your appointment, be sure to bring any medical records for your doctor to review. If you’re a local to Snohomish County, we would love to see you or your child. For more information on sports physicals or if you have any concerns, we are here to help (425) 347-8614.


A rare chance to see legendary Noa Eshkol’s unique choreographic system in action
For Israeli artist Noa Eshkol (1924–2007), dance was a pure art form, to be practised without scenery, costumes or music. She treated parts of the human body as separate instruments, equivalent to the musical components of an orchestra, each with its own rules of movement.
This afternoon features a special performance by members of her Chamber Dance Group showcasing the breadth and inventiveness of her methods.
Drawing on compositional techniques such as serialism, canon, fugue, etc, she used these forms to create polyphony between various parts of each dancer’s body and between the dancers as a group. Eshkol’s profound understanding of the body and her inexhaustible creativity resulted in unique, complex and beautiful masterpieces.
Noa Eshkol began her professional career in the 1950s as a dancer, choreographer and theorist. In her quest to analyze body movement, she created ‘Eshkol-Wachman Movement Notation’ (EWMN) together with her pupil, architect Avraham Wachman. Music was fundamental to her work: she referred to herself as a composer and many of her pieces have titles such as Suite or Etude. Equating each dancer’s limb to an instrument of the orchestra, her choreography had strong resemblances to music.


The beautiful beaches of the northern U.S. Virgin Islands had some special visitors this spring, eight leatherback sea turtle nests have been documented on local beaches. The largest and most ancient of all sea turtle species, leatherbacks regularly nest on St. Croix and Puerto Rico, but they are rarely seen on St. Thomas or St. John. Leatherback populations have been declining in the Northwest Atlantic recently, despite being protected. In the past, leatherbacks were so abundant in our area that some places, such as Trunk Bay, St. John and Trunk Bay, Tortola, were named after leatherbacks - trunk being a common name for leatherback.
Dr. Paul Jobsis, UVI Center for Marine and Environmental Studies director, said that over the past 15 years, he is only aware of three or four leatherback nests on St Thomas and one on St John. “Having eight in one year is very special. The truth is we don’t know why some leatherbacks have decided to nest on St Thomas and St John this year. Whatever the reason, it is great to have them, and we hope they come back every year.” Dr. Jobsis speculated that the reason could be related to climate change, a response to predation at their normal nesting beaches, new turtles returning to their natal beaches, or some combination of all these factors.
More information is available in a news release on the Media Section of the UVI Website-www.uvi.edu/ - and from this direct link


A tenth of people in Lithuania do not have access to flush toilet, according to Eurostat, five times more than the European Union average.
On World Toilet Day, the United Nations has reported that more than half of the world's population do not have access to safely managed sanitation, leading to estimated 432,000 diarrheal deaths every year.
While the problem is most acute in the world's least developed countries, it also exists in Europe.
In Romania, 27.7 percent of the population did not have access to an indoor flushing toilet last year, Eurostat, the European Union's official statistics agency, calculates.
The figure in Bulgaria was 15.3 percent, in Lithuania, 10.6 percent and in Latvia, 9.9 percent.
In contrast, the share of dwellings with no flushing toilet was below 1 percent in 19 EU member states, with the lowest shares in Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Sweden (close to 0).
Overall in the European Union, 2.1 percent of the population do not have indoor flushing toilets. This represents a decrease of 1.2 percentage points compared with 2010 (3.3 percent).
The European Commission has warned Lithuania that it is failing to meet the target of having 98 percent of households (in settlements of over 2,000 people) connected to centralised waste water collection.
According to the Ministry of Environment's data from 2016, the figure was only 72 percent. Lithuania is facing EU sanctions unless it meets the target by 2023.
Environment Minister Kęstutis Mažeika said last summer that some 20,000 households would be connected to centralised waste water collection by March 2020.
According to the latest figures from the World Health Organisation, at least two billion people in the world use drinking water contaminated with faeces. By 2025, half of the people in the world will be living in water-stressed areas, the organisation estimates.


Demise vs. Survival: Components of Constant Change. Having lost the county seat battle and the Texas cattle trade as well as not being a site on either the AT&SF or the K.P.R. rail line, the fate of Park City was sealed. By December 1871, the Park City Town Company owners were settling the final debts which were incurred in the town’s promotion. Since the town was never incorporated, there was no need to give any legal notice about it’s dissolution. The townsite “owners” departed the area and Park City began to disintegrate physically. With no property deeds, many of the citizens went elsewhere since they had no legal rights. Of the few buildings and homes which existed, many were dismantled and moved to other area towns. By 1873, most of the evidence of the town had vanished. The few remaining vacant buildings were “blown away.” Dugout homes became depressions in the earth. The townsite was sold in 1877 for $13.02 due to unpaid taxes ($319.88 in 2020 dollars). Today, Wichita is a city of 400,000 and “Old” Park City is farm ground. The dashed dreams of Park City’s organizers allowed for the creation of Newton. The Four Horsemen Trail continued to bring cattle herds through today’s Harvey County so the AT&SF had incentive to get its rail line to the Newton site during the summer of 1871. Since the Park City to Ellsworth trail did not materialize, Newton was the closest railhead for the drovers. Its status in 1871 as the primary shipping terminal was further facilitated by an end in 1871 to Abilene’s heavy involvement with cattle shipping. West 2nd and Main streets in Newton. Signage for the “Newton Massacre” area. Photo credit: Ronald Dietzel. April, 2018.


Improving Math Skills for Kids in the USA
We all know that math is a core skill that students need to master in order to be successful in school and life. However, many kids in the United States struggle with math due to lack of resources or access to quality instruction. Fortunately, there are now several online options available for improving math skills without leaving the comfort of your home. Let’s take a closer look at the best ways to improve math skills online for kids in the United States.
Online Math Tutoring Services
One of the best ways to improve math skills online is through an online tutoring service. There are several reputable companies that offer personalized one-on-one tutoring services for students of all ages and abilities. These programs provide individualized instruction from certified teachers who can help students build confidence and mastery of basic math concepts, as well as more advanced levels of mathematics such as calculus or trigonometry.
Math Learning Games
Another great way to improve math skills online is through educational games. There are tons of fun and engaging games that can help kids practice their addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division skills while having fun at the same time! These games also allow parents to track their child’s progress so they can see how much they have improved over time.
Free Online Courses
Finally, there are several free online courses available on websites like Brighterly.com math or Coursera that provide quality instruction on a variety of different topics related to mathematics. These courses usually include video tutorials, practice questions, and interactive activities designed to boost understanding and retention of key concepts. They are perfect for those who want a more comprehensive approach to learning math than what is available through traditional textbooks or lectures alone.
Improving math skills is important for children in the United States who want to keep up with their peers academically and excel in school and life. Fortunately, there are now many ways for kids (and adults!) To sharpen their mathematical knowledge from home using online resources such as tutoring services, educational games, and free courses from respected institutions like Wow Math or Brighterly.com. With these tools at our fingertips it has never been easier to take charge of our own learning journey!


The Santa Monica History Museum recently had a special exhibit that showed the history of the Santa Monica Pier. The exhibit, titled “Santa Monica Pleasure Pier: A Look Back to 1917 from Today“, ran from November 5, 2019 to February 22, 2020. It was a visual exploration of the history of the infamous Pier by Michael Murphy and Jens Lucking and provided a unique opportunity to view the original photographs, plans, and drawings that Charles Looff created to solicit investment and other support for his new pier. The exhibit also had rare images that showed how Looff, more than a century ago, transformed Santa Monica’s now world-famous pier from a municipal utility into the “Pleasure Pier,” the earliest iteration of today’s world-renowned pier.
The Santa Monica History Museum shared some supplemental videos on their YouTube Channel, so viewers can learn some of the history at home.
The Santa Monica History Museum is located at 1350 7th St., Santa Monica CA 90401. It was founded in 1988 and moved locations several times until the City of Santa Monica provided a long-term lease located within the Santa Monica Main Library. The Museum has six galleries and a research library. You can even see the old Pacific Park Ferris wheel hub there. With over six hundred thousand rare photographs, the Museum has one of the largest collections in Southern California. The Museum serves people of all ages and is handicap-accessible and offers tours, exhibits, special events, lectures, children’s workshops and research services. Also offered are free docent‐led tours to school classrooms and youth groups.


As you know, sugar is converted into various acids in your mouth, which instantly begin to attack tooth enamel, which leads to tooth decay and, if left unchecked, gum disease (periodontal disease). Regular brushing and flossing combined with lowered sugar consumption will help you avoid both. So, where do apples come in?
Crunchy fruits and vegetables like green beans, broccoli, celery, carrots and apples have a high water content that helps dilute the sugar content in them. The act of biting and crunching these foods also stimulates saliva production to help wash away food particles and prevent plaque buildup. Acidic fruits, however, like lemons, limes, tomatoes and oranges should be eaten with a meal to minimize their acidic effect on your teeth.
There are other benefits to apples in addition to promoting dental health. They include the following:
Apples reduce cholesterol
Apples contain more fiber than most other carbohydrates (like rice, cereal, potatoes, etc) and apples also contain pectin, both of which have been proven to reduce cholesterol levels, which can help you lower your risk of heart disease.
Apples Help Reduce Blood Pressure
The rich levels of potassium contained in apples helps control sodium levels in your blood, leading to a reduction in blood pressure that can reduce your risk of stroke.
Apples Help Prevent Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia
Like many other fresh fruits and veggies, apples contain anti-oxidants that have been proven to lower the degeneration of brain cells.
Apples Can Lower your Risk of Colon Cancer
After eating an apple, the apple fiber ferments in the colon, which helps keep cancer cells from forming there.
Apples Sooth Inflamed Airways
The phytochemicals and flavonoids in apples have been proven to reduce symptoms in patients with asthma, chronic bronchitis and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), as these components ease airway inflammation.
Apples Slow Skin Aging
Apples contain anti-oxidants that slow the oxidation process in the body. Oxidation is a direct link to skin aging.
In addition to eating your daily apple, our Manhattan cosmetic dentists hope you’re also brushing after each meal and flossing every day!


When are we ever gonna use Math? On placement tests!
First click on this to see what students need to know:
https://accuplacer.collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/accuplacer-sample-questions-for-students.pdf (ACCUPLACER placement test sample questions)
The link above should be required reading (& writing & arithmetic) for all middle and high school students, their teachers, principals and families.
If high schools can share this information and help students ace their placement tests, then students can ace their placement tests, avoid remedial classes and take actual college courses.
Up to 75% of students end up in remediation and more than half the courses offered are at the remedial level.
Credit:Prof Barbara Lawrence Borough of Manhattan Community College (CUNY)
Make sure you know what’s on the placement test and not just Math — Reading and Writing too! This is especially important for community college students as placement tests are administered to all students and 75% are placed into remedial classes aka developmental mathmatics..
CUNY (City University of New York) just switched to the ACCUPLACER placement tests from COMPASS which is being discontinued. Here is a link to an app for practice on this content:
Create an account and practice!!


As the world becomes more interconnected, foreign diplomacy is a vital tool to mitigate challenges between countries and collaborate to solve social, economic, and political issues that millions are facing worldwide. Yet, while Lucile Atcherson was appointed the first woman Diplomatic Officer for the United States in 1923, it still took 50 years for women to make up “less than 10 percent of the diplomatic corps and faced systematic discrimination at the State Department.” Although there has been tremendous international progress for female leadership in public and civil service offices, as of 2015, women comprise 35% of the Foreign Service in the US, including foreign service officers and senior state department specialists. According to the Foreign Service Act (1980), those in the Foreign Service for the United States must be “truly representative of the American people throughout all levels.” Therefore, the question is: Why are women being relegated to the sidelines of critical national security issues when we make up half of the world’s population and are directly impacted by these foreign policies?
According to the American Foreign Service Association (AFSA), the various graduate fellowships, internship programs, and entry-level positions’ diversity levels of women are “encouraging.” However, as Foreign Service officers rise through grade levels, the number of women decreases substantially. The AFSA asserts that the attrition rate for female officers can be affected by factors such as management policies, lack of safe and secure environments, and exclusivity of senior opportunities and promotion biases. Women must be included in the foreign policy initiatives of the United States to demonstrate to other international communities our appreciation of diverse cultures, values, and beliefs. Moreover, women bring a unique viewpoint and positionality to global issues such as education, healthcare, job opportunities, and food access. A society’s investment in women positively impacts communal structures such as improved hygiene, immunization, nutrition, and lower infant and maternal mortality rates.
The Women’s Network (TWN) provides collegiate women with the resources, awareness, and roles to tackle barriers without the workforce and amplify women’s voices. Women make up half of the world’s population, and they equally deserve to be represented in a system of foreign service that reflects the United States on the international stage. Therefore, we must raise awareness on the significant impact women make when given the opportunity to be in leadership positions, such as the Foreign Service.


Simulates a coalescent history for 5 randomly-selected genes from among the 2*Ne genes in a random-mating population of size Ne. The MRCA is shown as a large, red-filled circle (if it is visible), but note that it will not be visible if it occurs at a time deeper than the 50 generations shown.
Use the drop-down control below the plot to change Ne The Refresh button regenerates the entire history (same as refreshing your browser except that Ne does not revert to its default value).
Keys that can be used:
- S Chooses a different random sample of 5 genes
Some experiments to try:
- Refresh 10 times with Ne = 5. How many times out of 10 did the MRCA occur within the 50 generations shown?
- Refresh 10 times with Ne = 15. How many times out of 10 did the MRCA occur within the 50 generations shown? Does the MRCA tend to occur nearer the present (top of the plot) or deeper into the past (bottom of the plot) when Ne is larger?
- Press the S key several times to choose a different sample of genes while keeping the population history the same. Does sampling different genes affect the position of the MRCA? Try the same exercise with several different population histories (hit the Refresh button to obtain a new population history as well as a new random sample of genes).
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. License (CC BY 4.0). To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.


Utricularia inaequalis is a bladderwort endemic to southwest Western Australia. The species is named after the unequally sized lower and upper corolla lips (inaequalis = unequal).
Utricularia inaequalis has a medium-sized purple bloom that usually grows to around 1-2 cm in width. The lower corolla lip is roughly triangular, with a shallowly pointed centre and edges on either side. The palate region is yellow with shallow ridges. The upper corolla lip has two deeply divided lobes in the shape of ‘bunny ears’ and is bent backwards such that it forms an almost horizontal plane. The spur is thrust forwards with a broad, rounded tip.
The species grows terrestrially in loam or clayey sand in shallowly inundated swamp flats. The species blooms as the water recedes as the weather warms up and the plants become exposed the air. It is distributed on the Swan and Scott Coastal Plains and adjacent ranges.
Utricularia inaequalis is similar to U. petertaylorii, U. violacea and U. paulineae. It shares a deeply lobed upper corolla lip with U. petertaylorii but is mainly distinguished by the roughly triangular profile of its lower corolla lip when viewed from above (the profile of U. petertaylorii is roughly semicircular). It is distinguished from U. paulineae by its deeply lobed upper corolla lip (the upper corolla lip is entire). It is much larger than U. violacea growing 1-2 cm in width (U. violacea is usually less than 1 cm).


It is well known that context influences our perception of visual motion direction. For example, spatial and temporal context manipulations can be used to induce two well-known motion illusions: direction repulsion and the direction after-effect (DAE). Both result in inaccurate perception of direction when a moving pattern is either superimposed on (direction repulsion), or presented following adaptation to (DAE), another pattern moving in a different direction. Remarkable similarities in tuning characteristics suggest that common processes underlie the two illusions. What is not clear, however, is whether the processes driving the two illusions are expressions of the same or different neural substrates. Here we report two experiments demonstrating that direction repulsion and the DAE are, in fact, expressions of different neural substrates. Our strategy was to use each of the illusions to create a distorted perceptual representation upon which the mechanisms generating the other illusion could potentially operate. We found that the processes mediating direction repulsion did indeed access the distorted perceptual representation induced by the DAE. Conversely, the DAE was unaffected by direction repulsion. Thus parallels in perceptual phenomenology do not necessarily imply common neural substrates. Our results also demonstrate that the neural processes driving the DAE occur at an earlier stage of motion processing than those underlying direction repulsion.
|Translated title of the contribution||The hierarchy of directional interactions in visual motion processing|
|Pages (from-to)||263 - 268|
|Number of pages||6|
|Journal||Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|
|Publication status||Published - 22 Jan 2009|


Why It Matters
Matilda Evans was an African-American woman physician who attained an uncommon degree of professional and civic success. She established hospitals and a nursing school that both treated and trained African Americans, founded the Negro Health Journal and was elected president of the National Medical Association, an association for black physicians to parallel the white-only American Medical Association (AMA). By 1907 she was secure and confident enough to wield her success on behalf of her protégé, Melissa Thompson, also African American, by recommending her for a scholarship to her alma mater, the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania (WMCP). In calling on WMCP to aid Thompson in her quest for a medical education, Evans advocates for Thompson, for herself, and perhaps most notably, for the African American community, claiming that “I need her...the poor people of her race need her.” In this way Evans elevated a personal recommendation to a call for social justice; a scholarship for Thompson would not only benefit Thompson, but also the larger African-American community.
Analyze this evidence
- Why is Evans writing to Jones? What does this tell you about Evans' status as a doctor?
- Who is Melissa Thompson?
- Why does Evans think Thompson will make a good doctor? Who does Evans say needs Thompson?


Date: February 23, 2022
Time: Noon – 1:00 pm CST
Presenter: Donn Thompson AIA, LEED AP BD+C (Senior Director, Building Innovations at the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association)
Credits: 1 PDH and/or 1 AIA CES LU (AIA Course #MCC022322)
Registration Link: https://cvent.me/rv3ZoQ
Description: Concrete is used in nearly every structure we build today, including buildings, bridges, homes and infrastructure. With greater emphasis placed on sustainability, design professionals are faced with the challenge of meeting traditional design criteria with evolving criteria that support green building and efforts to reduce impact on climate change. Performance-based specifications for concrete represent an important synergy with sustainability initiatives because they provide the opportunity to optimize mixtures for performance that can also reduce environmental impacts. Prescriptive specifications often adversely impact the environmental footprint of concrete structures. This presentation outlines how concrete performance can be improved while lowering environmental footprint by implementing performance-based specifications.
- Understand the difference between performance-based specification and prescriptive specifications.
- Discover how performance-based specifications can improve performance and lower environmental impact of concrete structures.
- Learn how to implement performance-based specifications in projects.
- Demonstrate the importance of balancing structural and architectural performance of concrete with green building strategies.


No. 128; Updated December 2019
Recent advances in blood/tissue testing have made it possible to “map a person’s genes.” Genes are the human body’s blueprint to build cells and organs. Genetic testing allows us to learn how the genes in DNA an individual inherited from their parents might affect their health. Pharmacogenetic (pharmaco- like pharmaceutical and genetic- like genes) testing (also known as pharmacogenomics) refers to testing a person’s genetic make up to see how their body processes different medications. Specifically, pharmacogenetic testing helps us learn how effectively and how quickly a person’s body might process certain medications. To obtain the DNA for testing, the patient’s cheek is swabbed, and the sample is sent to a lab to process the pharmacogenetic information.
Pharmacogenetic testing CAN tell your doctor:
- How quickly your child’s body might process a medication
- How effectively your child’s body might process a medication
Pharmacogenetic testing CANNOT tell your doctor:
- Which medication will work most effectively for your child
- Whether or not a medication will cause side effects
- What side effect a medication might cause for your child
In some cases when patients have tried multiple medications without improvement, a doctor might order pharmacogenetic testing to get more information about a patient’s genetic make-up. The pharmacogenetic test results will be used in combination with information from the patient’s past treatment to make decisions about future medications. Most pharmacogenetic testing has been studied in adults and not children, which your doctor will also need to take into consideration.
Choosing a medication to address your child’s mental health problems is a complex process. A doctor takes into consideration many factors to find the safest and most effective medication. Children often have a difficult time describing side effects while experiencing mental health problems. Simply relying on pharmacogenomic testing to make this decision is misleading – it should not be used in all cases. Working with your provider to sort out the side effects and other risks and benefits of different medications will be likely to be more helpful than pharmacogenetic testing in most cases. Research about pharmacogenetic testing and the value it can give to patient care is still ongoing. Bring any questions you may have to your doctor.


By Laura Vitale, Digital Media Specialist
This week is all about the continuum of learning as students move from motivation to becoming independent, life-long learners. A couple of years ago, we released a white paper on this continuum (see the additional resources below for a link) and today you’ll hear from educators what this means in practice.
These educators show students the purpose of the learning. They help students see how it benefits and is of value to their life. They give students an active role in their own learning by putting them in the driver’s seat. You’ll hear the pride and amazement in their voices when they talk about how far their students can go when they’re not held back.
After listening to these educators, get a student’s perspective by listening to the Student Voices video below. And dig deeper by checking out some of the other resources provided.
Learning Continuum (audio)
Video: Student Voices
Releasing the Potential of Learner Voice and Choice
Learning Independence Continuum
Student Engagement Resource Roundup
Student Motivation: An Overlooked Piece of School Reform
Audio interviews conducted by Ed Janus
Image: (c) Can Stock Photo Inc. / borodaev


Available online: http://preventionweb.net/go/37077Published by: Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), Seeconsult GmBH ; 2013
This series of regional best practice reports presenting best practices in disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation based on the discussions and recommendations of more than 120 experts from around the world involved in the CATALYST Project: Capacity Development for Hazard Risk Reduction and Adaptation". The papers present the best actions needed to build capacity in DRR and adaptation, and to improve early planning of regional strategies against natural hazards.
To avoid the one-size-fits-all approach to disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation, CATALYST's best Practice Papers were specifically tailored on the four most disaster-prone regions of the world – West and East Africa, Central America and the Caribbean, European Mediterranean and South and South-East Asia.
Format: Digital (Free)
Tags: Capacity development ; Disaster Risk Management (DRM) ; Climate change ; Region I - Africa ; Region II - Asia ; Region III - South America ; Region IV - North America, Central America and the Caribbean ; Region VI - Europe Add tag


"Decapoda (Crustacea)" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus,
MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). Descriptors are arranged in a hierarchical structure,
which enables searching at various levels of specificity.
The largest order of CRUSTACEA, comprising over 10,000 species. They are characterized by three pairs of thoracic appendages modified as maxillipeds, and five pairs of thoracic legs. The order includes the familiar shrimps, crayfish (ASTACOIDEA), true crabs (BRACHYURA), and lobsters (NEPHROPIDAE and PALINURIDAE), among others.
- Shrimp, Rock
- Rock Shrimp
- Rock Shrimps
- Shrimps, Rock
Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Decapoda (Crustacea)".
Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more specific than "Decapoda (Crustacea)".
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Decapoda (Crustacea)" by people in this website by year, and whether "Decapoda (Crustacea)" was a major or minor topic of these publications.
To see the data from this visualization as text, click here.
Below are the most recent publications written about "Decapoda (Crustacea)" by people in Profiles.