This week Amber class will be continuing to explore their topic, Amazing Animals. The children are going to be using lots of skills they have learnt from last week to write fantastic non-fiction pieces about polar bears.
In English, they have been using the text, ‘The Odd Egg’ by Emily Gravett to inspire their writing and explore the wonderful world of different types of animals eggs. In this story, the children were introduced to a very determined duck who wanted to have an egg – just like all of his bird friends. Very quickly, Duck solves this problem by finding himself an egg. The children used the animal characters as a stimulus to research, describe and write lots of fascinating facts about these animals and their eggs.
In maths, Amber class have been learning about teen numbers. The children started the week by thinking carefully about how to sequence these numbers when counting backwards and forwards, and then moved onto learning about how these numbers can be shown in different ways. They have also explored finding one more and one less and partitioning numbers into tens and ones.
In topic, the children have continued to do more wonderful learning about animals. They have learnt how to classify animals based on their diets and produced some delightful artwork when designing their own animals. I have been extremely impressed with all of their efforts and the wonderful work they have produced – keep it up superstars!
Here are some brilliant examples of their work.


The bandurria is a plucked string instrument that is similar in design to the mandolin and is commonly used in Spanish, Filipino, and Latin American music. The bandurria has a small, pear-shaped body and a long neck with frets and strings. It is traditionally tuned to a G-C-E-A tuning, with the top four strings being tuned to the same pitch.
The bandurria has a long and rich history, dating back to the Middle Ages in Spain. It was originally used in religious music and was known as the “Spanish mandolin.” The bandurria’s popularity began to decline in the 18th century, but it was later revived in the 19th century by Spanish composer Manuel de Falla, who incorporated it into his compositions.
The bandurria is played by plucking the strings with the fingers or a plectrum. It is a versatile instrument and can be played in a variety of styles, including folk, classical, and popular music. The traditional style of playing is called “tanguillo,” which is characterized by its fast, intricate fingerpicking and use of tremolo.
In recent years, the bandurria has seen a resurgence in popularity in Spain and Latin America. It is now being played in a variety of genres, including flamenco, folk, and popular music. In the Philippines, it is used in traditional music like in the “Kundiman” and “Kakilingan” music.
The bandurria is not as popular as other plucked string instruments like the guitar or mandolin, but it is a unique and versatile instrument that is worth exploring. It has a bright, crisp sound that is perfect for adding a touch of Spanish or Latin American flavor to any musical ensemble.
Overall, the bandurria is a fascinating instrument with a rich history and culture. It is a unique sound and an authentic way to enjoy Spanish and Latin-American music. With its versatile and unique sound, it is a great addition to any musician’s repertoire and is worth exploring for anyone interested in learning a new instrument.


Pinus sabiniana seed
Sabine pine, or Sabine Pine, or gray Pine (lat. Pínus sabiniána is an endemic species of the Pine genus of the Pinaceae Family, native to California.
The scientific name is in honor of Edward Sabin (1788-1883), Anglo-Irish botanist. Originally written sabiniana, which is incorrect in Latin (correctly Sabinius), and recently[when?] has been corrected to sabineana. However, the revised spelling has not yet been adopted for General use, and the spelling sabiniana is still more common.
Usually grows to 12-15 m, but can reach a height of 35 m.
Pine needles Sabina rare and drooping, grows in separate bundles of three needles, pale gray-green, up to 20-30 cm in length.
Cones are large and heavy, 12-35 cm long. Male cones grow at the base of the shoots on the lower branches.
Sabina pine grows at an altitude of 1200 meters above sea level, statewide in the foothills of the California valley, except for the southernmost and Eastern counties South of lake Tahoe, on rocky soil in dry conditions, in communities with Douglas oak (Quercus douglasii), forming the upper tier of mixed forests.
Pine needles Sabina-the only known food caterpillars moth species Sabinianus chionodes family Gelechiidae.
Next： Pinus lambertiana seed


Eolian processes associated with saline lakes are shown to be important in determining solute concentration in groundwater in arid and semiarid areas. Steady state mass balance analyses of chloride in the groundwater at Double Lakes, a saline lake basin in the southern High Plains of Texas, United States, suggest that approximately 4.5 × 105 kg of chloride is removed from the relatively small (4.7 km2) basin floor each year by deflation. This mass enters the groundwater down the wind gradient from the lake, degrading the water quality. The estimates of mass transport were independently determined by evaluation of solutes in the unsaturated zone and by solute mass balance calculations of groundwater flux. Transport of salts from the lake was confirmed over a short term (2 years) by strategically placed dust collectors. Results consistent with those at Double Lake were obtained from dune surfaces collected upwind and downwind from a sabkha near the city of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. The eolian transport process provides an explanation of the degraded groundwater quality associated with the 30–40 saline lake basins on the southern half of the southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico and in many other arid and semiarid areas.
|Title||Eolian transport, saline lake basins, and groundwater solutes|
|Authors||Warren W. Wood, Ward E. Sanford|
|Publication Subtype||Journal Article|
|Series Title||Water Resources Research|
|Record Source||USGS Publications Warehouse|
|USGS Organization||Toxic Substances Hydrology Program|


n. A waterspout that forms between the surface of a lake and a snow squall; a tornado that forms over a snow-covered area.
Originating over Lake Ontario, the storm was wreaking havoc on the Tug Hill Plateau, a region in upstate New York. Over the water, the storm formed a number of snownadoes—whitish columns of swirling air stretched between the lake’s surface and the sky. When the storm reached land, it dropped three to four feet of snow on the Tug Hill.
Winter waterspouts (aka "snownados") are pretty uncommon, requiring a very specific set of meteorological conditions to form. Footage of the spiraling slush-columns is rarer, still (as in, there are six photos of them in existence) — a fact we like to think makes this snownado-video worth 90 seconds of your time.
RE your other email about snownadoes — the recent documentary (Storm Force) had footage of a tornado on the ground while there was snow on the ground.
A snownado also goes by the less-fun names winter waterspout, icespout, and snowspout, as well as the almost-as-fun names snow devil and ice devil.


Mosquitoes are a huge problem in Florida. Besides interrupting BBQ’s and outdoor parties, these flying bloodsuckers can also spread potentially deadly diseases. Considering the threat posed by mosquitoes, it’s not unusual for people to have lots of questions about the dangers of mosquitoes and how to control these pests. If you don’t see an answer to your question below, contact a mosquito control company in Miami today.
Why do Mosquitoes Bite?
Adult female mosquitoes bite to obtain a blood meal which provides them with the necessary nutrition to produce eggs. When a mosquito bites, she injects saliva containing anticoagulants and other substances into the wound to ensure a continuous flow of blood. The welt that occurs is the body’s allergic reaction to the substances found in the mosquito’s saliva.
When are Mosquitoes Most Active?
Different types of mosquitoes have different daily cycles of activity. In general, there are usually one or two periods of flight per day, which can occur during the day, at night, or at dawn and dusk. In other words, mosquitoes can be active all day. Fortunately, a mosquito misting system can provide an invisible mosquito barrier 24/7.
How do Mosquito Misting Systems Work?
Speaking of mosquito misting systems, you may be wondering how they work. The mosquito misting system by Platinum Mosquito Protection uses insecticides that blend natural Pyrethrum and Permethrin to knockdown, kill, and repel mosquitoes around your home or business. Both are also biodegradable, meaning they provide a broad spectrum of insect control and have low toxicity to humans and pets.
Call Platinum Mosquito Protection to learn about our mosquito control solutions. Visit our website to find out how our mosquito misting systems work, or call us at 954-888-9311 to schedule your free on-site consultation in Boca Rota, Coral Gables, Pinecrest, and the surrounding areas.


Scientific Name: Acrocephalus bistrigiceps
Malay Name: Cekup-Paya Kecil Biasa
Chinese Name: 黑眉苇莺
Range: Found from Siberia, Mongolia, northern China, northern Japan to North Korea and winters to the Indian subcontinent, southern China, Indochina, the Thai-Malay Peninsula and Sumatra
Size: 13.5-14 cm
Identification: Adult has long broad pale buff supercilium bordered above by prominent black lateral crown-stripe, warm olive-brown upperparts with slightly more rufescent rump and whitish underparts with warm buff breast-sides and flanks.
Similar looking species: Booted Warbler
Habitat: Reedbed and grassland near water.
Behaviour/Ecology: Skulks in reedbeeds and tall dense waterside vegetation.
Local Status: Uncommon migrant
Conservation Status: Least Concern (BirdLife International 2017)
Location: Kranji Marsh, Sengkang Riverside Park, Lorong Halus, Punggol Barat, Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve, Jurong Eco Garden and Chinese/Japanese Gardens.
Conservation Status: IUCN Red List Page
Sound Recordings: xeno-canto Link
Wikipedia Entry: Wikipedia Link
eBird Species page: eBird (Black-browed Reed Warbler)
BirdLife International. (2017). Acrocephalus bistrigiceps. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22714709A111077307.en. Accessed on 1 January 2023
Jeyarajasingam, A., & Pearson, A. (2012). A Field Guide to the Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Oxford University Press.
Robson, C. (2014). Field guide to the birds of South-East Asia (Second Edition). Bloomsbury Publishing, London.
Singapore Birds Project. (n.d.). Black-browed Reed Warbler. Retrieved on May 29, 2023 from https://singaporebirds.com/species/black-browed-reed-warbler.


Unembedded definite descriptions and relevance
Keywords:Teoría de la relevancia, Lógica proposicional, Forma lógica, Descripción definida, Pragmática
AbstractDefinite descriptions (e.g. 'The king of France in 1997', 'The teacher of Aristotle') do not stand for particulars. Or so I will assume. The semantic alternative has seemed to be that descriptions only have meaning within sentences: i.e., that their semantic contribution is given syncategorimatically. This doesn't seem right, however, because descriptions can be used and understood outside the context of any sentence. Nor is this use simply a matter of "ellipsis." Since descriptions do not denote particulars, but seem to have a meaning in isolation, I propose that they be assigned generalized quantifiers as denotations — i.e. a kind of function, from sets/properties to propositions. I then defend the pragmatic plausibility of this proposal, using Relevance Theory. Specifically, I argue that, even taken as standing for generalized quantifiers, descriptions could still be used and understood in interpersonal communication.
Download data is not yet available.
How to Cite
Stainton, Robert. 1998. “Unembedded Definite Descriptions and Relevance”. Alicante Journal of English Studies / Revista Alicantina De Estudios Ingleses, no. 11 (November):231-39. https://doi.org/10.14198/raei.1998.11.17.
Copyright (c) 1998 Robert Stainton
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.


The World Mosquito Program in Sri Lanka is part of a global, not-for-profit initiative that is working to protect local communities from mosquito-borne diseases.
In Sri Lanka, dengue is an increasing health concern, along with other mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika and chikungunya. The World Health Organization reported that in 2017, dengue cases were more than triple the average for the same period between 2010 and 2016, with 34,274 dengue cases in Colombo and 186,101 across Sri Lanka.
(Data updated June 2022)
In July 2017, the World Mosquito Program established a research partnership with the Sri Lankan Ministry of Health and Indigenous Medical Services through the National Dengue Control Unit to examine new, more effective ways to protect communities from mosquito-borne diseases.
Supported by the Australian Government, the primary goal of this project is to pilot the implementation of our Wolbachia method in Sri Lanka. If successful, it could serve as a model for future large-scale implementation as a low-cost and self-sustaining method for the prevention of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever.
Our Wolbachia method is not an emergency measure, but rather a long-term, self-sustaining solution to reducing mosquito-borne diseases. It is compatible with other methods such as insecticides and vaccines.
Since 2011, we have been conducting field trials using our Wolbachia method around the world. Long-term monitoring shows that Wolbachia is self-sustaining at high levels in the majority of our international project sites up to eight years after release. In areas where high levels of Wolbachia are present, we have not seen any dengue outbreaks.
Our project in Sri Lanka is being established in the Colombo area, with the first mosquito releases having taken place in 2020.


An umbilical catheter is a long, soft plastic tube (usually made of silicone) that is placed in the umbilical cord either through the umbilical artery or umbilical vein to allow IV fluids and medications to be given over an extended period of time.
Review Date: 5/6/2016
Reviewed By: Scott I Aydin, MD, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
A.D.A.M. content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.
Content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.


A swarm of bees is being blamed for attacking and killing dozens of endangered African penguins in a national park in South Africa.
The South African National Parks service said 63 of the penguins were found dead Sept. 17 inside the Boulders African penguin colony in Simonstown.
The deaths occurred suddenly between Thursday afternoon and Friday morning of last week as experts from SANParks, Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds and others were called in to investigate what happened.
“No external physical injuries were observed on any of the birds,” Table Mountain National Park explained in Facebook post. “The post-mortems revealed that all the penguins had multiple bee stings, and many dead bees were found at the site where the birds had died.”
All of it suggests a swarm of Cape honey bees stung and killed the penguins. Another dead penguin with multiple bee stings was later found on Fish Hoek beach.
“We are grateful to all our conservation partners, especially SANCCOB and the City of Cape Town, for assisting us in investigating this unusual event,” Dr Alison Kock, a marine biologist with SANParks. “No more dead African penguins were found on site … and we will continue to monitor the situation.”
Experts are still looking at other potential causes and are waiting for toxicology results.
The World Conservation Union lists the African penguin as an endangered species with a last count of 41,700 mature individuals left in the world.
The colony at Boulders Beach is one of the few left anywhere.
About a decade ago, there were perhaps 2,100 penguins living there. But its population is on the decline and mirrors what’s going on with the species elsewhere.
The birds are threatened by pollution, habitat destruction, overfishing and irresponsible tourism, according to SANParks.


How many light-minute in 1 roede? The answer is 5.5594015866359E-10. We assume you are converting between light minute and roede. You can view more details on each measurement unit: light-minute or roede The SI base unit for length is the metre. 1 metre is equal to 5.5594015866359E-11 light-minute, or 0.1 roede. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Use this page to learn how to convert between light minutes and roede. Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!
1 light-minute to roede = 1798754748 roede
2 light-minute to roede = 3597509496 roede
3 light-minute to roede = 5396264244 roede
4 light-minute to roede = 7195018992 roede
5 light-minute to roede = 8993773740 roede
6 light-minute to roede = 10792528488 roede
7 light-minute to roede = 12591283236 roede
8 light-minute to roede = 14390037984 roede
9 light-minute to roede = 16188792732 roede
10 light-minute to roede = 17987547480 roede
You can do the reverse unit conversion from roede to light-minute, or enter any two units below:
A light-minute (also written light minute) is a unit of length. It is defined as the distance light travels in an absolute vacuum in one minute or 17,987,547,480 metres (~18 Gm). Note that this value is exact, since the metre is actually defined in terms of the light-second.
ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more!


Water You Doing?
What you put down the drain can cause big problems for your community's wastewater system!
Keep these things out of your drains to reduce clogs, lower costs, minimize the need for repairs, and protect the environment:
- fat, oil, and grease
- nonflushable paper
- nonflushable feminine hygiene products
- nonflushable baby wipes
- nonflushable household wipes
Negative effects on wastewater systems of nonacceptable items being put down the drain include these:
- time and effort for repairs
- payroll costs for labor
- impact of wastewater on the environment
Wastewater system estimated repair time: 8.1 hours per week.
Wastewater system operators spend an estimated 20 percent of their time working on repairs and maintenance resulting from nonacceptable items being put down the drain.
Publication 3020 (POD-03-17)
By Jason Barrett, PhD, Associate Extension Professor, Water Resources Research Institute. Adapted for Mississippi from From Toilet to Wastewater Treatment infographic, INDNMaine Waste Water Control Association/Water Environment Federation/Portland Water District Collection Study at Westbrook Pumping Station, Maine.
Data was gathered from surveys of certified wastewater operators in Mississippi in 2016.
The Mississippi State University Extension Service is working to ensure all web content is accessible to all users. If you need assistance accessing any of our content, please email the webteam or call 662-325-2262.


Week 21: January 25 - 29
Periods 3, 6, 7 and 8
This week we'll be continuing our unit on "Who Freed the Slaves?" and by focusing on the crucial period of the Civil War. We'll start with a close reading of the Emancipation Proclamation, watch a documentary about Lincoln and the Abolitionists, and finally jigsaw various readings from different historians on different actors during the war. You'll have three assignments detailed further in Google Classroom:
1) Emancipation Proclamation Questions
2) Edpuzzle: PBS - The Abolitionists
3) Civil War Jigsaw
Periods 2a and 2b
We'll finish up our discussion of "Who Led to the Civil War?" by looking at an article by Michael Woods on Lincoln and the Republican Party and reading some of Lincoln's words to better understand his position leading up to the Civil War. Finally, we'll begin writing a half-essay on the question "Who led to the Civil War?" - the first of the two smaller questions that will help us answer "Who Freed the Slaves?" You'll need a claim, reasoning, at least four pieces of evidence, and analysis.More details and resources for the half-essay are provided in Google Classroom.


According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 100 million U.S. adults are living with diabetes or prediabetes (a condition that can lead to type 2 diabetes if not treated). Diabetes can often be managed through physical activity, diet, and medications to control blood sugar levels, but many of those with diabetes are undiagnosed, and nearly nine out of ten people with prediabetes aren’t aware they have it. Now a new study indicates that heart rate sensors on smart watches — when paired with an artificial intelligence-based algorithm — can identify early signs of diabetes.
According to a recent interview with health startup Cardiogram co-founders Johnson Hsieh and Brandon Ballinger, Cardiogram and University of California San Francisco (UCSF) researchers found that typical heart rate sensors like those in the Apple Watch, Android Wear, Garmin, or Fitbits, can detect early signs of diabetes. The research study recruited 14,011 users of Cardiogram for Apple Watch and Android Wear to participate in the UCSF Health eHeart Study. 33,628 person-weeks of health sensor data was used to train a deep neural network by presenting it with samples from people with and without diabetes, as well as other health conditions. Hsieh and Ballinger say researchers were able to validate the accuracy of the deep neural network, known as DeepHeart, in “distinguishing between people with and without diabetes, achieving 85% accuracy on a large data set which included 200 million heart rate and step count measurements.” As Hsieh pointed out, because the heart is connected with the pancreas via the autonomic nervous system, when people develop the early stages of diabetes, their pattern of heart rate variability shifts, which the Cardiogram app detects.
Hsieh and Ballinger say this is first large-scale study showing that ordinary heart rate sensors paired with an artificial intelligence-based algorithm can identify factors that signal diabetes. Detecting diabetes early can help people live longer, healthier lives, and alleviate the financial burden of treating the disease. Cardiogram is currently compatible with Apple Watch and any Android Wear watch with a heart rate sensor. The app can be downloaded from the Apple App store or Google Play.


Truck freight transportation is a massive producer of greenhouse gas. And, according to Flock Freight CEO, Oren Zaslansky, 50% of freight truck trailers often aren't even close to full. But what if freight could rideshare? Zaslansky breaks down how Flock Freight is algorithmically carpooling truckload freight and optimizing routes to decrease carbon emissions by up to 40%. These efficiencies are creating a new standard of service for shippers while increasing revenue for carriers. "We burn the same amount of fuel, the same amount of diesel, create the same amount of greenhouse gas to run a truck half full as we do completely full,” says Zanslansky. “We’re addressing that.”
In The Green: The Business of Climate Action showcases steps Climate Pledge signatories are taking to transform business and industry on their path to net zero by 2040—or sooner!—while inspiring companies from all sectors and regions to set their own net zero ambition.
This is the fourth episode of a videos series collaboration between The Climate Pledge and TED Countdown.
TED Countdown is a global initiative powered by TED and Future Stewards to champion and accelerate solutions to the climate crisis. Countdown combines TED’s signature blend of actionable and research-backed ideas, cutting-edge science, and moments of wonder and inspiration to mobilize millions to halve greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 in the race to a zero-carbon world.


Regular Phonics Keep Up and intervention groups are timetabled to aid children to practice sounds and blending. These include multi-sensory approaches and lots of repetition and review of phonics taught in class. In some instances, children who have not passed the phonics screening test by the end of key stage one (Year Two) will continue to benefit from direct phonics teaching by joining phonics groups at the appropriate level in key stage one but will more usually work in small phonics/spelling groups to revisit phase 2-5 phonics progression as necessary, following an assessment to find out any GPCs the children are not secure in.
Some key stage two pupils are directed to choose a phased reading book alongside their library book, if they are working below age related expectations or need further practice of fluency development. In Lower Key Stage Two, children who are working below age related expectations in reading access regular small group interventions in phonics/decoding and fluency/reading development, in place of whole class spelling and whole class reading teaching.
We also use Accelerated Reader (AR) - this includes a ‘Star Reader’ assessment (to assess fluency regularly) and directs children to select books within a particular range in order to help progress their reading development at a rate that suits them.
At Coltishall we are supported in our efforts to teach reading. We have parent volunteers who have been trained to do two things. Firstly, they know how to listen to children read and secondly, they know how to read to children who aren't read to regularly at home. They come into school and work with the same children every week, for a term or longer. The training they have received enables them to encourage fluency development, to deploy the VIPERS techniques and to know about our Little Wandle Letters and Sounds phonics programme. Teachers identify pupils who need to be read to and ensure too, that all children are heard regularly.


ANSI Z535.4-2011 (R2017) – Product Safety Signs and Labels, Includes Errata
American National Standards Institute
PDF (Portable Document Format)
The design of safety signs for products has been influenced for many years by standards originally developed for accident prevention signs to be used in the general environment. As product safety signs evolved, some basic differences developed between their characteristics and those of environmental safety signs: Environmental safety signs are usually larger, observed at longer distances, and frequently contain lesser amounts of information for visual clarity at a distance. Product safety signs are likely to contain more information within a smaller format, are usually observed at closer distances, and must physically and visually integrate with a wide range of product size, shape, and color characteristics. Attempts by product manufacturers to address these variable characteristics have produced numerous approaches to the graphic treatment of such signs.
This standard sets forth a hazard communication system developed specifically for product safety signs and labels. It consolidates a number of previous graphic approaches into a common design direction carefully selected to present product hazard information in an orderly and visually consistent manner for effective communication.
The ANSI Z535.4 standard developed for Product Safety Signs and Labels complements the ANSI Z535.2 standard developed for Environmental and Facility Safety Signs. These standards are similar in many respects. However, they each address different physical and visual requirements as noted above. As a result, the Accredited Standards Committee Z535 has recognized and affirmed the need for these two separate standards.
ANSI Z535.4-2011 (R2017) sets forth performance requirements for the design, application, use, and placement of safety signs and labels intended to identify potential hazards for persons using, operating, servicing, or in proximity to, a wide variety of products.


Crochet 3D Stitch – Free Tutorial
3D Crochet Stitches: An Introduction
Crochet is a popular form of needlework that involves interlocking loops of yarn or thread to create fabric. The art of crochet has been around for centuries and has evolved to include a variety of stitches and techniques. One of these techniques is 3D crochet, which involves creating texture and depth in your crochet projects. In this article, we’ll discuss what 3D crochet is, how it’s done, and some of the most popular 3D crochet stitches.
What is 3D Crochet?
3D crochet is a technique that involves working stitches in a way that creates depth and texture in your projects. This can be accomplished through the use of a combination of different stitch patterns and techniques, such as increasing and decreasing, post stitches, and working in the round. The result is a project that has a three-dimensional appearance and can be used to create a variety of items, such as baskets, coasters, and even toys.
How is 3D Crochet Done?
The key to creating 3D crochet is in the way that you work the stitches. In order to create the illusion of depth, you’ll need to work a combination of stitches that create height, such as post stitches, and stitches that create volume, such as increases and decreases. You can also work in the round to create a spiral effect that adds to the 3D appearance of your project.
One of the best ways to learn how to create 3D crochet is to practice working different stitches and techniques. You can start with simple stitch patterns and work your way up to more complex designs. You can also try different types of yarn and hooks to see how they affect the appearance of your project.


Restoring The Orchard at the New England Botanic Garden at Tower Hill
In the 1930s, agriculture was saying goodbye to small scale and diversity, and large commercial orchards were replacing the orchards of the past. Traditional varieties were discarded in favor of Macs and Cortlands, Red Delicious, and a few other modern apples. Old orchards were cut down, the wood burned and stumps grubbed out. One of those delegated to rid central Massachusetts of its old orchards was Stearns Lothrop Davenport (1887-1973). Davy, as he was called (rhymes with savvy not gravy), realized that although he may be cleansing the landscape of old diseased trees, he was also killing off treasured varieties that had been nurtured for generations. As he located old varieties, he collected scionwood and grafted it to rootstock at his Creeper Hill Experimental Orchard.
Over the next few decades, in collaboration with the Worcester Horticultural Society and Old Sturbridge Village, he and others created a collection of 119 historic apples. That collection wound up at the New England Botanic Garden at Tower Hill in Boylston, MA. Each fall they held an apple festival and each winter they sold scionwood throughout the country. Many varieties were saved that would surely be extinct. What began as one person’s effort to save local apple genetic heritage became an inspiration to collectors around the world.
As the orchard grew old, the trees began to suffer from fireblight and other challenges. They had been grafted onto dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks, which are not long-lived. It looked as though the orchard and many classic apple varieties would be lost so Fedco and Tower Hill began collaborating to restore the collection. In January 2019, we cut scionwood from every tree, and our growers grafted the entire collection. The old trees were then cut down, and Fedco is now the keeper of this legacy. The following spring, we sent grafted trees of 119 varieties from central Maine to Boylston on a truck. A new orchard has been planted, the collection has been restored, and the varieties will live on for many generations.


The sound your vehicle's engine makes could reflect its health. A growl can be awesome, especially if you have a high-performance car.
However, if your family SUV roars like a Dodge Challenger, then it can be a different story. This is why it's important to listen to your engine regularly.
Get to know your car
Listening regularly will help you gain a familiarity with your vehicle. It will also help you identify changes that might occur, which, if caught early enough, could prevent larger issues from happening.
For the engine, you'll want to conduct several tests.
Start your engines
The first is to see how your vehicle sounds when you turn the ignition key. The best way to do this is to have the hood open while someone else starts the vehicle so you can be close by to inspect sounds.
If you notice a high-pitch whining, clicking noise, or something else that might seem off, it's a good idea to take your vehicle in for an inspection.
Conduct a quiet drive
After starting the vehicle, shut the hood and take it for a quiet spin.
During the trip, you'll want to pay close attention to how the engine sounds when accelerating, idling, and shutting off.
Red flag noises
When driving, here are some of the noises, smells, and behaviors that could signify your car has problems:
- The engine jerks: This could be many different issues from worn spark plugs to a clogged fuel filter. If you notice your engine stutters during drives, you'll want to take it into a reputable shop.
- Popping: This could indicate detonation, which occurs when gasoline ignites early in the combustion chamber of the engine's cylinders.
- Burning smell: A burning smell could signify there's a leak under the hood (oil or coolant.)
By listening to your car's engine regularly, it can help you determine when things change. And if you do notice changes in noise, performance, or smell, it's a good idea to have your car inspected as soon as you can.
Read More: Customize or Stock? What's the Best Way to Appreciate a Car?
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Covenant Relationship with God
Exodus Study (pt. 25)
Today's lesson examines the concept of an ancient Near Eastern Covenant. In Biblical times covenants were everywhere.
God uses the idea of a covenant to help the Israelites understand the type of God he is and the nature of the relationship they are entering.
Simply put, God is a god who covenants and wants to covenant with us.
But what does that mean? What is the nature of an ancient Covenant that can help us understand our relationship with God?
To begin, our Bible is comprised of a series of covenants. From Adam to Noah, Abraham to Moses, to David, and finally, the latest covenant through Jesus.
Even though we refer to the two sections of the Bible as "Testaments," they are, in fact, Covenants - the Old Covenant (Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David) and the New Covenant (Jesus).
When we understand the nature of a covenant relationship and the significance of Jesus' death, we begin to see deeper into our amazing relationship with God.
This week's lesson has two handouts! Be sure to download both!
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Scott Broberg - I have a Masters of Divinity (MDiv) from Bethel Seminary - San Diego - Biblical Studies with and emphasis on the Old Testament.
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Artists of Saint Vincent / 19th c.
Having received significant financial support from King Ludwig I of Bavaria, Saint Vincent was initially envisioned as a German colony. To effectively establish a Benedictine presence in the United States, Boniface Wimmer employed the power of art to solidify a communal identity firmly rooted in Bavarian precedents. Wimmer’s deliberate encouragement of artists can be traced to the wisdom Saint Benedict, who outlines in the fifty-seventh chapter of The Rule: If there are artisans in the monastery, they are to practice their craft with all humility, but only with the abbot’s permission (RSB 57.1) His primary motivation for collecting works of art was to inspire artistic production among the members of his community and the students entrusted to their care. A trans-national exchange between Germany and the United States was facilitated in part through Saint Vincent’s artists who transported subjects and artistic techniques familiar to recently established immigrant enclaves.
Under the leadership of Br. Cosmas Wolf, O.S.B., Saint Vincent instituted the Covington Altar Building Stock Company as an entrepreneurial venture. In association with artists and craftsmen that included Wilhelm Lamprecht, Johann Schmidt, and a young Frank Duveneck, the Company and later the Studio for Christian Art founded by Bonaventure Ostendarp, furnished churches throughout the American Midwest and Mid-Atlantic, effectively infusing a decidedly German aesthetic into the American landscape. Their collective artistic output had an indelible impact on American Catholic attitudes regarding ecclesiastical art and architecture for generations. By the beginning of the 20th century, Saint Vincent had founded ten monasteries in eight states thereby further disseminating the historical styles and building methods preferred by Boniface Wimmer.


Lapland (northern: Sápmi, Lulei: Sábme, southern: Saemie) is a cultural region that has traditionally been a settlement of the Sámi. It is located in northern Europe, in the northern part of Scandinavia, and covers four countries – Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, cross-border cooperation became increasingly important, and the importance of existing county and country borders declined for both the Sámi and the majority non-Sami populations. The most populous groups in the area are Russians and Norwegians, while Sámi make up only 5% of the population. There is no political force for independence, but more groups want more territorial autonomy or stronger self-government for the region’s indigenous population
Why is Lapland famous?
It is home to Sweden’s most northern town (Kiruna), highest mountain (Kebnekaise) and deepest lake (Hornavan). Reindeer, fish and game meats are staple foods. However, did you know that Lapland is famous for its cheese?
Stay in Ice Igloos in Finnish Lapland
Always looking for new skies, Goway Travel is inviting Globetrotters to sleep under the Northern Lights, adding Finnish Lapland to its ever expanding portfolio of destinations.
Kakslauttanen Arctic Resort is the world’s leading premium Arctic resort, located 250 kilometers / 150 miles north of the Arctic Circle in Finnish Lapland, a sparsely populated region in Finland which borders Sweden, Norway, Russia, and the Baltic Sea. On offer are four seasons of incredible arctic wilderness beauty, enjoyed in high-quality facilities. The resort is world-famous for its glass igloos and Arctic art – all designed to showcase the Northern Lights in winter, and make the most of the midnight sun in summer.


Turning the Tide in New Guinea Attacking at treetop level, Allied aircrews withstood deadly ground fire to strafe Japanese airfields and shipping. Adding to devastation inflicted by their machine guns, the low-flying attackers destroyed Japanese aircraft on the ground with 23-pound fragmentation bombs. At the suggestion of General Kenney, small parachutes attached to these "parafrag" bombs slowed them enough for the attacker to escape the hail of shrapnel that destroyed the airplanes on the ground. Delayed action bombs left huge craters in the runway and prevented Japanese aircraft from taking off or landing. Through this tough war of aerial attrition, Kenney's fliers rendered the Japanese naval and air forces at Rabaul impotent. Kenney's forces also cut off the Japanese supply lines through aerial interdiction. Complementing the attacks on Japanese port facilities and oil refineries with B-17 and B-24 bombers, the Allied fighters and bombers attacked ships from low altitude. The B-25s, some armed with 75mm cannons in the nose, and other aircraft employed the technique known as "skip bombing" played havoc with the enemy's ability to conduct offensive operations. During the Battle of the Bismarck Sea in March 1943, Allied airmen destroyed a large Japanese convoy transporting troops and supplies from Rabaul to New Guinea. At least 3,000 Japanese troops died when Allied aircrews sank 12 of the 16 ships in the convoy and effectively ended any Japanese hopes of conquering New Guinea. Despite suffering miserable conditions, inadequate supplies and a determined enemy, Kenney's airmen made it possible for General MacArthur's ground forces to drive the Japanese out of New Guinea. Furthermore, these airmen altered the military strategy in the Southwest Pacific. With their naval and air forces destroyed, the Japanese ground troops at Rabaul no longer posed a threat, and General MacArthur bypassed them in what became known as island hopping. This strategy, which relied heavily upon the success of air power, hastened the Allied advance toward the Philippines and the Japanese mainland with much fewer casualties. Click here to return to the World War II Gallery. Find Out More Related Fact Sheets Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress Consolidated B-24D Liberator North American B-25B Mitchell Island Hopping Note: The appearance of hyperlinks does not constitute endorsement by the National Museum of the USAF, the U.S. Air Force, or the Department of Defense, of the external website, or the information, products or services contained therein.


Green Schools Campaign
The Green Schools Campaign is an exciting hands-on programme, open to all schools in Mumbai, that educates children on their responsibility towards the environment and also offers them the opportunity to actually be involved in relevant environmental projects! This Campaign took off in 2010 with 12 participating schools and that number has now grown to over 50 schools!
The theme for the Fourteenth Edition (2023-2024) of the Campaign is 'Saving Blue'
Saving Blue simply means protecting and conserving our liquid gold i.e., water, by raising awareness about water-related issues faced in Mumbai, and promoting water conservation and management. In 2019, Mumbai city adopted the Mumbai Climate Action Plan (MCAP), which aims to highlight demographic data, define socio-economic and ecological features of the city, create a ‘climate profile’ by setting tangible emission reduction goals and developing action and implementation strategies. These may be achieved, by conducting an in-depth sector analysis across six key areas. Last year we focused on Sustainable Waste Management, and Urban Greening and Biodiversity. This year, we will focus on Urban Flooding and Water Resource Management. Hence, throughout this academic year, we will assist the students in:
The Story of Water: Introduction to MCAP, basics of water as a resource and sources of water.
Diving in the Big Blues: Explore the marine and freshwater biomes, water-related natural disasters, and other issues surrounding water.
A Fresh Start: Exploring and learning to adopt nature-based solutions for water conservation and flood-risk management.
To register your school using the green registration form button provided above!
Greener People Greener World
The campaign themes so far
2023-2024: Saving Blue
2022-2023: Natural Re-sort
2021-2022: Ecosystem Restoration
2020-2021: Sustainability & Me
2019-2020: Breathe Free
2018-2019: Not In My Ocean
2017-2018: Go Trash-less!
2016-2017: Jal Ka Jhol
2015-2016: Fauna Watch
2014-2015: Tree Rangers
2013-2014: Green Alternatives
2012-2013: Urban Biodiversity
2011-2012: Green Efficiency
2010-2011: Going Green
If your school is interested in joining the Green Schools Campaign, please write to us at firstname.lastname@example.org


Prior to the Civil War, Jefferson Davis was a renowned statesman, both as secretary of war and as a senator in the United States Congress. Though he argued against secession, he supported the southern states right to secede. At the culmination of the Secession Crisis, he resigned from the Senate and was elected president of the Confederate States of America.
Jefferson Davis, first president of the new Southern Confederacy, photographed by Matthew Brady
Jefferson Davis sits to the left of the table surrounded by his Cabinet.
Jefferson Davis' zeal propelled the southern cause forward, raising an army that proved quite formidable even though they lacked materials and supplies. However, he was not an effective president because he was unable to get financial and economic support from foreign governments. Also, Davis was also unable to resolve internal political conflicts between the southern states or find a successful battle strategy against the better-equipped North.
The newly formed Confederate States of America tried quickly to get their currency in use to finance their war effort. Coins were minimal because the metal was needed for guns and ammunition, so paper currency was inaugurated. As the Confederates needed more money, they printed more, flooding the market and causing inflation. Also, extra money was printed and distributed by counterfeiters in the North in order to weaken the southern economy. Eventually, the money was worthless, and certainly the government was not around in 1868 when the interest was due to be paid.
After the war, he was captured and imprisoned. Accounts of his capture indicate Davis was disguised with an apron and bonnet to evade capture, he did not run away as the Currier and Ives cartoon suggests fully dressed as a woman. The Jefferson Davis monument marks the capture spot in Irwinville, Georgia. He was released, however, when sympathetic northerners led by newspaper publisher Horace Greeley paid his bond.
The Federal Government eventually dropped his case, and Davis, though previously idealistic and defiant to the Union, encouraged reconciliation between the North and South. Over time his passion and boldness have made him a hero to many southerners.
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Arduino I2C Interface
I2C, or Inter-Integrated Circuit, is a chip-to-chip protocol for communicating with low-speed peripherals. MATLAB® Support Package for Arduino® Hardware includes the I2C library, which creates an interface to communicate with I2C devices. Each Arduino board has specific pins for the I2C interface. Refer to your hardware specifications to locate the correct pins.
You can use I2C devices in many applications, including:
FM radio circuits
To create a custom I2C code, see Create Custom Arduino Add-On Library
Arduino devices have one or two I2C buses. Each bus has an I2C Central connected to two bidirectional lines, serial data line (SDA) and serial clock (SCL). These two lines are connected to a pair of pins on the hardware. You can connect multiple I2C devices, such as ADCs, LCDs, and sensors, to the I2C pins on the Arduino hardware. Each I2C device on an I2C bus must have a unique address. Most devices have a default address assigned by the manufacturer. If the address is not unique, refer to the device data sheet and reconfigure the address. Often, you can reconfigure the address using a pair of jumpers on the device. MATLAB Support Package for Arduino Hardware supports only 7-bit addressing.
For more information on Arduino I2C devices see https://arduino.cc/en/reference/wire


Jensen's Grammar Bundle
For Grade Level 9-12
Equip your high school student with the tools they need to master the fundamentals of grammar and writing sentences with Jensen’s Grammar. A must for all high school students, particularly college-bound.
(DVD) Jensen's Grammar:
Inspire Confident Communication
Jensen’s Grammar equips your student to communicate clearly, concisely, and confidently in high school and beyond! This comprehensive grammar course will guide students through the correct usage of nouns, verbs, pronouns, prepositions, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, gerunds, participles, and more through simple lessons and spaced repetition.
Jensen’s incremental approach to grammar ensures your student masters each topic and learns how to apply proper grammar in any type of communication!
In Grammar students will learn:
- How to create, place, and punctuate relative clauses in order to write more sophisticated sentences
- The secret of noun and verb cluster syntax
- Secrets of correct compound pronoun use
- How to put two ideas into one sentence with correct punctuation every time
- and so much more!
Jensen’s Grammar Bundle Includes:
- Lessons, Worksheets, & Tests
- Answer Keys
- Grammar Terms
Guide your student through Jensen’s Grammar with the author’s instructional DVD! Explanations and examples are given as each lesson in the course is expanded and discussed.
- Recommended Grade Level: 8th
|Title||Jensen's Grammar Bundle|
|Subtitle||your one stop source for learning grammar|
|Publisher||New Leaf Publishing Group, Inc.|
|Weight (in lbs)||2.3|


What is Network Convergence?
Network convergence is known as having multiple communication mediums within a single network.
Now here in this image, you can see there is different kind of modules or tech or communication medium within a single network connection.
Before going through the content, I would like to introduce you to the learning platform called Udacity, where they are offering amazing Networking and SQL Database Courses. Make sure to check that out for more knowledge.
So today’s converged network means a unified communication model of multiple communication mediums like text, video, conference, sending the message, etc…
So what are the different types of Converge Networks?
- Video Conferencing
- Web Content
- Streaming Platforms
- Bulk Traffic or Emails
There are so many things that exist under a single network.
Texting: This means having a device based on Alphanumeric words that can be communicated on the basis of words. A simple example is a Cellphone.
Web Browsing or Surfing: It’s known as browsing different pages and data that are on the web randomly.
Voice over IP: This is known as the transmission of voice and multimedia data through network models or networking protocols.
Streaming Media: Streaming media does transmit the audio and visual data over the internet and could be played immediately as per the requirement.
These are the general type of converged networks, there are more like online gaming, shopping along conferencing.


Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya
The National Policy on Education-1986 envisaged setting up of residential schools, to be called Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas, that would bring out the best of rural talent.
It was felt that children with special talent or aptitude should be provided opportunities to progress at a faster pace by making good quality education available to them irrespective of their capacity to pay for it. Such education would enable students from rural areas to compete with their urban counterparts on an equal footing; seamlessly assimilating and intefrating them into the mainstream of the society.
The Navodaya Vidyalaya System which began as a unique experiment, is today unparalleled in the annals of school education in India and elsewhere. Its significance lies in the selection of talented rural children as the target group and the attempt to provide them quality education comparable to the best in a residential school system.
Salient Features of Navodaya Vidyalayas
JNVST: Entrance on the basis of merit
Reservation of Seats
Co-educational Residential Schools with Free Education
Adherence to Three-Language Formula
Medium of Instruction
Promotion of National Integration
Location of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas


Writing a text is a process that requires adequate preparation and rigor. Today, this work can be done systematically on a computer thanks to writing software. Why should you use writing software? Find here the reasons why you should use a software for your writing. This article outlines the roles of a writing software.
Managing file backup and synchronization
In order not to lose your files, it is advisable to use a software that is involved in synchronizing all your documents in the cloud. This is where writing software finds its place. It allows you to stop worrying about backing up your files and access them on all your devices at any location. We suggest Jasper.ai for an optimal backup system. Note that software that allows you to back up your files in the cloud offers you the advantage of making them easily accessible on a website as well as an application. You just need to log in to your online account to get access and continue working on your texts.
An extraordinary sharing of your writing
Want to export your written documents in different formats more easily? Writing software programs incorporate a method to share your work more easily. It usually happens to be possible for you to export to PDF, Word document or even better in other recommended formats. They also allow you to publish your writing directly to the Medium or WordPress platform. On the other hand, programming for writing helps in the correction of your documents. Indeed, the correction functions that are available in OpenOffice or Word are quite limited. This is why word processing software is more commonly used by writers who want to benefit from more advanced grammatical and spelling editing.


In the world of complex data graphics, interactive nodal network diagrams can offer some of the richest data exploration opportunities. This week, the Macro Connections Group at MIT Media Lab released Global Language Network, an interactive visualization of the world’s many languages and their relationships to each other.
This colorful web of information represents an ideal use of the nodal diagram as a means of visual communication. Before you even glance down to see the legend or hover over the circles to view the associated data, a primary message emerges effortlessly: English stands at the center among the most popular languages, and shows that it has the most abundant and strongest connections with other languages. Meanwhile, circle colors suggest categories of related tongues, providing some intuitive context for the connection patterns.
Perhaps the most fascinating part of this visualization is the range of data sources involved. The connection lines are based on how frequently texts are translated from one language to another, but users can choose to view data from books, Twitter, or Wikipedia. The visual results are remarkably distinct in each case.
Intrigued? In addition to exploring the visualization, you can read the associated paper, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2014. And for more on world languages and their connections, see Michael Balter’s story on the ancient spread of Proto-Indo-European tongues, from the May 2016 issue of Scientific American. (Subscribers: for full article content, including the associated graphic, click on the “download” link.)


KU Paleontologists Continue Work at Juvenile Tyrannosaurus Rex Site
A team of paleontologists from the University of Kansas is resuming its work in Montana, excavating what appears to be a very rare dinosaur fossil: a juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex.
KU paleontologist David Burnham said the excavation began in 2016, but the team is returning to the site this summer hoping to find more pieces of the T. rex.
Burnham said there are probably fewer than a dozen juvenile T. rex examples, and even fewer well preserved fossils that can provide good information.
“Nobody knows anything about juvenile T. rex,” Burnham said. “There just haven’t been that many found.”
After discovering the initial bones, researchers at KU theorized the fossil was likely from a juvenile T. rex. They went back to the same site a second time to look for more pieces.
“We started finding teeth, bones, claws. It was so exciting,” he said. “We think there’s more there.”
The area the team is excavating also contains other fossils, making it something of a time capsule.
“We want to open this up and look at this page of natural history," Burnham said. "We know all these things got buried together, so there’s a good chance they all lived together. We’ll know more about the community and life history of juvenile T. rex.”
He hopes they can uncover limbs of the animal. A leg would tell them the age of this T. rex when it died.
Burnham said the discovery is important because it can help researchers learn more about how animals grow and develop as well how the T. rex lived.
“We’ll be able to fill out the evolutionary history and the life history of these really crazy animals,” Burnham said.


Topic: Military history/South Asian military history
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Bradley Manning leaked Granai Airstrike "~86-147, mostly women and children"
The Granai airstrike, sometimes called the Granai massacre, refers to the killing of approximately 86 to 147 Afghan civilians by an airstrike by a US Air Force B-1 Bomber on May 4, 2009, in the village of Granai (sometimes spelled Garani or Gerani) in Farah Province, south of Herat, Afghanistan.
The United States admitted significant errors were made in carrying out the airstrike, stating "the inability to discern the presence of civilians and avoid and/or minimize accompanying collateral damage resulted in the unintended consequence of civilian casualties".
The Afghan government has said that around 140 civilians were killed, of whom 22 were adult males and 93 were children. Afghanistan's top rights body has said 97 civilians were killed, most of them children. Other estimates range from 86 to 147 civilians killed. An earlier probe by the US military had said that 20–30 civilians were killed along with 60–65 insurgents. A partially released American inquiry stated "no one will ever be able conclusively to determine the number of civilian casualties that occurred". The Australian has said that the airstrike resulted in "one of the highest civilian death tolls from Western military action since foreign forces invaded Afghanistan in 2001".
- "Bradley Manning leaked Granai Airstrike "~86-147, mostly women and children"" | 2013-06-08 | 233 Upvotes 173 Comments
Mysorean rockets were an Indian military weapon, the first iron-cased rockets successfully deployed for military use. The Mysorean army, under Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan, used the rockets effectively against the British East India Company during the 1780s and 1790s. Their conflicts with the company exposed the British to this technology, which was then used to advance European rocketry with the development of the Congreve rocket in 1805.
- "Mysorean Rockets" | 2021-11-02 | 196 Upvotes 103 Comments


There are roughly a dozen high risk HPV strains responsible for cervical cancer. These strains promote hyperplasia of infected cells by encoding E6 and E7, which potently antagonize tumor suppressor genes RB1 and TP53. Overtime the episomal viral DNA gets incorporated into the host chromosomes by the cellular DNA repair mechanism, which enables stable propagation of viral oncoproteins to daughter cells (according to this paper, about 80% of cervical cancer cases harbor at least one copy of HPV DNA in the chromosomes).
However, there are many more strains causing hyperplasia of infected skins, such as the strains causing common warts, flat warts, and genital warts, but none of them have been found to be associated with cancer. Is it because these viruses encode milder oncoproteins that don’t potently antagonize RB1 or TP53; because these viruses infect wrong types of cells which are refractory to transformation by E6 and E7 compared to cervical epithelium (oncogenes are context dependent. For example, EWS-FLI1 potently transforms mesenchymal stem cells into Ewing sarcoma, but causes senescence and apoptosis in more differentiated cells); or because the viral DNA do not incorporate into the host chromosomes (which sounds unlikely because incorporation of foreign DNA by DNA repair mechanisms is inevitable after prolonged exposure)?


CNC bending, or computer numerically controlled bending, is just one of many manufacturing techniques used at S&B Metal Products. This process uses CNC machines to bend sheet metal work. Technology enables engineers to CNC bend any sheet metal from just a few millimeters to several meters long, using large industrial machines.
CNC Bending Methods
There are two methods used with CNC bending. The first uses CNC press brakes, which may be attached to the bottom bed. Engineers use V block tooling to keep the metal in place while an upper beam undergoes the force of the V blade tools. This is called down forming. The second way to CNC bend is the opposite, when an up forming machine moves the bottom bend and the upper beam is fixed into place. Both approaches make the same results in the end, so engineers have limitless options for their designs.
CNC press brakes can be programmed to handle various sheet metal components. The programmable backstop (the part of the metal that needs bent) determines the flat back distance. S&B engineers program the V blade as well, where the V block will be crucial for the angle of the bend in the metal; the more the V blade penetrates the V block, the more drastic the V bend will be in the end product. CNC program positioning unites various bend lengths and angles with the sheet metal, determining positions and angles for each specific piece of sheet metal.
The CNC press brake determines the length of the piece of sheet metal that can be bent. The material’s thickness will be aligned with the material tensile strength and tonnage that the machine can handle. The bigger the lower V block opening, the bigger the sheet metal gauge the engineers can use to bend the metal. When the V block is more open, the internal radius for the bend will also be wider.
CNC Bending With S&B Metal Products
S&B Metal Products, first established in 1974, has the technology and programming to handle CNC bending for your project. With multiple locations, more than 100,000 square feet of dedicated fabrication space, 150 certified and trained employees, and prototype production, your project will be a success with the help of S&B Metal Products. Contact us to request a quote today!


On November 26, 2021, the World Health Organization identified another variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, B.1.1.529, known as Omicron. The variant was first identified in Botswana and South Africa, then caused an alarming surge in new cases in more than 110 countries worldwide.
According to scientists, the variant is a product and combination of more than 50 mutations, and such mutations are in the spike protein, relating to how the virus is spread. Alongside continuous research, the increase of cases due to Omicron increase is causing fear and uncertainty.
Compared to the original SARS-CoV-2 virus, the Omicron variant will likely spread more quickly. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or CDC expects that anyone who has this can spread the virus to others, whether vaccinated or not.
Aside from the increase in cases, the highly contagious variant also resulted in high demand for COVID-19 testing. Everyone who has been exposed to the virus experiencing symptoms, and waiting for a Covid-19 test result, is advised to stay at home and isolate themselves from others.
The symptoms of Omicron are mild compared to the other variants, and such symptoms include runny nose, headache, fatigue, sneezing, and sore throat. However, the public must still maintain strict health and safety protocols.
Fully jabbed individuals can still be infected. Hence, everyone is at risk, whether vaccinated or not. For people who think they contracted the variant, take a lateral flow test or a rapid antigen test. If individuals tested positive through a LFT, a confirmatory pcr test will not be needed in the UK.
As the world is still fighting COVID-19, now is not the time to take it easy. It is essential to remember that prioritizing health and following safety protocols can minimize the risk of acquiring the virus and the Omicron variant.
If you want to learn more about the Omicron variant, read this infographic from Harley Medic International.


We launched our first Biodiversity pilot in March 2022, transforming a patch of grass into a wildflower area in Donnington. We will continue to monitor the site and can’t wait to share pictures of its progress. You can read more on the project by clicking here.
We will continue working with contractors to diversify green spaces across our neighbourhoods, creating green spaces that work for nature and for our customers’ wellbeing.
Do you have an area of green space in mind that would work well for a future biodiversity project? If so, please get in touch.
Gardening for Wildlife
The ‘State of Nature’ report (2019) found that 41% of UK species have declined since 1970, with 13% now threatened with extinction.
The UK has approximately 24 million gardens, together forming a vast living landscape. How we decide to use these spaces has a huge impact on the natural world.
Here are some tips for gardening with wildlife in mind:
- Plant flowers to help our pollinators
- Instal bird boxes and feeders
- Avoid peat-based composts
- Save rainwater in water butts
- Use non-toxic alternatives to pesticides
Take the Wildlife Trusts’ Gardening Survey to find out how wild your garden is and receive a free guide to Wildlife Gardening! Wildlife Gardening Survey | The Wildlife Trusts


EPD - Teaching & Learning - Theories & Principles - Active Learning
This page provides resources related to active learning, a pedagogical theory that encourages learners to actively participate in learning.
Active learning techniques engage and motivate students. Active learning is a process by which students think critically, read, write, discuss, problem solve, and teach each other in a way that promotes analysis, synthesis, and evaluation (Barkley, 2014). The course should contain a combination of synchronous and asynchronous active learning activities, with a balance of individual work and group collaboration. EPD can provide templates and consultation for active learning design.
Active learning is the core of EPD's instructional model for online learning.
What is Active Learning?, Center for Educational Innovation - University of Minnesota
Why Use Active Learning?, Center for Educational Innovation - University of Minnesota
ApplicationEPD's instructional design model focuses on active learning and multiple modes of interaction. This affords multiple opportunities for students to engage with course materials through the Absorb-Do-Connect model, interact with each other, as well as the instructor. Another key component of our model is the use of regularly scheduled synchronous (live) web conferences, which help to create community and engender social presence in the course.
DoIT Blended Learning Toolkit, Active Learning In Your Course. 2nd Edition. Active Learning In Your Course is a downloadable PDF authored by DoIT Academic Technology. This resource helps instructors identify and implement research-based active learning techniques in their courses.
- InterPro - UW Showcase 2016 - Use Active Learning to Design and Deliver Successful Online Courses and Degree Programs
- Active learning Guide from Vanderbilt University Center for Teaching. Written by Cynthia J. Brame, CFT Assistant Director
- Active Learning at the University of Minnesota
- Bonwell, Charles C.; Eison, James A., Active Learning: Creating Excitement in the Classroom. 1991 ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Reports


Dr. Henrietta Banting – Follow Your Dreams
The Cancer Detection Clinic (CDC) at Women’s College Hospital (WCH) continued to grow in size and reputation. In 1954, the CDC celebrated its 10,000th new patient and was already the site of women’s cancer research.
In March 1963, WCH’s Dr. Henrietta Banting (nee Ball) and Dr. Elizabeth Forbes started a new clinical study at the CDC. They wanted to discover if mammography could be used in the early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. Mammography is a type of x-ray used on the human breast. Before the 1960s, it was generally not used in Canada to diagnose breast cancer. There was little research on mammography for this use.
Over the next two years, more than 1,400 women took part in the study. Each participant was screened for breast cancer using mammography.
Dr. Banting and Dr. Forbes devoted much of their careers to researching women’s cancers. But their journeys to becoming medical researchers were quite different.
A young Henrietta Ball had her sights set on becoming a medical researcher early on. Her role model was Marie Curie. Curie was a woman scientist who conducted pioneering research in radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize.
Ball graduated with a biology degree from Mount Allison University in New Brunswick in 1932. She then worked as a laboratory technician at Saint John General Hospital. She was accepted to the University of Toronto (UofT) and earned a master’s degree in medical research in 1938. While working as a researcher at UofT’s Banting Institute, she met Dr. Frederick Banting. The two married in 1939.
Sadly, Dr. Frederick Banting died in a plane crash in 1941 while serving with the Canadian Army. Later that year, Henrietta Banting enrolled in UofT’s Faculty of Medicine. She graduated with a medical degree in 1945. After completing postgraduate training abroad, Dr. Banting returned to Canada. She joined the staff of WCH in 1957. The following year she was appointed Director of the CDC. Her position at the CDC enabled her to devote the rest of her life to the study of women’s cancers.


Today, as we consider the anniversary of the bombing of Pearl Harbor, I want to take a moment and remember Hopis who served their village communities and the United States in World War II. One of these individuals was Rex Pooyouma from the village of Hotevilla on Third Mesa. During the War, Mr. Pooyouma served in the Native American Code Talker Communications Network. He was one of at least 10 Hopi code talkers who used their language to transmit critical messages that saved the lives of countless people and helped to end the War.
In November 1945, Mr. Pooyouma received an honorable discharge from the military at the rank of Private First Class. He was a decorated soldier and earned several medals, including the American Campaign Medal, the Philippine Liberation Medal, and a Bronze Star. In October of this year, Mr. Pooyouma, the last known surviving Hopi code talker, passed away at the age of 93. He will always be remembered as a hero among our people and one who ventured beyond the Hopi mesas to serve his community and nation.
For more information on Mr. Pooyouma’s involvement in World War II and his role as a Hopi code talker, please visit the following website: http://nhonews.com/Main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=12971
Matthew Sakiestewa Gilbert


According to a recent New York Times article entitled “Vigilance About the Dangers of Delirium,” hospital patients need not be elderly to beat risk for developing delirium. This condition is characterized by disorientation and hallucinations. According to experts, small but important changes in patient care, as well as knowledge about the causes of delirium, could help prevent its occurrence in up to 40 percent of cases and reduce healthcare costs. Additionally, if doctors, nurses, and families are able to recognize the symptoms of delirium quickly, then proper management can take place. This can help to alleviate the occurrence.
“Given the reality that nobody is absolutely certain how potent anesthetics work, it should come of no surprise that how they impact patients may vary depending on a multitude of factors,” said Marc Koch, MD, MBA, president and CEO of Somnia Anesthesia. “The most important thing is for patients, regardless of their age and medical problems, to have a discussion with their anesthesia providers and learn more about techniques that are less likely to result in post operative cognitive issues.”
Certain conditions such as urinary tract infections, thyroid or kidney dysfunction, and malnutrition can work to trigger the onset of a delirium episode. Also, some medications like antihistamines, muscle relaxants, narcotic painkillers, and even some antibiotics have been linked to the condition. In the hospital, the chances of an episode are greater when older patients have surgery or receive treatment in an Intensive Care Unit. According to the article, about one-third of patients over 70 go through a delirium episode when they are hospitalized.
“We used to think of delirium as inevitable, almost normal,” said Dr. Dale Needham, a critical care specialist at Johns Hopkins. “We now know there are things we can do to reduce the risk.”
Needham advises that healthcare professionals use little or no sedation when dealing with a patient in delirium, as this may worsen and extend the length of the episode. Also, start occupational and physical therapy early for the patient. Have family and friends regularly orient them about what day it is and why they are in the hospital, as well as bring familiar items to the room to calm and reassure the patient.
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Waste reduction in Beta-4
Y-12 made history by opening and operating Building 9204-4 (Beta-4) in 1945 to house the workhorse Calutrons that separated uranium for the first atomic bomb. The building later was recycled to house Cold-War processes, including the production of lithium-6. Almost 75 years later, it is stepping through the complex process to prepare the 400,000 square-foot facility for eventual demolition.
Jack Bolinger is leading a diverse team to complete three phases of the Legacy Material Removal project in the building, and phase one just wrapped up. “The focus was to remove any equipment that wasn’t hardwired in or bolted down,” he said. The project was awarded in June 2017 and completed in February 2018. “The total amount of material shipped to the Environmental Management Waste Management Facility was approximately 2.71 million pounds and 932 cubic yards of equipment (that’s equal to 30 average-sized airplanes).”
This effort significantly lowers the risk in the building by removing the majority of combustible material and reducing the number of radiologically and beryllium-posted areas. A large portion of the building was down-posted from a high- to a fixed-contamination area, which means personnel are no longer required to dress out in personal protective equipment for these areas. Lifting this requirement will facilitate current surveillance and maintenance activities as well as future demolition and disposal activities.
“This huge undertaking would not have been possible for any single organization at Y-12 to handle on its own,” said Bolinger. He credits the multi-organizational team and their subcontractor, Gem Technologies, as instrumental in their success.
As one of the behemoth Calutron buildings, the sprawling three-story Beta-4 facility could house seven football fields. It was closed in 2003, still holding an array of leftover equipment, tools and remnants that tell its story of WWII, Cold War and post-war missions.
Y-12 is scheduled to turn Beta-4 over to Environmental Management by the end of 2020 for demolition, which will facilitate environmental cleanup, reduce the Y-12 footprint and minimize risk to the public.


The type of barrier in this case is Semantic Barrier (Faulty Translation). Some other semantic barriers are:
1. Unclear Message: Lack of clarity and precision in a message makes it badly expressed. When language of the message is vague, imprecise or there is use of wrong words or omission of needed words, then communication becomes ineffective as intended meaning is not conveyed.
2. Faulty Translations: Sometimes messages are in a language, which may not be clearly understandable to the receiver. In such cases, it becomes necessary to translate the message into a known language. If the translator is not proficient in translation, it may act as a barrier in communication.
3. Technical Jargons: Many specialists or experts make use of technical jargons (terminology) to communicate message, which may not be understood by the receiver. It leads to poor communication.
4. Symbols with Different Meaning: The same word or symbol may carry different meanings to different people and convey different meanings under different circumstances.
5. Unclarified Assumptions: Sometimes the receiver may misinterpret the assumptions drawing different meaning from what sender wants to communicate. For example, senior may instruct the subordinate to take care of the goods. He may mean that take care of the quality of goods whereas workers may understand that he is instructing to keep the goods safely.
6. Body Language and Gesture Decoding: Along with verbal communication another important mode of communication is body language and gestures shown by person who is talking. If the verbal communication is not matching with the body language then workers may get confused and misunderstand the meaning.


Offering limited choices instead of making demands can be very effective. Children often respond to choices when they will not respond to demands. Offering choices is one of the most useful tools we use at Pasitos because it's a win-win solution with young children.
When using this tool, you are offering only choices that are okay with you, so you're happy. Your child gets to pick one that's okay with him/her, so he/she is happy. Now your child is in charge, within your limits. Your child is not in control of much in his/her life so even the smallest opportunity to have some input in a decision is huge.
Giving children choices and empowering them to make their own decisions will help prepare them for life. It will also build respect, develop problem-solving skills, avoid power struggles , teach responsibility and invite cooperation.
*Click HERE to continue reading!
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Pasitos is an eco-friendly, bilingual community based on learning and fun. Through a play based Reggio inspired curriculum, children gain the necessary literacy skills to make them successful in both Spanish and English. At the same time, they build social and emotional skills in working with peers and the maestras. Together these skills help open their minds and language capabilities. Teachers interact with the children to build strong academics and positive social skills.


HOW WE HELP
We provide cultural enrichment in diverse communities including holding safe spaces for cultural traditions like Danza Azteca de ColorAztlan.
We provide transformative indigenous education, braves spaces for cultural representation, and campaigns to address awareness and bring enforceable protections with cultural and trauma sensitivity to issues in the indigenous communities.
Some of the issues we have worked on have been; Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, domestic violence, drug/homeless/mental health support, support for asylum seekers, and environmental awareness.
Currently we are working as climate change organizers and cultural educators for disproportionately impacted communities to create protections from cumulative impacts of environmental racism.
Learn more below...
A short film about the impacts of Colorado's only oil refinery on our communities’ public health. Watch here.
EJ ACTION TASK FORCE
The Environmental Justice Action Task Force (“EJATF” or “Task Force”) was created by the Colorado Environmental Justice Act (HB21-1266). Governor Polis, the legislature, and the Ute Mountain Ute and Southern Ute tribal governments can appoint up to 27 members to the Task Force. There are currently 22 Task Force members. Learn how to get involved here.
The journey of The Sixth Sun Calmecac: To heal ourselves and our communities through the ancestral knowledge of the earth.
Join us in making a difference. The time is now.


While the two are often connected, education and innovations are definitely not necessarily mutually exclusive. In order for education to benefit society in particular, it has to increase quality. While the two get hand in hand, impressive education is targeted about improving the quality of education, broadening access, and making it simpler to learn. In fact , some of the most essential innovations in education happen to be listed below. An example is the utilization of new technology, which allows teachers and students to provide education via anywhere, even if they are not really in the same place.
The development of the video cassette recorder, which in turn allowed kids to practice inside the comfort with their homes, improved the number of wedding rehearsal opportunities. It cassette recorders also extended children’s repertoire. These systems have inspired education, but have limitations as well. A more comprehensive evaluation of the educational benefits of these kinds of innovations will be helpful. Education and innovations would gain from better resources https://pittcon-2017.org/2021/07/05/generated-post-2/ to assess and boost them. The goals on this conference in order to combine the very best of the latest advancements in science and education to modify the elixir of education.
Innovations in education can be as simple when combining two existing concepts. For example , a flipped class room allows students to watch classes at home when completing assignments in the classroom. The flipped classroom also includes more technology. A blended classroom aims to introduce learners to technology because they would in the real world. In addition, powerful video tools are accustomed to facilitate conversation between institution districts and oldsters. Innovations in education are often depending on the development of new methods and techniques for teaching. In addition , professors can write down ideas new ways training and learning.


In this lesson, students design organic homeware by editing 3D scan data and display them online as digital inventory. By analysing a demonstration model and watching an informative video about its design and production, students gain an understanding of the opportunities with 3D printing and digital inventory. Working in teams, they then embark on a creative journey to create an online digital store of organic homeware by editing 3D scan data included in the lesson pack (or objects 3D scanned by themselves if they have access to a 3D scanner). Throughout the project, students gain feedback from various audiences such as parents, who help inform and develop design ideas. Finally, each team creates an outline proposal of how they could potentially turn their store into a business that operates without holding physical inventory.
Curriculum alignment documents (ISTE, NGSS, CCSS and UK National Curriculum Standards)
Example shell pen holder model and 3D scan data pack (STL)
3D scan to 3D print explainer video (hosted on PrintLab's student portal)
Design workbooks (PDF)
Video design tutorials in Tinkercad and Fusion 360 (hosted on PrintLab's student portal)
Online model display tutorial video (hosted on PrintLab's student portal)


Table of Contents
noun. ['ˈkɑːpiːɪŋ'] an act of copying.
Rhymes with Copying
Sentences with copying
1. Noun, singular or mass
Place them back in the copier's in tray and press the button to restart the copying.
2. Verb, gerund or present participle
It is best to write the inscription on paper before copying it into the Bible.
Quotes about copying
1. When you put something out there into the world, there's all these words you don't want to hear, that you hope people don't say. I don't like anything that starts with 're' - like retro, reinvent, recreate - I hate that. It's always like living in the past - copying, emulating.
- Jack White
2. The young always have the same problem - how to rebel and conform at the same time. They have now solved this by defying their parents and copying one another.
- Quentin Crisp
3. I think you can have moderate success by copying something else, but if you really want to knock it out of the park, you have to do something different and take chances.
- Lee Ann Womack


1. Explain the purpose and benefits of continuously improving performance at work
Improving performance at work is to ensure that we are constantly trying to improve ourselves and our work, This carries benefits to the company in a higher performing member of staff which can in turn provide the member of staff with promotion, being able to complete more complicated tasks and also being and integral part of the company
2. Explain the purpose and benefits of encouraging and accepting feedback from others
The purpose of accepting feedback from others is that it allows us to be open with others and to see how you and your work are being perceived by your peers and also managerial staff.
3. Explain how learning and development can improve own work, benefit organisations, and identify career options
Learning and development can improve our work and also that of the organisation you work for, By learning new tasks it can provide a greater knowledge of the company. The willingness to learn encourages organisations to help develop their staff through internal training program's or external. All aimed at having a more experienced collection of staff.
4. Describe possible career progression routes
Through L&D career progression is greatly improved, this can be from becoming a team leader/supervisor or manager each step of progress requires us to show that we have the willingness to adapt, learn and also to develop into these roles.
1.5 Describe possible development opportunities
Possible development opportunities can arise within a team for example a manager may help to develop a member of staff to become a team leader, Another way could be by employing a new member staff or apprentice and developing them into a role through a structured development plan which can be monitored


Box with grass paper samples
Object of the month August 2020
Wood is not the only base material that can be used in the production of paper, paperboard and cardboard. An impressive compilation demonstrating just how disparate those possible materials can be has been in the collection of Deutsches Technikmuseum (German Museum of Technology) since 2000. It comprises fibrous materials and historical watermark papers from the archive of the Federal Institute for Material Testing (BAM) in Berlin and includes at least 72 different product groups.
Box "E" from the collection is earmarked for fiber material made from different grasses. The samples vary in the year of manufacture and the proportion and type of grass material used. The gamut ranges from maize, pile reed, bamboo and straw to esparto or halfa grass. Esparto or alfa paper was mainly produced by Great Britain in the 19th century. The grasses used as raw material for these papers mostly came from southern Europe and North Africa.
There has lately been a revived interest in paper containing grass fiber. Grasses are locally available and are fast growing. Sometimes they even arise as a by-product or waste product, such as maize stover. In addition, grasses contain significantly less of the plant strengthening material lignin than is found in wood. High levels of lignin are an obstacle to paper manufacturing and reduce the quality of the product.
The proportionate use of alternative raw materials for the industrial production of paper, paperboard and cardboard is becoming increasingly important, particularly for packaging. The growing awareness of sustainability among customers is definitely a determinant factor.
Various grass paper samples from the fibrous material collection of the Federal Institute for Material Testing, before 2000


The Foster Botanical Garden offers a fresh, green oasis in the middle of Honolulu.
The Foster Botanical Garden is the oldest of the Honolulu Botanical Gardens.
It started in 1853 when Queen Kalama leased a small area of land to William Hillebrand, a young German doctor and botanist.
The garden was later sold to Thomas and Mary Foster, who continued to develop it.
Then it was bequeated to the City of Honolulu in 1930. Its director at the time, Dr. Harold Lyon, introduced over 10,000 trees and plants in the following 27 years.
The garden covers 13.5 acres and is located in the middle of the city, on North Vineyard Boulevard. Access is free.
|From the street|
|The garden history|
BUSHES, FERNS, GRASSES
|Dr. Wilhelm Hillebrand, founder|
|Coral plant flowers|
|Ohai ali'i - poinciana seed pods|
THE TREES (30 photos)
|Black pomegranate tree|
|Baobab trunk close up|
|Baobab, exceptional tree|
|Bottle palm tree|
|Earpod, exceptional tree|
|Ficus religiosa, exceptional tree|
|Loulu, Exceptional tree|
|The quipo trunk|
For beautiful paintings of landscapes and flowers, please visit this website:
LAVENDER is a herb with many properties that has been cultivated and used for centuries. It grows well in many areas of the world and is not too demanding in terms of soil composition. See this Facebook link for some photos of this versatile herb.


Google on Sunday dedicated its doodle to winter solstice the shortest day and the longest night of the year — phenomena that occur when one of the Earth’s poles has its maximum tilt away from the Sun.
The word “solstice” comes from the Latin solstitium meaning “sun stands still”, when the ‘movement of sun’s path’ stops briefly.
The doodle features an animated figure ice skating above a mouse hole with what appears to be collected food for hibernation. The animation ends with the figure rolling into the hole while covered in snow.
In the Northern Hemisphere, it is the December solstice and in the Southern Hemisphere, it’s June solstice.
This day is also host to many religious observances and celebrations.
Winter solstice also known as hibernal solstice has various astronomical beliefs and stories attached to them. The day of the winter solstice was considered a host to various rituals and customs in the olden days.
In December, the Earth is tilted on its axis in such a way that sun appears at its lowest in the sky at noon. In the southern hemisphere, it will be at its highest at noon.
The Chinese refer to the Winter Solstice as Dongzhi Festival while the locals enjoy rice balls meaning “family reunion.” This treat is said to bring prosperity and unity-something all of us can enjoy on this auspicious day.


Project laying groundwork to develop flow-ecology assessment tools
SCCWRP and its partners have begun laying the groundwork to develop a suite of assessment tools that illuminate how the ecological health of Southern California streams is impacted by alterations to hydrologic flow patterns.
The two-year project, which kicked off in June, will focus on improving understanding of the relationships between hydrologic flows and ecological condition, especially in light of shifting rainfall and temperature patterns triggered by climate change.
Researchers will explore using various modeling approaches and other assessment tools to help explain these flow-ecology relationships, and investigate the feasibility of developing flow-ecology bioindicators for fish, amphibians and riparian birds. SCCWRP and its partners previously developed a flow-ecology assessment tool for Southern California streams based on the condition of bottom-dwelling macroinvertebrate communities.
A key priority for researchers when building this scientific foundation for the flow-ecology bioindicator development work is aligning it with an environmental flows statewide assessment framework being developed by a team of technical experts from across California, including SCCWRP.
Researchers began the project with a literature review that is expected to be completed by the end of 2017. As the project moves forward, researchers hope to build a foundation for developing a prioritization scheme that could help watershed managers select biological endpoints and associated assessment approaches based on their needs, priorities and available data.
More news related to: Climate Change, Ecohydrology


This recipe explains what is jaccard similarity in numpy and how to calculate it
Jaccard similarity can be defined to the size of intersection divided by the size of union of two sets. Hence it lies between values 0 & 1. In lay man's term, it is area of overlap/area of union.
So this recipe is a short example on what jaccard similarity is and how to calculate it. Let's get started.
Let us create a two list having two common elements.
We have used the mathematical property of jacccard function to defined the values to be returned if two list are passed into it as arguments.
First call the jaccard function and store the return value in any random variables. Now simply use print function to print new appended dataframe.
Once we run the above code snippet, we will see:
For above example, we can observe that the area of intersection will be 2 elements and area of overlap will be 4 elements. So jacarrad similarity is 2/4 i.e. '0.5'.


Table of Contents
What are characteristics of the state?
Characteristics of a state: Population, Territory, Sovereignty, and Government.
What are the 4 essential characteristics of a state?
Four essential features: Population, Territory, Sovereignty, and Government. 1) Most obvious essential for a state.
How many basic characteristics does the state have?
2. A state has the following four characteristics: (a) population, territory, sovereignty, and government. (b) sovereignty, a perfect union, welfare, and territory.
What are characteristics of a state quizlet?
Terms in this set (4)
- Population. State must have people, the number of which does not directly to relate to its existence.
- Territory. A state must be comprised of land, Territory with known and recognized boundaries.
What are the characteristics of a sovereign state?
A sovereign state is one which is independent in its affairs and territory and is complete in itself. This means that the state neither answers to nor shares power with others, including religious or other government powers. A sovereign state may conduct its own affairs without hindrance or interference.
What are the four characteristics of a state?
There are four essential characteristics of a state which include population, territory, sovereignty, and government. Some sources list six or more characteristics when describing a state. Other characteristics may include a food supply, written records, and some type of commerce.
Which is a characteristic of a stable state?
Population: A state must have a population which may be variable in size. Populations may or may not share general political beliefs but the ones that do are the most stable. Mobility of the population can affect its political and governmental stability. 2. Territory: States have established territorial boundaries.
Why are the characteristics of a state change?
A state’s power is in constant flux due to changes in political, economic and military policies. States rely on rule of law to alter many of these characteristics, and they require governments to enforce these laws.
Other characteristics involve social stratification of the people and the levying of taxes for public works, military and police forces. Sovereign states are those that require no outside powers to provide these characteristics, as they can generate these resources from within their borders.


Water storage and distribution is a provision to store and deliver water to the consumer with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure by public utilities, commercial organizations, community, endeavors or by individuals, usually by a system of pumps and pipes.
Storage of Water in Buildings-
Storage tanks are an integral part of an Indirect Water Supply System.Storage of water in premises is required because water supply from Municipal Corporation is not available round the clock. Storage also helps us for fire demand and to provide smooth water supply in the building.
There are different types of storage tanks in the Buildings.
1- Elevated storage tank
2- Roof Top storage tank
3- Underground storage tank
ELEVATED STORAGE TANK-
When the water supply is available at sufficient pressure as to reach the water at the highest floor the overhead tank is used. In India most of the water supplies are limited to specific time so it is very necessary to use elevated tanks to meet the requirement of flushing of toilets. Many of the municipal corporation has made elevated tanks mandatory.
ROOF TOP STORAGE TANK-
Plastic potable water tanks are made with FDA approved resins for safe drinking water storage. For rainwater collection, storage, and reuse, the rooftop plastic tank is a great option. These poly plastic tanks offers several advantages that help to equip the unit for use with water materials.
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK-
Underground storage tanks are used in those places where the pressure of main supply is not enough to reach overhead tank. In this case water is stored in underground tanks and then send to overhead tanks by installing pumps.
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