Isambard Kingdom Brunel, FRS (/??z?mb?rd bru??n?l/; 9 April 1806 – 15 September 1859), was an English mechanical and civil engineer who built dockyards, the Great Western Railway, a series of steamships including the first propeller-driven transatlantic steamship and numerous important bridges and tunnels. His designs revolutionised public transport and modern engineering.
Though Brunel’s projects were not always successful, they often contained innovative solutions to long-standing engineering problems. During his short career, Brunel achieved many engineering “firsts”, including assisting in the building of the first tunnel under a navigable river and development of SS Great Britain, the first propeller-driven ocean-going iron ship, which was at the time (1843) also the largest ship ever built.
Brunel set the standard for a very well built railway, using careful surveys to minimise grades and curves. This necessitated expensive construction techniques and new bridges and viaducts, and the two-mile-long Box Tunnel. One controversial feature was the wide gauge, a “broad gauge” of 7 ft 1?4 in (2,140 mm), instead of what was later to be known as ‘standard gauge‘ of 4 ft 8 1?2 in (1,435 mm). The wider gauge added to passenger comfort but made construction much more expensive and caused difficulties when eventually it had to interconnect with other railways using the narrower gauge. As a result of the Regulating the Gauge of Railways Act 1846, the gauge was changed to standard gauge throughout the GWR network. As Brunel created this railway so early on, he had very little information to work with. This meant that he had created the gauge to be too large, increasing construction costs significantly. This sort of thing would be less likely to happen these days, as railway companies are now able to access railway news and information to ensure they’re building appropriate railway networks that are cost-effective. Of course, Brunel didn’t have these sorts of resources, so he tried to create an innovative railway network himself. Brunel then astonished Britain by proposing to extend the Great Western Railway westward to North America by building steam-powered iron-hulled ships. He designed and built three ships that revolutionised naval engineering.


The Jewish community of Thessaloniki in northern Greece will hold a series of events commemorating the 70th anniversary of the first deportations of the city’s Jews to Auschwitz.
On March 15, 1943, the Nazis sent the first convoy of some 4,000 Jews from Thessaloniki to the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp. By August, 49,000 out of the city’s pre-war population of 55,000 Jews had been deported. Fewer than 2,000 survived.
The events will include a march on March 16 from the city’s Liberty Square to the Old Railway Station where a memorial ceremony will be held. That will be followed by the main commemoration ceremony on March 17 at Thessaloniki’s Monastiriotes Synagogue, where Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras is expected to speak.
The Jewish community will also inaugurate a photographic exhibit about the deportations and hold a concert at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, which was constructed on the site of a destroyed Jewish cemetery.
The Jewish community of Thessaloniki was one of the most important centers of Sephardic Jewry for 450 years following the expulsion from Spain. Known as the Flower of the Balkans, it was the center of Ladino culture in the region.
Following the deportations, Jewish property was looted, synagogues were destroyed, priceless Ladino libraries were shipped to Germany and Jewish cemetery headstones were used as construction materials.
Also March 17, the World Jewish Congress will hold a special meeting in Thessaloniki, headed by Ronald Lauder, as part of the commemorations. The gathering is part of the organization's efforts to support vulnerable Jewish communities, the World Jewish Congress said in a statement
Today, about 1,000 Jews live in the city and they are “adversely affected by the country’s deep economic problems and by the rise of the extremist Golden Dawn, a movement whose leaders openly deny the Holocaust,” according to the World Jewish Congress.


INVESTIGATING THE VIKING AGE LANDSCAPE AT LUNNASTING, SHETLAND: DATING, CHARACTERISTICS, FUNCTION
This article explores the Viking Age landscape at Lunnasting on the archipelago of Shetland. It aims to understand how the thing site emerged, what his characteristics were, and what other function(s) it may have had before it became an assembly site. The article investigates the Iron Age roots of the site and underlines the continuity with its Viking successor. It will become obvious throughout the paper that Lunnasting was an unusually powerful and important place even long before the Vikings appropriated it, and continued to operate as a central place of power for centuries following the end of Norse occupation. It will be concluded that based on the archaeological record, it can be suggested that Lunnasting was at some stage the most important medieval assembly site on Shetland.
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- The authors claim that this original is their own and that they assume full responsibility to third parties, whether moral or patrimonial, by reason of its content, stating that the work does not infringe any intellectual property rights of third parties.
- The author (s) agree to the copyrights of the original to Scandia Journal, to which they grant permission for its reproduction, editing and online publication.
- The author (s) grant their copyright of their original to the Scandia Journal, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows the sharing of this work with the acknowledgment of their authorship.
- The author (s) have permission and are encouraged to cite and distribute their original.


Misinformation and the lack of information are still problems for many Los Angeles residents, even in this “Age of Information” that has dawned with the rise of the Internet. Despite the fact that a wealth of information is now literally at our fingertips, many people don’t have the necessary information they need to make informed decisions.
Recognizing this problem with the flow of information, the Social Security Administration has recently launched a program known as “The Faces and Facts of Disability.” According to a recent news article, the program is intended to help inform the public about what exactly Social Security Disability is, and what it is not.
This type of education initiative on the part of the Social Security Administration is a good idea, because millions of Americans depend on the SSD benefits to manage their monthly expenses. As the recent report noted, about 9 million Americans receive SSD benefits — and millions more will likely need to evaluate the program and the benefits it could offer in the coming years.
Perhaps the single most important piece of information that needs to be communicated is what a disability is, in accordance with the definitions that the Social Security Administration works with. A disability that will qualify an applicant for SSD benefits has to be quite serious – serious enough that an applicant won’t be able to work for one year or more, or, in the worst case scenario, serious enough that the disability is expected to result in the applicant’s death. There are quite a few steps to take in order to meet all of the medical requirements, so the more information an applicant has prior to starting the process, the better.
Source: MarshfieldNewsHerald.com, “Facts about Social Security Disability,” July 26, 2014


It is a condition where recurrence disorder of cerebral function due to sudden electrical changes of cerebral cells & is usually associated with disturbance in consciousness.
Causes: It causes due to the head injury, emotional disturbance, hormonal changes, and suppression of long standing eruption, fright.
There is stiffness of all muscles of body during attack of epilepsy. Weakness of memory, irritability, palpitations, profuse perspiration, confusion in mind. In females have menstrual irregularity.
What happens actually in epilepsy?
Epilepsy is a central nervous system disorder (neurological disorder) in which the nerve cell activity in your brain is disturbed, causing a seizure during which you experience abnormal behavior, symptoms & sensations, including loss of consciousness. Seizure symptoms vary. Some people with epilepsy simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, while others repeatedly twitch their arms or legs.
How Homoeopathy helps to improve from epilepsy?
In Homeopathy result for epileptic attack. Some of medicine act as a relaxant to muscles & as it acts at inner level of the body it regularized hormonal tendency of body, improves memory, causing fresh feeling in person & giving strength to the muscle of the body, without any side effect perfect cure happens in homeopathy.


Doctors have found proof that medicines packed in
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles can have adverse effects on children,
women in their reproductive age and the geriatric population.
"PET bottles may have long-term medical consequences for women, especially in the reproductive age group and children. The release of bisphenol A (BPA) and additives like di-ethylhexyl phthalate can blend with the contents and lead to health issues like impaired immune development, increased miscarriage rates, pre-term birth, and low birth weight.
BPA acts as a faux-estrogen, and can cause chromosomal abnormalities, birth defects and developmental disabilities in uterus," said Dr Seema Singhal, assistant professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS).
Terephthalic acid is the major chemical precursor of PET containers. Doctors warn that the acid increases chances of breast cancer. Experts tested PET bottles for permissible levels of terephthalates, antimony, acetaldehyde etc. for storage at around 20 degrees Celsius.
"While the potential harmful effects of toxins and chemicals is manifold, it is time for our pharmaceutical industry to minimize the use of plastic packaging for liquid formulation," said Dr A.P. Dubey, professor and head of Pediatrics Department, Maulana Azad Medical College. In India, Polyethylene Terephthalate bottles are used in 70 percent pediatric and liquid geriatric formulations.


Did you know that architects are trained to supervise construction? However, this knowledge has to be developed in constant practice, since it is an external branch of Civil Engineering.
| We recommend you read: 4 benefits of the Design – Construction.
The focus of an architect must create well-planned solutions focused on design and ergonomics, aesthetics must be a key point, because even a good design can end up being aesthetic on its own.
In some cases, the architect’s point of focus is strictly aesthetic, leaving aside the optimal habitability of the spaces, however, architecture has been gradually transformed, opposing working in a commercial way and implementing sustainable, aesthetic and functional.
According to the RAE, architecture is the art of designing and constructing buildings. A very clear and concise definition, but in order to understand contemporary construction technical processes, an architect must analyze the historical process through which humanity progressed and only then can he understand where architecture should advance.
On the other hand, civil engineering is the discipline that uses knowledge of calculation, mechanics, hydraulics and physics to be in charge of the design, construction and maintenance of the infrastructures located in the environment, including roads, railways, bridges, canals, dams, ports, airports, docks and other related constructions.
Originally, the design and construction of buildings and places were carried out by craftsmen, masons and carpenters. There was no distinction about the knowledge to build, supervise and manage a work, but thanks to time, our evolution and knowledge distinction, we have been able to separate this art into the ramifications necessary to carry out any project.
The engineers are responsible for designing the materials, systems and structures considering practicality, safety and cost, in turn, they provide feedback on the viability of the construction, and together with the architect they are in charge of reviewing the status of construction with the client in each project.
At GEG we always think about the diversity offered by civil works and architecture, taking into account teams that develop their specialty and give concrete and effective results for our clients.


Anatomy Forms the building block of Medical Sciences. The human body a miracle of creation in its intricate design is understood through the science of Anatomy. The study of anatomical science intrigues and inspires many medical professionals to understand, study and respect the human body which helps them to become compassionate, empathetic and capable health care personnel, Understanding of human body augments medical scientific professionals to develop skillful precision for treatment and research of ailments known to humanity. “Ana” “Tomy” meaning to cut open is a doorway to understanding the ultimate model of creation THE HUMAN BODY.
VISION AND MISSION
- Strive to develop state of the art infrastructure for teaching and research in Anatomy utilizing modern technologies compliant with the recent advances in medical sciences.
- Promote multi-facet blended learning in the institution. This can be a new and ideal hybrid educational model for the future.
1. MD Anatomy
3. M.Sc (Anatomy)
The department has developed following well equipped facilities
1. Dissection hall – fully furnished for a capacity of 100 students and having a low temperature cadaver storage chamber and dissection microscope
2. Embalming area – having cadaver storage tanks, embalming machines and body sectioning machine
3. Demonstration halls (2) for a capacity of 70 students each equipped with audio visual aids
4. Histology lab – fully equipped for a capacity of 60 students with one microscope for each student
5. Museum – having specimens of Gross and regional Anatomy, Embryology, Osteology
6. Radiology section – having double panel view boxes and Radiological & specialized imaging exhibits: X – ray /CT/ MRI
7. Library with adequate number of books of anatomy and allied subjects
8. Well-furnished departmental and faculty offices (provided with desktops and internet access)


It’s hard to forget just how dire the COVID-19 pandemic was at the beginning of 2021, when the first vaccines became available. Emergency rooms and ICUs were at the breaking point as new cases of the virus skyrocketed. Vaccines were in tight supply, allocated by the federal government, and getting what doses the state could obtain to the most vulnerable was a chaotic, fragmented process.
In response, California set up a statewide vaccination network, and to do it as rapidly as possible, relied on the expertise of a public-private partnership managed in large part by Blue Shield of California. It was an enormous undertaking, and so many Blue Shield of California employees and others worked tirelessly to build a network that within a matter of weeks reached more than 99% of Californians in the state.
It turns out, the state’s vaccination efforts last year helped to prevent nearly 20,000 deaths from COVID-19. It also meant that 1.5 million Californians avoided becoming infected, and 72,000 people were prevented from being hospitalized, according to a new University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) study published in the JAMA Network Open.
We’ve always known how many doses of vaccine were given through the network. But this study marks the first time we’ve been able to quantify the lives saved by this huge collaborative effort, and the numbers are humbling and gratifying.
In reporting the news, the Los Angeles Times noted that the UCSF study didn’t look at the many other important ways in which the state’s vaccination campaign benefitted California: Fewer lost school and work days, fewer people developing long-term COVID, fewer families grieving over a lost loved one. All of these are achievements worth celebrating.
California’s vaccination effort involved countless people – not just across every department at Blue Shield, but also the hundreds of providers who joined the network and the thousands of people who worked at mass vaccination sites, at hospitals and pharmacies, in data centers and answering hotline calls, and our state officials including the California Department of Public Health. It was hard work, but also truly a time when we all came together for the common good – and when we did an uncommonly good job.
Paul Markovich is president and chief executive officer of Blue Shield of California.


Dr. Allen Frances edited DSM-IV and blames himself for the "epidemic of Asperger's." He has argued that the increase in prevalence is an artifact. He sums up his views in the New York Post.
That unexpected jump has three obvious causes. Most important, the diagnosis has become closely linked with eligibility for special school services.
Having the label can make the difference between being closely attended to in a class of four versus being lost in a class of 40. Kids who need special attention can often get it only if they are labeled autistic.
The second driver of the jump in diagnosis has been a remarkably active and successful consumer advocacy on autism, facilitated by the power of the Internet. This has had four big upsides: the identification of previously missed cases, better care and education for the identified cases, greatly expanded research and a huge reduction in stigma.
But there are two unfortunate downsides: Many people with the diagnosis don’t really meet the criteria for it, and the diagnosis has become so heterogeneous that it loses meaning and predictive value. This is why so many kids now outgrow their autism. They were never really autistic in the first place.
A third cause has been overstated claims coming from epidemiological research — studies of autism rates in the general population. For reasons of convenience and cost, the ratings in the studies always have to be done by lay interviewers, who aren’t trained as clinicians and so are unable to judge whether the elicited symptoms are severe and enduring enough to qualify as a mental disorder.


Measuring Pinion Angle:
There are many different ways and opinions so this is just a simple small write up that usually works very well for street/strip cars. Thanks to Steeda!
Pinion angle is the difference between the centerline of the driveshaft and the centerline of the pinion shaft of the differential. To measure it you must be able to work under the car with the suspension fully loaded and the car level. A drive on lift works best for this.
Method "A" - (recommended) Use an angle measuring gauge (adjustable protractor) to measure the difference between the pinion flange and the drive shaft directly. These gauges are available for under $10 from a hardware store. Place the edge of the gauge vertically against the front of the pinion flange, beside the driveshaft. Extend the measuring arm forward parallel to the bottom of the driveshaft. Extend a straight edge under the driveshaft to the measuring arm of the angle gauge. Hold the straight edge flat against the bottom of the driveshaft and adjust the measuring arm to read the angle. Depending on the gauge you use, you may have to subtract 90° from your reading to get the correct number. Your final measurement should be between 0 and 5. Examine the diagram at the bottom to determine if the pinion angle is nose up or nose down.
1) Use a gravity angle gauge (Available at hardware stores) to measure the angle between the driveshaft and the
ground. Hold the gauge on the bottom of the driveshaft. Align the gauge front-to-back under the car in line
with the driveshaft and read the number from the gauge. Write down this number.
2) Next, hold the side of the gauge against the front of the pinion flange (beside the driveshaft). Measure the
angle between the pinion shaft and the ground. Write down this number.
3) Subtract the first number from the second number. This is your pinion angle. Examine the diagram at the
bottom to determine if the pinion angle is nose up or nose down.


Music during pregnancy: Benefits of listening to music during pregnancy
Researchers have no evidence to prove that listening to music during pregnancy can make the child smarter.
However, listening to music may help in reducing the mother’s anxiety levels. This is helpful because stress can have a negative impact on the baby’s development in utero.
Music contributes to a happier and healthier baby. You can play whatever soft music you like, from jazz to a lullaby – just ensure to keep it at a low volume that is safe for your child.
Music also stimulates prenatal bonding. Try listening to slow and relaxing beats which help transmit calming chemicals throughout the body and in the placenta. This enhances the bond between the baby and the expectant mother.
Music during pregnancy: Play music at a safe volume
Many studies have revealed that fetuses with long-term exposure to loud sounds are more prone to preterm birth, lower birth weight, and higher chances of having a hearing loss for higher frequency noises.
Thus, do not turn the volume any higher than 65 decibels (dB). Noises above 65 dB may hurt the unborn baby or frighten him. If you are a big fan of music with prolonged periods of listening, keep the volume around 50 dB or lower.
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10-02-2015 | Original Paper
Cultivating Mind: Mindfulness Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Problem Behaviours, and Their Mothers
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Child and Family Studies | Uitgave 10/2015Log in om toegang te krijgen
Problem behaviours in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are a major source of parenting stress, as they restrict family capacity to maintain quality domestic and social life. It is therefore critical to support parents to manage the problem behaviours of their child with ASD. Recent mindfulness intervention studies have successfully addressed this issue. The current pilot study pursues this line of enquiry and extends the scope of mindfulness intervention by training parents to become a mindfulness teacher of their own child with ASD and problem behaviours, so together they can work on enhancing the quality of their domestic and social life. A total of six dyads of mothers (CA range 34–48 years) and children with ASD and problem behaviours (CA range 8–15 years) participated in a two-stage mindfulness intervention. Mothers attended an 8-week mindfulness program to attain fluency in the theory and practice of mindfulness meditation (Stage 1). Based on this fluency they then taught mindfulness activities to their child (Stage 2). This paper reports on the effects of the mindfulness intervention provided for mothers (Stage 1) and children (Stage 2) as demonstrated by the level of mindfulness, parenting stress, and family quality of life for mothers, and problem behaviours for children. The results highlight overall improvements in the targeted areas. Some benefits, issues, and challenges of mindfulness training for parents and their children with ASD are discussed.


Family Engagement Programs
Families In Schools (FIS) develops culturally-relevant curricular programs from birth to college, designed to engage families in the education of their children. The programs are focused on critical issues that all parents and guardians should know in order to support learning and advocate for their children’s needs, ranging from quality early education, family literacy to college awareness and preparation. FIS can train staff on how to deliver the curricula or one of our certified facilitators can deliver the workshops virtually or at your site.
Family Literacy (Infancy - 3rd Grade)
Our family literacy programs are currently under review. Please check back in the 2023-24 academic year for a status update.
Five week family literacy curriculum for parents of preschool and elementary school students. Each lesson helps parents support the literacy development of their child at home, as well as at school.READ MORE
READ with me
Engages families in early reading activities by providing a weekly supply of award-winning children's books into the home, through a rotating library. The program is complemented with lessons for family literacy workshops.READ MORE
Steps to success
Steps to Success - Middle School is a five week curriculum that engages parents/guardians of English learners in their children's academic achievement.READ MORE
Four week programs that enable parents to gain confidence in guiding and monitoring their child's educational and social development during important transitional stages so the child is prepared for, and ultimately successful in college.READ MORE
College Knowledge Academies
The "College Smarts" and "Money Smarts" programs provide interactive lessons focused on building parent/child communication, the importance of high school completion, higher education, financial literacy and college preparation.READ MORE


Sandro Botticelli was born in Florence in 1445. The most humanistic of the Renaissance painters, he was at first apprenticed to a goldsmith. He became, in 1465, a pupil of Fra Filippo Lippi’s, and remained with him for about two years. It is believed that he later worked with Verrocchio and with the Pollaiuolo brothers, from whom he learned precise drawing. Some time around 1474, Botticelli became the favored painter of the Medici and their intellectual circle. Like them, the artist subscribed to Neo-platonism: an esoteric philosophical and literary theory blending paganism into Christianity and professing a spiritual union with God.
It was for the Medici that Botticelli painted fresco panels (now lost), many portraits, and his two most famous works, “Spring” and “The Birth of Venus”. His paintings are sensitively beautiful in soft tender colors, graceful, harmonious, and glowing in line. They are expressive of an intellectual and moral questioning, a humanistic spirit and a melancholy personal poetry.
In Botticelli’s next period, which began in the mid-1480’s, he painted his section of the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel. The composition here is more solid and monumental. Lorenzo de’Medici died in 1492, and his successors were forced to leave Florence when the fanatical preacher Savonarola, who was eventually burned at the stake, attacked the “pagan” cult of the Medici. As a result, Botticelli, who became one of Savonarola’s followers, is said to have destroyed several of his own works. He continued to paint austere works indicative of intensive emotions and concerned with religious rather than secular subjects, but with little change in his style. After Savonarola’s death in 1498, Botticelli, poor and ill, painted very little. He died in 1510.


Ackermann’s Repository of Arts, December 1817.
This mourning dress commemorates the death of Princess Charlotte who had died on November 6, 1817 at age 21, after giving birth to a stillborn son.
Though the model’s face is appropriately somber, even sad, she is dressed for a formal evening — either a party, a ball, or some other form of entertainment. Though the type of clothing is strictly prescribed for court mourning, in terms of color and fabric, social activities were not much curtailed. It appears to have been sufficient to wear clothing that honored the deceased person, without the need to restrict social activities. This was not true for personal mourning. If a woman lost her husband, for example, she would have no need for a black evening dress as she would not be expected to do any socializing.
This dress represents full, or deep, mourning. During this first phase of mourning, fabrics were to have no sheen or shine, and no sparkly jewelry was allowed. Jet jewelry was considered appropriate.
The print is described in the magazine as follows:
“A black crape frock over a black sarsnet slip. The skirt of the frock is finished by full flounces of the fashionable chevaux des frises trimming. The body, which is cut very low round the bust, is elegantly decorated with jet beads. Short full sleeve, ornamented to correspond to the body. The hair is much parted in front, so as to display the forehead, and dressed lightly on each side of the face; the hind hair is drawn up quite tight behind. Head-dress is a jet comb, to the back of which is affixed a novel and elegant mourning ornament; and a long black crape veil placed at the back of the head, which falls in loose folds round the figure, and partially shades the neck. Ear-rings, necklace, and cross of jet. Black shamoy gloves, and black slippers.”


Bring the fun and excitement of Christmas into your math and literacy activities!
I enjoy seeing my students’ eyes light up when they see an engaging new learning game or center activity with elves, reindeer, and of course the jolly guy in the red suit. Students have fun while practicing important reading, writing, and math skills.
Christmas Elves Sight Word BINGO Game (It’s Editable!)
Students practice reading sight words as they play BINGO. My favorite part about this is the word list is completely editable, so you can use the words your class is studying now.
Christmas Measuring Length Activity Cards
Students explore different ways to measure length with these fun Christmas measuring cards. They choose a card and measure the length of the line. The lines are not labeled, so your class can practice measuring with inches, centimeters, or non-standard measures. You choose. Students can also measure with paperclips, cute Christmas erasers, snapping cubes, or the included printable non-standard rulers.
Christmas Counting Numbers Game: Race to 20, 50, or 100
Race with Santa and Rudolf to build number sense! Students roll the number cube and count the dots. Place markers to cover that number of spaces. Take turns rolling and adding numbers to get to 20, 50, or 100.
Christmas Hidden Words “I Spy” Activity (It’s Editable!)
Grab your magnifying glasses and search for the hidden sight words with these fun “I Spy” activity pages. Students practice reading and writing your custom list of words. You can easily differentiate by creating a new word list for each of your reading levels. Just type in your words and go!


In today's world, advertising is an essential part of any business strategy. It helps to reach out to the target audience and convey the message of the brand. However, advertising can be a costly affair, and therefore, it is crucial to establish clear advertising objectives. Advertising objectives are a set of goals that a company aims to achieve through its advertising campaign.
Advertising objectives are the goals that a company aims to achieve through its advertising campaign. These objectives are set in place to help businesses make their advertising campaigns more effective and efficient.
Advertising objectives are important because they provide direction and focus for an advertising campaign. They allow businesses to measure their success and determine whether or not their advertising efforts are working.
To set effective advertising objectives, businesses must consider their overall business goals, target audience, and market position. They must also take into account factors such as budget, competition, and the current marketing trends.
There are several types of advertising objectives that businesses can choose from. Some common types include increasing brand awareness, generating leads and sales, promoting brand loyalty, and educating customers about products or services.
Ad Tech refers to the use of technology in the field of advertising. Ad Tech can help businesses achieve their advertising objectives by providing access to tools and platforms that enable them to target specific audiences, track performance metrics, and optimize campaigns for better results.
Content Marketing and SEO are two essential components of digital marketing that can help businesses achieve their advertising objectives. Content Marketing involves creating valuable content that attracts and engages target audiences, while SEO focuses on optimizing website content for search engines.
Social Media Marketing is a powerful tool for businesses looking to achieve their advertising objectives. It enables businesses to reach out to target audiences, build brand awareness, and engage with customers on a personal level.


NEW YORK (WCBS 880) — It was 100 years ago Wednesday that the 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote was officially certified.
The anniversary was marked in New York City with the unveiling of a new and historic monument along Literary Walk in Central Park.
The first statue in the park to depict real women was revealed during a ceremony Wednesday morning.
Sculptor Meredith Bergmann's 14-foot monument features three heroes of women's rights.
"Two of them are seated. Sojourner Truth on the left. Elizabeth Cady Stanton on the right. And between them is Susan B. Anthony who's standing," said Bergman, who hopes this inspires young girls. "I'd like them to think that they can be 9-feet tall too, that they could do something that would make the world that much better."
Previously, the only women represented in Central Park were fictional characters like Mother Goose and Alice in Wonderland. There are 23 statues of real men in Central Park.
The effort started six years ago with Pam Elam, President of the nonprofit Monumental Women. She thinks this is critical for girls.
"Now over half the population can see a statue that looks like them," Elam said.
Elam hopes there are more of these types of statues to come.
"In New York City, there are 150 statues in our public spaces, only five of them are women," Elam said. "We have to move history forward."
The unveiling event was streamed online.


Carbon taxes are one of the most effective carbon pricing instruments to address carbon emissions. For finance ministries, they serve as an administratively easy and self-sustainable resource for mobilizing domestic revenues whilst ensuring compliance with climate change commitments.
On October 3-4, Sweden, one of the global leaders in implementing a successful national carbon tax, hosted a hands-on workshop which addressed key questions that arise when considering carbon taxation, including:
- What is carbon pricing?
- How can we make carbon tax administration easy?
- How can we address competitiveness?
- Political economy issues (How best do we compensate vulnerable groups by increased energy prices?)
- How can we increase public acceptance and design feasible policy packages?
Participants shared their experiences of addressing carbon tax-related problems in their countries. This will showcase the wide range of policy design measures available to help countries tackle challenges in a way that take specific national conditions into account.
By discussing different country examples, participants learnt from each other and can create a better understanding of how a cost-effective carbon tax can work in different national contexts. A solid foundation of understanding is an essential platform for continued work within the Coalition towards measures that result in effective carbon pricing.
Presentations from the Workshop:
- How Carbon Taxation Can Help Countries Achieve Their Sustainable Development Goals
- Carbon tax – the Swedish way
- Multilateral Convention on Enabling Jet Fuel Taxation
- Carbon Taxation in Canada - Impact of Revenue Recycling
- What affects the public’s acceptance of CO2-taxes
- South Africa's Carbon Tax
- Addressing Competitiveness Concerns from Carbon Pricing
- Carbon Tax in Aviation - Norway
- Carbon Tax in Colombia
- Carbon Tax Keynote
- Carbon Taxation in France
- Dutch Perspective on Taxing Aviation
- Fossil fuel tax in Costa Rica
- Lessons from the Carbon Tax in Chile


To understand the environmental performance of a product, its entire life cycle needs to be taken into consideration. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of a steel product looks at resources, energy and emissions, from the steel production stage to its end-of-life stage, including recycling.
Life cycle thinking is key to every aspect of sustainability. While LCA is typically applied to environmental sustainability, an ‘integrated life cycle approach’ can also be used to measure the social and economic impact (life cycle costing, LCC) of products. Keeping all three in balance is key if we are to make sustainable products.
It is important to note that social and economic factors are as critical as environmental factors if we are to create industries and societies which are truly sustainable.
In 1996, worldsteel launched its innovative worldwide life cycle inventory (LCI) study for steel products. This was the first time that an international LCI study of a specific material had been carried out.
The study was updated in 2000, 2010, 2017, 2018, 2019 and we released our current 2020 LCI dataset at the beginning of 2021. This study contains new global and regional LCI data for 15 steel products, from hot rolled coil to plate, rebar, sections and coated steels. Data for an additional two products (UO pipe and ECCS (tin-free steel)) is also available, but has not been updated at this time.
The study has been carried out in accordance with the worldsteel LCI methodology report and ISO standards 14040 and 14044 and is the most comprehensive and accurate LCI dataset for steel products produced in the world.
The study report for the 2020 data release provides a more detailed insight into the data collected and the results published.
A key goal of worldsteel is to provide support on the environmental credentials of steel to customers and users of steel, with the intention that those that specify and use materials in applications have access to relevant data to facilitate their own informed decision-making. This is achieved by generating this LCI database for steel products and making it available to stakeholders all around the world.
For a much more comprehensive understanding of the approach, check out our Q&A via this link.


TV ads promoting Merck’s human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine have faded from prominence in recent months – it’s been a while since we’ve heard the mantra “I want to be one less ... one less.”
But the silence does not reflect the progress made in the fight against the nation’s most prevalent sexually transmitted disease.
In the last few months, the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of Merck’s Gardasil in males ages 9 through 26, and granted competitor GlaxoSmithKline approval for Cervarix, their version of the HPV vaccine, but only for use in girls and women ages 10 through 25 years.
The drug has proved to be highly effective in the prevention of HPV-related cervical disease for girls and young women. But why vaccinate boys?
There are some compelling reasons:
Up until now, adolescent girls and young women have been the priority for vaccination against a virus spread by intimate contact, but whether the drug crosses the gender line is still up in the air. For example, will it be added to the list of required vaccinations for preadolescent girls, or will boys be added?
Cost could be one inhibitor. According to a recent article in the British Medical Journal, vaccinating boys and girls would not be cost-effective when compared to vaccinating girls only. Yet, the Hepatitis B vaccination is mandatory for both boys and girls although the incidence of Hepatitis B infection is much higher in males than females.
That virus can also be spread through sexual contact. There is no doubt that the vaccine is highly effective in the prevention of HPV-related cervical disease for girls and young women.
But instead of a universal recommendation to vaccinate every
Elizabeth Greenwell, Sc.D., received her doctorate from Harvard School of Public Health in maternal and child health. She is a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Colorado Denver. Her research interests include the impact of pregnancy and perinatal risk factors on


As the world says, “We have only one Earth”, and that one is touching our hearts. We can be sure that even our thoughts can influence the environment these years. So keep your thoughts fresh, clean, smart, progressive, and let’s invest in our environment!
We can easily observe the challenges that we are facing. All the media are showing us what is happening to our planet, but now, we can see it, feel it and even be part of it.
This day is for us to celebrate in love and happiness, from the sea, mountain, desert, or offices, the World Environment Day, but now it’s time to act if we want to celebrate for millenniums. The climate is heating too quickly, and almost 1 million species are threatened with extinction. Pollution continues to poison our environment, as our air, land and water, and hunger keep going.
In order to act, we need to take the challenges to a more personal level and try to take steps in a very sustainable way, which means saving energy, recycling and reusing, going plastic-free and paperless, buying fair trade products, driving less and biking more, and using eco-friendly products.
Here at Social Hackers Academy, we are helping improve our environment in a precise way. We develop and give people quality education, which is the source of self-changing. We want to mark this day not as something passing but as the day that will provide us with motivation and inner passion for better decisions in our lives.
If you want to explore more about this topic, want a practical guide for taking steps in a sustainable direction, or see events that talk about it, at the UN site you will find master sources.
Together we can save galaxies, not only one planet. Start from today, from this very moment, go for a walk and think about it.


Plotting data and functionsThis notebook shows how to make plots of data and functions. Cadabra notebooks can display plots which are generated by matplotlib, so you have the full machinery of that library at your disposal to visualise your maths.
Basic plotting with matplotlibThe first example that we will show is a basic matplotlib plot of a number of data points. You can find examples of this on any matplotlib tutorial. The only difference is how you make the plot appear in your Cadabra notebook. We start by generating the plot and storing it in a variable $p$.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np p=plt.plot([1,2,3,4,5],[1,2,5,3,2],'-o')
We then make it appear in the notebook using the
displaycommand. This command figures out the type of the object which you hand it, and sends the appropriate data to the notebook interface.
3D plotting with matplotlib
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d import matplotlib.pyplot as plt fig=plt.figure() ax=fig.add_subplot(111,projection='3d') X,Y,Z = axes3d.get_test_data(0.05) cset = ax.contour(X,Y,Z) ax.clabel(cset,fontsize=9,inline=1)
Plotting functions with sympyIn order to plot symbolic functions, rather than numerical data, use sympy. This library can generate both two-dimensional and three-dimensional plots.
from sympy.plotting import plot, plot3d x,y=symbols('x y') p1=plot3d(sin(x)*y) p2=plot(sin(x)*x**2)
cartesian surface: y*sin(x) for y over (-10.0, 10.0) and x over (-10.0, 10.0)
<matplotlib.figure.Figure object at 0x7f4e59637e80>


Migratory movements of rhinoceros auklets in the northwestern Pacific: connecting seasonal productivities
Spatial and temporal variability in marine biological productivity may drive heterogeneity in seasonal resources available for marine animals in temperate waters. Migratory seabirds are expected to adjust their annual cycle of breeding activities and migratory movements to exploit seasonally available resources efficiently. We studied the movement and trophic position of rhinoceros auklets Cerorhinca monocerata breeding at Teuri Island, Japan Sea, during the nonbreeding and early breeding periods over 2 yr. After breeding, the auklets moved northward from the colony to the Sea of Okhotsk, where phytoplankton blooms enhanced biological productivity in autumn. The birds then moved southward to the southwestern Japan Sea (~1470 km from the colony), where major epipelagic fish and squid concentrations have been reported in winter. Stable isotope analyses suggest that the auklets fed on higher-trophic level prey, including fish and/or squid during the autumn and winter nonbreeding periods. The auklets moved northward and returned to the colony in mid-March. During the early breeding period, the birds foraged close to the colony (~380 km) on lower-trophic level prey including fish and/or krill, which were available during the spring phytoplankton bloom. The timing of the return migration does not match with the northward migration of warm-water anchovy, a profitable prey during summer, but may be related to timing the chick-rearing period to correspond with anchovy arrival. We suggest that rhinoceros auklets follow spatial and seasonal changes in prey availability by a distinctive ‘3-step’ migration (first northward, second southward, third northward) in the temperate marine system of the northwestern Pacific.
Authors: Takahashi, Akinori, Ito, Motohiro, Suzuki, Yuuya, Watanuki, Yutaka, Thiebot, Jean-Baptiste, Yamamoto, Takashi, Iida, Takahiro, Trathan, Phil ORCID record for Phil Trathan, Niizuma, Yasuaki, Kuwae, Tomohiro


Simply Fun Sumology, The Game of Equations
(Simply Fun $40.00)
Want to get those math skills up and running? We gave this a Platinum Award in 2012 and it's still among the best. Sumology is an entertaining game played with wooden tiles that might be called, Scrabble meets Math. Players begin by drawing 8 tiles. Instead of creating words with your tiles, the object is to build equations in a crossword style, horizontally or vertically. You need to connect your new equation to the other tiles on the table and then you can add up the digits in your equations to get your score. The game uses all four basic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. We recently discovered that Simply Fun gives ways to extend the ways to use their games on their website.
SNAP: Simply Fun's website suggests: "Eliminate the multiply and divide operation for children who have cognitive delays until they have mastered the addition and subtraction. Lower functioning children can practice counting by finding the number tiles and placing them in a sequence, one after the other. The adult can help the child use the visual cues provided by the tiles to show them how to count by 2's, 5's, and 10's. " Keep in mind, their website offers tips for using other games in their line — a terrific resource.
Ages: Early School, Tweens
Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Platinum Seal Award 2012


—Diamond dotted Insulation Paper is made of electrical grade Insulating paper coated with B-stage heat curable epoxy resin on either or both sides. The base paper is made from unbleached 100% Sulfate kraft pulp.
—The epoxy resin is applied on base paper in diamond pattern, which is consisted of 9.5mm x 9.5mm diamonds with 15.9mm center spacing.
—Diamond dotted paper has good dielectric properties and mechanical properties after being heat solidified.
—Insulation class A (105 °C) according to according to IEC 641
—Thickness: 0.08mm,0.13mm,0.18mm,0.20mm,0.25mm , Can be customized
—Kraft paper, 100% sulphate pulp
—High purity and mechanical strength
—Baked enamel coating: Epoxy resin , rhombic, one or both sides
—Good compatibility with liquid dielectic after the baked enamel coating has hardened.
—Care should be taken that the that the layers to be baked remain closely pressed against each other during baking time
—It has been approved by UL (NO.: E310670) ,ROHS and REACH test.
Previous: Epoxy Prepreg DMD
Next: Insulation Crepe Paper


Watch out! These are the five early warning signs of cancer you may not know about and must take very serious.
When it comes to treating cancer, getting diagnosed early really can mean the difference between life and death.
However a patient survey revealed that more than half of Brits ignore “red-flag” symptoms because they are worried about wasting their doctor’s time.
Many weren’t aware of the sings of cancer and blamed their ailments on ageing.
So what are the early symptoms to look out for?
Some of the potential early warning signs of cancer include:
1. Unexplained weight loss or a sore that does not heal
2. A persistent cough or hoarseness, a lump, diarrhoea or constipation
3. Moles with an irregular shape or jagged edges should be checked by a GP.
4. A feeling of not having fully emptied your bowels after going to the toilet are other signs
5. Blood in vomit, urine or faeces, bleeding between periods.
According to the survey of more than 1,700 people over the age of 50, more than 50% of people in the UK had experienced at least one of these symptoms, but only 2% thought cancer could be the cause.
The study, by Cancer Research, found that the majority of people were worried that there GP would think their complaint was trivial.
Others said they were too scared of a cancer diagnosis to seek help and some believed in maintaining a “stiff upper lip”. And worryingly a large proportion of Brits hadn’t gone to see a medical professional because they lacked confidence in the health system.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the UK, accounting for almost a sixth (15%) of all cases in males and females combined.
The next most common is prostate cancer (13%) followed by lung (13%) and bowel (12%).


There are so many good things children get from playing outside, from the obvious (hands-on learning about nature) to the not-quite-so-intuitive (reduced risk of nearsightedness).
And few places have better opportunities for kids to play outdoors than Greater Prescott with a mild climate that still has four seasons to witness and absorb the natural cycles the world is built upon.
The Highlands Center for Natural History, Heritage Park Zoo, Mortimer Farms and Community Nature Center have structured nature-based learning activities for kids, and trails and open space abound in parks and the Prescott National Forest. Here’s a few more of the benefits kids get from outdoor play:
Getting exercise — The CDC recommends children ages 3 to 5 stay active throughout the day and those ages 6-17 get 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day. Research shows they (and adults) are more likely to exercise for longer periods when they are outside. If you give a kid a ball or bike, and a little room to roam, that hour goes by in a hurry!
Exposing to sun — We all need vitamin D, especially kids whose bones are growing and immune systems developing. Solar rays are our chief source of D at all ages, while they play other roles in building immunity, improving mood and encouraging better sleep by keeping us in tune with our circadian rhythms.
Connecting with nature — No matter how advanced technology gets it’ll never replace learning about the natural world by being part of it. Regular outdoor play lets kids observe the seasons, examine leaves, bark and rocks, watch streams flow and see how animals, large and small, interact with the environment.
Taking risks — The uncontrolled nature of nature means it’s inherently riskier, something which can unnerve parents and children. But it also gives kids a taste of what it means to evaluate and navigate the world, making decisions that will have consequences. In most cases a parent or caregiver is nearby but at just enough distance for the child to experience a sense of independence.
Photo: Fain Park by Blushing Cactus Photography


Msc. Shaymaa Mahmood
Introduction to Eng. Materials :
Since the earliest days of the evolution of mankind , the main distinguishing features between human begins and other mammals has been the ability to use and develop materials to satisfy our human requirements. Nowadays we use many types of materials, fashioned in many different ways, to satisfy our requirements for housing, heating, furniture, clothes, transportation, entertainment, medical care, defense and all the other trappings of a modern, civilised society. Most materials doesn't exist in its pure shape , it is always exist as a ores . During the present century the scope of metallurgical science has expanded enormously , so that the subject can now be studied under the following headings : a) Physical metallurgy b) Extraction metallurgy c) Process metallurgy In the recent years studying the metallurgy science gave to humanity an ever growing range of useful alloys. Whilst many of these alloys are put to purposes of destruction, we must not forget that others have contributed to the material progress of mankind and to his domestic comfort. This understanding of the materials resources and nature enable the engineers to select the most appropriate materials and to use them with greatest efficiency in minimum quantities whilst causing minimum pollution in their extraction, refinement and manufacture.
Selection of materials :
Let’s now start by looking at the basic requirements for selecting materials that are suitable for a particular application. For example figure 1 shows a connecter joining electric cables. The plastic casing has been partly cut away to show the metal connector. Plastic is used for the outer casing because it is a good electrical insulator and prevents electric shock if a person touches it. It also prevents the conductors touching each other and causing a short circuit. As well as being a good insulator the plastic is cheap, tough, and easily moulded to


Topic: Child Labor
Connections to the NYS Social Studies Framework
Social Studies Practice: Comparison and Contextualization
Key Idea: 8.2c Increased urbanization and industrialization contributed to increasing conflicts over immigration, influenced changes in labor conditions, and led to political corruption
Reading Standard: Integration of Knowledge and Ideas
Compelling Question: How do social conditions determine the role of children?
Historical Context: Child labor became increasingly common through Victorian England, 1837-1901. As cities and factories grew, the demand for laborers fueled the need for child labor. Children were forced to work in filthy and unsafe working conditions. In nineteenth-century New York, child labor was very common in the form of indentured servitude. Legal documents, called indentures, bound a child to a master for a set period of time. These historical records give a detailed account of the conditions under which these child laborers worked.
Answer the questions on this document analysis form to analyze the Indenture.
Read this article about The Children that Lived through the Industrial Revolution.
Compare and Contrast the experiences of Indentured Servants and children working in factories using this Venn Diagram.
This lesson was created by educator Marissa Gordon through a grant from the Bender Family Foundation.


The Red Panda is listed on the IUCN Red List as an “endangered” species.
Since 2013, Les Sables Zoo has been subsidizing the salary of a forest ranger in Nepal every year through the Red Panda Network.
Created in 1997, this organization works for the preservation of red panda in Nepal according to 3 guidelines : scientific research with continuous monitoring of the population, training of local communities in monitoring and environmental education of the youngest .
If you would like to contribute to the red panda protection with Ecozoo Conservation, don’t hesitate to make a donation!
This carnivore eats bamboo because of the poverty of its environment.
WEIGHT : 3 to 6 kg
FOOD : Bamboo
THREATS : Deforestation (urbanization, agriculture and firewood), poaching (fur).
RED LIST : Endangered
ECO-GESTURE : Reducing energy consumption enables to fight against global warming.
Shut off domestic appliance equipment instead of putting them into sleep mode.
MORE INFO :
Family : Ailuridae
Gestation : 130 days
Habits : solitary
Litter : 1 to 4 babies
Longevity : 15 years
CITES : Appendix IA


College Preparatory Curriculum
Students at The Piney Woods School study a challenging and rigorous college preparatory curriculum designed with the mastery of content and skills anchored in project-based learning. Students take ownership of their own learning with the support of face- to- face instruction and our online learning platform. These two learning approaches allow our students to determine when, where, and how they learn. Our small class sizes empower students to explore and deepen their learning capacity. Students are encouraged to take risks and develop their own unique intellectual curiosity.
It is our desire to facilitate our students to become critical thinkers. We also assist them with goal setting, post-secondary plans, test preparation, and decision-making process.
Our academic village takes a student-centered approach to learning. Learning occurs within and beyond the classroom walls. Students are urged to be creators with highly developed research and self-reflective skills. Our curriculum is guided by The Piney Woods School’s core values, our honor code, and respect for self & others. We want our students to:
- Practice living lives of purpose.
- Feel empowered to make confident and constructive decisions.
- Think creatively and leverage their talents, skills, and accomplishments.
- Practice empathy, valuing the thoughts and ideas of others as well as themselves.
ACADEMIC COURSE OUTLINE
The Piney Woods School offers an academic program which reflects a general college-preparatory curriculum. The core courses of social studies, mathematics, science, English, and foreign language, along with a diversity of electives, are delineated to afford each student a solid educational structure.


Effect of a high-fibre diet on the feeding behaviour of fattening pigs
Abstract. The natural behavioural repertoire of the pig includes extensive foraging behaviour and long feeding times. Customary feed for growing pigs does not meet these requirements, resulting in unsatisfied feeding motivation. This may lead to behavioural disorders and reduces animal welfare. Studies on sows showed that by enhancing crude fibre content in the feed, satiety can be improved and the feeding motivation reduced. In growing pigs, however, studies are lacking, although abnormal behaviours are widespread. Therefore, we investigated the feeding behaviour of 56 castrated male pigs, who received either a standard compound feed or a high fibre feed containing lignocellulosis. High fibre pigs feed less often but longer times than control pigs. The feeding rate of high fibre pigs is clearly reduced, resulting in lower feed intake. Due to the composition of the fibrous feed, energy intake is less and crude fibre intake higher in high fibre pigs. Those animals have lower daily weight gain than control pigs, the feed conversion, however, does not differ between diets. Our results indicate that fibrous feed increases satiety in growing pigs. Sufficient satiety reduces foraging and feeding motivation and related behavioural problems. High fibre feed is therefore suitable to improve the welfare of fattening pigs.


- Encyclopedia of Shinto
Encyclopedia of Shinto
詳細表示 (Complete Article)
|カテゴリー1：||3. Institutions and Administrative Practices|
|Text||(Imperial Household Agency)
A bureaucratic agency established in 1949 as an external agency under the aegis of the Prime Minister's cabinet. The Agency, as stipulated by Article 7 of the Japanese Constitution, is responsible for Imperial Household affairs dealing with foreign ambassadors and imperial ceremonies, and is also custodian of the Privy and State Seal. The Grand Steward Secretariat is head administer of Household Agency affairs and is responsible for supervising all Agency officials. Along with the Grand Steward Secretariat, the Agency is composed of five other internal subdivisions: the Board of the Chamberlains, the Board of the Crown Prince's Household, the Board of Ceremonies, the Archives and Mausolea Department, the Maintenance and Works Department. The Agency also oversees auxiliary organs such as the Office of the Shōsōin Treasure House (Nara Prefecture), the Imperial Stock Farm (Tochigi Prefecture), and the Kyoto Office of the Imperial Household. The Agency, along with other members of the imperial court, also supervises ceremonies within the imperial household. Although the Agency's former incarnation, the Kunaifu, was also placed under the administration of the Prime Minister's cabinet, the current Agency holds a comparative degree of autonomy.
— Ōhara Yasuo


What does polarized mean in politics?
Political polarization (see American and British English spelling differences) is the divergence of political attitudes away from the centre, towards ideological extremes.
What is the politics of United States of America?
Presidential systemLiberal democracyFederal republicConstitutional republic
What is the society of United States of America?
The society of the United States is based on Western culture, and has been developing since long before the United States became a country with its own unique social and cultural characteristics such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine, and folklore.
When did political polarization start?
Media and political figures began espousing the narrative of polarization in the early 1990s, with a notable example being Pat Buchanan’s speech at the 1992 Republican National Convention.
What are the five most common political systems?
The Five Most Common Political Systems Around the World
Do foreigners like American accents?
British is the most likeable accent globally, with 45% of respondents stating they enjoy hearing their native language spoken with a British accent. By comparison, an American accent was liked by 34% of respondents.
What is culture society and politics?
The Research group “Culture, Society and politics” is a research group at the Department of Philosophy. The group takes a philosophical perspective in its focus on the social, political and cultural topics.
What type of society are we living in today?
What kind of economic society do we live in? The U.S. is a mixed economy exhibiting characteristics of both capitalism and socialism. Such a mixed economy embraces economic freedom when it comes to capital use but it also allows for government intervention for the public good.


I have often passed this site, but given a fine afternoon with the benefit of extra daylight hours earlier this week, I decided to detour and attempt the short walk from the Lecht Mine car park. The track, however, was impassable, shin-deep in mud and thawing snowdrifts.
"Mining first took place at Lecht in the late eighteenth century, when the York Mining Company established workings here on land forfeited to the government following the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion. Both ironstone and manganese ore were mined at the site and were transported to Culnakyle, near Nethybridge, for smelting.
The most prominent feature of the mining landscape at Lecht is a two-storeyed, rubble-built building with a large arched doorway, which was restored and re-roofed with local slate in the 1980s. It dates from a second, post-1841 phase of activity at the mine, and probably served as a crushing mill, powered by a water wheel measuring almost 8m in diameter which was set at one of its gable walls. Other remains include a mill lade, dumps of waste material, and mine workings which consist of vertical shafts and adits which have been driven at a shallow angle into the hillside.
When production reached its peak during the 1840s, 63 people were employed at the mine. By 1847, however, cheap imports of manganese from Russia made it unprofitable and the mine closed."
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O Passo (The Step) is a music education method created by Lucas Ciavatta in 1996 and currently in use both in Brazil and abroad.
O Passo was born in response to the highly selective process of access to musical practice, in academic as well as in popular cultural spaces. Its greatest inspiration came from the richness of the way in which Brazilian popular music is made, especially regarding the relationship between body and music in the swing acquiring process. O Passo is based on a specific gait and oriented by four pilars (body, representation, group and culture). It introduced in rhythm and sound teaching-learning process new concepts like position and musical space and new tools like the gait that gives the method its name, the oral and the body notations and the O Passo graphic notation. O Passo does not work aiming a specific accomplishment, it works with the building of a basis, which brings not one but several possibilities. It opens a door not only to rhythm and sound, but to rhythmics as a whole and to a real closeness to the universe of sound.
Lucas Ciavatta, a musician with a Masters in Education, is the creator of O Passo. He is the director of the O Passo Institute and also director of the percussion and chant group Bloco d'O Passo.
Compagnie D’un instant à l’autre
1 route de Châtillon
06 25 11 20 29


Memorial Day was officially proclaimed on 5 May 1868 by General John Logan, national commander of the Grand Army of the Republic, in his General Order No. 11, and was first observed on 30 May 1868, when flowers were placed on the graves of Union and Confederate soldiers at Arlington National Cemetery. The first state to officially recognize the holiday was New York in 1873. By 1890 it was recognized by all of the northern states. The South refused to acknowledge the day, honoring their dead on separate days until after World War I (when the holiday changed from honoring just those who died fighting in the Civil War to honoring Americans who died fighting in any war). It is now celebrated in almost every State on the last Monday in May (passed by Congress with the National Holiday Act of 1971 (P.L. 90 – 363) to ensure a three day weekend for Federal holidays).
We cherish too, the Poppy red
That grows on fields where valor led,
It seems to signal to the skies
That blood of heroes never dies. By Moina michael
She then conceived of an idea to wear red poppies on Memorial day in honor of those who died serving the nation during war. She was the first to wear one, and sold poppies to her friends and co-workers with the money going to benefit servicemen in need. Later a Madam Guerin from France was visiting the United States and learned of this new custom started by Ms.Michael and when she returned to France, made artificial red poppies to raise money for war orphaned children and widowed women. This tradition spread to other countries. In 1921, the Franco-American Children’s League sold poppies nationally to benefit war orphans of France and Belgium. The League disbanded a year later and Madam Guerin approached the VFW for help. Shortly before Memorial Day in 1922 the VFW became the first veterans’ organization to nationally sell poppies. Two years later their “Buddy” Poppy program was selling artificial poppies made by disabled veterans. In 1948 the US Post Office honored Ms Michael for her role in founding the National Poppy movement by issuing a red 3 cent postage stamp with her likeness on it.


The amount of calcium in milk and milk beverages is generally determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA) or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP). Ion chromatography (IC) using acidic elute can also measure total calcium amount regardless of the form in which the calcium exists. Alternatively, the calcium ion selective electrode method measures the amount of free calcium ions. In addition, chelate titration allows measurement of free calcium ions and part of the calcium bound to other substances.
However, by ionizing protein-bound calcium using an acidizing pretreatment,, the calcium ion-selective electrode method (LAQUAtwin Ca2+) can be used to measure the total amount of calcium.
The following gives an explanation of this based on empirical data—measured by a variety of methods—on the calcium content of milk and milk beverages.For each type of sample, the following table shows the labeled value, together with the values measured by various methods. The diagram below shows the correlation between LAQUAtwin Ca2+ data and that from other methods for a pre-treated sample. Without the need for a large measurement system, LAQUAtwin Ca2+ produced values of total calcium amount that are approximately equal to those obtained by other methods.
Pretreatment of the lactic drink sample consisted of adjustment to a pH of around 2, followed by readjustment to a pH of 4 prior to measurement being carried out.
As a supporting electrolyte, add 0.0375 g of potassium chloride to 5 mL of the supernatant liquid from the pre-treated sample solution, and dissolve by stirring.
Measure the sample with a LAQUAtwin Ca2+ that has been calibrated against reference solution, and use the dilution ratio to calculate the result.
Next Page Measurement of potassium in various soils with LAQUAtwin


What's in a Name?
Genesis 36:1-431 Chronicles 1:35-2:2
Genesis 36:1, “This is the account of the descendants of Esau…”You’re probably feeling less than inspired by today’s reading — all genealogy! And you might be thinking, “Why do I need to read through list after list of names I can’t even pronounce?” Well, you’re not alone! However, although it may seem unimportant to us, it is important to God. And, believe it or not, we can be inspired by these foreign names!Genealogy is important for the following reasons:
- It shows us that God cares about history and the individual people and families who are a part of it.
- It proves biblical prophecy and helps confirm biblical reliability.
- It determines who could serve in certain roles and shows that God can use imperfect people for His purposes.
- And, most importantly, Jesus’ genealogy is evidence that God has been working throughout all of history to provide a Savior for us.
An interesting fact is that biblical genealogy ends in the first chapter of the New Testament (Matthew 1). Why? Because once Jesus entered the scene, lived righteously, died sacrificially, and rose bodily, all who believe in Him can enter God’s family. No matter our family of origin, every sinner is given the opportunity to turn towards Christ and leave their past behind. How great is that!
Thank You, Lord, for this reminder that every life is significant — even mine — and that You came because You loved each one of us enough to die for us. In Jesus’ name, Amen.


The English Translator
From Chance to Chromatic Wonder: The Surprising Story Behind the Discovery of Mauve
Sometimes, the best discoveries are made by accident.
Take the colour mauve, for example. That’s what happened to William Henry Perkin, a young chemist who was trying to make a new medicine for malaria. He ended up creating something completely different and unexpected: the world’s first synthetic dye.
Perkin was working on synthesizing quinine, a natural substance that can treat malaria. But his experiment failed and he was left with a brownish sludge at the bottom of his flask. He was about to throw it away, when he noticed something interesting: the sludge had a purple tint. Curious, he decided to investigate further. He found out that the sludge was actually a purple pigment that he named mauveine. He realized that this was a valuable discovery. He patented his invention and started to produce and sell his dye.
Perkin became rich and famous with his discovery of mauve. He also started a revolution in the textile industry. His dye made it possible to create bright and cheap fabrics that were accessible to everyone. His invention also inspired other chemists to create more synthetic dyes of different colours.
Perkin changed the world with his mistake. He showed that sometimes mistakes can be good. You just have to see the opportunity in them.


For so many years we believed that we gain weight “with time rather than because of cutlets”, meaning that the older we get (especially, women after menopause), the slower our metabolism becomes. This turned out to be untrue.
The Science journal has recently published the result of an international study that was conducted in 29 countries and completely busted the myth about growing bellies and butts. It also showed the doctors are wrong in saying age matters when you are no longer 25 and that weight gain is inevitable.
So, what do scientists say about the age of 25? They measured the metabolic rate in people from 8 days of age to 95 years. Yes, their metabolism was different. The fastest it is when you are from a few days old to a year (because the child grows and develops rapidly). From one year old to 20 years, it starts to slow down by 3% per year, and then (this is the most interesting thing!) it remains the same from 20 to 60 years old. The same! It is from 60 to 90 years that it begins to really slow down.
This is explained by the fact that after 60 years of age people move little, have chronic diseases, and many of them develop a condition such as a sarcopenia – a decrease in muscle tissue, as well as its replacement with adipose tissue. Fat cells require less energy than muscle cells, but people are already accustomed to buns, pancakes, and cakes.
So what happens?
As children and adolescents, we lead a more or less active life, but then we have years and decades of sitting, busyness and complete “giving up” of any movement.
Move. Move more and more every day. Walk, run, dance, exercise, bike, swim and do it every day, day after day. Then there will be good health, fewer chances for disease and immobilization.
If you are overweight, start simple and small, gradually increasing the duration of the load. If your knees hurt, you load your hands; if your hands hurt, you load your legs. If you can’t run, walk. If you can’t walk, crawl. But don’t sit still. And eat accordingly.
This is actually a wonderful study. It gives confidence in one’s own strength but leaves no chance for excuses. So move every day!


MEDIRAD- Implications of Medical Low Dose Radiation Exposure
The use of ionizing radiation in medicine has been steadily increasing, and this trend is set to continue, with obvious health benefits for the population thanks to improved diagnostic and therapy technologies. However, this increase in radiation exposure levels also raises a number of safety concerns: the potential health effects among patients and medical workers need to be evaluated, dose evaluation tools for clinical practice need to be developed, and practices need to be optimized in order to reduce exposure doses and ensure adequate radiation protection.
MEDIRAD’s overall goal is to address these needs by enhancing the scientific bases and practice of radiation protection in medicine. To achieve this, MEDIRAD has three major operational objectives: to improve organ dose estimation and registration; to evaluate and understand the mechanisms of the effects of medical exposures, focusing on two outcomes of public health relevance: cardiovascular effects of radiotherapy in breast cancer treatment, and cancer risk following computed tomography (CT) scanning in children and adolescents; and to develop science-based consensus policy recommendations for the effective protection of patients, workers and the general public.
The research group of the Unit of Biological Anthropology of UAB named "Cytogenetic and molecular studies of the effects of ionizing radiation and cancer" participates in this project. Specifically, the team of Dr. Gemma Armengol will evaluate the possible health impact of pediatric scanning. The UAB leads the task of identifying genetic and epigenetic variants that may be related to the increased risk of cancer in children and adolescents who have undergone CT for diagnostic purposes. To achieve this goal, the latest technology in exome sequencing and DNA methylation analysis will be used.
It is expected that the results obtained will provide the best possible direct estimation of cancer risk after exposure to low doses of radiation for medical purposes, as well as a solid scientific basis for patient radiation protection. In the long term, finding possible markers of susceptibility to radiation-induced cancer will be of great importance to make individualized decisions for patient management.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Project MEDIRAD (Implications of Medical Low Dose Radiation Exposure). ID: 755523. Funded under H2020-Euratom-1.4. - Foster radiation protection.


Dragonflies and Damselflies: A Natural History
Princeton University Press, 2019. Hardcover. A lavishly illustrated introduction to the world's dragonflies and damselflies.
Dragonflies and damselflies are often called birdwatchers' insects. Large, brightly colored, active in the daytime, and displaying complex and interesting behaviors, they have existed since the days of the dinosaurs, and they continue to flourish. Their ancestors were the biggest insects ever, and they still impress us with their size, the largest bigger than a small hummingbird. There are more than 6,000 odonate species known at present, and you need only visit any wetland on a warm summer day to be enthralled by their stunning colors and fascinating behavior. In this lavishly illustrated natural history, leading dragonfly expert Dennis Paulson offers a comprehensive, accessible, and appealing introduction to the world's dragonflies and damselflies.
The book highlights the impressive skills and abilities of dragonflies and damselflies - superb fliers that can glide, hover, cruise, and capture prey on the wing. It also describes their arsenal of tactics to avoid predators, and their amazing sex life, including dazzling courtship displays, aerial mating, sperm displacement, mate guarding, and male mimicry.
Dragonflies and Damselflies includes profiles of more than fifty of the most interesting and beautiful species from around the world. Learn about the Great Cascade Damsel, which breeds only at waterfalls, the mesmerizing flight of Blue-winged Helicopters, and how the larva of the Common Sanddragon can burrow into sand as efficiently as a mole.
Combining expert text and excellent color photographs, this is a must-have guide to these remarkable insects. A lavishly illustrated, comprehensive, and accessible natural history that reveals the beauty and diversity of one of the world's oldest and most popular insect groups; Offers a complete guide to the evolution, life cycles, biology, anatomy, behavior, and habitats of dragonflies and damselflies; Introduces the 39 families of dragonflies and damselflies through exemplary species accounts; Features tips on field observation and lab research, and information on threats and conservation. 224 pages. New. Item #14967


“Front porch” means a passage area, which is placed in front of a house. It can be huge or small according to the space available. We can place either some chairs or stools and tables for sitting arrangement. This is an area, where we can spend a good time with our family, relatives and friends. This is a lovely to spend a good time during a pleasant weather.
It helps to connect with neighbors. It gives a security to home from the external criminal activity. It is an area, where a security guard can sit. We can place some swing in this area. We can make some rocking sits in this area.
The front door tells about the interior of the home as well as front porch also. Visitors look first at the front porch. The front porch can be made as separately or covered with window canopy. It can be formed under a shadow.
Here we are presenting the list of some types of porches:
- Rain porch: It is a normal type of porch. It is covered by some columns or other supports. It makes it cool in summer and protect from other weathers.
- Sleeping porch: It is furnished according to the sleeping area. It can be used for sleep in warmer weather. It gives very comfort in summer night when we can sleep with cool night air.
- Veranda porch: A veranda can be used for multi-purpose. It contains a huge area with extending around both sides of the home.


Declining unionization in many countries have motivated studies to get a better understanding of what factors that inﬂuence the decisions of young workers to join trade unions. In particular, it is interesting to examine the role of union membership in close family. It is widely recognized that individual choices are affected by intergenerational transmission of preferences regarding political orientation (Jennings et al. 2009), education (Holmund et al. 2011) and receipt of welfare insurance (Dahl et al. 2014), to mention some. Is this also the case for union membership? Bryson and Davies (2018) finds that the decision of young workers in Britain on whether or not to join a union is influenced by their parents’ union membership. In particular, their study reveals that young workers are 29 per cent more likely to join a union if one of their parents is a union member, and 87 per cent more likely to join a union if both are union members, compared to individuals with no unionized parents (pp. 12-13). To what extent do we observe the same effects in Norway? In this study, we will use register data covering all employees in the period 2000-2019 to investigate the impact of organized parents, siblings and spouse for the individual choice of becoming a union member.


Decentralization of Education Governance
The Decentralised Education Governance (DEG) programme was conceptualised in 2010 to build and strengthen structures to enable decentralised planning, starting from the school and village levels, to consolidate a bottom-up process. Recognising that the Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs) are truly the representative bodies of the community at various levels of governance, the programme aimed to strengthen the institutional capabilities of the school management committees and standing committees for education in the PRIs at the gram panchayat, block and district levels. The approach utilised the school as an unit of social transformation and the community as the agent of change. The programme also actively sought collaborations with identified NGOs and governments. During 2010–15, the Foundation designed and implemented its key education programmes at scale. A summary is presented below:
|State||Districts (Nos)||Blocks (Nos)||Gram Panchayats (Nos)||Schools (Nos)|
The DEG programme impacted than 8,000 schools in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. More than 7,000 Shikshan Gram Sabhas, 2,000 gram panchayat meetings, 6,000 SMC trainings and 300 block-level meetings were conducted as part of the programme. These processes reached out to more than 4.5 lakh students, 1.2 lakh parents, 16,000 government officials and 22,402 elected representatives in the gram panchayats. The on-going implementation had a positive impact on enrolment, attendance, infrastructure, teachers’ access, and community involvement in school management.
Embedded within this programme is the Wonderoom concept of a learning space for children. This project, which has been created within the premises of the Foundation, invites and encourages children to participate in various periodic activities including reading sessions, summer camps, workshops for theatre and music, etc. By engaging in the Wonderoom, the programme team also enhances its understanding of the different dimensions of learning.


It is a constant battle trying to get the climate in your house just right. You’ve invested in new air purifiers, cleaned your ducts and always properly maintain your HVAC systems but there’s one thing that you may not have accounted for – the humidity level. The amount of moisture in the air can affect everything from the temperature to mold growth to the health of wooden furniture.
If you’ve ever heard someone refer to a particular climate as a “wet cold” or “dry heat” then you’ve encountered humidity at work on the temperature.
How to control humidity:
Humidifiers – Humidifiers are used to add moisture back into the air. In most places, they are typically used during the winter where humidity levels are below 35%. Humidifiers can be used to replenish moisture in your skin and will help you fight off dry nasal passages associated with allergies or colds. Having the right amount of moisture in the air will also help preserve wooden furniture or wooden floors as well since wood cracks and splinters when too dry.
Dehumidifiers – A dehumidifier removes moisture from the air and is typically used in summer months where the humidity is over 50%. Too much moisture can lead to mold growth and a serious health hazard. If you notice that you have condensation on your windows, musty smells or rotting wood, you may need a dehumidifier.
How do I measure my humidity?
There are ways to judge your humidity like some of the telltale signs mentioned above. Your body and your home are very good indicators. If you feel overly dried out and your wooden furniture is shrinking or cracking, the humidity level is probably too low. If you feel muggy inside and there is condensation, mold or wood rot in your house, your humidity level is probably too high. For an absolute result, though, an electronic moisture gauge called a hygrometer is used.


If you know the names Dian Fossey and Jane Goodall, you should also know Biruté Mary Galdikas. Galdikas was the third member of the “Trimates,” women who dedicated their lives to the study of primates, specifically great apes, under the auspices of anthropologist Louis Leakey. They were also sometimes referred to as “Leakey’s Angels.” Galdikas operated far away from Leakey, Fossey, and Goodall because she went to Borneo to study orangutans. That was in 1971, and she’s still there.
Listen beautiful relax classics on our Youtube channel.
Of the three, Galdikas’ work may have the most lasting impact. Orangutans are critically endangered due to both habitat destruction and poaching. Galdikas not only gained the orangutans’ trust and studied them, but also worked with local people and governments to protect them and their environment. She founded a rescue and rehab center, and has been fighting poachers for decades. This work led to the founding of the Orangutan Foundation International. Read what Galdikas has gone through in her quest to save orangutans at Atlas Obscura.
(Image credit: Simon Fraser University-University Communications)


Table of Content
|Nguyên - Phân tử khối (g/mol)|
|Khối lượng (g)|
No information found for this chemical equation
Explanation: The ideal environmental conditions for a reaction, such as temperature, pressure, catalysts, and solvent. Catalysts are substances that speed up the pace (velocity) of a chemical reaction without being consumed or becoming part of the end product. Catalysts have no effect on equilibrium situations.
Propene reacts with H2
In a full sentence, you can also say H2 (hydrogen) reacts with CH2=CHCH3 () and produce CH3-CH2-CH3 ()
This equation does not have any specific information about phenomenon.
In this case, you just need to observe to see if product substance CH3-CH2-CH3, appearing at the end of the reaction.
Or if any of the following reactant substances CH2=CHCH3, disappearing
We no further information about this chemical reactions.
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hydrogenH2 + S → H2S 3H2 + N2 → 2NH3 H2 + CH3[CH2]7CH=CH[CH2]7COOCH3 → CH3[CH2]16COOCH3 View all equations with H2 as reactant
C6H6 + CH2=CHCH3 → C6H5CH(CH3)2 Br2 + CH2=CHCH3 → CH2(Br)-CH(Br)-CH3 H2 + CH2=CHCH3 → CH3-CH2-CH3 View all equations with CH2=CHCH3 as reactant
KI + CH3CH(Br)CH2(Br) → KBr + IBr + CH2=CHCH3 View all equations with CH2=CHCH3 as product
Interesting Information Only Few People Knows


Kinetic Letters is a handwriting program that has been adopted throughout the whole school. It has 4 main strands to help children develop their handwriting:
- Making Bodies Stronger
- Holding the pencil
- Learning the Letters
- Flow and Fluency
We are right at the start of the journey, so in Reception we are currently focusing on Making our bodies stronger and developing
Pelvic Girdle Strength
Shoulder Girdle Strength
Forearm and wrist Strength
Hand and Finger Strength
The children use animal shapes to help develop their core and shoulder strength. They have learnt Gorilla (sitting up straight, legs crossed, hands on their knees) and Penguin (standing up straight, feet shoulder width apart, hands by their side).
Already the children have been introduced to the 2 little monkeys who will help them visualise how to form the letters and follow large scale movements. They are Brave Monkey and Scared Monkey. This week, while learning about the number 1, the children have been practicing going "Down - bump!" to form the number.
How you can help:
Encourage your child to lay down on their tummy on the floor to play, read or watch telly. You can find out more at our parent information workshops over the next few weeks.


Knights, K.V. and Glennon, M.M. (2013) Tellus Border Project Geochemistry Data User Guide Version 1. Geological Survey of Ireland and Geological Survey of Northern Ireland Joint Report.
The Tellus Border geochemical field survey collected samples of soil, stream water and stream sediment from approximately 7,000 locations across the border region in 2011–2012. These samples have been chemically analysed to investigate the baseline or background environmental concentrations of a range of inorganic chemical elements and chemical parameters. This geochemical survey will help geologists and environmental scientists to better understand how chemical elements are naturally distributed in the surface environment of the northern region of Ireland. The data have a wide range of applications and uses including:
- Helping geologists to characterise the nature of rocks and minerals beneath the Earth’s surface;
- Applications for improved land management and agriculture, such as understanding where trace elements and micronutrients may be deficient or excessive;
- Investigating potential ecological, animal and human health risks, such as potentially harmful elements in soil and water;
- Underpinning environmental policy and feeding into improved regulatory frameworks.
The Tellus Border geochemical baseline survey provides a snapshot in time, against which future environmental change and impacts on soil, sediment and water may be measured and mapped.


Have you ever used a for loop with an else clause in Python? WTH, right? I found out these exist earlier this week when going through some source code. Since it was such a shock I immediately tried to find a use case. Here’s some more detailed documentation. Make sure to search for “4.4” which is the section where you’ll find the info.
So, from my brief research, one way to use a for loop with an else clause in Python is to distinguish if the for loop hits a break statement or finishes without meeting certain criteria. Check out the following.
Never Enters the Else
for i in range(1,3): print(i) # If i ever = 2 then we break and never execute the else. if i==2: break else: print('Ended naturally') # This will always execute print('this still executed')
This code loops from one to two at which point i = 2 and we enter the if statement. We break and anything after the for loop runs which in this case means we print “this still executed.” If we remove the break, like so then we’ll enter the else statement.
Entering the Else
for i in range(1,3): print(i) else: print('Ended naturally') # This will always execute print('this still executed')
So imagine that we’re searching an array for an element. We’ll loop through that array and check if each element is equivalent to ‘foobar’. If we wanted to be notified that nothing was found and continue with the script then we’d have to set a variable that changes when ‘foobar’ is found. We’d then have to add an if statement outside of the loop that checks that variable and notifies us. This can be replaced by tacking on the else statement. More examples to come everybody. Check out this article for some practice manipulating and working with arrays. Happy coding!


Homer by Elisha Cooper
Who’s it for: Kids (and adults)
If only you had more money, then you would be happy.
If only you had more friends, then you would be happy.
If only you read more books, watched the hottest new tv show, then you would be happy.
If only you had more vacations, went on more adventures, then you would really be happy.
If only you found a way to lose those pesky extra 15 pounds you’ve been carrying for years, then you would truly be happy.
One of these thoughts has probably crossed your mind at some point. It’s certainly what we’re being told on a day-to-day basis. Movies, television, and even our books (Have you seen books like this before? 1,000 books to read before you die: a life-changing list), are constantly telling us that we need to do all the things to be truly happy. There will always be something more to do. Another book that you absolutely MUST read. Another Netflix show that everyone is talking about. Another thing that you’ve always wanted to do. They are all waiting for us as soon as we’ve finished with the last thing.
Now, please consider this: if we’re feeling it, then the children in our lives are feeling it as well.
Homer, written and illustrated by Elisha Cooper, is a friendly reminder that we absolutely do not need to do all the things to be happy. In fact, there is nothing that we have to do at all. We simply have to Be. Here. Now. Present.
Homer is essentially a story of a dog who is perfectly happy to watch his friends have fun and feels no need to participate himself, but at its core it is a story about the nature of contentment. Contentment, as in to feel content in the present moment. To be happy with what you have at this exact moment.
There are not many children’s books that express this idea so clearly. Taking less than five minutes to read, it is well worth the small amount of time it would take to complete it. Homer teaches a very important lesson that is sorely needed in a society that seems to glorify the doing of all the things.


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MCQ: To filter the precipitates needed to be ignited we use
MCQ: The shape of lobes which touch each other at the origin of the p-subshell is
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Primary DNS servers
Anyone who owns a domain has primary DNS, which is a domain’s main authoritative nameserver. This server stores the IP address and other important information related to a specific website. Before an internet user can be sent to their desired destination on the web, their recursive resolver must retrieve the information stored within the primary server.
How does primary DNS work?
Aside from storing DNS record information, DNS also translates domain names from human-readable words (like digicert.com) into a computer-readable IP address. A domain’s primary DNS server provides the IP address.
What does DNS server not responding mean?
This error message generally happens as a result of misconfigurations or network connectivity issues on the end of the user, but the error can also be a result of an outage on the side of the internet service provider (ISP) or the domain’s primary DNS provider if no redundancy measures are in place.
How can DNS errors be avoided?
Primary DNS providers can’t prevent user-related problems from popping up, but they can help protect domains from DNS-related outages through the use of secondary DNS. In this case, the secondary DNS provider holds a copy of the same data held by the primary DNS provider, which means a domain with secondary DNS would have not one authoritative DNS server, but two. In the case of an outage, queries that can’t be resolved by the primary provider will be automatically directed to the secondary provider with no noticeable effects on the side of the end user.
Another benefit of having a secondary DNS configuration is that resolvers learn which nameserver is faster. Since they typically prefer the fastest resource, end users trying to reach the domain have a faster, more positive experience.