One often sees Karate and Zen Japanese calligraphy hanging in traditional dojo in Japan and the West. Shodo (Japanese calligraphy) has been practiced by some of the most famous martial artists that have ever lived and is an art to be appreciated, and contemplated. Many books relate budo (the martial arts) to shodo as complementary arts and a first rate example includes "The sword of No-Sword" which documents the life of the sword and zen master Tesshu (book authored by John Stevens; ISBN 0-87773 -284-1). This book documents Tesshu's study of martial arts, Zen & calligraphy in his journey to enlightenment. Miyamoto Musashi is another famous martial artist who also practiced calligraphy.
Japanese calligraphy is more than simply writing as the Chinese characters are derived from pictographs of what they represent (images for this article on http://www.DownloadKarate.com ). In the Japanese language these characters are called "Kanji". Many of the requirements for their production mirror that of "zen" as it is expressed in fighting: eg fluid movement, empty mind, the creation of strength in what is created, and the movements are often related to those of a sword in motion.
The 4 primary tools used in Shodo for the creation of the Japanese artwork include:
Shikishi: The traditional medium is rice paper, or thicker rice paper boards called (Shikishi).
Fude: The brush.
Suzuri: a black stone container which the sumi is rubbed in to mix with water.
Sumi: Rather than using "modern ink" the sumi is solid black material that is rubbed in water in the suzuri to produce the black ink which is then used for writing.Immobilienmakler Heidelberg Makler Heidelberg
Source by Dr.


STEAM at Genesee
Today the eight and nine year olds worked with motors, circuits and microscopes to understand how each of them work. First, we used the circuits to create a fan that when the electricity was turned off, the fan then flew a few feet in the air. Robert, age nine, said, “This is one of the coolest things ever!” Michael, age nine, said, “That’s awesome! I want one of these at home!”
After we worked with the fan, we used the motors to build a car. After a few struggles, the car was finished and the youth were very excited to see the car moving around the gym. Miguel, Gisele and Naythan were in agreement when they said “Look how fast the car is going! We have to run to catch it!”
After all of our building, we then utilized the microscopes. We had pre-made slides with dry pig’s blood, yeast and dried shrimp eggs. We decided to add some leaves to see the different colors under the microscope. The youth were grossed out with the pig’s blood with Jeremiah stating “That’s nasty!” After we got over our initial gross factor, Sherleen was heard stating, “Is that what blood looks like?” The other two samples we looked at “Looked super cool!” according to Leonardo.
Overall, these kits were a wonderful experience for our youth and we will absolutely do these again. Having more STEM kits, like these, would be great!


The June 28 contempt order against Attorney General Eric Holder for ‘refusal to cooperate’ in the investigation of the Fast and Furious gun-walking operation included a briefing memo.
Part of the memo surveyed the history of Congressional contempt orders.
It turns out — no surprise — that behind Congress’s creation of its contempt power was a corruption investigation. That was in 1795, when George Washington was president.
Which shows again that there’s nothing new under the sun.
* * *
Here’s an excerpt from the modern-day House briefing memo (without footnotes):
Congress first exercised its contempt authority in 1795 when three Members of the House charged two businessmen, Robert Randall and Charles Whitney, with offering bribes in exchange for the passage of legislation granting Randall and his business partners several million acres bordering Lake Erie. This first contempt proceeding began with a resolution by the House deeming the allegations were adequate “evidence of an attempt to corrupt,” and the House reported a corresponding resolution that was referred to a special committee. The special committee reported a resolution recommending formal proceedings against Randall and Whitney “at the bar of the House.”
The House adopted the committee resolution which laid out the procedure for the contempt proceeding. Interrogatories were exchanged, testimony was received, Randall and Whitney were provided counsel, and at the conclusion, on January 4, 1796, the House voted 78-17 to adopt a resolution finding Randall guilty of contempt. As punishment Randall was “ordered  to be brought to the bar, reprimanded by the Speaker, and held in custody until further resolution of the House.” Randall was detained until January 13, 1796, when the House passed a resolution discharging him. In contrast, Whitney “was absolved of any wrongdoing,” since his actions were against a “member-elect” and occurred “away from the seat of government.”
The full briefing memo is here.
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How to Draw an Ogre with this how-to video and step-by-step drawing instructions. This lesson will be unusual and at the same time very fascinating and simple.
Please see Ogre drawing tutorial in the video below
This is another fun lesson on how to draw a mystical character and in it, I want to tell and show you how to draw a goblin. A goblin is a mythical monster often depicted as a large, hideous, human-looking and cannibal creature. Elves are negative characters, but there is no need to fear them as they are fictional and do not exist in real life.
At first glance, this character will definitely seem evil and scary, but in this lesson you will learn how to draw elves in a cartoon style, so it will look quite cute and funny. In mythology, elves are often depicted as large, tall and with an unusually large head, abundant hair, unusually colored skin, voracious appetite, and muscular body.
Now I suggest you start drawing an elf. I am sure that this lesson will be interesting and useful to you!
Ogre Drawing Step by Step
Step 1. Draw the outline of the head and body.
The goblin’s head is depicted as an oval and its torso as an incomplete oval below the head.
Step 2. Visualize facial features.
Add eyes, mouth and nose, using curved and straight lines inside the outline of the head.
Step 3. Add the ears.
Add pointed ears on either side of the goblin’s head. One ear is partially covered by the head.
Step 4. Draw the elves.
On the left side of the drawing, add a hand, using curves.
Step 5. Add legs and waistline.
Sketch an arc over the goblin’s torso, as well as straight lines below it.
Step 6. Image of the character’s shoes.
Add similar shapes with curved lines at the bottom of the goblin legs.
Step 7. Add decorative elements.
Draw an arc and short straight lines on the goblin’s body and curves on its legs.
Step 8. Delete unnecessary lines.
Use an eraser to erase extra lines that appear during drawing.
Step 9. Color the drawing.
To color this drawing, use green, yellow, black and brown.
You can see more drawing:


What is it about?
Cholera has caused seven pandemics and continues to affect 3-5 million people annually worldwide. The disease is caused when bacteria enters orally and colonizes the intestine, eventually producing toxins that cause diarrhea and dehydration. We have developed a vaccine candidate using a novel technique which is protective against colonization in adult rabbit model. Additionally, an infant rabbit model, that were protected from cholera when their mothers were immunized during pregnancy, has been developed in this study which fills a crucial gap in studying the pre-clinical efficacy of cholera vaccine candidates.
Photo by Diana Polekhina on Unsplash
Why is it important?
Current cholera vaccines elicit poor immune response in children under the age of 5. The need for an effective cholera vaccine is pertinent for all age groups as the disease continues to be a cause for 21,000 to 143,000 deaths annually. This preclinical study delves into the rabbit models (adult and infant) potentially overcoming hurdles in cholera vaccine development. By employing Multiepitope fusion antigen technique the study develops a cholera vaccine candidate protective against four strains of cholera, three of which have been attributed to cholera epidemics.
Read the Original
This page is a summary of: Antibodies induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) adhesin major structural subunit and minor tip adhesin subunit equivalently inhibit bacteria adherence in vitro, PLoS ONE, May 2019, PLOS, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216076.
You can read the full text:
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Is Eating fish can be harmful to health?
Eating Fish Can Be Harmful There are many foods that offer more health benefits than fish, from reducing the risk of heart disease to supporting mental health. You can for your overall health
Eating fish can be harmful if consuming milk with fish can cause a reaction because to digest these two foods, our stomach has to secrete two fluids at the same time, causing it and milk to become one. It becomes difficult to digest
A downside of eating fish is mercury intake
Thanks to pollution, the fish on your plate may contain the same nasty and potentially toxic substances we find in the ocean—think methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and dioxins.
A toxic mercury compound typically accumulates during its life cycle. It is first absorbed by phytoplankton or algae, which are then consumed by small marine animals, small fish, and finally by large fish. All animals can contain some methylmercury, although some species have more than others
It accumulates mercury through its diet. Humans can also accumulate mercury in their bodies if they eat large amounts of mercury-rich fish.
Mercury is a toxic metal and while a small amount can pose a serious health risk, consuming too much can result in mercury poisoning, which can have effects such as hearing, vision, and coordination challenges, as well as some muscle weakness. Can experience
Eating fish can cause nerve damage
Mercury is a metal that can potentially damage a person’s central nervous system, or the brain and spinal cord. or experiencing headaches to experience muscle weakness. So if you’re eating too much fish, you’re likely taking in too much mercury and could be inadvertently harming yourself.


John Hitchcock: “Bury the hatchet”
Written by daybreak on March 21, 2023
John Hitchcock is an artist and educator who draws inspiration from his Native American heritage. His works explore colonization, identity, and environmentalism using layering and mixed media. He has taught at several universities and received numerous awards, including a Joan Mitchell Foundation Grant and a United States Artists Fellowship. His works can be found in major museum collections.
“Bury the hatchet” is a common phrase that refers to making peace or ending a conflict. It is also the title of a 2016 print series by John Hitchcock that explores the complex and often painful history between Native Americans and European colonizers. The prints feature layered images of hatchets, guns, maps, and other symbols that represent the violent clash of cultures that occurred during the colonization of North America.
Through “Bury the hatchet,” Hitchcock aims to confront the difficult truths of history and promote healing and reconciliation between Native and non-Native communities. The series has been exhibited at galleries and museums across the United States and has been praised for its powerful and thought-provoking message.
Learn more about John Hitchcock on his website:


Jump to navigation Jump to search
- If you say something is his thing, you mean it belongs to a particular man or boy.
- It is his book, not mine.
- His is used, instead of the name of an object, to refer to something belonging to a man or boy.
- It isn't my book, it is his.
|Subject||Object||Possessive 1||Possessive 2||Reflexive||Subject||Object||Possessive 1||Possessive 2||Reflexive|
- This short entry needs someone to make it better. You can help Wiktionary by adding to it.


The callíctidos are a family of warm water fish, what part of the order of siluriformes, basically this family It is formed by the armored catfish, vulgarly called catfish. This group has features that are common to all species, the existence of each of the two sides of the mouth, from four pairs of rigid barbells. The barbels allow you to callíctidos climb the walls and dig the ground in search of food. They are fish with an appearance somewhat primitive. Catfish do not have scales, have a number of bone plates arranged on the sides and overlapped on the dorsal, They are allowing them overland travel firm when their habitat is dry. these fish They are able to breathe out of water, thanks to a specific respiratory system, also it helps them survive in highly contaminated waters, where other fish would not be able to thrive. They are quite sociable. This character allows them to form part of a community aquarium, without any problem. The temperature of the aquarium, It may vary from species to species, but we can establish a boundary between 18º and 26ºC.
Armored cat fish
Callichthys callichthys This fish is native to the Amazon basin, which they are usually found in groups. It is a gregarious and peaceful fish, you can live well in a community tank. caution, what You can eat other smaller species overnight. Its reproduction in captivity is rare, but it builds bubble nests for breeding.
corydoras bronze Within the corydoras, This species is the most popular. Is small, does not exceed 7 centimeters, but it is very active and strong. You can find from Trinidad, to Plata in South America. It is a gregarious species, although not necessarily gregaria, most of the time can be found in the bottom of the aquarium, cleaning the floor. It is very tolerant of water types, but they do not like overly acidic. The temperature can range between 22 ° and 25 ° C. Read more: corydoras bronze
This species is native to Peru corydoras. They are very small fish, not exceed four,5 centimeters, ideal for small aquariums no more than 60 liters. Water need very filtered and oxygenated, including frequent water changes. See: Corydoras panda


Last updated on May 19th, 2023 at 12:03 pm
Tabbed browsing is a convenient way to navigate the Internet because it allows you to have multiple Web pages open at the same time. So if you’re working in one tab and need to reference something on a different page, you can stay on the first page in one tab, then go to the other page in a different tab.
As you become more comfortable working with tabbed browsing, you will find that you often open links on one page in a new tab. By default Internet Explorer will remain on the currently-active tab, but you can adjust this behavior so that it switches to the new tab instead. Our tutorial below will show you where to find and change this setting if you would prefer to always switch to new tabs when they are created.
How to View a New Tab By Default in Internet Explorer
The steps in this article were performed in Microsoft Internet Explorer 11. Note that these steps will not work in Microsoft’s other browser, Edge. By completing the steps in this guide you will be changing the way that Internet explorer behaves when you create a new tab. With this setting enabled that new tab will become the visible one when it is created. This will not affect the behavior of other browsers on your computer, such as Chrome or Firefox.
Step 1: Open Internet Explorer.
Step 2: Click the gear icon at the top-right corner of the window.
Step 3: Select the Internet Options item.
Step 4: Click the Tabs button.
Step 5: Check the box to the left of Always switch to new tabs when they are created, then click the OK button at the bottom of the window.
Looking for other ways to customize Internet Explorer? This guide will show you how to change the default page that you see when you open Internet Explorer.
Kermit Matthews is a freelance writer based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with more than a decade of experience writing technology guides. He has a Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in Computer Science and has spent much of his professional career in IT management.
He specializes in writing content about iPhones, Android devices, Microsoft Office, and many other popular applications and devices.


The mankind has always been interested in the observation of the unimpressionable environment around them, because its survival has been guaranteed by the ability of adaptation to it. The weather still influences our lives. The thoughtful people want to know the current and/or the future weather condition.
With the development of science and technology, the metering of the environmental parameters and the analysis of data made it possible to forecast the weather. The meteorology deals with the processes of the weather.
There is one field within this science called road-meteorology, which deals with the connection between transportation and weather. A very large number of vehicles take part in transport nowadays, which situation demands to be well-informed about the effects of the weather on roads because of safety and economic reasons as well.
The integrated road-meteorological system developed by the cooperation of Intelliport Solutions Ltd. and Boreas Ltd. gathers, visualises and analyses the necessary environmental data in every ten minutes with using GPRS communication such as air-temperature, humidity, information about the rainwater, temperature of the road surface, thickness of water layer, salt concentration. Alerts (sleet, snow, freezing) and forecasts (slippery road, reduced visual distance) are generated as a result of the processing. Knowing the endangered locations and the weather information altogether gives a chance for the road operator to act on time or to prevent (salting the road, diversion).
The weather stations consist of sensors, data-collectors and communicators, and they are operated directly by wired electricity supply or solar cells. The central software can receive not only the metered environmental parameters, but the service data of the metering stations as well (charging of accu, door-opening). The availability of the system increases significantly with this, while the costs of operation decrease.
We rejoice in case of every accident, which was prevented by the help of this Intelliport road-meteorology system.


MONDAY, Dec. 25, 2017 (HealthDay News) — A stomach bug can quickly put a damper on your Christmas Day festivities.
If you're teaching children how to prepare favorite family recipes, include important lessons about food safety, says the American Academy of Pediatrics.
The last thing you want to give your family is a foodborne illness. Here are some suggestions from the pediatricians' group to avoid one:
Every cook should have clean hands, including little helper chefs. Be sure kids wash their hands well and often when handling food.
Bacteria often lurk in uncooked foods, particularly meats and poultry. Thaw frozen meat in the refrigerator, not on the counter. Wash raw fruits and vegetables thoroughly before they're eaten or added to dishes.
It's tempting to lick the batter off bowls and spoons, but sampling certain raw ingredients, including eggs, can be risky. Also, any time someone tastes food during preparation, you should wash or replace the utensil used.
After cooking, store perishable foods in the refrigerator. They should not be left at room temperature for more than two hours. It's also important to keep raw ingredients separate from cooked foods. Similarly, keep kitchen tools used to stir or chop raw foods separate from other utensils.
When cooking with young helpers, remember to push bowls, cups or platters that contain hot foods or liquids away from the edges of counters or tables. Children could accidentally knock them over and get burned.
Likewise, turn pot handles toward the back of the stove, and make sure microwave ovens are out of little ones' reach.
Following the festivities, clear away any remaining food or drinks, even if it's late. Young children could wake up early and sample leftovers, which could lead to foodborne illness or choking.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration provides more on holiday food safety.
The post Bah, Hum (Stomach) Bug! Essential Holiday Food Safety Tips appeared first on News Wire Now.


Sculpture workshop, foundry, mould-making, wood and plastics fabrication.
The 3D workshops are arranged into five different areas:
- The Machine Shop has a wide variety of industry-standard equipment and is manned by expert technicians who can advise students on correct usage, areas covered: wood, plastics, Digital Fabrication, metal and mould making.
- The Fabrication room is our benched area where students can bring together components and materials using hand and power tools, utilising a long list of adhesives/hardware. Additionally, this area covers the construction and stretching of painting canvases.
- Mould making room, this space is used to undertake a variety of different types of mould-making and casting. from the use of traditional techniques and materials (plaster, clay) to contemporary materials like resin and Jesmonite. An element of the mould room is supporting investment casting of metals in our Foundry.
- The Metal workshop enables the fabrication of a wide range of structures, which require the ability to join, cut and shape metals. The space is equipped with MIG and TIG welding machinery for fusing both ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Students learn a variety of techniques as well as hand tool finishing of cast bronze and aluminium.
- The plastics and foam area covers many aspects of cutting, forming and heating. Essential equipment used in the area is the vacuum former and hot-wire cutter, amongst other. The use of heat-based processes in plastics and foam can achieve fascinating results, which lend themselves to quick sketch model making, right through to final presentation pieces.
Digital processes in the workshop consist of 3D printing and CNC routing, which enable students to create work from digital images or CAD drawings. Combining these with the traditional processes gives the student boundless combinations.
Students must have completed a 3D Workshop induction before any activities within the workshop, and before any machinery is used. Visit the 3D Workshop’s VLE page for more information about inductions, using the facilities, and contacting the technicians.
Find the 3D Workshop
Ground floor — Rooms GU87-89,
St Georges St,
Norwich NR3 1BA


Sprocket the cat has been fitted with an improvised 3D printed leg brace which has a good chance of saving his leg from amputation.
Sprocket, who is just younger than 1 year old, has had his share of misfortunes. He was lucky to survive being hit by a car, but his leg was shattered. He managed to recover very well, only to be mauled by a dog six weeks later. Things didn’t look good for Sprocket. His leg nerves were severely damage, and amputation seemed almost imminent.
But his designer owner wasn’t just about to give up – he decided to create and 3D print a design for an orthosis. Fergus Fullarton Pegg, who works as a design innovation researcher at the Glasgow School of Art is one of the most qualified people to tackle this kind of problem. Thanks to this, Sprocket’s leg is protected from further damage and has a good chance of avoiding amputation. The 3D printer uses heated resin to gradually print the structure, which provides additional support without adding pressure on the leg. The lightweight prosthetic shell attaches using velcro, and so far, Sprocket does’t really seem to mind it. The design, if proven successful, could save many paws of our furry friends.
If bad comes to worse and amputation is needed, Pegg is also preparing a prosthetic design, to enable Sprocket to walk. 3D printing is promising to bring a revolution in both human and animal prosthetics.


The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey and the Ceylon junglefowl that are originally from Southeastern Asia. Rooster or cock is a term for an ãdül† male bird, and a younger male may be called a cockerel. A male that has been castrated is a capon. An ãdül† female bird is called a hen and a sexually immature female is called a pullet.
Originally raised for cockfighting or for special ceremonies, chickens were not kept for food until the Hellenistic period (4th–2nd centuries BC). Humans now keep chickens primarily as a source of food (consuming both their meat and eggs) and as pets.
Chickens are one of the most common and widespread domestic animals, with a total population of 23.7 billion as of 2018, up from more than 19 billion in 2011. There are more chickens in the world than any other bird. There are numerous cultural references to chickens – in myth, folklore and religion, and in language and literature.
Genetic studies have pointed to multiple maternal origins in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia, but the clade found in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Africa originated from the Indian subcontinent. From ancient India, the chicken spread to Lydia in western Asia Minor, and to Greece by the 5th century BC. Fowl have been known in Egypt since the mid-15th century BC, with the "bird that gives birth every day" having come from the land between Syria and Shinar, Babylonia, according to the annals of Thutmose III.
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You Can Eat Off The Floor (Of The International Space Station)
Freeze-dried food seems pretty sterile but still!
A new paper, enticingly titled “Rapid culture-independent microbial analysis aboard the international space station (ISS) stage two: quantifying three microbial biomarkers,” seeks to answer the most pressing question in space: can you eat off the floor?
The ISS team used what’s called a Lab-on-a-Chip Application Development–Portable Test System (LOCAD-PTS). The LOCAD-PTS is a handheld tester for various kinds of bacteria and fungi, used specifically for the ISS. There are a few ways to use it; you can either use a sheet of agar (sort of like extremely firm jello) and press it to a surface for awhile, then allow to incubate for a few days, or you can simply use a dry swab on the surface and then mix with ultra-clean water provided especially for this purpose.
LOCAD-PTS tests done with that second option, which is what the ISS folks did here, are super quick: results pop up on the screen after only about 15 minutes. A description of the test, from NASA:
The lightweight system has three different types of cartridges for detecting endotoxin, a marker of gram-negative bacteria; glucan, a type of fungi; and lipoteichoic acid, a marker of gram-positive bacteria. The category of gram-positive bacteria includes multiple pathogens, specifically the well-known Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, making the identification of these bacteria important for crew health.
So, how did the ISS fare? Really well! The paper notes that “most surfaces used by the station crew are relatively free of microbial molecules,” though the sites of heavy contact (like handles and the exercise station) have a bit more bacteria than other parts. But even those are fairly clean; NASA notes that they’re “very satisfied with the results.”
So can you eat astronaut ice cream off the floor of the ISS? Yep! Maybe don’t eat it off the seat of the stationary bike, though. That might make you puke.


Did you know that your mind is a machine and that it runs on programs that you learned at a very young age?
When we're little, we lack the logic skills to understand why mommy is sad, or daddy is frustrated, but we know when we feel unsafe. Depending on your family dynamic, you learned different strategies to ensure your safety.
One of the most foundational tenets of evolutionary psychology is that safety and belonging were essential to human survival. Tens of thousands of years ago, the worst punishment a tribe could bestow was banishment — humans were not meant to live solo. Our brains are wired for belonging, and (whether we admit it or not), we'll do whatever it takes to stay “in” with our tribe.
So imagine a little kid growing up in a family in which there is an emphasis on achievement, and “getting it right.” Perhaps that child's dad gets upset or annoyed whenever he makes a mistake, or perhaps his mom is always cautioning him not to get himself dirty… over time, the child may develop a “strategy” (or “program”) to keep his parents (upon whom his survival depends) happy. That child might decide, quite unconsciously, that he needs to be “perfect” to belong (aka: survive) and be loved. Never mind that his parents never intended to send such a message. So the kid gets good grades, is a good boy, and for years receives external reinforcement that his “be perfect” strategy is a good one, which becomes intrinsic reinforcement. He creates the “story” that as long as he's perfect, everything is great. That is, until the years go by (or decades) and the pressure of being perfect starts to weigh down on him, leaving him utterly exhausted, depleted, and miserable.
If this is sounding familiar perhaps you're wondering, “how do I rewrite my programming?”
All things in good time 😉 First things first! We need to understand the four most common programs that we install at a young age. I’m going to dive into two of them in my next email.


The Internet is full of computer protection software, but you may be wondering what is web security computer software? The term cybersecurity refers to program that is designed to affect information security. Here’s what cyber security application is and so why you need this. Listed below are among the better options. But which one should you choose? Here are a few tips to keep in mind when choosing cyber secureness software. Please remember to keep an vision out for false sites and unscrupulous hackers.
Cyber secureness software can really be many different types. You will discover network protection monitoring equipment, web weeknesses scanners, and packet sniffers. The market for people products is usually increasing since organizations are processing ridiculous amounts of data. These info include economic and personal details, and often must be transmitted among networks and devices. Utilizing a good internet security software solution can take care of your system and stop future episodes. This applications are an important a part of any IT security system.
Whilst cyber reliability software is within many different techniques, it is important to find the right system for your company. While many secureness software program is designed to business address specific risks, most usually do not protect against every one of them. In addition to antimalware protection, cyber protection software will need to offer a entire suite of security for physical, mobile, and virtual surroundings. For example , in case your organization uses the impair to store delicate www.infosguards.net/ipvanish-vs-expressvpn-comparison-for-newbies info, it should currently have a firewall and antivirus security.


The server-side parts of a website or online application are the subject of back-end development. The backend is involved with the processes like website architecture, programming, and database communication. The communication of browser and database information is done with the help of the backend code. The developers of the backend code are concerned with how a website works. They work on the code that engages with datasets, libraries, data models, and other components. Backend and frontend developers collaborate to provide a properly functioning and engaging experience for users.
Back-end programming languages are classified into two types: object-oriented (OOP) languages and functional languages. Functional languages are very expressive and employ declarative syntax. They write pure functions and avoid mutable data. Classes and objects are used in object-oriented languages. This enables us to structure our programmes into simple, reusable code chunks. These pieces of code can be used to create individual instances of objects.
Consistent and stable backends are built by good backend frames. The best frameworks include:
A website’s back end is made up of servers, applications, and databases. Databases are essential because they enable websites and applications to manage user data. Database management systems (DBMS) serve as a conduit between the database and its users. A database management system (DBMS) enables users to access, update, and manage data. SQL and NoSQL are the two main types of databases. SQL databases are structured, whereas NoSQL databases are not. Among the popular databases are:
Thus, web development and designing are very intricate processes. One needs to learn every day when one develops a website. Also, if you are looking for a good website for your business, you need to look into many details. Web development thus is not just about creating a code rather building an interface that is user friendly.


This post is another excuse to mention and help you all use Fr. William Most’s amazing textbook series Latin by the Natural Method.
I highly recommend making the lists of vocabulary words in your notebook as he suggests in the Teacher’s Guide. I certainly advocate using idea-mapping when studying each lesson. And I also think using flashcards is great! So below you will find links to printable flash card sets for the first five lessons of Latin by the Natural Method, Vol. 1:
(Print DOUBLE-SIDED, and use CARDSTOCK for best results.)
- Lesson 1 (Three sheets of paper, twenty-four cards)
- Lesson 2 (Two sheets of paper, fourteen cards)
- Lesson 3 (One sheet of paper, eight cards)
- Lesson 4 (Two sheets of paper, sixteen cards)
- Lesson 5 (One sheet of paper, seven cards)
- Lesson 6 (One sheet of paper, eight cards)
- Lesson 7 (One sheet of paper, eight cards)
- Lesson 8 (One sheet of paper, seven cards)
- Lesson 9 (One sheet of paper, six cards)
- Lesson 10 (Two sheets of paper, sixteen cards)
I’d love to know if these help you out, and if there are any tweaks I can make to engineer them to be even more useful. Feel free to comment or use the contact page to let me know!
I have the first 8 chapters in Quizlet. Under teacher JDKnits. It might be helpful as well.
That’s great–thanks so much!


11 Strengths All Great Leaders Have
Generally speaking, the minimum requirement for being a ‘leader’ is to hold a significant position in a group, organization, or location. However, not all leaders grow to be effective in their roles. Positions and titles may allow anyone to lead, but these can never bestow leadership at all.
Successful leadership is not really about roles and power; it is more about one’s skills and attitudes that naturally draw people to follow them.
Here are the 11 key leadership strengths that great leaders possess:
1. They Exhibit Confidence.
Great leaders exhibit confidence and assertiveness as they step up and take charge. They are positive, bold, firm, and authoritative in their actions and decisions; they accept challenges with courage and determination. As a result, they easily attract people to respect and follow them.
On the other hand, leaders with poor self-confidence often struggle to make tough decisions and lead with authority. They may meet the minimum requirements needed for a position, but a lack of confidence will hinder them from leading successfully.
Take note of these two problems involving confidence:
- Low confidence may hold back a leader from taking risks, standing up for a reasonable cause, or initiating change. Eventually, this may cause people to lose confidence in them.
- Overconfidence may lead to arrogance. Overconfident leaders may resist feedback, take unreasonable risks, and fail to honor their commitments. Eventually, this may destroy the people’s trust in the leader.
2. They Are Passionate About Their Work.
Here is an insightful quote about being a leader:
Great leaders are passionate about what they do, and they always give their all. They always go the extra mile and even get their hands dirty if the situation requires it. Their infectious drive and energy effortlessly inspire the people around them to go all out too.
If you, as a leader, lack passion and commitment to your goals, how would you rally your followers?


Traditional Knowledge: Considerations for Protecting Water in Ontario
In Canada, the water crisis increasingly felt around the world is being experienced primarily in small, usually Indigenous, communities. At the heart of this issue lies an ongoing struggle to have Indigenous voices heard in the decision-making processes that affect their lives, lands, and waters. As part of ancient systems of Traditional Knowledge (TK), Indigenous people bear the knowledge and the responsibility to care for the waters upon which they depend for survival. A series of internationally developed documents has supported Indigenous peoples’ calls for increased recognition of the importance of TK in resolving environmental crises, including those involving water. Ontario provincial and Canadian federal governments have been developing legislative and regulatory documents to help fend off further water-related catastrophes within their jurisdictions. Despite such efforts, a number of barriers to the successful and appropriate involvement of TK in water management remain. Based on years of community-based and policy-related research with First Nations people involved in water-related undertakings, this article highlights progress made to date, and provides Indigenous viewpoints on what further steps need to be taken. Key among these steps are the need to restore and maintain Indigenous access to traditional territories and ways of life, and the requirement for mutually respectful collaboration between TK and Western science.
I would like to thank the Elders, Traditional Knowledge holders and practitioners, traditional teachers, hunters, trappers, grandmothers and grandfathers who shared their time and knowledge with me on this important topic. Miigwetch.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License.
Traditional Knowledge: Considerations for Protecting Water in Ontario. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 3(3)
. Retrieved from: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/iipj/vol3/iss3/11


As we discussed in class, fatty acids have different effects on gut pathogens because of their structure. Polyunsaturated fatty acids with double bonds have a “kink” in their carbon chains. Saturated fatty acids have a straight conformation, as do trans fats. See the following figure adapted from Desbois & Smith (Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010 85:1629–1642) which shows saturated fatty acids (stearic acid and lauric acid) look much like trans fat (elaidic acid), while polyunsaturated fat, aka PUFA are bent (eicosapentaenoic acid, a omega -3 fatty acid):
Long chain saturated fatty acids, because of their structure and high melting points, tend to stiffen the phospholipid bilayer when they are taken up into the cell membranes of bacteria (at least for some organisms). This makes membranes stiffer, and makes some bacteria more resistant to many stresses (such as high temperature during fever and exposure to gastric acid). Polyunsaturated fatty acids have a low melting point because their nonlinear conformation prevents close stacking, thus reducing the weak intermolecular bonds between hydrogen atoms. As the number of double bonds increases, so does the fluidity. This explains why PUFA like vegetable oils are liquid at room temperature while saturated fats like butter are solid. The same effect increases the fluidity of cell membranes and can decrease resistance to stress. PUFA can kill bacteria by themselves, with increasing antimicrobial effects with an increasing number of double bonds, as seen in the following figure adapted from Knapp and Melly ( J Infect Dis 154:1 84-93):
In this figure the number of carbon atoms is 20, and the number of double bonds follows the “:”. Saturated fatty acid fails to inhibit Staph aureus, while killing increases with each additional double bond.
It turns out that this pattern, increased antibacterial effects of unsaturated fat compared to saturated fat, holds for a variety of gut pathogens. This bioactivity of fatty acids may explain why the human immune system treats saturated fat and polyunsaturated fat differently.
Next week we are going to talk more about the Paleolithic diet and the evolution of lactase persistence.
Emergency Physician, Educator, Researcher, interested in the microbiome, evolution, and medicine
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Merriam Webster defines the noun frisson as a “brief moment of emotional excitement”. The Collins English Dictionary has a similar meaning of “shiver of fear or excitement” . The appropriate synonyms are shudder and thrill which is also the translation of frisson in French (according to About.com).
Did you know that the first known use of this word was in 1777 and as well as its French origin, it is also a derivative of the Late Latin word frigēre (to be cold) – source: Merriam Webster.
The use of frisson in sentences
- He felt a slight frisson when watching the scary film [when frisson means shiver of fear].
- Sally always showed frisson every time her boyfriend picked her up from work [when frisson means emotional excitement].
My thoughts: Thank you to my brother who introduced me to this word and inspired me to use it for my blog today. I’d never heard of the word before, but may consider using it in my writing from now on when appropriate.
(For information on my services as a freelance writer as well as details of my book and other blogs).
This blog post forms part of My Writing Challenge.
Requests for future blogs (punctuation/grammar/writing tips) are always welcome
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They use this word a lot in romance novels!


Every year thousands of people make their way to El Santuario de Chimayó (The Sanctuary of Chimayó), a small Roman Catholic church about 27 miles north of Santa Fe, New Mexico. Most are attracted by its dirt.
In about 1810, Bernardo Abeyta, a resident of a small agricultural settlement in the unincorporated area called Chimayó, New Mexico, built a chapel in his pasture in honor of the Black Christ of Esquipulas, a wooden image of Jesus found in Esquipulas, Guatemala, and believed to have miraculous healing powers. People soon began coming to Abeyta’s chapel from all over New Mexico, seeking healing miracles closer to home. In 1814, Abeyta received permission from Catholic authorities to build a new church to accommodate the pilgrims. In 1816, he opened a 1400-square foot adobe church featuring twin bell towers on the site of his chapel. As time went by, the location of the church became associated with a legend involving a buried crucifix and the healing powers of the Black Christ of Esquipulas came to be associated with the dirt beneath Abeyta’s church.
Today, about 300,000 people visit El Santuario de Chimayó each year. Many of the visitors come during Holy Week, with some walking from as far away as Albuquerque. A pit in a small room in the church contains the treasured tierra bendita (holy dirt), which visitors rub on their bodies, take with them or even eat to obtain its claimed healing properties. Discarded crutches displayed near the pit are said to have come from visitors who were instantly cured of their disabilities. The Catholic Church takes no position on whether the dirt actually has healing properties, but each year believers take about 60,000 pounds of it. Up to twice a day, priests haul dirt from the nearby hillsides and bless it while refilling the pit.
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Spain wants ships to slow down and watch out for whales while passing through the Strait of Gibraltar, one of the world’s busiest maritime routes.
The recommendation drew praise Saturday from environmentalists who had sought the measure for years to prevent collisions with whales.
Fast ferries, especially, can be a threat to endangered sperm whales, which come to the strait from the Mediterranean to feed between February and July.
The whales “do not know what is going on around them,” said Katharina Heyer, president of the Foundation for Information and Research on Marine Mammals, an environmental group based in the Spanish town of Tarifa, which overlooks the strait.
The Spanish navy’s recommendation this month urged ships to go no faster than 15 mph and sail “in a maximum state of vigilance” to avoid colliding with the whales.
Sailing speeds in the strait separating Europe from Africa vary greatly, but high-speed ferries can reach nearly 35 mph.
It is “the first time in the Mediterranean, and probably in Europe, a measure of this kind has been taken,” said Renaud de Stephanis, a marine biologist with the Center for Conservation, Information and Research on Cetaceans in southern Spain.
During the feeding season, the strait is home to 20-30 sperm whales, which are about 60 feet long, said de Stephanis. Year round, there is a population of about 300 smaller pilot whales.


نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
عضو هیأت علمی پژوهشکده تحقیق و توسعه علوم انسانی- سازمان سمت-
عنوان مقاله [English]
This article intends to explain the role of avoiding division and cooperation of Islamic countries in establishing a single Islamic nation. The first axis of the article emphasizes the role of avoiding separatism and aggression against each other in the Islamic world, and the second axis is the cooperation that must be achieved in the Islamic world in order to achieve a single Islamic nation. These two axes are the first steps that must be taken to achieve a single Islamic nation. Avoiding division includes avoiding the five main causes of division in the Islamic Ummah, namely war, terror, Takfir (excommunication from Islamic Ummah), conflict and controversy. Cooperation between Islamic countries includes two topics of confronting the common enemy, and benevolence and friendship with Muslims. Each of these two axes has components that are described in this article. In each case, after the description, the textual evidence of each of them is discussed. In addition, an attempt has been made to present the evidence of the promise obtained in the words of Imam Khomeini and Imam Khamenei.


Last April, VEMU organized a lecture with professor Trond Ove Tøllefsen from Uppsala University. That evening, Professor Tøllefsen gave a concise overview of the lives of Estonian Swedes on the island of Vormsi from 1861 to 1887. Attendees were privy to astounding historic accounts uncovered together with Dr. James White of Tartu University, as part of the Baltic Orthodoxy research project.
One learned of the material and labour-based disputes with Baltic German barons; the simultaneous social developments and pressure to remove old traditions brought on by Swedish missionaries. Most unexpected was hearing about the means with which religious conversion was used by islanders to expunge the influence of outside forces. In 1886, hundreds of people from Vormsi converted to Russian Orthodoxy, which was then followed by the purchase of the island by the Czar, once again shifting who had power in the area.
It might seem that the experiences and shrewdness of Vormsi's residents were rather singular. However, as we see in Tøllefsen and White's latest research, 133 kilometres away on the island of Ruhnu, people were negotiating similar situations.
The Swedish speakers of Ruhnu are thought to have come to the island in the 1200s, and managed their own affairs with autonomy.
(Read more: Estonian Life No. 29 2021 paber- and PDF/digi)
Written by Vincent Teetsov, Toronto


Did you know that not all rivers and streams flow all year round? In fact, most of the world’s rivers are ‘temporary rivers’ – on every continent, many ecosystems from small headwaters to large lowland rivers sometimes stop flowing. When this happens, their surface waters isolate into pools or may be lost completely, leaving a dry bed. This happens naturally in response to climate and geology, and increasingly due to human activities.
Despite their prevalence and unique biodiversity, these rivers are amongst the most understudied and under-protected in the world. Why?
One reason may be that people know and care more about ‘perennial rivers’, which always flow. However, there is little scientific evidence for this difference in attitudes, or understanding of whether learning about the environment might help change peoples’ opinions.
Dr Catherine Leigh and colleagues investigated attitudes towards temporary and perennial rivers, and the effect that education had on those attitudes. They surveyed university students enrolled in undergraduate degrees in Australia, the UK and USA at the start and end of courses of environmental education.
Among these students, who probably had some pre-existing interest in and awareness of the environment, attitudes towards temporary rivers were positive – but not as positive as attitudes towards perennial rivers, especially when temporary rivers stopped flowing.
“In particular, students tended to think that non-flowing temporary rivers had little aesthetic or recreational amenity,” said Dr Leigh. “The good news is that attitudes towards these rivers improved after students finished courses of environmental education, even when those courses weren’t about rivers,” she said.
This finding is important, because students’ attitudes towards rivers may affect their future work in environmental science and management. The study also suggests that general education about the environment, if provided to the wider community, may improve attitudes towards temporary rivers and provide impetus to support their protection and management.
As Dr Leigh says, temporary rivers contribute to local and global biodiversity and play important roles in our environment, even when they’re not flowing. Dr Leigh and her colleagues encourage everyone to learn more about them.


A miracle treatment for cancer may have been discovered in a very bizarre place-the mouth of the North American shrew. With its saliva, "we were able to reduce the growth of ovarian, breast and prostate cancer tumours at least as well as standard chemo," says Dr. Jack Stewart, who discovered the cancer-fighting properties of the furry mammal's paralytic venom-which it uses to stun prey-when he was working as a biochemist at Mount Allison University. Now he's the scientific adviser for Soricimed Biopharma, a small New Brunswick pharmaceutical company he founded to get the drug onto the market.
The venom contains soricidin, a peptide, that bonds to a calcium channel that's activated in the human body when cells turn cancerous. It then clogs up the channel, causing the diseased cells to self-destruct. The peptide only targets one chemical, produced by very few cells in the body, so it has almost no side effects, and is also very effective at locating tumours and detecting cancer early. "We attached a fluorescent tag to our drug and injected it into mice. Within two hours the tumours were lighting up."
Source: http://lifestyle.ca.msn.com/health-fitness/health/rogers-article.aspx?cp-documentid=24795680 Read July 10, 2010
Hans Skariah, B.Sc., DMD
Promenade Court Dental Health Group in Mississauga
2233 Hurontario St., Mississauga, ON, Canada
(1/2 km north of the QEW in the Dome Building)


When you think of a giraffe craft you may think of ZOO animals or jungle animals but we put a spin to our giraffe and turned it into a Valentine’s Day heart giraffe craft. And a very cute one, if I may add.
It is part of our Valentine heart animals collection, next to the heart bear, the heart bunny, the heart frog and several other animals to come.
We used hearts for the nostrils and horns and if you’d like to add even more hearts, you can do so by replacing the torn paper spots on the giraffe with heart-shaped spots.
Made with just paper, this heart giraffe is very easy to make by kids as young as preschoolers. It’s a great February craft to try in the classroom or at home for Valentine’s Day.
Valentine’s Day heart giraffe craft
- Heart giraffe template
- Cardstock paper: yellow, brown, white and red
- Black marker
HOW TO MAKE A HEART giraffe CRAFT
The heart giraffe template comes with two versions:
1. home template – print the template, cut out the patterns and trace them on appropriate paper.
2. classroom template – print the pattern directly on colored paper and cut them out.
This way you can easily craft with just one or two kids as well as with a classroom full of students.
STEP BY STEP DIRECTIONS
Start by gluing the muzzle in the middle of the head.
Glue the horns at the top of the head.
Glue the brown hearts on top of the horns, one heart on each horn.
Glue the ears next to the horns.
Glue the eyes above the muzzle.
Glue the red hearts onto the muzzle to make the nostrils.
Use a black marker to draw the mouth.
Tear tiny pieces of brown paper or use scissors to cut some and glue them onto the yellow paper.


Data Compression in Shared Hosting
The compression algorithm which we use on the cloud internet hosting platform where your new shared hosting account shall be created is named LZ4 and it's used by the leading-edge ZFS file system that powers the system. The algorithm is much better than the ones other file systems employ since its compression ratio is a lot higher and it processes data significantly quicker. The speed is most noticeable when content is being uncompressed since this happens quicker than info can be read from a hdd. As a result, LZ4 improves the performance of any website hosted on a server which uses this particular algorithm. We use LZ4 in one more way - its speed and compression ratio make it possible for us to generate several daily backup copies of the full content of all accounts and keep them for a month. Not only do our backups take less space, but also their generation doesn't slow the servers down like it often happens with alternative file systems.
Data Compression in Semi-dedicated Servers
Your semi-dedicated server account will be created on a cloud platform which is run on the leading-edge ZFS file system. The aforementioned uses a compression algorithm known as LZ4, which is significantly better than all the other algorithms regarding compression ratio and speed. The gain is significant particularly when data is being uncompressed and not only is LZ4 quicker than other algorithms, but it is also faster in uncompressing data than a system is in reading from a hard drive. That's why websites running on a platform which uses LZ4 compression perform better as the algorithm is most efficient when it processes compressible data i.e. website content. Another advantage of using LZ4 is that the backups of the semi-dedicated accounts that we keep require less space and they're generated a lot faster, which allows us to keep a couple of daily backups of your files and databases.


At Cledford Primary School our core purpose is to prepare pupils to become successful young people and adults in a modern society. We aim to support pupils to develop the character and personal qualities which help to prepare them for life in the 21st century.
We want to deliver a curriculum that enables our children to understand and respect the benefits that exist in a society where difference and diversity are celebrated. We want our children to champion inclusion, to feel that they are never an outsider and to welcome all that they meet. The principle of equality is that everyone is treated fairly without suffering discrimination or prejudice.
We are excited to have introduced at Cledford a programme called ‘No Outsiders’, a resource to promote equality for all sections of the community. This aligns with our aim that children leave Cledford Primary School confident about living in a community full of rich diversity and difference. ‘No Outsiders’ is a proactive approach to encourage the children to accept, acknowledge and respect each other. It complements perfectly our school rules to ‘Be Ready, Be Respectful and Be Safe’.
‘No Outsiders’ uses a progressive range of 35 picture books through which all children from reception up to year 6 are taught about diversity.


Socks machine Socks machine, in 1589, the British Lee i […]
Socks machine Socks machine, in 1589, the British Lee invented the first knitting machine, using a hook to knit out the forming socks, the knitting machine for the production of socks. Basic Information A knitting machine that produces socks.
In 1589, the British W. Lee invented the first knitting machine, using hook-knitted forming socks. In 1849, a single-needle round sock machine appeared as a result of the application of the tongue to a small-diameter circular machine. Originally produced tailored socks, it was not until 1857 that socks with pocket-shaped socks and socks were woven. In 1864, the British W. Cottonon invented the Coton Socks (crochet flat knitting machine).
In 1900, due to the application of the double-headed needle to the small-diameter circular machine, a double-needle round sock machine and a woven rib socks were produced. The sock can be woven by a special mechanism of a sock machine, or manually transferred to a sock machine after completion by other machines. Socks, high heels, stockings, socks (including socks and socks), reinforcements and socks are knitted by a sock machine.


Hi everyone, and welcome to MathSux! In this post, we are going to go over the Central Angles Theorems of circles. We’ll go over the theorems associated with central angles and then solve a quick example. Make sure to test your understanding of central angles and arcs with the practice questions at the end of this post. And, if you want more, don’t forget to check out the video below, happy calculating!
Central Angles and Arcs:
Central angles and arcs form when two radii are drawn from the center point of a circle. When these two radii come together they form a central angle. A central angle is equal to the length of the arc. When it comes to measuring the central angle, the central angle is always equal to arc length and vice versa:
Central Angles = Arc Length
Central Angle Theorems:
There are a two central angle theorems to know, check them out below!
Central Angle Theorem #1:
Central Angle Theorem #2:
Let’s look at how to apply these rules with an Example:
Let’s do this one step at a time.
Still got questions? No problem! Don’t hesitate to comment with any questions or check out the video above. Happy calculating! 🙂
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Circle Theorems & Formulas
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2 thoughts on “Central Angles Theorems: Geometry”


Measure for Measure: The relationship between measures of instructional practice in middle school English Language Arts and teachers' value-added scores
Even as research has begun to document that teachers matter, there is less certainty about what attributes of teachers make the most difference in raising student achievement. Numerous studies have estimated the relationship between teachers' characteristics, such as work experience and academic performance, and their value-added to student achievement; but, few have explored whether instructional practices predict student test score gains. In this study, we ask what classroom practices, if any, differentiate teachers with high impact on student achievement in middle school English Language Arts from those with lower impact. In so doing, the study also explores to what extent value-added measures signal differences in instructional quality. Even with the small sample used in our analysis, we find consistent evidence that high value-added teachers have a different profile of instructional practices than do low value-added teachers. Teachers in the fourth (top) quartile according to value-added scores score higher than second-quartile teachers on all 16 elements of instruction that we measured, and the differences are statistically significant for a subset of practices including explicit strategy instruction.
We are grateful to the New York City Department of Education and the New York State Education Department for the data employed in this paper. We appreciate financial support from the Carnegie Corporation and the National Center for the Analysis of Longitudinal Data in
Education Research (CALDER). CALDER is supported by IES Grant R305A060018 to the Urban Institute. The views expressed in the paper are solely those of the authors and may not reflect those of the
funders. Any errors are attributable to the authors. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Measure for measure: The relationship between measures of instructional practice in middle school English language arts and teachers' value-added (with Pamela Grossman, Julia Cohen, and James Wyckoff). American Journal of Education, 119(3), pp. 445-470. 2013 .


A diverse group of young Bahamian researchers from the BEST Commission, independent consultants, Stuart’s Cove, The Nature Conservancy, the Bahamas National Trust, Bahamas Reef Environment, Educational Foundation (BREEF), and volunteers participated in the three-day AGRRA training led by Dr. Craig Dahlgren (photo 1).
Photo 1. Individuals who participated in the AGRRA Workshop at Stuart’s Cove. Photo courtesy of Stuart’s Cove, Nassau, The Bahamas.
What is AGRRA?
AGRRA is the only program that has developed an all-encompassing regional database on the diversity and conditions of Caribbean coral reefs as well as types of algae and fish present.
Training was facilitated Dr. Dahlgren, Krista Sherman from the Bahamas National Trust, and Vonetta Burrows from Atlantis Marine Aquarium Operations. The training focused on both classroom and field review of the various marine species, including coral, algae, and fish species (photos 1a and 1b). The group was eager to learn scientific approaches used to assess our marine life. While diving, individuals observed species of grouper, stands of elkhorn coral, and, of course, the invasive lionfish!
Photo 2. Workshop participants learning about marine species as they conduct underwater field assessments. Photo courtesy of Stuart’s Cove, Nassau, The Bahamas.
The data collected during the training and in the future will be used to develop a Coral Reef Health Report Card for The Bahamas that demonstrates the health status of our reefs.
The new, vibrant team of researchers stands ready to do their part in monitoring impacts on corals and their productivity so that effective yet practical strategies can be identified to help preserve Bahamian coral reefs!
Stay tune for upcoming coral reef research—next stop, Andros Island!


Climate change and its impact on children’s rights and climate change financing for the global south are extensively covered in this edition of Green Governance’s newsletter. Read on to get more on this.
Child rights violations in the face of climate change
Twelve-year-old Tendai* sells fruits and vegetables at a common market in Chimanimani Rural District, in eastern Zimbabwe. This is not the choice of profession she had envisaged for herself at this tender age. While most children her age are acquiring from education through learning at school, Tendai is receiving informal socialization to life, with frequent encounters of brutal or vulgar exchanges with disrespectful customers. As a breadwinner herself following the death of her parents, she has three younger siblings who food and school fees.
Children in Chimanimani are being over-worked by circumstances, others have ventured into artisanal gold mining just to support their siblings therefore abandoning school. In some instances, children also engage into transactional sex or prostitution in a bid to generate income for survival. It is without doubt that the manner in which children affected by Cyclone Idai are taking responsibility and the burden of care of traumatic, emotionally and physically challenging.
Climate change has been demonstrated to have both a direct and indirect impact on a wide range of human rights, including the rights of the child. The effects of climate change are mostly felt by children, and other key populations which are more vulnerable. Furthermore, it has been noted that if there is no significant reduction in emissions over the next decade, by 2050 there will be major climatic changes that will complicate human socio-economic activity.
On a daily basis, the effects of climate change are increasingly doubling their impact on children’s fundamental rights to survival and development. These are enshrined in the United Nations Convention of the Rights of Children (UNCRC) Article 24 which is right to healthcare, Article 27; the right to a standard of living, Article 28 and 29; on the right to education, Article 31; the right to rest, play recreation and leisure. In the wake of climate change, the rights of children are violated including the right of freedom from abuse and exploitation.
Read the full newsletter here (792KB PDF)
Source: Green Governance Zimbabwe Trust


If you are wondering why your essay wasn't as good as your friend’s was, well it may be highly likely that the outline was not properly thought through and, as a result, your write-up was disorganized and not in one flow. You see, an outline before writing any paper is important because now you will have a roadmap of how to proceed further. Imagine, if you do not know your way around and don't have a map you will get lost, well the outline does function as a road map. If you are not sure how to construct an effective outline, then you're in luck today because today I'm going to show step by step the proper way to building an outline for your descriptive essay.
Following are the steps to building an outline. Now, it is highly imperative that you do not skip any of these steps otherwise the whole purpose of this article will fail.
This is a brief paragraph of not more than 6-7 lines where you will give a brief overview of what your paper is all about. It is important that the introduction is brilliantly written because you are at this stage trying to develop the interest and curiosity of the reader to keep on reading further. Grab their attention quickly with the introduction.
The main body usually has three to four paragraphs so it is important that give a name to each paragraph as the reader will have a much clearer idea of what the paragraph will be all about. The content of your introduction should be reflected in the main body, and nothing off-topic should be included at any cost.
The ending stage of your writing should at first re-emphasize the points in the introduction. After that, your conclusion should have an overall concluding phrase that will focus on the things discussed in the main body of your essay.
These are the steps that need to be included if you want to build an effective outline for your descriptive essay. It is important that you do not ignore and follow each and every step so that you won’t face problems later. If still you are unclear and looking for an example then you just need to look at the format of this article!
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- Two-thirds (67%) of citizens believe that for the country to do well, Malawians should listen more to the wisdom of the elders. Only 30% think they should instead listen more to fresh ideas from young people (Figure 1).
- Even among young respondents (aged 18-35), 61% prioritise the wisdom of the elders.
- Young Malawians’ priorities for increased government spending to help young people are business loans (33%), job creation (30%), job training (16%), and education (15%) (Figure 2).
- Like their elders, young citizens cite management of the economy as the most important problem the government should address (Figure 3).
- One in four young respondents (25%) say they “frequently” discuss politics with family and friends (Figure 4). About one in eight (13%) say they contacted a member of Parliament during the previous year, while 18% say they contacted their local government councillor
- Six in 10 young respondents (60%) say they voted in the most recent national election, compared to 85% of their elders (Figure 5).
Most Malawians, including the youth themselves, prioritise the “wisdom of the elders” over fresh ideas from young people, according to the latest Afrobarometer survey.
Survey findings show that the leading priorities for young Malawians are business loans, creation of job opportunities, job training, and education.
Like their older counterparts, young citizens cite management of the economy as the most important problem the government should address.
But levels of political participation by young people do not reflect an active quest for a place at the decision-making table, and voter turnout remains far lower among young adults than among their elders.


Have you ever had a problem with Microsoft Word where you cannot print a document, or you cannot save a file, or you make an edit to a document only to find out later that Word didn't save any of the edits even though you KNOW that you did save the file? What may be more strange is that you don't have the same issue with any other Microsoft Office apps such as PowerPoint or Excel. Instead, maybe you get error pop-ups that say:
"The folder already contains a file named Normal.dot. Would you like to replace the file?"
"This file is in use by another application or user. C:\Documents and Settings...\normal.dot).
"Word cannot open the existing (Normal.dot)"
What is the NORMAL.DOT file anyways? It is a standard document template that is used by Microsoft Word. What is it's purpose? From office.Microsoft.com "the Normal template opens whenever you start Word, and it includes default styles, AutoText, macros, toolbars, and other customizations that determine the basic look of your document." Basically, this is one of the core files that Word uses when it launches.
Unfortunately, the normal.dot template files can become corrupt just like any other file. Some examples of issues caused by a corrupt NORMAL.DOT template may be problems trying to print documents from Word, or issues trying to edit a document, or even trying to save a document. Also, because Word is the default mail editor for Microsoft Outlook, Outlook may even start giving you problems when trying to send an email or reply to one. Fixing the problem with the normal.dot template is pretty easy - Delete the NORMAL.DOT and NORMAL.DOTM template files from the computer, then restart Word. When Word starts up it will create a new copy of the NORMAL.DOT template on its own.
You can find the NORMAL.DOT files quickly by opening the command line and typing:
Just make sure that you can view hidden files and delete all files names NORMAL.DOT and NORMAL.DOTM (including the hidden locked files) then restart MS Word, and\or Outlook. Problem fixed!


Preparation and having a plan in mind is vital to successful studying. Not unlike goal setting, devising the: who, what, when and where of studying can support your success. Together with your mentor, talk through the points below and put them to test. Refine and edit for each study session, as necessary. Strategizing your study habits and putting the plan into practice will bolster your success in school and life.
Who can help me if I get stuck on an assignment? (Example: teacher, parent, study buddy)
What do I need for studying? (Example: pen, paper, book, project supplies, class notes)
What is my timeline and or completion date? _____________________________________________________
When is the best time to study? (Are you thinking more clearly and focused right when you get home, or evening hours?)___________________________________________________________________________________
Where will I study? (Example: kitchen table, bedroom) ______________________________________________
Additional helpful habits:
- Use outlines, charts or flashcards to help you organize and learn the material.
- Keep track of your assignments in your organizer every day.
- Take notes in class so you can refer back to them while studying.
- Break your workload down into sections to avoid feeling overwhelmed.
- Begin studying for a test several days before the test date.
- Don’t be afraid to ask questions.
- Determine if you need a snack break during study time and plan accordingly.


Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and expertise carried out on the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. One may, for example, claim that know-how enables (or even invitations) and constrains (and even inhibits) certain human actions and the attainment of certain human targets and subsequently is to some extent value-laden, with out claiming ethical company for technological artifacts.
Because the Nineteen Forties, now we have experienced a rapid enlargement of knowledge and abilities and within the manner in which technologies have expressed themselves, in essentially the most varied areas of well being care: in schooling, in care, in analysis, and in administration as a direct result of scientific and technological development.
Many of the authors who wrote critically about technology and its socio-cultural position through the twentieth century had been philosophers of a normal outlook (Martin Heidegger, Hans Jonas, Arnold Gehlen, Günther Anders, Andrew Feenberg) or had a background in one of many different humanities or in social science, like literary criticism and social research (Lewis Mumford), regulation (Jacques Ellul), political science (Langdon Winner) or literary research (Albert Borgmann).
Thus, expertise training is a elementary curriculum for all college students, no matter studying levels, career decisions, or life aspirations. The talk whether or not technologies can have moral company began off in laptop ethics (Bechtel 1985; Snapper 1985; Dennett 1997; Floridi and Sanders 2004) but has since broadened.
Digital know-how is a base two process. Then they digitalized the hospital’s scientific processes, raising the quality of care in addition to making a world leading set of medical knowledge that attracts main researchers and grants. As expertise advances, it is used to benefit students of all ages in the learning process.


Destroyer HMS Småland (J19)
The destroyer Småland is the largest warship in Scandinavia preserved in a museum. She was built at Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstad in Gothenburg in 1952, handed over to the Swedish navy in 1956 and retired from service in 1979. When the two cruisers Tre Kronor and Göta Lejon (Sweden’s largest warships ever) were decommissioned after a relatively short period of service, partly for cost reasons, the Halland destroyers became the navy’s largest and most powerful warships, until they were decommissioned. On delivery, they were also the world’s first destroyers with sea-to-sea missiles. The crew during peacetime was 272 men.
In crew accomodation D onboard the destroyer you can find the temporary exhibition Remembering Lampedusa. The exhibition tells the story about the tragic ship wreck on the Mediterranean sea, where at least 359 persons lost their lives in October of 2013. Remembering Lampedusa will be available for visits until Nov 1 2020. Make sure to visit before then!
Maritiman arranges events for small groups in both the officers’ mess and the senior boatswain’s mess. You will find more information about our naval events here!


For older adults with hypertension, medication adherence is critical to decreasing hospitalization, poor health outcomes, and healthcare costs. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)—the largest food and nutrition assistance program in the United States—could protect against medication non-adherence. This brief summarizes the findings from a recent study, which linked Missouri Medicaid administrative claims data to SNAP data from 2006 to 2014. The findings suggest that longer and consistent receipt of SNAP benefits was associated with higher levels of antihypertensive medication adherence among Medicaid-insured individuals aged 60 years and older.
SNAP, Older Adults, Medication Adherence
Health Policy | Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration | Public Policy | Social Welfare
For More Information
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service provided financial support for this study through the University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research [3200002889-2045]. The findings and conclusions in this brief are those of the authors and should not be construed to represent any official USDA or U.S. Government determination or policy. Special thanks to Lauren Quick for their research assistance on this study. Finally, the authors thank Zoé Tkaczyk, Alexandra Punch, and Shannon Monnat for editorial assistance on this brief.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service through the University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research
Heflin, C., Ojinnaka, C.O., Arteaga, I., Hodges, L., & Alphonso, G. (2023). Medicaid-Insured Older Adults on SNAP May Have Stronger Medication Adherence. Lerner Center Population Health Research Brief Series. 224. https://surface.syr.edu/lerner/224
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Health Policy Commons, Public Policy Commons, Social Welfare Commons


Frontiers in Educational Research, 2020, 3(2); doi: 10.25236/FER.2020.030202.
Affective factors are important aspects that affect foreign language learning. This article analyzes the affective factors which affect George I' English learning during his time as the king of England. The aim is to draw the attention of foreign language educators to the influence of affective factors on foreign language learning, and to mobilize learners' positive emotional factors to improve the effect of foreign language teaching.
Affective factors; Foreign language learning; George I
Wu Xianyun. An Analysis of the Affective Factors Affecting George I's English Learning. Frontiers in Educational Research (2020) Vol. 3 Issue 2: 4-6. https://doi.org/10.25236/FER.2020.030202.
 Brown, H.D (2000). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. (4th edition).New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents, pp.142-144.
 Krashen,S.D (1982).Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp.30-31.
 Rebecca Fraser (2006). The Story of Britain. New York:W.W. Norton&Company, p.314-315.
 Ragnhild Hatton (2001). George I. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp.131.
 J. M. Beattie (1996). The Court of George I and English Politics, 1717-1720. The English Historical Review, no.1, pp.26-37.
 Wolfgang Michael (1936). England under George I: The Beginnings of Hanoverian Dynasty. London: Macmillan, pp.84-85.


You might think that discrimination in the workplace is easy enough to spot. If a co-worker outwardly displays contempt against another for their beliefs, culture, religion, race, sex, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or even age, it can only mean discrimination.
But workplace discrimination can take on a more subtle form that’s just as oppressive as the overt kind. As an employee (or a prospective one), it’s essential to distinguish which employer actions or policies could count as indirect discrimination.
What is indirect discrimination?
Indirect discrimination is a type of workplace discrimination wherein a business’ seemingly neutral policy or practice subtly excludes or disadvantages a particular group of people.
For instance, a company might introduce a new dress code stipulating that employees can’t have certain hairstyles like dreadlocks or cornrows. On paper, this might look harmless. But these hairstyles are heavily associated with racial and cultural groups and could disadvantage those affected employees.
Other examples of indirect discrimination include:
- Requiring employees to work on Sundays could disadvantage those whose religions prohibit them from working that day.
- Holding a company dinner without vegetarian options, hampering employees with dietary restrictions.
- Banning headscarves or turbans is another policy that discriminates against employees who follow a particular religion.
Indirect discrimination is against federal law
According to the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the laws it enforces forbid employers from using “neutral” employment policies and/or practices that have a “disproportionately negative effect” on both applicants and employees of a particular class, race, color, nationality, gender identity, and sexual orientation. The laws also prohibit employers from using policies to severely impact those with disabilities and those aged 40 or older.
With the knowledge that even federal law forbids indirect discrimination, you now know that companies can be held responsible for policies that ostracize and obstruct a particular group of employees. If you suspect a specific business practice indirectly discriminates against you or another employee, consider reporting it to your company’s human resources department.


This is the name given to the natural bump (a ‘huge knot’?) on the headland you cross when hiking the Beachcroft Trail on the northwest side of Champlain Mountain. In earlier times Huguenot Head (692’ up) was known as Round Peak or Picket Mountain.
According to the National Huguenot Society’s website, “The exact origin of the word Huguenot is unknown, but… Protestants who met to study the Bible in secret were called Huis Genooten, meaning ‘house fellows.’”
We do know that the Huguenots were French Protestants of the 16th and 17th centuries, most of whom followed the religious teachings of John Calvin. After thirty-six years of bitter religious wars ended in France in 1598, King Henry IV signed the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots the protection of their religious and civil liberties. (Henry, who had joined the Huguenot armies as a teenager, was raised a Protestant but converted to Catholicism before becoming king of France in 1589.)
The Huguenots enter into the story of Mount Desert Island because as king, Henry IV financed the early explorations of this area by his fellow Huguenot Pierre Dugua, aka Sieur de Monts. Dugua’s navigator Samuel de Champlain, who converted to Catholicism in 1603, had been born in a Huguenot coastal village, and served in Henry IV’s army against Catholic forces.
In October 1685, King Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, at which point some 400,000 Huguenots fled France for other, safer countries. Today only about 2% of the French population is Protestant.
Fun Fact: Famous historic figures with Huguenot ancestry include George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Paul Revere, Davy Crockett, Henry David Thoreau, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Winston Churchill, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. More modern people on a similar list include Warren Buffett, Marlon Brando, Johnny Depp, Robert Duvall, Jean-Luc Godard, Al Gore, and Charlize Theron.


The Polish government has approved construction of a new canal expected to link the Vistula Lagoon with the Baltic Sea.
The 1.3 km long, five meter deep, 80 meter wide canal between the Vistula Lagoon and Gdansk Bay is expected to be dug through the western Vistula Spit, a long, thin peninsula stretching east from the northern coast of Poland into Russia’s exclave of Kaliningrad.
Environmentalists have warned that the new canal expected to link the Vistula Lagoon with the Baltic Sea in its western portion will have grave consequences, including the destruction of the lagoon’s freshwater ecosystem.
Polish officials have long complained that the river port city of Elblag has no direct access to the Baltic Sea, with Polish ships first having to pass through Russian waters in a special navigation deal agreed by Moscow and Warsaw.
Some Polish analysts suspect that the project is essentially a military one, with Elblag serving as the headquarters of NATO’s new Eastern Command.
The canal has an estimated price tag of 880 million zlotys (about $241 million). For comparison, the navigation rights for Polish ships sailing through Russian waters run Warsaw an estimated $5 million annually. The canal is expected to be completed by 2022.
Other observers have called the canal “95% politics, zero percent economics.” The freakish plan is leading to the disappearance of its freshwater flora and fauna, including local fish stocks.
Sputnik / Crickey Conservation Society 2018.


Music as Shapes with color! Musical DNA, a fascinating 3-min video
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Essays on the Origins of Western Music by David Whitwell, 18-page downloadable PDF The Origins of Music Defined...
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HeartMath technology is an innovative approach to improving emotional wellbeing. Learn to change your heart rhythm pattern to...
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The link between active music learning and gains in spatial-temporal reasoning has been well-established through scientific research. Gratitude...
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Sir Ken Robinson speaks mindfully (with his usual brand of great humor) during the Dalai Lama Center’s Educating...
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Just like squirrels set aside some nuts for winter, so do arctic foxes – they hoard bird eggs and bury them in the Arctic permafrost for when they don’t have enough food.
“It appears as if cached eggs are used as a backup for unpredictable changes in lemming numbers,” lead study author Gustaf Samelius of Grimsö Wildlife Research Station in Riddarhyttan, Sweden told National Geographic. “This is a neat adaptation in an environment where food abundance changes dramatically both among seasons and years.”
This is the first study to show carnivores setting some supplies away for longer periods. Carnivores have been known to set aside meat for a few days, but they generally just save it for a few days. The Arctic Fox hides them for much longer periods, and these hidden supplies play a key role in its diet.
“Our results of about 50 percent of the [arctic fox’s] diet coming from cached foods might be on the extreme end” compared with other meat-eaters, Samelius said.
The favorite food of arctic foxes is the collard lemming. However, collard lemming populations severely fluctuate over three- to five-year cycles, and depending on these cycles, arctic foxes rely on what they set aside. The good thing for them is that egg birds are very well suited for long term storage in cold conditions.
“Eggs are protected by the egg shell, several membranes, as well as chemical properties of the albumen [egg white], preventing microbial activity,” Samelius said.
Many biologists and explorers suspected this, upon finding many eggs buried, but until now, there was no clear evidence of this. Vincent Careau is an arctic-fox researcher at the Université de Sherbrooke in Quebec who was not involved with the study. He also had his suspicions:
“Many noted the presence of egg shells in fox scats while there was no goose around, meaning that the consumed egg was inevitably recovered from a cache,” Careau said, “but these observations remained anecdotic until this study came out.”
How the foxes find the eggs after such long periods is still not understood yet though.
Via National Geographic.


On this day in 1918, the bloodiest war in world history came to a conclusion.
On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian empire was shot to death along with his wife by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo, Bosnia.
Ferdinand was inspecting his unclue's imperial armed forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina, despite the fact that he had already been threatened by Serbian nationalists who wanted to upend the Austro-Hungarian collaboration that was happening in Serbia at the time.
Strangely enough, the Austro-Hungarian empire blamed this murder on the Serbs, despite it obviously being their fault for refusing to observe the rising tensions between the people and the state.
This was the catalyst of World War I.
On July 28th, the Austro-Hungarian empire declared war on Serbia, and the peaceful prosperity that was happening between Europe's greatest powers began to collapse. On July 29th, the Austro-Hungarian Empire began to bomb Belgrade and Russia, which was an ally of Serbia at the time.
This prompted different countries in Europe to align with one another. When France aligned with Russia, Germany declared war on France as a result.
It wasn't until Germany invaded Belgium, which was a British ally at the time, that prompted the Brits to get into the war.
After four long years of fighting went by with few peace efforts. It wasn't until Germany signed an armistice agreement with the other allies that WWI came to a close, thus noting November 11th as Armistice Day.


Motivated more by interest in free publicity than a commitment to gender equality, Wyoming territorial legislators pass a bill that is signed into law granting women the right to vote.
Western states led the nation in approving women’s suffrage, but some of them had rather unsavory motives. Though some men recognized the important role women played in frontier settlement, others voted for women’s suffrage only to bolster the strength of conservative voting blocks. In Wyoming, some men were also motivated by sheer loneliness–in 1869, the territory had over 6,000 adult males and only 1,000 females, and area men hoped women would be more likely to settle in the rugged and isolated country if they were granted the right to vote.
READ MORE: The State Where Women Voted Long Before the 19th Amendment
Some of the suffrage movement’s leaders did have more respectable reasons for supporting women’s right to vote. William Bright, a territorial legislator who was in his mid-forties, had a persuasive young wife who convinced him that denying women the vote was a gross injustice. The other major backer, Edward M. Lee, the territorial secretary who had championed the cause for years, argued that it was unfair for his mother to be denied a privilege granted to African-American males.
Ultimately, though, appeals to justice and equality did not pass the legislation–most Wyoming legislators supported Bright and Lee’s bill because they thought it would win the territory free national publicity and might attract more single marriageable women to the region. Territorial Governor John A. Campbell appreciated the publicity power of the policy and signed the bill into law, making Wyoming the first territory or state in the history of the nation to grant women this fundamental right of citizenship.
READ MORE: Women Who Fought for the Vote


--- your online source for astronomical & satellite images ---
Hubble Interacting Galaxy NGC 5256
NGC 5256, UGC 8632, Mrk 0266, I Zw 067, KPG 388
RA 13h 38m 17.68s Dec 48° 16' 34.6"
350 million light-years (100 million parsecs)
1.2 × 1.1 arcmin
November 16, 2001
F435W (B) and F814W (I)
NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration, and A. Evans (U of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University)
April 24, 2008
2017 Image: G1720
Click the image to buy a print
ABOUT THIS IMAGE:
NGC 5256, also known as Markarian 266, is a striking example of two disk galaxies that are about to merge. Spectacular streamers of gas surround the two nuclei and eye-catching blue spiral trails indicate recent star formation. The shape of the object is highly disturbed and observations in various wavelength regimes - infrared, millimeter-wave and radio - provide additional evidence for a starburst in this system. NGC 5256 is located in the constellation of Ursa Major, the Great Bear, some 350 million light-years from Earth. It was discovered by William Herschel on May 12, 1787. Each galaxy also contains an active galactic nucleus, evidence that the chaos is allowing gas to fall into the regions around central black holes as well as feeding starbursts. Recent observations from the Chandra X-ray Observatory show that both nuclei, as well as a region of hot gas in between them, have been heated by the shock waves driven as gas clouds at high velocities collide.
image is part of a large collection of 59 images of merging galaxies taken
by the Hubble Space Telescope and released on the occasion of its 18th
anniversary on 24th April 2008.


THIS WEEK IN AMHERST HISTORY--February 6, 1942: Reality of war hits College
This announcement came almost two months after the day that the falling bombs of Japanese carrier planes brought America into a war she had tried so vainly to avoid. In the interval, although outrage on campus was unanimous and sentiment overwhelmingly patriotic, few among the student body felt personally committed to the war effort. The only previous draft registration within the College itself had been conducted in the fall of 1940, when 175 students registered.
Thus it was, for most, the first time that the conflict raging in Europe and the tragic “day of infamy” would touch their lives directly. Some among the 250 men eligible for the draft would soon find themselves in surroundings far removed from the intellectual challenges of Amherst, fighting for their lives and for freedom in the deserts of North Africa and in the skies over the Pacific. Others, part of what President Stanley King would later describe as the “lost generation,” would complete their college education in a world so vastly altered by destruction and death that the age of innocence had become a faint memory.
For 40 students, their country’s call in her hour of need had already become too pressing. Of these, 13 had left the College to serve in the Army Air Force, and the majority of the remainder joined the Navy and the Marine Corps. Other Amherst men enlisted in branches of service including Merchant Marine, the Army, the Naval Reserve, the Marine Reserve, the Coast Guard, the Aviation Mechanics and the Ambulance Unit. Not all, however, would return to the snow-swept serenity of the New England winter they had left, and not all would walk in the familiar hallways again.


Nov 25 2009
Ghrelin, a hormone produced in the stomach, may be used to boost resistance to, or slow, the development of Parkinson's disease, Yale School of Medicine researchers report in a study published in a recent issue of the Journal of Neuroscience.
Parkinson's disease is caused by a degeneration of dopamine neurons in an area of the midbrain known as the substantia nigra, which is responsible for dopamine production. Reduced production of dopamine in late-stage Parkinson's causes symptoms such as severe difficulty in walking, restricted movements, delays in moving, lack of appetite, difficulty eating, periods of remaining motionless (known as "freezing") and head and limb tremors.
When the dopamine cells get sick and die, Parkinson's can develop. Yale researcher Tamas Horvath and colleagues found that ghrelin is protective of the dopamine neurons. "We also found that, in addition to its influence on appetite, ghrelin is responsible for direct activation of the brain's dopamine cells," said Horvath, chair and professor of comparative medicine and professor of neurobiology and obstetrics & gynecology at Yale School of Medicine. "Because this hormone originates from the stomach, it is circulating normally in the body, so it could easily be used to boost resistance to Parkinson's or it could be used to slow the development of the disease."
Horvath and colleagues conducted the study in mice that received ghrelin supplementation and in mice that were deficient in ghrelin hormone and in the ghrelin receptor. When compared to controls, mice with impaired ghrelin action in the brain had more loss of dopamine. Horvath said the results could be easily translated to human use because the ghrelin system is preserved through various species.
Ghrelin was previously associated with the release of growth hormones, appetite, learning, memory, and with the reward circuitry of the brain that regulates food cravings. Recent human studies show that body mass index, stored fat and diabetes are linked to Parkinson's disease. Past research also shows that obesity is a risk factor for neurodegeneration in mice.
In future work, Horvath and his team will try to determine ghrelin levels in both healthy individuals and Parkinson's patients. He will also determine whether altered ghrelin levels might be a biomarker of disease development and vulnerability.