October 7 is National Trigeminal Neuralgia Awareness Day, a time to raise awareness for a rare nerve disorder that many have never heard of.
Often referred to as the “suicide disease” due to the unbearable pain patients experience, trigeminal neuralgia (TN) can occur when a blood vessel compresses the trigeminal nerve, one of the largest nerves in the head. The condition is characterized by episodes of intense shocking or burning sensations in the face that are triggered by slight touches or even normal actions like chewing or talking.
Although there is no known cure for TN, Louisville CyberKnife offers an advanced treatment method called stereotactic radiosurgery that can significantly reduce or eliminate pain in patients treated with the procedure.
To treat TN patients with SRS, our center uses CyberKnife® technology to deliver precisely focused radiation to a targeted segment of the trigeminal nerve to interrupt pain-causing fibers. The pinpoint accuracy of the procedure spares healthy tissue and allows us to treat difficult-to-reach targets without surgery or sedation.
Most treatments are completed in a single outpatient procedure and are typically completed within one hour or less. Patients experience few to no side effects with CyberKnife treatment and are free to return to their normal activities immediately following treatment.
This is not intended as medical advice to replace the expertise and judgment of your health care team. It is intended to help you and your family make informed decisions, together with your doctor.


Fossil Fuels Power Tribal Budgets
The New York Times reports that the budgets of some of America’s largest Native American tribes are powered by fossil fuels:
“But some of the largest tribes in the United States derive their budgets from the very fossil fuels that Mr. Trump has pledged to promote, including the Navajo in the Southwest and the Osage in Oklahoma, as well as smaller tribes like the Southern Ute in Colorado. And the Crow are among several Indian nations looking to the president’s promises to nix Obama-era coal rules, pull back on regulations, or approve new oil and gas wells to help them lift their economies and wrest control from a federal bureaucracy they have often seen as burdensome.”
On Montana’s Crow Indian Reservataion, a coal mine that provides fuel for Minnesota’s largest power plant employs 170 people and provides at least half of the tribes nonfederal budget:
Here on the 2.3-million-acre Crow Indian Reservation in southern Montana, at least half of the tribe’s nonfederal budget comes from a single source: a vast single-pit mine at the edge of the reservation, called the Absaloka, which sends brown-black coal by rail to Minnesota’s largest power plant. The Absaloka opened in 1974. It operates all day every day, employs about 170 people and has left a complex legacy. The work — shoveling coal dust, hauling through the night in trucks — is grueling. But on the reservation, coal royalties, taxes and mine salaries have funded college educations, weddings and much-cherished homes with ponies corralled in the back. A coal payment every four months of about $225 to every tribal citizen puts food on tables, warm jackets on backs and gifts under Christmas trees.


A church dedicated to Kosmos and Damian was built during the reign of Theodosios II in the suburbs of Constantinople; numerous miracles were ascribed to this shrine. An attached monastery is first attested in the 6th century. Because of its vulnerable location outside the walls, in present-day Eyup, the church was destroyed in the Avar attack of 626. It was, however, restored by the 8th C. In the 11th century Michael IV the Paphlagonian was responsible for major improvements at the monastery; he provided bathhouses, lawns, and fountains, in addition to commissioning the rebuilding of the church and its decoration with mosaics and marble revetment. It was to this monastery that, suffering from terminal illness, he retired in 1041; he received the monastic habit on the day of his death. He was buried in the church he had restored. The monastery of Kosmas and Damianos is mentioned frequently in sources of the Palaiologan period and apparently survived until 1453. It should be distinguished from the contemporary nunnery dedicated to the same saints, which was restored in the late 13th century. by the Dowager Empress Theodora, widow of Michael VIII.
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Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium edited by Alexander Kazhdan


HMS Warrior was a 40-gun steam-powered armoured frigate built for the Royal Navy in 1859–61. She was the name ship of the Warrior-class ironclads. Warrior and her sister ship HMS Black Prince were the first armour-plated, iron-hulled warships, and were built in response to France's launching in 1859 of the first ocean-going ironclad warship, the wooden-hulled Gloire. Warrior conducted a publicity tour of Great Britain in 1863 and spent her active career with the Channel Squadron. Obsolescent following the 1871 launching of the mastless and more capable HMS Devastation, she was placed in reserve in 1875, and was "paid off" – that is, decommissioned – in 1883.
She subsequently served as a storeship and depot ship, and in 1904 was assigned to the Royal Navy's torpedo training school. The ship was converted into an oil jetty in 1927 and remained in that role until 1979, at which point she was donated by the Navy to the Maritime Trust for restoration. The restoration process took eight years, during which many of her features and fittings were either restored or recreated. When this was finished she returned to Portsmouth as a museum ship. Listed as part of the National Historic Fleet, Warrior has been based in Portsmouth since 1987.


Today in History, March 18: 1314 – Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Knights Templar, and Geoffroi de Charney, Master of Normandy, are taken to an island in the middle of the Seine and very slowly burned to death. The Templars were men from wealthy European families that took vows of devotion to God, and fought in the Crusades. In the process, the Templars amassed a lot of property and wealth, all owned by the order, as the Knights themselves took a vow of poverty. French king Phillip IV was in a fix…the royal coffers were all but empty and he owed an incredible sum to the Templars. To fix his problem he accused the Knights of heresy, saying that they did several things against God during their initiations. He ordered them arrested and seized their wealth; now he had their money and their property, and no longer owed them anything. Many were burned at the stake. The others were imprisoned while Phillip and the Pope went back and forth over what was to be done with them. de Molay was tortured and eventually confessed to his “crimes”. When later questioned by Cardinals, he recanted the confession. After languishing in prison for 7 years, he and the others were brought out into public and sentenced to be imprisoned for the remainder of their lives. de Molay and de Charney both stood and publicly stated that the only crime they had committed was to betray the order by making false confessions to save their own lives. Phillip was enraged. While the Cardinals sent by the Pope discussed this new development, he had the two troublesome Templar leaders taken to Isle de Juifs, secured to scaffolds, and slowly burned; if they “confessed” again, they would be spared. de Molay remained calm and stoic, refusing to betray his Order again. How often have we seen the corrupt accuse the righteous of committing crimes to cover their own?


Their capability to withstand disease and survive in troublesome climates is also priceless. Goats had been probably the primary animals to be domesticated, followed carefully by sheep. In Southeast Asia, chickens additionally had been domesticated about 10,000 years ago. Later, individuals began domesticating larger animals, similar to oxen or horses, for plowing and transportation.
Though at present’s canine had been likely domesticated from gray wolves, they are now a distinct species. Dogs’ scientific name is canis lupus familiaris, whereas the scientific name for gray wolves is canis lupus. The first domesticated plants in Mesopotamia had been wheat, barley, lentils, and forms of peas. People in different elements of the world, including eastern Asia, components of Africa, and parts of North and South America, also domesticated plants.
Home to the traditional civilizations of Sumer, Assyria, and Babylonia these peoples are credited with influencing mathematics and astronomy. Use these classroom sources to assist your students develop a greater understanding of the cradle of civilization. the gathering and collection of crops, together with both plants and animals. complicated lifestyle that developed as people started to develop urban settlements. Training a horse to allow a saddle and rider requires an unlimited amount of bodily work, coaching, and persistence. Horses that are born on ranches or in stables still need to be trained, although training a younger horse is less complicated than domesticating a horse caught in the wild.
Join our group of educators and obtain the most recent data on National Geographic’s resources for you and your students. If a media asset is downloadable, a obtain button seems within the corner of the media viewer. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. The Rights Holder for media is the individual or group credited.


Written by Dr.Albana Greca Sejdini, Md, MMedSc
Bacterial prostatitis is a medical condition of the prostate, when any bacterial infection cause irritation of the prostate and makes it be inflammed and swollen.
In more practical term, it means inflammation of the prostate due to bacterial infection. It is very common among younger men (men in their 30s-50s), but it can also affect elderly men.
NIH classified the prostatitis into 4 categories, only the first two conditions are caused by bacterial infection.
About eighty two percent of all prostatitis bacterial-type are caused by a single type of bacteria, but in some cases 2 or 3 types may be implicated.
Furthermore, it is proved that micro-organisms responsible for acute prostatitis bacterial can be also isolated from the majority of urinary tract infections.
Therefore, acute prostatitis from bacteria is mainly caused by: Escherichia coli (most common), proteus mirabilis, klebsiella species, enterobacter species, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and serratia species.
Rarely, other types of causative micro-organisms are involved, like neisseria gonorrhea, mycobacterium tuberculosis, salmonella species, and clostridium species; also, genital viruses, parasites, as well as mycotic organisms are implicated.
In men, chronic bacterial prostatitis is the main cause of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), i.e. chronic bacterial prostatitis is manifested by over lasting bacterial infection of the prostate gland.
Usually, the particular strain of bacteria seen in prostatic fluid or in urine will be the same causative organism which causes the infection to recur or persist.
Because, the acute prostatitis is accompanied by several types of infections in various parts of the urinary tract; so symptoms will include:
Also, there are general symptoms due to infection, including:
The digital examination performed by the doctor will reveal the prostate to be swollen, hot, painful and irregular. NIH advises its doctors to avoid violent digital examination to minimize the spread of bacterial infection in the blood circulation.
Symptoms of chronic bacterial prostatitis are nearly similar to the symptoms of acute prostatitis, but with less intensity. Sometimes, chronic prostatitis is asymptomatic. But, usually there are some symptoms, including:


Background: Today, new lifestyles, higher incomes and consumer awareness are creating consumer demand for a year-round supply of high-quality, diverse and innovative food products. However, when it comes to innovation, the food sector is less changeable when compared to other sectors, such as high technology. Still, in the past decades much and important developments have been achieved in several areas related to foods and the food industry.
Methods: A systematic review of scientific literature was conducted on Science Direct. The topics investigated were: aspects related to innovation in food development (such as the transfer of innovation, open innovation, collaborative innovation and consumer perception and its role in the developing process); the innovation in the food industry (particularly regarding the processing technologies and packaging, which are two prominent areas of innovation in this sector nowadays); the innovation in the cooking sector (particularly in regards to the molecular gastronomy and science based cooking).
Results: A total of 146 articles were included in the review and the aspects focused allowed confirming that innovation has been recognized as a key driver of economic growth. Within the framework of ‘open innovation’, a number of key issues related to the acquisition of external knowledge in food technology must be taken into consideration. Food product development is highly dependent on the consumer perception and acceptance, and hence it is of utmost importance to include the consumer in the development process to minimize failure probabilities. The sectors of the food industry where important developments and innovation are registered include the processing technologies and the packaging systems, where the latest progresses have produced very significant outcomes.
Conclusion: The present work allowed verifying the latest improvements and trend towards food product development from two perspectives, the product itself and the industrial processing. This sector is undoubtedly a major key for the success and competitiveness nowadays in the food industry.
Keywords: Food innovation, sensory perception, consumer acceptance.


The term 'archives’ has two related meanings. It can refer to:
You may also encounter the term "fonds," which is a technical term for a particular subset of archival material. In many cases, when describing these documents, the terms "fonds" and "archives" are used interchangeably. If in doubt, ask an archivist!
Archival materials provide evidence of things that happened in the past. These documents can be very old, but they can also be very recent. Most archives add new archival material to their holdings every year.
Archives and Libraries
Archives and libraries are both sites of knowledge and information. Archives differ from libraries in the following ways:
Types of archives
There are different types of archival repository. These differences usually have to do with the way that archives acquire their materials.
Institutional archives: repositories which mainly acquire material directly from their parent organization, often with a focus on preserving institutional memory.
Examples of institutional archives:
Collecting archives: repositories which mainly acquire material not generated by their parent organization, often with focus on supporting research or community memory. These organizations, which include universities and historical societies, collect archival material from multiple creators to support research.
Examples of collecting archives:
Many archives, including Library and Archives Canada, are both institutional and collecting archives. This means that they are created to be the repository for institutional records (i.e. the records of the Canadian government), but that they will also collect material which is of interest to community memory (i.e. Canadian cultural property).
What is archival research?
Archival research involves searching for, locating, and using primary sources held by archives. Using archival material involves analyzing the evidence these sources provide in order to inform a topic of enquiry or support a research claim.
This guide will help you to understand how archival sources can inform and enrich your research project, how to locate these sources, and how to effectively manage your archival research.
Before you get started, it is helpful to know basic archival vocabulary. Learn more here: Basic Facts about Archives. It helps to break down the archival research process into steps:
Archival research may take place in the physical space of an archival repository, which usually involves handling archival material directly, or online using digitized or born-digital material. Learn more here: Accessing Archives Online


When people think of codeine, they typically think of cough syrup. However, the amount codeine in cough syrup is not a terribly high concentration. Instead, codeine is often prescribed on its own to help combat mild pain or diarrhea. Codeine works as a painkiller because it breaks down throughout the user’s digestive system and becomes morphine, although it is far less powerful than pure morphine. Despite being mild, codeine still has a high propensity for abuse, and is commonly abused by adolescents.
Physical Effects of Codeine Abuse
Like other opiates, codeine can cause nausea and vomiting, especially when overused. In addition to that, people who abuse codeine are also prone to extreme weight loss, due to loss of appetite. Over time, codeine abuse may even be life threatening, as it can cause an irregular heartbeat, which increases the chances of heart attack by overdose. Brain damage is also a common physical side effect of codeine, which may leave the user in a coma.
Mental Effects of Codeine Abuse
Codeine isn’t just a harmful drug to your body, but there are severe mental effects that codeine can have on an addict. Withdrawals from codeine will leave a user feeling irritable, and makes them prone to severe mood swings. Insomnia is also a common side effect, along with increased risk of several mental disorders, such as depression or generalized anxiety disorder.
Codeine as a Gateway Drug
In the world of opiates, codeine is actually fairly mild. It is 80%-90% weaker than morphine. However, this brings us to the other reason that codeine abuse can be so incredibly dangerous: its propensity to be used as a gateway drug. If a codeine addict gets cut off of their regular prescription of codeine, a user may be inclined to turn to street drugs that are both stronger and cheaper.
Get Help for Codeine Addiction, Today!
If you or someone you know in Utah needs help kicking a codeine addiction, then don’t hesitate to call the caring team at Renaissance Ranch, today.


In Information Technology, telemetry data is information that is transmitted from systems and software to be collected and analyzed. Telemetry data contains information from hardware, applications, operating systems, and hypervisors. The results of analysis are used for increasing the resiliency of systems and applications, tuning the infrastructure for optimal operation, and resource planning.
A key outcome from analysis of telemetry data is predictive support for systems, preventing problems in addition to the other noted benefits. Sophistication of the analytics on telemetry data continues to advance, to the point now that the term AIOps is used. AIOps is short for Artificial Intelligence for Operations and denotes the machine learning used on the telemetry data, usually applied to systems.
Systems that usually have telemetry data include servers, networks, and storage. Much of the early focus on analytics has been on storage systems with demonstrable successes from newly introduced products by vendors. Those successes led to a broadening of usage for other vendors and investments to continue to advance the technology – now messaged as AIOps.
Customers gain from the use of telemetry data with analytics. A summary of the gain is a reduction in management needs: fewer situations to deal with and less attentive monitoring required. These gains are the outcome of the analytics. There is also a financial impact; effective analytics and actions frees up staff time, allowing them to focus on other important areas.
The analytics referred to most often is ‘predictive analytics’, learning from data across a large collective of systems to predict failures or impacts and take automated actions. Advanced implementations will make recommendations for changes, initiate service action including dispatching technicians, installing needed updates, and, in some cases, automatically making necessary changes.
Vendors are also benefiting from the improvements with telemetry data and analytics. Managed Services are offered by many vendors, providing expert management of systems or environments for their customers. With the improvements from analytics, the economies of scale are improved when there are many customers for managed services. The viability (and cost) can be greatly improved as a result.
Download now to continue reading the free Technical Insight report.


Under certain conditions, a graphene-like material can switch from an insulator to a conductor, something once thought impossible by the laws of physics.
A team from the University of Cambridge has been tinkering around with something similar to the atom-thin ‘wonder material’ known as graphene and has achieved something that could be used in the development of next-generation electronics and memory storage devices.
Publishing their findings in Physical Review Letters, the researchers described how, using iron trithiohypophosphate (FePS3) – commonly called ‘magnetic graphene’ – it is possible for the material to switch from an insulator to a conductor under high pressure.
Unlike the regular graphene, FePS3 was first synthesised in the 1960s. While both share a 2D form, FePS3 is magnetic, whereas graphene isn’t. Despite graphene’s extraordinary strength and conductivity, the fact that it is not magnetic limits its application in areas such as magnetic storage and spintronics, and so researchers have been searching for magnetic materials that could be incorporated with graphene-based devices.
Magnetism in 2D
For this study, the researchers squashed layers of FePS3 together under high pressure of approximately 10 gigapascals. This revealed the material was capable of a ‘Mott transition’, the state at which it can switch between being an insulator and conductor, the latter of which can be tuned by changing the pressure.
These materials are characterised by weak mechanical forces between the planes of their crystal structure. Under pressure, the planes are pressed together, gradually pushing the system from three to two dimensions, and from insulator to metal.
“Magnetism in 2D is almost against the laws of physics due to the destabilising effect of fluctuations, but in this material it seems to be true,” said Dr Sebastian Haines, first author of the paper.
Because the materials are inexpensive, non-toxic and easy to synthesise, they could soon be incorporated into graphene-based devices.
“We are continuing to study these materials in order to build a solid theoretical understanding of their properties,” Haines said. “This understanding will eventually underpin the engineering of devices, but we need good experimental clues in order to give the theory a good starting point.”


Domain names are an integral part of the DNS system - the whole system exists to facilitate their usage. And in order for a domain name to be a functional part of the DNS system, it must rely on a variety of DNS settings, some of them vital for the domain's online availability and some that, while being optional, can provide additional functionality and give the domain owner more possibilities.
DNS settings refer to certain records within the Domain Name System that allow users to access their websites and emails through their unique domain names. The DNS settings, also popular as DNS records, are related to both the online resolution of websites and website-related services (email and FTP), and the possibility to make various DNS adjustments through a specific DNS Management interface. Usually, a change in the DNS settings needs time to propagate to all root DNS servers and frequent changes can increase this propagation time, which is why it's recommended to change your domain's DNS settings only if you are sure what you are doing.
DNS Settings types
There are various types of DNS settings that are responsible for managing different sides of a domain name's resolution online. A records (A for 'address') are used to translate host names to IP addresses; NS records (NS for Name Server) designate the name servers that store information for a certain domain; MX Records (MX for Mail Exchange) define the mail delivery location for a domain; CNAME Records (CNAME for 'Canonical Name') are used to create additional host names for hosts in a domain, etc. There are also several other records, like TXT records, which can give additional information for the specific domain and assist in enabling SPF protection.
Manage DNS Settings with NTC Hosting
Through the DNS management interface in NTC Hosting's Web Hosting Control Panel, you can customize the DNS settings for each domain name registered with the company or transferred over from another registrar. Along with the standard DNS settings specified above, users can also apply less popular DNS records such as AAAA, SRV or TXT records.


What Is Zika Virus?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has linked the spread of the Zika Virus (Zika) to the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. These mosquitoes are aggressive daytime biters. There is currently no vaccine or medication for Zika and infection during pregnancy can cause birth defects. While Zika is currently limited to the Southeast, CDC is bracing for a possible nationwide spread of the virus. Here are 5 things you need to know.
Protect Yourself Against Zika – Top 5 Things
- While it seems obvious, the best way to prevent Zika is to prevent mosquito bites. To do that,
- Stay in places with air conditioning or window screens and screen doors
- Use an approved insect repellent
- Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants
- Remove standing water around your house
- Zika primarily spreads through infected mosquitoes but also through sexual transmission from a person who has Zika to his or her sex partners.
- Zika is linked to birth defects. Zika infection during pregnancy can cause a serious birth defect called microcephaly that is a sign of incomplete brain development.
- Pregnant women should not travel to areas with Zika.
- Returning travelers infected with Zika can spread the virus through mosquito bites. During the first week of infection, Zika virus can be found in a person’s blood and can pass from an infected person to a mosquito through mosquito bites. An infected mosquito can then spread the virus to other people.
Casper Retractable Screens
To reduce your chances of being bitten by a mosquito carrying the Zika virus and other mosquito-spread diseases, take steps to control the entrance of mosquitoes into your home. Casper retractable window and door screens are custom fit to ensure a tight fit with no gaps. Casper Disappearing Screens let the air in and keep the bugs out, including mosquitoes!
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“Too many people I love and care for have died of cancer or trodden the path of a long, hard cancer journey,” says Dr Gabi Dachs, Research Associate Professor at the University of Otago Christchurch campus. “I’m trying to do good research to help cancer patients live longer and better with cancer,” she says as she focuses her investigations on Vitamin C and cancer survival.
“One day I want to give clinicians the information they need in order to advise patients on exactly how much Vitamin C they need to stay well, and potentially, help fight their cancer.”
Supported by the Cancer Research Trust NZ, Gabi is studying kidney cancer to try and understand whether saturating tumours with Vitamin C could disrupt the low oxygen environment where cancers can thrive.
This grant allows Gabi and her team to measure the cellular transporters that move Vitamin C from the circulation into cancer cells. For this, samples from patients with breast, bowel and kidney cancer will be studied.
“We’re putting science between the hype and reality around Vitamin C,” she said. “There’s so much misinformation out there about food and supplements and mega-doses of Vitamin C it’s hard to convince the research funders that the biochemistry is real, not just hand-waving, and that there may be an important link between Vitamin C and cancer survival.”
Gabi says we can all help ourselves in the fight against cancer by eating more healthily.
“Vitamin C is very beneficial to all of us, not just the critically ill. So, do yourself a favour and eat a balanced, broad diet,” she says. “I love my Gold Kiwifruit, broccoli, peppers and citrus fruit – and I love waking up each day doing what I’m doing to help people live good lives by unlocking the secrets to fight cancer.”
You can listen to Gabi and her colleagues, Professor Margreet Vissers and Dr Anitra Carr, talk in detail about their studies on Vitamin C here:


P is for Periodot
Peridot is a gem quality olivine, an important mineral in the earth’s mantle constituting more than 50% of its makeup. Peridot has also been found in stony-iron meteorites called pallasites. NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope even discovered olivine crystals raining down on a developing star. Pretty amazing stuff!
Once called chrysolite, peridot is the birthstone for the month of August. It is one of the gemstones that only appears in one color – green – although it can have a yellow or brown tint in some cases. It is often faceted and has no known toxicity. Peridot ranges from 6.5 – 7 on the Mohs scale depending on the magnesium content.
Peridot is primarily a gemstone, but it is used as a refractory sand for casting and also in the manufacture of refractory bricks. It was used as a slag conditioner which helps remove impurities from steel, but its use has declined because of the availability of better suited material.
I am attracted to the olive green tones of peridot. It has been confused with emeralds throughout history. It is easy to see why in this photo from the Smithsonian showcasing peridot from five different continents.
Pallasite meterorite with peridot found in China


Do architects use math? Showing your students the geometry in architecture!
Updated: Apr 13, 2022
Do you need to teach your upper elementary students how area and perimeter are used in everyday life? Enter architecture. Teaching students about designing houses, rooms, and spaces is one of my favorite real-life examples to show students how important this geometry concept is!
How does an architect use math?
Show this video to your students which interviews a real architect, Jamee Parish, and explains to elementary students how she uses math every day!
What are some different ways that my students can practice this in class?
Have your students measure and redesign the classroom! Students love this because they not only get to break out the meter sticks and tape measures, but they like to dream about what they could turn their classroom into! This activity can be done in one class period, or stretched over a week where they draw out every detail!
Have your students design a dream bedroom, backyard, or house. Grab some graph paper and area/perimeter clipart to help students chart out how much space they will need.
Check out digital games online like rollercoaster tycoon, and zoo tycoon which has students practice budgeting, while planning out a space using area/perimeter.
Do you have any additional resources that could help my students?
Check out this home renovation clipart set to help students design their own homes!
Need architecture clipart? See this
math careers architect clipart!
Where can I find more information on the architect, Jamee Parish, shown in the interview?
Jamee can best be reached at her website: https://www.jameeparish.com/
Check out her Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/jameeparisharchitects/?hl=en\
Want more information on teaching upper elementary math? Sign up for our email list and get access to our free resource library!


01-05-2015 | Original Paper
A Comprehensive Literature Review of Comprehension Strategies in Core Content Areas for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Gepubliceerd in: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders | Uitgave 5/2015Log in om toegang te krijgen
Understanding text can increase access to educational, vocational, and recreational activities for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, limited research has been conducted investigating instructional practices to remediate or compensate for these comprehension challenges. The current comprehensive literature review expanded previous reviews and evaluated research quality using Reichow (Evidence-based practices and treatments for children with autism, pp 25–39. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6975-0_2, 2011) criteria for identifying evidence-based practices. Three questions guided the review: (a) Which approaches to comprehension instruction have been investigated for students with ASD?; (b) Have there been a sufficient number of acceptable studies using a particular strategy to qualify as an evidence-based practice for teaching comprehension across the content areas?; and (c) What can educators learn from the analysis of high quality studies? Of the 23 studies included in the review, only 13 achieved high or adequate ratings. Results of the review suggest that both response-prompting procedures (e.g., model-lead-test, time delay, system of least prompts,) and visual supports (e.g., procedural facilitators) can increase comprehension skills in content areas of ELA, math, and science. Authors conclude with a discussion of (a) research-based examples of how to use effective approaches, (b) implications for practitioners, and (c) limitations and future research.


27. MOUNTAIN SPLEENWORT
Connecticut and New York to Georgia. A small rock fern from two to eight inches long, with stalks brown at base.
Fronds.—Ovate-lanceolate in outline, somewhat leathery, cut into oblong pinnæ, the lower ones of which are cut again into more or less oblong, toothed divisions, the upper ones less and less divided; rachis green, broad, flat; fruit-dots linear, short; indusium thin, hidden at length by the sporangia, which mature in July.
With us this plant is decidedly rare. New York and Connecticut are given as its northern limits. I have found it only in one locality, in the neighborhood of a mountain lake in Ulster County, N.Y. Though growing here somewhat abundantly, the fern is so small that, unless your eyes are trained to search every cranny in the hope of some new find, you are not likely to notice it. Even with trained eyes you may readily fancy that the narrow chinks in the cliffs which rise sheerly from the lake are merely patched with moss. But when you have pulled your boat close under the shelving rocks,


Peekamoose Sees Record Number of Visitors and Rescues This Year
A popular swimming hole in the Hudson Valley is seeing a record number of guests this summer season. Unfortunately, more people means more damage and danger to the environment and guests.
In May of 2022, the Department of Environmental Conservation announced that permits would be needed to visit Peekamoose Blue Hole in Sundown, New York. It wasn't the first park that introduced the permit system. Sam's Point in Minnewaska also added mandatory permits for visits this year.
However, even the permit system couldn't slow down the amount of foot traffic heading into Peekamoose. The DEC announced that this season has brought in a "record increase in the number of visitors" to places such as Peekamoose and Kaaterskill Clove.
Record numbers mean more rescue, trash and environmental damage too according to the DEC. The DEC wrote in a social media post on July 15th the following:
This season has seen a record increase in the number of visitors to popular areas such as the Peekamoose Blue Hole and Kaaterskill Clove, which has resulted in unsafe parking and hiking, as well as increased rescues, trash, and environmental damage. DEC reminds visitors to these and all public lands to safely and responsibly enjoy outdoor recreation without endangering public safety or negatively impacting natural resources.
To avoid any more public safety issues and environmental damage the DEC added a list of suggestions to help ease the pain at Peekamoose. For instance, the DEC offers a Trails Less Traveled list that is filled with hidden gems around the Hudson Valley and New York State.
The DEC's post also serves as a reminder that you must get a permit to visit Peekamoose 24 hours ahead of time. You can get your permit at NewYorkStateParks.ReserveAmerica.com.
Remember if you're hiking the Hudson Valley this summer, Leave No Trace! Bring out what you bring in.


Editors’ Highlights are summaries of recent papers by AGU’s journal editors.
Source: AGU Advances
It is surprising how little we know about some very basic quantities, like how much ice is in the atmosphere and how it gets there. By combining numerical experiments with a global storm resolving model, aircraft measurements, and satellite observations, Atlas et al.  investigate processes regulating the ice particle concentrations in the southern ocean’s climatologically important mixed phase clouds. They find that the observed cloud properties can’t be explained without accounting for ice-multiplication processes. Ice’s proclivity to make more ice and deplete liquid limits cloudiness and buffers mixed phase clouds against aerosol perturbations. Their work further illustrates how a new generation of climate models is making it possible to quantify processes once hidden under a veil of parameterizations, and, as Hoose  points out in a companion Viewpoint, gives impetus to the need for yet more fundamental studies of ice-forming processes.
Citation: Atlas, R.L., Bretherton, C.S., Khairoutdinov, M.F., & Blossey, P.N. . Hallett-Mossop rime splintering dims cumulus clouds over the Southern Ocean: New insight from nudged global storm-resolving simulations. AGU Advances, 3, e2021AV000454. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV000454


In 2019, motorcyclists were 29x more likely than other vehicle occupants to die in an accident & 4x more likely to be injured with serious head injury being the most common among fatalities. About 75% of all motorcycle accidents involve collisions with other vehicles, most often passenger vehicles. In those accidents over half are caused by the other vehicle failing to yield to the motorcyclists right-of-way. More often than not those accidents are caused because the driver did not see the motorcyclists or noticed them too late. In single motorcycle accidents over half are caused by rider error, such as excessive speed or over-braking. Most motorcycle accidents happen on short trips as opposed to long road trips & they also tend to happen towards the beginning of the trip.
Here are some Motorcycle Safety Tips:
1. Always wear a helmet. Not just any helmet, make sure it's DOT certified.
2. Follow the traffic laws, especially the speed limit.
3. Be aware, don't drink & drive, don't drive tired, & don't be distracted.
4. Wear the right riding gear. Wearing short sleeves & shorts can result in road rash in an accident. Leather clothing & boots can help protect you from serious injuries or road rash.
5. Ride defensively. Avoid riding in blind spots of others, have your lights on, watch for turning or slowing vehicles.
6. Plan ahead. Check the weather before leaving on a ride, make sure storms are not in the forecast or you may be stranded in the rain.
7. Make sure your motorcycle has regular maintenance. When pulling your bike out for the first time since winter you should do a through check over to make sure it's in good working order.
Regardless of if you're a motorcyclists or a driver in another vehicle be aware of your surroundings & keep everyone on the road safe!


Glebes were plots of ground designated for the use of clergymen assigned to a parish in England or the British colonies in America before 1776. The glebe was considered a part of the cleric's stipend, and he could farm, rent out, or otherwise use the land for his maintenance. At a meeting of the vestry of St. Paul's Parish in Chowan County on 5 May 1708, it was agreed that 500 acres that had been purchased was a glebe. In 1762, however, the North Carolina Assembly directed that every parish should have a glebe, and it specified the buildings that each should contain. This law directed that except for normal use, the property should be maintained at public expense.
After the American Revolution, unoccupied glebe land attracted squatters and speculators and in some cases resulted in legal action to settle claims. Some churches, including St. Thomas Church in Bath, still hold title to ancient glebe property.
Knight, Edgar W. "An Educational Practice in Colonial North Carolina." The North Carolina Booklet 15. No.1. July 1916. p. 49. http://digital.ncdcr.gov/u?/p249901coll37,14078 (accessed August 23, 2012).
"An Act for making Provision for an Orthodox Clergy." Acts of the North Carolina General Assembly, 1762. Colonial and State Records of North Carolina 23. Goldsboro, N.C.: Nash Brothers. 1905. p.584. https://docsouth.unc.edu/csr/index.html/document/csr23-0043#p23-584
1 January 2006 | Powell, William S.


In the future scenario for livestock development, there is a continuing role for smallholder producers, particular for dairy and small ruminants, relying heavily on grass and crop-residues, however in a growth mode, intensifying production, and enhancing the efficiency of resource use (less land, labor and feed resources per unit product). In particular improving the efficiency of converting feed into milk and meat will be critical to increase their income. Ensuring that happens will require technical solutions, in ensuring that feed rations are adequately balanced with the appropriate feedstuffs of adequate quality, and institutional solutions on how to provide smallholders access to high quality information and reliable supplies of sufficient quality feeds. Investment strategies will need to be purposefully tailored to fit these specific contexts. This study assesses where the demand for feed is likely to change the most, and where investments in feed are most likely to increase animal productivity and improve the livelihoods of those who raise livestock. The study focuses on smallholder ruminant-based livestock systems because they have potentially major transformative effects on the livelihoods of producers and others engaged in the related value chains. While pig and poultry enterprises typically play an important role in livelihoods at very low input levels, such as backyard scavenging poultry, they tend to be replaced very quickly by larger scale commercial units. In India for instance, broiler production moved from a few hundred birds per unit to units with a weekly turnover of ten to twenty thousand between 2001 and 2006.
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History – Previously called by the name Pampapur, Papora/Paporaji is called as the city of temples. The temple of Bhagawan Adinatha was renovated in the year 1718 of the Vikrama era. We can find the inscriptions of the twelfth century on most of the idols here. This tells us about the historical importance of the place. A thick forest spread around this place, is called Ramanta (Ramaranya). It is said that many miracles have taken place in this place. A well by name ‘Patarakhan’ found at Paporaji is said to be very miraculous. Many devotees believe that on taking a bath with the water of this well they can cure their diseases. As a whole, we can find 107 temples at this place. The idol of Prathima Chandraprabha Bhagawan at temple no. 42 is said to be very miraculous. A fair is held here every year from the thirteenth to the fifteenth day of the bright half of the month of Kartik. In this fort there are 108 temples with large pinnacles and of various inscriptions.
How to reach – Papora is situated on the Tikamgadh – Jabalpur highway at a distance of 5 kms from Tikamgadh. Jhansi is at a distance of 96 kms and Lalitpur is situated at adistance of 58 Kms from Papora. Buses and private vehicles are available. The boarding and lodging facilities are available in the 4 Dharmashalas at Papora.
Main Deity – Nearly 30 inches high, black colored idol of Bhagawan Adinatha in the Padmasana posture.


Colorado License Plates
The state of Colorado issued its first Colorado license plates in 1913. Prior to this time, cities issued numbers and motorists were required to make their own plates. These plates came in a variety of styles and materials used included porcelain, leather and even metal kits plates sold in hardware stores. The 1913, 1914, and 1915 license plates were porcelain. Numbers on 1919 and 1920 plates were individually cut pieces and they were spot welded on the heavy license plate blank. A tab showed the year on these plates. The 1920 Colorado license plates were the first state issued stamped or embossed type. In 1920, most license plates in larger cities measured 6″ X 14″ with numbers 5/8″ wide and 4″ tall. County numbers first appeared on 1932 license plate issues.
The slogan: COLORFUL was first embossed on Colorado’s license plates 1955 and continued to 1955. Colorful did not appear on 1956 and 57 but reappeared in 1958 together with an embossed skier on the right hand side of the license plate. To mark the 100th anniversary of Colorado’s statehood, the word CENTENNIAL appeared on 1975 and 1976 Colorado license plates. The next graphic on Colorado’s license plates appeared in 1975 with a motif of Colorado’s mountains screened on the license plates. However the first embossing of a mountain on Colorado’s license plates was the year 1960 and this style is in use today.
Colorado issued its first retro-reflective license plates in 1971 and this continues today to follow mandate by the United States Department of Transportation. The most popular Colorado license is the 1971 issue used in the movie Vanishing Point with number OA-5599.
Licenseplates.tv can manufacture replica Colorado license plates in Aluminum –stamped/embossed with your custom number (raised). Order yours today online by clicking here: http://www.licenseplates.tv/colorado-148.html?=
You may also call us at: 800-491-2068


Scientists have found what may be the only animal in the world capable of immortality. The hydrozoans jellyfish is able to revert back to its polyp state – that’s its first stage of live, the stage it is born into and before it starts to mature into an older jellyfish.
The process is called transdiffentiation and other animals have limited forms of it. For example, the salamander can regrow limbs. The hydrozoans, however, can regenerate its entire body and it can do so as often as it wants.
Needless to say; scientists are looking into how this remarkable creature manages to achieve this!
Here’s the thing; because the hyrdozoan don’t die of natural old age their numbers are increasing. Dr. Maria Miglietta of the Smithsonian Tropical Marine Institute. Told the WorldHealth.net that;
“We are looking at a worldwide silent invasion
In Pure Spirit
Are you impressed? Are you worried? What do you think about the impressive regeneration cycle the jellyfish is apparently able to engage in? Would it benefit mankind or harm us hugely if we’re able to harness this process in any way at all?
Sue Raboin says
As a Newbie, I am constantly exploring online for articles that can aid me. Thank you
Clarence Sartor says
Hello. Great job. I did not anticipate this. This is a splendid story. Thanks!


Entrepreneurship and Sociable Sciences
Entrepreneurship and social sciences
Generally, entrepreneurship is a process through which persons create new businesses or broaden existing types. This is often done with the aim of creating jobs and wealth in a society.
It is crucial to comprehend the part of entrepreneurship in monetary development, since it is an essential the main process of technology and task creation. It also enables individuals to gain freedom in the rigid constructions of traditional employment and work on their own terms, without the need to follow rigorous schedules.
Aside from this, entrepreneurship is an extremely vital activity for society since it helps to develop the economy by simply creating more competition. It is because the more entrepreneurs are in a market, the more they may find impressive ways to contend with other companies and make their products or solutions better and more attractive.
In addition , entrepreneurship can be an remarkable way to generate income meant for the poor and others who need it the most. It can also be a way of dealing with societal challenges.
There are many different types of entrepreneurship. Some of them happen to be related to organization (see below) while others happen to be linked to the sociable and environmental context.
For example , a sociable entrepreneur is mostly a person who starts off a business to benefit the city and not just generate income. Some entrepreneurs are even aware of the impact on the ukpip.org/how-to-structure-a-data-room-for-ma-transactions-in-a-few-steps environment and will offset it simply by donating to charities or perhaps other relevant organisations.


The improvement of energy efficiency of existing buildings is key for meeting 2030 and 2050 energy and CO2 emission targets. Thus, building simulation tools play a crucial role in evaluating the performance of energy retrofit actions, not only at present, but also under future climate scenarios.
A Bayesian calibration approach, combined with sensitivity analysis, is applied to reduce the discrepancies between measured and simulated hourly indoor air temperatures. Calibration is applied to a test cell case study developed using the EnergyPlus building simulation software. Several scenarios are evaluated to determine how different variables may impact the calibration process: orientations, activation of mechanical ventilation, different blind aperture levels, etc. Uncertainties associated with model inputs (fixed parameters in the energy model), model discrepancies due to physical limitations of the building energy model (simplifications when compared to the real performance of the building), errors in field observations and noisy measurements were also accounted for.
Even though uncalibrated models were within the uncertainty ranges specified by the ASHARE Guidelines, pre-calibration simulation outputs over-predicted measurements up to 3.2 ºC. After calibration, the average maximum temperature difference was reduced to 0.68 ºC, improving the results by almost 80%. Thus, these techniques are proven to improve the level of agreement between on-site measurements and simulated outputs. Besides, the implementation of this methodology is useful for calibrating and validating indoor hourly temperatures and, consequently, provide adequate results for thermal comfort assessment.


On Sunday, August 7, a spotted Michael Phelps swam his way to his 19th gold medal at the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Phelps wasn’t the only swimmer sporting spots—which, by the way, are nearly the size of an Olympic medal. There are a number of swimmers—and other athletes—sporting them at the Olympics as well.
The spots are the result of cupping—an ancient Eastern technique that has gained a new popularity among some U.S. athletes, including quite a few Olympians. Cupping treats muscle pain by applying suction to the skin via heated small glass cups or bamboo jars. Once the cups have suction, they can be gently moved across the skin; the suction causes the skin and superficial muscle layer to be drawn into the cup. According to the Pacific School of Oriental Medicine (PCOM), cupping—which can be used alone or in combined with acupuncture—works like a reverse massage; instead of putting pressure on the muscle, the suction used in cupping uses gentle pressure to pull the muscles upward. Like acupuncture, cupping targets the meridian channels—the paths through which life energy flows freely throughout the body, through all tissues and organs—resulting in a smoother and more free-flowing qi, or life energy.
According to Ted Kaptchuk, professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, cupping has been around in the U.S. since the 18th and 19th centuries, when it was a common part of American physician’s treatments; it fell out of practice in the 1920s when it was viewed as old-fashioned.
Does it work? PCOM states that “The suction and negative pressure provided by cupping can loosen muscles, encourage blood flow, and sedate the nervous system.” And, while there is still limited scientific evidence supporting cupping, Kaptchuk says that “what we do have, is that people feel better after it’s done.”
If you have an Olympic-sized—or not-so-Olympic sized—curiosity about acupuncture and cupping, visit the California Acupuncture Board’s website at www.acupuncture.ca.gov, where you can find answers to frequently asked questions as well as verify the license of a practitioner before making an appointment.


When possible, choose products with packaging that was made with recycled materials.
Many companies already choose to use recycled materials for their packaging. Doing so not only preserves such natural resources as trees, petroleum and metals, but also contributes to giving a second life to the containers, packaging and printed matter you place in your recycling bin.
Do your part in preserving the environment
When packaging is made with recycled materials, the impact on the environment is usually lesser, as fewer raw materials and less energy are used, and smaller quantity of greenhouse gases are released into the air.
Take a quick look at the packaging. It usually indicates whether it contains recycled materials. The percentage is indicated in a short phrase or in the centre of the three chasing arrows known as the Mobius strip, the well-known recycling symbol. This should not, however, be confused with the triangle of three chasing arrows used to indicate various types of plastic categorized from one to seven.
Did you know that packaging can extend the life of the product and therefore reduce waste?
An English cucumber is a good example. Without packaging, this vegetable stays fresh for only 3 days in the grocery store, while, with the plastic wrap, it remains in excellent condition for about 14 days. Just a little recyclable plastic wrap makes a big difference.


The Qatar archaeological research and exploration project built on the work undertaken by the Qatar Museums to locate and record the submerged cultural heritage. The aim of underwater fieldwork was to begin condition surveys of known submerged marine archaeological heritage sites. The results will enhance the maritime Historic Environment Record with the additional benefit of making the underwater heritage resource more accessible to the Qatari population.
In the long term, areas of the sea bed will be surveyed to locate and identify more of Qatar’s underwater cultural heritage which includes submerged landscapes as well as shipwrecks. The Maritime Archaeology Trust (MAT) is working with the University of York, the Qatar Museums and Qatar University on the Qatar Maritime Archaeology Project (QatarMAP) to carry out these marine archaeological investigations. MAT divers visited Qatar in early May and diving from the dive boat Janan, with the help of divers from the Qatar University, carried out photographic survey over some shipwreck sites to produce 3D photomosaics which were calibrated with measuring scales positioned at different locations.
The MAT dive team are now back in Qatar to continue the work. Along with continued processing of data collected during the first week’s visit, testing and checking of geophysical equipment has been taking place until the bad weather abates which is likely to be this evening.


A rare example of a predator mammal. An observer from Earth might find analogies with wild cats, which the yenaksim resembles in ecology, behavior, and size, although it belongs to a very different branch of the Cretaceous radiation of mammals; namely, the multituberculates, distinguished by a particular serrated lower tooth that proved very useful to shear through flesh. With their long, springy hindlimbs pressed on the ground, yenaksima lie in wait in the tall grass for a careless bird or a smaller mammal. They are especially active in the twilight hours, when the visually-oriented reptilian and dinosaurian predators are less active. Their eyes provide less acuity than their size would seem to suggest, but their extremely sensitive ears and nose are more than sufficient for them to orient in the shadows. The hands are delicate, with tapering, almost prehensile fingers; unused for locomotion in this bipedal leaper, they are mostly used to restrain the preys just before the fatal bite, which comes from extremely sharp incisors. Yenaksima commonly hunt in pairs, surviving off each other's surplus if necessary, especially when either or both are females carrying cubs in their pouch, which makes hunting smaller preys less practical.
(image and description courtesy of Concavenator)


Musculoskeletal podiatry and orthoses
A musculoskeletal assessment involves an examination of the lower limbs, looking at their structure, alignment, muscle strengths and weaknesses. It is a combination of biomechanical assessment, gait analysis and other clinical assessments based on your presentation and symptoms.
Biomechanical assessments and orthotics
A biomechanical assessment involves an examination of the lower limbs, looking at their structure, alignment, muscle strengths and weaknesses.
The foot is a complex structure of 28 different bones, 214 ligaments and 38 muscles, that must work together synergistically to allow us to walk and run.
The examination is not focused solely on the foot but includes careful observation of the pelvis, legs and knees during gait (walking) as well as assessing the relationship between them. It is important to examine the lower limbs as a whole because they are closely connected and pain in one area can be due to a weakness or structural problem in another area.
The assessment itself is made up of 3 parts.
1) A thorough medical history 2) an on-couch examination where you will need to lie on your front back 3) walking or running examination. We are now using the brilliant Footscan pressure mat.
From these three aspects of examination, your podiatrist will be able to identify the range and quality of motion through your lower limb joints and muscles and identify any structural or functional issues surrounding your lower limb mechanics.
Treatment plans and orthotics (including sports orthotics)
Your podiatrist will be able to prescribe an individual treatment plan including a range of exercises, stretches and manufacture some insoles (orthotic devices) which you can place in your shoes to correct the particular issue identified. The type and style of orthotic depends on an individual’s needs.
It is usually good practice to try a simple handmade or ‘chair side’ orthotic to enable the podiatrist to ‘fine tune’ the correction.
Once a perfect prescription has been identified, more permanent orthotics (Phits 3D printed or made from carbon fibre or a range of plastics) can be manufactured in laboratories. These cost significantly more, however they have a prolonged duration along with a manufacturer’s guarantee


Goal setting is a common process to achieve success. However, people often need to correct common mistakes while setting goals. These mistakes lead to failure to achieve the desired success and loss of all hope. Listed below are five prevalent mistakes that people make while setting goals.
Mistake 1: Setting Fuzzy Goals
People often set fuzzy goals. For instance, I want to make a big bungalow. These goals could be more precise as there is no definite idea to start and about the result. These goals only lead to obfuscation and unhappiness for failing to achieve success.
Mistake 2: Unrealistic Deadlines
The second major mistake is setting deadlines that are hard to meet. Estimation is a mathematical analysis that only some people can do accurately. Some people set very tight deadlines thinking of achieving success quickly. However, they need to realize that tight deadlines are hard to meet, and you can easily commit a mistake due to the pressure of meeting deadlines.
Mistake 3: Setting Boundaries
The third major mistake is that people often set boundaries when trying to achieve goals. Limiting yourself does not allow you to grow in terms of experience and encouragement. Only stretching yourself over the boundaries can enrich you with the qualities necessary for success.
Mistake 4: Discussing With Wrong People.
The fourth major mistake that people need to correct is discussing matters of importance to achieve goals with the wrong people. They make the process more confusing, and sometimes negative or inappropriate comments can demotivate you. Further, they tend to give bad suggestions, making it even more difficult for you to succeed.
Mistake 5: Lack Of Action Plan And Execution
Last but not least, most people need a proper action plan to reach their goals. In other words, you can only call a thing goal if you have a plan set. Then it is merely a dream. Moreover, you cannot expect to make a plan within ten minutes. It takes time, patience, hard work, and detailed research to chalk out a plan to achieve a goal. In most cases, a goal remains a dream because people must make a well-detailed plan and execute it accurately. Performing it with integrity at the right time is essential to achieving success.
Thus, here you have learned about the most common mistakes people make when achieving a goal. If you can learn from your mistakes and keep them in mind, you can succeed quickly.


Constructions of Comprehension in Middle Grades Classrooms
Funded by the International Reading Association
This study investigates the ways teachers use language to mediate student understanding during reading comprehension instruction. Using a variety of data collection strategies, the study details teacher talk during comprehension instruction. There is consensus in the field surrounding the importance of explicit comprehension strategy instruction and teacher modeling. However, there are few research-based guidelines for coaching teachers to provide more effective models or explanations for their students. Fewer studies examine construction of reading itself and students’ identities in teachers’ everyday talk about what it means to understand. This study seeks to build upon existing research on the role of teacher language in order to identify features of language that effectively support comprehension growth, especially for struggling readers.
Rachael Gabriel is an Assistant Professor of Reading Education at the University of Connecticut. A former classroom teacher and literacy specialist, she holds a Ph.D. in Education with a focus on Literacy Studies and graduate certificates in both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Rachael is an associate of the Center on Education Policy Analysis (CEPA) and the Center on Postsecondary Education and Disability (CPED) at the University of Connecticut. Her research focuses on the intersections of literacy, disability studies, and teacher quality. Within each she attends to the constitutive use of language and the formation and implementation of related policies. Her current research addresses three areas of focus: teacher development and disciplinary literacy in secondary school settings; teacher evaluation policies and related practices; and the role of language reading comprehension instruction in the middle grades.


by Claire V. Brisson-Banks
This is the upper end of St. Mary Lake and Wild Goose Island, Glacier National Park in Montana, we have Ken Thomas for providing such a beautiful picture of this area. It looks so peaceful and inviting.
Historically, Montana was home to various indigenous peoples for thousands of years throughout the area. A map showing each of these tribes, their locations and locations to the their reservations is available on the American Indians in Montana website. This would be very helpful if any of your ancestry is from one of these tribes.
Montana territory was part of other states and territories as well as being disputed by the British. Carefully map out who owned what part of Montana and the matching dates to know where records may be located. We have Montana as part of the Dakota, Idaho, Oregon, United States and Washington Territory.
Between the homestead act, the desert land act, gold, railroads, farming and the wild life Montana had a lot to offer but still didn’t become a state until 1889 and became the 41st state in the union.
Land records from the US Bureau of Land Management can provide some great information on those who settled in this area through the land patents and tract books and counties have recorders who kept their records too.
According to the FamilySearch Research Wiki, 1878 is the earliest date for birth records and many vital records are available online on various websites.
Military records are a good source of information for those researching Montana. From wars with the Indians, like Custer’s last stand and many others, to all the wars throughout the years, there are enlistment records, casualty lists, pensions and memorials for those who died in the war. Besides the Family Search Research Wiki one can also check out the New Horizons Genealogy and the National Archives.
There are many more records available to help you as you search for your Montana ancestors. Checking out the Montana Research Tips and Strategies to provide you with a lot of guidance as you continue your research in this beautiful state.


The XML tag library is used for creating and manipulating the xml data in jsp page and also transform the data used in jsp page. They are mostly used with xml documents rather then html documents.
The Syntax for the JSTL XML Tag
<%@ taglib uri= “http//java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/xml” prefix= “x” %>
The JSTL XML Tags
- <x: out>: It is used to display the result of xml path expression and writes result to the jsp writer.
- <x: parse>: It is used to parse the xml content and the result is been stored in specified variable.
- <x: set>: It is used to store the result of xml path expression in scoped variable.
- <x: if>: The <x: if> tag evaluates an XPath expression and if the result is true then the body of the tag is evaluated.
- <x: forEach>: This tag is used for looping over a list of elements in an xml document.
- <x: choose>: The x:choose tag is XML tag used for checking conditional statements.
- <x: when>: The <x:when> tag is to check to see whether the expression evaluates to be true. This is the subtag of <x:choose> tag.
- <x: otherwise>: This is the subtag of <x:choose> which is used with <x:when> tag. This tag includes its body when all of the conditions specified using <x:when> tags evaluated to false.
- <x: transform>: This tag is used to transform XML data based on XSLT script.
- <x: param>: This tag is subtag of <x:transform> tag which is used with transform tag to set a parameter in the XSLT stylesheet.
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An even number is an integer number which is exactly divisible by 2.
Example: 0, 6, 8, 46, 168
An odd number is an integer which is not exactly divisible by 2.
Example: 1, 9, 13, 19, 51, 101
Now if you understood the definitions of Odd and Even Number properly you can easily come to a conclusion that if a number is exactly divisible by 2, then the number is considered as an even number else the number will be considered as an odd number. So now lets see the Flowchart and Pseudocode for better understanding.
The first step in the algorithm is taking a number as an input from User. Let's say user enters value 6. So 6 will be stored inside variable "number".
Now the next step in algorithm (i.e number%2==0), in this step (number%2) returns the remainder after dividing number by 2.
[Note: Here % is known as modulus, which is an operator that returns remainder value after division]
Now the next step (i.e. remainder==0) simply checks if the remainder value is equal to 0 or not.
So if the remainder is 0, then the number is said to be Even number else it is said to be an Odd Number.
If the User Inputs 6, then
As Remainder is 0, 6 is an Even Number
Please send sms (9731568158) any links or website about an "ARRAY" in C program i Don't no about pls ?? send me??????
Can you help me in preparing such flowcharts. I will share the topic with you.
Your Notes was very helpful for understanding concepts
It was quite helpful thank you...
Any alternative to this logic
The tutorial was very interested and helpful
I don't understand this algorithm pls explain
Algorithm ka structure dikho


Patriotism and Liberty in Süleyman Nazif’s Works
Keywords: National homeland,patriotizm,liberty,integrity,longing
Süleyman Nazif, known for his sensitiveness to such noble values as patriotism and liberty tried to make his life meaningful with these values and tried to build the traits shaping his literary personality on these noble values.
Both in his social and literary life, the values encapsulating the poet's thoughts turned into essential focal points and doubtlessly, the cornerstones of his art arose out of this thematic variety. Nazif, expressing his excitement about national issues through many different perceptions, always depicted his feelings with the same rhythmic manner in his verses and prose. He displayed leadership that Turkish people would be able to follow when to patriotic and libertarian values were the issue of question. Constantly, he pointed out the dignity of the same values in İstanbul, Malta and Diyarbakır. Furthermore, he always preferred to put his homeland above the most profound entities. The most prominent characteristic of Süleyman Nazif, which makes him unforgettable, is the bold way of expression in his works. With the atrocity throughout the country and the righteousness of the poet, feeling himself as the spokesman of the society, the existing expressions gained acceleration and then turned into not only happy but also appealing and strong expressions when the country started to get rid of the agonies and proceeded to victory.


This week, we learned about Recycling and how to take care of our planet by putting trash where they belong. We talked about the 3 R’s which are reduce, reuse, and recycle. They learned different ways how we can help our planet by not using too much of an item or keeping the water on while we are brushing our teeth. The children said another way is to turn lights off if you are not going to be in the room or eat all of your food so that the food does not go to waste. They said to only take what you can eat. It was interesting to hear their responses and what they knew about recycling.
The children dictated what they would do when they see trash on the ground and drew a picture. Most of the children said that they would pick it up and placed it in the recycling bin if it were recyclable or if it’s not recyclable, they would put it in the trash. We practiced writing the letter Rr, reduce, reuse, and recycle. We also made a list of rhyming words that end in -op.
We did a sorting and counting activity with lids. They made letter using the wooden blocks, did a recycling bin pattering, and they sorted the recycling items by identifying if they are compost, aluminum, paper and carboard, and plastic. They counted how each had. We practiced counting by 2’s as high as we can.
For Art, we made an Earth stained glass sun catcher which is on our classroom door and we painted with recyclable objects. The children also helped contribute to the recyclable structure.
We have been practicing for the Circus and the children have been doing very well and they are so excited for the Circus!
If you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to reach out to me.


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As exciting as it sounds, superpowers as seen in comics and movies do not exist in reality. Therefore, you cannot obtain such superpowers. However, you can improve your own mental and physical abilities, which may feel like attaining "superpowers." Here are some suggestions: 1. Develop your physical fitness: Exercise regularly and engage in activities like weight training, running, swimming, and yoga. A healthy, strong body contributes to better maneuverability and endurance. 2. Cultivate mental strength: Work on cognitive skills through brain exercises, puzzles, and riddles. Developing mental stamina helps you stay focused and improves problem-solving abilities. 3. Enhance your emotional intelligence: Being in touch with your emotions and others' can give you a better understanding of people and situations. This can lead to improved interpersonal relationships and decision-making. 4. Learn martial arts or self-defense: Learning martial arts or self-defense techniques can enhance your physical coordination, discipline, and confidence. 5. Embrace and develop your natural talents: Identify your strengths and work on improving them. Whether it's public speaking, art, leadership skills, or athletics, excelling at what you're already good at can feel like having a "superpower." 6. Acquire new skills: Learning and mastering new skills, like a musical instrument, a foreign language, or a sport, can be incredibly empowering. Although these suggestions won't grant you actual superpowers, developing yourself in these areas will help you become a more capable person and likely lead to greater success and fulfillment in life.
Think your answer is better than the AI's? Post it below.
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Fannie Merritt Farmer was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on March 23, 1857. Recipes in 19th-century cookbooks relied on measurements like a “handful” of rice or a “goodly amount” of molasses — on the assumption that people largely knew how to cook.
Fannie Merritt Farmer changed all that. Widely credited with inventing the modern recipe, Farmer was the first professional cook to insist that scientific methods and precise measurements — level teaspoons, cups and ounces — produce better food, and also the first to demonstrate that cooking classes could be mass-market entertainment.
She was the oldest of four daughters of J. Franklin Farmer, a master printer, and Mary Watson Merritt Farmer. Fannie’s parents had hopes of sending her to college, but after high school graduation she suffered a stroke that left her paralyzed. Fannie was powerless to get out of bed for months for years. She was eventually able to walk, but always retained a limp.
Farmer then registered in the Boston Cooking School, where her performance was outstanding. Farmer began to appreciate the association between eating and good health.
One of Farmer’s major contributions was training cooks to judiciously follow recipes. She received favorable newspaper coverage in many American cities, and her influence was extensive. She also wrote a popular cooking column, which ran for nearly ten years in the Woman’s Home Companion, magazine.
Farmer was a woman of unusual incentive, intellect, and bravery. Though she suffered another paralytic stroke later in her life, she continued lecturing. In fact, ten days before her death in 1915, she delivered a lecture from a wheelchair.
FANNIE FARMER OFF-AIR PLAYLIST:
“Come On In My Kitchen” ~ Robert Johnson
“Spoonful” ~ Howlin’ Wolf
“Home Cookin’” ~ Jr. Walker & The Allstars
“Savory Truffle” ~ The Beatles
“Country Pie” ~ Bob Dylan
One thought on “"Home Cookin'' and Fannie Farmer born 1857 March 23”


From Wood and Kienle (1990)
: "The Wrangell volcanic field extends from the Copper River Basic east-southeast across southcentral Alaska into the Yukon Territory of Canada, a distance of more than 250 km. At its west end the field includes the Quaternary volcanoes of Mount Wrangell, Mount Drum, Mount Sanford, Tanada, and Capital Mountain, which are described separately. In Alaska the field includes many of the higher elevations of the Wrangell Mountains and contiguous parts of the eastern Alaska Range and the St. Elias Mountains; it is in large part snow- and ice-covered.
"The eastern part of the field is characterized chiefly by extensive and thick sequences of relatively flat-lying andesite and basaltic andesite flows, probably mostly from a number of coalescing shield volcanoes. Thick dacite flows and dacite and rhyolite domes, pyroclastic rocks, and subvolcanic plutons occur at and around some of the known eruptive centers. Available radiometric dates indicate that, in general, volcanic activity proceeded from east to west across the field.
"Exceptions to the general east to west progression of eruptive activity include numerous Quaternary basalt and basaltic andesite cinder cones throughout the western half of the field, and the Holocene White River Ash source vent near the Yukon border. The cinder cones, of both Pleistocene and Holocene age, occur along the north side of the field between Mount Drum and the Nabesna Glacier River system, where they are superimposed on older volcanic rocks. Many of the cones retain their original constructional form, and most are <1 km in diameter and <100 m in height. Mount Churchill * * * contains an ice-filled summit caldera 3 km wide." McGimsey and others (1992)
show that Mount Churchill is the source of the White River Ash, produced during two of the largest explosive eruptions in North America during the last 2000 years. From Wood and Kienle (1990)
: "The White River Ash covers most of the southern Yukon of Canada and part of the eastern Alaska. It is the product of two separate Plinian eeruptions, the combined tephra volume likely exceeding 30 cubic km."


3D Modeling from Architectural Drawings
About this courseSkip About this course
Architectural visualization helps architects and designers to work collaboratively and communicate ideas more efficiently.
This course, regardless of your industry background, will share basic concepts of Architectural Visualization. The course will use Blender (free and open source tool) to demonstrate the concepts explained in the course.
At a glance
- Institution: IITBombayX
- Subject: Architecture
- Level: Introductory
Basic knowledge of using Blender 3D tool, covered in Professional certificate program “Fundamentals of 3D Visualization”, would be beneficial in this course.
- Language: English
- Video Transcript: English
- Associated skills: Visualization, 3D Modeling, Blender (Device), Architectural Drawing, Architectural Visualization
What you'll learnSkip What you'll learn
The course will help learner to:
- Create a primary structure using 2D drawings
- Evaluate proportions and scale using basic 3D modeling
- Understanding production challenges
- Importing data locally or from CAD software
Chapter 1: Understanding Architectural basics
- Introduction to types of drawings and their application. Also an introduction to concepts of units and scale.
Chapter 2: Creating basic interior scene
- To create primary structure
- To build a basic interior scene with given props
Chapter 3: Using utilities for efficient production
- To understand processes for the importing of the technical drawings or images
- To learn to use libraries
Chapter 4: Mini Project
Learner testimonialsSkip Learner testimonials
“The entire course is well structured and framed. Very impressed. Keep it up.”


Review science vocabulary terms with an engaging renewable energy word search.
Print-and-Go Renewable Energy Word Search!
Engage your students to master science vocabulary from Teach Starter. This download includes a fun word search about renewable energy sources.
This worksheet can be used during your Earth Day unit in your science class to support your science, vocabulary, and environmental science lessons. It is also a great task for fast finishers!
Students will find a range of horizontal, vertical and diagonal vocabulary words. Some of the words include:
- Natural gas
Easily Prepare This Renewable Energy Worksheet for Kids
Because this resource includes an answer sheet, we recommend you print one copy of the entire file. Then, make photocopies of the blank worksheet for students to complete.
Turn this teaching resource into a sustainable activity! Print a few copies on cardstock and slip them into dry-erase sleeves. Students can circle the words with a dry-erase marker, then erase and reuse them.
Before You Download
Use the dropdown icon on the Download button to choose between the printable PDF or Google Slides resource file. An answer key is also included with each download.
Write a review to help other teachers and parents like yourself. If you'd like to request a change to this resource, or report an error, select the corresponding tab above.


- Customary international law — Ordre public — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties — Extraterritorial application of treaties — UN Charter — Peremptory norms / ius cogens
When the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties confirmed the existence of peremptory norms of international law (jus cogens) they were conceived, like Roman jus publicum, as absolute law that could not be altered by the will of individual States. Scholars then transformed the concept into the manifestation of public policy (ordre public). They also argued for widening the scope of its application to unilateral legal acts and customary international law. A recent trend in academic theory assigns jus cogens an essential role in the constitutionalization of international law, postulating it either as hierarchically higher order or as embodying the constitutional principles. In view of the rashness of scholars in proclaiming the peremptory character of norms and also of the inexpertness of the European and national courts in applying supposedly peremptory international norms in their decisions, it seems better to keep jus cogens at its original task.
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Earth day is an annual event celebrated on April 22. It is a reminder to protect the environment, restore damaged eco-system, and live a more sustainable life. This year's theme was "Invest in our planet". A movement to change it all whether the business or political aspects. And how to take action for the climate. People across the world engaged themselves in various activities like picking up litter, planting trees, and numerous activities to protect our planet from deforestation and pollution. Earth day came into action in 1970 when Senator Gaylord Nelson decided to create the day for Earth as a way to force the issue onto the national agenda. What initially was a protest by students turned out to be a Global movement. It was a turning point in the history of the world as it set the beginning of something massive, creative, and enduring. It motivated people to be aware of their surroundings and made them realize how prime it is to address the problem of deforestation, pollution, etc. The thing we all need to learn from Senator Gaylord Nelson is to be proactive. Your idea could be visionary but you need to take charge of your hands. The beginning is all about I have to take the first step and not who will take it. I wish you all a very Happy Earth Day and I know you all be putting tremendous efforts on your part to protect our Earth.


Cylinder head is one of the most important parts of air-cooled diesel engine. It's main functions are:
(1) Sealing cylinder head, cylinder head and piston constitute combustion chamber space.
(2) Arrange the inlet and exhaust channels of the diesel engine.
(3) Many components of the diesel engine are installed on the cylinder head, such as inlet and exhaust valves, rocker arm, etc.
(4) A large amount of heat is transferred to the cylinder head.
The air-cooled diesel engine cylinder head is equipped with many radiators besides common mechanism, so its structure is more complex. In addition, heat and uneven, and withstand a larger tightening force, its mechanical load and thermal load are very heavy, working conditions are very bad. Therefore, the design of cylinder head directly affects the dynamic performance, economic performance and working reliability of diesel engine.
Especially how to solve the problem of nose crack and deformation of cylinder head is two difficult problems in the design of air-cooled cylinder head.
Hovor Diesel Engine Company produce and supply various diesel engine cylinder heads. Like Deutz 912 cylinder heads, Deutz 913 cylinder heads, Deutz 914 cylinder heads.
Drop us an email, let’s discuss more details
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Colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another. One of the difficulties in defining colonialism is that it is hard to distinguish it from imperialism. Frequently the two concepts are treated as synonyms. Like colonialism, imperialism also involves political and economic control over a dependent territory. The etymology of the two terms, however, provides some clues about how they differ. The term colony comes from the Latin word colonus, meaning farmer. This root reminds us that the practice of colonialism usually involved the transfer of population to a new territory, where the arrivals lived as permanent settlers while maintaining political allegiance to their country of origin. Imperialism, on the other hand, comes from the Latin term imperium, meaning to command. Thus, the term imperialism draws attention to the way that one country exercises power over another, whether through settlement, sovereignty, or indirect mechanisms of control.
According to Edward Said, and many others, the main difference between colonialism and imperialism is that while the former involves actual occupation of the colonized lands, the latter is the ideology that underwrites colonialism and that can also shape even the contemporary perceptions of the developing world in the West.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy


According to a new study, northern Botswana is the “homeland” for all modern humans.
What We Know:
- For years, scientists have been on a quest to find where on Earth did human life begin. Their search has been narrowed down.
- The study, published in the journal Nature, suggests that the ancestors of modern humans thrived for 70,000 years in this region before climate change led them to migrate out of Africa and eventually span the globe.
- Fossil evidence hinted to the fact that modern humans originated in eastern Africa but DNA evidence lead to southern Africa, coincidentally where Botswana is located.
- The project, conducted by a dozen scientists from three continents, claims that the mother of all modern humans living today — from New Zealand to New York — originated in this region of Africa 200,000 years ago.
- “We have known for a long time that modern humans originated in Africa,” Vanessa Hayes, a geneticist at the Garvan Institute of Medical Research who led the study, said at a press briefing last Thursday. “What we hadn’t known until this study was where exactly this homeland was.”
- The study used traces of Mitochondrial DNA, which mutates 10 times faster than Nuclear DNA, to trace maternal heritage.
Despite this, many researchers argue that the study in one region cannot address the migrations and complexities of human development today.


As western countries came together to condemn Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Switzerland broke its 200-year long neutrality policy by sanctioning Moscow and its leaders
Since 1815, Switzerland has maintained a policy of neutrality. Despite hosting several diplomatic missions and historic treaties such as the Geneva Convention, Switzerland is not a member of the European Union or NATO. In fact, it only joined the United Nations in 2002.
The Swiss government will implement EU sanctions imposed in response to the invasion of Ukraine and will immediately freeze any assets belonging to Russian President Vladimir Putin. It was said to be an extraordinary situation requiring extraordinary measures.
Switzerland is a major hub for storing wealth and, at times, hiding. It also has a banking sector that serves many of the world’s wealthiest individuals. The reason for this is the country’s well-known secrecy laws. Before adopting the official banking secrecy law in 1934, client confidentiality rules applied in Switzerland, similar to the confidentiality between a doctor and a patient. It meant that revealing any information about a client would have been a civil offense. It is now a criminal offense.
It’s difficult to say how much money the Russian President has, but the 2016 Panama Papers leak revealed a slew of offshore accounts and loans worth around $2 billion allegedly linked to the Russian leader.
Switzerland, which shares borders with Germany, France, and Italy, held its own during WWII through a combination of military deterrence, strategic planning, and economic neutrality.


A static compression cryotherapy device is often used in conjunction with cryotherapy to treat acute injuries. To date, the main reason for using a pressurized cryotherapy device is to increase the external pressure on the tissue to prevent the formation of edema (swelling). This happens by preventing the loss of fluid from the vessels of the affected area and makes the accumulation of fluid more difficult. This wonderful method has been used in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis, wound care, as well as edema management.
Scientific studies have shown that the use of cold compression therapy for ankle fractures after surgery will be beneficial in reducing edema and, therefore, may also be beneficial for pain and mobility of the ankle joint. In athletes, cryotherapy is most effective in recovery when applied within the first 24 hours after exercise or injury. Cryotherapy has also been shown to increase joint flexibility.
Studies have shown that the body activates the hunting reaction after only 10 minutes of cryotherapy, at temperatures below 49 degrees Fahrenheit (9.5 degrees Celsius). The hunting response is a cycle of vasoconstriction (decreased blood flow), then vasodilation (increased blood flow), which increases the delivery of oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to the tissue.
Increased blood flow can reduce cell death, limit tissue damage, and help remove cellular waste products. Under normal conditions, the hunting reaction is necessary for tissue health, but it only increases pain, inflammation, and cell death as additional blood enters the area, which can be resolved using cryotherapy.
Cold compression wraps in a pressure cryotherapy machine using ice or freezable gel are a much safer product because such products do not exceed the cooling or freezing time recommended by the reputable medical community.
These new ice packs use adjustable elastic straps to help apply compression to the injured area, with instructions to show how to use the bandage to achieve the optimal compression needed for an acute injury. Cryozana ice covers have an internal protective layer, so ice is not applied directly to the skin, which can protect against cold burns due to this feature.
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Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. It is estimated that over 60 million people have glaucoma world wide. Glaucoma is a disease that causes damage to the optic nerve at the back of the eye and results in reduced peripheral vision. The reduction in peripheral vision can be devastating to vision.
The biggest problem with glaucoma is that there are no obvious signs that damage is occurring. A person with early stages of glaucoma gets no headaches, red or sore eyes, and can not tell that their peripheral vision is slowly shrinking.
Risk factors for glaucoma include age, family history, ethnicity, use of steroids (including inhalers), high myopia, and diabetes. At this time, we do not think risk can be altered by diet or excercise.
The only way to detect glaucoma is with a comprehensive eye exam. The tests used to diagnose glaucoma are: intra-ocular pressures, optic nerve head evaluation, visual field testing, optical coherence tomography (which analyzes thickness of the nerve fibre), corneal thickness measurements and measurement of the ‘angle’ (where the cornea meets the iris).
Once the diagnosis of glaucoma is determined, the first line of treatment is eye drops to lower the pressure in the eye and prevent progression of the disease. There are some new surgical interventions that are being considered earlier for some patients.
Please remember to get a comprehensive eye exam every two years and every year when you are over 60 years old.


Elena Kagan was nominated to the Supreme Court by President Obama and confirmed by a 63-37 vote of the Senate. She was the fourth woman to ever become a member of the court. Kagan is considered part of the Court’s liberal wing but is a moderate of that group. She wrote the majority opinion in Cooper v. Harris that restricted the uses of race in drawing congressional districts writing that congressional districts drawn excessively with race as a dominant factor may be an unlawful gerrymander, even if the goal was to sort voters by political affiliation. Elena Kagan voted to uphold the individual mandate in the A.C.A. and uphold an Arizona case that prohibits states from outlawing same-sex marriage. On the First Amendment, her dissent on the majority’s creation of an exception to the Establishment Clause was based on her view that the decision created a loophole for governments to fund religion.
The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States, established in 1788 pursuant to Article Three of the U.S. Constitution. It has the ultimate jurisdiction over all federal and state court cases involving federal laws. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice and eight associate justices, who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign, retire or are removed after impeachment. The Supreme Court is one of the three branches of the federal government which also includes the Executive (President) and Legislative (Senate and House of Representatives).
This U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Elena Kagan History Mug is part of our U.S. Supreme Court series which includes many of the U.S. Supreme Court Justices.
The biographical History Mugs were created to teach and inspire individuals to learn about our diverse and interesting history. The biographies were researched and written by history enthusiast, Robert Compton. He colorized most of the historic photos and images used on the mugs, which were originally black and white or sepia tone. The images and biographies are imprinted on mugs at his studio in rural Vermont.
- Mugs are food and microwave safe.
- To preserve photographic quality we recommend hand washing.
- Mugs are usually shipped within 3-5 days.
- Shipping charges are lower when buying multiple mugs.


In a rare and extraordinary display of cross-species parenting, a female orca in Iceland has been recorded nurturing and caring for a pilot whale calf. The female orca, named “Sædís” by scientists, was spotted swimming alongside the calf in the west of Iceland in August 2021. The sighting is the first documented case of orcas taking care of long-finned pilot whale calves.
Pilot whales travel in pods, which makes this incident incredibly unusual. The orca was not merely swimming alongside the calf, but scientists realized that Sædís was nurturing and caring for the calf. The observation is detailed in a study published in the Canadian Journal of Zoology.
Marie Mrusczok, lead author of the study and member of the West Iceland Nature Research Centre (Náttúrustofa Vesturlands) institute, explained that the orca was swimming with the calf in the echelon position, allowing the calf to make fewer tail fluke movements and overcome physical limitations during high-speed travel. The behavior indicates that the calf was being “carried” by the pressure wave created by the larger body of the adult orca.
While orcas and pilot whales have close-knit families in the wild, this is the first time that such a cross-species interaction has been documented. Sædís, who has never had a calf of her own, may have adopted the pilot whale calf as a substitute. The observation suggests that the relationship between the two species may be more complex than previously thought.
Although scientists know that pilot whales and orcas often interact, mainly during predation events, this behavior suggests a more nurturing relationship between the two species. In fact, the subsequent interactions between Sædís’ pod and a pod of long-finned pilot whales a year later suggested an active effort to obtain another calf.
This is not the first time that marine species have been observed adopting young from other species. In 2019, researchers recorded the first instance of a bottlenose dolphin adopting a melon-headed whale calf. Orcas, which are known for their complex social behaviors, have been observed displaying a range of nurturing and grieving behaviors.
The sighting in Iceland is a remarkable example of the complexities of animal behavior and the potential for cross-species interactions in the wild. It provides valuable insight into the social dynamics of these marine mammals and raises important questions about the nature of their relationships with each other.


The increasing knowledge of the molecular and genetic background of many different human diseases has led to the vision that genetic engineering might be used one day for their phenotypic correction. The main goal of gene therapy is to treat loss-of-function genetic disorders by delivering correcting therapeutic DNA sequences into the nucleus of a cell, allowing its long-term expression at physiologically relevant levels. Manifold different vector systems for the therapeutic gene delivery have been described over the recent years. They all have their individual advantages but also their individual limitations and must be judged on a careful risk/benefit analysis. Integrating vector systems can deliver genetic material to a target cell with high efficiency enabling long-term expression of an encoded transgene. The main disadvantage of integrating vector systems, however, is their potential risk of causing insertional mutagenesis. Episomal vector systems have the potential to avoid these undesired side effects, since they behave as separate extrachromosomal elements in the nucleus of a target cell. Within this article we present a comprehensive survey of currently available episomal vector systems for the genetic modification of mammalian cells. We will discuss their advantages and disadvantages and their applications in the context of basic research, biotechnology and gene therapy.
Keywords: Gene Therapy, Episomal Vectors, Vector Administration, Vector Replication, Nuclear Retention, Virus-like Particles, Naked DNA delivery, Artificial Chromosomes