Improving muscle control and function
What is Spasticity?
Spasticity is an abnormal increase in muscle tone causing stiffness, tightness or involuntary movement. The change in muscle tone may affect movement, speech and gait, and may include pain or discomfort.
What causes Spasticity?
Spasticity is caused by a brain or spinal cord injury resulting in damage to the nerve pathways controlling muscle impulse. The most common causes of spasticity are due to:
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Spinal cord injury
What does Spasticity feel like?
The condition is described as muscle tightness, stiffness, loss of muscle control, which can lead to involuntary muscle contractions, and contracture, all of which can be extremely painful. Spasticity can interfere with speech and movement severely impacting daily function and quality of life.
Spasticity Treatment Options
Fortunately, there are various treatment options available depending on severity and function. CPSC offers medication management (anti-spasmodics), injections (trigger points, nerve blocks, and botox), in addition to, implantable Baclofen pumps (Targeted Drug Delivery) which allows for the delivery of medication into the fluid filled space around the spinal cord (Intrathecal Space) with much less medication reducing potential for side effects.
Anti-spasmodics are medications given orally and include medications such as Baclofen, Valium, and Dantrolene
Spasticity can also be treated with various injections including trigger points, nerve blocks, and botox
Baclofen Pumps are used to delivery small amounts of medicine directly to your spinal cord bypassing the barriers encountered by oral medications


What is UNIQUE Constraint in SQL Server?
In this article i will explain what is UNIQUE Constraint in SQL Server.
In previous articles i explained what is Constraint, how many Constraints available in SQL Server, and what is NOT NULL, CHECK Constraint in SQL Server. Now i will explain what is UNIQUE Constraint in SQL Server.
UNIQUE constraint enforce the uniqueness of the values in a set of columns. In a UNIQUE constraint, no two rows in the table can have the same value for the columns.
We can create UNIQUE constraint in two ways:
- Column Level
- Table Level
Now i'm creating Employee table where EmpNo column is UNIQUE.
Create table Employee ( EmpNo int unique, -- column level EmpName varchar(50) )
Now I'm creating Employee table where EmpNo column is UNIQUE.
Create table Employee ( EmpNo int, EmpName varchar(50), constraint UK_EmpNo unique(EmpNo) -- table level )
Note: UNIQUE allow one null value, but primary keys do not allow for NULL as one of the unique values.
CreatedOct 23, 2013
UpdatedOct 03, 2020


This review presents an overview and discussion of the potential synergistic strategies of radiation therapy and gene transfer for treating neoplastic disease. Topics discussed include radiation-inducible promoters coupled to genes which produce proteins that are cytotoxic or enhance radiosensitivity, employment of molecular chemotherapy approaches in conjunction with radiation therapy, and genetic induction of radiosensitization through modification of DNA repair, signal transduction, and cell cycle control genes. Additional topics discussed relate to gene transfer augmentation of radioimmunotherapy of cancer. Specifically, gene transfer methods to genetically induce tumor cells to express enhanced levels of cell surface antigens and receptors to increase radiolabeled antibody and peptide targeting and thus increase their therapeutic effect, selection of radionuclides for therapeutic ligand labeling, and computer simulation of genetic tumor-specific delivery of radioabeled ligands are proposed.
|Number of pages||27|
|State||Published - Dec 1 1996|
- Gene therapy
- Gene transfer
- Radiation therapy


- EnglishName: Semicircular angelfish
- Local Name : Baiburu kokaamas
- Size : Max. 38 cm
- Family: POMACANTHIDAE
- Order :Perciformes
- Distinctive Characters: Dorsal fin with 13 spines and 20-23 rays. Anal fin with 3 spines and 18-21 rays. Pectoral fin rays 19-21. A filament posteriorly on dorsal and anal fins.
- Colour: Greenish body with dark flecks. Bright blue streaks on cheek, and the posterior part of the body with a blue outline. Lips yellow. Juveniles dark blue with white and pale blue crescents on their sides.
- Habitat and Biology: Adults occur in coastal reefs with heavy coral growth to depths of 30 m. Generally solitary, but sometimes seen in pairs. Feeds on sponges, tunicates and algae.
- Distribution: Indo-West Pacific.
- Remarks: Pomacanthus semicirculatus is rare in the Maldives. However, one pair lived on the wreck of
‘Maldive Victory’ near Hulhule for several years.


In an effort to stop thefts of valuable Buddhist statues, some groups in Japan are turning to 3D printing to create replicas of their statues. The Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs recently revealed that from 2007 to 2009 there were 105 thefts of historical sculptures.
Students at the Wakayama Technical High School used 3D scanners to create a virtual copy of an Aizen Myoo sculpture for a local temple. It took the students six months to complete the model in preparation for making the 3D-printed replica.
The students have been encouraging other temples around Japan to create 3D-printed “backups” of their valuable Buddhist statues. Temples have begun taking this advice.
The abbot of a Buddhist temple in Jiangjin City was concerned about the potential theft of a valuable statue of Amitabha Buddha. After learning about 3D-printing technology, he made a copy of the statue and gave the original to a local museum for safekeeping.
“There is no way to permanently guard the Buddha statue all of the time,” said the abbot. “Even though this 3D print is just a replica of the original statue, as long as it resides within our temple people can use it as a shrine nonetheless.”
The museum has also put a 3D-printed copy of the statue on display so that visitors who are visually impaired can touch and feel it, something not possible with the original enshrined in glass.


Using Random Questions in Exams
Now it's not like we're saying you should dress like the Pope with Pink hair, although we get a good response with that one, however, a better response is when it hasn't been copied from thy neighbor!!
And a good way to not have this happen is to use randomly selected questions. These will pull different questions from the question bank, each time the Test is given, preventing users from being able to 'copy from thy neighbor!'
Benefits for using Randomly Selected Questions:
- Create Tests quickly
- Provides a different Test each time it's given
- Great for when giving multiple attempts to same user
- Helps prevent cheating
Do's and Don'ts
The Do's and Don'ts using randomly selected questions.
- Select a larger number of questions to pull questions from - this will then greaten the randomization of questions each time the Test is taken.
- Add learning materials to each question you want that material to pertain to.
- Sort your questions into categories. This will help when choosing the correct questions to pull for a specific group of users.
- Select most or all questions in a category to pull from. This lessens the chance of different questions each time.
- Add learning material to only one question, if wanting it to be for multiple questions. These will not follow in order.
- Use only one generic Category for all Questions. Separate categories gives you control on which Tests will use which Questions.
Randomize Questions vs. Randomly Selected Questions
These are the fixed questions that you set to always display in a Test, however you can choose to randomize them. Each time the Test is given, the same questions will appear, but will be a different order.
Randomly Selected Questions
Different questions are pulled at random from a Question Bank. The more questions you have to pull from, the greater the randomization will be.
Questions that always display in a Test
Fixed questions are questions that you specifically select to be added into a Test. Each time the Test is given, these will be the same set of questions.
Benefits of Adding Fixed Questions:
- Testing multiple users to Compare subject knowledge
- Great for structured Tests
- Set the order of how questions display
- Using the same questions are great for extracting data for research purposes


The term “etiquette” refers to an acceptable mode of social behavior. Unlike commands, which are executed only on order, manners color behavior at all times.
Unless you and your dog still live in a cave, he will need some manners.
Naturally, your pup’s mother began this phase of his education, teaching him to play gently, to wait his turn, to hold still for his bath, to greet her with deference, to stay close to home, etc.
Now you will continue her good work, housebreaking your pup, helping him to accept your absences, teaching him to walk on a leash, respect your privacy, behave like a gentleman – not a wild animal.
Two aspects of your dog’s nature make it possible for you to teach him manners and train him to obey commands.
First, he is a pack animal. His pack instincts allow him to respect and revere a strong, clear leader. In fact, his mother gave him a wonderful model for how an alpha dog should conduct herself – with supreme confidence, with courage, with fairness, with intelligence, with final authority, with affection.
The second aspect of your dog’s nature that makes him a near perfect pet is that he is a den animal with an instinct to keep his sleeping quarters clean.
It is this instinct that will allow you to rapidly housebreak your pup. And housebreaking is the natural place to begin his lessons in etiquette.


Saint Lucia´s day at the University
Welcome to the Traditional celebration of Lucia. Performance by Gävle Lucia who'll sing christmas songs at the University Library.
Date and time: Wednesday the 13th of December, 08.00-09.00 in the morning.
Place: At the University Library
About this day:
Saint Lucy’s Day is celebrated most commonly in Scandinavia, with their long dark winters, where it is a major feast day, and in Italy, with each emphasising a different aspect of the story.
In Scandinavia, where Saint Lucy is called Santa Lucia in Norwegian and Sankta Lucia in Swedish, she is represented as a lady in a white dress (a symbol of a Christian's white baptismal robe) and red sash (symbolizing the blood of her martyrdom) with a crown or wreath of candles on her head.
In Norway, Sweden and Swedish-speaking regions of Finland, as songs are sung, girls dressed as Saint Lucy carry cookies and saffron buns in procession, which "symbolizes bringing the light of Christianity throughout world darkness.
Read more on Wikipedi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucy%27s_Day


Vaccine Protects Monkeys Against Four Types of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses
Scientists funded by NIH have developed an investigational vaccine that protected cynomolgus macaques against four types of hemorrhagic fever viruses endemic to overlapping regions in Africa. The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston and Profectus BioSciences of New York are developing and testing the candidate quadrivalent VesiculoVax vaccine, with support from NIAID and Redeemer’s University in Nigeria.
The newly published study in the Journal of Clinical Investigation describes how the vaccine was created using a live-attenuated (weakened) vesicular stomatitis virus to deliver proteins that elicit protective immune responses.
The proteins are from Ebola virus (Kikwit strain), Sudan virus (Boniface strain, which also causes Ebola virus disease), Marburg virus (Angola strain) and Lassa virus (Josiah strain). There are no licensed vaccines to provide protection from any of those viruses—all of which can cause severe disease and death—although the European Medicines Agency has recommended licensing a VSV-Ebola vaccine.
Importantly, the monkeys infected in the study were exposed to different strains of Sudan virus (Gulu) and Lassa virus (0043/LV/14) than those in the candidate vaccine to help the researchers determine whether the vaccine would be cross-protective. Lassa 0043/LV/14 is circulating in an outbreak in Nigeria that began in 2018. Previous studies indicate that the investigational Ebola virus (Kikwit) vaccine will protect against other strains of Ebola virus.


سردبیر و مدیر مسئول
عنوان مقاله [English]
War is a bitter reality, which has taken place throughout human history. Islam has used it as a last option for destroying idolatry and spreading Monotheism rather than conquering and dominating over weak nations.
The present article mainly addresses this assumption. Making reference to Qur’anic verses and reliable legal sources, the writer has proved the above hypothesis and achieved the following points:
1. Peaceful call to the doctrines of Islam prior to the beginning of war has been the basic principle in the Apostle of Allah (S.A.W.)’s sīra (practical way of life), the acceptance of which would have prevented the outbreak of war.
2. Observance of human rights and moral instruction in battle fields has been the sīra of the Prophet (S.A.W.) and his rightful successors, something which is not observed even in today’s wars.
3. The philosophy of war and “Jihād (holy struggle) in the way of Allah”, as appears in the Qur’an, besides eliminating polytheism, is to spread around Monotheism, to liberate the oppressed, and to suppress the seditions of those who have broken their pacts.


This week we will have readings from the Book of Daniel. It is a favorite book for those who look for prophesies that might be fulfilled in our time. Although it tells the story of Daniel and his companions who were carried off to Babylon in 597 B.C., it was written in the Aramaic Language which did not come into use until a hundred years later. Careful analysis of the text indicates that it was not written until four hundred years after the events it describes.
There is nothing wrong with people writing fictional historic accounts long after the evens they describes. Some of the best books on our shelves are of that sort. The only harm comes when centuries later people pick up such fictional accounts, taking them for genuine history.
In 167 B.C. King Antiochus IV attempted to make Jewish boys eat pork and bow down to a state of Zeus. To keep them true to their Jewish Religion a Hasidic Jew wrote this account of how four hundred years earlier pious Jewish boys refused to eat forbidden food, and refused to bow to the statue Nebuchadnezzar set up, and still triumphed.
The Gospel tells a brief story, but a beautiful one. Jesus, seeing a starving widow dropping her last two coins in the temple treasury, knew that she was giving all she had. He stood up, calling the attention of everyone to the lady’s sacrifice. We don’t need to do great things for God. What counts is the effort, not the results.
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Source of drinking water and cancer incidence in Iowa
The potential impacts of exposure to various contaminants in drinking water on cancer incidence have been investigated. This study was an ecological investigation as a follow-up to a previous study that looked at incidence rates and time trends of cancer by source of drinking water and size of municipality in Iowa. Cancer incidence ratios for the 16 most common cancers in Iowa were analyzed by size of municipality, by source of drinking water, and by well depth and aquifer for groundwater sources. Time trends were also evaluated. The following results were found: 1) Male and female lung cancers increased as size of community population increased; 2) There is a significantly higher incidence of female lung cancer in towns population 1,000-10,000 using surface water; 3) For communities using groundwater as their source of drinking water, the study found higher rates of lung cancer and total cancers in females in towns with shallow wells compared to towns using deep wells; and 4) Findings show a significant increase in trend over time for lung cancer in both sexes, regardless of water source or well depth, and show a significant increase in the incidence of male bladder cancer in towns with shallow wells, as well as a significant decease in the incidence of several other types of cancer in groundwater communities at various well depths. This study did not support all the findings of previous studies. In the future, this type of analysis will be conducted on a periodic basis, to continue the mission of CHEEC. Technical Report Available.


Termez (Uzbek: Termiz) is a city in southern Uzbekistan near the border with Afghanistan. The city was named by Greeks who came with Alexander the Great.
Termez means in Greek “hot” or “hot place” (Thermo or Thermos). It is still the hottest point of Uzbekistan. It has a population of 140,404 (1 January 2005), and is the capital of the Surxondaryo Province.
Its most famous native son is Al-Tirmidhi, born in its suburb Bugh and buried in 60 kilometers north of Termez, on the outskirts of Sherobod. He is locally known as Iso At Termezi or Termez Ota (Father of Termez City).
An ancient settlement was discovered near Termez, which was populated in the times of the Greek-Bactrain rule (3rd – 2nd c. B.C). It was center of Buddhism at the period of Kushans (1st-2nd c. C.E.) When Arabs came (in the 7th-8th c.) the city became the center of Islam.
Said Baraka, Amir Temur’s teacher was from old Termiz. Said Baraka was a philosopher, war strategist and religious nobleman. During Amir Temur’s time Termez continued to prosper, however it was destroyed at the end of the 17th century.
Al Khakim At Termizi, one of the famous Sufi leaders, is buried in the suburbs of Termez.
In 1897 the modern city emerged with Russian fortress and garrison.


STUDY RESULTS ON OPTIMIZATION OF HYDROBIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF SPRING ECOLOGICAL REPRODUCTIVE RELEASES FROM DNIESTER RESERVOIR
Posted on 31.03.2021
Along with creation of three HPS dams on the Dniester River, the flow of water into the middle and lower reaches of the Dniester River became regulated by the operation of the hydropower station. Spring is the most critical period for the reproduction of living organisms, therefore the so-called spring ecological reproductive releases – a coordinated and scientifically substantiated discharge of water from the Dniester HPS, simulating a spring flood – is crucial for the normal functioning of the Dniester ecosystems, which, among other things, provides enormous benefits for humans. However, it is a serious and difficult task to consider all the aspects of the release, its often contradictory and mutually exclusive objectives, requirements and restrictions.
The GEF Dniester project team presents the “Express-study of hydrobiological indicators to optimize the release regimes from the Dniester reservoir” (in Russian). This study together with the “Analysis of the goals, limitations, and opportunities for optimizing the regime of spring ecological reproductive release from the Dniester reservoir” will help the specialists who take part in the coordination of the volume of water (discharge) from the Dniester reservoir in spring to answer the questions of “when”, “how much” and “for which species” it is optimal to make such discharges.
The analysis was carried out within the framework of the GEF Dniester project at the request of the governments of the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine, with the involvement of a wide range of specialists.


Bed Bug Guidance
Enter Places That Might Have Bed Bugs
Many people will enter places they suspect may have bed bugs. Home health workers, maintenance and cleaning personnel, persons making deliveries and installations, travelers staying at hotels, and pest control personnel must enter structures that are potentially bed bug-infested. By following the suggestions below, they can reduce their risk of picking up and transporting bed bugs to their homes and workplaces.
Guidelines for Reducing the Risk of Transporting Bed Bugs
It is becoming fairly commonplace to find bed bugs in public and private workplaces. Why? Bed bugs are small and they like to hide. Anyone could carry them into your building on their clothing, personal belongings, and shoes. However, there is no need to panic if you find them in your workplace. Properly handled, the bed bugs can be eliminated with minimum disruption to your operations.
Bed Bugs and Occupational Health
Employers have duties under the Occupational Health and Safety Act and its applicable regulations, including taking every precaution reasonable in the circumstances to protect the health and safety of a worker.
Bed Bug Action Plan for Home Health Care & Social Workers
Healthcare and social workers that routinely visit clients’ homes as a part of their job are at risk for contacting bed bugs. Service workers need to be bed bug conscious if they are to avoid transporting bed bugs in their cars, taking bed bugs to the office, or even taking bed bugs home with them.
September Bed Bugs
Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, are soft-bodied, flat-shaped, brown to rusty-red colored insects. Like fleas, ticks, head lice and mosquitoes, bed bugs feed on blood.
Bed Bugs in Schools & Daycare Centers
Because people are constantly entering and exiting, schools and daycare centers are likely places for bed bugs to be transported to and from. Protocols should be established to deal with bed bugs when they appear.


The permissible or legally known weight of an empty vehicle or container is referred to as tare weight. The net weight of a cargo is calculated by subtracting the tare weight from the gross weight. The cargo charges are determined based on this calculation.
The word tare comes from the Middle French word tare, which means "wastage in goods, deficit, defect" (15th century), from Italian tara, from Arabic ar, which means "item subtracted or rejected," and taraha, which means "to reject."
This can be useful in calculating the cost of goods carried for tax purposes or tolls associated with barge, rail, road, or other transportation, particularly if the toll varies with the value of the commodities carried (e.g., tolls on the Erie Canal). Tare weight is frequently shown on the sides of railway carriages and transport vehicles to aid in the calculation of the load carried. Tare weight is also employed in underwater weighing to measure body composition.
Tare weight is accounted for in kitchen scales, analytical (scientific) scales, and other weighing scales that include a button that resets the scales' display to zero when an empty container is placed on the weighing platform, allowing the scales to display only the weight of the container's contents.
Net weight (weight of the goods) = gross weight (total weight) - tare weight (weight of the empty container).


Concern Grows Over Possible Mass Stranding Of Upto One Hundred Pilot Whales On A Scottish Beach
Author: jone Date: 14 November, Category: Fact, Visits 2312
[Pilot whales are cetaceans belonging to the genus Globicephala. There are two extant species, the long-finned pilot whale (G. melas) and the short-finned pilot whale (G. macrorhynchus). The two are not readily distinguished at sea and analysis of the skulls is the best way to tell the difference between the two species. Between the two species, pilot whales range in waters nearly worldwide with long-finned pilot whales living in cooler waters and short-finned pilot whales living in warmer waters. Pilot whales are among the largest of the oceanic dolphins, exceeded in size only by the killer whale. They and other large members of the dolphin family are also known as blackfish.
Pilot whales are primarily squid eaters but will feed on fish as well. They are also highly social and studies suggest that both males and females remain in their mothers’ pods, an unusual trait among mammals which would also be found in [resident] killer whale pods. Short-finned pilot whales are also one of the few mammal species where females go though menopause, a trait shared only by humans and killer whales, and post-reproductive females may contribute to the survival of younger members of their pods. Pilot whales are notorious for stranding themselves on beaches, and are among the most common cetacean stranders. Several theories have been proposed to account for this behavior]. – Wikipedia
Photos: Pilot whales swim in Loch Carron on May 20, 2011 in South Uist, Scotland. A major operation is underway to prevent up to 100 pilot whales from stranding on the rocky shoreline of Loch Carron on South Uist in the Western Isles. (Photo by Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images)


Due to the easy access to the internet, people are now searching for almost everything online. When it comes to online searching, there are some terms quite frequently used which include searching, browsing, downloading, streaming, and surfing.
What is the difference between browsing and surfing?
Difference between browsing and surfing
Browsing is basically a word used for the feeding type of herbivorous animals. The animals included in this category are giraffe, which eats high growing trees, such as leaves.
In the internet world, browsing means searching for something online using a web browser. For browsing something, a person needs to know the address of the website.
In browsing, the searching is quite restricted to a specific entity. Browsing is an easy process and quite fast as compared to surfing, as a person can reach directly to a precise destination.
It is faster, so it consumes less time compared to surfing. Browsing is used for a specific topic, which is why the user can only get information about that precise topic. During browsing, one can get information and knowledge, but it will be quite narrow as compared to surfing.
Surfing is basically used for the water sport, in which the man riding on a surfboard is known as a surfer.
In the smart world, surfing is a type of internet searching in which a person uses search engines, such as Google, to search for some specific entities or topics. In surfing, users do not need to remember the address of the specific website that provides information about the topic.
During surfing a person can search randomly for anything, as the only required thing is the name of the topic or entity. As compared to browsing, surfing is quite difficult and slow, as search engine also returns many irrelevant websites. Due to visiting a lot of irrelevant websites for finding related information, surfing is considered time-consuming. By visiting various websites, a person gets more information about different other topics, which are not related to the required topic.


The wearables market is booming. Statistics aggregator web portal Statista, notes that the global market will be worth over $7 billion this year and $12.6 billion by 2018.
Although the potential rewards are high, this is not an easy market to enter. Designing smart watches or fitness bracelets is tough; consumers expect lots of functionality, smartphone connectivity, compact form-factor, light weight, and long battery life. The introduction of highly integrated, ultra-low-power microprocessors and wireless chips has eased the design process, but squeezing out all of the battery’s power remains key to a wearable product’s success.
This article takes a look at how silicon vendors help wearables designers extend battery life by offering power-frugal displays, microcontrollers (MCU), silicon radios, and power-management chips designed specifically for ultra-low-power applications.
Convergence of technology
Wearables have sprung to the fore because of the convergence of three key technologies1. Ultra-low-power chips that can run from watch batteries allow companies to offer compact products which, thanks to smartphone-compatible wireless technology such as Bluetooth Smart (also known as Bluetooth low energy), communicate seamlessly with smartphones and tablets. A range of inexpensive apps presents the information gleaned from the wearable in a user-friendly format indicating, for example, how long the user needs to exercise to lose weight. A recent leading-edge wearable is adidas’ Fit Smart wristband tracker which incorporates Bluetooth Smart technology from Nordic Semiconductor Products such as the Fit Smart combine multiple facets of engineering including advanced electronics such as 32-bit MCUs, 2.4 GHz silicon radios, analog-to-digital converters (ADC), and display drivers. In addition, a wearable could incorporate several sensors measuring atmospheric pressure, humidity, temperature, and acceleration. The capability of the MCU significantly affects the performance of the device and determines its market appeal; the MCU also often integrates other elements of the wearable’s electronics such as the Bluetooth Smart radio and the ADC. However, that’s not the whole story.
For more detail: Extending Battery Life in Wearable Designs


This LO discuss various aspects of a reversible hydrogen activation by a metal-free phosphonium-borate compound. Attentions are paid to the specific and usual reaction between highly steric phosphine and borane reactants to form a zwitterionic phosphonium borate product. NMR spectroscopy, kinetics and thermodynamics of the hydrogen activation with the phosphonium borate product are also discussed. The original work was published in Science by Douglas W. Stephan and co-workers.
This LO is part of a special VIPEr collection honoring the 2022 ACS National Award recipients in the field of inorganic chemistry. Douglas W. Stephan was the recipient of the F. Albert Cotton Award in Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry.
Students should be able to:
a) Rationalize the steric effect on the chemical and physical properties of the compounds
b) Sketch a qualitative 19F NMR spectrum of a small molecule
c) Identify reaction intermediates and mechanism of a chemical reaction
d) Perform a calculation to determine the enthalpy and the entropy of activation from the Eyring Plot
This LO was written as part of a collection for the 2022 ACS award winners. It has not been implemented in classroom.


Have a wonderful Wednesday.
Take a moment today to find a relaxing place, sit comfortably and...
Click the link below and complete the handwriting warm up exercise. Then watch the video below and complete the handwriting activities for today.
On Thursday and Friday we will be reading a non-fiction book about coral reefs. For today's activity, we would like you to look at the pictures on the task, and write questions you have about coral reefs. Use the pictures for inspiration.
Today is P.E day! Your P.E. lesson for today is a 'Real P.E.' lesson, which is the scheme we use at school.
Below, you will find the Year 2 log in details for the Real P.E. website. We would like you to log on and select the 'Cat' Theme today. This goes very well with our Story 'Toto the Ninja Cat'.
Today we would like you to do create another story mountain, BUT this time you are going to be creating a story mountain for YOUR story. You need to have a think about what will happen in your story. What feature will one of the animals get? How will they get the feature? What will the problem be? Why does the other animal not get that feature?
You then need to plan your story using a story mountain. You need to see if you can identify the key parts of your story. Just as you did for 'How the birds got their colours'. The key parts to think about are:
We would also like you to have a think about the characters that are in the story and what your title will be, e.g. How the leopards got their spots'.
This week we are going to continue learning all about statistics. Remember, statistics is all to do with collecting, presenting and discussing data.
Today we are going to be reading and interpreting data from tally charts. Choose your task below using your self-assessment and complete the questions based on the tally chart.
For today's number magic warm up we would like you to spend 10 minutes playing Times Tables Rock Stars. Have fun earning your class points in the battle!
Today's number magic challenge is the same style of question as Monday and Tuesday's challenge. However, this time I haven't drawn the bar model for you!


used in the context of language & activism?
Designing for a lasting, positive, real-world impact. Going beyond the classroom, and what is commonly expected in the curriculum. It is, and will continue to be, crucial for the next generation of designers and activists. In response to the 2016 election results, Bowie State University Graphic Design, Professor Jennifer White-Johnson wanted to challenge her students to change the social and artistic landscape through the power of art & design activism. Post election creative reactions were occurring all on college campuses nationwide and she wanted her students to be a part of it! How can the
HBCU art community effectively respond to the election results using art as a platform?
Using the art of peaceful protest, Bowie State University Art & Design students created OUR FUTURE IS US gathering in solidarity to promote unity, acceptance, love and anti-hate.
CREATIVE RESISTANCE WORKSHOP
How can creative exploration promote unity, acceptance and social change?
As a community we need to stand stronger together and understand how our past will guide us into a more diverse and inclusive future.
– Angela Williams
Fashion Design, ‘17
Bowie State Univ.
I think that as an HBCU community, it is extremely important for us to stand together in making sure our voices are heard.
– Shayla Hackett
Graphic Design, ‘19
Bowie State Univ.
A big focal point in this design was exploring experimental typography and changing the social and artistic landscape through the power of words. As the tension in our country continued to elevate and as the students saw countless protests happening around the country (including protests and demonstration on college campuses) The intended goal for this project to create visual impact by using the power of type to peacefully demonstrate a response to the current election.
To see more of the visual project visit: https://ourfutureisus.tumblr.com/


Thinking critically requires a complex combination of skills and dispositions, including but not limited to the capacity to recognise argument structures, to objectively assess reasons, to draw valid inferences, to question assumptions, to and identify biases. Students who can master the logical structure of a deductive argument are better able to master mathematical proofs, textual analysis, and persuasive writing. Inductive or probabilistic reasoning is foundational to hypothesis formation and testing and thus a core aspect of the scientific process. Since students of critical thinking learn how to master both forms of reasoning, their learning across all core areas of the curriculum is supported.
At a deeper level, students who have a tolerance for uncertainty and confidence in their ability to drive inquiry are more likely to persevere as they navigate through these intellectual structures and embrace change as an opportunity rather than a threat. These are exactly the virtues students will need once they graduate to thrive at work and life, and as effective citizens.
Last but not least, students who frequently and reflectively engage in critical inquiry become better aware of their intellectual skills, more self-confindent, and less prone to feel overwhelmed by complex intellectual tasks. They are therefore better prepared for the challenges of university life, and more likely to pursue their academic aspirations.
Thinking critically, at the same time, is not about knowing that. Rather, it is about knowing how. It is not about learning a piece of information, but rather how that information was produced, how it is supported, and how it should be evaluated.
Consistently with this insight, the pedagogical schema has been developed by Dr Peter Ellerton in response to two driving pedagogical imperatives:
Educators ought to speak and plan in the language of cognition.
The focus of learning experiences and assessment should be shifted from knowledge to inquiry.
The Pedagogical Schema for Teaching for Thinking, is designed to guide teachers in meeting these imperatives. It integrates a range of cognitive skills and values of inquiry to demonstrate how a non-discispline based suite of thinking capabiities can be realised in the classroom.


Deplorable Slave Trade - 1855
David Livingstone was one of the most famous Scottish missionaries to Africa, although he did more exploring than missionary work. He has been censured for gun-running, lying about his discoveries, and placing tribes at disadvantage by neglecting promises he made them. Nonetheless he did much to awaken the world to the horror of the Arab slave trade, which he called a “monster of iniquity brooding over Africa” and “this trade in hell.” Writing to his wife Mary Livingstone from Bashinge on this day March 20, 1855, he recounted an incident in the slave-trade he had seen that day. Referring to a slave-agent with whom he had been, he wrote:
“This agent is about the same in appearance as Mebalwe, and speaks Portuguese as the Griquas do Dutch. He has two chainsful of women going to be sold for the ivory. Formerly the trade went from the interior into the Portuguese territory; now it goes the opposite way. This is the effect of the Portuguese love of the trade: they cannot send them abroad on account of our ships of war on the coast, yet will sell them to the best advantage. These women are decent-looking, as much so as the general run of Kuruman ladies, and were caught lately in a skirmish the Portuguese had with their tribe; and they will be sold for about three tusks each. Each has an iron ring round the wrist, and that is attached to the chain, which she carries in the hand to prevent it jerking and hurting the wrist. How would Nannie like to be thus treated? and yet it is only by the goodness of God in appointing our lot in different circumstances that we are not similarly degraded, for we have the same evil nature, which is so degraded in them as to allow of men treating them as beasts.”
Blaikie, William Garden. The Personal Life Of David Livingstone. Edinburgh, 1880.


Focus on What You Have!!!
A man went to his mentor and said, “I’ve got two pennies to rub together. I don’t know what I’m going to do.” His mentor told him to find a wholesaler who could sell him 2 pieces of candy that he could sell for five cents each. The man did as he was instructed.
The next day the man came back and said, “I now have ten cents, but that doesn’t help me much. The mentor said, “go back to the wholesaler and purchase ten pieces of candy, then sell them for five cents each. The man again did as he was instructed. Now he had fifty cents.
The man again went back to his mentor and said, “I now have fifty cents, but that still isn’t enough to resolve my problem.” The mentor said, “go again to the wholesaler and purchase fifty pieces of candy.” The man did and sold the candy as he’d done previously. He now had two dollars and fifty cents. Seeing the pattern, the man caught on to what his mentor was having him do.
The next time he returned to his mentor wasn’t for help, but to thank his mentor for helping him resolve the problem. He now had enough money to do what he needed to do, with some to spare. The mentor was pleased that he understood the lesson.
The moral of the story is that we have to stop focusing on what we lack and start focusing on what we have. When we focus on what we have and the most strategic ways to use it, we can often find solutions to the problems we face. When we focus on what we lack, we become drained of energy and start to feel stuck. So when faced with an obstacle, don’t focus on what you lack; focus on what you have!
Eric L. Lipsey


This image shows different objects that rotate. Rotational period is the time it takes for that object to rotate just once.
Rotational period is the time it takes for a planet or moon to spin around once. On Earth
, this time is 1 day.
Venus spins very slowly! Scientists think this is because a long time ago something big hit Venus and slowed down its rotation. Now, Venus spins so slowly that it revolves around the Sun faster than it spins on its own axis. That means that a Venus day is longer than a Venus year!
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This is the VOA Special English ENVIRONMENT REPORT.
New measurements show that ice in West Antarctica is thickening. Scientists concerned about global warming had worried that higher temperatures could melt the huge ice sheet in Antarctica. That could cause sea levels around the world to rise. However, some experts have said there is little evidence that global warming is responsible for melting the ice sheet.
Antarctica is the continent that surrounds the South Pole. It is the coldest and iciest area in the world. Stormy waters of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans separate Antarctica from other continents.
The Antarctic icecap is a thick layer of ice and snow that buries most of the continent. If the ice melted, the earth’s oceans would rise and flood coastal cities around the world.
Large, flat sheets of the icecap called ice shelves float in water near Antarctica. The Ross Ice Shelf is the largest one. Several rivers of the West Antarctica ice sheet flow into the ice shelf. Huge pieces of the ice shelf break off and slowly melt into the sea. The West Antarctica ice sheet currently covers more than nine-hundred-thousand square kilometers.
The new study was done by researchers at the California Institute of Technology and the University of California at Santa Cruz. They studied several ice streams in West Antarctica that lead into the Ross Ice Shelf. The ice streams are similar to large flowing rivers of ice. The researchers used new satellite radar to measure the thickness of the ice.
Earlier studies suggested that the ice was thinning and quickly moving toward the sea. However, new satellite information found that the Ross ice streams are gaining ice, not losing it. Scientists said there were an average of twenty-six-thousand-million tons more ice each year. Earlier studies showed a loss of almost twenty-one-thousand-million tons a year.
The scientists said they found strong evidence of ice growth. Yet, measurements taken by researchers have shown that the ice sheet has been slowly melting since the end of the last ice age about eleven-thousand years ago. Some researchers say they believe the Earth’s internal heat may be causing the ice sheet to thin or thicken over time.
This VOA Special English ENVIRONMENT REPORT was written by Cynthia Kirk.


Constellations are formations of stars in the sky that are believed to create certain pictures. If you look on a clear night you will be able to spot some of them. It is believed it was these constellations that helped travelers at night be able to go the right direction. You may be able to come up with your own pictures in the sky at night just as a person does with the formations of clouds.
Yet there are many great constellations that have been sighted by man and they are part of history. There are a total of 88 recognized constellations in the sky. Most of them are linked to some type of mythological story. In fact, it is believed that it was the discovery of these constellations that often lead to magnificent tales being told about them.
The most well known and easiest to spot of all the constellations is the Big Dipper and the Little Dipper. Many people love the story of Draco who was said to be the last of the great dragons. He shared his heart with an evil boy who was king so the brave dragon had to die to save the people.
Many people also love the stories with Pegasus who was a horse who had wings to fly. She is often part of the stories with Perseus who battles with Medusa and wins. The Big Bear and Little Bear are also well known constellations that people search for. With many of them you will only be able to see them at certain times of the year. This is when they will line up for the images to be outlined in the sky.
Should you have an evening to spend gazing up at the stars, try to look for the various constellations. It can be very fun to do and you will find that once you locate one you can usually find it again with ease the next time. You can get an astronomy book too that will help to guide you in your initial search for them. You can also find out more about the legends behind each of the different constellations that you find in the sky.


A greenhouse is a controllable, dynamic system managed for intensive production of high quality, fresh market produce. Greenhouses allows for crop production under diverse conditions. However, greenhouse growers have to manage a number of variables to get maximum sustainable production from their crops, including:
- air and root zone temperature
- fertilizer feed
- growing media
- plant maintenance
This section provides information on optimizing these variables, to get maximum performance from the crop over the production season.
Other greenhouse resources
- Commercial Greenhouse Production in Alberta
- Commercial Greenhouse Vegetable Production
- Development of Greenhouse Lettuce Growing Techniques in Alberta
- Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables
- Economics of Production and Marketing of Greenhouse Crops in Alberta
- Emerging Virus and Viroid Disease Risks on Greenhouse Crops
- Greenhouse Sanitation
- Managing cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in Alberta greenhouses
- Pests of Greenhouse Sweet Peppers and their Biological Control
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The Melbourne Water Urban Platypus Program aims to understand the status of platypus populations throughout the greater Melbourne region and identify any threatening processes.
cesar conducts bi-annual surveys at a number of permanent locations to monitor platypus population. The information gathered helps Melbourne Water to effectively manage Melbourne’s waterways and surrounding catchments to meet human requirements while maintaining aquatic ecosystem function and biodiversity.
Not surprisingly, due to their reliance on aquatic habitats, platypus abundance declined significantly at most surveyed locations during the recent drought (related article: A decline in population numbers for the evasive platypus).
It was anticipated that populations would start to recover with the return of higher rainfall over the past few years, resulting in better conditions for platypuses and more available habitat.
Surveys during spring 2012 yielded the second highest seasonal catch rate in the nine seasons that the current program has been running.
Surveys as well as public sightings also indicate platypuses are returning to a number of urban creeks where they haven’t been recorded for a number of years (related article: Platypus popping up in unexpected places).
While this is encouraging, results were highly variable between survey locations.
Catch rates in some areas were among the highest ever recorded, while in other areas abundance remains very low. This variation is likely reflective of differences in habitat quality and the impacts of other threatening processes acting at a local scale.
The Melbourne Water Urban Platypus Program will continue in autumn 2013 and researchers from cesar are hoping for another good result, including a high proportion of juveniles. This would provide strong evidence that Melbourne’s platypus populations are beginning the long road back to recovery.


A new interpretation of the core ethical tenets of Buddhism has been proposed in order to meet the challenges of the global environmental crisis. The first of the five pañcaśīla – the five precepts (rules of training) that constitute the basic code of ethics to be undertaken by Buddhist laymen – relates to the concept of ahimsa, the idea of “do no harm”: “I undertake the training-precept to abstain from onslaught on breathing beings.” In environmental terms, this concept has been translated into practices of harmonious relationships with nature, through respect of all life forms. The second pañcaśīla – “I undertake the training-precept to abstain from taking what is not given” – has also been interpreted as a mandate to ensure the protection of the environment against its destruction and exploitation. This chapter aims to identify how Buddhist ethics can productively inform Environmental Constitutionalism, shedding some light on the possible interrelations between Buddhism, law and environmental matters in South Asian constitutional texts and contexts, through the lens of comparative analysis.
Crossing three Tibetan bridges – between Monastic and Secular Buddhist Law; between Buddhist Law and Buddhist Environmental Ethics; between Buddhist Constitutionalism and Environmental Constitutionalism – this chapter presents some fundamental ideas underlying Buddhist Environmentalism and its relationship with Buddhist Law, through their common grounding in the same virtue ethics.
Its final section will try to establish a basic theoretical framework for further studies of Buddhist Environmental Constitutionalism, presenting a quantitative and textual analysis of six South Asian constitutions: the constitutions of Thailand, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and – in broader detail – Bhutan.


A Dozen Phrases Every Child Needs to Hear
What parents say is powerful in the life of their children. Children hang their life, their very identity, on their parents’ words. Even the words said in passing have an impact on children. If children constantly hear their parents call them “stupid” or “a disappointment,” they will come to believe they are “stupid” and “disappointment.” If, on the other hand, children hear their parents say “I love you” and “good work,” they will come to see themselves as lovable and hardworking. So, what do you want your children hanging their hat on? What words do you want them to shape their identity? I like these words.
- I love you.
- You make me proud.
- I see you really put some hard work into that…and your hard work has paid off.
- You have made great improvement. You must be proud of your hard work.
- You look nice (beautiful, handsome, lovely) tonight.
- That was a very kind thing I saw you do.
- Thank you for….
- I’m sorry I….
- I appreciate….
- I am so glad to be your parent.
- I enjoy watching you (play your sport, sing in the choir, play in the band, do you part in the play, etc.).
- What would you like me to do for you today?
- I’m sorry that happened to you. What can I do to help?
This is just a baker’s dozen of phrases every would child love to hear. What else would you have liked to hear from your parents growing up? Why not tell your child that very thing?!


The Hubble Space Telescope captured a laser-like jet that represents a “tantrum” being thrown by an infant star.
The outburst came from a very young star just starting its evolution, and the image shows a jet of gas traveling supersonically. The glow you see in the image comes from the jet colliding with gas and dust around the star, officials at the European Space Agency (ESA) wrote in an image description on Monday (March 7).
“The result,” the officials added, “is the colorfully wispy structures, which astronomers refer to as Herbig–Haro objects, billowing across the lower left of this image.” (Herbig-Haro objects are bright patches of gas, or nebulosity, near newborn stars.)
It’s not the first time Hubble has caught this object on camera. The telescope trained its eyes on the area, called HH34, between 1994 and 2007 and in extreme high-definition in 2015, ESA noted.
Related: The best Hubble Space Telescope images of all time!
HH34 is about 1,250 light-years from Earth and resides in the famous Orion Nebula, which Hubble has also imaged many times over the decades. Orion is noted for its starbirth regions, and Hubble has an advantage in looking at the nebula; it’s the closest stellar nursery to Earth.
ESA added that the new imagery will be helpful for potential future science with the recently launched James Webb Space Telescope, which is in a commissioning period until about June.
“Webb — which will observe at predominantly infrared wavelength — will be able to peer into the dusty envelopes surrounding still-forming protostars, revolutionizing the study of jets from these young stars,” ESA officials wrote. “Hubble’s high-resolution images of HH34, and other jets, will help astronomers interpret future observations with Webb.”
Follow Elizabeth Howell on Twitter @howellspace. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom or Facebook.


Crater Lake on Mars was definitely an ancient lake
Data from Perseverance’s first 208 Martian days has provided a wealth of information about the Lake Jezero crater, where NASA’s rover touched down in February 2021.
The crater was thought to be an ancient lake, and recent studies have confirmed this. In addition, analyzes show that organic molecules were abundant in these waters.
The organic molecules are not proof of life on the Red Planet, but their discovery raises the possibility that ancient Mars most likely had life. The only question is what kind of life there was and in what form.
Recently, a team working with the Perseverance Toolkit discovered igneous rocks at the bottom of Lake Jezero’s crater. They formed from magma, associated either with volcanism or asteroid impacts. And these rocks show all the signs of repeated weathering by water.
Joseph Razzell Hollis of the Natural History Museum in London and study co-author Eva Scheller used data from the SHERLOC instrument to analyze rocks from Lake Jezero’s crater. The instrument was able to detect the fluorescence of certain organic compounds in the olivine-rich rocks.
The sample tubes will be collected and brought back to Earth by the Mars Sample Return mission to be studied in detail. The work on Earth will provide insight into the origin of the molecules and whether they could be evidence of life.
The discovery of organic molecules at the bottom of the lake’s crater, and in particular in igneous rocks, is also interesting for another reason.
Curiosity found similar compounds in sedimentary rocks from Gale Crater. The discovery of organic materials in two completely different environments on Mars suggests that these organic molecules were common.
Over the past few months, the Perseverance team has been studying the delta of a river that would have once filled the lake with water.
Researchers believe this is an important area for the discovery of organic matter. Given the crater’s richness in these compounds, the current work could be even more groundbreaking.
A paper led by Scheller and Hollis is published in Science.


Since 1973 four instruments have been mounted at the Cassegrain focus of the Copernico 1.82m telescope. Currently only AFOSC and Echelle are available. The characteristics of decommissioned instruments are given below.
DIRECT CCD IMAGING CAMERA
At the Cassegrain focus an adapter was used with the CCD camera and the filters wheel for direct imaging.
The CCD camera consists of three main parts:
the cryostat with the CCD sensor
The control system was located in the Coude' room and is connected to the remaining parts through a 30 m link. The whole system was controlled by the operator either from the Coude' room or from the dome room. Off-set guiding through an intensified TV-camera was possible both at the console in the dome and in the Coude' room. About 30 broad and narrow band filters were available at Ekar which are listed in table. The filters were classified according to their band width (broad or narrow) and to their central wavelength. The last column gives the starting wavelength of the red leak.
Table 1. Johnson and Cousin Filter
Table 2. Gunn Filters
Table 3. Interference Filters
BOLLER AND CHIVENS SPECTROGRAPH (B&C)
The Boller and Chivens spectrograph was equipped with the "Dioptric Blue Galileo Camera" with a focal length of 188 mm and an off - axis parabola collimator with 90 mm of diameter and a focal length of 810 mm. There is a comparison source, a hollow cathode Fe - Ar lamp, for wavelength calibration. There are five gratings available for the B&C spectrograph with dispersion ranging from 42 A /mm to 339 A/mm. Gratings can be changed, but the spectrograph must be refocussed after every change. Refocussing can take up to 2 hours and it is therefore not recommended during the nights observing. Actually B&C spectrograph is mounted at the Galileo 1.22m telescope (DFA University of Padova).
In the table the available gratings are shown together with their principal characteristics:


Country of production United Kingdom
Location of production London
Date of production 1 May 1840- February 1841
Notability World's first adhesive postage stamp
Face value 1 penny
Estimated value £3–4,000 (mint)
A Penny Black, with a red cancellation that was hard to see and easily removed
The Jacob Perkins' press, which printed the Penny Black and the 2d Blue, in the British Library Philatelic Collections
The Penny Black was the world's first adhesive postage stamp used in a public postal system. It first was issued in Great Britain on 1 May 1840, for official use from 6 May of that year. It features a profile of Queen Victoria.
In 1837, British postal rates were high, complex and anomalous. To simplify matters, Sir Rowland Hill proposed an adhesive stamp to indicate pre-payment of postage. At the time it was normal for the recipient to pay postage on delivery, charged by the sheet and on distance travelled. By contrast, the Penny Black allowed letters of up to 1⁄2 ounce (14 grams) to be delivered at a flat rate of one penny, regardless of distance.
Postal delivery systems using what may have been adhesive stamps existed before the Penny Black. The idea had at least been suggested earlier in the Austrian Empire, Sweden, and possibly Greece.


This session will cover a case study of BIM (Building Information Modeling) implementation for a complex urban project designed as a smart city. The 126-hectare project is called Garonne Eiffel, and sits in a large development area in Bordeaux, France. The heart of Garonne Eiffel is the Belvedere subdistrict, a 12-hectare (30 acre) area. BIM has been implemented on the Belvedere project, which is the first key step for a future smart city. We will present the project with its specific challenges (urban density, collaboration, technical complexity). We will discuss the BIM strategy applied, including good and not so good aspects. We will describe the workflows created with the Architecture, Engineering & Construction Collection to show how InfraWorks software, Civil 3D software, Revit software, and Navisworks software are key tools to urban design. We’ll show how we used InfraWorks to assemble Civil 3D modelization for the Belvedere project: buildings, roads, trees, and street equipment. And, we’ll show how Dynamo helped us improve our productivity.
- Learn how to construct the BIM implementation for an urban project
- Learn how to apply a BIM workflow with the AEC Collection on a complex urban project
- Learn how to create an InfraWorks model assembled from Civil 3D modelization
- Discover the benefits of BIM for building the future smart city


With the Energy Efficiency eXisting ship Index (EEXI) and the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) requirements meanwhile into effect since January 1st, 2023, meeting these regulatory requirements to reduce carbon emissions by the shipping industry will necessitate from shipowners a combination of operational but also technical changes to improve the energy efficiency of ships and fleets.
While there is currently a strong drive to equip newer vessels and the numerous new builds that are continuously launched with advanced technology and innovations, the greatest challenge in achieving maritime GHG reductions is fitting the existing merchant fleet, which consists of approximately 55,000 ships with two-stroke engines.
Apart from a wide variety of efficiency improvements (based on in-depth data analytics) and the use of biofuels, retrofitting the existing maritime fleet to dual-fuel engines capable of running on sustainable fuels like ammonia and methanol is one of the options available to the maritime industry to achieve decarbonization targets. The introduction of alternative fuels is fundamental to reaching net zero emissions.
Ammonia, LNG, hydrogen and methanol are a today the main existing options. However, these emerging fuel types are presenting new risks to vessels, ship crews, terminals in ports, the environment and the entire maritime ecosystem as a whole: flammability and toxicity are undeniable challenges inherent to these alternative fuel types.
Managing these risks presented by the alternative fuels in real time will become paramount.
Despite the risks associated with an ammonia leak, the gas is incredibly difficult to detect in small quantities. Using emerging fuels will require increased levels of safety, awareness and operational procedures compared to the well-established practises associated today with running vessels on traditional marine fuel types.
A recommended strategy is ensuring vessel safety by deploying a multi-sensor (multi-type) layered approach with strategic detection positioning on board, offering a secure web of coverage to safeguard against accidental gas leaks.
Enabling IoT connectivity below deck in confined and insulated spaces, Sealution’s technology will help shipowners to install this multi-sensor layered approach on board of their vessels and fleets.


The involvement of parents in the athletic experience of their children is a given, but it is often a bigger responsibility than what parents can realise. A parent’s involvement affects their own child, the coach, the rest of the team, the other parents and the officials. In the age of the internet there is a wide range of information and advice available for parents readily available.
Video to assist parents in selecting the right stick length for their child
Stick length information for coaches to guide parents and players
Health and Safety
The most important job at hockey is to keep our young players safe. This job requires a team effort with the club, coaches, team managers, parents and umpires all working together to promote and sustain a safe environment.
For more information about the key health and safety please click here to go through to our club health and safety information designed for everyone involved in keeping our kids safe. Health and Safety info for coaches, managers and umpires
Information for parents: supporting children in sport
YouTube clip on sideline behaviour from parents
Link to Wayne Goldsmith for parents with kids involved in sport
There is a variety of leading sports information for coaches, athletes and their parents on the AUT website. There are podcasts available too. You can sign up to receive emails and alerts. The link below is an example of the information available at AUT and is an interesting read about developing confidence in kids. Confidence sits among other essential key elements in the sports psychology realm (probably true of life in general too). AUT Millennium Athlete Development Info
Athlete Development Information
Guidelines for athlete development, training hours and late specialisation in sport
Supporting kids to develop in sport: a resource for coaches and parents
Athlete development research
Sport NZ Balance is Better Booklet
Sport NZ Talent Plan


The Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS) is a measure to capture the psychological reactivity, negative cognitions, avoidance behaviors, and anxiety experienced when presented with a math stimuli. The scale has 9 items representing the two sub-dimensions of learning math anxiety and math evaluation anxiety.
Geographies Tested: United States of America
Populations Included: Female, Male
Age Range: Adolescents, Adults
1. Having to use the tables in the back of a math book.
2. Thinking about an upcoming math test 1 day before.
3. Watching a teacher work an algebraic equation on the blackboard.
4. Taking an examination in a math course.
5. Being given a homework assignment of many difficult problems that is due the next class meeting.
6. Listening to a lecture in math class.
7. Listening to another student explain a math formula.
8. Being given a “pop” quiz in math class.
9. Starting a new chapter in a math book.
Low anxiety - 1
High anxiety - 5
Total score represents the sum of the nine measure items.
Hopko, D. R., Mahadevan, R., Bare, R. L., & Junt, M. K. (2003). The Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS): Construction, validity, and reliability. Assessment, 10(2), 178-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191103010002008
Ease of Use Score
Existing Literature/Theoretical Framework
Field Expert Input
Cognitive Interviews / Pilot Testing
to get the latest updates on new measures and guidance for survey researchers


The Phenomenon of Ground Looping: Uncontrollable Fast Turns on the Ground when the Rudder is Ineffective
Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology
Article publication date: 1 April 1935
IN the following notes the phenomenon of ground looping (which may be defined as an uncontrollable fast turn on the ground) is briefly analysed by semi‐technical methods. The analysis has been restricted to a condition which in the opinion of experienced pilots causes trouble most frequently: namely, a landing with dead stick, when there is no slipstream available to make the rudder more effective. The equations of lateral motion for an aeroplane in contact with the ground have been written clown as an introduction to more thorough study. Finally, certain tentative conclusions have been drawn for application in aeroplane design with a view to eliminating or at least reducing ground loop tendencies.
Klemin, A. (1935), "The Phenomenon of Ground Looping: Uncontrollable Fast Turns on the Ground when the Rudder is Ineffective", Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb029920
MCB UP Ltd
Copyright © 1935, MCB UP Limited


Adverse Effects Of Hypertension
The diagnosis of hypertension is important so efforts can be created to normalize blood pressure and prevent complications. This article looks at some of the adverse effects of hypertension.
Participate in Your Own Heart Health
Having a healthy heart is everyone’s responsibility, but mostly our own. Your doctor can help but you have to help too. Here are some ways that you can work together to keep your body healthy.
Conclusion of The Healthy Heart Plan
The only person who can help you reduce your risk of heart disease is yourself. Yes, some heart disease is genetic but even genetics can benefit from good preventive efforts.
Stress and Heart Disease
Into each life a little stress must fall. Stress is a part of life but, left unmanaged, it can damage your body – especially your heart. Learn about the correlation between stress and heart disease.
Women and Heart Disease
Women are starting to take center stage as the risk of heart disease for them is being examined more closely. If you are a woman, learn how heart disease affects you.
5 Ways to Lower Your Risk of High Blood Pressure
Do you have high blood pressure? It is a risk factor for heart disease. Use these five methods to lower yours.
Living a Heart Healthy Life – Introduction
The more you know about heart disease, the more you can do to prevent it and live a long and healthy life.
Atkins Diet Review
Many nutritionists and medical experts have gone on record and forcefully objected to the Atkins philosophy on weight loss ..


What is School-Based ACCESS?
The School-Based ACCESS Program (SBAP) is a partnership between the PA Department of Education (PDE) and the PA Department of Public Welfare (DPW). School entities allowed to enroll as SBAP providers include Pennsylvania school districts, intermediate units, state-owned schools, approved private schools, and charter schools.
The School-Based ACCESS Program, or SBAP, allows Pennsylvania Local Education Agencies, or LEAs, to receive federal Medicaid reimbursement for providing IEP health-related services to Medical Assistance-eligible children as part of their Individualized Education Program (IEP). All funds received are used to support the special education program and services in the School District of Haverford Township.
SBAP is a cooperative effort between the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE), the Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare (DPW), the federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), and PDE's contractor.
Reimbursable services include:
|Assistive Devices||Personal Care Assistant|
|Nursing (RN & LPN)||Psychiatry|
|Orientation & Mobility||Social Work|
|Speech/Language||Teacher of Hearing Impaired|
There are many advantages to enrolling children in Medical Assistance, besides the obvious Medical Assistance pays for wrap-around mental health services and other types of services that are not routinely covered by private insurance. Some families will not qualify for Medical Assistance or Social Security Income because the family income exceeds program limits.
CLICK ON THIS LINK TO SEE IF YOUR CHILD QUALIFIES AND APPLY ONLINE!


by Whimsy in School Counseling
7th - 12th Grade
Across the globe, many youth will be welcoming Ukrainian students into their classrooms over the coming weeks and months. This download provides a scaffold to explain what it means to be a refugee, including addressing language barrier, working to create empathy for our students who are refugees, and answering common questions middle and high school level students may have about what it means to be a refugee.
Social/emotional freebies to support the young folk in our lives during the War in Ukraine:
•My Sunflower Bravery Coloring Page
•When I Became A Refugee: A Trauma Informed Storybook (grades 2-12)
•My New Friend is a Refugee: A Social Story (grades K-3)
•My New Friend is a Refugee: A Social Story (grades 4-6)
•Explaining What it Means to be a Refugee (grades 7-12)
•Being a Good Friend to Someone Who is a Refugee (grades 9-12)
•Pro Tips for Parents: Answering Questions About War
•Explaining War to Older Teens (grades 9-12)
•Explaining War to Younger Teens (grades 6-8)
•Explaining War to Older Children (grades 3-5)
•Explaining War to Younger Children (grades k-2)
and get THOUSANDS OF PAGE VIEWS for your TpT products!
Go to http://www.pinterest.com/TheBestofTPT/ for even more free products!


Riding a bicycle can be dangerous at any time, but some instances make it especially risky. For example, biking on the road or near traffic can result in a collision that proves fatal or leads to a devastating injury. Moreover, riding a bicycle near traffic at certain times, such as foggy weather or during the night, can be even more dangerous because of the poor visibility. As a bicyclist, it is vital for you to do what is necessary to protect yourself on the road and reduce the chances of a crash.
For starters, it is important to wear a proper helmet and ensure that you avoid traffic. For example, some areas may have bike trails near the road and these may be safer to ride on. You should also wear reflective clothing so that drivers have an easier time seeing you, which may help them avoid you. In fact, it may be a good idea to stay off of the road at night altogether and ride your bicycle when the chances of an accident are lower.
Sadly, you may be hit by a vehicle no matter how safe you are as a bicyclist. Whether someone is driving drunk or using their phone when they should be focusing on the road, driver negligence causes many bicycle accidents per year. When a crash does happen, bicyclists can be especially vulnerable and may be seriously hurt. Broken bones are not uncommon, and some bicyclists suffer massive head injuries or break their necks in these accidents.


A Frenchwoman, follower of urbex, made an astonishing discovery in an abandoned aquarium in Spain. Many mummified animals and rotting molluscs still haunt the place.
The term “urbex” is the English contraction of ” urban exploration ” (” urban exploration ” in French) and refers to the exploration of abandoned buildings and other infrastructure, usually illegally, in order to discover places in ruins, while invoking a certain heavy atmosphere, to Internet users. Also, in order to perpetuate the memory of the place, according to the ‘explorers’.
Increasingly common, the passion for urbex is shared on social networks, via short videos, by apprentice explorers. In their short films, they show the discoveries, sometimes surprising, of places visited.
Speaking of amazing discovery, that’s exactly what happened to a Frenchwoman and her comrades. Without ever mentioning the precise location of the place to avoid further intrusions, the explorer and her comrades infiltrated an abandoned aquarium .
In an 18-minute video posted on Juj’ Urbex’s Youtube account (which already has 719,000 views), then in snippets on his Tik Tok account , we discover a dilapidated place. Armed with a flashlight and their camera, the explorers immortalize their discovery. The remains of mummified dead animals in boxes or jars are scattered throughout the abandoned aquarium. A surprising spectacle that shows that animals that have been dead for a while are, despite everything, superbly well preserved.


This nonfiction All About Basketball reading comprehension unit focuses on the nonfiction text features of timelines with biographies. This unit comes with a small, printable nonfiction reader, “All About Basketball” by Kacie Brown. The reader includes a table of contents, diagrams, labels, captions, bold words, and a glossary perfect for studying nonfiction text features with your students. This basketball resource is also perfect for the month of March!
Topics covered in the small reader are History, Basketball Rules, Basketball Basics, Gear and Equipment, Teams, Diagrams, Positions, Interesting Facts, and a Timeline.
Basketball Reading Comprehension unit includes:
- a printable non-fiction reader
- a unique craft
- writing prompts
- graphic organizers
- story element posters
- anchor chart headers
- focused worksheets to deepen understanding of the story elements
- book talk questions
- parent connection materials
- lesson plan ideas and more!
This easy-to-implement guided reading set is sure to bring sports fun to the classroom! Get your students excited about basketball and biographies.
Read about this unit and more in my blog post and download a free text feature scavenger hunt!
Shop for this book and more in my Amazon store! (As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.)
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Japan Nuclear Fuel Ltd (JNFL), which operates the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant under construction in Japan’s Aomori Prefecture, said in late August that it had found a water leak earlier in the month in the pipes of a storage pool at the plant. JNFL found that the pipes were corroded in 20 places and one of them had a hole. The pipes are located outdoors and used for inspections. JNFL believes rainwater had seeped through gaps in insulation materials wrapped around the pipes, but added that the corrosion had no impact on the pool's operation.
In April, the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) resumed its review of the plant after an eight-month suspension. JNFL had applied for a state safety assessment in 2014, hoping to meet the more stringent standards introduced following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi disaster. The checks are required the plant can begin operating. However they were halted in October following revelations about the JNFLs lax safety management.
In August 2017, about 800 litres of rainwater was found to have seeped into a building housing key emergency power sources because the ageing equipment had not been checked for about 14 years.
This is just the latest in a long series of delays. The plant was originally scheduled for completion in 1997, but the timeline has been pushed back 24 times for various technical reasons. JNFL’s latest timeline had aimed for the plant to be completed in the first half of fiscal 2018, but it said in December that it will have to push back the schedule by three more years. JNFL expects the plant to be completed in the first half of fiscal 2021. The facility is designed to handle up to 800t of used nuclear fuel a year, extracting about 8t of plutonium for re-use in mox fuel.


A new approach to control of anemia in “at risk” infants and children around the world.
2004 Ryley-Jeffs memorial lecture.Can J Diet Pract Res. 2004 Fall;65(3):136-8.
An estimated 60-80% of the world’s population is affected by iron deficiency. It is the most common preventable nutritional deficiency in the world, despite global goals for its reduction. Young children are the highest risk group, particularly during their rapid period of growth. Anemia in infants and young children is known to have a negative impact on motor and socioemotional development and cognitive function. A new intervention, microencapsulated ferrous fumarate Sprinkles, has been developed to treat iron deficiency. The development process took the intervention from the idea stage to the research stage to the implementation stage. Multiple micronutrient Sprinkles are a breakthrough in meeting the global challenge to reduce childhood anemia due to iron and other micronutrient deficiencies. The goal of the Sprinkles project is to reduce the global burden of childhood anemia by promoting healthy weaning practices, by advocating home-fortification strategies to increase the micronutrient content of weaning foods, and by making Sprinkles widely available, particularly in developing countries.


About this Research Topic
This Research Topic seeks contributions that advance our understanding of current and future weather and climate extremes in cities, how they would influence different aspects of the urban environment, and the cost and effectiveness of various mitigation and adaptation strategies. These include heat waves, cold waves, extreme precipitation events, hurricanes and storms, urban flooding, coastal flooding, droughts, and air pollution episodes. Studies can be based on field (station-based and mobile) measurements, remote sensing techniques, and statistical and numerical models at different spatial and temporal scales. Contributions reviewing recent advances or evaluating the implementation of policies or interventions (for risk prevention and management) are also welcome.
This collection welcomes three types of contributions: research article/review, perspective/brief report/mini-review, and data report/opinion.
Although contributions on all related topics are welcome, those addressing at least one of the following three major themes are preferred:
(1) Understanding the physical processes of weather and climate extremes in the urban environment and their interactions with the local climate (e.g., urban heat island) and global warming.
(2) Quantifying the direct and cascading impacts of weather and climate extremes on air quality, water quality, human health, building energy consumption, and other urban infrastructures, such as water and power supply, drainage systems, and transportation.
(3) Evaluating the effectiveness of various mitigation and adaptation strategies in response to current and future weather and climate extremes in cities, including but not limited to green infrastructure, blue infrastructure, white roofs, reflective and permeable pavements, urban irrigation, and morphological design.
Keywords: urban climate, urban meteorology, weather and climate extremes, urban air quality, mitigation and adaptation, green infrastructure, sustainable urban development, global warming, urban heat island
Important Note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.


This addition to a one-room Christian Home School was used until 1947.
This building was moved to its present location on Main Street in Smithfield, Virginia in 2005, and renovated with funds from the Town of Smithfield, Isle of Wight County, corporate partnerships, and the community.
The Schoolhouse Museum officially opened May 19, 2007. It was the Town of Smithfield’s project to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the founding of Jamestown.
The Museum is operated by a site coordinator and governed by a volunteer Board of Directors.
With a growing collection of authentic artifacts, there is no better place to learn about the history of African-American education in Isle of Wight County, Virginia in the first half of the 20th century.
Monday, Friday and Saturday
12:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m.
Interested in finding out more about education in Isle of Wight County during the first half of the 20th century? Visit our website at
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This year, Women’s History Month comes at a pivotal time when women’s voices and stories are being heard and lifted up in a way they never have before. This opportunity should be celebrated and gives society an opportunity to see history in new ways – including stories about things that impact women’s health.
Many may be surprised to know that one of the most critical health issues facing women today is menthol cigarettes. They are a key reason why lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths for women in the U.S. In fact, almost twice as many women die from lung cancer than breast cancer, even though breast cancer is more prevalent.
Legendary African American singers, Mary Wells and Sarah Vaughan, had their voices silenced too early and suffered health related issues caused by smoking cigarettes. Wells developed cancer of the larynx due to smoking. She smoked two packs of cigarettes a day, lost all of her finances to expensive cancer treatments, and suffered from the disease until she died of pneumonia at age 49.
Also a longtime smoker, Vaughan developed lung cancer and carcinoma of the joints in one hand. Her amazing contralto voice became huskier after years of smoking. She died at age 66.
It is important to understand the history of menthol cigarettes. They were actually created by tobacco companies specifically for women. For decades the tobacco industry intentionally advertised and marketed them to women by showing images of group fun, freedom, and glamour in their marketing.
Read the full article here: http://comptonherald.org/menthol-cigarettes-still-plague-womens-health/


Taste and diet preferences are complex and influenced by both environmental and host traits while affecting both food selection and associated health outcomes. The present study genotyped 94 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in previously reported taste and food intake related genes and assessed associations with taste threshold (TT) and preferred intensity (PT) of sweet, sour and bitter, food preferences, habitual diet intake, and caries status in healthy young Swedish men and women (n = 127). Polymorphisms in the GNAT3, SLC2A4, TAS1R1 and TAS1R2 genes were associated with variation in TT and PT for sweet taste as well as sweet food intake. Increasing PT for sweet was associated with increasing preference and intake of sugary foods. Similarly, increasing TT for sour was associated with increasing intake of sour foods, whereas the associations between food preference/intake and TT/PT for bitter was weak in this study group. Finally, allelic variation in the GNAT3, SLC2A2, SLC2A4, TAS1R1 and TAS1R2 genes was associated with caries status, whereas TT, PT and food preferences were not. It was concluded that variations in taste receptor, glucose transporter and gustducin encoding genes are related to taste perception, food preference and intake as well as the sugar-dependent caries disease.
Keywords: caries; diet preference; diet selection; taste genes; taste perception; taste preference.


The impact of weight stigma on decisions about weight loss surgery
Obese individuals are increasingly seeking weight loss surgery (WLS) for the treatment of chronic obesity. Despite increases in these surgeries, little is known about how social factors impact decisions about WLS. Weight stigma—prejudicial, biased, or discriminatory of treatment of obese people—is on the rise and has negative health consequences for obese individuals. This study examined the impact of weight stigma on decisions about WLS in a diverse sample of 95 obese women seeking WLS (54.7% White; 31.6% Black). It was predicted that BMI, comorbidities, and weight stigma would predict (a) higher mortality risk-taking, and (b) lower decisional conflict. Binary logistic regressions were used to examine the hypotheses. Results indicated that BMI, comorbidities, and weight stigma significantly predicted mortality risk-taking. The model accounted for 11% of the variance in mortality risk-taking scores; however, only weight stigma significantly contributed to the model. The strength of the model increased after controlling for racial/ethnic differences. Among obese White women, the model accounted for 20% of the variance in mortality risk-taking scores. Each 1-unit increase in weight stigma led to a 6% increase in mortality risk-taking. Weight stigma did not predict lower decisional conflict. Findings from this study suggest that weight stigma may be a factor in obese women's decisions about WLS. Obese White women may be at particular risk for weight stigma. The implications for bariatric care are discussed.
Behavioral psychology|Nutrition|Surgery|Cognitive psychology
Giardino, Joseph Black, "The impact of weight stigma on decisions about weight loss surgery" (2015). ETD Collection for Fordham University. AAI3703225.


Seismic reflection profiling involves the measurement of the two-way travel time of seismic waves transmitted from surface and reflected back to the surface at the interfaces between contrasting geological layers. Reflection of the transmitted energy will only occur when there is a contrast in the acoustic impedance (product of the seismic velocity and density) between these layers. The strength of the contrast in the acoustic impedance of the two layers determines the amplitude of the reflected signal. The reflected signal is detected on surface using an array of high frequency geophones. As with seismic refraction, the seismic energy is provided by a shot on the surface. For shallow applications this may comprise a hammer and plate, weight drop vibroseis, mini-sosie or an explosive charge.
The recorded travel time–amplitude information is used to generate a reflection seismic profile. These data can be transformed into a velocity–structure profile. If external constraints are available, the velocity–structure profile can be transformed into a geological model.
GeoSiam can offer both of 2D and 3D Seismic Reflection survey to our client with high-end technology for the best quality.
Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves Method (MASW) is a seismic exploration method…


THE HISTORY OF PC WATER COOLING – WHERE IT ALL STARTED
Water cooling has proven to be a highly efficient way of cooling CPU's, even way before PC gaming was a thing. This is because water is far more efficient at dispersing heat as opposed to air but, in the same breath, it's not necessary for all applications.
Water cooling systems used specifically for computers actually started way back in the mid-1960s. IBM had a set of mainframes called the System 360 which had built-in liquid cooling, but this had nothing to do with heat generated by processors that were not nearly as capable as what a basic CPU can do nowadays. A lot of this had to do with changes in technology, as modern computer components are a fraction of the size of what they were in the past, so they do not give off nearly the same amounts of heat.
So, in the late 80s and 90s, most conventional home computers never saw water cooling as they were not needed. However, towards the late 1990s, water cooling systems started to gain popularity yet again, but were mainly DIY setups and configurations used by enthusiasts.
At the beginning of the 2000s, the PC gamer market really took off, with hundreds of companies manufacturing PC mod components to increase the performance of home computers. In doing so, water cooling kits became available which proved to be far more durable and efficient than DIY setups.
Take a look at the video below by the YouTube channel, Tech Quickie, on The History Of Water Cooling...


Rechilus is forbidden even when told to one person. Certainly, says the Chofetz Chaim, it is forbidden when said publicly. One might argue: “If I announce in public, ‘Chaim called Meir a fool,’ Chaim is sure to find out what I said. So obviously, I’m not afraid for Chaim to find out, and obviously I’m telling the truth.” Anyone who would put forth such an argument is overlooking a fundamental point of hilchos rechilus. As we have already learned, rechilus by definition is true information and it is forbidden even if the speaker would be unafraid to make the same statement in the subject’s presence.
The Chofetz Chaim presents a case of avak rechilus, “the dust of rechilus.” The classic case of avak rechilus is where a person makes a statement which could be interpreted either positively or negatively. A few people standing outside a shul (synagogue) are approached by a stranger. He wants to know where he can get something to eat. One member of the group says, “Why don’t you go to Levi? He always has something cooking on the stove.” The issue is whether or not this is a derogatory statement. The speaker may have meant, “Levi is always eating, so he always has food cooking” or he may have meant, “Levi always has guests, and he’s always prepared for extra company.”
In the first part of this volume (Day 29), we discussed whether or not such ambiguous statements are permissible. Here, the question is whether or not someone else may repeat this statement to Levi in the speaker’s name. The Chofetz Chaim informs us that it is surely forbidden to repeat the remark to Levi in a way which indicates that it was meant derogatorily. If it is repeated in a way which indicates that it was intended as a compliment, this would seemingly be permissible. However, if Levi is a person who tends to be suspicious of people’s motives and judges them unfavorably, then the remark should not be repeated to him even where the connotation is positive. The same would apply where there already exists some bad feeling between Levi and the person who made the remark, for here, too, it is likely that Levi will understand the remark the wrong way.


The benefits of reading to your child, even your unborn baby, can lead to some very imperative elements in life. Did you know that babies who are read to will know more words by the age of two, than babies who are not read to? When you read to your baby, just hearing you pronounce syllables and sounds, builds up a link of words in the mind.
But don't just read, become the characters of the story so baby have the ability to express a variety of emotions and sounds. This can also help with language and communication skills. It also gives them a flair for good memory, excellent listening, and outstanding vocabulary abilities. By reading to your baby, you introduce him/her to great concepts such as letters, shapes, numbers and colors, while providing a plethora of information about the world around them.
Reading to your baby gives him/her the ability to utilize the five senses (well most of them anyway) as they focus on, pointing and touching many objects, as well as hearing related sounds to what you read. They become curious and ask many questions for thorough understanding and form social advancement and thinking skills.
However, the best part about reading to your little one is to build a connection between the two things your baby love the most, and that's to hear your voice and build a sense of closeness between you and baby. No matter how you look at it, it's a win-win situation. As baby gets older, he/she will have a tendency to link books to contentment, and before you know it, a bookworm is beautifully formed.
Blushing Dimple Boutique Favorite Book List:
1. Dr. Seuss, "Oh The Places You'll Go" (while you're at it, pick up the new Dr. Seuss bodysuit HERE.)
2. The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle
3. Goodnight Moon by Margaret Wise Brown
4. Where The Sidewalk Ends by Shel Silverstein
5. Pat The Bunny by Dorothy Kunhardt


Cox, Jacob Dolson
Cox, Jacob Dolson, 1828–1900, Union general in the Civil War and American statesman, b. Montreal, of a New York City family. Admitted to the Ohio bar in 1853, he was active in organizing the new Republican party there and served (1859–61) in the state senate. Cox, made a brigadier general of volunteers early in the Civil War, served ably in the Kanawha valley and Antietam campaigns and commanded in West Virginia (1862–63) and Ohio (Apr.–Dec., 1863). He later led a corps in the Atlanta campaign (1864), fought at Nashville (Dec., 1864), and finished his service with Sherman in North Carolina. He had risen to be a major general of volunteers and, returning home a hero, was elected governor of Ohio for the term 1866–68. Because he supported President Andrew Johnson on Reconstruction against the radical Republicans, he was not renominated. Nevertheless U. S. Grant, on assuming the presidency, made Cox his Secretary of the Interior. This was one of Grant's few good appointments. Cox, however, advocated and practiced civil service reform and opposed the President on other points, notably the move to annex Santo Domingo. The Republican spoilsmen had long been hostile to him, and in Oct., 1870, Cox resigned from the cabinet and became identified with the Liberal Republicans. He later served one term in Congress (1877–79), was dean of the Cincinnati Law School for 16 years beginning in 1881, and also served as president of the Univ. of Cincinnati from 1885 to 1889. He wrote ably on military affairs. His books include Atlanta (1882), The Battle of Franklin (1897), The March to the Sea (1898), and Military Reminiscences of the Civil War (1900). Kenyon Cox was his son.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2023, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies


Windows 10 is a computer operating system developed by the American company Microsoft. It was announced in 2014 and was available for the first time during the summer of the following year 2015. Like any operating system, it is the software or computer program that manages the hardware resources of a PC. During its first year it was free to download for Windows 7 and Windows 8.1 users, as long as they had a license for the product, i.e., a legal copy and not a pirate one.
Windows 10 most significant update was definitively harmonizing the graphics interface, managing to balance the traditional desktop with the start menu and the Metro interface formed by tiles introduced with Windows 8.1 which was not very successful among users. Also its ability to adapt to different devices and screens, for which an architecture of universal applications was introduced that would support these in all types of devices with Windows 10.
Other notable developments include the introduction of the task view, capable of displaying a thumbnail of all open programs, virtual desktops, and the Microsoft Edge browser to replace the obsolete Internet Explorer. There is also Windows 10 support: if you are connected to the Internet, you will receive continuous improvements and updates that enhance features and functionalities making it much more convenient for users to keep the system up to date.
Windows 10 reception was positive both among pundits and users. Microsoft needed to reconnect with its audience and met its expectations, offering the usual operating system with a few, cherry-picked innovations.


To expand the Museum’s educational mission beyond its walls, a lantern slide lending library was created and formed the basis of the Natural Science Study Collections which the Museum delivered to New York schools. The lantern slides, reproduced from the growing collection of photographs created and collected by the Museum staff, were originally used to illustrate lectures given to the public at the Museum. The lectures were so successful that a new and larger theater was constructed in 1900 to accommodate the growing crowds.
The hand-colored lantern slides shown in this collection range in topic from scenes in the Museum to newly arrived families at Ellis Island - offering a view into the history of science as well as the history of New York City. These beautifully colored images detail the art behind this fascinating photographic process and showcase for future generations science and culture from over a century ago.
View all items in the Lantern Slides Collection