Standing Liberty Quarter (Type 1)
The first type of Standing Liberty Quarter was dated 1916 and 1917. The coinage Act of 1890 had stipulated that all US coin designs must be in production for at least 25 years. When the earlier Barber Quarters, produced from 1892 to 1916, had completed their 25 year span, a new design was born.
The obverse design features a standing, frontal view of Liberty, reminiscent of an ancient Greek sculpture. Her left arm is raised and holds a shield in a posture of protection. Being drawn from the shield by her right hand is a drapery,
while the same hand carries an olive branch. The inscription "LIBERTY" is at the top of the front, while the date is below. The motto "IN GOD WE TRUST" shows on both sides of Liberty. The main reason this is a two year type coin is that the public disagreed with Liberty's exposed breast. Type 2 coins of this series show Liberty covered with chain mail and subsequently lasted much longer.
The reverse of these silver coins depicts an American eagle, in full flight. The inscriptions "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" and motto "E PLURIBUS UNUM" are above, while
the denomination "QUARTER DOLLAR"
is below. Type 1 coins show no stars
below the eagle.
Designer: Hermon A. MacNeil
Weight: 6.25 grams
Comp: 90.0% Silver, 10.0% Copper
Standing Liberty Quarter (Type 1) to Quarters
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Informational (nonfiction), 796 words, Level N (Grade 2), Lexile 600L
Puppets is a book that teaches readers about the four basic kinds of puppets and how they are operated. Readers are introduced to some famous puppets and to different kinds of puppet stages. The book also contains instructions for making several puppets.
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Literature Circle Resources
For more information about Literature Circles, see resources For Teachers and For Students.
Teach the Objectives
Ask and answer questions to understand text
Main Idea and Details : Identify main ideas and details
Blends : Identify initial and final consonant st-blends
Grammar and Mechanics
Commas : Identify and use commas in a series
Alphabetical Order : Place words in alphabetical order
Think, Collaborate, Discuss
Promote higher-order thinking for small groups
or whole class


Air Quality – What You Need To Know
7th January 2020
Air quality is big news globally. We’re increasingly aware of the negative impact poor air quality has on our health and well-being. However, we still remain relatively ill-informed as to our surrounding air pollution at a local and regional resolution.
In order to investigate, measure and monitor air quality we consider two types of distinguishable indicators -generically categorised as particulate matter and gas.
Particulate Matter (also known as PM2.5 and PM10)
PM2.5 is particulate matter 2.5 micrometres or less in diameter – these are super fine particles that can be inhaled into the lungs. These can also be absorbed into the blood steam.
PM10 is particulate matter 10 micrometres or less in diameter – these are larger particles that can be trapped in the nose, mouth or throat.
Particulate matter is both natural and anthropogenic.
NO2 and NO react with volatile organic compounds (particularly anthropogenic hydrocarbons) in the presence of sunlight, photochemical smog is formed.
Breathing in NO2 increases the likelihood of respiratory problems:
- lung inflammation
- reduced immunity to lung infections, colds, flu & bronchitis
We also provide a bespoke service of CO2, SO2, NO and NOx, as well as non-criteria pollutants: lead, benzene, dioxins, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, pollen, and spores.
Air quality measurements can then be attributed to an air quality index, assessing the implications on populations residing within an area. Air quality will differ greatly depending on your locale, as it is influenced by a host of varying factors. Therefore, Air Quality Index assessments will need to be carried out separately for specific areas.
Air quality can be measured at different spatial resolutions depending whether data is needed at a regional level (from 50km) or at street level (up to 20m).
As air quality impacts everyone, every organisation has a duty of care to their employees, stakeholders, customers and the general public. Whether it’s part of your corporate social responsibility strategy, sustainability plan, R&D plan, or your communications, air quality is an important consideration for all global organisations. Everyone creates air pollution.


Book 1: “Exploring and Discovering” is based on the subject of travel, exploration and encounter in Muslim societies of the past. The book traces the movement of people, and the accompanying exchange of goods, skills and ideas, between Muslim lands and neighbouring regions. The readers also learn about famous explorers, trade routes, and travel sciences in the context of the encounter of different cultures and civilisations.
Book 2: “Cities and Civilisations” surveys the cultures of people living in the Muslim world in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The cities of Istanbul, Isfahan and Lahore are selected as key centres of creativity, representing respectively the civilisations of the Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals. The book also highlights critical developments in other parts of the world which affected the life of people in these societies.
Book 3: “People and Places” is an exploration of the cultural diversity of six regions of the world where there is a significant Muslim presence. Ranging from South-east Asia to North America and Europe, each region is presented in terms of its countries, peoples, faiths and cultures. The book includes examples of major issues faced by people living in these areas which have a bearing on their quality of life.
The Activity Book consists of a series of activity sheets to be used with the sixth year's curriculum. The activity sheets have been designed to support, reinforce and extend the objectives of each topic in the curriculum. They provide an interesting and creative medium through which children can express themselves by doing practical work in the classroom and at home.
The Teacher’s and Parent’s Guide is the main reference source for implementing the curriculum. It is designed for use in diverse teaching and learning environments, including the classroom and the home. The Guide contains a general introduction to the aims and approaches of the curriculum. It also provides a series of structured topic plans, each consisting of objectives, instructional content, learning activities, and other useful suggestions.
The Institute’s Pre-school Curriculum forms part of the broader programme of Early Childhood Education for Ismaili children.
Ta‘lim is an international programme in religious, moral and cultural education for Ismaili children at the primary level.


An 1818 statute of the Georgia legislature required all free persons of color to register with the inferior court of their county of residence. According to the statute, county clerks were required to inscribe each freed man or woman by name, age, place of birth, residence, year arrived in Georgia, and occupation. While not all clerks performed their duties to the letter of the law, these source records contain vital identifying information for African-American Georgians long before the Civil War or the watershed 1870 U.S. census. The ensuing registers, varying in their completeness, survive for twenty-one Georgia counties. (By the way, the only way to emancipate a slave in Georgia was by an act of the legislature. Antebellum manumissions, though rare, were granted for unusual acts, such as defending an owner’s property during a British incursion during the War of 1812, extinguishing a fire at the state capital, and other faithful service.)
Volume II in this series by Michael A. Ports contains transcriptions of the free
black registers for the Georgia counties of Appling,Camden, Clarke, Emanuel, Jones, Pulaski, and
Wilkes. Mr. Ports has arranged the contents of the record books in a series of tables, county by county and chronologically thereunder. A full-name index at the back of each volume provides for easy searching. Because the recording styles of the county clerks differ from one another, or from year to year, the author has provided an overview of the registers he found in each county, references to any gaps in the registers, handwriting irregularities or peculiarities, and so on. In addition to the required information, a few clerks recorded the registrant’s height, weight, skin color, and name of their guardian. Persons of a historical mindset will appreciate Mr. Ports’ inclusion, in the front matter, of the wording of salient Georgia laws from 1818 to 1835 that mandated the registration of free Negroes. These are followed by the Georgia manumission statutes enacted after 1798.
Finally, since, in theory, the freedmen and women were required to register themselves every year after 1818, researchers will be able to track the whereabouts or disappearance
of individuals over time.
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Diego Rivera México (1886-1957) Diego Rivera's art was one of the columns on which one of the strongest movements in American painting was to find support: Mexican muralism. His art rests on a foundation from a mixture of Gauguin, Aztec, and Mayan sculpture. Diego Rivera, used simplified forms and vivid colors. He brilliantly rescued the pre-Colombian past, as well as the cornerstones of Mexico's history: the land, the factory and land workers, the customs and the popular way of life.
Diego Rivera's contribution to modern Mexican art was decisive in murals; he was a revolutionary painter who wanted to take art to a wider audience, to the street and buildings, using a precise and direct language with a realistic style, full of social meaning.It was always Rivera's ambition to artistically depict the events, ideas and hopes of the Mexican Revolution. To find a suitable method to accomplish this, he tried the fresco technique, which consists of painting directly on a wet mixture of sand and lime, to help the color penetrate and be fixed when the mixture dries. Again in Europe, Rivera presented his work in Madrid and Paris.
The murals that Rivera painted in Mexico made him so famous that he became not only the leader of a painting movement, but also a political leader. His activities in the latter field placed him at the center of several controversies and adventures. For example, the Hotel del Prado in Mexico City refused to show a large fresco that bore the words "Dios no existe" ("God does not exist"). Diego, in turn, refused to erase it, until he finally gave up after returning from a trip to the Soviet Union in 1956 because of health problems. Diego Rivera was a member of the Communist Party from 1923 to 1930, and from 1954 until his death.In the end, Diego Rivera will always be remembered as an incredible artist. However, his political views will tarnish his


The best music licensing company wants to wish all the amazing dads in the world a Happy Father’s Day!
Did you know Father’s Day gets its historical origins from two different tales told throughout time?
The first story tells of the celebration started by Sonora Smart Dodd that took place in Washington State on June 19, 1910. Sonora woman whose dad, William smart was a Civil War Veteran, came up with the idea of celebrating her Father while listening to a Sunday morning sermon the year before. She believe Mothers were being honored, while Fathers were somewhat overlooked.
William Smart became a widower when his wife died giving birth to their sixth child. The civil war hero raised his sixth children as a single parent alone. Sonoma’s Father originally died June 5th, but the memorial started a tradition that would be recognized on the anniversary three weeks after William Smart’s death.
Across the country, two years earlier in Fairmont, West Virginia in 1908, Grace Golden Clayton told a local Methodist congregation they should host a special celebration for fathers after the deadly Monongah mining explosion killed 361 men. Of those men, 250 were fathers and Grace’s dad was among the dead. Some argue this is the event that can be traced to the start of Father’s Day.
The origins of Father’s Day can be debated, but the official holiday and it’s importance cannot. The 37th President of the United States, Richard Nixon, declared it a national holiday in 1972.
Like Williams Smart, the 250 Monongah fathers, and the dads who lost lives serving their families and country who must never be forgotten, let us always remember this special day.
Let us celebrate the special men in our lives this day and every day. Who will you honor this 2017 Father’s Day?
Here is our “Hero in Chains” music montage we put together to praise all the heros making it happen every day.


Each day, walkers, joggers and others share the roads across New Jersey and elsewhere with motor vehicles. Unfortunately, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported that approximately 65,000 people were injured and 4,884 were killed in pedestrian-involved traffic accidents in 2014 alone. While not all pedestrian-involved wrecks can be prevented, there are some things walkers and joggers can do to help improve their safety.
Traffic signals are in place to help direct and regulate traffic. They let drivers, bicyclists, pedestrians and others know what each are doing, which helps to prevent some collisions. To help ensure their safety, it is advisable that pedestrians take care to obey all traffic signals, particularly those indicating whether to walk or not.
Distractions pose a number of risks for everyone on the road. It is especially important, however, for people to stay alert while they are walking. They should keep an eye on the vehicles and pay attention to what is going on around them. By spotting changes in the traveling conditions and other emergency situations that may arise on the road, they may take steps to adjust and avoid being struck by a vehicle.
In order to help prevent pedestrian-involved collisions, it is also advisable for people to only walk in designated pedestrian areas, such as the sidewalk. If a sidewalk is not available, pedestrians should walk as far to the side of the road as possible. Additionally, it is also recommended for people to only cross the street in marked crosswalks. If they have to cross the street somewhere else, the New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety points out that pedestrians must give vehicles the right of way.
Some pedestrian accidents occur because drivers do not see the walkers or jogger. It is suggested that people wear light-colored, reflective clothing if they are walking or jogging at night. This may serve to increase their visibility, and thus, improve their safety. During the daytime, pedestrians are advised to wear brightly-colored clothing.


What are the Distracted Driving Laws for New Hampshire?
In 2018, traffic fatalities increased by 22% in New Hampshire. Despite New Hampshire’s hands-free driving law, distracted driving continues to cause fatalities. Distracted driving temptations abound. More people than ever are plugged into electronic devices during and after the workday. The constant use of electronics makes it challenging for people to focus completely on driving.
Distracted Driving can Result in Severe Injuries
A Temple, New Hampshire woman suffered severe injuries caused by distracted driving in December 2018. A distracted driver caused the accident that resulted in her severe injuries. Seven months after the accident, she is still recovering from her injuries, which include multiple broken bones, making her unable to put weight on both of her legs. She is now focusing her efforts on passing more stringent laws that prevent distracted driving. This example demonstrates how devastating accidents caused by distracted driving can be. One accident can result in a recovery that lasts months or even years.
New Hampshire’s Distracted Driving Law
According to one New Hampshire police department, distracted driving is the cause of many fatal crashes. A driver who texts while driving is 23 times more likely to cause a car accident. Holding an electronic device while driving is becoming the number one type of distracted driving in New Hampshire. Sending a single text message causes a driver to be distracted for nearly five seconds.
In an attempt to curb the amount of distracted driving, New Hampshire enacted a distracted driving law called the Hands Free Law in 2015. This law prohibits drivers from using any handheld mobile electronic device while driving or while stopped in traffic. New Hampshire enacted this law in an attempt to curb deaths and injuries resulting from distracted driving.
The New Hampshire State police have claimed that New Hampshire’s Hands-Free Law has led to a decrease in distracted driving fatalities. However, distracted driving accidents still take place in New Hampshire. It is difficult to know how many people are still fatally injured in distracted driving incidents because the New Hampshire Division of Motor Vehicles does not record the distracted driving in its fatal crash records. While the law may help curb distracted driving deaths, unfortunately, some drivers continue to drive while distracted.


Top Sites To Learn Crochet For Kids
Crochet is a fun and creative activity for children. Crochet can start at the early age of three years. There are plenty of reasons to teach children to crochet!
- Crochet is a calming activity that reduces tension.
- Enhance of self-confidence, especially after complete the project and seeing tangible results.
- Crochet helps develop skills such as Math and problem-solving ability.
If you don’t know where your kids learn crochet ! Here Are The Best Sites To Start.
Beginning Crochet for Kids (and Adults!)
In this Course, you’ll learn the basics of crochet with fingers and hook knitting. Crochet is suitable for children and adults alike.
You Will Learn HOW TO
- Choose Yarn
- Finger Crochet
- End Your Finger Crochet
- Crochet With a Hook
This was a great class for both me and my elementary school aged students to learn crochet! My kids loved the fun, helpful ways Kendra explained crochet techniques!
- Age : 3+
- pricing : Free For Month
2.Crafty Home School Mom
Through this course, children can learn how to hold a hook and yarn, chain, single crochet, half double crochet, double crochet, and follow basic patterns. Your child will learn four different stitches and how to use them to create beautiful art.
- Duration: six weeks long, with five lessons per week.
- Pricing : Paid
3.Bella Coco Crochet (Teach Your Kid To Crochet )
If you want to know everything about crochet and its tools and how to start learning it, then this site is your right choice, as it is full of everything you need in terms of books, patterns, and many crochets projects.
- Free Videos + Written Tutorials
- Free Pattrens
- Pricing : Limited free access. Monthly subscription


The Land Trust of Napa County announced that they have acquired almost 2,000 acres near Lake Berryessa, and will turn the property into a new preserve. Dubbed the “Wragg Ridge Preserve,” it will protect a wide expanse of oak woodlands, as well as priority habitat for wildlife.
The new 1,910-acre Wragg Ridge preserve is the largest property the Land Trust has added to its portfolio in over 10 years. “The vast majority of our transactions are conservation easements, as I think most people know,” Doug Parker, CEO of the Land Trust. “But this property was in a strategic location and had a wealth of habitat and wildlife values that we thought could benefit from our ownership and management.”
The property abuts protected lands at Lake Berryessa and is near land owned and managed by BLM, part of the Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument, as well the Quail Ridge Reserve, which is part of the University of California’s Natural Reserve System. It expands protection along a high ridge – Wragg Ridge – extending south from the lake. The property is dominated by extensive oak woodlands – predominantly blue oaks and interior live oaks, with some black oaks – and it also contains priority wetlands, including a creek, seasonal springtime pools and year-round ponds. The wetlands provide habitat for rare species, including the federally listed California Red-legged Frog, one of the few federally listed species in Napa County. The largest native frog in the western United States, this species is estimated to have lost over 70% of its previous habitat. It was listed under the Federal Endangered Species Act in 1996. The Land Trust will work with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service on habitat enhancement and restoration efforts for this species as well as other priority wildlife on the preserve.
Protecting large expanses of oak woodlands is very significant for wildlife. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has documented habitat for more than 300 wildlife species that depend on oak woodlands for food and shelter. Protection is a priority because oak woodlands are endemic to this region and only a small percentage are protected statewide.
With this newest acquisition of Wragg Ridge Preserve, the Land Trust has now protected over 72,000 acres, more than 14% of Napa County.
See some of the other organizations helping preserve green space in Napa County.


Background of LEED
LEED is an acronym that stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design and is the standard for Green Building design around the world. Originally developed in 1998 in the United States by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), LEED has been included in over 14,000 projects (as of the end of the 2010) in 30 countries.
Definition of LEED
This third-participation certification program establishes benchmarks that are widely accepted for the design, construction, and operation of high-performance green buildings. The design and construction stages are mainly applied to housing projects, neighborhood developments, commercial interior plans, new constructions, and core and shell developments. The successful implementation of LEED into these fields has allowed for development of customized green building standards for education, healthcare and retail facilities.
Parties implementing LEED
Even though there appears to be heavier burden on the team of architects when it comes to implementing the LEED, there is a shift toward more involvement of real estate professionals, facility of managers, engineers, construction managers, lenders and government officials. This is because there is a better understanding of the LEED guidelines at all levels which helps transform the built environment to sustainability. Having more LEED knowledgeable parties improves the building project certification, and it also it allows the certification process to stay within budget and achieve the desired rating.
LEED is an investment that requires involvement of all parties
While pursuing a LEED rating for the first time, several parties unfamiliar with the process will be surprised to find out about the higher cost of abiding to sustainable construction principles. Therefore, it is important to provide as much information as possible to all parties about key discussion points, such as availability of manufactured building components that meet LEED specifications, estimation of additional certification costs (e.g. USGBC correspondence), and report of the life cycle costing for the project at hand. Only by a thorough understanding of the LEED process, will it truly be evident how the savings incurred over time will recuperate the high upfront investment.


Here is an update on what we are learning in class this month.
Language: Students have completed their Charlotte's Web comparison essay and we will be moving on to speech writing. Students will have to choose a topic they want to write about by Monday. Students are allowed to choose from two possible writing methods. One, informational writing (choosing a leader or inventor and writing a biography on them) or persuasive writing (convincing the audience about an important aspect). Here are some possible topics students can choose from.
Persuasive Topics:-Importance of being "patient"
-Purifying our soul
-The role of the masjid
-Importance of giving Zakat
-Helping one another
Informational Topics:-Mohammad Ali
- Terry Fox
-Jaber Ibn Hayan
Social Studies: We are learning about the agriculture and food production during medieval times.
Islamic Studies: Looking at relationships between the Prophet (s.w.s) and the Ansars and Muhajireen. We will also be looking at the importance of respect.
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Migration is the permanent movement of workers from one location to the next in search of better opportunities.
Migration within a country e.g rural –urban migration. This is migration of persons from rural communities to the city areas.
Migration of persons from one country to another – For example, the migration of Caribbean people to developed countries such as the United States and England.
Effects of Migration
Internal (Rural –Urban migration)
-The loss of persons from rural areas impacts on the level of output and development of these areas.
-It also impacts negatively on the level of commodities available for export form these regions.
-The influx of workers in urban areas increases competition for jobs, houses, health facilities, schools etc.
External Migration (Caribbean to developed countries)
-Professional and skilled workers who migrate reduce the level of skills available in their countries resulting in a brain drain effect. This will impact on growth and development.
-They increase competition for jobs, houses, health facilities and schools in their new territory.
-Money earned by Caribbean nations in foreign countries is sent home to support their families reducing poverty and making foreign exchange available for their respective countries.
-Caribbean professional and skilled workers contribute to the growth of developed countries


- Discuss the concept of job design
The Business Dictionary defines job design as a “work arrangement (or rearrangement) aimed at reducing or overcoming job dissatisfaction and employee alienation arising from repetitive and mechanistic tasks.” The Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety (CCOHS) elaborates on that definition, noting that job design “refers to the way that a set of tasks, or an entire job, is organized” and addresses factors such as:
- What tasks are done.
- How the tasks are done.
- How many tasks are done.
- In what order the tasks are done.
The primary purpose of job design is to increase employee motivation, productivity and satisfaction. However, as CCOHS notes, there is also a safety and health component to job design. Specifically, in addition to motivation factors such as job rotation and job enrichment, job design for safety takes into account factors such as task/machine pacing and work breaks to reduce risk. Net net: CCOHS states that “a well designed job will encourage a variety of ‘good’ body positions, have reasonable strength requirements, require a reasonable amount of mental activity, and help foster feelings of achievement and self-esteem.”
- "Job design." Business Dictionary. Accessed September 12, 2019. ↵
- "OSH Answers Fact Sheets." Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. Accessed September 12, 2019. ↵
- Ibid. ↵


The Philippine archipelago is included in an area at the Pacific called the “Pacific Ring of Fire. It is an area at the Pacific where most volcanic activities like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. More than 20 of the active volcanoes in the said area are located in our country. That is why, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes takes place in the Philippines from time to time.
But, not all volcanic activities and active volcanoes always bring destruction and fear to people. Like Mount Mayon in Bicol, Mount Taal in Tagaytay and Mount Kanlaon in Negros, these active volcanoes has unique characteristics to give for the people living around them and for the tourists visiting them.
In a small island in Visayas called the province of Biliran, many volcanoes can be found giving it the label of being a volcanic island. In the town of Naval, Biliran, the Libtong Volcanic Crater can be found. Identified as an active volcano, Libtong gives off heat enough for numbers of springs all over the area to become sulfuric hot springs. Labeled as one of the four thermal areas in Biliran (the other three were Panamao thermal area and Anas thermal area at North Biliran and the Kalambis thermal area at the south), Libtong has mainly 12 hot springs and one bubbly pool for the people to experience.
Bumpy rugged road will be passed on to reach the crater in Naval. After a steep hike down a hill, strong odor of sulfuric steams from the ground will welcome the tourists. The Libtong Volcanic Crater will be a very hot experience for its visitors starting from the steamy hot ground to its boiling springs.
The Libtong crater is a proof that not all volcanoes are always destructive. Many can also provide benefit for humans for their needs and for their leisure times.


Odysseus lies awake and worries about fighting an entire crowd of suitors - and the crowds that will come to avenge their deaths. Athena reassures him and helps him fall asleep. Meanwhile, the queen lies awake and wishes for death: even death is better than the infidelity she fears will be forced upon her. Her crying rouses Odysseus, who asks Zeus for a good omen. Right away, Zeus sends a clap of thunder.
Athena can soothe Odysseus because she knows his future: the suitors will be defeated, the husband will come home. Her peaceful presence acts on him like a sudden faith in the future: here, she seems to serve as a metaphor for that faith rather than as a meddlesome god.
Eurycleia instructs the maids to clean and decorate the house for the feast to be held during the archery contest. Odysseus ignores another insult from the goatherd and speaks briefly to the cowherd. An eagle flies by with a dove in its claws, and Amphinomus convinces the suitors to stop plotting against the prince and start feasting instead.
Amphinomus recognizes the omens predicting death and destruction. He cuts short the suitors' futile and impious planning in hopes of reducing their punishment, but it is too little too late.
Athena wants to rouse Odysseus's anger so she inspires a suitor names Ctesippus to fling a hoof at him; Telemachus loudly chastises the suitor, but Odysseus remains calm. Another suitor urges Telemachus to convince Penelope to take another husband, and Telemachus refuses yet again. Athena makes the suitors break into irrational, hysterical laugher. The seer Theoclymenus points out dark omens: blood on the walls, ghosts at the doors, a mist that covers the sun. The suitors mock the seer and insult the king once again.
Athena continues to exacerbate the behavior of the suitors. Suddenly, they seem like marionettes throwing hard objects at her command; they themselves seem bewildered by their behavior. They're frightened by the morbid signs, but they keep mocking and insulting. Athena forces them to continue to commit their earlier offenses: she forces them to be the worst version of themselves.


Cologne, Germany- The Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology will present latest techniques to measure Methane emissions through laser in the international expo “Laser World of Photonics 2017” which will be held on June 26-29 in Munich.
Fraunhofer’s scientists expect this technique to approach the launch of the French satellite MERLIN set to be inaugurated in 2021.
The new technique promises to accomplish the decision taken in Paris Climate Summit to reduce methane emissions considered among the major factors aggravating the global warming phenomenon and widening the ozone depletion.
Till now, the world still relies on sun rays to discover the resources of methane emission and concentration. This technique is useless during the night, and on rainy obscure days.
Sources of Fraunhofer Institute say the new laser technique promises to measure methane quantities anywhere on the globe, even in lower quantities, and in different conditions.
According to scientists’ estimations, methane quantities in the earth’s atmosphere are lower than carbon dioxide quantities, however, methane is 25 times more harmful for the environment than the CO2. Methane is usually emitted during the excavation of natural gas and coal, agriculture, and sheep farming. According to the German institute’s statistics, methane’s rate has gradually grown during the past years.
The project manager at the institute said the main aim is to provide data on methane emissions in the globe through the MERLIN satellite. This allows the United Nations to set a clear future environmental program to protect atmospheres from this gas.
The laser system works to detect the methane concentration through an optical radar that emit optical pulses across the globe, than measure the concentration of methane in the spectrum reflected from the atmosphere on the satellite.
This will ensure an accurate tracking of methane resources in each small corner. The new system works in different temperatures and under different pressure degrees.
The German space agency funds the project of methane detection through satellites in cooperation with the ministry of economy.


Product information about elbows
Product information about elbows Steel pipe elbow (sometimes also refereed as bends) is a key part in a pressure piping system used to change the fluid flow direction. It is used to connect two pipes with same or different nominal diameters, and to make the pipe and thus the fluid direction turn to a certain direction of 45 degree or 90 degree. This change in fluid flow direction adds pressure losses to the system due to impact, friction and re-acceleration.Classification of Steel Pipe ElbowsSteel pipe elbows can be classified through following various parameters,Direction AngleLength and RadiusConnection with PipeMaterial of ConstructionTypes of Elbows based on Direction AngleAccording to fluid flow direction of the pipes, elbows can be divided into different degrees, such as 45 degree, 90 degree, 180 degree, which are most common elbows. Also there are 60 degree and 120 degree elbows for some special pipelines. This degree is just an representation of the angle by which the fluid flow is going to change after flowing through the said elbow. Types of Elbows based on Length and RadiusElbows are split into two groups which define the distance over which the flowing fluid change direction; the center line of one end to the opposite face. This is known as the “Center to Face” distance and is equivalent to the radius through which the elbow is bent.If the radius is the same as pipe diameter (Center-to-Face dimension of 1.0 X diameter ), it called Short Radius Elbow (SR elbow) used normally for low pressure and low speed pipelines or in tight areas where clearance is the main issue. If the radius is larger than pipe diameter (Center-to-Face dimension of 1.5 X diameter) then we call it a Long Radius Elbow (LR Elbow) used for high pressure and high flow rate pipelines.


"Fake news" has been a subject of intense debate for more than a year now, with Congressional hearings on the matter and Facebook admitting its "corrosive" effect on democracy for allowing fake news to spread in its networks. But even though companies ranging from Google to Mozilla are increasingly trying to get rid of this problem through changes in their services, for some researchers from Cambridge, the best approach would be to educate people.
In order to do so, the researchers have created a new online game, Bad News, in which the player is a wannabe "fake news tycoon" who must amass virtual Twitter followers while also paying attention to a credibility meter. As soon as the game starts, players are presented with some of the tactics applied by disinformation agents, such as impersonating a real person and posing as a legitimate news website without the usual journalistic guidelines.
By the end of the game, the player is exposed to a total of six different "skills" the researchers have chosen to work with: impersonation, emotion, polarization, conspiracy, discredit, and trolling. But what is really at play in Bad News is a technique derived from social psychology and known as Inoculation theory.
According to this theory, as pointed out by the researchers, “people are able to build up a resistance against false or misleading information by being presented with a weakened version of a misleading argument before being exposed to the ‘real’ information”. Therefore, the researchers' expectation is that, once you can recognize what is trying to mislead you - in this case by applying the misleading techniques yourself, you can resist it.
The game also comes with an information sheet for educators, so they can more easily create workshops to educate people - aged 14 or older - on the matter. Also, for the next six months, Sander van der Linden, director of the Cambridge Social Decision-Making Lab and one of the creators of the game, will collect data from it to study how well players evolved their 'fake news' spotting abilities.
Source: Bad News via The Guardian
Have you tried Bad News? What do you think about the researchers' approach on the matter? Also, don't forget to follow us @NeowinGaming on Twitter to keep up to date with our gaming coverage!
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Deepen your understanding of Japan’s people, places, and culture.
The Symbol of Modern Japan - Emperor Meiji – his activities as a monarch of new times
Ewa Pałasz-Rutkowska, Poland
Emperor Mutsuhito, posthumously called Emperor Meiji, became the symbol of reform and the new Japan. When he ascended to the throne in 1867 Japan was still ruled by the warrior class. He grew up surrounded by the ancient traditions of the Kyoto Palace in the company of ladies-in-waiting. Following the restoration of imperial rule by young samurai discontented with the shogunate, the young monarch adapted to a new role. It was then that the process of modernization supported by Mutsuhito began; a process that despite inevitable mistakes was quick and successful.
The author believes that the spirit of Emperor Meiji and his time is permanently present in the consciousness of today’s Japan. The efforts he put into the creation of modern Japan made him evolve from a mythical figure – raised in the traditional atmosphere of the Mikado court – into a modern monarch.
This article introduces many locations throughout Japan that today are testimony of his legacy.
MEIJI 150th: The Origin of Fundamental Values of Japan
©Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan


By definition, an endangered species is: A plant or animal species existing in such small numbers that it is in danger of becoming extinct, especially such a species placed in jeopardy as a result of human activity; or a group threatened with extinction or destruction.
We hear a lot of talk about the struggles of rural Colorado and rural America. Health care, infrastructure, education — issues that can make or break the sustainability of a population. It’s safe to say rural Colorado is an endangered species. The “why we are talking about it” is for another time. Right now, I am far more interested in how we help.
On the surface, things look rosy for Colorado. A recent U.S. News and McKinsey report ranks Colorado’s economy as the best in the nation. The report also ranks our state as the 10th best for overall quality of life.
For those of us in rural Colorado, however, we may find this a little more than surprising. Action 22, an organization representing 22 counties in Southern Colorado, includes the nation’s 49th poorest county. And nine of the 10 poorest counties in Colorado are Action 22 counties.
So, what can we do and what would make a difference?
This piece originally appeared in the Pueblo Chieftain. Click here to read the entire op-ed.


In the world of computers, memory is a vital component that enables them to store and retrieve data. Random Access Memory, or RAM, is a type of memory that plays a crucial role in the functioning of a computer. In this webinar, we will explore the various aspects of RAM, including what it is, how it works, and how to install it into a computer.
RAM is a volatile memory that stores data that is being actively used by the computer. It is called “random access” because the computer can access any location in RAM without having to access other memory locations first. This makes RAM much faster than other types of storage, such as hard drives, which have to seek out the data they need.
RAM is an essential component of a computer because it allows the processor to quickly access the data it needs to perform tasks. The more RAM a computer has, the faster it can perform tasks, as it can store more data in its memory. RAM also allows the computer to run multiple programs at the same time, as each program can be stored in its own section of RAM.
In this webinar, our qualified mentor and tutor, Jerry, will discuss the different types of RAM, including DDR, DDR2, DDR3, and DDR4. He will also explain how to determine the type of RAM your computer requires, and how to install it into your computer.
Installing RAM into a computer is a relatively simple process, but it is important to take proper precautions to avoid damaging the components. Jerry will explain how to safely open your computer and locate the RAM slots, as well as how to insert and secure the RAM modules. He will also cover common issues that may arise during the installation process, such as compatibility issues and incorrect installation.
By the end of this webinar, you will have a comprehensive understanding of what RAM is, how it works, and how to install it into your computer. You will also have the opportunity to test your knowledge with a short quiz.
If you’re interested in pursuing a career in IT, be sure to check out our accredited CompTIA courses and qualifications. These courses cover a range of topics, including computer hardware, networking, security, and more. With our courses, you can gain the skills and knowledge needed to succeed in the IT industry.


Growing plum trees is really not all that difficult as long as you give them what they need! Plums are super healthy to eat by themselves, but they also make great jams, jellies, and desserts! Keep reading to find out more about how to grow plum trees, care for them, and harvest them the right way!
How to Grow Plum Trees
Growing Plum Trees:
- Plant seeds or seedlings in well drained soil.
- Choose an area with full sun and lots of space so that your plum tree can grow.
- Make sure that your soil has a pH of 5.5 to 6.5
- If possible, try growing the European variety, as they are self-fruiting and don't need to plant several trees to get fruit.
- Make sure to plant somewhere where your tree can grow – plum trees can reach a height of 16 feet.
Caring for Plum Trees:
- Apply 1 pound of organic fertilizer in March during its first and second year.
- Apply 1 cup of calcium nitrate in May during its first and second year as well.
- After the first two years, apply 2/3 cup of calcium nitrate in March and August.
- Give your plum tree plenty of water, especially during its growing season.
- Lay mulch around to keep soil moist.
So now that you know how to grow plum trees, it's time to roll up your sleeves and get to planting!


GildisskáliOld Norwegian Dictionary - gildisskáli
Meaning of Old Norwegian word "gildisskáli" in Norwegian.
As defined by the Johan Fritzer's Old Norwegian dictionary:
- gildiskáli eller gildisskáli, m. = gilda-skáli, gildastofa, gildihús. Fm. VIII,160 &vl 9; i Túnsberg Rb. 5114; gildi-skálinn í Osló DN. IV, 2653. 2863. 3004;Maríu gildiskáli í Björgvin Byl. 1, 15;Ólafs gildiskáli (i Túnsberg) Byl. 1, 1&vl 14; krossgildisskáli í Niðarósi Byl.1, 1 &vl 14.
Part of speech: m
Possible runic inscription in Medieval Futhork:ᚵᛁᛚᚦᛁᛋᛋᚴᛆᛚᛁ
Medieval Runes were used in Norway from 11th to 15th centuries.
Futhork was a continuation of earlier Younger Futhark runes, which were used to write Old Norse.
Also available in related dictionaries:
This headword also appears in dictionaries of other languages related to Old Norwegian.


On April 15, 1970, Miami University students broke into and occupied Rowan Hall to protest the Vietnam War. After the number of students swelled and postures of conflict escalated, Miami administrators called in the Oxford Police and Butler County Sheriff’s Department to force the students to leave under threat of arrest. Around 176 students were arrested, and the event foreshadowed the tragedy at Kent State on May 4, 1970, which in turn led over 700 colleges and universities across the country, including Miami, to close for portions of the spring semester.
Students in this 2019-2021 lab lab drew from documentary sources in Miami’s Special Collections to produce an augmented reality project for the fiftieth anniversary of these historic events. Videotaped performance pieces and interviews with key participants were virtually embedded via smartphone app into the contemporary Armstrong Student Center, formerly the site of Rowan Hall. The finished work exists now as a virtual ‘skin’ layered over artifacts, photographs, and design features of the Armstrong Student Center. At the intersection of historical research and technological presentation, students considered the limits and possibilities of student activism on major national issues.
The final product...
In this short video, former Miami students and administrators reflect on what the moment was like 50 years later.
Below, a mockup of the augmented reality display designed for Armstrong Student Center. The video would play over the center photograph here, with other clips and photographs looping as indicated.


The LibTech Department is founded on the knowledge that students today need informed and frequent access to technology and explicit instruction on finding, evaluating, and applying information.
Rather than approaching technology and library skills as subjects, they become a daily part of our students learning experience. Students work with iPads or Chromebooks to complete coursework and expand the classroom. Through use in the classroom students gain proficiency in up to date technology and digital information strategies.
LibTech Integrationists support teachers through training, selecting resource collections, and evaluating emerging software. They equip teachers to show students how to access, analyze, and apply information resources for their units of study.
We work with teachers to support students who use assistive technologies such as text-to-speech, dictation, and organizational tools. We provide students with print difficulties access to audiobooks.
Other LibTech Activities
The LibTech department also provides students with opportunities to engage in technology-rich activities that encourage individual strengths and interests. These activities often include but are not limited to:
- Virtual field trips
- Access to a green screen
- 3D design and printing
- Book fairs
- Family nights


Deep water pink prawns are endemic to the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) region. They make up the largest proportion of deep water crustacean trawl catches in Mozambique and South Africa. The prawn is caught in depths from 200m-750m, at cool temperatures between 8-13 degree Celsius. All products are Wild caught and frozen at sea on board HACCP and E.U approved vessels.
Pink prawn is usually purchased in their peeled and deveined tail form. The meat is characterised by a sweet flavour, and delicate texture, alternatively pink prawns can be bought with shell on tail form. The shells are pink in colour, and can be easily peeled after or before cooking. The product is becoming increasingly popular in Europe.
The pink prawns should be as fresh as possible before cooking. They can be enjoyed steamed and served cold in a salad with a little seasoning, and good dressing. Alternatively the meat can be prepared in a pan with chopped parsley, fish spice and a dollop of butter. Care should be taken not to overcook the prawn meat as this will lead to it becoming tough, which will ruin the succulent texture. Prawn meat is low in fat, and has good sources of vitamins, protein, phosphorous and omega 3 fatty acids.
Mozambique and South Africa have the institutional structures in place for sufficient fisheries management. The Department of Fisheries in both countries have adequate data collection systems in place and the resource is adequately managed through a total allowable catch system. All product have full traceability and is accompanied with E.U catch certificates.


Mediation is a very effective, collaborative mode, to work with families to resolve their issues, in many cases after a divorce is final. The process emphasizes the needs of the child, family empowerment, and cooperation between families and stepfamilies. Mediation can also be used to resolve specific issues for couples who have otherwise chosen the litigation alternative to obtain a divorce. Divorce mediation forms part of the family mediation tree of services.
Modern day family mediation is divided into two main fields namely mediation and comediation. In the former of the two fields a single mediator works with the family in dispute. In the latter of the two fields, two or more mediators work with a family in dispute.
Mediations are completed by the use of either joint or single caucuses. In single caucuses the mediator/s caucus one party at a time. In joint caucuses the mediator/s work with all sides to the dispute present in the same session. The majority of family disputes have two sides however in family disputes between siblings it is not uncommon for several parties to be involved.
Mediators are trained to help parties negotiate in good faith, and have some flexibility in how the matter is resolved. Each party should be willing to listen with an open mind to the other side, and to share his or her own point of view
The family mediation process
Family mediation is based on the same principles that apply in mediation: transparency, mutual respect and voluntariness
Family mediation is progressive and non-confrontational in nature. It encourages parties to focus on the future and problem solving strategies rather than the problems of the past. The process is also “child centered” whereby the parties are encouraged to make special provision for the needs of children where the subject parties of such mediations have childcare related issues.


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Hazardous Chemicals in Plastic Products
Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) in Consumer Products Made of Recycled Plastic from Eleven Arabic and African Countries
Both the environment in Africa and the Arabic region and the human health of Africans and people from Arabic countries suffer from toxic chemicals and imported wastes, including illegal wastes, more than in developed countries.
This study shows that toxic chemicals are present in toys, kitchen utensils, and other consumer products purchased from African and Arabic region markets in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Jordan, Kenya, Morocco, Syria, Tanzania, and Tunisia. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) regulated under the Stockholm Convention were found in consumer products from these countries at high concentrations, suggesting that the products were made of recycled plastic from plastic e-waste and end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) — plastics where BFRs are commonly used.
Out of the 83 analyzed products, only 22 had levels of PBDEs below 50 ppm, which means that 61 of them would be considered as POPs waste in Africa when applying the proposed protective concentration limits called the Low POPs Content Levels (LPCLs), defining when waste becomes hazardous waste under the Stockholm Convention. There were also high levels of nBFRs and TBBPA in the analyzed products, which are substances not yet unregulated that may pose significant health risks. Nine samples were also analyzed for brominated dioxins, with findings of much higher levels than in previous studies, on a scale normally found in hazardous wastes.
The present study shows that children’s toys and other products found on the African and Arabic markets are affected by unregulated recycling of e-waste plastics that carry brominated flame retardants into new products. The study demonstrates the need for stricter Low POPs Content Levels (LPCLs) to be applied to waste to stop the flow of e-waste and ELVs plastic into new products made of recycled plastic. Stricter LPCLs can also help to stop the import of POPs waste into African and Arabic countries. African and Arabic countries could then by national law adopt stricter LPCLs and unintentional trace contamination (UTC) limits for BFRs in products.


War, even more than politics or sport, is usually a zero-sum game; it is theoretically possible for both sides in a battle to meet their objectives for victory but it is extremely rare.
However, on this one day of the year, I am always reminded of the one case I know of where both sides not only claimed to have won a battle, but had a convincing case that they had both succeeded in the objects for which they fought.
On the "Glorious First of June" 1794, the Royal Navy Channel Fleet under Admiral Lord Howe (the prominent figure at left in the picture above) intercepted a French fleet under Admiral Villaret-Joyeuse which was escorting a grain convoy. The battle took place about 400 nautical miles West of the French island of Ushant, near Brest.
The French primary objective was to get the grain convoy through - there had been a poor harvest in France and there were serious food shortages causing much of the population to go hungry.
The British primary objective was to establish and maintain naval superiority and protect Britain against any potential invasion by inflicting a decisive defeat on the French fleet.
So the French fleet put itself between the convoy and the British warships: the Royal Navy ships attacked their objective, the French fleet.
I am not going to attempt to describe the full details of this very complex battle in which some ships and their captains and crews on both sides distinguished themselves and others, by general professional consensus at the time, did not. But when the smoke had cleared, the French convoy got through, so the French claimed a strategic victory, but the British had captured six French ships of the line and sunk a seventh without losing any ships, so they had certainly won a tactical victory, and arguably both sides won a strategic one given the different objectives of the two fleets.
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Greater sage-grouse have experienced range-wide population declines, and many monitored populations have declined, on average 2% per year since 1965. Decline in greater sage-grouse populations has been attributed to degradation of sagebrush habitats from disturbance factors, including agricultural conversion, invasions of exotic plants leading to increased fire frequencies, and, more recently, energy exploration and development. Greater sage-grouse was proposed to be listed as an endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973, and in 2010, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) found that the proposed listing was warranted but precluded by higher priority listing actions. The USFWS is required to issue its proposed listing decision in September 2015. The impending listing decision of greater sagegrouse has prompted an inter-state, inter-agency planning effort by federal agencies and states within the greater sage-grouse range. Each state mapped key greater sage-grouse habitats and the USFWS used these as the basis for identifying Priority Areas for Conservation (PACs). Loss of habitat as a result of further infrastructure development within the PACs, among other factors, would reduce long-term viability of sage-grouse populations.
The objectives of this study are twofold:
1. to evaluate the overlap between the PACs and existing leases and rights-of-way (ROWs) for coal, oil and gas, solar and wind energy development on federal lands and minerals; and
2. to analyze the development potential for oil and gas, solar, and wind energy on federal lands and minerals within the PACs and compare that to the development potential for lands outside of the PACs.
We restricted the analysis to seven states that include 92% of the PACs: Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah and Wyoming. We further restricted the analysis to federal lands and minerals that are managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and United States Forest Service (FS). We acquired energy development leases and ROWs from the BLM’s LR2000 and energy development potential from various sources, and then used this information to calculate the acreages and percentages included in this study.


The need and desire to eliminate the nuisance, disease and mess that birds create isn’t a fun topic of conversation, but sometimes it’s necessary. Property and business owners in Canada faced with such concerns have several options that a professional pest control company can implement.
Physical exclusion: This method includes bird netting, spike strips or wires to prevent the birds from landing or nesting in certain areas. A pest control company can supply a bird net of varying sizes for purchase and installation, which is relatively inexpensive. Spike strips and wires are also popular way to keep birds from roosting on ledges, but they must be installed properly or they will be useless.
Sound devices: This method is effective in rural settings, but for obvious reasons, the urban neighbors might not enjoy it. Some of the sound devices used to control birds include propane cannons, whistling or pyrotechnic pistols, and predator mimicking sound generators. These are most effective to protect crops and fruit trees from nuisance birds.
Visual scare devices: Some bird species can be effectively controlled with devices like streamers, flash tape, scare-eye balloons, hawk silhouettes and stuffed owls. These are inexpensive and easy methods but must be rotated frequently.
Flashing lights and mirrors: Starlings can be controlled with this method. New light units with solar power require little maintenance and are cost effective, but lights help only at dawn and dusk. Mirrors cast sunlight beams and help only during the day.
Trapping: Trapping is slow and expensive, but it can be effective in large urban areas to control pigeon populations. Often, traps will be baited and located in feeding and roosting areas. Since responsible person will need to maintain the trap and comply with all legal restrictions, this process is best undertaken with the help of a professional pest control company.
Poison: It is illegal to use poison and adhesives to kill, injure or capture wildlife.


I see young players often freeze during a [tag]baseball game[/tag] when they field a ball. I use these [tag]beginning baseball drills for kids[/tag] to get them used to fielding, and throwing to first as their immediate reaction.
Drill: Roll and Go
Level: Beginner (works best with 4-7 year olds)
One player is stationed at home plate with a [tag]baseball[/tag], one player is stationed at the pitcher’s spot, and one player at first base. The player at home plate rolls the ball to the pitcher, and then takes off for first base. The pitcher must field the ball, and throw to first to get the runner.
Goals: For the child in the pitcher’s spot, the rolled ball should be easier to field, and the focus is on picking up the ball and getting rid of it to first base. The first baseman gets to work on receiving throws at first. The runner should work on running THROUGH first base.
Variations: In the very beginning stages, the [tag]baseball coach[/tag] may want to tell the runner, “Go” a few seconds after the roll to make the plays close at first base. As the kids improve throwing to first, they can move back to shortstop to start rather than the pitcher’s spot.
Also, you can make this an outfield drill by moving the fielders to the outfield, and having 2nd basemen and shortstop positions. The outfield should focus on getting the ball to second base (using a cut-off man). In this version, a coach at first base can instruct a base runner to run through first or round first and go to second. This gives the runners practice at looking for the base coach.
Kids seem to really like this one. Several are engaged on one play, and there is a slight competitive aspect to it.


Our planet is experiencing massive losses in biodiversity due to several factors, including climate change, diseases, pollution, invasive species, and habitat loss due to agriculture and industrialization. Around the globe, an estimated 25 percent of plant and animal species are considered vulnerable, meaning that over one million species could face extinction within decades.
This year, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) has declared 23 species extinct. This marks the largest group of animals and plants to be formally deemed extinct at once under United States’ main wildlife protection law, the Endangered Species Act (ESA), since it was passed in 1973. Previously, only 11 species have been classified as extinct.
The 23 species include 11 birds, eight freshwater mussels, two types of fish, a fruit bat, and a flowering plant from the mint family. Eleven of these species were native to the Pacific Islands and Hawaii, and fell victim to the risks posed by their very limited geographical distribution.
As this list suggests, birds are currently among the most endangered species. According to FWS, avian populations as a whole diminished by over three billion birds since 1970, mostly due to anthropogenic environmental changes.
Some species have probably been extinct for quite some time, even if they have just reached this list now. For instance, the ivory-billed woodpecker, America’s largest woodpecker known to bird watchers as the “Lord God Bird,” had last been seen in 1944 in northeastern Louisiana. Since then, deforestation in the U.S. South has destroyed its habitat, leading it to extinction. Similarly, Bachman’s warbler, one of America’s rarest songbirds has last been spotted in the wild in the United States in 1962.
If actions to mitigate climate change and environmental destruction due to human expansion are not taken immediately, this list will grow significantly in the coming years, marking severe biodiversity losses.
“With climate change and natural area loss pushing more and more species to the brink, now is the time to lift up proactive, collaborative, and innovative efforts to save America’s wildlife,” urged U.S. Interior Secretary Deb Haaland.
A list and description of the 23 species can be found here.
By Andrei Ionescu, Earth.com Staff Writer


NTF permissions are permissions assigned on NTFS volumes to specify which users and groups can access files and folders and what they can do with the contents of the files or folders.
Who can assign NTFS Permissions?
Administrators, Creator Owners of files or folders, and users with full permissions can assign permissions to users and groups to control access to files or folders.
Name the NTFS Permissions that can be assigned to folders.
Read- See files and subfolders in the folder and view folder permissions, and attributes (such as Read-Only, Hidden, Archive, and System)
Write- Create new files and subfolders within the folder, change folder attributes, and view folder ownership and permissions
List Folder Contents- See the names of files and subfolders in the folder
Read & Execute- Move through folders to reach other files and folders, even if the users do not have permission for those folders, and perform actions permitted by the Read permission and the List Folder Contents permission
Modify- Delete the folder plus perform actions permitted by the Write permission and the Read & Execute permission
Full Control- Change permissions, take ownership, and delete subfolders and files; plus perform actions permitted by all other NTFS folder permissions
How do you deny all access to a file or folder to a user or group?
Deny the full control permission.
Name the NTFS Permissions that can be assigned to files.
Read- Read the file and view file attributes, ownership, and permissions.
Write- Overwrite the file, change file attributes, and view file ownership and permissions.
Read & Execute- Run applications, plus perform the actions permitted by the Read permission.
Modify- Modify and delete the file, plus perform the actions permitted by the Write permission and the Read & Execute permission.
Full Control- Change permissions and take ownership, plus perform the actions permitted by all other NTFS file permissions.
What is a user's effective permissions?
The sum of the NTFS permissions that you assign to the individual user account and to all the groups to which the user belongs.
How do you manually calculate a user's effective permissions ?
First combine all allow permissions from all sources. Next, determine any deny permissions the user has. Deny permissions override allow permissions. The result is the user’s effective permissions for the


A screwdriver is a tool used to turn a screw to force it into place. It usually has a thin wedge-shaped head that can be inserted into the slot or recess of the screw head-also known as a "screwdriver".
A wrench is a hand tool that uses the principle of leverage to turn bolts, screws, nuts, and other threads to hold the openings or sleeves of bolts or nuts. Wrenches are usually made with clamps on one or both ends of the handle to apply external force to the handle to apply external force to turn the bolt or nut to hold the opening or sleeve of the bolt or nut. When in use, an external force is applied to the shank along the thread rotation direction, and the bolt or nut can be turned.
A hammer is a tool that strikes an object to move or deform it. It is most commonly used to knock nails, correct or break objects. Hammers come in various forms, the common form is a handle and top. The top side is flat for striking, and the other side is the hammer head. The shape of the hammer head can be like a horn or a wedge, and its function is to pull out a nail. There is also a round head-shaped hammer head.
The test pencil is an electrician tool used to test whether there is electricity in the wire. There is a neon bulb in the pen body. If the neon bulb glows during the test, it indicates that the wire has electricity or is a live wire of the passage. The tip and tail of the test pencil are made of metal materials, and the barrel is made of insulating materials. When using the test pen, be sure to touch the metal part of the end of the test pen with your hand, otherwise, because the charged body, the test pen, the human body and the earth do not form a loop, the neon bulb in the test pen will not emit light, causing a misjudgment, and the charged body Uncharged.
Tape measure is a commonly used tool in daily life. What you often see is the steel tape measure, which is commonly used in construction and decoration, and is also one of the essential tools for the family. Divided into fiber tape measure, tape measure, waist measurement and so on. Luban ruler, Feng Shui ruler, and Wen Gong ruler are also steel tape measures.


Agents that produce their effects through an antisense mechanism offer the possibility of developing highly specific alternatives to traditional pharmacological antagonists, thereby providing a novel class of therapeutic agents, ones which act at the level of gene expression. Among the antisense compounds, antisense RNA produced intracellularly by an expression vector has been used extensively in the past several years. This review considers the advantages of the antisense RNA approach over the use of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, the different means by which one may deliver and produce antisense RNA inside cells, and the experimental criteria one should use to ascertain whether the antisense RNA is acting through a true antisense mechanism. Its major emphasis is on exploring the potential therapeutic use of antisense RNA in several areas of medicine. For example, in the field of oncology antisense RNA has been used to inhibit several different target proteins, such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, proteins responsible for the invasive potential of tumor cells and proteins directly involved in cell cycle progression. In particular, a detailed discussion is presented on the possibility of selectively inhibiting the growth of tumor cells by using antisense RNA expression vectors directed to the individual calmodulin transcripts. Detailed consideration is also provided on the development and potential therapeutic applications of antisense RNA vectors targeted to the D2 dopamine receptor subtype. Studies are also summarized in which antisense RNA has been used to develop more effective therapies for infections with certain viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus and the virus of hepatitis B, and data are reviewed suggesting new approaches to reduce elevated blood pressure using antisense RNA directed to proteins and receptors from the renin-angiotensin system. Finally, we outline some of the problems which the studies so far have yielded and some outstanding questions which remain to be answered in order to develop further antisense RNA vectors as therapeutic agents.


In this easy drawing tutorial, I will show you how to draw Mario, one of the most famous game characters of all time.
This lesson on how to draw Mario will be very interesting for all generations because this character appeared back in 1981 in the game Donkey Kong.
For four decades, Mario pleases players, moving from one game to another. Pixels have been replaced by polygons, games have become more detailed, but Mario’s appearance has barely changed.
Distinctive features, color palette, and characteristic movements of this character remained almost the same as in the distant 80s of the last century.
So grab your art supplies, scroll down the page, and get started sketching!
- Coloring supplies
Time needed: 35 minutes.
How to Draw Mario
- Sketch out the head.
Sketch it as a simple oval like in my example.
- Add the facial details.
Draw the large, round nose, lush mustache, mouth, and ear.
- Add the eyes and hat.
First, draw the oval eyes, then the hat, and the sideburn.
- Sketch the torso.
Depict this part of the body as an oval, about the size of the head.
- Draw the arms.
First of all, outline the upper parts of the arms, then the palms, clenched into fists.
- Draw the legs.
Note that here we do not see the tops of the legs, we only see the feet.
- Add some details.
Draw the belts and buttons on the torso, and add the letter M to the cap.
- Erase the guidelines.
Do this without touching any important lines in the sketch. After that, you can trace the drawing with dark lines.
- Color the drawing.
Use red, brown, blue, yellow, and skin color to paint Mario.
I hope you enjoyed this Mario drawing tutorial. Write your opinion in the comments. Also, do not forget to download the PDF version of this tutorial, which includes the steps of the instruction, as well as some useful additional content.
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Unicode character information
Earth globe asia-australia
Displayed on your computer as: 🌏
(if the character is not rendered properly, you may not have the appropriate fonts)
Codepoint (hexadecimal): 0x1F30F
Codepoint (decimal): 127759
In unicode block: Miscellaneous Symbols And Pictographs
Html entities:🌏 or 🌏
Character input:There is no universal input system for Unicode characters. But you can use the system specific input methods below.
|Windows:||Hold down Alt and press + on the numeric keyboard. Type: 1F30F and release Alt. A registry key needs to be enabled for this to work. See Unicode input (wikipedia) for more details.|
|Linux:||Hold down Crtl and ⇧ Shift and type U1F30F. Now press ↵ Enter and release Crtl and ⇧ Shift.|
Other Infos:General category: So (Other_Symbol): A symbol of other type.
Bidirectional class is: ON (Other_Neutral): Most other symbols and punctuation marks.
Canocial combining class is: 0 (Not_Reordered): Spacing and enclosing marks; also many vowel and consonant signs, even if nonspacing.


Teaching, Training, and Coaching What Makes Them Different
Learning is a lifelong endeavor that is necessary for both personal and professional development. Teaching, training, and coaching are three popular learning approaches used to assist individuals in acquiring knowledge, developing skills, and achieving their goals. Each method has its own approach, focus, and results. In this essay, we will analyze who each approach is for, who uses it, and what advantages they provide.
Teaching is a form of learning that focuses on transmitting knowledge and comprehension of a specific subject. It is typically performed by educators, teachers, professors, trainers, and instructors who are subject matter experts. Individuals who desire to gain knowledge and understanding of a subject, develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and improve communication and social interactions can consider teaching.
Training is a method of educating that focuses on acquiring specific skills needed for a job or task. It is frequently provided by trainers, subject matter experts, or individuals with prior experience in a certain job or task. Individuals who want to acquire specialized skills, increase job performance and productivity, eliminate errors and blunders in the workplace, and give prospects for professional advancement and growth can benefit from training.
Coaching is a learning approach that focuses on assisting individuals in achieving their goals and developing their potential. It is typically delivered by qualified coaches who have received training and competence in areas such as executive coaching, life coaching, career coaching, or sports coaching. Individuals who desire to recognize their strengths and shortcomings, make reasonable goals, create a strategy to reach those goals, increase self-awareness and personal growth, and improve performance and productivity might benefit from coaching.
In summary, teaching, training, and coaching are crucial techniques of learning that address a variety of needs and aims. Teaching focuses on conveying knowledge and comprehension, whereas training focuses on developing specific skills and coaching on personal and professional development. Each method offers distinct advantages that can assist individuals in acquiring knowledge, developing skills, and achieving their goals. Individuals can choose the most effective technique of learning to attain their intended purposes by understanding who each method is for, who uses it, and what benefits it provides.


Different countries have their own peculiarities of writing addresses, so they may differ from the version familiar to Ukrainians.
How to write an address on a letter?
Remember that the address should be understood by the postal workers for your shipment to arrive on time. Traditionally, the sender's data is written in the upper left corner, but the recipient's data is in the lower right. We recommend that you write the forwarded address in large block letters so that it is easy to read the handwriting.
Envelopes to the UK and USA are usually designed like this:
- The letter addressee.
- The name of the organization, if the addressee is a company, government agency, or enterprise.
- House number followed by street name and apartment.
- City, state (for the US), or county (for the United Kingdom).
- Postal code (be sure to indicate it, it is of great importance)
If the mail is of a business nature, we should write the appropriate form of address. Be careful: for men – Mr., for married women – Mrs., for single women – Miss, if the woman's status is unknown, you’d better use Ms.
In the spelling of your country, city and street, adhere to the transliteration accepted in this country. English names and titles should be written in accordance with the rules of the destination country.
How are addresses on documents translated?
Pereklad Translation Agency uses the transliteration rules adopted in Ukraine if translation is carried out from the Ukrainian language. This is especially important for contracts, title deeds and other documents where address matters.
If the client has already translated documents where a certain address is indicated, we use the ready-made version. We do this so that there are no discrepancies. Different documents should have the same spelling of the address, otherwise it will look like 2 different ones.
For texts of a non-legal nature, for example, literary translation or translation of brochures, materials for tourists, we follow the traditional translations, indicating the accepted transliteration in brackets.


Speaking Down Barriers works with people, communities, organizations, and institutions to build an equitable world with healing and justice. Through tools such as spoken word poetry, transformative dialogue, workshops, and deep listening taught by their versatile team, Speaking Down Barriers offers encounters to transform lives together and use human differences as a source of strength.
In honor of Juneteenth on June 19th, Speaking Down Barriers continuously contributes to this observance by facilitating creative spaces for dialogue and transformation to proclaim freedom and Equity For All. As this day approaches, the organization hopes people grow in awareness of the history and significance of Juneteenth. Specifically, the “freedom” celebrated on Juneteenth only came about 2 ½ years after the enslaved people were declared free from the Emancipation Proclamation. Speaking Down Barriers diligently brings the impact of racism and oppression to the focus by providing a space for brave dialogue to occur through artistic mediums. While these conversations make people uncomfortable, it also evokes the opportunity for people to examine their own biases that impact how we live.
In their Linktree, Speaking Down Barriers has many workshops, events, and resources for the opportunity to be a part of these conversations. Speaking Down Barriers also works with organizations to navigate cultural differences, click here to learn more about training opportunities. Click here to make a donation to Speaking Down Barriers and help build a multi-ethnic community to make Equity for All a reality.


What has the UN done about nuclear weapons?
A U.N. treaty outlawing nuclear weapons went into effect on Friday, having been ratified by at least 50 countries. The ban prohibits countries from producing, testing, acquiring, possessing or stockpiling nuclear weapons.
How can we reduce the use of nuclear weapons?
To summarize, those options are: Training; Transparency; Communication; De-targeting; Increasing the security of launching systems; De-alerting; Increasing decision time; Raising the threshold for use; Eliminating certain types; Limiting numbers and locations; and Nuclear disarmament.
Is it illegal to use nuclear weapons?
While the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 prohibits non-nuclear powers from manufacturing nuclear weapons, it does not impose a general ban on the use or possession of nuclear weapons for all its parties.
What are the restrictions of the Nuclear Weapons Treaty?
The treaty prohibits nations from developing, testing, producing, manufacturing, transferring, possessing, stockpiling, using or threatening to use nuclear weapons. It also prohibits them from assisting, encouraging or inducing anyone to engage in any of those activities.
When did the United Nations Ban Nuclear Weapons?
After a decade-long effort by the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), and 72 years after their invention, today states at the United Nations formally adopted a treaty which categorically prohibits nuclear weapons.
What is the UN plan for Nuclear Disarmament?
The UN’s disarmament plan supports a number of other treaties with the aim of exterminating nuclear proliferation and testing, including the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), and the Comprehensive Nuclear-test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) .
How are countries trying to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons?
Most countries participate in international initiatives designed to limit the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The international safeguards system has since 1970 successfully prevented the diversion of fissile materials into weapons.


Chamaedorea sp. is a small palm, native to Central America, usually between 10-20 feet in height. It needs full sun or partial shade, with regular watering, and depending on the species, can survive in USDA Zones 9-11. However, for cold regions, it is recommended to cultivate Chamaedorea in a pot, as even the hardiest of varieties will struggle in cold climates.
Chamaedorea is a dioecious species, meaning it has male and female flowers on separate plants. While the female inflorescences are larger and present for a longer period of time, it is the male inflorescences that provide the most useful diagnostic characters for the identification of Chamaedorea species. Unfortunately, due to their small size and short life-span, male flowers are often overlooked and not collected.
Due to its wide range of cultivars, some of which are highly sought after, Chamaedorea populations in the wild have come under increasing pressure. Therefore, it is recommended to purchase Chamaedorea from a reputable seller, ensuring the plants have been cultivated ethically and sustainably. With regular care and maintenance, this plant can remain a beautiful feature of your garden for many years.


The study of Theological Anthropology aims at finding out the meaning of human existence. The course analyses the theme, man as created
in God’s image, in its biblical and patristic perspectives. Theological anthropology should have as its basis the Trinitarian doctrine and the Christological dogma. The course deals with themes such as the original state in which man was created, the state of man after the fall, the consequences of the fall, the economy of Christ in the redemption of man and the eventual deification by the Holy Spirit. The Church is the venue where the two economies function together. Mary is the first human person who is already deified in this world itself. By the result of the two economies finally a human person will be able to enter into communion with the Trinity.
- J. Neuner and J. Dupuis. The Christian Faith, (TPI. Bangalore) (ND 401422).
- Gregory of Nyssa. 4 Select Library ofNicene and Post Nicene Fathers of Christian, Vol. V
- V. Lossky The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Churches (SVS Press. New York. 1976).
- Orthodox Theology. (SVS Press. New York. 1978).
- The Vision ofGod, (SVS Preg. New York). 1983.Alfaro Juan. Man Before God. Toward a Theology of Man: Readings in Theology (New York: 1994).


At the time, he was working on numerous works that would later be known as his puberty period work and this painting was created near the end of that period. There is speculation that he used a model to complete the work since the specific detail on the painting is highly accurate, especially surrounding the collar bone area. It is noted that this piece was a turning point for him in his painting career. Many believe that Puberty was the spark to his increased personal expression in all of his works that followed.
The painting is not the original version as it was destroyed in an earlier fire. He then reproduced the painting. He girl sitting naked on the edge of the bed is believed to be at the age of puberty. She holds a shy pose with her closed arms and legs that some feel symbolizes sexual repression that she is experiencing. Edvard himself felt sexually repressed during this time of his life, which is believed to be mirrored in the painting on the girl.
A point of great discussion surrounding the painting is the shadow being cast behind the girl. It is thought of by many as indicating genitalia. However, observers are torn between whether they are male or female genitalia. The painting brought about controversy at the time and in the times that followed due to the strong sexual nature of the content and the controversy that surrounded it. There is still great speculation as to the model in the painting, the details surrounding its creation and the true meaning of the painting.
The painter Edvard Munch is of Norwegian decent, born 12 December 1863. In his works, he focused mainly on evocative psychological themes that were often provocative. Many believe that his works built the groundwork for Symbolist artists such as Gustav Klimt in the late 19th-century. Edvard also had great influence over the German Expressionism movement of the early 20th Century. He is most notably known for his painting called The Scream which he created in 1893.


Scientists in Oxford, England, are beginning the first human trials of an experimental Ebola virus vaccine.
The vaccine will be administered to 60 healthy volunteers, after favorable results are obtained in laboratory animals.
It contains only a small portion of the virus’s genetic material, so it cannot cause disease.
The combination is expected to stimulate the production of experiments against Ebola in humans.
Normally it would take years of human trials before a new vaccine is approved for use.
But such is the urgency following the Ebola outbreak in West Africa that this experimental vaccine is being tested with astonishing speed.
The vaccine could be ready to immunize health workers treating Ebola patients by the end of the year.
By then, around 10,000 doses will surely be available.
The vaccine is being developed by GlaxoSmithKline and the National Institutes of Health.
The study will try to establish two things: that the vaccine produces a good immune response in volunteers and that it causes few side effects.
Dr Edward Wright, from the University of Westminster, said the scientific team combined a benign Ebola gene with a virus that causes the common flu in chimpanzees.
The vaccine cannot trigger the disease but scientists hope it will boost the production of tests against Ebola.
Professor Adrian Hill, director of the Jenner Institute in Oxford, who is leading the study, said: «This is a remarkable example of how quickly a new vaccine can progress in the clinic, thanks to international cooperation.»
Volunteers’ blood tests will reveal the extent of their testing response in two to four weeks.
Other volunteers will be vaccinated in Africa next month and there are trials in the United States with a different formula. Both vaccines could be used if they prove to be safe and effective.
Promising results from animal studies were published earlier this month.


Nearly 2,000 years after the Second Temple was destroyed in 70 CE, the archaeologist Dr. Oren Gutfeld of Hebrew University of Jerusalem has found a scale weight from that period that apparently belonged to the family of the high priest—and which has his name carved on it.
The weight was found as part of the excavation carried out at the Tiferet Israel Synagogue in the Jewish Quarter of the capital's Old City. The Israel Antiquities Authority is carrying out the dig together with Hebrew University, and it is being funded by the Company for the Reconstruction and Development of the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem, Ltd.
This is the second time that such a weight has been uncovered. Excavations at the nearby Burnt House found a similar weight.
Gutfeld explained that he himself unearthed the weight, which has two lines of Aramaic text and a lyre between them. This was initially obscured by a burnt layer, which is presumably from the burning of Jerusalem. While the first line of text has not been fully deciphered, the family name of the high priest was discernible.
"It doesn't happen very much that I get emotional when I find artifacts. But here, I went pale and even felt a small tremble to see the name of the high priest."
The Tiferet Israel Synagogue was built in the 19th century, but when the Jordanians seized the area, it was destroyed. In 2014, a cornerstone was laid for its rebuilding, but an excavation of the site has since expanded. Artifacts have been uncovered from the Ottoman, the Mamluk, the Byzantine, the Second Temple and the First Temple periods.
Gutfeld expanded, "New mikvehs (ritual baths) that we didn't know about and their heating system have been uncovered.
The findings from the Second Temple period were about a meter beneath the building's floor. They also include stone and glass tools, rings, pottery and candles that were put there for storage.


June is PTSD Awareness Month
Though most often associated with veterans who experienced atrocities of war, anyone, including children and teens, can suffer with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Children typically recover quickly from stressful events, but when it comes to severe stress, especially serious injuries, the death of a close family member or friend, sexual assault, living through a disaster, or witnessing a violent act such as a school shooting, children can often suffer the long-term effects of PTSD.
The National Center for PTSD estimates that 7-8% of people will experience PTSD during their lives. Worse yet, over 65% of children who are exposed to a traumatic event will, at some point, attempt to take their own lives.
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the symptoms of PTSD are different for young children than those of older teens and adults. Children younger than 6 will often wet the bed, forget how or refuse to talk, act out the traumatic event during routine play, or become unusually clingy with a parent or other adult.
Research shows that depression rates increase after a trauma and tend to be especially high among children with PTSD. If your child or someone you love is struggling with depression or thinking about suicide, get help now. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, 1-800-273-TALK (8255), is a free resource, available 24 hours a day for anyone who is in suicidal crisis or emotional distress. The Crisis Text Line is a free 24/7 text line where trained crisis counselors support individuals in crisis. Text “Jason” to 741741 to speak with a compassionate, trained Crisis Counselor. Confidential support 24/7, for free.


Coordinator: Dr. B. Gravendeel
How are we genetically different from Neanderthalers? How many genes do organisms have? What fraction of our genome consists of genes? Do prokaryotes shop for genes? Why do salamanders have much more DNA per cell than we have? How does the genome of related species differ? How is the DNA of different individuals different? How well can one make predictions on health and personalized medicine from your DNA? With the advance of genome sequencing all these questions about DNA and evolution can, in principle, be answered. Starting from the basics (introns, extrons, gene families, recombination, QTLs, sequencing) we address these questions and ask what these new insights mean for ideas about evolution and health of species. In the practical you will solve several genomic puzzles, both at a basic and at an advanced level.
update knowledge on basic genetic mechanisms
overview of field of genomics
learn to apply genomic information for answering a suite of scientific questions
Student is familiar with technical terms used in genomics
Student knows how genomes of major groups of organisms are organized
Student can use genomic information for answering scientific questions about evolution and health.
From 1 October – 26 October 2018. First 3 weeks lectures, self study (DNA, RNA, proteins, genomes throughout the Tree of Life, human evolution) and practicals. Week 4 group projects. The detailed schedule will be placed on Blackboard.
Mode of instruction
Lectures, reading chapters from Lesk (2017) third edition, individual project (last week), presentation.
Three multiple choice tests and presentations of group projects.
Blackboard will be used for communication.
Strongly advised to buy as backup for students:
Lesk AM (2017) Introduction to genomics. Oxford UP, third edition
in Usis and enroll in Blackboard
Exchange and Study Abroad students, please see the Prospective students website for more information on how to apply.


Ladies & gents, let’s be totally candid for a sec & talk about… you guessed it, potty-time! Did you know that the standard toilet uses 15x more drinking water per day than a human does? Sure, low-flush toilets & dry urinals help reduce consumption, but what else can be done to conserve water? Considering that different types of waste require different amounts of water, designer Jose Genovés developed Natura, a toilet that adapts to male urination, female urination, & defecation, reducing water consumption by up to 60%!
For male urination, Natura provides a male urinal totally integrated into the toilet design. The urinal is a reclining element placed in the back part of the toilet and lowers toward the user with a simple “push to open” system. The urinal will dispose the urine with only a half liter of water, saving 30% of the water used by conventional toilets for the same purpose.
For female urination, the urine is disposed through an extra eco-siphon which requires only a half liter of water. As in any separating toilet, it is required to dispose of toilet paper without being flushed, otherwise no water is saved. Natura has a lower water level at the bottom of the bowl, keeping paper out of the users sight and preparing it for flush during the next cycle.
For defecation, Natura increases the water consumption from 4.5 liters to 6 to flush away any stored toilet paper. Even with the additional water consumption for this process, the toilet still reduces overall consumption by up to 60% with the reductions made during the urination process.
Designer: Jose Genovés


You may have a lot of general questions about ionizers, and we've answered some of most common questions on our website. Negative ion generators are devices that emit negative ions (electrons) into the air. These devices are also known as air ionizers. Negative ions are atoms or molecules that have gained one or more extra electrons. Negative ions are found in nature, but the levels of negative ions in the air have been shown to decrease with industrialization and urbanization.
How do I know if a negative ion generator is right for me?
There is no one definitive answer to this question. Some factors to consider include whether you suffer from allergies, asthma, or other respiratory ailments; whether you live in an area with high air pollution; whether you are exposed to secondhand smoke; and whether you simply want to improve the air quality in your home. If you suffer from allergies, asthma, or other respiratory ailments, a negative ion generator may help to improve your symptoms.
If you're considering purchasing a negative ion generator, it's important to first understand how they work and what they're designed to do. Negative ion generators emit negative ions, which are particles that have an extra electron. These extra electrons attach themselves to positively charged particles in the air, such as dust, pollen, and mold spores. This process effectively neutralizes the positively charged particles, making them heavier so that they fall to the ground instead of floating around in the air.
Your General Questions Answered
We have collected the most common health related questions about negative ion generators, done the research and answered them on our website.
- Are Negative Ions Scientifically Proven
- Do Ion Generators Really Work
- Do Negative Ions Affect People
- Do Negative Ions Help Remove Dust
- Do Negative Ions Improve Mood
- How Can You Get Negative Ions Naturally
- How Do You Increase Negative Ions In Your Body
- How Long Do Negative Ions Last
- What Are Negative Ion Generators Used For
- What Happens When You Push Negative Ions Together
- What Is A Negative Ion Generator
- What Is Bipolar Ionization


Floats are slender pontoons mounded under the fuselage of float planes (a type of seaplane). In normal operations, only the floats of a float plane come into contact with water, and the fuselage remains above the water. Unlike flying boats, which use their fuselage for buoyancy, float planes rely solely on the buoyancy of their "floats" to keep the aircraft afloat on the water.
Floats are essentially a straightforward development of land-based aircraft gear, as floats are mounted under the fuselage instead of wheels. The development of floats made float planes more popular than flying boats for small aircraft designs since it allowed a single piston engine to be installed at the nose of the fuselage rather than high above the fuselage. Due to their proximity to the water surface, flying boats could not have engines installed near the nose of the aircraft. Despite this, floats that are mounted underneath the fuselages of aircraft inevitably impose extra drag and weight on float planes, which eventually renders them less maneuverable during flight than ground-based aircraft.
Floats on float planes can be arranged in two different ways. One is a single float design in which a single large float is mounted directly underneath the fuselage, with smaller stabilizing floats underneath the wings. The other design is a twin float design in which a pair of floats are mounted beneath the wing roots in place of wheeled landing gear. Single float designs are often advantageous to float planes as they are able to handle rough seas due to the variety of large and small floats on the aircraft, which provides good lateral stability during landing in rough seas. Despite this, the twin float design facilitates both mooring and boarding, and allows military float planes to carry a torpedo or a large bomb load.