Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for HIV-1
Safrit, Jeffrey T. et.al. (2016), Vaccine Vol. 34, Iss. 26, 2921-2925
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the cause of one of the most lethal pandemics in human history, although in recent years access to highly effective anti-retroviral therapy has provided new hope worldwide. Transmission of HIV by sexual contact, childbirth and injection drug use has been reduced, but 2 million are newly infected each year, and much of the transmission is from people who do not know their status. In addition to known methods, a preventive vaccine is needed to end the pandemic...
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Both hot forming and cold forming molds metal into another, final shape, but not every metal can be formed by either process. Here, we’ll dive deeper into the difference between hot forming and cold forming.
During cold forming, metal parts are shaped at room temperature. It may be heated by a few degrees, but in general, the metal can only be mildly heated. There are two ways that cold forming can be performed: a stamping method, and hydroforming method. In the stamping method, a sheet of metal is placed between a “male” and “female” die tool, and stamped into shape. With the hydroforming method, a wear pad and rubber diaphragm are pressed against the die inside of the forming chamber, saving time and money by reducing metal to metal contact.
During hot forming, metal heated in an environment similar to an oven, with a die inside. The furnace is heated up to 2,000 degrees in a process that can take up to an hour. The material is then placed in-between the male and female portions of the die, and the metal is pressed into its new shape. This method is ideal for small parts that cannot be cold-formed.
If you are in need of hot forming metal equipment or cold forming metal parts, contact AMSI. We’ll give you a free estimate and help you choose the machinery that’s right for your application. Be sure to check out our website to view other used machinery for sale.


Problem resolution: to teach problem solving, talking about it and setting a good example is a good start, talk about how every action has good and bad consequences, do not associate consequence with being strictly negative, but also explain that everyone will not always have the best days so that they can show empathy.
Setting limits: to set limits you need to include the kids in this process about creating rules or guidelines that need to be followed, the more they get involved the more they will have to accept that because they are the ones who came up with them and agreed to them, you are there to remind but also to correct any confusion or situation not strictly covered by the rules.
Wait time: learning to be patient is never easy, but a good way to make children understand this is to make sure you have a turn-taking strategy, a very common one is to limit the number of children in each area of the center.
Emotional literacy and friendships: have the corner of the library with books on emotions and how to make friends and include them in circle time by having a child choose a book per day to understand the importance of emotions and build relationships with others.
Regulation: to self-regulate or regulate as a teacher, you must be attentive to all children and situations, know the habits and when to intervene and when the child needs to learn to solve the problem by himself.
Calm and relaxation: this can be as easy as setting up a special place in the room for the child to think or read or move around to allow the child to decompress their feelings and then be able to do so without having to go to a special place. Instead, being able to deal with emotions at the time of the incident.
Bibliography consulted 7/14/2022 from https://extension2.missouri.edu/gh6119


P. W. Tomkins after I. T. Serres
TO ADMIRAL SIR HYDE PARKER, Kt. COMMANDER IN CHIEF, Vice Admiral Lord Nelson and Rear Admiral Thomas Greaves, THE Captains, Officers, Seamen, Marines and Soldiers of the BRITISH FLEET, THIS PLATE representing THE ATTACK of the DANISH FLEET and BATTERIES off COPENHAGEN, the SECOND OF APRIL, 1801, Is dedicated with the greatest respect by their most Obedt. Hble. Servt. P. W. TOMKINS.
28 x 20 inches
This magnificent marine scape shows the height of the skirmish that was to lead to a momentous victory for Admiral Hyde Parker and the British Fleet against the Danish in April 1801. All the ships are named below the image with the British line to the fore and the Danish line disappearing in the smoke behind. At that time the Danish fleet had formed a blockade to prevent the British from entering the harbour of Copenhagen. The British, led by Hyde Parker and Nelson were determined to capture the Danish ships and thereby prevent them from falling into the hands of the French. The battle was considered to be Nelson's hardest fought campaign and he famously disobeyed Parker's orders to retreat by placing his telescope to his blind eye and thereby ignoring the signal. He was later rewarded for his valiant efforts by being made a Viscount! Peltro William Tomkins (1760-1840) was an accomplished etcher and aquatint engraver of primarily military, marine and decorative subjects after his contemporaries.£875


The essays below will help you to understand the goals and objectives of the mission and provide additional context and information about the places being explored and the science, tools, and technologies being used.
From October 7 to November 7, 2019, scientists from NOAA, the U.S. Geological Survey, and Bureau of Ocean Energy Management will conduct a 29-day expedition aboard NOAA Ship Reuben Lasker along the California, Oregon, and Washington coasts.Read more
EXPRESS, short for EXpanding Pacific Research and Exploration of Submerged Systems, is the latest evolution of the multi-year, multi-ship campaign concept. What started in 2017 as a simple one-day multibeam survey on NOAA Ship Rainier off central California quickly evolved into a major west coast field program engaging and exciting scientists and marine resource managers spanning numerous disciplines and organizations.Read more
A remotely operated vehicle (ROV) is an unoccupied underwater robot that is connected to a ship by a series of cables. These cables transmit command and control signals between the operator and the ROV, allowing remote navigation of the vehicle and exploration of areas of the ocean that would otherwise be difficult to access.Read more
Autonomous underwater vehicles are unmanned, untethered vehicles used to conduct underwater research in ocean environments that are a challenge to study because they are difficult to get to.Read more
By Joan Barminski and Cathie Dunkel
Offshore winds, which tend to be stronger and more consistent than on land, are an abundant energy resource that is located close to major coastal population centers.Read more


A black diamond weighing a staggering 555.55 carats is going up for auction at Sotheby’s and is expected to fetch as much as $6.8 million.
Sotheby’s Dubai said it is the largest faceted Fancy Black Diamond known to ever appear at auction and was listed as the largest cut diamond in the world in the 2006 Guinness Book of World Records.
But the gem is especially unique given that some scientists believe that it may have actually grown in outer space and fell to the Earth’s surface at some point in the past four to five billion years.
This particular type of black diamond is also called carbonado diamond — and this one has earned the nickname The Enigma from Sotheby’s.
Carbonados of this structure have only been found in Brazil and the Central African Republic, and scientists have long theorized about their origins.
‘They are shrouded in mystery as to the origin or formation because there’s not that many of them found on Earth,’ geologist Aaron Celestian, the curator of mineral sciences at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles, told Reuters.
Celestian said that most carbonados are about 2.6 to 3.2 billion years old.
As Earth itself dates back to 4.65 billion years ago, carbonados were formed when Earth’s plates were still moving and the oxygenation of the atmosphere was taking place, he said.
‘We think that they could have formed super deep within the Earth’s interior, far deeper than what we know already of diamonds. There’s hypotheses that suggest that they formed at impact sites where a large asteroid hit Earth,’ Celestian said.
‘There’s also interstellar hypotheses that suggest that they grew in space and then later fell on the surface of Earth.’
According to Sotheby’s, this diamond was either created by ‘meteoric impacts producing natural chemical vapor deposition’ or it’s of ‘extraterrestrial’ origin, and was brought to earth by a ‘diamond-bearing asteroid.’
Click here to see more.
SOURCE: Reuters / Daily Mail


The legally blind person still has some sight, did you know that? The definition of being legally blind implies that the person in question has an eyesight of 20/200 or worse and therefore, yes you’ll find many people who are not completely blind. However, the sight has so deteriorated that they need guide dogs or canes in order to move around. A team from Oxford University has come up with a prototype pair of glasses that will impart vision to these almost blind persons.
This pair of high tech glasses come with a video camera that has been incorporated in to an eyeglass frame and works in collaboration with a small CPU whose primary task is to pick up data from video camera and transform it into images that are then transferred to the lens display of the glasses, which then projects them as visually enhanced outlines. Objects closer have brighter outlines and the glasses are even capable of making out facial features when it comes to people.
These glasses do not, however, replace vision and are, therefore, not helpful for those who have completely lost their sight. Those with limited sight can benefit greatly from them as seen in the initial testing phases. Researchers have concluded that the glasses are easy to get used to and those who have the least amount of vision benefited the most. One of the volunteers stated, quite happily, that she saw her guide dog for the first time. The next phase of tests will be carried out on an obstacle course and public places that are crowded.
As of now the prototype is somewhat bulky but the team is confident that it can be brought down to the size of regular sunglasses and when this happens, it will be easier to use and won’t stand out as well. The team also hopes to introduce this at the price of smartphones and wants to incorporate an audio component which will relay audio prompts to the user about what they’re saying. A pretty promising gadget for blind people!


Background: Many deep-sea benthic animals occur in patchy distributions separated by thousands of kilometres, yet because deep-sea habitats are remote, little is known about their larval dispersal. Our novel method simulates dispersal by combining data from the Argo array of autonomous oceanographic probes, deep-sea ecological surveys, and comparative invertebrate physiology. The predicted particle tracks allow quantitative, testable predictions about the dispersal of benthic invertebrate larvae in the south-west Pacific. Principal Findings: In a test case presented here, using non-feeding, non-swimming (lecithotrophic trochophore) larvae of polyplacophoran molluscs (chitons), we show that the likely dispersal pathways in a single generation are significantly shorter than the distances between the three known population centres in our study region. The large-scale density of chiton populations throughout our study region is potentially much greater than present survey data suggest, with intermediate ‘stepping stone’ populations yet to be discovered. Conclusions/Significance: We present a new method that is broadly applicable to studies of the dispersal of deep-sea organisms. This test case demonstrates the power and potential applications of our new method, in generating quantitative, testable hypotheses at multiple levels to solve the mismatch between observed and expected distributions: probabilistic predictions of locations of intermediate populations, potential alternative dispersal mechanisms, and expected population genetic structure. The global Argo data have never previously been used to address benthic biology, and our method can be applied to any non-swimming larvae of the deep-sea, giving information upon dispersal corridors and population densities in habitats that remain intrinsically difficult to assess.
|Number of pages||1|
|Publication status||Published - 2011|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all)
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)


The mooring and towing of oil rigs and huge ships rely on the strength and durability of thick ropes and the splices that join those ropes. Yet the mathematical models used to evaluate ropes have long left the splices out of the equations.
Now, Christopher M. Leech of Tension Technology International in Eastbourne, England, has mathematically evaluated three major classes of rope splices. The new analysis, slated for an upcoming Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A, can yield precise predictions about how different types of splices behave, Leech says.
One of the junctions studied is a common braided form called the admiralty splice. Among numerous findings, Leech concludes that friction between strands in an admiralty splice prevents sawlike interstrand motions and holds the splice together. Countering those benefits of the braided geometry, however, the everyday stretching and contracting of the splice rotates strands relative to each other in a scissoring action, creating a splice-damaging type of friction.
To evaluate such factors as friction in old and new splice designs, Leech has added his model of splice behavior into software that previously could predict only the behavior of unspliced rope.
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There are two uses of the word scalar, one from linear algebra and another from tensor calculus.
In linear algebra, vector spaces have a field of scalars. This is where the coefficients in linear combinations come from. For real vector spaces, the scalars are real numbers. For complex vector spaces, the scalars are complex numbers. For vector spaces over any field K, the elements of K are called scalars.
But there is a more restrictive use of scalar in tensor calculus. There a scalar is not just a number, but a number whose value does not depend on one’s choice of coordinates. For example, the temperature at some location is a scalar, but the first coordinate of a location depends on your choice of coordinate system. Temperature is a scalar, but x-coordinate is not. Scalars are numbers, but not all numbers are scalars.
The linear algebraic use of scalar is more common among mathematicians, the coordinate-invariant use among physicists. The two uses of scalar is a special case of the two uses of tensor described in the previous post. Linear algebra thinks of tensors simply as things that take in vectors and return numbers. The physics/tensor analysis view of tensors includes behavior under changes of coordinates. You can think of a scalar as a zeroth order tensor, one that behaves as simply as possible under a change of coordinates, i.e. doesn’t change at all.
2 thoughts on “Tensors 5: Scalars”
I’m not sure I understand the second definition of a scalar. Temperature depends on a coordinate system on a 1d line — a reference point and a scale/units, i.e. a choice of 0 and 1. Perhaps I am missing something more subtle.
You bring up an interesting point. You’re talking about a choice of coordinates on the range — how you measure temperature — but the discussion around tensors is usually about the domain, the location at which you measure temperature.


What is a Skin Infection?
There are three different kinds of skin infections: bacterial, fungal, and viral. Skin infections can be acquired from environmental factors, spread from another person or the result of another medical condition. Treatment for skin infections will vary based on what type of infection it is and what caused it.
What Causes Skin Infections?
- Bacterial infections are caused by the growth and spread of a harmful strain of bacteria inside the body.
- A viral infection occurs when tiny particles of genetic material infect the body and spread its genetic material to other cells, tricking them into reproducing more of the virus.
- A fungal infection can occur when the ideal environment for fungus to grow develops or contact is made with an infected surface.
There are there are many different types of skin infections. Some are more serious than others and require medications, some will go away on their own. Bacterial, viral and fungal infections can all be addressed with one of our providers at Seattle Skin & Laser.
Some of the most common skin infections we see are:
Tinea Versicolor is a common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of yeast on the skin, appearing as small, scaly spots on the chest, shoulders, back, and upper arms. Tinea Versicolor is not contagious and can be treated with topical and/or oral medications.
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Anyone that has had chickenpox can develop Shingles because it is caused by the same virus. Shingles are known for being a painful condition. Although it’s unclear why the virus “reactivates” people over 50 who have an illness, trauma, or increased stress are more at risk. Shingles typically clear on its own after several weeks, treatment includes oral antiviral medications (if diagnosed within 72 hours) and management of any pain or discomfort using over the counter medicine.


Eye Displacement in Dogs
Proptosis in Dogs
Proptosis is a medical condition which causes a dog's eye to move forward. This typically noticeable (and unseemly) medical condition is frequently associated with head trauma, and often threatens the dog's vision. Therefore, immediate veterinary examination and treatment is vital to restoring or saving the dog's eyesight.
Proptosis affects both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how this condition affects cats, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.
Symptoms and Types
The most common symptom is an eyeball which protrudes significantly more than normal. Other possible signs include:
- Abnormal pupil, dilated or restricted in size
- Ulcer on the cornea of the eye
- Inflammation in the eye
- Inner eye hemorrhage
- Rupture in the globe of the eye
The most common cause is an injury to the head or face. The force, in fact, does not have to be severe to cause the eye to displace. In rare cases, eye tumors or other serious infections can cause the eye to move out of place.
The two most common diagnoses for this condition include:
- Bupthalmia - When the globe of the eye has become enlarged. The eyelids are still properly positioned, but the eyelid cannot cover the eye.
- Exophthalmia - When the globe of the eye has been displaced forward, causing it to protrude from the normal eye socket location.
Treatment generally involves putting the eye back into position. This is typically done under sedation to ensure the dog remains stable. Afterwards, antibiotics are often administered to prevent infection until the sutures are removed. If a severe injury makes it impossible to save the eye, removing it completely to avoid any further complications is recommended.
Some common signs once the eye has been repositioned can include:
- Dilated pupils
- Decreased ability to produce tears
- Decrease sensitivity of the cornea
Living and Management
In most cases, the dog's eye can be saved. Although, proper wound care is necessary until the sutures, if any were used after replacing the eye, are removed.
Unfortunately, there are currently no known preventative measures for this medical condition.
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MAXIMIZING THE QUALITY OF LIFE FOR PATIENTS STRUGGLING WITH
ALL TYPES OF DYSTONIA
PEOPLE AFFECTED IN THE
Dystonia is the third most common movement disorder in the United States, behind essential tremors and Parkinson’s disease. Dystonia is a neurological disorder that causes excessive, involuntary muscle contractions. These muscle contractions result in abnormal mobility and body postures, making it difficult for individuals to control their movements. Dystonic movements are typically patterned and repetitive.
Dystonia results from abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia, a deep part of the brain that helps control movement coordination. Dystonia can affect any body region, including the eyelids, face, jaw, neck, vocal cords, torso, limbs, hands, and feet. Depending on the region of the body affected, Dystonia may look quite different from person to person. Symptoms can include tremors, uncontrollable blinking, speech difficulties, cramping, contractions, or gait abnormalities.
Our doctors have special education and training in understanding and rehabilitating Dystonia. Clinically, a multi-modal approach to therapy allows for the most successful reduction in symptoms and improved quality of life in patients with Dystonia.


There has been considerable work over the last few years on developing methodologies for monitoring for Covid-19 virus in wastewater. One rationale is that detections in sewage can precede the public health manifestations by a week or two, providing an early warning system. Often, sampling of influent at a wastewater treatment plant is monitored, but some approaches involve monitoring withing the sewer collection network to provide opportunities for isolating the source of an outbreak or to take advantage of potential increased sensitivity in monitoring for a localized outbreak by avoiding the dilution effect of sampling at the wastewater treatment plant. In addition, it has been established that the virus is primarily associated with human stool and that there is more sensitivity by sampling the sewer solids as opposed to the liquid phase. This study examined the study of a small portion of a sewershed associated with student dormitories and academic buildings on the University of Michigan campus with the objective of monitoring tracers released at individual toilets as they moved through the collection system and past a downstream measurement site. The tracers included rhodamine fluorescent dye as a passive tracer in the flow and cat food spiked with de-activated virus as a surrogate for human stool. The objectives were to gain some understanding of the flow and transport of both the liquid and solids within a collection system which is assumed to not have a detailed understanding of sewer flows and the implications on the development of a monitoring protocol. Tracer injections were made at three different locations at varying distances from the single monitoring location where the flow is also monitored (but not at other locations in the system). One of the injection points was essentially at the upstream end of the collection and the two others involved injections that joined the main sewer line from short side branches further along the system. It is found that the hydraulic transport times and dispersion of both the liquid and solids are generally similar. Since the distribution of flow along the sewer was unknown and somewhat variable over the course of an experiment, movement of the tracers are sensitive to the assumed inflow distribution, while the results of the downstream tracer injections are more sensitive to the lower flow conditions within the short inflow branches. Methods for estimating the longitudinal dispersion coefficients in the partially full sewer flows and measurements under similar flow conditions in previous studies provide results consistent with the observed spread of the dye slugs. The results are translated into practical considerations for applications to similar monitoring programs in smaller scale sewer systems.
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Dust Aerosol Generator
The dust aerosol generator adopts the rotating brush principle and generates high-speed airflow edge tip force through an equal-area gradient hyperboloid technology to shear and break up powder particles into uniformly distributed thoracic aerosol, and the dust aerosol MMAD:1 -4μm and GSD:1.5-3 are formed. The volume cylinder can contain 300 g of powder, which is higher than other similar products.
01. It is applied to the generation of dry powder aerosol, and the particle size of the generated aerosol gel meets the requirements in the fields of inhalation infection, inhalation toxicology, inhalation immune disease and the like.
02. Aerosol generation can be carried out on trace dust.
03. It is applied to the preparation of standard examples and the calibration of aerosol detection instruments.
01. Computer control, good man-machine interface.
Through the detection and control of the whole system by industrial computers, the friendly interface and high-definition touch screen display make users easy to use. Using intelligent design, when the air source pressure is detected to be insufficient, the instrument cannot be started or stopped to reduce the damage to the instrument. The software interface displays parameters such as gas source pressure, gas flow rate, powder mass flow rate, theoretical concentration, remaining working time, feeding speed and the like in real time, and the user can clearly know the operation status of the instrument at a glance.
02. The dust feeding speed can be adjusted and controlled accurately.
The feeding speed of dust can be adjusted within the range of 0.05-20mm/min, and different concentrations of dust aerosol can be accurately and quantitatively produced to meet different experimental requirements.
03.Intelligent Recognition and Reality
The system can automatically identify the dust amount currently loaded, calculate and display the remaining working time in real time according to the set sample feeding speed, and the system will automatically stop working when the sample is consumed.
04. Gas flow regulation
Through the adjustment of electronic flowmeter and precision valve, the user can control the gas flow for aerosol generation to adjust the concentration of dust aerosol generated.
05. Real-time theoretical concentration display
The system automatically calculates and displays the theoretical aerosol concentration in real time according to the detected gas flow and powder mass flow.
Liquid Aerosol Generator


Protected areas play a pivotal role in the battle against climate change. But while new science says that to have a real hope of keeping it under the “danger zone” target of 1.5 degrees Celsius, 50 percent of all land should be kept in a natural state by 2030, most countries that have already committed to protecting 17 percent on land and 10 percent of the oceans by 2020 under the Convention on Biological Diversity are not on target to meet these goals.
Mountain regions are warming up at roughly twice the pace of the global average. As a result, activities like climbing, skiing, and mountaineering will become more dangerous. The climbing community is aware of the threat posed by climate change. A poll ran by the American Alpine Association in 2018 found that 91% of climbers are worried by global warming and 64% have already witnessed its effects in the mountains.
The photo of this breaching humpback whales was taken off the coast of Paternoster, where scientists are investigating the annual gathering of ‘super-groups’ of 200 or more individuals to gain more insights into the acoustic and social behaviors of this species. Special attention is devoted to how these behaviors are affected by anthropogenic noise (ships, seismic surveys, ...). Other threats include vessel strike, entanglement, ocean acidification and warming.
My visit to Yosemite National Park was short-lived. I drove back from Tuolumne Meadows to find the Valley engulfed by wildfire smoke; it was hard to breathe. During 1972–2018, California experienced a fivefold increase in the annual burned area: A trend mainly due to an eightfold increase in summertime forest fire area driven by the drying of fuels promoted by human-induced warming.


Lottery is a game in which you buy tickets and hope to win prizes. The odds of winning a prize depend on how many tickets are sold and the number of numbers that need to match for you to win.
Historically, lottery games have been a common way to raise funds for town construction, wars, colleges, and other projects. In the United States, early lottery advocates included George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and John Hancock.
Today, lotteries are regulated by their state governments, which own the rights to run these businesses. Federal regulation is limited to interstate distribution of tickets and advertising.
A lot of people enjoy playing the lottery and believe that they can change their lives if they win the jackpot. But the odds of winning are very low, and most people will not win.
Some of the reasons that people play the lottery are to have fun, to reduce stress after a long day at work, and to be excited about the results. But there is one more reason why people play the lottery and that is because it provides them with a sense of hope.
In addition to providing a sense of hope, the lottery provides jobs for people who are in need of employment. These people include elderly people, orphaned children, and disabled individuals. The lottery also contributes to the government’s budget as they use profits from the lottery to invest in public works. These investments create a better living environment for the people and increase their quality of life.


New ‘Dragon’ Ant Species Are Named After Game Of Thrones Characters
Don't expect them to breathe fire
Meet Drogon and Viserion, the dragon ants.
In a paper published today in PLOS One, researchers describe two new species of ants from New Guinea.
The new ant species are members of the widespread Pheidole genus, a type of ant found all over the world, and known for its large heads. But in addition to their big heads, these two species have huge spikes on their backs.
The researchers decided that the spikes bore a distinct resemblance to the adornments of the dragons from “Game of Thrones,” and named them accordingly. The new species are Pheidole viserion and Pheidole drogon. (Sorry, Rhaegal, today’s not your day).
Of course, their size means that they look less like this version of their namesakes:
And more like this one:
Aww. Cute little bloodthirsty dragons.
Researchers speculate that in addition to being an imposing defense mechanism, the spikes may also contain musculature that helps the ants hold up their large heads.
As a part of the identification process, the ants were scanned using a specialized CT scanner — just like the kind used in medical settings, but able to scan smaller objects, like these ants. Though this isn’t the first time this method has been used, it is among the first, and researchers hope that more widespread use of these scans will make it easier for researchers to identify new species like these ants in the wild.
“If you are working in the bush in Africa and find an ant that you want to identify, it is really difficult to fly all the way to a museum in Europe or the U.S. to see collections of already known species,” Georg Fischer, a co-author on the paper said. “This way you can download the virtual ant, make measurements, and compare it to the specimen you are trying to identify.”


July 16, 2015
Mainz/Barcelona. A team of scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research (MPI-P) discovered that electrical conduction in graphene on the picosecond timescale – a picosecond being one thousandth of one billionth of a second – is governed by the same basic laws that describe the thermal properties of gases. This much simpler thermodynamic approach to the electrical conduction in graphene will allow scientists and engineers not only to better understand but also to improve the performance of graphene-based nanoelectronic devices.
The researchers found that the energy of ultrafast electrical currents passing through graphene is very efficiently converted into electron heat, making graphene electrons behave just like a hot gas. “The heat is distributed evenly over all electrons. And the rise in electronic temperature, caused by the passing currents, in turn has a strong effect on the electrical conduction of graphene” explains Professor Mischa Bonn, Director at the MPI-P. The study, entitled “Thermodynamic picture of ultrafast charge transport in graphene”, has recently been published in Nature Communications.
Graphene – a single sheet of carbon atoms – is known to be a very good electrical conductor. As a result, graphene finds a multitude of applications in modern nanoelectronics. They range from highly efficient detectors for optical and wireless communications to transistors operating at very high speeds. A constantly increasing demand for telecommunication bandwidth requires an ever faster operation of electronic devices, pushing their response times to be as short as a picosecond. “The results of this study will help improve the performance of graphene-based nanoelectronic devices such as ultra-high speed transistors and photodetectors” says Professor Dmitry Turchinovich, who led the research at the MPI-P. In particular they show the way for breaking the terahertz operation speed barrier – i.e. one thousand billions of oscillations per second – for graphene transistors.


How Many Circuits On 97 Chevy – Wiring Diagram is the visual depiction of a intricate electric circuit. It is extremely simple to attract a wiring diagram; you just need to have a great understanding on various kinds of wiring and their objectives. The Wiring Diagram is generally utilized in electric engineering to prepare the positioning of electric circuits.
As the Wiring Diagram is extremely complicated, so it is really essential to learn the different icons in Wiring Diagram. As you research much more concerning Wiring Diagram, you will find out that there are more than hundred Wiring icons used in a Wiring Diagram.
The Dashed Line: This is made use of to reveal the end of a selected link factor in a Wiring Diagram. It indicates that the picked course is energetic or it will certainly be connected to the terminal and also will be in use.
The Arrowhead: This is one more important Wiring icon made use of to show the area of a link factor. The arrowhead is shown in the leading placement of the pictorial diagram shows the energetic course for the electrical present. It is complied with by the non energetic links that are needed for the total circuit to function. The 3rd arrow aware reveals the numerous types of wires that are required for the complete circuit, to ensure that the Wiring Diagram can be finished.
The Radial Wiring Diagram: This is one more type of Wiring diagram which is commonly made use of in electrical and electronic design field. This is made use of to plot the physical design of the part in circuits. The electric and also physical design of the parts is laid out in the Wiring diagram to make sure that only the called for links are made. The Wiring diagram additionally shows the areas of the terminals for the links of the part. It is less complicated to draw the Wiring diagram in this manner.
The Electric Circuit Diagram contains the adhering to signs. There is a line attaching the terminals. The color design of a Wiring diagram has mainly black, as it stands for the typical mode of operation for the electric circuits. The other colors used are green, white, pink and also cyan. The icons for switching the links on and off are displayed in strong letters. On the other hand, the Wiring diagram signs that make a connection between one part and one more are highlighted in pink.


The US Missile Defense Agency and Israel will carry out the test on Kodiak, a remote island about 400 miles from the state capital of Anchorage, to ensure maximal safety in the event that the missile ends up producing unwanted shrapnel, Jerusalem Online reported.
The US could stand to gain quite a bit for its missile defense if the Arrow 3 winds up fulfilling its task. The Pentagon’s Ground-based Midcourse Defense system (GMD) has been nothing short of a colossal failure. The Government Accountability Office, a federal watchdog, issued a report on the GMD, stating that it “has demonstrated a limited capability to defend the US Homeland from small numbers of simple intermediate-range or intercontinental ballistic missile threats launched from North Korea or Iran.”
If that wasn’t enough of a takedown of the multi-billion GMD program, the GAO added for good measure, “GMD flight testing, to date, was insufficient to demonstrate that an operationally useful defense capability exists.”
The idea behind the Arrow 3 is to thwart Iranian Shahab-3 intermediate range missiles, Defense News reported in January, when Moshe Patel of the Israel Missile Defense Organization announced that Arrow 3 had become operational. In September 2016, Washington pledged to send $5 billion to Israel over the period spanning fiscal year 2019 to fiscal year 2028, the news outlet added.
Each Arrow 3 missile runs about $2.2 million, according to Haaretz, but officials on Kodiak Island expect the test to incur an $80 million bill.
Jerusalem Online noted that Arrow 3 operates in the exosphere, implying that even if a ballistic missile was armed with a nuclear warhead, the explosion would be predominantly muted with little effect to populations and infrastructure on the ground. Arrow 3 may eventually be used to destroy satellites in outer space, the news outlet said.


Fox (Vulpecula, Vul)
The Fox, or "Vulpecula" as it is also called, is a very faint constellation of the northern sky. Recognizable by an open line from the back line of a fox nose to tail. One can almost see the fox "lace" to the hunters.
Shape and position:
The Fox is located between Swan (top right) and the Arrow (Sagitta, bottom left). None of the stars is brighter than the size class 4, but stretches the starry and bright band of the Milky Way by the fox, which makes it interesting to observe. The Fox therefore contains a number of open clusters, which can be observed relatively easy. Special features in the "Planetary Nebula M 27" and also the open clusters "Collinder 399". The brightest star in the Fox is a red giant called Anser.
Right Ascension: 18h 57m to 21h 30m
Declination: +19 to +29 degrees
Brightest star: Anser (Alpha Vulpeculae)
The constellation of the Fox was first classified in 1690, so it is not part of a mythological background. Formerly there was the "Fox and Goose", but the goose is no longer a constellation. Unfortunately, there is no indication of a mythological connection between these two animals. However, they could be connected with the god Zeus, which some other animals in the sky are - as a consolation or final respects to their slaughter in battle. Whether the Fox and the goose are together in a constellation is unknown to us right now, unfortunately.
Best season for observation: Summer
Neighbouring constellations: Swan, Lyre, Hercules, Arrow, Dolphin, Pegasus


Alaskan author pens book about Alaska Native civil rights leader Elizabeth Peratrovich
For her efforts to fight discrimination and stand up to the unfair, inhumane and degrading treatment of Alaska Native peoples, Alaska civil rights leader Elizabeth Peratrovich (Tlingit) was chosen as the subject for a biography by Alaskan author Annie Boochever. The book, “Fighter in Velvet Gloves,” is geared toward young teens. It is currently being sold through Amazon and the University of Alaska Press, with wholesale orders available through the Chicago Distribution Center. Peratrovich’s eldest son, Roy Jr., worked with Boochever to provide resources and personal stories for the book.
Born July 4, 1911, in Petersburg, Alaska, Peratrovich and her husband Roy, along with many others, fought against the cruel treatment that consigned Alaska Native people to a second-class existence. Peratrovich’s testimony was instrumental in the passage of the Anti- Discrimination Act of 1945, which prohibited racial discrimination in Alaska.
Peratrovich’s late son, Frank, was an original CIRI shareholder. Frank’s sons, Frank Jr. and John, are also original CIRI shareholders.


Geochronologic data from the southern margins of the Colorado Plateau (western United States) show an inboard radial migration of Neogene basaltic magmatism. Nd and Sr isotopic data show that as basaltic volcanism migrates inboard it also becomes increasingly more asthenospheric. Strongly asthenospheric alkali basalt (εNd > 4) appeared on the western plateau margin ca. 5 Ma, on the southeastern margin at 7 Ma, and is lacking from the plateau's other margins. Tomographic data suggest that low-velocity mantle underlies almost all recent (younger than 1 Ma) basaltic volcanism in a ring around much of the Colorado Plateau at a depth of 80 km. The combined isotopic and tomographic data indicate that the low-velocity mantle is asthenosphere along the western and southeastern margins of the plateau, but modified lithosphere around the remaining margins. Temporal and spatial patterns suggest a process by which upwelling asthenosphere is progressively infiltrating and replacing lithospheric mantle, especially where Proterozoic boundaries exist. This model explains (1) the dramatic velocity contrast seen well inboard of the physiographic edge of the plateau, (2) the inboard sweep of Neogene magmatism, and (3) isotopic evidence that much (but not all) of the low-velocity mantle is asthenospheric. These data support models that ongoing uplift of the edges of the Colorado Plateau is driven by mantle processes.


Created by John B. Sparks and first printed by Rand McNally, the Histomap started selling in 1931 for the price of US$1. Folded in a green cover that advertised it as “clear, vivid, and shorn of elaboration,” and promising to “hold you enthralled”, the 5-foot-long work of historic awesomeness aims to deliver big:
The actual picture of the march of civilization, from the mud huts of the ancients thru the monarchistic glamour of the middle ages to the living panorama of life in present day America.
And it does so splendidly.
This giant, ambitious chart fit neatly with a trend in nonfiction book publishing of the 1920s and 1930s in which all-encompassing subjects were refined into a form comprehensible even to the most uneducated layman. The chart emphasizes domination, using color to show how the power of various “peoples” ebbed and flowed throughout history.
While the Y axis clearly represents time, what does the X axis (marked “relative power of contemporary states, nations, and empires”) represent? What does “Power” mean to mister Sparks, and how does one determine the absolute measure of it in a system as complex as human civilizations? Is it a zero sum game, where countries and empires vie for control of as many “shares” of a finite resource (i.e. power) as possible? Is power measured in swords, in gold coins, in acres of land or head of cattle or written words?
Regardless of exactly how the mapmaker determined the power of each civilization, the Histomap is a work of stunning beauty and a good (if possibly subjective) glimpse of the efforts and success of civilizations in human history. Sparks followed up on the success of this Histomap by publishing at least two more: the Histomap of religion (which I’ve been unable to find online) and the Histomap of evolution.


Weather conditions combined with vegetation growth stages are going to make for a rapid wildfire spreading situation today.
The northern half of Lower Michigan has a red flag warning. A red flag warning means warm, dry, windy conditions could allow dry vegetation to ignite easily. Wildfires would not only start easily, but also spread quickly.
The red flag warning starts in Saginaw, Gratiot and Montcalm Counties and extends northward to the Mackinac Bridge.
Across northern Lower Michigan, the trees have not absorbed a lot of water and greened up. Some of the evergreen trees sit in a condition that makes them extremely flammable currently. One of the most notoriously flammable of Michigan evergreens is the Jack Pine. These evergreens need to get into the summer growth pattern before they have more moisture in their limbs and not be so flammable.
There is a distinct ending time on the red flag warning of 8 p.m. this evening, but fire conditions will also exist after 8 p.m.
The highest fire danger exists this afternoon when relative humidity plunges to as low as 25 percent. Temperatures will also be warm with winds gusting up to 40 mph.
Here is the relative humidity forecast for 5 p.m. this evening.
As a result the ranking for wildfire danger is pegged at extreme for this afternoon.
We will still have a high fire danger Tuesday. While the relative humidities won’t be as low Tuesday afternoon, they will still be low enough to continue to dry out vegetation.
The National Weather Service says burn restrictions are likely in effect. You can see if burn bans are on in your area by going to the DNR Burn Permit website.
Be extremely careful with any possibility of a spark from an activity. Camping, outdoor grilling, smoking materials, chain saws and all-terrain vehicles all have the potential to throw a spark on dry vegetation and ignite a dangerous and destructive fire.


Polyunsaturated fatty acids are a double edged sword. On one hand, polyunsaturated fatty acids may hold particular health benefits. However, on the other hand, because of their chemical structure they are particularly prone to rancidity and in this form can actually be a driver of disease. It is therefore essential that all polyunsaturated fatty acids are in their natural unoxidised state in order to confer health benefits. This means that refined ‘supermarket’ oils should be avoided as these are exposed to both light and heat during processing and this can increase the amount of damaging lipid peroxides found in the oils. Plant materials containing polyunsaturated fatty acids should alway be cold pressed and the resulting oils stored in opaque bottles if they are to be healthy. In addition, the natural vitamin E content of the original plant material must remain with the oil to protect the delicate fatty acids. Further, where high intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids are consumed additional vitamin E is advised.
Although evidence suggests that polyunsaturated fatty acids confer health benefits in humans and may protect from cardiovascular disease, the benefits really relate to the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish and specific plant foods such as hemp and flax. Already the omega-6 fatty acid content of most diets consumed by Western populations is too high, and this creates an imbalance in the metabolic pathways involving the polyunsaturated fatty acids. The recommended ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids is around 3 to 1, but even this ratio may be too heavily stacked in favour of the omega-6 oil. Evidence from Eskimo studies shows that their ratio is closer to 1 to 2.5 in favour of the omega-3 fatty acids. This very high intake of omega-3 fats may explain their very low risk of cardiovascular disease, and casts doubt on the accepts 3 to 1 ratio. As with all nutritional theory, trial and error may therefore be the best way to obtain the correct ratio for an individual's unique biochemistry.
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How Do Spam Emails Originate?
The origin of spam emails and the interaction of the involved actors is being researched by Oliver Hohlfeld from the RWTH Chair of Computer Science 4, Communication and Distributed Systems, together with scientists from the University of California in Santa Barbara. The project partners presented their research results at a symposium on computer security in Kyoto.
Spam processes proceed secretely; those involved cannot be directly observed, making many aspects unclear," said Hohlfeld. He adds, "Our research results prove that spammers are apparently developing a type of "customer loyalty": over a period of six months, the observed spammers used the same botnet to distribute their mails. Spammers also used email lists over a longer period of time. Thus, we think that spammers purchase preferred resources from actors, who have "proven" themselves in the past. The partners in Santa Barbara examined the market economy of the email address market in preparatory work: 1 million email addresses were offered on the examined forum for anywhere ranging between 20 and 40 Euros.
The research results are based on a platform that Hohlfeld created in 2009 at TU Berlin: If an address collector visits one of the internet pages created by the scientists, an email address is only shown a single time on the internet. This allows scientists to follow when and where the address was collected. Combined with a process developed in Santa Barbara used to recognize botnets and processes for identifying spam advertising campaigns, the scientists were able to investigate the interaction of the different actors for the first time.


Since 1972, March 1st is National Pig Day and is dedicated to the celebration of the beloved pig. This holiday is celebrated on March 1st every year in most parts of the Midwest of the United States.
National Pig Day includes events at zoos, schools, nursing homes, and sporting events around the United States. It is also recognized at “pig parties” where pink pig punch and pork delicacies are served, and pink ribbon pigtails are tied around trees in the pigs’ honor.
This holiday’s purpose is to honor a domesticated livestock species that is considered to be one of the most intellectual and important species.
Fun Facts About Pigs
Pigs don’t sweat!
Pigs are incredibly smart
Pigs are one of the cleanest animals around
Mama pigs sing their babies to sleep
Pigs are big on talking
Pigs are practically blind
Pigs have an amazing sense of smell
Pigs are louder than jet engines
Pigs just always seem to be associated with negative things. A dirty room is often likened to a “pigsty”, and when you sweat more than normal, someone would most likely tell you that you’re “sweating like a pig”. However, once you get to know our porcine friends a little bit more, you’ll see that being called a “pig” isn’t too bad after all.


Wood is very porous and reacts to temperature and climate. Humidity, heat and cold can affect wood. The change in temperature causes the wood to expand and contract throughout the day. When this happens, the wood creates a sudden creak.
Steam lines and heating water lines make loud noises. It depends on how it was done. It can be small cracks or cracks in wood if it was built a hundred years ago. Most likely, it will creak at the joints if it was built with metal bolts.
Thanks for the question. We also saw a video of the problem you sent us (although it doesn't show what is being done to cause the noise or if there is a lot of movement). The noise is quite loud and not what you would normally expect from a modern timber-framed house. In order to comment correctly, a site visit would be necessary and the floor would have to be lifted and then inspected by an expert in wooden frame houses.
I suggest you fix it as soon as possible. The most common reason a home makes noises is temperature changes in the air, or what is known as thermal expansion and contraction. Temperature changes cause the wood, metal, and other materials in the house's structure to expand and contract, producing ominous creaks. Assuming your home is relatively new, the woods in your house are drying and shrinking, but they are shrinking inconsistently and, yes, they are actually forming new cracks.
Let's be clear that this is not a problem inherent in the wooden structure: a poorly constructed structure is poorly constructed, whether in wood or masonry. The woods dry quite slowly, at a rate of about an inch thick per year, so a 10 by 10 wood will dry completely in about 5 years. I don't think they're trying to explain or defend bad practices in the construction of wooden structures (if that's what happened here), quite the contrary, I think.
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Vulnerabilities and threat: cybersecurity is becoming increasingly important both in companies and in society in general, with a considerable increase in resources, efforts, etc., to protect and safeguard Information Security. To protect and safeguard Information Security.
When we start in this world, we find two terms that can confuse us, on the one hand, there are the vulnerabilities and on the other hand, the threats, today we will expand in detail each one and its importance to avoid risks.
Vulnerability vs Threat
It is true that, in the field of Information Security, vulnerabilities and threats usually go hand in hand, however, they are two completely different terms, hence the importance of knowing how to distinguish them:
Threat: an event with the potential to adversely affect an organisation’s operations or assets, “through unauthorised access to an information system, destruction, disclosure or modification of information and/or denial of service”.
Vulnerabilities: weakness in the security procedures of an information system. This weakness could be accidentally or intentionally exploited to violate the security controls or policy of that system.
In conclusion, threats represent a potential for harm while vulnerabilities represent a condition for that harm to materialise.
Did you know? A threat can become a vulnerability
This reflection is affirmative, i.e. if appropriate security measures are not applied through patches or software updates and adequate protection tools (anti-virus, anti-malware, etc.), threats can become vulnerabilities.
For all the above reasons, we must always be forewarned of potential threats. Hence the importance for companies to invest both in protection and in raising awareness among all their workers, training them and/or training them in the safe use of the technologies available to them, letting them know that any strange behaviour they may detect should be reported as soon as possible to the personnel in charge.
n many cases, it is the worker himself who unintentionally creates the vulnerability or facilitates the threat. Cybercriminals know this, and considering them as the weakest link, they are therefore the most susceptible to threats and attacks.
IT vulnerabilities and threats are a risk to enterprise systems and information.
Companies’ dependence on information technologies to carry out their main business activities has generated a high level of concern for cybersecurity.
At Quenta Solutions we offer you a technology consultancy and advisory service tailored to your needs. Contact us!


Spring Beauty Pollen-Specialists
We hear a lot about honey bees and other species of social bees (that live in colonies) pollinating crops and other flowering plants, but there is another, larger, group of bees, called solitary (nesting) bees, which plays a significant role in pollinating plants. These bees live alone, forage for pollen for their larvae and in the process pollinate vast numbers of flowers.
Mining bees make up one group of solitary bees. They are small and nest individually in the ground. One species of mining bee you often see on Spring Beauty is Andrena erigeniae. Females are hairy and often loaded with Spring Beauty’s pink pollen. Males are smaller, slimmer and less hairy. The thing that sets this species of mining bee apart is the fact that it is a “pollen-specialist” — it collects pollen from only two plant species, Virginia (or Narrow-leaved) Spring Beauty (Claytonia virginica) and Carolina Spring Beauty (C. caroliniana).
Pollen from these blossoms is formed into balls and placed into underground brood chambers the female bee has dug with her jaws and legs. She deposits a single egg on each ball of pollen for the larva to eat when the egg hatches. During the summer the larva pupates and by late autumn development of the adult is complete. Winter is spent in the adult stage within the brood chamber and the bee emerges in the spring just as Spring Beauty flowers. Male and female bees emerge at roughly the same time and their mating, as well as their food collection, is said to take place on the flowers of Spring Beauty. (Photo: male Andrena erigeniae on Carolina Spring Beauty)
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The world is currently seeing the highest levels of forced displacement on record. There are now almost 71 million people who have been forcibly displaced due to persecution, conflict, violence, or human rights violations - including nearly 26 million refugees, half of whom are under the age of 18. Worldwide, one person is forcibly displaced every two seconds. To ensure that this rapidly increasing number of people are able to lead healthy and productive lives for themselves, equitable access to services such as legal protection programs, healthcare, and education is key.
Refugees and forcibly displaced populations face a host of challenges throughout their migratory journey. Many forcibly displaced people, especially those that leave their home countries entirely, have to navigate complex legal systems with limited access to legal assistance and representation. Millions of those forcibly displaced end up living in places containing poor water and sanitation infrastructure, and are subsequently vulnerable to significant health risks like communicable diseases and malnutrition. Further, of the 7.4 million school-age refugee children globally, more than half are not in school - with 63 percent enrolled in primary school, 24 percent in secondary school, and only 3 percent in higher education.
Globally, one in every 108 people is either an asylum-seeker, a refugee, or internally displaced. In our increasingly interconnected world, forced displacement cannot be treated as a short-term humanitarian issue, nor can it be addressed by just one country or sector. The Global Maker Challenge on Innovation for Peace and Justice aims to find and support innovative solutions that will connect refugees and forcibly displaced populations with enduring and effective legal, healthcare, and education services. To do so, the Mohammed bin Rashid Initiative for Global Prosperity welcomes applications from innovators and makers around the world that will:
If you have any questions


Electrical items can cause burns.
- coffee makers
- hair straighteners
- electric heaters
Keep electrical equipment and flexes out of your child’s reach. Store them away safely.
Electrical appliances also pose a fire risk. Switch off and unplug electrical equipment when it is not in use. Make sure equipment has cooled down before storing away.
Hair straighteners can reach 200 degrees Celsius and higher. They take up to 40 minutes to cool down.
Hair straighteners can cause injuries to children. Most injuries happen after the straighteners are switched off.
The most common injury is on the hand. Injuries also happen on the head, arm and foot.
The average age of children admitted to hospital with hair straightener burns is 18 months.
Keep hair straighteners out of children’s reach. Switch off and unplug straight away after use. Store in a heat-resistant bag out of reach.
Electrical flexes and cords
Make sure children are not able to pull at the iron’s flex or cord when it’s in use.
Use a short flex for kettle and other electrical equipment. This includes coffee makers and slow cookers. A short flex makes it harder for children to pull them closer.
Beware also of the strangulation risk of flexes and cords.
Strangulation risks for children
Never use an electric blanket on a child’s bed. They could tamper with the blanket, flex or plug. This may result in an injury or a fire.
Do not use damaged electric blankets in your home. Check electric blankets and their flexes regularly for signs of wear and tear.
Make sure there are no creases in the electric blanket and it lies flat on the mattress.
Consider fitting a guard to electric heaters to stop your child touching them. Turn off heaters and plug them out when not in use.


E-cigarettes, while less toxic than they’re non-electronic counterparts, are not nearly as harmless as advertised. A recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study found that more than 30% of e-cigarette users don’t think the vapors are harmful. Around 40% of respondents thought the vapors were only a “little” harmful. That means only 20-30% of e-cigarette users are aware of the toxins released when they smoke/vape.
Secondhand vapors from e-cigarettes are not ‘just water’, as initially advertised.
SEE ALSO: 7 natural ways to kill nicotine cravings
The vapors contain multitude of harmful chemicals and metals (including several known carcinogens): nicotine, benzene, diacetyle, lead, nickel, and tin, to name a few.
Children, given their small stature and still-developing bodies, are particularly at risk.
Exposure to secondhand vapor through e-cigarettes and vape pens can cause mood disorders, accidental nicotine addiction, and poor impulse control.
Why so much confusion and misinformation?
According to Dr. Brian King of the CDC’s Office on Smoking and Health, the newness and lack of regulation are both contributing factors.
SEE ALSO: #1 herb that destroys your desire for nicotine
However, the smoking industry’s promotion of e-cigarettes and vape pens as a “healthier alternative” to the real deal is likely the biggest reason.


13. THE SCRIPTS OF THE ITALIC AREA
In the second half of the 6th century , Italy was invaded by the Lombards, a Germanic population from Pannonia, where they had been settled for over a century and had partially converted to Arian Christianity. After some decades they first occupied northern Italy across the Friuli, and established their capital in Pavia. They then occupied part of peninsular Italy, leaving the Byzantines (that is, to the sovereigns of what remained of the Roman Empire) control of only some coastal areas, the Exarchate of Ravenna, the Pentapolis, Lazio and the south. The Lombards had a different conduct from that of other populations foederati within the empire, and the initial phase of the conquest was characterized by a very harsh government, which did not preserve the preexisting administrative structure, but rather dismantled it entirely. The structure of the Lombard power was founded on military leaders (dukes) who elected or submitted to a king, whose power, however, left them plenty of autonomy. During the reigns of Authari and then of Agilulf and his wife Theodelinda, between the 6th and7th centuries, the political situation became less chaotic and relations with the local population and with the Roman culture became more cooperative, favored also by a partial pacification with the papacy of Gregory the Great and from a gradual acceptance of Roman Christianity, which will come to perfection in the middle of the 7th century.
Italy was the region that the Latin tradition had penetrated the most deeply and where the graphic landscape was most diversified and the manifestations of writing the most numerous. Here the phenomenon of early medieval graphic differentiation, which produced different writings in the different “national” areas corresponding to the divisions of the Roman Empire, occasioned two very different situations.
In the regions of northern and central Italy (occupied by the Lombards), there was no “national” writing to represent the region, whereas in the regions of southern Italy (where, alongside the two Lombard duchies of Spoleto and Benevento, the Byzantine presence was of great consequence in the duchy of Naples, in Puglia, Calabria and Sicily) a new writing developed, called Beneventan.


Come see the attractive and historically significant Schwarzenbergplatz, a Viennese square running between the Kärntner Ring section of the Ringstrasse (Ringstraße) and Lothringerstraße. It then continues until it becomes Rennweg Straße as it passes by Belvedere Gardens (Belvedere Garten) and the Palais Schwarzenberg.
Until the mid-19th century, most of the area of today's Schwarzenberg Square was filled with Vienna's city walls. After the demolition of the city walls, these areas became available for construction and magnificent buildings were erected. In 1861, Emperor Franz Joseph I ordered the construction of the Schwarzenberg Monument to commemorate the victorious commander of the 1813 Battle of Leipzig, Karl Philipp, the Prince of Schwarzenberg. The towering statue was completed in October 1867.
In 2003 and 2004, the Schwarzenberg Square was re-designed and equipped with sunken lighting elements representing different lighting effects. During the restructuring, they removed much of the green spaces that had existed, a rather controversial act. Many preferred the largely still-existing slim light poles from 1904; they found the newer lighting fixtures clumsy and clunky.
The Wien River also runs beneath the Schwarzenbergplatz (Schwarzenberg Square). Additionally and fascinatingly, the square was once the location of the "Zwingburg", a shelter for homeless people who retreated into the Viennese sewers.


Green Environmental Climate Care Orientation
Awareness of environmental issues such as environmental justice and the consequences of ongoing climate change are of utmost importance for young people aged 13-15. Nevertheless, many young people lack an understanding of how they can, on the one hand, use the environment in an ecologically sustainable way in their free time (e.g. when playing sports) and, on the other hand, contribute to reducing their ecological footprint and do something about climate change.
Finding solutions to climate change requires a joint effort of several countries across Europe. The project should therefore promote the idea of intercultural cooperation to combat climate change through the engagement of young people.
Project Content and objectives
The project is divided into the following contents:
- Development of a programme/curriculum for a Green Camp for young people
- Running a 1-week Green Camp for 20 young people
- Development of a mini-manual based on the camp experience
- Dissemination of the project and the manual in both partner countries
- Encouraging young people to shape their local natural environment and combat climate change through a joint, cross-border effort.
- Development of self and group effectiveness in adolescents aged 13-15 years
- Acquiring the knowledge and skills young people need to protect and care for their local environment
- Understanding the natural life cycle through science lessons and experiments
- Promoting language learning and exchanges between young people
Project partners: Austria (coordinator), Netherlands
Project duration: March 2022 to February 2023


A dehumidifier uses a fan to draw moisture in your room over a series of coils, first a refrigerant coil then a heated coil.
When the refrigerant coil cools the moist air, the moisture in the air condenses into water and falls into a drain hose or a collection bucket.
The dryer, less moist air then passes over the heated coil before releasing it back into your indoor area as dry, warm air. A dehumidifier achieves optimal performance at warmer hot and cold temperatures and higher levels of relative humidity! Dehumidifiers function much the same as cooling units. The only difference is they don’t cool the air. Rather, when your compressor inside your dehumidifier is functioning, it dries your indoor air and blows it back into your residing area as heated air. This can increase the temperature levels in your indoor area by a few degrees. However, the extent to which your room temperature may increase will depend on the amount of time your compressor is working to eliminate moisture and the size of your indoor space. The smaller your room, the more the air temperature will increase, while in big rooms, the effect is negligible. Another way your dehumidifier makes your room warmer is by the compressor running, which often adds a slight amount of heat to your room. Similar to other lake house appliances that add warmth to rooms placed in when they are in operation! Most rooms don’t experience significant or noticeable differences, but some sensitive people may notice a slight temperature rise.


Minao Shibata left some works called ‘improvisation’. Among others, this piano solo piece, given the work number 20, was composed and played for the first time in 1957. Shibata mentioned this work is an easygoing short piece and the title means free improvisation of serialism.
How its harmony sounds, along with dynamics and string striking speed, decide the character of this piece. Shibata found that individual tone of sounds each pianist creates lays in a tone color of the chords. He said, the passage speed of hammer leaped up into the space in 4.8cm and the energy of the instantaneous string beating, both make the sound different each time. For example, the difference six chords (suppose that three keys are played in each hand) make can present the difference of the sound performed by each pianist.
The score for “Improvisation No. 1 for piano” was included in “the World Music Collection, Instrumental music section, Vol. 60”. This piece starts at Lento and changes its speed many times and end at molto Vivace.
This piece is characterized by various musical expression, for instance, staccatos like a whisper in ‘pp’ and lofty jumping staccatos and a single tenuto staccato, even though these are all the staccatos, it has so much of variety. We can enjoy the various tones in this piece, and if you pay attention to the treatment of the rest in a songful way, you will be able to perform this piece in a lively way.


A call to action
Alzheimer's Disease International recommends in its World Alzheimer's Report 2010 that:
"governments and other research funders...increase dementia funding to a level more proportionate to the economic burden of the condition."
This would require "a 15-fold increase ... to reach parity with research into heart disease and a 30-fold increase to achieve parity with cancer research."
The estimated worldwide costs of dementia are US $604 billion. This represents 1% of global GDP.
If dementia costs were a company, it would be the world's largest by annual revenue, ahead of Wal-Mart ($414 billion).
If dementia costs were a country, it would be the world's 18th largest economy, ranking behind Turkey and ahead of Indonesia.
On the rise
There are 35.6 million people living with dementia worldwide. Those numbers are expected to double by 2030 and triple by 2050.
From 2000-06 death rates in the U.S. have declined for most major diseases - heart disease (-11.1%), breast cancer (-2.6%), prostate cancer (-8.7%), stroke (-18.2%) and HIV/AIDS (-16.3%) while Alzheimer's disease deaths rose 46.1%.
One in 10 baby boomers is expected to be diagnosed with dementia.
Learn more about Alzheimer's disease at the following links:


A slum is a heavily populated urban informal settlement characterized by substandard housing and squalor. While slums differ in size and other characteristics from country to country, most lack reliable sanitation services, supply of clean water, reliable electricity, timely law enforcement and other basic services. Slum residences vary from shanty houses to professionally-built dwellings that because of poor-quality design or construction have deteriorated into slums.Slums were common in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and Europe.More recently slums have been predominantly found in urban regions of developing and undeveloped parts of the world, but are also found in developed economies.According to UN-HABITAT, around 33% of the urban population in the developing world in 2012, or about 863 million people, lived in slums. The proportion of urban population living in slums was highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (61.7%), followed by South Asia (35%), Southeast Asia (31%), East Asia (28.2%), West Asia (24.6%), Oceania (24.1%), Latin America and the Caribbean (23.5%), and North Africa (13.3%). Among individual countries, the proportion of urban residents living in slum areas in 2009 was highest in the Central African Republic (95.9%). Between 1990 and 2010 the percentage of people living in slums dropped, even as the total urban population increased. The world's largest slum city is in Mexico City.Slums form and grow in many different parts of the world for many different reasons. Some causes include rapid rural-to-urban migration, economic stagnation and depression, high unemployment, poverty, informal economy, poor planning, politics, natural disasters and social conflicts. Strategies tried to reduce and transform slums in different countries, with varying degrees of success, include a combination of slum removal, slum relocation, slum upgrading, urban planning with city wide infrastructure development, and public housing projects.


This is the third of a series of coalbed methane (CBM) stream depletion assessment studies made in collaboration with S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc. Focusing on the Colorado portion of the Raton Basin, in Heurfano and Las Animas counties, the the report examines the effects of CBM production on water resources. Digital PDF download. WAT-2008-02D
From the Executive Summary:
The Raton Basin produces a significant amount of coalbed methane (CBM). Typically, in conjunction with the production of CBM is the production of water. In the Raton Basin in Colorado there are concerns with the amount, quality, uses, and effects of CBM produced water and with how the production of water may be affecting CBM gas seepage at the surface. Specific to this study, there are concerns that the removal of water from aquifers that may be tributary to the surface stream system could be resulting in stream depletions that could impact water rights holders, the State of Colorado, and downstream water users not in Colorado. For these reasons it was considered important to evaluate the extent and impacts of CBM water production in the Raton Basin in the context of the regulatory framework associated with the production of CBM water.


Child psychology is the take a look at of the way a toddler’s mentality modifications, emotional, and their perception. This form of psychology focuses most effective on the child and works to find out why adolescence conditions consisting of ADD and ADHD occur. Anytime the brain is affected, toddler psychology permit you to understand it more and let you deal with the situation and domestic.
Child psychology is a discipline of study that can be very Parenting lob . If you have a knack for speaking with youngsters in a variety of conditions, such as when a toddler is abused or turns into abused, kids who display positive amounts of anger that has a tendency to be a trouble, or if the child has a problem concentrating or gaining knowledge of in faculty, or if caregivers such as teachers suspect that some thing may be wrong with a ba, it can be critical to for infant psychology professionals to examine them similarly. Those involved in a toddler’s care inclusive of parents, teachers, aunts, uncles, basitters, and day care providers will need to be blanketed in something that offers with helping that precise toddler.
Child psychology is a growing career because of the increase in formative years conditions and diseases along with autism. Autism is a condition that influences one in every a hundred-ten youngsters and it impacts extra boys than it does girls. Autism might not be detected until everyday formative years development milestones are not reached while they may be suppose to be. Psychology of kids is very crucial in helping parents, caregivers, instructors, and anyone else involved in a kid’s care to recognize the conditions that a they may be going through.
There are one-of-a-kind context of psychology studied in youngsters. One is social. This involves any relationship that a toddler has with adults and friends and the way each relationship influences the child’s studying ability, questioning technique, and how the kid develops.
The next context of psychology studied in youngsters is subculture. The tradition will play an essential role in wherein the kid lives, the values set, customs shared with others, and the lifespan of that kids. Culture is likewise vital in how the child or little one is capable of speak with parents and receive an schooling.


In networking, a firewall is a security device or software application that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. Its primary purpose is to protect a network or a specific device from unauthorized access, malicious activities, and potential threats from external sources such as the internet.
Firewalls act as a barrier between an internal network (such as a local area network, or LAN) and external networks (such as the internet). They analyze the data packets that pass through them, examining the source, destination, and content of the packets, and determine whether to allow or block them based on the configured rules.
Firewalls use various techniques to enforce security policies. Some common types of firewalls include:
Packet Filtering Firewalls: These firewalls examine individual packets of data and compare their attributes, such as source IP address, destination IP address, port numbers, and protocols, against a set of rules. They make decisions on whether to allow or drop the packets based on these rules.
Stateful Inspection Firewalls: These firewalls keep track of the state of network connections and analyze the context of the traffic. They not only inspect individual packets but also maintain information about established connections. This allows them to make more informed decisions by considering the context of the traffic flow.
Proxy Firewalls: Proxy firewalls act as intermediaries between the internal network and external networks. They receive network requests on behalf of clients and then initiate new connections with the requested resources. Proxy firewalls can provide additional security features by hiding internal IP addresses and applying advanced filtering and logging capabilities.
Next-Generation Firewalls (NGFW): NGFWs combine traditional firewall functionalities with advanced features such as intrusion prevention systems (IPS), deep packet inspection (DPI), application awareness, and more. They provide enhanced security by inspecting and filtering network traffic at the application layer, identifying and blocking specific application-level threats.
Firewalls play a crucial role in network security by providing a first line of defense against unauthorized access and malicious activities. They help prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data, protect against malware and viruses, and control the flow of network traffic according to predefined security policies.
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The Final Blows
In March 1945, U.S. Army Air Forces intensified their strategic bombing campaign over Japan. Instead of flying high-altitude daylight runs against industrial targets, they began low-flying nighttime attacks on cities, with incendiary bombs. Firestorms devastated property and killed hundreds of thousands of civilians. On the night of March 9–10, for example, U.S. bombers destroyed sixteen square miles of Tokyo and killed close to 100,000 men, women, and children. By mid-June, most of Japan’s major cities were gutted. Aerial mines were dropped in harbors while the U.S. Navy launched carrier air attacks against coastal targets. Still the Japanese fought on. An invasion of Japan appeared inevitable.
In July 1945, President Truman made his controversial decision to use atomic weapons that had been developed secretly during the war by Manhattan Project scientists. More than one million troops were moving to invade Japan when the first bomb destroyed Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. On August 9, a second atomic bomb leveled Nagasaki, and Japan surrendered.
As the war in the Pacific drew to a close, Allied troops liberated American and European civilians who had been interned by the Japanese in occupied Asian countries. Among the internees were nearly 14,000 U.S. businessmen, missionaries, and teachers and their families. Held captive from Manchuria to Indochina, they endured deplorable conditions, and often cruel treatment at the hands of guards. By the time they were rescued, starvation rations had reduced many of them to living skeletons who had to be carried to safety.


A patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) must receive dialysis or a kidney transplant to survive. Did you know that your overall health, including your oral health, affects your eligibility for a transplant? Post-operative oral infections can trigger an immune response, increasing the risk of organ rejection.
Studies show that approximately 90% of chronic renal failure patients have oral issues and that people with ESRD are more likely to develop tooth decay, gum disease, and dry mouth. Other co-morbidities and the drug-induced immunosuppression associated with the condition contribute to a higher incidence of oral infections or gum disease. Harmful levels of bacteria produced by oral infections can enter your bloodstream and worsen medical conditions like ESRD.
Preventive dental care and proper oral hygiene habits can help prevent gum disease and help you avoid experiencing additional complications associated with ESRD. So, it’s important to brush after every meal and before bedtime and floss at least once a day.
By scheduling regular dental checkups, you increase your chances of catching potential problems early and reversing any damage that can impact your health, which can positively affect the success of your transplant. Your dentist will need to know your dialysis schedule in order to properly time dental treatment.
Our Oral Health for Overall HealthSM program provides additional dental benefits that fight gum disease and improve your overall health. They include two extra cleanings or periodontal maintenance visits per year (a total of four). These valuable services are available to enrolled members at no extra cost when visiting a participating provider.
If you have health and dental plans from Florida Blue and have been diagnosed with ESRD, you’re automatically enrolled. If you don’t have a health plan with Florida Blue, you can easily enroll online.
Once enrolled, all you need to do is make an appointment with a participating dentist. You can find a dentist in your plan’s network at floridabluedental.com/find-a-dentist.


QuitPuff: A Simple Method Using Saliva to Assess the Risk of Oral Pre-Cancerous Lesions and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Chronic Smokers
(1) Greenwood High School, Bangalore, India, (2) Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India
Smoking carries a risk of oral cancer. Smoking generates free radicals, which are responsible for the high levels of cellular lipid peroxidation along the oral mucosa. Free-radical-induced lipid peroxidation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of oral cancer. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the end-product of lipid peroxidation and can serve as a marker of the degree of lipid peroxidation. This study aimed to determine the salivary MDA levels in smokers and to use salivary MDA levels to assess the risk of developing oral pre-cancer and cancer. We hypothesized that heavier smokers would exhibit greater levels of salivary lipid peroxidation which in turn would correlate with a greater risk of oral pre-cancer and cancer. To test our hypothesis, we devised QuitPuff, a simple, home-based test consisting of a diagnostic reagent that reacts with MDA and produces a color change in a sample of saliva. We measured the MDA level in each sample by matching the color change with a colorimetric Lipid Peroxidation Index (LPI) chart. This method was tested on 125 people and the results were validated by UV Spectroscopy. The test detected the degree of salivary lipid peroxidation with 96% accuracy. We found that heavier smokers exhibited greater levels of salivary MDA. QuitPuff, a simple and inexpensive home-based test, can serve as an early, safe, non-invasive test for smokers to measure their degree of salivary lipid peroxidation and thereby assess their risk of developing oral pre-cancer and cancer.
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Bottom Soil Quality in Ponds for Culture of Catfish, Freshwater Prawn, and Carp in Thailand
Type of DegreeDissertation
Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures
MetadataShow full item record
Bottom soil samples were collected from 42 catfish (Clarias hybrid) ponds, 40 freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) ponds, and 18 carp (Puntius spp.) ponds in Thailand. The ponds ranged from 1 to 30 years in age. Regression analysis revealed that pond age was not a major factor influencing the physical and chemical composition of pond soils. Sediment depth, S horizon thickness, and bulk density of S horizon were greater for carp ponds than for catfish and prawn ponds. This resulted because sediment was removed from catfish and prawn ponds more frequently than from carp ponds. Total carbon, organic carbon, and total nitrogen concentrations were higher in carp ponds than prawn and catfish ponds. However, few ponds had sediment organic carbon concentrations above 3%, and carbon:nitrogen ratios did not differ among the three cultured species. Total phosphorus and other soil phosphorus fractions increased in the order prawn ponds, carp ponds, and catfish ponds. Soil sulfur concentrations also increased in the same order. There were no differences in major or minor nutrients in bottom soils that would influence aquacultural production. Although there were significant correlations between various soil quality variables, no single variable or group of a few variables would be useful in estimating soil quality. Best management practices recommended for improving pond bottom quality were drying of bottom between crops, liming, tilling, and periodic sediment removal. Best management practices for preventing high total suspended solids concentrations in pond effluents also were recommended.


At Acton CEVC Primary School, we provide a broad and balanced curriculum where learning develops from:
- Trips, visitors and first hand experiences;
- Curriculum days;
- Stimulating learning environments;
- Opportunities to create, perform and compete;
- Making links between areas of learning;
- Recognising our place in the community.
The aim of Geography at Acton CEVC Primary is:
- to enable children to gain knowledge and understanding of places in the world;
- to increase children’s knowledge of other cultures and, in so doing, teach a respect and understanding of what it means to be a positive citizen in a multi-cultural country;
- to allow children to learn geographical skills, including how to use, draw and interpret maps;
- to enable children to know and understand environmental problems at a local, regional and global level;
- to encourage in children a commitment to sustainable development, and an appreciation of what ‘global citizenship’ means;
- to develop in children a variety of other skills, including those of enquiry, problem solving, ICT, investigation, and that of presenting their conclusions in the most appropriate way.
We offer a rich and varied range of teaching approaches to achieve these ends, always striving to challenge every one of our pupils to make the maximum progress regardless of their starting point, with an understanding that different levels of support may be required to help them achieve their goals.
What Year 2 say about Geography
"I like learning about Felixstowe and how it has a fort and a big pier that stretches into the sea. I want to find out even more about what a port is."
"It's important to find out how boats and ports work. It helps us understand maps and how places change, like when the Dutch invaded!"


Theme 4: What Is Taxed and WhyLesson 4: Direct and Indirect Taxes
Taxes can be either direct or indirect. A direct tax is one that the taxpayer pays directly to the government. These taxes cannot be shifted to others. A homeowner pays personal property taxes directly to the government. A family pays its own federal income taxes.
An indirect tax can be passed on to another person or group. A business may recover the cost of the taxes it pays by charging higher prices to customers. A tax shift occurs when the business shifts its taxes to others.
Activity 1: Classifying Direct and Indirect Taxes Classify taxes as Direct or Indirect.
Activity 2: Business Beginnings Discover how business location affects profits and taxes.
Activity 3: Chuck's Chocolate Factory How are profits affected when you shift rising property taxes to your customers?
Activity 4: Tax Your Memory Test you tax IQ when you play this memory concentration game.
Complete the assessment page to test your understanding of Direct and Indirect Taxes.
What could a business do if it experiences an increase in its property tax rates?
Did You Know?
Did You Know? Paper and metal aren't the only things used to make money. Under the rule of Aztec emperor Montezuma, the cocoa bean was used as currency.
Test your tax trivia knowledge by answering the following multiple-choice question by clicking on the correct answer. To assess your answer, click the Check My Answers button.
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10 Things You Need to Know About Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that results in the loss of a person’s cognitive function, ability to complete daily tasks and causes various degrees of physical and emotional stress.
Here are 10 things you need to know about Alzheimer’s disease:
- The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease, which affects near 40 million people around the world, including 5 million Americans.
- Alzheimer’s disease is found to affect women double the rate of men. Alzheimer’s also progresses faster in women than men.
- Other health conditions like heart disease, diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure can lead to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s.
- According to research, individuals with a higher level of education have a lower chance of developing Alzheimer’s disease. A great way to reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease when you’re older is to train your brain; learning a new language, how to play a musical instrument or just by taking academic classes are some ideas to strengthen your brain.
- Alzheimer’s disease is one of the top causes of death for older people. In 2010, 84,000 people were killed due to Alzheimer’s disease, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- As of this time, there is no definitive treatment to cure, inhibit progression, or prevent Alzheimer’s disease.
- Alzheimer’s is very costly. In 2016, the cost of providing medical care for Alzheimer’s patients in the U.S. was $236 billion.
- The neurogenerative disease was first discovered by a German doctor named Alois Alzheimer in 1906. During a post-mortem, Dr. Alzheimer noticed the patient’s brain had shrunk. The patient exhibited memory loss and other cognitive issues before death.
- Alzheimer’s disease is found to relate to a loss of the sense of smell. Loss of smell may be an early symptom of Alzheimer’s, doctor’s speculate.
- While the progression rate for Alzheimer’s disease is different from person to person, older patients typically live for 3 to 4 years, and younger diagnosed individuals could live for 10 years.
*Information presented sourced from healthline.com
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The Original Poster!
Fine example of this famous Vichy France / anti-British Nazi Propaganda poster.
The image depicts Winston Churchill as a voracious hydra with tentacles grabbing key sites of British involvement in the Second World War. The cutting of these tentacles reflects the defeat of the British imperialist activities in Norway, Germany, Syria, Somalia, Libya, Mers el Kebir and Dakar by Axis forces.
The image is a fine example of anti-British propaganda produced under the French occupation after Germany defeated France in 1940. “SPK” (or “PSK”) appears on a number of other anti-British posters produced at the time, although the organization is not known.
The strategic locations singled out on the map are meant to appeal to the emotions of the French people. Fresh in the public consciousness were Britain's controversial campaigns against German expansion in the French colonial sites of Dakar and Mers-el-Kébir, which left many Frenchmen dead.
The English translation is "Be reassured, the amputations (of his tentacles) are proceeding methodically".
The original poster is very scarce, especially in such good condition.
A reduced size reproduction from 1960 of this image appears occasionally on the market.


The Benefits of Proper Town Planning
Proper town planning helps create vibrant and livable communities, so you and your family can enjoy the best quality of life. When cities are well-planned, residents reap the rewards in several ways.
Improved quality of life for residents
Proper town planning improves the quality of life for residents by creating vibrant communities that meet their needs. By prioritising residents' needs, planners can create vibrant, livable and sustainable communities.
Residents can access public transportation, affordable housing, parks and green spaces and safe streets. A healthier environment, improved social equity, and fewer resource disparities will improve the lives of everyone in the community.
Increased Property Values
proper town planning increases property values by creating attractive neighbourhoods with desirable amenities. An area with thoughtful planning draws people to move there, thus increasing home prices.
Additionally, town planners can make sure new developments are in areas that suit them best. As a result, they protect your property values from the impacts of incompatible development.
Promotes Economic Growth
Smartly designed towns allow for more efficient traffic flow and access to reliable public transit. With these in place, local businesses are more likely to invest and grow in the area, creating jobs and opportunities for everyone.
In addition, adequately zoned areas lead to better use of land and resources – all of which benefit both local businesses and the economy at large.
Town planners play a crucial role in promoting environmental sustainability by ensuring that new developments have a minimal impact on the environment. Planning encourages resource management, smart zoning regulations and other measures that can help reduce pollution levels and improve air quality.
The sustainability strategies can include green building practices, conservation of natural resources and sustainable transportation. By promoting sustainability, town planners can help to create communities that are resilient and can withstand the impacts of climate change.
Enhances Public Safety
Town planning plays a critical role in enhancing public safety by ensuring that they design communities with safety in mind. Among the factors that influence safety are street lighting, crosswalks and well-maintained sidewalks. Well-lit streets provide citizens with safe routes to travel on foot or by bike.
By designing safe and secure communities, town planners can help reduce crime and improve the overall quality of life for residents.
The bottom line? Proper town planning is essential for creating safe, healthy environments that are enjoyable for everybody and stand the test of time.
Learn more about town planning.


When planting iris bulbs in Minnesota, it is important to water them thoroughly after planting. However, continuous watering is not necessary in the Minnesota climate. To protect the rhizomes from freezing and thawing, it is best to spread a two to three inch thick layer of wood mulch over the beds. If you have used Christmas tree branches, straw, or any other material to keep the iris from shaking, make sure to remove it as soon as possible.
Any type of mulch around rhizomes during spring rains can cause rotting.Loose leaves and debris can also be a breeding ground for leaf-chewing slugs. Some gardeners prefer to trim the iris foliage after the first hard frost of the fall. Others leave the old green leaves in place to provide some protection during the winter and continue to feed the rhizome on mild days. Cleaning is also important for drill control.Iris borers are present in many states in the U.
S., but not all of them, especially in the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Midwest regions. Check with your agricultural extension service or the local chapter of the American Iris Society to see if they are in your area. Don Scoop, of Irises at Winterberry Gardens, has suggested that pine bark mulch can be used on iris beds (although not too thick).