Some may not think of teaching as a hazardous occupation, at least when compared to other jobs, such as construction; however, educators face their own set of on-the-job injuries that may lead to repetitive stress syndrome.
Worksite International notes that classrooms offer little in the way of ergonomics, which may lead to these painful conditions and result in workers’ compensation cases for teachers of all types. While many repeated actions can cause repetitive strain injuries, several seem common to many educators across the board.
1. Writing on a chalkboard or whiteboard
Many schools now use whiteboards instead of traditional chalkboards, but this does little to improve ergonomics for the teachers who use them. The constant motion of reaching up to write may cause shoulder strain over time, which can limit the range of motion or cause tendonitis. Eventually, teachers begin to suffer from daily discomfort and may even reach a point where they can no longer work and must file for compensation.
2. Standing for long periods of time
Many teachers spend all day on their feet, especially those who teach small children who they must monitor constantly. While sore feet is often a common complaint for teachers, they may also suffer back and leg pain as well. Prolonged standing can lead to the development of sciatica, a condition where the pressure of standing for long periods pinches the sciatic nerve, which can cause considerable discomfort.
3. Writing and grading
While some teachers no longer grade by hand, using a mouse to scroll through grading spreadsheets and typing can cause repetitive stress injuries. Finger joints and wrists are usually the most vulnerable.
Teachers can protect their health by taking breaks and using stretching exercises which may prevent some of these injuries.


Pie in the Sky discusses the problems of false memory that can arise when trying to attain an understanding in one's personal narrative. This desire to comprehend the essence of who we are can begin with a search through our memory. However, where does this journey take us, and where does it often end? Is this approach reliable? Besides genes, environment, and other sources of our foundation, our narrative seems to have also been built with experiences. The existence of these experiences is stored in our brain and in order to comprehend our own personal story we must seek out the truth of these reserved memories. When examining our interpretation of our memories and their palpability, one must maneuver through a sort of maze of imagery. Pie in the Sky asks the questions, how has this imagery transformed through perception and time as well as how that process affects memory. Imagery origin and its accuracy are examined in Pie in the Sky. The manner in which we input and retrieve information reveals that the actuality of our retrospection can be faulty. When information is being received, there are many obstacles that can be present during the process. Filters such as emotions or lack thereof, past experiences, and personal perspective all can have an impact on how this information is arranged to form our memory. Since these filters alter memory not only at the moment of inception, but also at point of retrieval, it is unclear as to how credible they are. Obstructions that can exist in what seems to be every process of knowledge retention create a cycle of misinformation that carries over to the next thought. In turn, false memories are produced and it becomes difficult to weave together an accurate narrative.


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The Wianamatta Group, of Middle Triassic age, is the topmost Mesozoic unit in the Sydney Basin. Three formations are recognized. The Ashfield Shale, 45 to 60 m thick, comprises a dark grey to black siltstone which grades upwards into a laminite. The overlying, thin, quartz lithic Minchinbury Sandstone is less than 4 m thick. The Bringelly Shale comprises 257 m of mainly claystone and siltstone with laminite, sandstone, carbonaceous claystone, and rare coal. The Wianamatta Group was deposited during a single regressive episode. The sequence grades upwards from a lacustrine to a marine or brackish facies, (Ashfield Shale), through a shoreline facies comprising a beach and barrier bar complex (Minchinbury Sandstone), into an over-lying lagoonal marsh facies which grades up into an alluvial or estuarine coastal plain facies (Bringelly Shale). The Wianamatta Group is the chief source of raw material for the production of structural bricks in the Sydney Region. Both the Ashfield Shale and the Bringelly Shale possess the ability to bloat and have potential for the production of lightweight expanded aggregate.
Herbert C. 1979. The Geology and Resource Potential of the Wianamatta Group. Geological Survey of New South Wales - Bulletin 25
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To learn more about volunteering as a butterfly monitor, please complete the form on the "About Community Scientists" page.
Nachusa Grasslands is "a flutter" with 47 native butterfly species: swallowtails, whites, sulphurs, yellows, blues, hairstreaks, brush-footed, and skippers.
Particularly exciting is the preserve's population of regal fritillaries. In Illinois, the regal fritillary is a threatened species due mainly to the loss of prairie habitat. The regal caterpillar's diet of ONLY prairie violets also complicates their survival. However, Nachusa Grasslands has become an ideal home for this beautiful butterfly since the remnant lands contain many violets and the restoration prairie plantings are also seeded with several violet species.
Butterfly monitoring by volunteer community scientists will help Nachusa collect data on the butterfly populations. The Illinois Butterfly Monitoring Network states that the "goal is to provide data collected with a standardized protocol that allows land managers to evaluate long-term trends in a changing landscape."
Volunteers attend a training workshop before the season begins in order to learn the common species and monitoring protocols. Each monitor walks an assigned route at least six times during the summer. Usually a route can be traversed within an hour. The monitor records the species seen along their route and then reports the data.
Some Nachusa Grasslands butterfly species:
Blues and Hairstreaks


A ton of books get read at our house, but some are more important than others...especially the ones that form the basis of our curriculum. Here is a list of the books we are using right now. I've made these available to buy through Amazon links. We usually find great books at the library to see how they are first before buying them. These are the ones we have purchased.
Rocky Mountain nature guide, Bezener, Andy
We use this book to do studies on animals. My child picks out an animal each day, reads about it, and writes a story about the animal. We also integrate this book into bigger studies on herbivores, carnivores, etc...
A prairie food chain, Tarbox, A. D. (Angelique D.)
The Odyssey series is amazing and these food chain editions are marvelous. We've read them all and they truly show kids how nature works in a forest from the smallest organism up to the fiercest predators.
*I would also recommend the World Books' Science and Nature Guides. They are amazing.
The illustrated history of the world : from the big bang to the third millennium, Morris, Neil.
Don't use any other book to guide your history curriculum. This book helps you build timelines and learn about history in a smart, structured fashion.
Reading and Phonics
The ordinary parent's guide to teaching reading, Wise, Jessie.
I used this book to help my child learn how to read. We didn't use the entire book because my daughter was fairly advanced when we started using it, however it was great for teaching the harder phonics concepts. You could used this book from the very beginning of a child's journey to reading...if so, I'd begin this book at age 4, and you'll have a fluent reader by age 6.
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Sustainable Agriculture: The Canadian ContextSymposium Presentation
TIM MCALLISTER, PhD
Ruminant Nutrition and Microbiology
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Canada accounts for about 1.6% of global GHG with 0.001% of this arising from the Canadian dairy industry. The Canadian dairy production’s GHG emissions per L of milk (0.94 kg CO2eq) ranks among the most efficient in the world. Canadian dairy cows continue to become increasingly efficient at milk production. In five years, a litre of milk in Canada has lowered the carbon footprint by 7.3%, the water footprint by 5.6% and land use by 10.9%. Continued improvements in genetics, precision agriculture, nutrigenomics and environment stewardship will undoubtedly accelerate these improvements in efficiency in the future.
Cattle are unique in their ability to convert forages into high quality milk and meat protein. At the same time, forages and grasslands retain vast quantities of carbon within soils, enhance water quality, prevent erosion, sustain wetlands and contribute to biodiversity. Cattle also play an integral role in nutrient recycling through the production of manure which delivers nutrients and carbon that improve soil health and productivity.
Climate change is being driven primarily as a result of the use of fossil fuels by humanity. Liberation of carbon from ancient stores is what has contributed to the global increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Food production is essential to humanity and is not a practice that can be eliminated as a means of reducing global GHG emissions. However, improved efficiencies in agriculture are clearly obtainable, but these efficiencies must be identified through an appreciation of the inevitable sustainability trade-offs that occur in both natural and agricultural ecosystems.


Squanto and the Miracle of Thanksgiving: A Harvest Story from Colonial America of How One Native American's Friendship Saved the Pilgrims (Hardcover)
Discover the amazing true story of how one Native American's suffering, generosity, and friendship led to the first Thanksgiving with the Pilgrims, by New York Times bestselling author Eric Metaxas.
In 1608, traders came to Massachusetts, captured a Patuxet boy named Squanto, and sold him into slavery. He was later cared for by Christians, taught faith in God, and learned to speak English. Ten years after his capture, he returned to America and learned an epidemic had wiped out his entire village. Yet God had plans for Squanto.
When the Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth Rock, Squanto had the ability to communicate with the new settlers. Imagine their surprise to find an indigenous man who spoke the same language as they did living in the exact place where they landed in a strange new world. Because of Squanto's help translating, the Pilgrims and the Native Americans lived together in friendship and celebrated the first Thanksgiving.
This beautifully illustrated picture book for children 6 to 10
- tells the biography of Squanto, his journey to Europe and back, and his life-saving friendship to the new settlers at Plymouth;
- shows that God can bring good things out of bad circumstances;
- is the perfect blend of information and adventure; and
- is a great addition to a Thanksgiving celebration, Sunday School class, family story time, homeschool unit, or fall bedtime routine.
Learn about the people at the first Thanksgiving and how God can work miracles around the world.


That is, those in the most difficult condition (challenging descriptions and perceived cross-cultural communication) actually put forth the least amount of effort of any group. Unsurprisingly, the difficulty manipulation in same-culture teacher/learner pairs caused the pairs to work harder. However, this same difficulty manipulation caused contrasting-cultural pairs to put forth less effort than those in the easy-manipulation group.
That is, when conversational participants were not from the same perceived cultural group, they did not try as hard in a difficult task. However, when they were in the same perceived cultural group, they did try harder in the harder task. Importantly, the cultural group manipulation was a deception, and all participants were from the same culture.
The findings of the study reiterate the well-established finding that Bruner’s scaffolding is indeed an important aspect of learning—when teachers and learners reach a load threshold, they will no longer be willing to try. The study also revealed interesting features of three theories of communication, which, at the time were thought to be at odds with each other. The dissertation showed that depending on the parameters of communicative setting, one or the other theory might be correct. The key parameters were cognitive load and perceived in-group/out-group status as manipulated by cultural preconceptions of the interlocutor (conversational partner).
One of these theories addressed in my work was Herbert Clark’s theory of common ground, whereby speakers and listeners try painstakingly to take each other’s perspectives into account. In this research, I demonstrate that such factors can amplify content difficulty, and need to be taken into consideration when determining how to scaffold tasks for learners.
- Roxanne Raine, Hawaii Pacific University, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Developing an understanding of economic theory, you will investigate a range of broad economic issues and topics.
These include: how prices are determined in markets, the problems of providing public services such as the NHS and policing and how the credit crunch caused shocks to our economy. Further to this a high standard of English Language skills will be required to evaluate and analyse economic issues and individual’s behaviour as well as being able to use maths skills to a high degree.
Here you will undertake a more in-depth study (at the ‘micro’ level) of the behaviour of firms and how they operate, the benefits of competition and what is behind the psychology of consumption patterns.
You will also examine a range of macroeconomic issues such as the arguments for and against increased social provision and debates surrounding appropriate levels of taxes. In depth analysis of the impact of China and the UK’s decision to leave the EU will also be part of the focus.
Bloomberg Labs (University of Derby)
Paper 1 Microeconomics: comprising one data response question from a choice of two and one essay from a choice of three titles (2 hours).
Paper 2 Macroeconomics: comprising one data response question from a choice of two and one essay from a choice of three titles (2 hours).
Paper 3 Synoptic: comprising of 30 multiple choice questions and an economic report (2 hours).
Grade 5 English. Grade 5 Maths.
Any other subjects, especially Maths and Further Maths.
Statistician, Accountant, Stockbroker and Local Government Officer.
Check out our Culture Vulture link to see what takes your interest.
Click the link and have a go at our 10-week learning plan to get you off to the best start.
Follow the link to see an introduction to the course, identifying what you will study with us in the first few months and what you might already know.


Researchers have recently gathered in Napa Valley for a sort of déjà vu meeting, Wired writes. Just like in the 1970s when researchers gathered to grapple with the ethical use of a new biotech tool, they again were coming together to discuss the implications of another tool, this time genome engineering.
CRISPR-based genome engineering holds a lot of potential for therapeutics and more — on its cover, Wired says it could solve hunger, eliminate pollution, and eradicate diseases, claims that led to the Twitter hashtag #crisprfacts — but also could be misused.
Most work, Wired's Amy Maxmen notes, isn't and won't be controversial, but that CRISPR is so easy to use is both its strength and its weakness. Editing a human embryo, it adds, sounds all sorts of ethical alarms, but other changes, such as to mosquitoes in an attempt to eliminate the malaria parasite they can carry could have downstream consequences for the insects that eat mosquitoes.
And companies seeking to capitalize on the tool are popping up, Maxmen adds, as "swarms of investors are racing to bring genetically engineered creations to market. The idea of CRISPR slides almost frictionlessly into modern culture."
Unlike in the 1970s, she says it's the scientists who are the most concerned about how the technology can be used. When Maxmen asks Harvard's George Church for his worst-case scenario use of CRISPR, she writes that he mumbles something about weapons, but then stops himself and says he'd rather take the idea to his grave.
"But thousands of other scientists are working on CRISPR," she notes. "Not all of them will be as cautious."


Before handling food, we should wash our hands and use clean utensils, not allowing food to come into contact with any surface not previously sanitized.
Change the utensils for every type of aliment or for the previously cooked and not cooked, this way we avoid the cross contamination.
The cold consumed dinners, must be putted in a clean recipient, hermetically close and fridge conserved. Take it of the fridge right before we go out home. Fridge it again when arrive to school; if there’s no possibility to do that, we have to make sure our selves that the ice keeper.
Exclude the use of egg in the meals, specially the not cooked kind (without termic tratement), like in mayonnaise sauces. It’s better to prepare, for example, a salad and dress at the moment of eat it including the commercial mayonnaise.
In the case of hot meals: it has to be cold about an hour a go (never freeze it while it’s hot.) Close hermetically and freeze.
Choose always the hygienic and stable products: like mature cheeses instead of fresh cheeses, dairy or industrial desserts instead of homemade ones, better a steak than a tortilla…
Do not eat meals made with more than 48 hours in advance or if we have any doubt about their status.
Never reuse or freeze the possibly rests of homemade food consumed outside of our home.


Adultolescence is a term that has been used in recent years to describe a phenomenon where individuals in their late 20s and early 30s feel that they are stuck in a prolonged period of adolescence. It refers to a period where people feel like they are not yet fully adults but are also no longer teenagers. This concept has been used to describe people who are struggling to make the transition to traditional markers of adulthood such as financial independence, stable employment, and committed relationships. Adultolescence can also refer to people who feel they have not yet found a sense of purpose or direction in their lives and are still trying to figure out what they want to do with their lives.
So what is Adolescence?
Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and adulthood, typically between the ages of 10 and 20. It is characterized by physical, emotional, and cognitive changes, as well as the development of social and self-identity. During this time, individuals experience a range of changes, including growth spurts, hormonal changes, and the onset of puberty. They also develop the ability to think abstractly and are better equipped to understand their own emotions and behavior. Adolescence can be a challenging time as individuals navigate new responsibilities, social pressures, and the formation of their own identities.


Microsoft founder and billionaire Bill Gates revealed in a new interview with Quartz robots, who are expected to replace human workers, should pay incomes taxes equal to the human worker they replaced.
“If a human worker does $50,000 of work in a factory, that income is taxed,” Gates said. “If a robot comes in to do the same thing, you’d think we’d tax the robot at a similar level.”
Bill Gates asserts that these taxes could be used to help fund programs that can train humans new skills. For example, the robot tax can be used to help fund retraining human factory workers for jobs that will still require human workers.
“Some of it can come from the profits that are generated by the labor-saving efficiency there. Some of it can come directly from some type of robot tax,” Gates said.
Also, Gates argues that policy should be implemented to “slow down the speed” of automated jobs to allow governments time to manage the technological revolution.
Last December, Amazon announced the release of “Amazon Go” a new service that could disrupt the entire retail industry. Amazon Go is a store that does not have have a single register and most of the stocking will be done by robots and not people. While the idea is great for people who are interested in avoiding standing in line to check out, economists are worried about the future of jobs.
A 2016 report from the Council of Economic Advisers found that nearly 83% of all jobs paying $20 per hour will be replaced by some form of technology. In addition, jobs paying between $20 to $40 per hour will face some sort of disruption.
Overall, Gates argues that more time should be spent on doing a better job of “reaching out to the elderly, having a smaller class side, helping kids with special needs.”


SGUs geochemical mapping focuses on researching the natural levels of metals and other important elements in soils. The information shows, for example; areas where gold is present, where there is a lack of important elements such as phosphorus and magnesium, or a risk of too high natural levels of arsenic or cadmium.
Metals and other elements are in constant circulation, all around us, in nature. Many of these elements occur naturally, from soils or bedrock, and some have been released through human activity. These substances affect both nature and us, for good or evil.
The information gained from the geochemical mapping is used in many different fields, such as mineral prospecting, foresting, soil research, municipal planning, environmental monitoring and medical research.
How is the mapping performed?
Samples are taken at a depth of 1 meter to map the natural levels of main and trace elements in the soils. Laboratories measure more than 30 elements, as well as acidity (pH). The sampling density is 1 sample per 6-7 km2.
SGU has, through the geochemical mapping, built a large database over biogeochemical mapping. Aquatic mosses, as well as roots from living plants, have been analyzed to get a picture of the total content and amount of different elements in circulation. The results highlight over 30 elements in natural waters. These measurements are not conducted today, but the results are still usable.
Last reviewed 2020-10-13


NAVAJO LEAVE FORT SUMNER ON “LONG WALK HOME”
On this date, the Navajo left the Bosque Redondo reservation in eastern New Mexico on a 300-mile trek called the “Long Walk Home.” The journey mirrored 53 separate marches that disparate Navajo bands endured between the spring of 1864 and 1866 that constituted the Navajo “Long Walk,” also the southwestern “Trail of Tears.” To end friction between Navajo, Mexican, other tribes, and Americans, Colonel “Kit” Carson employed a “scorched earth” policy to round up and move the Navajo. Exhausted and malnourished when captured, they were shown no mercy along the way. Hundreds died on the 18-day journey. For those who survived, the reservation situated the Navajo alongside their rivals, the Mescalero Apache. When allowed to return, the Navajo knew where they were going–back to their traditional homelands. Also, given the collective trauma of the “Long Walk,” they were walking home not as disparate bands, but as one Navajo people.
Source: John Burnett, "The Navajo Nation's Own 'Trail Of Tears,'" NPR All Things Considered, 6/15/2005. Retrieved 7/3/2019, https://www.npr.org/2005/06/15/4703136/the-navajo-nation-s-own-trail-of-tears Photo: Author and date unknown. Most likely taken in 1860s. Likely Public Domain in U.S.: Most likely Pre 1/1/1925. Public Domain elsewhere where copyright term is author’s life plus 100 years or less.


1. Conservation of the seven lagoons of the Palavas complex (southern France) has been severely impaired by nutrient over-enrichment during at least four decades. The effluents of the Montpellier wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) represented the main nutrient input. To improve the water quality of these lagoons, this WWTP was renovated and upgraded and, since the end of 2005, its effluents have been discharged 11km offshore into the Mediterranean (total investment €150 M). 2. Possibilities of ecosystem restoration as part of a conservation programme were explored by a focus group of experts. Their tasks were: (i) to evaluate the impact of the reduction of the nutrient input; (ii) if necessary, to design additional measures for an active restoration programme; and (iii) to predict ecosystem trajectories for the different cases. Extension of Magnoliophyta meadows can be taken as a proxy for ecosystem restoration as they favour the increase of several fish (seahorse) and bird (ducks, swans, herons) species, albeit they represent a trade-off for greater flamingos. Additional measures for active ecosystem restoration were only recommended for the most impaired lagoon Méjean, while the least impaired lagoon Ingril is already on a trajectory of spontaneous recovery. 3. A multiple contingent valuation considering four different management options for theMéjean lagoon was used in a pilot study based on face-to-face interviews with 159 respondents. Three levels of ecosystem restoration were expressed in terms of recovery of Magnoliophyta meadows, including their impact on emblematic fish and avifauna. These were combined with different options for access (status quo, increasing access, increasing access with measures to reduce disturbance). The results show a willingness of local populations to pay per year about €25 for the highest level of ecological restoration, while they were only willing to allocate about €5 for additional footpaths and hides.
Restoration ecology of coastal lagoons: new methods for the prediction of ecological trajectories and economic valuation
7 April 2017


In this day and age, celebrating women in the workplace shouldn’t be controversial, and perhaps the holiday itself isn’t. For modern women, however, International Women’s Day (IWD) means more than recognizing women’s valuable contributions to businesses across the globe; nowadays, the fight for equal pay and promotions carries on, and IWD is a critical factor in keeping this issue on the front burner.
International Women’s Day, celebrated on March 8th of each year, is an official holiday in 28 countries throughout Eastern Europe, China, Russia, Ukraine, and others. IWD is also recognized as a non-official holiday in Portugal, Italy, Brazil, and several other countries. However, honoring a day for working women is not recognized much in Western Europe or North America, primarily because the celebration began in the early part of the 20th century when world powers fought each other, and socialism and communism were in opposition to much of the West’s political and socio-economic philosophy. No matter the origins of IWD, women in the workplace should be celebrated.
According to the 2019 US Census, 57.4% of all women are in the workforce. Their participation in the workforce was a significant development in the latter half of the 20th century, peaking at 60% in 1999. Higher-level education participation of women has quadrupled since 1970, and earnings have grown from 62% of what men earned in 1979 to 82% in 2019.
Today, the effort continues to bring workplace compensation on par with men. Legislation, such as Washington state’s Equal Pay and Opportunities Act, helps by prohibiting differences in pay based on gender and promoting fairness of compensation.
It is essential to review hiring practices, compensation, and benefits data to prevent gender bias and outright gender discrimination. Many organizations have yet to provide training to those responsible for interviewing, hiring, and performing basic management practices. If your organization could use some help or assistance in these or other management practice areas, FIT HR is here to help.


PowerPoint is a very visual tool. Crafting individual slide setups requires precise control of object placement. The ruler is a multipurpose tool to show your location on a slide and within the object placeholder.
There are two rulers, one at the top of the slide is the horizontal ruler, and one to the left is the vertical ruler. Zero is used for the center point.
This can be helpful when you want to be able to easily position different elements, whether it’s text, a chart, a table, or different graphics, by simply being able to work with this ruler as your reference point.
1. Click on the View tab, and check to turn the Ruler on. Or you can press Alt + Shift + F9 on your keyboard.
2. If you want to hide the vertical ruler, go to File > Options.
3. Go to Advanced, in Display uncheck Show vertical ruler.
Do you know that PowerPoint also provides a ruler on your screen that acts like a physical ruler? The following steps will show you how to enable this feature and how to use it.
1. Go to the Draw tab and click Ruler.
2. You can move this ruler using your mouse and rotate it using the mouse wheel.
What to do if the Draw tab is missing
The default setting in Microsoft PowerPoint did not show the Draw tab. Here’s how to fix it.
1. Go to File > Options.
2. Open the Customize Ribbon and check Draw on the right.
3. Click OK, and the Draw tab will appear in the ribbon.
So, when you’re preparing a presentation, make sure to turn on PowerPoint’s helpful visual onscreen reference like ruler.


expanding union of the workers. This union is helped on by the improved means of communication that are created by modern industry, and that place the workers of different localities in contact with one another. It was just this contact that was needed to centralize the numerous local struggles, all of the same character, into one national struggle between classes. But every class struggle is a political struggle. And that union, to attain which the burghers of the Middle Ages, with their miserable highways, required centuries, the modern proletarians, thanks to railways, achieve in a few years.
This organization of the proletarians into a class, and consequently into a political party, is continually being upset again by the competition between the workers themselves. But it ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier. It compels legislative recognition of particular interests of the workers, by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself. Thus the ten-hour bill in England was carried.
Altogether collisions between the classes of the old society further, in many ways, the course of development of the proletariat. The bourgeoisie finds itself involved in a constant battle. At first with the aristocracy; later on, with those portions of the bourgeoisie itself, whose interests have become antagonistic to the progress of industry; at all times, with the bourgeoisie of foreign countries. In all these battles it sees itself compelled to appeal to the proletariat, to ask for its help, and thus, to drag it into the political arena. The bourgeoisie itself, therefore, supplies the prole-


Economic Problems: Possible initiatives to protect small businesses:
A public health-driven economic crisis is different:
A public health crisis has unique impacts on the economy and worker economic security. First, it hits supply and demand simultaneously and across many markets and regions. Consumers may be afraid to shop or go to entertainment venues. Workers may be unable to work if workplaces, schools, or child care centers are shut down, or if they are sick or exposed to the virus. Supply chains are disrupted, limiting production. Overall growth and business confidence can crater. The economy could grind to a near-halt in heavily affected industries and geographic areas owing to the need to quarantine to stop the pandemic.
This economic fallout is similar to a natural disaster, whereby businesses and people have little control over whether they will be affected by the virus and its economic ripple effects. It is also made worse by spillover effects such as credit market disruptions, misinformation, and herd behavior that make it look like a financial crisis. In the case of COVID-19, add in the racism arising from the disease’s origin in Asia, and businesses in U.S. Chinatowns have already seen disproportionate and undeserving economic hits. With its fewer resources, rural America is hit as well.
As with both natural disasters and financial crises, addressing the underlying problem is essential to getting the rest of the economy going again. For a natural disaster, the physical environment has to be safe enough to rebuild. For a financial crisis, the risk of bank and credit market runs have to be removed, and bad debt has to be recognized so that people and businesses can get access to credit again when they need it. In this case, this means that governments, especially at the state and local level, will need to do whatever they can to contain the public health crisis and manage the economic knock-on effects. A wide range of additional work will need to be considered at every level of government to confront supply chain shortages and boost economic and public healthy resiliency.
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After evaluating the MRI results, the orthopedic surgeon recommended surgery to reconstruct the ACL. Derrick was a young athlete who had dreams of playing professionally and would need the full function of his knee. Derrick would definitely not return to play this season, but if all went well, would return the following season.
Instructor's Note: A conservative, non-surgical approach of treating an ACL tear is also an option. The patient undergoes extensive physical therapy to strengthen the knee. Although the knee will not function as well as it once did, this is often the best approach for an older or nonathletic patient.
The surgery would not take place for 3-6 weeks. The swelling in the knee would need to subside as well as the hemarthrosis for the surgery to be successful. The presurgery goal would be to reduce swelling and pain and restore a full range of motion. Derrick would begin physical therapy as soon as possible. The goals of the first phase of physical therapy were to minimize swelling, pain, and hemorrhage after surgery; establish and maintain full knee extension; achieve good quadriceps control, and to begin working on regaining knee flexion and neuromuscular control.
The orthopedic surgeon performed surgery one month after the initial injury. At this point, the swelling and hemarthrosis had subsided and Derrick's knee was stronger due to physical therapy. The surgeon explained that he would perform the surgery arthroscopically. The surgeon would use a graft from Derrick's patellar tendon to replace the torn ACL ligament. See ACL reconstruction by arthroscopic surgery.
- 7. What is an arthroscope?
- 8. What are some advantages of arthroscopic surgery?
- 9. Describe the surgical method used to replace a torn ACL.
View ACL Reconstruction Surgery video
Instructor's Note: The student may wonder why the torn ACL ligament is replaced, and simply not sutured together. Surgeons have found that attempting to repair a torn ligament by stitching is ineffective. The ligaments do not heal or function as they should. Ligaments are replaced by an autograft (using tendons from the patient's own body), or an allograft (using donated tendons from another body). A patellar tendon autograft is the most common repair.
Principles of Athletic Training, Ninth Edition, Arnheim and Prentice, pg. 496.


April is Oral Health Month. Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph Public Health has several programs to ensure residents of the region have access to care.
“Ensuring children and seniors have access to quality oral care is an important part of the overall health of our region,” said Dr. Nicola Mercer, Medical Officer of Health and CEO. “Access to oral care contributes to increased self esteem, as well as good overall health. I’m encouraging all residents of the region to know their oral health options.”
WDG Public Health has dental programs for qualifying seniors and children/youth to support good oral health:
Public Health offers free dental care through the Healthy Smiles Ontario (HSO) program to children and youth who cannot afford it. Healthy Smiles Ontario is a government-funded dental program that provides free preventive, routine, and emergency dental services to eligible children and youth 17 and younger from families with limited income.
The Ontario Seniors Dental Care Program is a publicly-funded program that provides access to oral health care services for low-income seniors, for both preventive (cleanings) and restorative (fillings, extractions) services. The program may help reduce unnecessary trips to the hospital, prevent certain chronic diseases, and increase the quality of life for seniors in Ontario.
For more information visit wdgpublichealth.ca/smile.
Danny Williamson, 1-800-265-7293 ext. 4376


Geometry Puzzles are not only fun, they actually help us build the skills we need for math and solving problems!
Tangrams is a set of seven pieces, or tans, that can be arranged to make a square or one of hundreds of other shapes.
Students really seem to enjoy solving Tangram Puzzles. The really cool thing is you learn geometry concepts while have fun with tangrams.
Try to construct these shapes with this online tangram.
You can use any household material you want to make your tangram set like cardboard or wood.
Each set contains two small triangles, two large triangles, a medium-sized triangle, a square and a parallelogram. The puzzle was invented in China hundreds of years ago and remains a popular classroom mathematics manipulative as well as a fun pastime for children who like logic problems.
Kids will encounter Geometry in elementary, middle, and high school math classes. They will learn about things like angles, perimeter, area, volume, triangles, circles, surfaces, points, lines, and curves to name a few.
Sounds Like This Could Be Fun!
There’s no reason why geometry can’t be fun AND educational. So let's get started and help your child learn and review their skills with some of the interactive activities you'll find on this site.
Go to main Geometry Games page
Return from Geometry Puzzles To Learn With Math Games Home


Christmas Math Activities for Kindergarten
If you’re looking for Christmas Math Activities for Kindergarten, this post is for you. Introducing the Christmas Counting Book Bundle! Just print and staple into a book, and you have two weeks worth of math.
Number Sense and Number Writing
The holidays are a great time for reviewing number sense and the correct ways to form numbers. I know my kindergarten students can always use extra handwriting practice for not only letters, but numbers as well. This resource was designed to work on these concepts with a fun Christmas theme.
This Christmas Counting Book BUNDLE includes all 20 pages from my two individual Winter writing books. Use all 20 pages to create one MEGA Number Writing Book! Twenty black and white pages of number practice for numbers 1 to 20 are perfect for Kindergarten Winter math workshop or math centers.
Pages focus on number tracing, number writing, ten frames, 1 to 1 correspondence, number sentence, and using a number line. Students trace, write, and color. They will write addition number sentences and hop the gingerbread man to the given number.
Choose from 8 covers (Christmas or Winter wording). Use as a book or as individual worksheets for morning work or at math centers.
I hope this post has provided some inspirations for Christmas math activities for Kindergarten!
Click HERE to view the Christmas Math Counting Book Bundle!
Happy Holidays! Enjoy your break. You’ve earned it!
Be sure to join the Kindergarten Korner Free Resources Library! When you sign up, you’ll receive a password to access to a library of free activities and resources!
Casey Stewart is a kindergarten teacher and founder of Kindergarten Korner. She has 17 years of experience teaching in kindergarten, first, and second grade. She created http://www.kindergartenkorner.com to inspire fellow educators and help guide parents and homeschooling families on their journey throughout the magical kindergarten experience. Casey also has three kids of her own at home. Learn more about her HERE.


The control board, also known as the electronic control board, is a crucial component in the operation of a washing machine. It is responsible for controlling various functions, such as the wash cycle, water temperature, and spin speed. Here are some common reasons why the control board may need to be replaced in a washing machine:
- Failure to start or complete a cycle: If the washing machine fails to start or complete a cycle, this may indicate a problem with the control board. This can be due to a faulty component or a malfunctioning circuit on the board.
- Display or control panel issues: If the control panel on the washing machine is not responding or displaying error codes, this may indicate a problem with the control board. In some cases, the display may show garbled or incorrect information, which can also be a sign of a failing control board.
- Electrical problems: If there are electrical problems in the washing machine, such as tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses, this may be due to a faulty control board. This can be caused by a short circuit or other electrical issues within the board.
- Water leaks or overflows: If the washing machine is leaking water or overflows during a cycle, this may be due to a faulty control board. This can be caused by a malfunctioning water inlet valve or a sensor that is not working properly.
- Inconsistent performance: If the washing machine is not performing consistently, such as producing inconsistent water temperatures or not spinning at the correct speed, this may be due to a faulty control board.
In conclusion, the control board is a critical component in the operation of a washing machine. If it is malfunctioning or failing, it can cause a range of issues that can affect the performance and reliability of the machine. If you suspect that the control board is causing problems in your washing machine, it is best to contact a professional repair service to diagnose and fix the issue.


WHAT IS STUMP GRINDING?
Stump grinding is the process of cutting the stump of a tree into small, reusable wood chips. This procedure destroys the stump and kills the underlying root system. A stump grinder is a powerful machine that uses a rotating disc covered in sharp, tungsten teeth to grind the stump down into a mulch. A tree surgeon uses a stump grinder once a tree has been removed to prevent the tree from growing back, to create space to plant new saplings and to prevent the stump from attracting pests or disease.
WHY STUMP GRINDING?
Any arborist could tell you that stump grinding is an essential part of tree removal. Stumps remain connected to the tree’s root system. This can lead them to survive long after the tree has been cut down. Due to their connection to the root ball of the tree, removing the stump requires a hole far bigger than the circumference of the stump and will often require a crane to extract. This can be expensive and damaging to your garden. Stump grinding is a far easier process; cheaper for you and better for your garden.
- Once our team have removed the tree and any hazards, we bring the stump grinder on site.
- We then set the grinder’s teeth over the stump and begin the process of dismantling the structure.
- As the wood is broken down by the machine, it is turned into mulch derived from organic wood and soil from your garden.
- The Tree Surgeon will determine a depth for the machine to ensure that the stump will decay and new vegetation can be planted.
- Once completed, the machine and all large materials and waste will be removed from the site.
- The premium mulch will be used to fill the hole left by the stump, creating an optimal site for new saplings, vegetation or land use.
- A full cleanup of the site is done, leaving the property in a better condition than it started.
The last jobs from Stump Grinding
- Stumps grind – Grand PrairieCarlos2021-03-16T01:22:42+00:00
- Stump GrindingCarlos2021-03-02T05:42:41+00:00


January 10, 2015 · 7:09 pm
An Untold History, A Battle of Self-Respect, Dignity and Co-Existence. A Saga of a Subjugated Society which tells a true story of Bravery & Fortitude & how 28000 soldiers were killed by 500.
Also read about 1st January,1818: The Battle of Bhima Koregaon and watch Documentary on Bhima Koregaon
Filed under Caste Discrimination, Casteism, Dalit-Bahujans, Documentary, Equal Rights, Movie
Tagged as 500 - A Battle of Koregaon, 500 Movie, 500 Trailer, Bahujan Samaj Party, Bhima Koregaon, BSP, Caste Discrimination, Caste system in India, Dr Ambedkar Books, Dr B R Ambedkar, Dr B R Ambedkar Photos, india, Kanshi Ram, Mayawati, Slavery, The Battle of Bhima Koregaon
8 responses to “Upcoming movie – 500 : A Battle of Koregaon”
I need a help
Need writings of baba saheb ambedkar on Bhimakoregao battle the writing should be of babasaheb bcoz he provides the perfect references and I need references please do reply me
Anybody don’t know koregauon history every Indian should have watch this history
After knowing the history of koregoan bhima feeling so proud to become a mahar…..JAI BHIM
Its Amazing……Wow What a History……I feel Proud……
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Pingback: Rare Photo of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar at Bhima Koregaon | Dr. B. R. Ambedkar's Caravan
Waiting for a movie..when its releasing any idea??
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Tunicates, small invertebrates within the phylum Chordata, possess a robust tubular heart which pumps blood through their open circulatory systems without the use of valves. This heart consists of two major components: the tubular myocardium, a flexible layer of myocardial cells that actively contracts to drive fluid down the length of the tube; and the pericardium, a stiff, outer layer of cells that surrounds the myocardium and creates a fluid-filled space between the myocardium and the pericardium. We investigated the role of the pericardium through in vivo manipulations on tunicate hearts and computational simulations of the myocardium and pericardium using the immersed boundary method. Experimental manipulations reveal that damage to the pericardium results in aneurysm-like bulging of the myocardium and major reductions in the net blood flow and percentage closure of the heart's lumen during contraction. In addition, varying the pericardium-to-myocardium (PM) diameter ratio by increasing damage severity was positively correlated with peak dye flow in the heart. Computational simulations mirror the results of varying the PM ratio experimentally. Reducing the stiffness of the myocardium in the simulations reduced mean blood flow only for simulations without a pericardium. These results indicate that the pericardium has the ability to functionally increase the stiffness of the myocardium and limit myocardial aneurysms. The pericardium's function is likely to enhance flow through the highly resistive circulatory system by acting as a support structure in the absence of connective tissue within the myocardium.
L.D. Waldrop, L.A. Miller. 2015. The role of the pericardium in the valveless, tubular heart of the tunicate, Ciona savignyi. Journal of Experimental Biology 218(17): 2753-2763. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.116863
The Company of Biologists
This article was originally published in Journal of Experimental Biology, volume 218, issue 17, in 2015. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.116863


It may be hard to believe, but two billion people in the world still do not have a bank account. Most of them live in low and middle income emerging markets, but even in high-income countries, large numbers of people are unable to use banks to meet their day to day financial needs. This means they don’t have access to the convenience, to security and to interest that banks provide.
Moreover, many people have access to a bank account but do not have adequate access to the financial services that banks can provide. These people are known as the underbanked. Even in the United States, for example, 33.5 mln households were recognized in 2015 as unbanked or underbanked, over 25 percent of the population! Without access to savings and credit, these people cannot participate in the virtuous cycle of economic growth, instead of remaining in a vicious cycle of poverty.
Clearly, the unbanked and underbanked together constitute a large market that is not well served by existing institutions. In the third world countries, large banks do not want to extend credit to the underbanked. Even when they do, they charge very high interest rates to offset the risk. For a time, microfinance institutions provided a way for the underbanked to access much-needed credit, but in recent years, large banks have begun to participate in microfinance. In the process, the interest charged on microfinance loans has increased significantly and become a major pain point for the unbanked.
Blockchain to the rescue
Blockchain technology has the potential to help the unbanked and underbanked by allowing them to create their own financial alternatives in an efficient, transparent and scalable manner. One of the biggest challenges banks face when trying to serve the unbanked is that many of them do not have clear identifying information, making it difficult to implement “Know Your Customer” practices.
Source/More: How Blockchain is Banking the Unbanked | News | Cointelegraph


The poem, “Goblin Market” by Christina Rossetti, was originally intended to be a fairytale to teach children the simple cliché: “Don’t trust strangers.” Nevertheless, whether intended or not, the convoluted manner in which Rossetti crafts this poem, demonstrates that there are deeper meanings to this poem. The poem is no longer regarded as just a children’s fable, but instead is viewed as social commentary in which Rossetti is commenting about the world around her. The poem can be understood more deeply when it is interpreted through
Marxist criticism. Marxist criticism, utilizes beliefs and ideas generated from Karl Marx. It involves analyzing the social structure, such as race, class and culture, and the distribution of wealth and power in a society. Utilizing Marxism criticism, we can further delve under the poem’s deceivingly innocent and childlike facade and better understand the socioeconomic relationships and social injustices that took place during this time period, the Victorian era.
Through the use of Marxist criticism, the “Goblin Market” by Christina Rossetti becomes a social commentary that explores the issues of capitalism and seeks to debunk social injustices.
Marxism states that the power in society lies with the people who have more money or goods and that the class struggle can only be ended by a revolution of the proletariat, the laboring class. In “Goblin Market” Rossetti shows the class stratification between the two sisters and the goblin men, the latter being more powerful and controlling in the society. This class status is maintained till the end of the poem when Lizzie, a member of the proletariat, fights back and there is a revolution to usurp the power of the bourgeoisie. “Give me back my silver penny/ I tossed you for a fee.”−/ They began to scratch their pates,/ No longer wagging, purring,/ But visibly demurring”; Lizzie uses her money to buy the fruit and take back the power of the


Comparing the Overall Effectiveness of Pre- Laboratory Data Activities and Scaffolded Laboratory Procedures in Calculus- Based Physics I
Laboratory courses expose students to the important skills of thinking and working scientifically; this may mean looking for correlational variables, testing a hypothesis, or confirming a theory. In the Calculus-Based Physics I course at Bridgewater State University, students are introduced to the idea of using an experimental setup to confirm fundamental physical principles studied in class. Students often struggle to master this idea of making a connection between theory and experiment, so we tested two different methods of improving the laboratory experience: prelaboratory data activities and scaffolded laboratory procedures. By tracking student progress through laboratory journals and conceptual tests, normalizing grades recorded for different groups, and calculating the gains made in each semester involved in the project, we can begin to see the effect of these different curriculum designs. Results of this project support methods which emphasize laboratory process over course content: semesters where pre-laboratory data activities were used showed a negligible laboratory gain of +0.0625, while the semester where scaffolded laboratory procedures were used showed a high positive gain of +3.69. These findings will be used during curriculum development of future Calculus-Based Physics I semesters to provide students with more opportunities for growth.
Comparing the Overall Effectiveness of Pre- Laboratory Data Activities and Scaffolded Laboratory Procedures in Calculus- Based Physics I.
Undergraduate Review, 15, 116-122.
Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev/vol15/iss1/13
Articles published in The Undergraduate Review are the property of the individual contributors and may not be reprinted, reformatted, repurposed or duplicated, without the contributor’s consent.


Space and Time Could Be a Quantum Error Correcting Code
(QuantaMagazine) The same codes needed to thwart errors in quantum computers may also give the fabric of space-time its intrinsic robustness.
“ubits” consist of quantum particles that have some probability of being in each of two states, designated |0⟩ and |1⟩, at the same time. But qubits are maddeningly error-prone. The feeblest magnetic field or stray microwave pulse causes them to undergo “bit-flips” or “phase-flips.
For quantum computers to work, scientists must find schemes for protecting information even when individual qubits get corrupted.
A funny thing happened in 2014, when three physicists found evidence of a deep connection between quantum error correction and the nature of space, time and gravity. They conjectured that space-time itself is a code — in anti-de Sitter (AdS) universes, at least. Their research paper triggered a wave of activity in the quantum gravity community, and new quantum error-correcting codes have been discovered that capture more properties of space-time.
uantum error-correcting codes work by protecting information in jittery qubits not by storing in individual qubits, but in patterns of entanglement among many.


GONZALEZ RIGA, LAMANNA, DAVID, CALVO, & CORIA, 2016
Etymology: In honor of Dr. Jorge Gonzalez Parejas, who has collaborated and provided legal guidance on the research, protection, and preservation of dinosaur fossils from Mendoza Province for nearly two decades. In so doing, he has advised researchers on the creation of a nautral park that serves to protect dinosaur footprints in Mendoza.
Holotype: UNCUYO-LD 201
Locality: Cerro Guillermo, Malargue Department, southern-most Mendoza Province, Argentina.
Horizon: Plottier Formation, Neuquen Group.
Age: Upper Coniacian-Lower Santonian Stage, Lower Senonian Subepoch, Gulp Epoch, Early Late Cretaceous.
Material: Anterior dorsal vertebra, anterior caudal vertebra, right humrus, and porximal end of a left pubis.
UNCUYO-LD 302: Seven anterior partial caudal vertebrae and haemal arches, a complete and articulated right astragalus and pes of a smaller individual.


Avascular necrosis of the femoral head occurs from temporary interruption of the femoral head blood supply from multiple causes. The loss of blood supply to the head usually results in cell death. Blood supply grows back to the head ultimately and the body removes the old bone and forms new bone in the femoral head. The duration of the lack of blood supply to the head that results in permanent damage to the head is unknown. As dead bone is removed the femoral head is weakened and it is vulnerable to deformation. The deformed head causes arthritis of the hip joint.
Protection of the femoral head from deformation can be attempted by decreasing physical activities, distracting the hip joint, and using various medications. The results of these approaches have not been very promising so far. Pain can be relieved by minimally invasive procedures and medications. Bisphosphonates seem to have a role in relieving pain and preventing femoral head deformation. These medications are not approved by the F.D.A. for use in avascular necrosis.
Once the femoral head deforms restoration of the shape of the head is usually not successful even with the several surgical procedures that were used. Arthritis of the hip joint is treated with hip salvage when pain and function are not acceptable.
Ficat staging of Avascular necrosis of the femoral head. 1 – no external or x-ray changes. II – no external changes with x-ray signs. III – collapse of the femoral head. IV – arthritis sets in


Expert's Elaborate Guide on How to Write an Act Essay
Getting started with your act essay writing includes learning the basics and understanding steps involved in the process. The writing process includes choosing a strong topic and understanding supporting points to develop a great paper worth reading. There are a few steps you can take before getting started that include gathering sources, organizing data, and developing a rough draft. You can get additional support for your writing when you check out this page. The following details provide a general idea of what to expect during the writing process.
- Study an Example
Completing this kind of writing requires studying a quality example. Many colleges will have sample content for students with detailed guidelines and information on what they expect. Because this form of writing has great significance students should consider studying the content well before attempting to write their own. A sample will give an idea of what to write and how to present your ideas so you can produce a winning paper. When seeking samples it helps to used recommended academic online databases mentioned by college universities. Professional writing companies specializing in this form of writing also have examples.
- Define Main Idea and Purpose
When you understand the main reason for the paper you can define a clear thesis statement and supporting points. When you need help coming up with ideas refer to an example paper and your writing guidelines. Some assignments may require more information than you know offhand. You may need to complete additional research to gather more supporting information. The purpose for the paper or main idea should be solid. It may be about a sentence in length but your discussion points will provide supporting evidence to prove it.
- Create Outline
The outline helps you follow the proper act essay structure. Students can choose to make their outline or follow a template. If you’re in a rush and want to organize and structure your paper in a hurry use a template available online. The outline breaks down your paper into smaller sections. It helps make the work less daunting while focusing on each section one at a time. As you work on your outline you can see how much information you have for your topic. Each point that supports your main idea will have a paragraph to explain its connection.
- Write and Finalize Draft
Grab your outline and start writing. The outline gives an idea of what your paper will look like when it is finished. Focus on developing complete sentences and paragraphs, then go back and rewrite and revise your content. The outline helps you do this one paragraph at a time. Check your work for errors before submission.


This simplified geographic Map created in 2009 provides a complete overview of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (North Korea), its geographical features, relief, main cities and roads.
Neighboring nations and regions of Korea are in clockwise direction; The Liaoning Province and Jilin Province of the Peoples Republic of China (P.R.C.) along the East and North, a Part of Russian dominated lands in current Primorsky Krai Oblast of the Russian Federation in the North-East and North, across the Sea of Japan (East Sea) the island nation of Japan in the East and South-East and finally, not depicted on this map across the Yellow Sea, Hebei Province and Shandong Province of China (PRC) in the West and North-West.
Marked on the map for reference are the current day names and locations of Main Cities and Towns, the location of main roads and railways, as well as rivers, lakes and sea's.
Geographic Relief Map - Overview of North Korea (D.P.R.K.) 2 A
Changbai Shan Nature Reserve
- Best viewed in Microsoft Internet Explorer -
Compare Maps - Follow the Links to more information on Locations ! - Click Map Image to go to Full Version ! !
Map of Democratic Republic of North Korea (DPRK) 1A
An overview Map of North Korea (DPRK). This Map inludes Main Cities of North Korea and adjacent regions of South Korea (ROK) and Jilin Province and Liaoning Province of China (PRC).
Further included are Main Roads and Highway Connections, locations of main rivers and mountains, border cities on the Chinese Border and South Korean Border, the 12 main provinces of North Korea, trajectory of Korea's DMZ (De-Milititarized Zone), locations of main historic monuments & tourist sites of the Nation & Region, location of DPRK Main Army and Naval Bases and Yongbion and Yongbion Nuclear facility.
Map under Construction More information to be included soon !!


School holidays are a much-awaited time for students as they get a break from their academic routine. It is a perfect opportunity to engage in different activities, have fun, and learn new skills. The holidays can be as short as a week or as long as six weeks, depending on the school and location.
There are numerous activities that students can indulge in during their School Holidays Australia. Some popular options include:
Travel and Adventure
If you are going to plan your holidays in Australia, you must check online what the dates are exactly. So, it will help you to plan your activities. Traveling to new destinations and experiencing new cultures is an excellent way to spend the holidays. Whether it is an exotic foreign land or a nearby national park, the adventure of exploring new places and trying new things can be an exciting and educational experience.
Sports and Fitness
Sports and physical activities are a great way to stay active and healthy during the holidays. Participating in team sports such as soccer, basketball, or hockey can help improve teamwork and social skills, while individual activities like running, swimming, or cycling can promote self-discipline and confidence.
Art and Music
Art and music are powerful forms of expression that allow students to unleash their creativity and imagination. From painting and drawing to playing musical instruments and singing, there are many ways to engage in artistic pursuits during the holidays. These activities can also help students develop fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination, and increase their attention span.
In conclusion, school holidays provide a much-needed break from the academic routine and offer students the opportunity to engage in a variety of activities that promote learning, growth, and fun. Whether it’s traveling, sports, art, volunteer work, STEM, or summer camps, there is something for every student to enjoy. The key is to find an activity that interests the student and provides a healthy balance between rest and excitement.


The WWF is run at a local level by the following offices...
Since 2017, WWF-Hong Kong has been collaborating with various organisations on “Citizen Science” programmes. After undergoing workshop training conducted by our expert team, participants become WWF One Planet Youth Citizen Scientists and conduct various scientific surveys in Hong Kong. Data collected by citizen scientists will contribute to providing the latest status of Hong Kong biodiversity for ongoing conservation projects. Join us in building a more sustainable future.
Mai Po Nature Reserve requires a comprehensive ecological database to implement effective wetland management. WWF-Hong Kong launched “Biodiversity Check@ Mai Po” in 2017 to train young people to become “One Planet Citizen Scientists”. They will work at Hong Kong’s only wetland reserve to conduct long-term ecological monitoring with WWF at Hong Kong’s only wetland reserve.
Tackling marine litter, particularly plastics, is one of the key components of marine environmental protection. WWF-Hong Kong mobilises young leaders in various youth groups through the “train-the-trainer” approach to conduct coastal clean-ups and analyse the types of marine debris collected in Hong Kong.
Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park plays an important role in public engagement on marine conservation and providing a platform for marine research. Ecological baseline surveys are vital to gaining a deeper understanding of Hoi Ha Wan’s marine ecosystem and to undertaking appropriate conservation measures for effective habitat and species management. WWF-Hong Kong will mobilise young people to conduct a one-year baseline studies at Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park. Data generated from the programme will ultimately support better management of this marine hotspot, helping to ensure the protection of important species and habitats.


Debugging with GDB¶
This chapter will introduce you with the GNU C debugger, aka GDB. When a crash happens, you usually have to find the guilty part in thousands of lines. You need tools for that, and GDB is the most commonly used debugger under Unix platforms. Here we’ll give you an introduction to GDB and how to practice with it against the PHP source code.
GDB requires debug symbols to map the memory addresses in your binary to the original position in your source code. To
generate debug symbols you need to pass the
--enable-debug flag to the
./configure script. To get even more
debugging information you may add the
CFLAGS="-ggdb3" flag which will add support for macros.
Debugging the VM¶
The VM lives in the big
zend_vm_execute.h file that is generated by
Debugging this file can be tedious because it is very large, and it’s often not obvious which specialized handler
will run. Luckily, it is possible to debug
zend_vm_def.h directly by generating the VM using the
php Zend/zend_vm_gen.php --with-lines command. This will annotate the code with the
#line preprocessor directive
to allow the debugger to know the origin of the generated instructions.


A lottery is a gambling game in which people buy tickets with numbered numbers. Those who have the right numbers win prizes. Lotteries are common in many countries, and can be found at a variety of places.
There are a number of things to keep in mind before you start playing the lottery. First, understand that the odds of winning the lottery are incredibly low. Fortunately, there are ways to improve your chances of winning a lottery prize.
One way is to choose a variety of numbers from the pool. In fact, statistics have shown that you’re more likely to win the lottery if you play several different clusters of numbers from the same pool.
Another trick is to use numbers that are related to your family or friends. For example, one woman in 2016 won the Mega Millions jackpot by using her family birthday and seven as her lucky numbers.
Lastly, be aware that the odds of winning a jackpot increase if you’re a regular player. However, these odds are still astronomically small, so you should probably avoid playing the lottery on a regular basis.
If you do decide to try your hand at the lottery, make sure you do it with a long-term strategy in mind. Winning money is exciting, but it’s also a risky business that can quickly deplete your finances if you don’t know how to manage it. It’s best to talk to a qualified accountant before you claim your winnings, so that you’re aware of the taxes that will be owed on any money you receive.


Swedish treatment for eating disorders effective
A new follow-up study shows that the so called Mandometer method for treating patients with eating disorders is effective. The method was developed at Karolinska Institutet and is today used in clinical treatment worldwide.
The study is published in the American Psychological Associations' journal Behavioral Neuroscience and was based on information from 1428 patients with anorexia, bulimia and other eating disorders. Patients in the study were treated between 1993 and 2011 at six private clinics in Sweden, Holland, the United States and Australia. The results show that within 12.5 months on average 75% of all patients were free of symptoms, only 10% of patients relapsed over 5 years, and no patients died.
The Mandometer method means that patients re-learn normal eating and satiety patters using a feedback device developed called the Mandometer. Once patients normalize eating patterns they no longer feel rewarded for eating less or purging. Psychiatric symptoms begin to lessen and subsequently cease. Patients can then return to a normal social and work life.
"This follow-up on 18 years of work show that treatment on a neurobiological base is effective", says Per Södersten, professor of behavioural neuroendocrinology at Karolinska Institutet's Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, and head of research at Mando Group AB, the company running the Mandometer clinics.
The leading researchers of the current study are part-owners of the Mando Group. Treatment of the patients included in the study was supported by the Stockholm County Council, Region Västra Götaland, the County Council of Värmland, and several insurance companies.
Effective treatment of eating disorders: Results at multiple sites.
Behav. Neurosci. 2013 Dec;127(6):878-89


The basic fundamentals of Business Management
Managing a organization means directing resources and achieving organizational goals. To accomplish this, an business must package and use strategic plans. The most important element of these programs is the vision – the end goal – that your company is usually striving towards.
There are several divisions of business management, every one centering on a different area of the overall process. It’s important to be familiar with fundamentals of every.
A good beginning point is a college level in business government or funding. This gives you a solid groundwork to enter the workforce. Additionally , you’ll have ideal to start to formulate effective approaches.
The business administration field is wide and varied, with nearly two dozen organizations. You might find yourself https://alfiee.com/2020/07/26/the-benefits-of-using-an-event-management-software-by-board-room/ leading a small department or supervising the entire company production and promoting. There are also opportunities in the individual, public and voluntary sectors.
Among the many skills forced to run a powerful business happen to be organizational abilities, a strong feeling of determination and the ability to communicate effectively. In addition , you will have to identify challenges for your business and apply the appropriate analytical tools.
It’s also smart to be sure you get a well-rounded education. A four-year degree offers the perfect basis to begin your job. While you’re by it, you may consider going for a certificate training to prepare for step.
A four-year degree will also allow you to make a lot of important decisions, such as employing and firing employees. You’ll also need to set up communication and relationships using your staff.


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Creating and Understanding Compositions
improve perception and self-expression
help plan projects
make a finished artwork
To an artist, looking and seeing should not be the same thing. Looking is simply noticing an object as you pass by it.
Seeing, or perceiving, is actually studying the object.
It is picking up on every line and shadow.
It is observing all the details.
Through drawing practice, artsist become better at perceiving.
Developing ideas and compositions...
The people we know, the places we've been, the books we've read, the music we listen to - all our experiences generate ideas.
Experience with Media
Your experience with different media and the ability to try new media or try them in new ways can help develop new ideas.
Examining objects that you are drawing closely, taking into account the various features and qualities that make it unique.
Perceiving Others Work
By carefully and critically perceiving the drawings of others, you will improve your own drawings.
Art that focuses on realistic qualities in a drawing.
How effectively an artist has used the principles of design to arrange or organize the elements of art. There is no interest whether a drawing looks real or not.
Expressive qualities are the way the drawing effectively communicates an idea, feeling, or mood to the viewer. Art should arouse an emotional response in the viewer.
Figure and Ground Relationships
Consider your picture plane, the subject matter, point of view, and cropping. All of these can dramatically affect the end result.
Unique and Original Work
Create original work that communicates your thoughts and ideas using distortion, exaggeration, humor, symbolism, abstraction, texture,or mixed media. Take a new approach, look at things differently.
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The power of facial expressions—influence on competitions
Facial expressions influence competitions. They do so in Music and Miss/Mister elections as well as leadership assessments. Specific facial expressions, such as raising the cheeks, contribute to attractiveness ratings, as happen in the Miss World competition. However, mouth movement may result in lower ratings of attractiveness in the Mister World competitions. In addition, a computer could predict a musician winner facial expression, for instance the so-called "Lip corner pull." For leadership, expressions like nose wrinkling, dimpler and tight lids, influence the assessments of their degree of leadership. Those are four results of PhD research by Wilma Latuny, who defends her dissertation on 29th of September.
Latuny investigated whether facial expressions have an effect on the likelihood that a contestant would become the winner of a contest. She developed and used a digital method to measure facial expressions from videos of pageants, pianists, and community leaders. Subsequently, she related the measurements to the final results in the corresponding competition. For female pageants (Miss World candidates) or male pageants (Mister World candidates), the main finding was that their video presentations (a dynamic presentation) were rated to be more attractive than their still images. In addition, mouth movements were negatively rated and resulted in lower ratings of attractiveness.
The main result for the pianists was that computers can predict the winner from three finalists by analysing their facial expressions. Computers can do this with an accuracy (of 43 percent) that matches that of humans who are apparently not better. Finally, Latuny found that dynamic facial expressions may have an effect on the assessment of leadership. Certain facial expressions, such as nose wrinkling, have a positive effect on leadership ratings, whereas other expressions, such as raising the chin, have a negative effect. Overall, the studies show the power of facial expressions in explaining or predicting the outcome in a variety of contests. The results augment our understanding of how facial expressions affect our judgments of humans in competitive settings and offer specific guidelines for contestants to improve their chance of winning a contest by exhibiting the appropriate facial expressions.


Diet evaluation exercise (should take 15 min to 1/2 hour).
Most diets are tied to one or more nutritional beliefs, which may or may not be factually correct. The better diets have generally been around a while, are not extreme, and have shown success. Weight Watchers, for example, guides you through a gradual weight loss program, has relatively easy procedures, and maybe most importantly, has an established support program for the dieter. Many other diets are great at getting the dieter started, because pounds may come off quickly at first, but they turn out to be hard to maintain, or are overall unhealthy.
You may be amazed at the wild range of diets and claims available, so in this exercise, do the following:
1. Choose 2 diets from the following website. http://www.webmd.com/diet/evaluate-latest-diets.
2. Describe/evaluate your diets based on the following:
a. name and general approach
b. weight loss/body building claims
c. what you are supposed to eat, not eat, any associated activities
d. do you think it makes sense? ie does it seem to be backed by nutritional science?
e. how difficult would it be to stick with it?


We’ll examine the life and work of this revolutionary mathematician once called a “corrupter of youth.” Come and have your teens corrupted with Georg Cantor’s ideas: set theory (a concept that seems fundamental and even obvious today); his most famous proof; and more. Cantor’s life story is sad because of his struggle with mental illness. In discussing his personal story, we’ll question (1) the stereotype that the most successful mathematicians are somehow unbalanced, and (2) the apocryphal “math gene.” We will try to do what the mathematician Cantor is most famous for: attempt to make some discoveries about the nature of infinity/infinities using set theory. This course will also delve into math history and the behavioral sciences. And if there’s time, I’d like to at least expose students to the idea of using infinitesimal quantities to approximate the seemingly unmeasurable. This is one of the foundational ideas of calculus. However, neither “precalculus” nor “trigonometry” nor even “algebra 2” is a prerequisite for this course. Students should have a basic knowledge of algebra and geometry. Course material will be primarily derived from Dauben’s Georg Cantor: His Mathematics and Philosophy of the Infinite.
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The Fountas & Pinnell Classroom™ Independent Reading Collection
Promote lifelong reading habits with books that are worthy of student CHOICE.
The Fountas & Pinnell Classroom™ Independent Reading Collection is made up of carefully curated, authentic children’s literature that provides the opportunity for students to develop tastes as readers and to read a large number of self-selected books independently.
What is it?
Independent reading offers children the chance to read, enjoy, and interact with texts that they choose in order to gain “mileage” as readers. These collections were curated to provide high-quality trade books that help students explore their interests, flourish as readers, and develop the ability to independently read increasingly challenging texts.
Who is it for?
The Fountas & Pinnell Classroom™ Independent Reading Collection is for the classroom teacher who wants to promote lifelong reading habits in students, grades K–6. This context takes place during independent reading time, where children read books of their choosing and teachers engage in brief conferring conferences that support their thinking.
What is inside?
Fountas & Pinnell Classroom™ Independent Reading Collection
A brief guide that provides an overview of the components and implementation of the FPC Independent Reading Collection.
Independent Reading Books
A carefully curated collection of authentic children’s literature that provide the opportunity for students to develop tastes as readers and to read a large number of self-selected books independently.
Independent Reading Conferring Cards
Conferring cards for each title, plus genre-based prompting cards to make specific teaching points in brief conversations that lead individual readers forward.
FPC Independent Reading Online Resources
The resources needed for each independent reading conference, including:
- PDFs of each conferring card
- Video Library
How is it implemented?
During independent reading, children read books of their choosing while the teacher creates opportunities to share ideas through minilessons and brief conferences. Children read texts that are generally at a their independent reading level, then they share their thinking through discussion and writing. The teaching occurs in brief conferring conferences that support children’s thinking.


Various types of steel materials are available for diverse applications. These materials are being used in buildings, facilities, equipment, ships, locomotives, cars, bikes, machines, electronic appliances, and weapons.
Alloy steel is a kind of steel that contains additional factors that improve its efficiency. These elements consist of carbon and chromium, both these styles which provide the ability to endure high pressure. Additionally they improve its corrosion resistance.
Structural steel — This type of material is made out of exact cross-sections that happen to be formed next https://mark-solutions.com/what-type-of-steel-materials-are-used-in-the-construction-of-the-steel-cells/ specific standards just for mechanical properties and substance composition. The new popular decision for construction and building structures as it offers an increased strength to weight relation.
Cold-finished sq . and rectangular shape bars (bright steel) – These are chilled finished steel that has been attracted to precise tolerances, with sharp four corners, perpendicular or perhaps parallel facets, and may be bead blasted to get added glow. These are also called key stock, and are frequently used for making equipment keys.
Application steel — This type of metal is well-suited to create tools and is usually made by a carbon dioxide alloy. It is typically water-hardened, oil-hardened or hot-working, depending on the program.
Alloy stainless-steel – This kind of steel is usually made from a carbon alloy honestly, that is infused with chromium, that gives it the ability to resist corrosion. It’s also a wise decision for medical implants, pipelines, and top of the line gears.
If you’re hoping to build your following home or office, selecting the best type of stainlesss steel material is vital for success. Understanding the differences in the varied types of steel will help you choose a material that suits your needs.


Brain injuries can cause a wide variety of troubling symptoms that have a serious impact on victims’ lives. One of the most frightening side effects of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) is depression. There have been far too many cases of high school and college football players committing suicide after suffering head injuries on the field.
Though it has long been known that there is a link between TBI and depression, along with anxiety, just why this occurs remains unknown. Given how common this symptom is — some psychologists estimate that up to 70 percent of TBI victims develop depression or anxiety — figuring out the reason could help lead to treatment options.
A new study discussed by Pacific Standard presents a new theory: disruption of neural signal carriers deep inside the brain, called axons or white matter, may be part of the problem. Using diffusion tensor imaging, a kind of specialized MRI technique, researchers examined the brains of 74 former mild TBI patients. They found that the white matter in the subjects with depression and anxiety was more damaged than those with neither of those conditions.
The most notable areas with axon damage were the nucleus accumbens and two other regions of the brain linked to depression.
Every new discovery about the structure of the brain, and how it can be disabled, may lead to new therapies and treatments. In the meantime, many people in Missouri may struggle with the effects of a brain injury. In many cases, they must stop working, leading to a major financial problem that Social Security Disability payments can help with.


Measuring time might not seem like that complex of a thing. After all, we rely on simply counting seconds between the “then” and the “now.” But when you really start to break time down to the quantum level, things begin to get a bit foggier. For starters, “then” becomes hard to control, and “now” becomes even foggier, making it harder to nail down.
This complexity could change sooner rather than later, though. According to research published in Physical Review Research in October of 2022, the trick to measuring time in the quantum fog may come down to measuring the shape of the fog itself.
A group of researchers from Uppsala University in Sweden ran several experiments to test the theory. The main focus was to experiment on what scientists call the Rydberg State. By experimenting on it, they were able to find a novel new way to measure time that does not require you to have a very precise starting point – one of the biggest conundrums facing scientists before.
One of the easiest ways to visualize this research is to think of Rydberg atoms as over-inflated balloons within the particle world. These particles contain electrons in extremely high energy states, all orbiting far from the nucleus of the atom. They utilized two lasers to interact with the atoms. This technique allowed the scientists to measure time by measuring the speed of the electrons.
To do that, they continued with the experiment, watching the atoms and the “fingerprints” that they left behind. This allowed the researchers to create quantum timestamps, which made it easier to measure time without having to have a specific starting point already situated in the quantum world.
Future experiments in the same vein could help hone the way that the scientists measure that quantum fog as well, providing a more accurate way to measure the passage of time within the quantum world in even smarter ways. Combine that with the fact MIT scientists reinvented the atomic clock, and science is finding new ways to combat the time conundrum.


Tooth whitening is used to lighten the color of teeth. It is a practical aesthetic method that can be performed at home or in a dentist’s office. The products used to carry out tooth whitening contain carbamide or hydrogen peroxide. To perform dental bleaching safely, it is imperative that all the teeth are healthy. The infiltration of chemicals can cause pain and, in the most serious cases, necrosis. An increasing number of people regularly use teeth whitening sessions with their dentist, and even at home. However, Cosmetic Dentists Warrenton warn consumers about teeth whitening at home because the products used are not without dangers.
The rules specify that products used must not contain more than 0.1% hydrogen peroxide. If the products Cosmetic Dentists Warrenton use contain hydrogen peroxide, a level between 0.1% and 6% is used. The dentist should explain to the consumer how to continue this treatment at home. Products in concentrations greater than 6% are prohibited. You can browse the website to learn more.
There are plenty of reasons why teeth whitening might be a viable option, and they are:
* children and adolescents
* presence of tooth decay
* lesions or abrasions present
* tooth hypersensitivity
* pregnant women should take the advice of their doctor
Many experts say it is advisable to take the advice of their Cosmetic Dentists Warrenton and have their teeth examined before undergoing teeth whitening. It is important to know the risks of the products used for teeth whitening especially when the concentrations are higher than those allowed:
* hypersensitive teeth (pain during the ingestion of cold food)
* changes the enamel
* premature wear of the teeth
* irritation of the mouth (including gums)
* weakening of teeth
* degradation of the junction between the tooth and the amalgam
* surface fillings become fragile
Teeth whitening products are applied in the form of gels on strips or gels inside aligners. Teeth whitening should be done in a dentist’s office, but there are kits available that you can buy at a pharmacy or even on the internet. Hydrogen peroxide is the bleaching agent most commonly used. An increase in hydrogen peroxide concentration will allow for a faster and whiter smile. The peroxide penetrates the tooth and reacts with the molecules responsible for stains or discoloration. For more information, contact Gainesville Dental Associates today.


Media ecology, a subset of communication studies, approaches communication as an ecosystem. Borrowing the metaphor of a natural ecosystem, this type of study imagines communication as an environment in which many different elements interact. The environment contains not only different communication media – telephones, radio, television, social media, printed materials, and so on – but also people, ideas, cultures, historical events, and so on.
As with any ecosystem, changing any one part affects all of the others. In a natural ecosystem, say a pond in a forest, the introduction of a new species of frog will affect the insects living near the pond, the grasses and flowers in the locality, the birds, the fish, the animals, in short, everything.
The same alteration of an environment takes place in media ecology. We have seen this dramatically just in the last 15 years. The addition of a smartphone, that is, a mobile phone that allows internet access, has changed the ways that people communicate. Rather than talking, they text; rather than reading a newspaper, they follow newsfeeds; rather than watching films or television, they look at video clips; rather than gathering with friends, they connect on social media.
Many more such examples can be found. However explained, this ecosystem model describes the communications environment in which the Church has faced the pandemic of Covid-19. But rather than the introduction of a new communication technology, the incursion of the virus has caused the changes.
Seeing the Church through media ecology
When the pandemic struck, the Church, like all social actors, had already faced an upheaval in its communication patterns, though a relatively minor one. Church institutions continued to use print media and the Vatican, for example, had its own radio and television outlets broadcasting to countries and networks around the world. Church leaders nationally often benefited from similar arrangements with national broadcasters. The Internet provided additional means of distribution, with Church offices sponsoring websites. Crucially, these retained a “broadcast” model, with institutional sources distributing content. Social media, with its bidirectional communication, opened new opportunities and by its very nature challenged the existing communication models.


Ancient humans were using hallucinogenic chemicals to get high during cave ceremonies 3,000 years ago, according to a recent study by researchers studying ancient human civilizations.
The finding of hairs from a burial site in Menorca, Spain, by specialists demonstrates that drugs originating from plants and bushes were utilised by prehistoric human civilizations.
According to a report by The BBC, the findings, published in the journal Scientific Reports, showed signs of human activity at the Es Carritx cave, on the south-western side of Menorca. The cave houses more than 200 human graves and is believed to have served as a ritual and funerary site for about 600 years, until 800 BCE.
The authors of the study explained that “as early as the Palaeolithic period, humans came across the non-food properties of certain plants.” The results presented here indicate that several alkaloid-bearing plants were consumed by Bronze Age people from Menorca (although Solanaceae and Ephedra were not the only ones to have been consumed).”
“Interestingly, the psychoactive substances detected in this study are not suitable for alleviating the pain involved in severe palaeopathological conditions attested in the population buried in the cave of Es Carritx, such as periapical abscesses, severe caries, and arthropathies.”
“Considering the potential toxicity of the alkaloids found in the hair, their handling, use, and applications represented highly specialised knowledge. This knowledge was typically possessed by shamans, who were capable of controlling the side effects of the plant drugs through an ecstasy that made diagnosis or divination possible.”


It's a Girl!
Yes, I am referring to the tree in the photo above as a "girl". The tree in the photo below, I might call a "boy" Can you see some difference in color?
The flowers on an individual red maple trees are generally almost all either male or female. Do you think it is the "girl" trees or the "boy" trees that make the seeds? Which one has the pollen?
This is the time of year that it becomes easy to tell the "boy" trees from the "girls". Have you noticed all the red on the ground in places now? Once the male flowers have released their yellow pollen, their job is done and they drop off (see photos above and below).
At this time of year, if you look closely, you can notice that most trees that are still red have female flowers.
These red maple trees have the start of the winged seed (photo above). Later this spring they will mature into the "helicopter" seeds you may recognize (below).
Red maples in the woods primarily grow in wet areas. They produce their seed early in the growing season when the ground is likely to be wet. This damp soil increases the chances that the seeds can sprout.
If you keep your eyes and ears open, it is amazing what you can discover!
Share what you notice with a family member, friend or neighbor.


Germany’s economy contracted by 5% during 2020, less than the 5.7% contraction recorded during the global financial crisis, as massive government stimulus measures helped reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Even before the pandemic, Europe’s largest economy was already slowing: GDP growth was just 0.6% in 2019, a sharp slowdown from an average annual growth of 2% in 2014-18 amid slowing growth in the domestic auto industry and weak goods exports due to rising global trade tensions.
The European Commission expects Germany’s economy to grow 3.2% this year and another 3.1% in 2022.
According to Destatis, Germany’s budget deficit in 2020 was about €189.2 billion, the first deficit since 2013 and the highest level since reunification in 1991. As a percentage of GDP, the deficit was equivalent to 4.2 percent. According to Eurostat, public debt rose to 69.8% of GDP in 2020, up sharply from 59.7% of GDP in 2019 and the highest level since 2015.
The seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 4.5% in February, up from 3.6% a year earlier. According to Destatis, German inflation rose to 1.7% in March 2021, the highest since February 2020, as the temporary reduction in VAT rates has finally ended. According to the European Commission, inflation is expected to accelerate to 2.3% this year from 0.4% in 2020.
The economic situation continues to affect the growth of residential property values in Germany and its declining yields.


Researchers seeking potential replacements for current antibiotics losing their effectiveness against multidrug-resistant pathogens have identified a possible option in the protective mucus that coats young fish.
The team, led by principal investigator Sandra Loesgen at Oregon State University, presented their findings at the recent meeting of the American Chemical Society Spring 2019 National meeting and Exposition in Orlando, Florida.
The bacteria is seen as a promising antibiotic to counter known pathogens, even dangerous organisms such as the microbe that causes MRSA infections. MRSA, or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, is a bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body and is resistant to come commonly used antibiotics.
The protective mucus coating young fish is a viscous substance that protects fish from bacteria, fungi and viruses in their environment, trapping the microbes before they can cause infections.
The slime is also rich in polysaccharides and peptides known to have antibacterial activity.
According to Molly Austin, an undergraduate chemistry student in Loesgen’s laboratory, the fish mucus is interesting because the environment the fish live in is complex. “They are in contact with their environment all the time with many pathogenic viruses,” she said.
Others on the team supplied mucus swabbed from juvenile deep-sea and surface-dwelling fish caught off the Southern California coast, and screened 47 different strains of bacteria from the slime. Five bacterial extracts strongly inhibited methicillin-resistant MRSA and three inhibited Candida albicans, a fungus pathogenic to humans. A bacteria from mucus from a particular Pacific pink perch showed strong activity against MRSA and against a colon carcinoma cell line.
While the research team is interested in new sources for antibiotics to help people, they a e also looking at other ways to apply this knowledge. For example, they said, the study of fish mucus could help reduce the use of antibiotics in fish farming by leading to better antibiotics specifically targeted to the microbes clinging to certain types of fish.
But first, Loesgen said, they want to understand more fundamental questions, such as what makes healthy microbiomes, which are microorganisms in a particular environment, including the human body.
Their research was reported by EurekAlert, the online journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.