White light interferometers
Light interference occurs when there is a difference in distance traveled by the light from the surface of a target object to a certain point; the white light interferometer uses this phenomenon to measure the surface roughness of a sample. The figure on the right is a structural diagram of an interferometer. The light emitted from the source is separated into reference and measurement beams. While the reference beam is passed through the reference mirror through a beam splitter, the measurement beam is reflected and guided to the sample surface. The passed beam is reflected by the reference mirror to the CCD image sensor and forms an interference pattern. The other beam is reflected off the sample surface, passes the beam splitter, and forms an image through the CCD image sensor.
The white light interferometer is designed so that the optical path length from the CCD element to the reference mirror and that from the CCD element to the sample surface are the same. The asperity on the sample surface causes these path lengths to be unequal, which results in forming an interference pattern at the CCD element. The number of lines in the interference pattern is translated to peaks and troughs (heights) on the sample surface.


We have built on 15 years of experience in the manufacture of more than 240,000 electrodes for EDT machines to widen our expertise to another system type with the development of IN electrodes.
The unsatisfactory purity and homogeneity of traditional powder metallurgical electrodes on the market often cause problems in texturing.
We have identified and solved this problem!
IN electrodes are made from high-purity copper of grades E-Cu, SE-Cu or OF-CU. Casting blocks are hot extruded and the precise copper profile is produced through subsequent drawing.
This creates a homogeneous structure that is free of air pockets, gas bubbles, slag inclusions and other inhomogeneities.
Electrodes produced in powder metallurgical processes are made by pouring copper powder of a particular grain size into a mould and then sintering it at high pressure and high temperature under a protective gas. This is known as HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressing).
The homogenous structure of IN electrodes reduces the risk of “banding” on the rollers.
Uniform combustion is always guaranteed, unlike with traditional powder metallurgical electrodes.
5 good reasons
why you should use IN electrodes instead of electrodes produced in powder metallurgical processes:
- Longer service life
- Fewer electrode changes
- Much better conductivity 62% higher
- Homogeneous material with no inclusions (bandings)
- Uniform combustion of all IN electrodes


R. J. Schnell,
D. N. Kuhn,
J. S. Brown,
C. T. Olano,
F. M. Amores, and
J. C. Motamayor
First, second, third, and fourth authors: USDA-ARS Subtropical Horticulture Research Station (SHRS), 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158; fifth author: Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Pichilingue, Ecuador; and seventh author: Mars, Inc. c/o USDA-ARS SHRS, 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33158.
Go to article:
Production of cacao in tropical America has been severely affected by fungal pathogens causing diseases known as witches' broom (WB, caused by Moniliophthora perniciosa), frosty pod (FP, caused by M. roreri) and black pod (BP, caused by Phytophthora spp.). BP is pan-tropical and causes losses in all producing areas. WB is found in South America and parts of the Caribbean, while FP is found in Central America and parts of South America. Together, these diseases were responsible for over 700 million US dollars in losses in 2001 (4). Commercial cacao production in West Africa and South Asia are not yet affected by WB and FP, but cacao grown in these regions is susceptible to both. With the goal of providing new disease resistant cultivars the USDA-ARS and Mars, Inc. have developed a marker assisted selection (MAS) program. Quantitative trait loci have been identified for resistance to WB, FP, and BP. The potential usefulness of these markers in identifying resistant individuals has been confirmed in an experimental F1 family in Ecuador.
Additional keywords:molecular breeding, Theobroma cacao.
The American Phytopathological Society, 2007


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3.3.7 Targeted Government Interventions
Most political control of the economy is directed towards the whole of the domain being governed, but sometimes governments target a particular area for different treatment if it has a high political profile. The politicians are trying to achieve a specific political effect on the target area, with varying degrees of effectiveness, but all such interventions have adverse economic consequences elsewhere and unintended side-effects.
There are four patterns of intervention considered here:
● Governments can intervene to support a specific industry or region (188.8.131.52); this might be effective for a while, but it doesn’t address the underlying reason why the help was needed and it diverts resources from elsewhere in the economy.
● They can apply sanctions or tariffs, or give economic aid, to other countries (184.108.40.206). Such actions vary in their political effectiveness, but they all place a burden on the economy of the country that uses them.
● They can manipulate their decisions to attract political donations from specific individuals or organisations (220.127.116.11). The donors are seeking to benefit by persuading the politicians to distort economic policy, which is undemocratic and is often suboptimal for the economy as a whole.
● A government can strike ad hoc deals with companies, using its power as a bully to get its way (18.104.22.168). This undermines the framework of rules that govern an economy, ultimately increasing the cost of doing business.
This page is intended to form part of Edition 4 of the Patterns of Power series of books. An archived copy of it is held at https://www.patternsofpower.org/edition04/337.htm


Tips To Increase Your Holiday Cyber-Shopping Security
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MIAMI (CBSMiami) — A few wrong computer clicks could land you in trouble this holiday shopping season.
Inter security expert Jeff Barto of Symantec said online shoppers can easily put themselves and their computers at risk, unless they take precautions and avoid five common mistakes that could compromise their security.
One easy mistake is shopping online in a public place with Wi-Fi.
WATCH David Sutta's report, click here.
"If someone can find a way to compromise that connection, they can see what you're doing – and everyone around you," Barto explained.
The safest way to shop online is from a home or work computer with a secured internet connection. If you do have to shop on the go, turn off your Wi-Fi and use your cell phone's data network, Barto advises.
"They need to encrypt all the voice connections, therefore they encrypt all the data connections, too," he said.
Another mistake is using an old version of your browser.
The browser is the icon you click on to use the internet, such as Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, and Safari to name a few. Most update automatically, but as a precaution go to www.whatbrowser.org to check your browser's version.
Another tricky and enticing mistake is clicking on pop-ups or searching the word "cheap." There's a good chance they could steer you to a site without proper security protocols.
A fourth perk to protect yourself is checking the https before a web address. Barto said the "s" stands for secure and indicates the webpage is encrypted. While it may not appear on every page of a retailer's website, it should definitely appear on the page where you enter your personal and payment information.
Lastly, don't use weak passwords.
"It's easy (for a crook) to learn your spouse's name or your pet's name," Barto said.
He advises using a strong password with a combination of least ten letters, numbers and symbols. He also advises changing it every 90 days and using a different password on each site.
for more features.


Stapes removal or stapedectomy is a rather good procedure, helps removing the stapes bone and improving hearing. Though with enough benefits after the procedure, few patients face adverse issues thus suggest avoiding it. Here I go with a few reasons that speak worth avoiding stapedectomy.
However, the technique is not the safest possible way thereby risk is associated along with it! Few patients experience worse after stapedectomy.
- Deafness: The procedure could cause complete deafness of the operated ear.
- Permanent dizziness: In a few cases, stapedectomy makes a person have permanent dizziness. In some cases, surgery makes an irritative response in the balancing nerve. For a few patients, it takes several weeks for the dizziness to go away.
- Ringing or buzzing noise: Though it is performed to remove stapes and improve hearing, it can also cause permanent ringing or buzzing noise around the operated ear.
- Facial paralysis: Due to the absence of protective bone on the facial nerve, the stapedectomy procedure can cause facial paralysis. It can paralyze a patient’s facial muscles on the operation side.
So, is there any alternative choice for the procedure?
- Stapedotomy is a modified version of the stapedectomy which is followed as an alternative method of treatment. Furthermore, many healthcare companies state that the modified version is safer than the earlier one. Stapedotomy reduces postsurgical complications which be could experienced by 5% of patients.
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Written by Laurie Halse Anderson
Reviewed by Elizabeth H. (age 10)
"Matilda, hurry. A funeral is being held at the hill for Polly. And please try to comfort her poor mother." Matilda Cook is like many other 14-year olds. She is always reminding her mother that she can take care of herself. Little does she know that this time will come sooner than later. In the Summer of 1793, when yellow fever strikes, Philadelphia grows smaller each day. When fever takes her mother and grandfather everything changes. Matilda soon learns how to be a survivor.
I like this book because it is historical. I love history and it was fun to read about a girl in the late 1700's. I also enjoyed Fever 1793 because even though Matilda lives in the 1700's, kids today can relate to her feelings about growing up and gaining independence. I connected with this book because the main character reminds me of my sister. Both Matilda and my sister are spontaneous and never listen. Fever 1793 is very suspenseful. You never know who is going to survive.
I recommend this book to anyone around the age of 10 who enjoys historical fiction. Fever 1793 is also a good book for anyone who enjoys being scared!
is a student in
Mrs. Salewski's 5th & 6th Grade Class


We are very excited to announce the release of a significant new update to Make A Scape, our structural engineering game. Now live on the App Store, Version 1.1 is packed with new features that improve game play and increase Make A Scape’s power as a teaching tool.
In Make A Scape, players use structural engineering principles to help the Sketch People rebuild their destroyed civilisation. We gathered lots of feedback from users of the first release of the game, which has enabled us to build in several major improvements.
New features include:
- A new ‘undo function’.
- Improved recycling functionality – just double tap an element to recycle it and recover its embodied energy.
- A new tutorial level which teaches the basic drawing gestures that you use to build structures in Make A Scape.
- Better feedback on the results page to help players understand how to improve their structures.
- A proving ground where players can place base nodes wherever they like, enabling them to experiment with different structural forms.
- The ability to save and reload structures in the proving ground.
The proving ground is a significant new addition to Make A Scape because it can act as a ‘sandbox’ in which students can hone their structural analysis skills, and teachers can demonstrate specific principles. Over the next few months Think Up is working with lecturers in five different universities to develop guidance notes on how to use this feature in their teaching. If you would like to get involved then drop us an email, send us a message on Facebook or Tweet us.


The reconstruction was breathtakingly detailed. Image Credit: YouTube / Gibraltar Chronicle
Forensic experts have created a detailed reconstruction of a Neolithic woman found in a cave in Gibraltar.
Named Calpeia in reference to Gibraltar's classical name, the woman, who was thought to have been in her 30s when she died, was painstakingly recreated over a six-month period by a team led by Gibraltar National Museum Conservator Manuel Jaen.
Her remains were discovered buried in a cave in 1996.
"We were able to extract DNA from the skull so we know a number of things," said Professor Clive Finlayson. "We know she was a female, we know she had features associated with dark hair/eyes."
"And the interesting thing was when we look at her ancestry, 10 per cent of her genes were local Mesolithic hunter gatherers', but 90 per cent of her genes were from Anatolia [modern-day Turkey]."
The completed reconstruction was unveiled by Minister for Heritage Dr John Cortes on Sept 10th.
"When I saw what you are about to see a few days ago it was breath-taking, congratulations to Manuel for this incredible piece of work," he said. "This young lady, I think she was late 30s early 40s, lived in Gibraltar seven and a half thousand years ago. She was buried in a cave at Europa Point."
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Supporting Healthy Adolescent Brain Development
Annie E. Casey Foundation Grant
The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) and the Annie E. Casey Foundation (AECF) are teaming up to incorporate the latest research from AECF’s report, "The Adolescent Brain: New Research and Its implications for Young People Transitioning from Foster Care," into training curriculum for Child Welfare workers. This report has prompted the development of a grant-based project, with the goal of improving the ability of Child Welfare workers, and social workers who work directly with this population, to increase their understanding of how to support healthy brain development in adolescents in the foster care system.
This curriculum will take into consideration that many of these adolescents have experienced a great deal of trauma and have had many obstacles along the way, including multiple placements that result in school disruptions, a lack of connections to others, and having to deal with early parenthood. Based on the available research, we know that the adolescent brain is still developing into the 20s, and many of the everyday decisions that are being made by these teenagers tend to be emotionally based and impulsive, which is appropriate for this stage of development. However, adolescents in foster care do not always have a trusted adult or support system that can offer guidance through these critical and influential years.
NASW and the AECF have established an Advisory Committee to start working on a train-the-trainers (TOT) curriculum. Once completed, 25 Child Welfare workers will participate in pilot testing the curriculum-based training. Pre and post tests will be used to gather and analyze the feedback and finalize the curriculum. The projected target date for completion is November 30, 2019.
For more information, please refer to the following resources:


Sewage sludge – the raw material for saving fossil fuels
Sewage sludge used to be put to primarily agricultural use as fertiliser. A change of legislation in 2017 impeded this. To still process sewage sludge in an ecologically compatible way, it is now incinerated in approved facilities instead. Moreover, sewage sludge can be dessicated and used as granules. We apply this method at some locations, using the surplus energy to save fossil fuels.
Why is sewage sludge attractive as fuel?
- active climate protection thanks to saving fossil fuels
- long-term contracts with local authorities, making the use easy to plan
- ensured accumulation of sewage sludge
- increase of throughput by decreasing power plant heating value
- optimisation of incineration residue
- sewage sludge is a supplier of natural phosphor which can be recovered
Sustainable energy recovery from sewage sludge
Reliable and punctual logistics, in-house desiccation and thermal utilisation facilities: we offer the entire service chain from one source. For our clients, long-term disposal security is a central aspect in waste management. Our concepts accommodate this requirement.
- long-term disposal security
- sustainable methods
We give your sewage sludge a new future through our own facilities and contribute actively to a reduced consumption of fossil fuels.
Long-term disposal security for industrial and municipal sewage plants
There are many reasons to put your disposal security into our hands:
- transparent disposal channels
- B+T-owned recycling plants
- B+T logistics with special HGV trailers for removal directly from municipal sewage plants
- wealth of experience thanks to 3.5 million tons of disposed waste every year
- environmentally friendly and cost-effective, through short disposal routes
Our state-of-the-art plants are oriented towards an easy-to-process final product. With B+T-owned technology we can process your sewage sludge reliably all year.
Our decision-making structures are efficient. Our expertise is based on more than 25 years in the waste management industry. Thus, we can adapt quickly to new situations and always offer individually-tailored solutions to our clients.


The method of determining the speed limit for a particular roadway is largely determined by the state statute, as well as the MUTCD, TGM and the governing authority for that roadway. In Menomonee Falls, a road could be under the authority of the State of Wisconsin, Waukesha County, Washington County or Menomonee Falls. Most of the residential streets in Menomonee Falls are under the village's jurisdiction with a few exceptions, which are privately owned streets.
Determining the Speed Limit
The most widely used method for determining an appropriate speed for a roadway is referred to as the 85th percentile method. A midweek study is conducted of vehicle speeds using the familiar road tubes. The results are reviewed to determine what speed 85% of the traffic is traveling. Setting a speed within 5 mph of the 85th percentile is the acceptable practice. This helps to ensure voluntary speed compliance, diminishes the chances for speed disparity collisions (someone going too slow while another is going too fast), and avoids claims of a "speed trap".
Other factors that can enter into setting speed limits are crash history, traffic patterns and engineering characteristics of the roadway. With advances in roadway and vehicle design, lowering speed limits has become much more difficult than raising it. However, it is possible to have a speed limit reviewed by calling or emailing the Menomonee Falls Police Department Traffic Unit.


The relationship between planning specific to the system as well as the planning functions in project development is very strong. The top five indicators for projects facing challenge unsuccessfully pertain to lack of user input, incomplete requirements and specification which are attained in the product planning phase, the changing of the requirements and system specifications, the lack of executive support, the technical incompetence as well as lack of project planning.
Moreover the improper management of the project at the hand of the project manager also constitutes as one of the main factors leading to project failures. “Whitaker advises that the three most common reasons for project failure are poor project planning, weak business cases, and a lack of top management involvement and support.” (Williams, 2003)
The success of systems and IT based projects is very much dependent on the initial phases of product development which pertain to product planning and assessment. The ratio of successful projects pertaining to systems and software is very low. “In a 1994 Scientific American article titled “Software’s Chronic Crisis”, the author identified that for every six new large-scale software systems that are put into production, two others are canceled. Further, the average software development project overshoots its schedule by half, with larger projects doing worse. Seventy-five percent of all large systems are “operating failures” that either do not function as intended or simply are not used at all.” (Williams, 2003) Research has been carried out on the success of projects and the role of project planning, and one such research is by Gesellschaft für Projektmanagement in association with PA Consulting. “According to this study, 38 percent of those surveyed stated that the most common causes of unsuccessful projects are unclear objectives and unclear requirements.” (‘Good Planning Is Halfway to Success’, 2004)
These are model essays please place an order for custom essays, research papers, term papers, thesis, dissertation, case studies and book reports.


Posted Jun 2, 2015 by Martin Armstrong
The decline in the VELOCITY of money is rather alarming. On the one hand, it reflects the declining liquidity within the marketplace from the rising trend of hoarding money from banks (DEFLATION), as well as the overall socialistic trend as government consumes a greater proportion of the economy GDP. Velocity = GDP / Money Supply, if the Money Supply increases far more rapidly than economic growth (GDP), then VELOCITY will also decline. However, while this should reflect inflation, it also implies a declining GDP relative to the money supply.
There is no question that the investment strategy has been shifting more towards the short-term. This is why we see selling the 10-year paper moving to the short-term, even at negative rates. It is possible that the VELOCITY of money will decline during periods of excessive money supply expansion, as in hyperinflation with a contraction in GDP in real terms. This does not appear to be the case presently for we are in a deflationary mode rather than inflation. We do see asset inflation in the high end real estate, art, and collectibles, with interest earnings collapsing, yet the cost of living outside of taxes has not risen overall on the same level of assets.
Money supply, also referred to as money stock, classifies the total amount of monetary assets available in an economy at a specific point in time. The definition of M1 money supply is a measure that includes all physical currency, such as cash and checking deposits, and offers the most liquidity. M2 money supply is a measure that includes cash and checking deposits (M1) in addition to “near money”. Near money includes savings deposits, money market mutual funds, and other time deposits that are less liquid than M1 and are not as suitable as exchange mediums, but can be quickly converted into cash or checking deposits.
The collapse in the VELOCITY of money is being contributed to by the decline in GDP failing to keep pace with the money supply.
Tags: M1, M2, Money Supply, Near Money, Velocity


This ever-expanding reference list provides background on a diverse spectrum of illustrators across time, cultures, and artistic styles.
A noted painter, illustrator, sculptor, teacher, and muralist whose work covered subjects of race, religion, civil rights, and everyday life in the south.
Illustrator of iconic portraits of African American heroes, angels, and movie stars.
Designer who created the Harlem Toile de Jouy pattern which she incorporates into fabrics and earthenware.
Charles C. Dawson
Early 20th century illustrator who played a central role in the culture of African Americans.
Prominent French-British artist who worked during the last years of the Golden Age of Illustration.
Cartoonist famous for creating drawings of unnecessarily complex devices that perform a simple function.
Artist and illustrator best known for his work with cardboard.
Former Marine and illustrator for "The Black Panther" newspaper who later became a sculptor and gallery owner.
Author/illustrator who hoped to encourage those who are struggling to find meaning in their lives.
Teacher, author, and illustrator best known for his work in children’s picture books.
Ground-breaking illustrator most famous for her Kewpie creations.
Notwithstanding his famous parentage, Peter Rockwell became an accomplished artist and author in his own right.
Illustrator of fairytale picture books and young adult novels.
German-American puppeteer and illustrator regarded as the father of modern puppetry in North America.
Award-winning illustrator and Founding Director of the MFA Illustration Practice program at MICA.
Concept illustrator, set designer, and puppeteer for film and stage.
American illustrator, author, and designer whose works have appeared in magazines, children's books, and other publications.


Blue ocean pedagogical materials, used in over 2,800 universities and in almost every country in the world, go beyond the standard case-based method. Our multimedia cases and interactive exercises are designed to help you build a deeper understanding of key blue ocean strategy concepts, developed by world-renowned professors Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne.
CASES BY TOPIC
Meta: Facebook’s Pivot to the Metaverse. A Dystopia or Blue Ocean Utopia?
Author(s): KIM, W. Chan, MAUBORGNE, Renée, OLENICK, Michael
In October 2021, Facebook changed the parent corporation name to Meta and announced plans to build a metaverse, a 3D virtual world for work and fun. This case explores whether Meta’s metaverse is likely to be a blue ocean utopia for people and society at large or some form of dystopia. It is designed to create a lively classroom discussion and dives into issues ranging from the difference between value innovation and technology innovation to the potential danger of Meta, already one of the most powerful companies in the world, expanding its unfettered influence and control even further across its already three billion users. The case challenges students to explore the social, economic, and environmental implications of Meta’s proposed metaverse along with potential business models. The theory and tools of Blue Ocean Strategy are used in the analysis.
- Explore Meta’s metaverse and what they might do with their userbase of three billion people and Web3 technology.
- Learn the difference between value innovation and technology innovation.
- Dive into the pros and cons of the metaverse, including the social, economic, and environmental implications. Will Meta’s proposed metaverse create a blue ocean utopia or dystopia?
- Discuss social and economic issues regarding monopolization and Meta’s centralized control vs. a decentralized model of the metaverse.


As high trophic level, non-migratory marine mammals, harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) inhabiting the Strait of Georgia, Juan de Fuca Strait and Puget Sound (collectively referred to as the Salish Sea) in northwestern North America provide an integrated measure of coastal food web contamination. We measured congener-specific polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated diphenylethers (PCDEs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in blubber biopsies from free-ranging harbor seal pups inhabiting four sites in the Salish Sea in 2003. While legacy PCBs dominated the composition of these contaminants in seals at all sites (PCBs > PBDEs > PCDEs > PCNs), PBDEs were noteworthy in that they averaged as much as 59% of total PCB concentrations. We further evaluated temporal trends in seals sampled at one of these sites (Puget Sound) for PCBs and PBDEs between 1984 and 2009, and for PCDEs and PCNs between 1984 and 2003. PBDE concentrations doubled every 3.1 years between 1984 and 2003, but appeared to decline thereafter. Over the course of the 20 years between 1984 and 2003, PCB concentrations had declined by 81%, PCDEs declined by 71%, and PCNs by 98%. Overall, results suggest that regulations and source controls have noticeably reduced inputs of these contaminants to the Salish Sea, consequently reducing the associated health risks to marine wildlife. We estimate the total mass of these contaminants in the 53,000 harbor seals of the Salish Sea in 2009 to be 2.6 kg PCBs and 1.0 kg PBDEs, compared to just trace amounts of the PCDEs and PCNs.
Ross, P.S., M. Noel, D. Lambourn, N. Dangerfield, J. Calambokidis, and S. Jeffries. 2013. Declining Concentrations of Persistent PCBs, PBDEs, PCDEs, and PCNs in Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) from the Salish Sea. Progress in Oceanography 115: 160-170. doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2013.05.027Download PDF
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ETFO supports recommendation that Health Canada improve communications regarding safe use of wireless technology
12 Aug, 2014, 17:25 ET
TORONTO, Aug. 12, 2014 /CNW/ - The Elementary Teacher's Federation of Ontario (ETFO) supports an Expert Panel recommendation that Health Canada provide the public with more information about radiofrequency energy, and the safe use of wireless technology.
"It would make sense for Health Canada to put this recommendation into the context of the classroom, and develop a resource for the safe use of wireless technology in our school communities," said ETFO President Sam Hammond.
According to a 2013 national survey by the Canadian Teachers' Federation, more than half of Canadian teachers were concerned about lack of information from school boards to teachers, students and parents about wireless technology.
Health Canada is the federal agency responsible for safe exposure limits to the radiofrequency fields that are produced by wireless technology. These exposure limits are set out in Safety Code 6 and applied to industrial, medical and consumer technologies. Ontario school boards refer to Health Canada's Safety Code 6 as the standard for determining the safe use of wireless internet technology in schools.
At Health Canada's request, the Expert Panel was convened by the Royal Society of Canada to review proposed revisions to Safety Code 6. In its review released last April, the Expert Panel reported that no additional precautionary measures were needed regarding the exposure limits of Safety Code 6. However the report included a number of recommendations calling for continued research. The Expert Panel Report is currently being reviewed by Health Canada.
"We will continue to monitor research, developments and decisions made by standard setters and regulators in Canada and internationally on wireless technology on behalf of our members," added Hammond.
SOURCE: Elementary Teachers' Federation of Ontario
For further information: Valerie Dugale, ETFO Media Relations: Cell: 416-948-0195, [email protected]; #ETFOBetterSchools
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A Great Explanation of How Psilocybin Works – and Easy on the Scientific Terms.
Philosophers and mystics have long contemplated the disconcerting notion that the fixed self is an illusion. Neuroscientists now think they can prove it or, at least, help us glimpse this truth with some help from psilocybin, the psychoactive property in magic mushrooms.
Researchers around the world are exploring the drug’s transformative power to help people quit smoking; lower violent crime; treat depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder; and trigger lasting spiritual epiphanies in psychologically healthy people, especially when coupled with meditation or contemplative training.
There are some limitations to psilocybin studies—they tend to be small, and rely on volunteers willing to take drugs and, thus, open to an alternate experience. But the research could have major implications in an age characterized by widespread anxiety.
Psilocybin seems to offer some people a route to an alternate view of reality, in which they shed the limitations of their individual consciousness and embrace a sense of interconnectedness and universality. These trips aren’t temporary, but have transformative psychological effects. Even if we don’t all end up on mushrooms, the studies offer insights on how we might minimize suffering and interpersonal strife and gain a sense of peace.
Consider a study of 75 subjects, published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology last October. The study concluded that psilocybin leads to mystical experiences that can have long-term psychological benefits in conjunction with meditation training. The greater the drug dosage, the more potent the positive psychological effect was six months later. “Participants showed significant positive changes on longitudinal measures of interpersonal closeness, gratitude, life meaning/purpose, forgiveness, death transcendence, daily spiritual experiences, religious faith and coping,” the study concluded.
Okay, where do we sign up?
Read the full article here on Quartz


- Philistines down here.
- Phoenicians up there.
The Sea People, OTOH, took to the sea (over a certain window of time we think) about 200 years before the Phoenicians. And while they also colonized, they did not, so far as I know set up long range trade networks the way the Phoenicians would later do. There are no Philistine colonies in Sicily or coastal Tunis like the ones the Phoenicians established later. The Philistines seemed to be content to trade locally, with the Hebrews and the Egyptians and other nearby countries and then go about their business.
Again, this is all my recollection from previous reading. If you really need it for something, I’ll have to go confirm it. But that’s my top of the head take.
Nope, they’re not.
Different people occupying the eastern coast of the Med. The Phoenicians along what is now Lebanon and Syria; the Philistines along what is now Gaza and Israel (and a little Egypt). Same loose confederation of city-state governments, but different languages and ethnicities.
I’m still trying to get my head around the idea that Phoenicians and Philistines are not different names for the same people


South Carolina is the next presidential primary (Feb.20) with debates taking place tonight for the Democrats and Saturday for the Republicans. One of the big issues facing the state is hunger, especially among children.
According to the latest data from Feeding America, just over 17 percent of the population of South Carolina struggles with hunger. Among children that number goes up to over 25 percent. Several counties have child hunger rates exceeding thirty percent.
The Harvest Hope Food Bank says many residents are struggling in poverty, having to make difficult choices between food and other vital services like utilities and education.
As the presidential candidates descend on the state, they need to talk about their plans for hunger relief for the poor. They will need to address what safety nets can be deployed to feed the hungry and what solutions can help lift the poor out of poverty.
There are many areas to improve in hunger relief. For example, only twenty percent of children in South Carolina who receive free lunches during the school year also receive them during the summer. So that is one of the gaps that has to be closed to help families. What about additional backpack programs with take home rations during the school year to fight hunger?
There are many short-term and long-term issues to deal with about hunger in South Carolina and other states. Hunger in America has dramatically escalated largely due to the Great Recession of 2007-2009. There is a long road to recovery and the next President will have to take on this issue.
Read the full article at Examiner:


Virginia Institute of Marine Science
The explorers and naturalists who first visited Antarctica were struck by the large numbers of whales, seals and seabirds in such a harsh environment (summarized in Everson, 1977). Scientific expeditions in the twentieth century confirmed these observations, and also established that an even greater abundance of many different trophic levels occurred at the ice edge. Hart (1942) noted that phytoplankton were more abundant near the ice edge mad suggested that there was a distinct ice-edge flora, and Marr (1962) noted that krill (Euphausia superba) were concentrated at the interface between pack ice and open water. Routh (1949) observed that seabirds were very abundant at the ice edge and suggested that the enhancement was due to the high plankton concentrations found in the area. All of these observations suggested that the ice edge played a potentially important role in the ecology of the southern ocean.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Smith, Walker O. Jr. and Garrison, DL, Marine Ecosystem Research at the Weddell Sea Ice Edge: The AMERIEZ Program (1990). Oceanography, 3(2), 22-29.


What Does Nutrient Doser Mean?
A nutrient doser is a system of equipment that helps maintain pH and nutrient levels in a hydroponics system. Some nutrient dosers come equipped to monitor four or more solutions and with probes that measure the reservoir of the fertilizer or other chemicals.
This tool initiates automatic dosing at pre-configured levels. An automatic nutrient doser ensures stable chemical levels, prevents overcorrecting, saves on labor, and avoids shocking the plants from a sudden change to their environment. Nutrient dosers promote healthy and steady plant growth.
Maximum Yield Explains Nutrient Doser
Nutrient dosers work by pulling nutrients into an injector and mixing them with water to produce precise parts per million (ppm) or electrical conductivity (EC) levels. A nutrient doser is usually set up in a garden that has several wall-mounted injectors, with each of them having a tube that runs into a container of raw nutrient. As several parts of a nutrient regimen cannot be premixed due to adverse reactions, nutrient dosers keep all the chemical parts separate until they are fed into the water line.
Automatic nutrient dosers help to avoid human errors and in most cases can create higher yields than plants grown through a manual dosing system.


Public health officials continue to discover more about this new virus. Person-to-person spread of the virus is thought to occur mainly via respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It may also be possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or eyes.. This is very similar to how the common cold and influenza are spread. People are thought to be most contagious when they are most symptomatic. Some spread might be possible before people show symptoms. How easily a virus spreads from person-to-person can vary. The virus that causes COVID-19 seems to be spreading easily.
Based upon these facts, people can take these everyday preventative actions to help stop the spread of viruses:
- Wash your hands frequently. Wash for 20 seconds with soap and water. Be sure to wash your hands when you come home from public places. If you do not have access to soap & water, use an alcohol-based (at least 60%) hand sanitizer. Use enough sanitizer to thoroughly cover your hands and rub until dry.
- Avoid touching your eyes, mouth, and nose with unwashed hands.
- Stay home if you are sick. Children should stay home from school or daycare if they are sick.
- Cover your cough and sneezes with a tissue. Discard the tissue properly. Wash your hands. If you don’t have a tissue, use the crook of your elbow. Avoid being around sick persons.
- If you are sick or have sick household members, frequently disinfect commonly touched surfaces, such as doorknobs and handles, faucet handles, remote controls, tabletops, etc.
- Be active every day.
- Get plenty of rest.
- Eat healthy and nutritious foods.
For more information, refer to these guidance pages:
- Prevention and Treatment
- Community Resources
- What to Do if You are Sick
- Testing for COVID-19
- What You Can do to Reduce the Spread
- Guidance for Businesses and Employees
- Guidance for Restaurants
- Guidance for Schools and Childcare Centers
- Mental Health Considerations


There are 4 states of matter:
If you were H2O and you were moving very slow, you would be called “ice”. If you were moving fast, you would be called “water”. If you were moving even faster, you would be called “vapor”. If you were moving even faster, you would be called “ionized”. Temperature is a measure of speed (kinetic energy).
“What we think determines what happens to us, so if we want to change our lives, we need to stretch our minds.” Wayne Dyer
You are always in motion (even when you sleep). If your mind is moving very slowly, you are called “mindless”. If your mind is moving fast, you are called “mindful”. If your mind is moving even faster, you are called “intelligent”; even faster, “wise”.
Everything you sense with your 5 senses is called “matter”. Matter makes up less than 4% of the Universe. 96% of the known Universe is made of dark energy and dark matter. Everything you think and feel is called your “mind”. Your Mind thinks and feels less than 4% of the human interactions you really experience. 96% of what you really experience is blocked from you deliberately and with great purpose by your BRAIN.
You have a BRAIN FILTER. It works all the time without your permission. Your brain filter is required to sustain life. If your brain filter breaks or malfunctions, so do YOU. If your brain filter is significantly altered (e.g. a stroke), so are YOU. If you alter your brain filter deliberately you are called “liberated”.
You cannot change your filter BUT you can train it. A well-trained brain filter moves very fast. It is hot to the touch.
See everything. Touch everything. Hear everything. Taste everything. Smell everything. Feel everything. Thirst for everything. Balance everything.
Step 1: Identify your feedback loop.
Step 2: Assess your feedback loop.
To be continued…


Just like walls and foundations, the soil at the base of your commercial or industrial structure may need to be stabilized to maximize the life of your building.
What is Soil Stabilization?
In very basic terms, soil stabilization is simply the process of removing or adding certain soil properties to ensure the most stable environment for your building’s foundation. While there are many ways of doing this, not all soil stabilization methods are equally cost-effective, good for the environment, and good for the life of your industrial structure.
Structural Benefits of Soil Stabilization
– Bearing Capacity – With the use of cement, line or chemical mixtures in the soil stabilization process, you can simultaneously improve the mechanical properties in the soil and boost your foundation’s bearing capacity all at the same time.
– Optimized Moisture – Too much or too little moisture can adversely affect the stability and bearing capacity of your foundation. By using natural or chemically based binding agents, you can optimize soil through a stabilization process that primes the soil for compacting and leveling.
– Environmentally Friendly – Most soil stabilization methods are environmentally friendly. Many soil stabilization treatments have been tested and formulated in a way that minimizes or eliminates the environmental impact of the top soil.
Soil stabilization is an effective method that helps protect and improve the support underneath your structure. It can even be used to treat sinkholes in the form of grouting or chemical grouting.
Big or small, we’ve done it all. Get in touch with Olshan today to get your commercial structure back on solid ground.


When the Nebraska Department of Education released the original draft of Nebraska’s Health Education Standards, we were inspired by the level of commitment to all young people and the opportunity to provide students with the information they need to live full and healthy lives. Today’s announcement to postpone the process of developing life-saving information and to push it farther out of reach for young people is devastating, especially to the young people who have had the courage to speak up in difficult circumstances about the information they want and need.
The State Board of Education has the opportunity right now to set the standard for health education in our state that is led by research and expertise and is inclusive of all students. Denying young people a complete and accurate education about their health is an avoidance of responsibility to provide all students the information they need and safe spaces in which to learn. This postponement is also a departure from what scientific research, health education professionals and medical expertise clearly support—comprehensive and inclusive sex education for all students.
We urge the State Board of Education to do the right thing for young people by finishing the work they have started and enacting effective health education standards that provide all young people with the information they need to live healthy lives. Call or email the State Board of Education to ask them to support effective health education for Nebraska students now.


Molecular study to identify the main periodontal pathogenic bacteria responsible for periodontal disease in the gingival sulcus. Finding out the bacterial load allows a strategy of individual therapy to be carried out with the minimum use of antibiotics.
Which patients is it most useful for?
For people with chronic or refractory periodontal disease.
- Sample: Crevicular fluid
- Volume: 5 paper points
- Storage of sample: 5+/-3oC (Away from light)
- Turnaround time: 7 working days
Helps the clinician establish a more accurate diagnosis and follow-up.
Allows the clinician to assess the need to establish the right treatment with antibiotics adjuvant to periodontal treatment.
What information does it provide?
The PCR-hybridisation technique is used to analyse:
- 5 most harmful pathogens: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Tannerella forsythensis (Tf) and Treponema denticola (Td).
- 11 pathogens, which include the 5 harmful and 6 moderate pathogens: Parvimonas micra (Pm), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Campylobacter rectus (Cr), Eubacterium nodatum (En), Eikenella corrodens (Ec) and Capnocytophaga ssp (Csp).
It allows periodontal bacteria to be identified quickly without the need for a culture, with the aim of providing treatment and follow-up of periodontal disease.


At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a team of researchers published a study revealing the very important role played by rain in the dissemination of soil bacteria.
In Boston, United States, a team of researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (the famous MIT) offers an explanation for the problems of contamination of plants, animals and humans by pathogenic elements. One element probably plays a very important role in this dispersion of bacteria: it is rain.
In the review NatureCommunications, these researchers report their experiments in the laboratory on the effects of the impact of drops on the earth. They thus recreated different forms of rain, falling from different heights on soils of different natures (sand, clay, asphalt, etc.), all loaded with colonies of bacteria.
It is then observed that after the impact on the ground, each drop of rain rebounds like an aerosol, breaking into a multitude of droplets which disperse in the surroundings at more or less distant distances depending on the force of the wind. When the raindrop turns into this aerosol, it has already trapped several thousand bacteria which then disperse and are able to survive for more than an hour before reclaiming soil to colonize again.
According to these findings by MIT scientists, they estimate that precipitation on a global scale could be responsible for the dispersion of approximately 1 to 25% of all bacteria dispersed from the soil. Thus, this concerns between 10,000 and 800,000 billion billion bacteria per year. The difference depends essentially on the nature of the ground on which the rain fell. For example, a sandy soil is less favorable to a large dispersion of bacteria, the latter having the ability to absorb drops before they reach this “aerosol” stage.
The intensity of the shower, but above all the temperature on the ground also have a share of responsibility in the dispersion. According to their analyses, the dispersion is maximum when the temperature is 30°C in light rain.
Check out the experience in the video below:


Excel's Paste Special tool is great for pasting values and formulas. You can also use it to adjust or update already existing values in your worksheet. The following articles discuss how to fully take advantage of the Paste Special tool in Excel.
Tips, Tricks, and Answers
The following articles are available for the 'Paste Special' topic. Click the article''s title (shown in bold) to see the associated article.
Adjusting Formulas when Pasting
The Paste Special feature in Excel can be used to uniformly adjust values and formulas. This tip shows how powerful this feature can be.
Creating a Shortcut for Pasting Values
Excel's Paste Special command is used quite a bit. If you want to create some shortcuts for the command, here's some ways you can approach the task.
When working with large numbers, you may need a way to quickly divide a range of those numbers by a specific value. Here's the absolute fastest way to make the change.
Quickly Transposing Cells
If you want to turn a range of cells by 90 degrees within a worksheet, you need to understand how Excel can handle the transposition for you. This tip discusses your options.
Quickly Updating Values
If you need to update a bunch of values in a worksheet by a standard amount, you can use the Paste Special feature of Excel to make the change easy. This tip illustrates how easy it really is.


Earth 'unrecognisable' by 2050: experts
Population crunch A growing, more affluent population competing for ever scarcer resources could make for an "unrecognisable" world by 2050, warn researchers.
The United Nations has predicted the global population will reach seven billion this year, and climb to nine billion by 2050, "with almost all of the growth occurring in poor countries, particularly Africa and South Asia," says John Bongaarts of the non-profit Population Council.
To feed all those mouths, "we will need to produce as much food in the next 40 years as we have in the last 8000," says Jason Clay of the World Wildlife Fund at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
"By 2050 we will not have a planet left that is recognisable" if current trends continue, says Clay.
John Casterline, director of the Initiative in Population Research at Ohio State University says the swelling population will exacerbate problems, such as resource depletion.
But incomes are also expected to rise over the next 40 years - tripling globally and quintupling in developing nations - and add more strain to global food supplies.
According to experts, people tend to move up the food chain as their incomes rise, consuming more meat than they might have when they made less money.
Previous research shows it takes around 7 kilograms of grain to produce a kilogram of meat, and around 4 kilograms of grain to produce a kilogram of cheese or eggs.
"More people, more money, more consumption, but the same planet," says Clay, urging scientists and governments to start making changes now to how food is produced.
Population experts, meanwhile, called for more funding for family planning programs to help control the growth in the number of humans, especially in developing nations.
"For 20 years, there's been very little investment in family planning, but there's a return of interest now, partly because of the environmental factors like global warming and food prices," says Bongaarts.
"We want to minimise population growth, and the only viable way to do that is through more effective family planning," says Casterline.


Gene U Project Update: Complex Traits Curricular Unit
Project Update: The Gene U project’s Complex Traits guide for teachers and associated classroom slides are available for free viewing or download from BioEd Online (www.bioedonline.org).
Domestic dogs exhibit immense variety in size, shape, coat color and texture, and behavior. This variability is a product of selective breeding by humans, conducted to yield desirable genetic changes or mutations. Today, there are more than 400 distinct breeds of dogs. Complex Traits contains lessons that allow students to investigate and learn about modern genetics using the domestic dog as a model. The following activities are available.
Dogs — A Model for Modern Genetics – What is a phylogenetic tree and how does it help determine relationships between dogs and their closest relatives?
Genotyping a Mixed Breed Dog – Can genetic testing uncover the origins of a mixed breed dog? How are modern dog breeds related to one another?
Mapping a Mutation – What is the genetic code, and what are the effects of small substitutions within the code?
Genotypes and Phenotypes – What is the difference between genotype and phenotype, and what process can change a phenotype?
Categorizing Hair Types in Dogs – How many genes regulate hair type in dogs?
Genetic Testing and Designer Dogs – Do genetic mutations produce desirable characteristics or harmful effects in different dog breeds?
Though originally created for middle school students, activities in this guide also may be used with high school students.


1.What is SQL?
SQL or Sequel is Structured Query Language which is used for fetching and storing data in a relational database and performing various manipulation on these stored data such as creation, deletion, insertion etc.
2. What is Relational Database?
Relational Database or Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) stores data in tables with some defined relationship in the tables . The tables will have rows and columns.
3. What are examples of Relational Databases?
- Microsoft SQL Server
- Postgre SQL
4. What is a Non- Relational Database?
A Non Relational Database, also called NoSQL (NotOnlySQL) database does not store data in the table format in schemas with rows and column. It may store data as JSON documents, key/value pairs, graphs. With no concepts of schemas here, there is scope of storing all kinds of documents.
5. What are different types of Non – Relational Database?
- Document Database
- Key/Value Database
- Graph Database
- Column-Family Database
- Time Series Database
- Object Database
- External Index Database
6. What are examples of Non-Relational Databases?
- Apache Cassandra
- Apache HBase
7. What are the benefits or advantages of using Relational Database?
- Data Integrity – Parent child relationship concept ensures data integrity
- Normalization – It ensures no variance in data in the database.
- High Security – Database table access can be limited to specific users
- Ease of use – complex queries can be fired easily
- Collaboration – Multiple users can access the same database at same time.
- Simplicity– A simple SQL query is good enough for fetching data for most of the users
- Network Access– Users can access database via a database client thru a network


Floating-Point arithmetic in dlang - Difference to other languages
H. S. Teoh
hsteoh at quickfur.ath.cx
Tue Dec 3 18:45:42 UTC 2019
On Tue, Dec 03, 2019 at 09:22:49AM +0000, Jan Hönig via Digitalmars-d-learn wrote:
> Today i have stumbled on Hacker News into: https://0.30000000000000004.com/
> I am learning D, that's why i have to ask.
> Why does
> writefln("%.17f", .1+.2);
> not evaluate into: 0.30000000000000004, like C++
> but rather to: 0.29999999999999999
> Many other languages evaluate to 0.30000000000000004 as well.
In short, because they use 64-bit floats for intermediate values
(`double`), whereas D defaults to 80-bit intermediates (`real`).
The use of a more precise intermediate value is also indicated by the
fact that 0.29999999999999999 is closer to the real answer (error of
1e-17) than 0.30000000000000004 (error of 4e-17).
If you explicitly specify to use `double`, then you should get the same
answer as C++.
double a=.1, b=.2;
MSDOS = MicroSoft's Denial Of Service
More information about the Digitalmars-d-learn


What You Need
In order to create a simple Webcam, you need three things:
- A camera of some sort connected to your computer
- A piece of software that can grab a frame from the camera periodically
- A way to broadcast your images on the Web
If you have your own Web server and Web site, you already have a way to post your Webcam images on the Web. At its most basic, a Web server is simply a piece of hardware that has the ability to deliver Web-based content to a Web browser. For some people, their home computer serves as their Web server. If that's the case, a camera, a piece of software and your PC are all that you need. If you want to use a Web server that's hosted elsewhere (for example, if you're paying an ASP to host your Web server), you also need:
- The ability to move frames from your computer to the Web server, typically by File Transfer Protocol (FTP). For most Web servers, this is no problem; but occasionally, a hosting company will have policies in place that make this difficult.
- A relatively consistent connection between your computer and the Internet. A modem connection to an ISP is fine if it is something that you keep connected most of the time, which implies that you have a dedicated phone line for your computer. If you have something like a cable modem that is connected all the time, that's perfect.
If you don't have a Web server or a Web site, and you don't want one, you can simply have someone else maintain your Webcam images. Lots of Webcam software comes complete with Web-based image access. They usually offer different access options, including remote access, which utilizes UDP protocol to transfer your Webcam images directly from your computer to another computer. This can be done:
By using this type of service, you avoid having to host and/or maintain your own Web site. If you are using one of these services and you want the image to refresh itself constantly, you need a relatively consistent connection between your computer and the Internet. If your connection is not consistent, it won't hurt anything. It just means that the image won't always be up to date.


The most modern aircraft carrier ever constructed is now under construction after years of delays.
Five years after being commissioned into service and 15 years after being given its name, the USS Gerald R. Ford,
the Navy's most technologically advanced aircraft carrier,is currently on its first deployment.
The quick deployment to the Atlantic is intended to put the systems that caused its debut to be delayed to the test. With eight other nations, the carrier and
its strike group will practice. With respect to some of the 23 new technologies it incorporates, the Ford had numerous delays.
The Ford is the first carrier to replace its conventional steam-powered catapult system with an electromagnetic one.
The new technology is anticipated to enhance flight volume by 33%, extend aircraft life, and handle heavier aircraft, such as advanced drones.
According to Capt. Lanzilotta, "on the surface of the sea," this vessel will be "certainly the most powerful warship that our Navy has ever put to sea, possibly any Navy ever."
The Ford is also the most costly warship in Navy history according to her $13 billion price tag.
The Ford is still a little behind the times despite all of its modern technology. The carrier is not yet equipped to handle the F-35s, the most modern fighter jets.


From 1 to 4 July 2013 EuroClio organised a special Historiana meeting in the Hague within the project EuropeanaCreative – History Education Pilot. The main aim of this meeting was the development of a new “Learning” section on the Historiana website. In this section there will be place for all items related to teaching and learning methods and challenges. It will feature resources such as guides, how to’s and exemplary lesson plans. The most innovative items will however be the Learning Tools. These tools allow teachers to create learning activities for their students online. This brings a whole new experience in the classrooms and on the way history can be taught. Online learning activities can be a very good addition to working with the regular textbooks.
In this meeting Historiana editors, the EuroClio Secretariat and the webdevelopers presented their ideas to teachers and historians to get critical feedback on their preliminary sketches. There was also the opportunity to work with sources from the Europeana database to develop some new ideas. Some really creative and inspiring work has been done and it brought new food for thought for both the Historiana team and the webdevelopers. The first prototypes for Learning Tools will be presented in autumn, so don’t throw your books out of the window just yet!


Migrant Photograph Collection (S4963)
Mexican-Americans have been migrating to the Red River Valley since the late 1920s, primarily to work on the sugar beet farms during the summer weeding and the fall harvest. Since the introduction of mechanical cultivators and harvesters in the1950s, the need for field labor has declined, but the number of migrants has continued to grow. As a result, many Mexican-Americans have begun to settle permanently in Minnesota and North Dakota towns in the Valley.
In 1976, several students in a Latin-American history class began a project to document the activities of migrants in the Moorhead area. These students, under the direction of Dr. Dieter Berninger of Moorhead State University, began a video documentary of migrant life. Although the documentary was never completed, the project did produce 250 black and white photographs, and about eight minutes of video tape concerning migrant families, work in the fields, social services for migrants, and the migrant school program in Moorhead. These are the materials preserved in this collection.
The collection consists of 250 black and white photographs, sorted into several categories, and an eight minute color video tape, without sound. Because no notes were preserved, the families and individuals preserved in the photos are not identified. All materials are in excellent condition.
- Businesses Frequently Visited by Migrant Workers
- Family Practice Center, University of North Dakota
- Field Labor
- Field Machinery
- Hoe Preparation
- Home Life
- Migrant Service Center
- Migrant Summer School, Thomas Edison School, Moorhead, Minnesota
- Video (Housed in S4868, Red River Valley Sugarbeet Growers Association)


Sumi, W. C., Woodbridge, M. W., Wei, X., Thornton, S. P., & Roundfield, K. D. (2021). Measuring the impact of trauma-focused, cognitive behavioral group therapy with middle school students. School Mental Health, 1–15. doi: 10.1007/s12310-021-09452-8
This study examines differential effects of the Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS) program on behavioral and academic outcomes of middle school students. Researchers administered screenings to grade 6 students to assess traumatic stress and then randomized those with elevated levels to the CBITS treatment ( n = 150) or comparison group ( n = 143). Analyses examined the overall impact of CBITS and differential effects among subpopulations of students who reported clinically significant externalizing ( n = 73) or internalizing behavior ( n = 181) at baseline. Results demonstrated that relative to counterparts in the comparison group, externalizers in CBITS reported significantly reduced post-traumatic stress, anxiety, anger, internalizing and externalizing problems, and total behavior problems, and they also significantly improved scores on a standardized literacy assessment at posttest. Students with internalizing behavior problems showed differential academic effects at 1-year follow-up; those in CBITS did significantly better on standardized math tests but significantly worse on a reading subtest than their counterparts.
Keywords: Trauma, Middle school, Academic outcomes, Psychosocial outcomes, Internalizing behavior, Externalizing behavior.


Application and Reflection Questions
Of all the factors that brought about the administrative disintegration of the Roman West, which do you think was the most important? Why?
How did the spread of Christianity and its acceptance by emperors alter Roman society from what it was in earlier antiquity?
Should we continue to refer to the Byzantine Empire in this period as the Roman Empire? Why or why not?
What marked Zoroastrianism as unique among religious traditions in Late Antiquity?
How did religious beliefs serve as both unifying and divisive factors in Late Antiquity?
How did religious issues in Aksumite and Himyarite culture affect the development of these societies?
How were Aksum and Himyar affected by their relationships with the Byzantines and Sasanians, and what influence did each have on other states?
Do you think people were focused more on religion or on politics in Late Antiquity? Why?
Why did both the Sasanians and the Byzantines create alliances with Arab tribes in the fifth and sixth centuries CE?
In what way did outsiders to the former Roman Empire affect its successors?
What role did long-distance trade play in the development of the Palmyra, Kush, and Arab societies?


What happens “inside” a black-hole merger?
AEI researchers find a new way to visualize a black-hole merger and shed new light on its interior structure
AEI scientists have discovered a new way to visualize and study the merger of black-hole horizons. They show that the well known pair-of-pants picture for event horizons has an analog in quasi-local horizons—the so called marginally outer trapped surfaces (MOTSs)—wherein the two initial MOTSs merge with a highly distorted MOTS that is connected smoothly with the outermost common MOTS. Contrary to previous belief, the horizons do not annihilate in such a MOTS merger but instead continue to exist, start to intersect each other and, surprisingly, even develop self-intersections.
We find strong numerical evidence for a new phenomenon in a binary black hole spacetime, namely the merger of marginally outer trapped surfaces (MOTSs). By simulating the head-on collision of two non-spinning unequal mass black holes, we observe that the MOTS associated with the final black hole merges with the two initially disjoint surfaces corresponding to the two initial black holes. This yields a connected sequence of MOTSs interpolating between the initial and final state all the way through the non-linear binary black hole merger process. In addition, we show the existence of a MOTS with self-intersections formed immediately after the merger. This scenario now allows us to track physical quantities (such as mass, angular momentum, higher multipoles, and fluxes) across the merger, which can be potentially compared with the gravitational wave signal in the wave-zone, and with observations by gravitational wave detectors. This also suggests a possibility of proving the Penrose inequality mathematically for generic astrophysical binary back hole configurations.


Submitted by Dr T on February 22, 2011 – 7:11pm
There is more to POTS than just a rising heart rate with change of position. It also requires a drop in blood pressure (together called “Orthostatic symptoms”), and is often associated with a lot of other symptoms.
In people with POTS, the “autonomic system” seems to be out of balance and blood is not going to the right place at the right time to do what the body needs. To make the diagnosis, a host of other illnesses need to be excluded that include thyroid disease, cardiac disease, medication side effects and anxiety disorders, to name as few.
The Autonomic System
The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating a multitude of organs and functions throughout the body. Some of these functions include temperature, respiration, heart rate, blood pressure and the digestive tract. A patient experiencing ANS dysregulation may experience abnormalities in the many organs and functions the ANS regulates.
Symptoms that may be associated with Autonomic Dysfunction
There are a variety of tests that the POTS patient may undergo. Orthostatic symptoms are usually the most debilitating aspect of autonomic dysfunction. and for this reason the blood pressure and heart rate response to upright posture should be the starting point of any evaluation.
A Patient may be given various tests to determine how dysautonomia is affecting their heart. Sinus tachycardia commonly occurs in those with POTS. A patient may be asked to wear a Holter monitor to determine if their heart is functioning correctly. Irregular heart rhythms are recorded and then evaluated by a physician.
A stress test can be used to determine how exercise might affect the POTS patient. Sometimes an echocardiogram will be performed along with the stress test. This test helps physicians identify abnormalities in the heart’s structure and function.
One of the most commonly used techniques for assumption of orthostatic stress is head-upright tilt table testing (TTT). This testing requires specialized equipment, (i.e., a tilt table) and trained
technician/physical therapists for proper administration.
Hope this helps,


The institute’s namesake, Franciscus Junius, is perhaps not well-known outside the community of scholars interested in Reformed theology of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. So who was Franciscus Junius?
Junius Institute director Todd Rester provides a brief overview of Junius’ life and work:
François du Jon (1545–1602), Latinized as Franciscus Junius, was a significant Reformed Protestant voice in the era of late sixteenth-century confessionalization. He is perhaps best known as a professor of theology at Leiden University from 1592–1602. Junius was born in Bourges, France, into a family of minor nobility with all of the attendant social and educational advantages of one of such rank. At the age of twelve, Junius matriculated at the academy of Bourges and studied law under the Huguenot jurist, François Douaren (1509–1559) who is recognized as a major voice in articulating the mos gallicus school of applying the fruits of Italian humanism to the legal code of Justinian. Junius also studied under the renowned French humanist, Huguenot, and jurist Hugues Doneau (1527–1591).
As Rester also notes, Junius also would later study under Calvin and Beza in Geneva, and Arminius was named Junius’ successor at Leiden. As Rester puts it, “In 1602 upon his death, it was Junius’ chair of theology (and house on the Rapenburg in Leiden together with most of the furniture) that Jacobus Arminius filled after Junius’ death in the plague that struck Leiden.”
The Post-Reformation Digital Library includes a host of works by Junius in a variety of fields, as well as links to other sources and studies related to this significant representative of early Reformed orthodoxy.


"As far as Polish‒Jewish relations are concerned, we need to devote at least a few words to the attitude of Jews toward the Poles.… even in their suffering, the Jews remember with deep emotion and gratefulness all the acts of kindness toward them and the helping hand extended to them by each of those Poles.… But, despite this, the insult and humiliation—which shall never be forgotten—no one wishes to remember."
(Anonymous, Warsaw Ghetto, 1942)
The issue of relations between Jews and Poles during the Holocaust is one of the most complex and emotionally-charged subjects in the research of that era. However, compared to the abundance of studies dealing with the question of the Poles’ involvement in the persecution of the Jews, and the Poles’ responses to the mass murder perpetrated by the Germans on Polish land, very little has been written about how the Jews perceived their Polish milieu during the Holocaust. In her book, Relations between Jews and Poles during the Holocaust: The Jewish Perspective, Professor Havi Dreifuss (Ben-Sasson) traces the changes in how the Polish Jews perceived their environment. Did the Jews of Poland consider their land of birth a partner in the German persecution, or did they view Poland as yet another victim of the murderous Nazi intent? When and why did the prevalent sense of brotherhood that existed at the start of the war end, only to be replaced by harsh feelings of alienation and animosity? What did the Jews write about their Polish neighbors, and in what way did the Jews’ social standing influence their perception of their surroundings? How did the German policy influence the relations that were formed between the Poles and the Jews in occupied Poland? The extensive documentary material upon which Dreifuss based her research—dozens of diaries and hundreds of documents from archives in Israel and abroad—bears testimony to the fact that even under the Nazi regime, which attempted to cut off the Jews from their surroundings, Jews persisted in their contacts—both real and imagined—with Polish society, and constantly attempted to reevaluate the world around them. The diaries and documents portray the Polish Jews’ conscious awareness of their environment, expose a glimpse of the realities of life in Poland, and cast light on several of the factors that directly and indirectly influenced their lives, and ultimately their deaths.


“Who knows if it is for this very moment that you got to this place of power.”
וּמִי יוֹדֵעַ אִם לְעֵת כָּזֹאת הִגַּעַתְּ לַמַּלְכוּת
With heated elections taking place in both Israel and the United States, as well as the rise of nationalist movements in Europe, we turn to tradition to provide some guidance. We might be surprised to discover how much Torah wisdom is relevant today, despite the fact that the Bible seems to imagine a monarchy.
This ICJW Social Justice study series investigates Jewish traditions about government from four perspectives:
Unit I: Queen Salome Alexandra: A Model for Good Government
A look at Queen Salome Alexandra, 76-67 BCE, and the importance of good governance, checks and balances.
Unit 2: Does Jewish Tradition believe in Democracy? If so, do Women have a Voice?
Explores Jewish traditions of representative democracy in general and women’s suffrage in particular.
Unit 3: Female Leadership. Given the precedents of female leaders in ancient history, why is there a halakhic question about women holding office? How can those concerns be answered?
Unit 4: Israel as a Jewish and Democratic State. While some on both ends of the spectrum like to set up an opposition between Jewish and Democratic, they can also be seen as complementary.


The goal of this topic is to give students practice in carefully drawing conclusions about the possible connections between biblical hermeneutics and issues in applied science and technology.
Consider beginning class with the desks arranged in a circle.
The majority of this session will be spent on an academic dialogue that reflects on the passages studied in the preceding lesson. You can use these questions to focus the discussion:
- For each passage, what are the implications on the way we think about the applied scientific developments under investigation?
- Are there any reasons for us to hesitate in making this connection between the passages and the applied scientific developments? Are there any ways in which the passage might not clearly or straightforwardly speak to the issues at hand? Is more than one conclusion possible?
- What might we need to do to arrive at a clearer, more defensible view? What other passages might be relevant? How would we find them?
- What are the similarities and differences between the ways in which the processes of scientific inquiry and biblical hermeneutics push us to be careful about truth? Let students know that they have only explored one simple example of the process of interpretation and that the discipline of biblical interpretation, like the discipline of natural science, can be pursued at greater depth and involves more than what they have practiced.
For the debrief:
- Bring the dialogue to a conclusion about 15 minutes before the end of the class session.
- Allow ten minutes for a debrief.
- Spend some of the time on content—correcting erroneous thinking or pointing out logical thinking.
- Spend some of the time debriefing virtue—praise students who acted virtuously or bring up moments when students failed to do so.
During the last five minutes of class, assign the following writing task:
- Pick one specific biblical passage engaged in the preceding lesson and write a personal response in the form of an essay, short story, poem, or other type of writing—feel free to be creative.
- In your writing, include a response to the following questions:
- How should a Christian respond to this passage when thinking about current developments in applied science and technology?
- Why should they respond in this way?


Viruses really are a major method of obtaining damage to the global economy, and antivirus technology is a significant part of a great organization’s system. This software program protects your personal computer against malicious code, which often can harm your individual data click here to investigate and even take your money.
Traditional antivirus uses three key detection methods: signatures, heuristics, and action. These detection methods tend to be used in combination with each other. If a file matches the antivirus classification, the malware application quarantines the document. This can be carried out manually or perhaps automatically. Using heuristics, antivirus tools look for noted suspicious data file structures, even though behavior-based diagnosis analyzes the behaviour of an thing to identify if it provides the potential to accomplish an unauthorized action.
Next-generation anti virus solutions apply advanced technologies and machine learning. They will learn from goes for as they happen and use the information to stop future activities. Fortunately they are more user friendly and can discover new types of dangers.
New spyware detection tools can easily sift through internet activities, attachments, and detachable products to detect new types of spy ware. This means they may be better in identifying dangerous spyware and adware.
Another major advancement in anti virus technology is usually the chance to automatically upgrade its repository. This means that users do not have to await patches to be used on their pcs. This makes it better to protect a wide range of devices. It might free up computational resources and make the security process more quickly.
Next-generation ant-virus is also in a position to stop many different attack vectors, including web browser hijackers, phishing uses, and advanced persistent risks. It can also secure electronic belongings such as hosting space and databases.


This video posted today took me back to the very first science fair project I ever wrote back when I was writing books. Popcorn is such a great topic for a science fair project – of course it’s delicious but it has so many properties to explore!
What makes it pop?
How can its wonderful aroma travel so far, so quickly?
Here are just a few ideas to help you explore these questions:
- Measure the speed at which popcorn (and other smells) travel. Gather several volunteers (promise them fresh popcorn and you should have not trouble getting more than enough) with stopwatches and space them all increasing distances from a bag of unopened, just popped, microwave popcorn. Have them measure the time from when you open the bag until they smell the buttery goodness.
- Compare methods for popping – air-popped, in a pan with oil, microwave (store bought and paper bag)
- Does the age of popcorn matter? Use the bag you’ve had in the cupboard for a few months and one fresh from the store.
- Does it matter if you put the butter on before or after you pop?
- What is the ideal time and power level to maximize the number of popped kernels in the microwave?
UPDATE: My friend Claudine shared Popcorn Decay, a project to create a phone app to detects the popping sound of the popcorn and analyzes the frequency of pops as a model of radioactive decay!


Pugster butterfly bushes are a popular plant choice for many gardeners due to their stunning blooms and ability to attract butterflies. However, like any plant, pugsters require proper care in order to thrive. One important aspect of caring for these plants is pruning.
In this blog post, we will discuss how to properly prune your pugster butterfly bush.
Why Prune Your Pugster Butterfly Bush?
Pruning is a necessary step in maintaining the health and appearance of your pugster butterfly bush. By removing dead or damaged branches, you can improve the overall integrity of the plant and promote new growth. Additionally, regular pruning helps maintain the shape and size of your bush.
When Should You Prune Your Pugster Butterfly Bush?
The best time to prune your pugster butterfly bush is in late winter or early spring before new growth has begun. This timing allows you to remove any dead or damaged wood while also preparing the plant for new growth in the coming months.
How To Prune Your Pugster Butterfly Bush
Step 1: Gather Tools
Before beginning, gather all necessary tools such as a pair of sharp pruners or garden shears. Make sure they are clean and sanitized before use.
Step 2: Identify Dead or Damaged Wood
Carefully inspect your pugster butterfly bush for any dead or damaged wood that needs removal. Dead wood may be discolored, brittle, or easily breakable when bent.
Step 3: Remove Dead/Damaged Wood
Using your pruners/shears, make clean cuts at a downward angle just above where healthy wood begins. Avoid cutting too close to buds as this can damage them.
Step 4: Shape Your Plant
If desired, shape your plant by trimming back branches that extend beyond its overall silhouette using similar techniques as used for removing dead/damaged wood.
Step 5: Dispose Of Cuttings And Clean Up
Dispose of cuttings properly to prevent the spread of disease or pests. Thoroughly clean your tools after use.
Pruning your pugster butterfly bush is an important part of maintaining its health and appearance. By removing dead or damaged wood and shaping the plant, you can promote new growth and ensure it looks beautiful for years to come. With these tips in mind, you’ll be able to prune your pugster butterfly bush like a pro!


California's population decline is showing no sign of abating as residents continue to leave the Golden State in their droves, according to the latest census data.
The state's population decreased by more than 500,000 people between April 2020 and July 2022, with nearly 700,000 more residents leaving than moving in. The state's population decrease was second only to New York, which lost about 15,000 more people than California.
Experts have attributed the exodus to California's high housing costs, long commutes, and crowded urban centers. The state's authoritarian response to the COVID-19 pandemic only accelerated the trend, with many people opting to work remotely and avoid the draconian restrictions put in place.
The census data shows that nearby states, such as Utah and Nevada, have seen significant population gains as Californians seek a different lifestyle elsewhere. Net migration out of California surpassed that of the next highest state, New York, by about 143,000 people.
California gained about 157,000 more people from natural change, which refers to the difference between births and deaths than New York did. However, the state's population loss was still significant.
In the final year of the two-year span, from July 2021 to July 2022, California lost about 211,000 people, with 113,048 of them from Los Angeles County, the most populous of California's 58 counties. The county had lost around 160,000 people in the previous 12 months, with nearly all of the population loss driven by domestic migration.
As the population continues to decline, Californian policymakers and businesses are grappling with the implications of the exodus, as concerns grow that the state's economy and tax base will be negatively affected.
Meanwhile, many people are fleeing to Republican-run states where living costs can be lower and the risk of further lockdown measures is far smaller. Between April 2020 and July 2022, Texas and Florida had the highest population growth in the United States, gaining approximately 884,000 and 707,000 people, respectively.


In case you are writing a critical article for your own Standard Level folio, it really is crucial to appreciate which you are writing a quarrel. As they’re so crucial that you anthropological creating and because they might be an unfamiliar type for a lot of authors, ethnographies may shortly be described in more detail later in this hand out. While writing a critical article, don’t compose in the first individual Before writing a crucial essay you should study different other posts. Creating a critical article might be a genuine feverish job for students. It can be easy and complicated at the same moment. Authorship works the exact same way. Writing this kind of essay by no means signifies that you would like to produce an authoritative file that is the last term about it. If you’re reading this short post, you’ve likely previously been hit with a severe essay homework.
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Space travel has outfit further general. Satellites and international space stations currently provide inertial guidance systems, observation systems, internet communication, and endure monitoring systems. Many astronauts now use up long period of time at liberty stations to execute essential protection errands.
Space technology has qualified to the point anywhere several challenging errands are perform regularly by astronauts at space station. though, it took lots of years of classy research, development, innovation and taxing to build the recital of preservation tasks in space possible. One example of a maintenance task is the welding of ringing alloy structure in space.
Why are such protection tasks measured as scientific achievement? The reason is that scientific innovation are necessary to conquer environmental and prepared challenges while working in space or micro-G (micro-gravity) environments. Some of these challenge are the following:
property of supplies show difference on earth compare with space. For example, space provide a clean space situation for produce pure resources and objects, compare to earth.
freedom provide a micro-G environment that facilitate convection in liquid and gasses, eliminate sedimentation, and make it easier to use dispersal as a device for matter mixing.
It ‘s solid to pump fluid during pipes in space since the micro-G environment enable liquid to develop superior consistent and surface stress services.
Space can supply extremes of hot and cold environment. daylight can be alert on an entity to melt it, whilst an object can be secured from the sun to congeal it.
If 3D printers might create matter in liberty or on other planets, these benefits become willingly available:
important amount of cargo and auxiliary parts can be printed in liberty without to come for extensive periods of time for freight to arrive beginning earth.
3D printing of auxiliary parts at space station will be extra cost effective than shipping them from ground.
‘In situ’ facade equipment on other planets could be modified and tailored for 3D printing. For example, residence places and habitat could be 3D printed on the moon or Mars by formulate native 3D printing resources.


Dwarfism and gigantism are two medical conditions that we have had a lot of exposure to. Throughout time there have been records of men and women whose growth is adversely affected by these conditions, causing a person to either grow exponentially or to be stunted. This can make these people either far taller or far smaller than your average human, there are countless recorded cases and medical research has to lead us to better understand these conditions. One case proved to be more unique than most – a man who suffered from both illnesses in his lifetime.
The peculiar story begins in Austria in 1899, with the birth of Adam Rainer. Born to healthy parents and without any illnesses himself, Rainer was a picture of health upon his birth. That changed during his formative years, and nearing the age of 16 he was only 4’ 6” in height. He was deemed a dwarf and could not register to fight during the First World War due to the condition, being cited as too short and weak to be a soldier.
As he approached his 21st birthday, Rainer had reached a taller height of 4’11”, yet this was still well below the average height for a male at this age. Then things took an unexpected turn. By the time he was in his 30s, Rainer was an incredible 7’1”!
This remarkable change in height stumped the doctors of the time, who were intrigued and confused by the massive increase in height over the ten year period. It turned out that a tumor in the pituitary gland was causing far too much growth hormone to be produced in the body, leading to continual growth in height.
He would continue to grow until his death at 51 and had many health problems to deal with as a result, including losing the ability to walk, the sight from his right eye and the hearing from his left ear.
Sadly the condition was taking its toll on Rainer’s health, as had developed a massive curvature in his spine, leading doctors to perform surgery to try and remove the tumor to stop the growth. It partially worked, with the process only being slowed down rather than stopped altogether.
He was a gigantic 7’11” at the time of his death, and to this date remains the only case of a man who was both a dwarf and giant in his lifetime.


People with binge eating disorders have differences in their brains’ habit circuitry, which may explain why these behaviors are so persistent.
Author: Nina Bai
How hypnosis can alter the brain’s perception of pain
Stanford Medicine physician David Spiegel, MD, explains how hypnosis can be effective against pain and why some people are more hypnotizable.
For better video meetings, try taking turns talking
Stanford Medicine scientists have identified how virtual interactions stilt our conversations and what that looks like in the brain.
Study counts mortality among doctors during pandemic
Despite more exposure to COVID-19, physicians experienced a lower excess mortality rate than Americans overall
New visions for mental health care
Researchers, policy makers, clinicians and others convened to discuss new approaches and innovations to improve mental health care.
Wireless implant could help remove deadly brain tumors￼
Brain tumors are among the most deadly and difficult-to-treat cancers. Glioblastoma, a particularly aggressive form, kills more than 10,000 Americans a year and has a …
Do synchronized brains predict happy marriages?
Researchers found that couples who share similar brain activity while watching movie scenes about marriage report happier relationships.
Monkeypox: What does sex have to do with it?
A Stanford infectious disease expert explains why a recent case of monkeypox transmission at a crowded festival isn’t cause for alarm.
Losing sleep in adolescence makes mice less outgoing as adults
Mice that had sleep interruptions during adolescence had less interest in making new friends later on, a Stanford study shows.


Universal App for iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch
Seega is an ancient Egyptian game which is still played by Egyptian kids today. SeegaT3 app plays the kind of Seega game as described in the popular American textbook "Everyday Mathematics":
Two players, each with 3 pieces in 1 different color of red or blue, place the pieces in the top row and the bottom row respectively on a grid of 3x3 squares. Players take turns to move one of their pieces 1 or 2 squares in one direction, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally, but cannot jump over another piece. The winner is the first player to get their 3 pieces in a straight line, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally, like in Tic Tac Toe, other than the starting line.
Tap "Setup" button to choose either playing against the computer or against another person. When playing against the computer, the player can play either red or blue, and selects one of 3 computer skill levels. When playing against a person, there is an option to automatically rotate the grid in each turn. The first player of each game can be configured to be always red, always blue, or alternate. The default settings are to play against computer at the easiest level, and the player plays red and always first.
Tap a piece and its available moves will be highlighted in green borders. Tap a highlighted empty square to make a move. The previous moved piece is highlighted in green borders until the next piece is selected. A color bar in red or blue is shown near the starting line (at top or bottom) of the current player to indicate who should play next.
Tap "Reset" button to restart the game. Tap "Help" button to get instructions.


El Nino, a climate cycle influenced by a mass of warm water in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, dramatically changes weather patterns every few years. But according to new study published in PLOS ONE, major forest loss and die-offs can have similar far-flung impacts on climate and vegetation.
The effects of deforestation, drought, heat and beetle infestations are not only impacting local landscapes, but also affecting weather patterns and the health of vegetation in faraway regions.
“It’s cause for concern that we don’t understand these mechanisms better, and this study takes a significant bite out of that problem,” said Scott Stark, MSU forestry assistant professor and study co-author. “Now, we have demonstrated the likely scope of the problem. It is critical to understand how forested regions are connected to each other by the atmosphere.”
Stark was part of an interdisciplinary team led by the University of Washington that designed a large-scale modeling experiment simulating how changes in vegetation and the atmosphere were connected. The study focused on a drastic forest-loss scenario and illustrated the most-extreme potential climate effects. The model covered two areas that are currently losing trees: western North America and the Amazon rainforest.
The results showed that tree loss in western North America caused cooling and slow forest growth in Siberia. That same tree loss made the air drier in the southeastern U.S., harming forests in regions like the Carolinas. Forests in South America benefited from the tree loss, however, with areas south of the equator becoming cooler and wetter.
In the second simulation, removing most of the Amazon rainforest also caused Siberia to become colder and more barren. However, it had a slight positive effect on forest growth in the southeastern U.S. Forest loss in the Amazon also significantly affected neighboring forests in eastern South America – mostly by increasing the precipitation there during the Southern Hemisphere summer.
“When trees die in one place, it can be good or bad for plants elsewhere, because it causes changes in one place that can ricochet to shift climate in another place,” said Elizabeth Garcia, a University of Washington atmospheric scientist and the paper’s lead author, in an interview with the National Science Foundation.