Analysis of data from the Levitus (1982) atlas shows that the application of the Montgomery streamfunction to the potential density surfaces induces an error which cannot be ignored in some regions in the ocean. The error arises from the variation of the specific volume anomaly along isopycnal surfaces. By including the major part of this effect, new streamfunctions, named the "pressure anomaly" and "mean pressure" streamfunctions, are suggested for use in potential density coordinates. By including the variations of specific volume anomaly and pressure along isopycnal surfaces, the inverse model proposed by Hogg (1987) is modified for increased accuracy and then applied to the Brazil Basin to study the circulation, diffusion and water mass balances. The system of equations with constraints of positive diffusivities and oxygen consumption rates is solved by the inverse method. By using multiple tracers and controlling the scale of variation of the diffusion coefficients we are able to construct an overdetermined system whose solution is by a least-square approach. The results indicate that the circulation in the upper ocean is consistent with previous work, but that in the deep ocean differs from some previous analyses. In the NADW depth, we find a coincidence of flow with tongues of water properties. The diffusivities and diapycnal velocities seem stronger in the region near the equator than in the south, with reasonable values. Diffusion plays an important role in the water property balances. Examples show that similar property patterns may result from different processes.
Zhang, Huai-Min, and Nelson G. Hogg. 1992. "Circulation and water mass balance in the Brazil Basin." Journal of Marine Research 50, (3). https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/journal_of_marine_research/2040


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About this Course
About the Course
In this course Dr James Carleton Paget (University of Cambridge) examines the identities associated with the person of Jesus. In the first module, we introduce the person of Jesus by providing some historical background, and assessing the nature of the documents containing accounts of Jesus. After that we look at Jesus’ authority, with special reference to precedent and the relationship between Jesus’ identity and his authority. In the third module, we examine the wisdom of Jesus by investigating the substance of his teaching. Then we discuss the idea of Jesus as a liberator - both a political liberator and liberator from evil, before moving on to examine Jesus as the Son of God. Finally, we take a look at Jesus’ uniqueness, in terms of his teaching, the hypostatic union, divine revelation and salvation.
About the Lecturer
James Carleton Paget is a lecturer in New Testament Studies at the University of Cambridge. His research interests are research interests in Jewish-Christian relations in antiquity, ancient Jewish Christianity, inter-testamental Judaism and the history of ancient biblical interpretation. His publications include Jews, Christians and Jewish Christians in Antiquity (2010) and The Epistle of Barnabas: Outlook and Background (1994)


Here’s another of those interesting non-LENR stories that I have come across that I found very interesting and thought I’d bring up here. According to an article on Chemistry World, scientists at the CIDETEC Center for Electrochemical Technologies in Spain have developed a plastic that when cut, can ‘reassemble’ at room temperature in about two hours.
In the article it states that the plastic “behaves as if it was alive, always healing itself and [its inventor] has dubbed it a “terminator” polymer – a tribute to the shape-shifting, molten T-1000 terminator robot from the Terminator 2 film. It acts as a velcro-like sealant or adhesive, displaying an impressive 97% healing efficiency in just two hours and does not break when stretched manually.”
As can be seen in an demonstration of this plastic in the video below, it looks very soft, but work is going forward to try and develop the same self healing properties in stronger plastics that can be used in cars, houses and electronic devices.
Just another of those interesting technological developments that could have far-reaching consequences. It is common for plastic consumer items to become useless when cracked or bent and have to be discarded — I’m also thinking about the plastic fender on my car which has some cracks in it right now! Use of plastics is ubiquitous in today’s world and if many different types of plastics can be developed that are able to reassemble it could revolutionize the industry.


Many English learners use the word “fastly” as an adverbial form of “fast”, which seems quite logical because this is the way adverbs are usually formed. If something is slow, we say that it “moves slowly”, and such usage is completely correct. Nevertheless, languages develop in a way that is not always logical, and the situation of “fast” vs. “fastly” falls exactly into this category.
The fact is that there is no such word as “fastly”. “Fast” is already both an adjective and an adverb, as in
It doesn’t matter whether “fast” refers to the speed of movement or the rate at which something is being done; it’s always just “fast”:
The word “quickly”, used as an adverb, is synonymous with “fast”, but usually refers to the time an action takes rather than to the speed of movement. For example, you can say
which means that you want the other person to come soon; you don’t really care how fast he or she is moving. Nevertheless, “quickly” can also refer to the actual speed (as in “he runs quickly”), but such usage is less common.
There is one situation in which it is obligatory to use “quickly” (or “swiftly” or a related adverb ending with “-ly”)—if an adverb precedes the verb it modifies:


Pedestrians in Louisiana are at high risk for both injury and death. In 2019, the most recent year with data available from the Louisiana Highway Safety Commission, there were 122 pedestrian fatalities caused by crashes. Another 1,398 people were injured while walking near roads or vehicles.
Many of these crashes are the fault of the person in the vehicle involved. In other words, the pedestrians aren’t the ones who cause these crashes. Even if you can’t prevent all the possible risk factors, there are two safety rules that can help you stay safer when walking in public.
Don’t let distraction put you in danger
Most people know that distracted driving is dangerous, but fewer people think about distracted walking as a risk. Looking down at your phone instead of the area around you might mean that you step right out into traffic. As when driving, if you have to respond to a text message or email, you should stop moving until you finish composing your message.
Pay attention to speed limits and other traffic laws
One of the biggest issues that contribute to pedestrian crashes is that drivers don’t notice them. You can make it easier for drivers to spot you when you follow the traffic safety laws, such as crossing at marked locations or intersections.
Additionally, being aware of the speed of the traffic near you is also important. Traffic speeds over 35 miles an hour drastically increase your risk of a fatality if you get struck. Trying to walk more in areas with lower speed limits will keep you safer on the streets.
Understanding factors that contribute to pedestrian crashes can protect you and the people you love. However, no matter how careful you are, a reckless, negligent or intoxicated driver can still hit you, it’s essential to seek the compensation you need for medical care and other expenses.
The post 2 safety tips that can greatly improve pedestrian safety appeared first on Joubert Law Firm.


The most common programming method for PLCs is ladder logic. It works in the same way as a relay (combination of switches, relays, coils and contacts).
In the United States, ladder logic is the most often used programming language for programmable logic controllers (PLCs). Depending on the application, instruction lists, function block diagrams, structured text, and sequential function charts are all viable programming languages that may be more appropriate than ladder.
The easiest PLCs to learn are Rockwell TM and Directsoft TM.
Hello Sir this course was very interesting but sir nowadays I was facing a problem. which is that " Comparator LIM block in Ladder logic" I cannot understand from where C5:0 ACC is coming. Kindly Help
path does not set please help me
prakash kumar yadav
every thing is okay sir but for implementation i need software that i am ennable to install up to end please help me
Sir, I am facing problem while downloading the software.
window pop up with text msg, that these downloads are not available right now.
Nigam Bam Malla
Easy to understand and enjoyed whole session
Excellent teaching 😍🤩
please help me to downloading the software. Sir, as per your video at 05:26, when i click download now it asks for mention the company name. As a student how to fill this tab?
Share a personalized message with your friends.


Is Africa’s population declining?
The most spectacular drop has been in North Africa, where the rate was cut in half in 37 years, from 6 children per woman to 3. … While African population growth is higher than in the rest of the world, a decrease in the demographic growth rate – the rate at which the population is rising – has already begun.
What percentage of Africa is black?
The density of Black African households is 7/km2. Black Africans made up 79.0% of the total population in 2011 and 81% in 2016. The percentage of all African households that are made up of individuals is 19.9%.
Why is Africa growing so fast?
The reason for the uncontrolled population growth since the mid 20th century is the decrease of infant mortality and general increase of life expectancy without a corresponding reduction in fertility rate, due to a very limited use of contraceptives.
What is the richest country in Africa?
Top 20 Richest Countries in Africa
- Equatorial Guinea.
- South Africa.
Which country is the giant of Africa 2021?
Africa’s total area is 30.3 million km² (11.7 million mi²), split across 54 countries. The largest country in Africa is Algeria, which spans over 2,381,741 km² (919,352 mi²) and has over 43 million people.
Largest Countries In Africa 2021.
|Area (mi²)||489,062 mi²|
|% of Earth’s Area||0.85%|


Reading / Phonics
English is at the centre of the curriculum, providing a gateway to all other learning. Knowing how to read, write and speak gives access to the lives which we live.
Reading is a way to discover the world: from the early attachment of language to images, to building words and knowledge through phonics, reading increasingly challenging texts, students gain access to other minds and other times. Through reading fiction and non-fiction students will gain new vocabulary, to allow them to articulate their own ideas. We teach literary terminology and promote critical reading so students understand how writers’ methods create meaning. We read texts, across time and genre, to ensure that students understand that each text is a construct, embedded within its context, as well as its form and its genre. We encourage students to be discerning readers who develop independent tastes and who can make connections between texts. Our aim is to create life-long readers who view books as a source of inspiration, comfort and companionship.
At Kingshill we follow Read Write Inc. After extensive research, we found this scheme to be best suited for the needs of our children and school. Please read the letter below to find out a little more about Read Write Inc.
For more information about our reading curriculum, please contact our English lead Mrs Green email@example.com


Farm to Fork: Soybeans
Unlike our other Ontario grains, the process to get soybeans from the farms to our forks isn’t easily guessed. We know food supply chains can be long and complicated so we thought we would break down the main steps involved to help you learn where your food comes from.
Check out what happens between harvesting soybeans from the fields and getting tofu on your plate!
Fork: Tofu scramble
Step 6: Consumers, like you, purchase the packaged tofu from the grocery store, bring it home and make a delicious meal with it.
Step 5: The tofu is then packaged and sent to a distribution center where the tofu is sent back to a Canadian distribution center, where the product is sent to food retailers and supermarkets.
Step 4: At the international processing facility, the soybeans are soaked in water, the okara (soybean pulp) is the separated from the liquid and then the remaining curds of pulp are pressed into blocks. These blocks can be left as is, as tofu block or can be pre- cut into pieces to make precut tofu
Step 3: The elevators then sell the soybeans directly to a food processing facility or to an intermediate storage company where the soybeans are then packaged into shipping containers and are normally shipped internationally to countries like Japan, Malaysia and Vietnam.to be processed into tofu.
Step 2: The elevators check the soybeans for quality to make sure that there the soybeans meet a certain food-grade standard.
Step 1: Food-grade soybeans are delivered to a local elevator and are stored there until they are sold to an end user or processor. They are delivered to the elevator and stored there until they are sold.
Farm: Food grade soybeans are used in food products such as tofu, soy milk and miso are harvested in Ontario in mid- October and November.


Plants are crucial for the welfare of human society. They help our ecosystem function. They provide us with oxygen to breath, medicine, clothing fiber and, importantly, food. Out of the 7,000 species of plants currently used for agriculture around the planet, only 30 crops make up the world's diet. Wheat, corn and rice alone account for more than half of the world's food consumption [source: Diverseeds].
Did you ever stop to think about what might happen if these crops disappeared? Right now, for example, our wheat supply is dwindling. The world's stockpiles are at their lowest numbers in thirty years. Consumption is exceeding production, and farmers are having a tough time keeping up. Experts predict this trend is temporary [source: Streitfeld].
But what if it's not? Or, what if a natural disaster wipes out the majority of wheat and other important crops? Scientists think they have hit upon a solution -- seed banks.
Think of a seed bank as a savings account. Seeds are "deposited" into secure storage with the intention of "withdrawing" them in the future when they are needed. Just as you might keep money saved for an unforeseen emergency, scientists are saving up seeds to use for replanting in case certain crops die out or are destroyed. When stored correctly, seeds can remain viable for decades or even centuries [source: Minister of Agriculture and Food].
There are currently about 1,400 seed banks around the world, but the most famous is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, which opened on Feb. 26, 2008. Also known as the Doomsday Vault, it functions as a global repository and backup for all other seed banks [source: Mellgren].
Seed banking is a complicated concept. This article will touch upon all of its facets -- why we need seed banks, who's responsible for the seeds, and how they are stored. Read on to find out why seed banking is an investment in the future of the human race.


Papers Proceedings »
Potential of Life Cycle Assessment for Product Development, Design, and Optimization
Over the past few decades, the demands and awareness for a more careful handling of natural resources have changed dramatically. In particular, resource efficiency is gaining in importance against the background of critical and scarce resources, and globally linked supply chains. As a result, looking at the full lifecycles of products and businesses is gaining more and more attention from manufacturers and consumers. Life-cycle thinking is about going beyond the traditional focus on production locations and manufacturing processes to include the environmental, social and economic impact of a product over its entire lifecycle. While Life Cycle Thinking is a philosophy, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a scientific method that enables this mind-set by quantitatively assessing the environmental impact of a product over its entire lifecycle - from raw material extraction to disposal. The process of product development has a very large impact on potential environmental impacts in the individual lifecycle phases. It defines the function, mode of action, design and material as well as decisions on technical, economic and ecological product properties - and thus on manufacturing processes or recycling processes. In addition, about 85% of the manufacturing costs are already set in this stage. Comprehensive ecological assessments of existing products or processes can be used to uncover "hotspots" and thus be used for improvement measures in future product developments. This controls both manufacturing processes and resource consumption, usage and end-of-life. Last but not least, hidden environmental costs and losses in production and after-treatment can be uncovered and entire supply chains can be influenced. In the context of life cycle analyzes for products or product systems as well as for processes, a practical procedure is proposed, which is compliant with the specifications of ISO 14040 for life cycle assessment and supports the strategies of the VDI 4800 guidelines. The approach is a useful instrument for different industries, where the results of the LCA can be used for the decision-making regarding actions related to product design or in the field of material and energy management.


People are always telling us to put down that cup of coffee, and I never have the energy to argue with them until after I’ve had the cup of coffee. Well, finally there’s some good news for caffeine connoisseurs: Drinking coffee could make you a better driver.
A study conducted in partnership with UniSA Sleep Research Centre, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,and Monash University Accident Research Centre has found that, while caffeine doesn’t do much to reduce drowsiness at the wheel, there have been significant links between consuming caffeine and good driving. Specifically, driving errors were reduced when participants in the study were chewing caffeinated gum.
This study’s goal was to take a look at caffeine as a potential aid for those whose work depends on these kinds of driving and operating related tasks. Researcher Kayla Johnson explained, “In real life you often don’t have the luxury of stopping when you’re tired, so you need some compensatory strategies to combat cognitive fatigue, and when you’re driving this is particularly important because of road safety.”
Exactly. People like ambulance and truck drivers work long, demanding hours — the last thing you want is for them to fall asleep at the wheel. When driving long (and late) hours is required as part of your job, you need to look for ways to make that job as safe as possible — for yourself and everyone else on the road.
It’s important to keep in mind that caffeinated gum is different than drinking coffee. It actually works a little better. While drinking coffee takes up to 90 minutes to be absorbed by the brain and lasts an unpredictable amount of time, caffeinated gum takes only ten minutes and lasts an hour and a half.
But does it come in pumpkin spice?


You will prepare and submit a term paper on The Role of Media in Portraying Islam as a Religion of Violence. Your paper should be a minimum of 1750 words in length. Mass media has made a significant contribution in shaping wars, conflicts and resolutions, but it has failed in reflecting objectivity since having been criticized that it has biases towards political agenda of the western world concerning the developed world. However, the media coverage and publication concerning Islam and Muslim have been challenged by issues of accuracy and vilification of information. Scholars, media commentators and experts have been politicized after the incidence in 9/11, and this has led to the creation of a minefield for policymakers and the public, who are seeking to understand the cause of radicalism and Anti-Americanism. In fact, their convictions that establish a direct relationship between global communication and terrorism. Therefore, terrorism has been considered an indirect psychological strategy used for the avoidance of direct contact with opponents, thus if there would be no media coverage, issues about terrorism would disappear. In this case, media were the reason behind Muslim and Terrorist becoming synonymous. hence, after the events such as 9/11, the experts and activists in the field of human rights issued a warning against the rise of Islamophobia and racism against Muslims. References can be established from the role of media after the cold war, and the rise of the new global threat concerning Islamic terrorist, since after the attacks and the rise of religious militancy, Islam has been the target of the scrutiny. In fact, this has been facilitated by the deception of media concerning Islam as a representation of hostility.
Homework Essay Writers


A time series of nutrient and mean daily discharge data were used to create models of daily concentration and loads for selected streams of the Lake Tahoe watershed. A total of 15 sites have records ranging from as early as 1972 to 2017. Nutrients in the data set include nitrate, ammonium, Kjeldahl Nitrogen, orthophosphate, and total phosphorus. Total suspended sediment concentrations are also included. Discharge data are included as mean daily values in cubic meters per second. The data were used to produce daily and annual models of concentrations and loads and associated daily and annual loads of these constituents. Trends in these constituents were also calculated. The U.S. Geological Survey model, Weighted Regressions on Time Discharge and Season (WRTDS) was used for these calculations. The data set and associated models of concentrations, loads, and trends are described in a companion journal article (Trends in nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment concentrations and loads in streams draining to Lake Tahoe, California, Nevada, U.S.A.) published in Science of the Total Environment (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141815).
|Title||Discharge, nutrient, and suspended sediment data for selected streams in the Lake Tahoe watershed|
|Authors||Joseph L Domagalski, Michael R Rosen, Eric Morway, Nancy L Alvarez|
|Product Type||Data Release|
|Record Source||USGS Digital Object Identifier Catalog|
|USGS Organization||California Water Science Center|


Can someone explain how this line in the code works?
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Ash matlab on 6 Apr 2020
Commented: Star Strider on 6 Apr 2020
Can anyone explain how this works?
l_points(3,1)=-r/fzero('quintic', .1) - Ms/(Ml+Ms);
fzero and quintic are both functions. when it says fzero('quintic',0.1) does it mean that 0.1 should run in quintic?
The fzero call indicates that the code is to find the value of the ‘quintic’ function argument such that the function value equals zero closest to the 0.1 initial estimate. The 0.1 value is the value that ‘quintic’ uses at the beginning of the search, not the final value. The rest of the line uses the final value to calculate whatever is to be stored in ‘l_points(3,1)’.
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Dr. King visited San Diego on May 29, 1964. He traveled the country to gather support for the National Civil Rights Act which later that year would be signed into law. That day Dr. King gave several speeches across the city. The largest of these gatherings was in Golden Gymnasium located on the campus of what is now PLNU. In 2006, through the support of PLNU alumni and campus departments, an interactive kiosk was constructed to memorialize the event. 2014 a plaque commemorating the 50th anniversary of the event was placed in the gym.(See below)
The speech's theme was "Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution." The San Diego History Center reported on the activies of the day including the text of the speech.
Below is a representative list of electronic resources found in Ryan Library. These resources are examples of King's oratory expertise and its impact on the civil rights movement. Access these videos and eBooks using your PLNU Network ID and Password. This is the same way you access Canvas and campus Gmail. Check with a librarian for additional resources.
On Non-Violence and Christian Love The first few seconds are blurred but then the picture becomes clear.
No Easy Walk 1961–1963 The civil rights movement discovers the power of mass demonstrations as King emerges as its most visible leader. From the PBS award-winning series "Eyes on the Prize."
Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Theology of Resistance
Martin Luther King's Biblical Epic: His Final, Great Speech
Ring Out Freedom!: The Voice of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement


Opioids are a group of natural and synthetic substances used both illicitly and for prescription analgesia.
Opiates—naturally occurring in the opium poppy (e.g., codei...
Neonate: maternal history of drug use
Young child: opioids present in home
Recreational drug use
Involvement with law enforcement (ingestion as attempt ...
ABCDEs (airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure)
Support respiratory failure with bag-mask ventilation and 100% FiO2, escalate to intubation...
With adequate early treatment, patients with uncomplicated overdoses do well—key is to prevent respiratory arrest.
33,000 deaths from opioids, including presc...
Compton WM, Jones CM, Baldwin GT. Relationship between nonmedical prescription-opioid use and heroin use. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(2):154–163. [View Abstract on OvidInsights]
965.01 Poisoning by heroin
292.0 Drug withdrawal
779.5 Drug withdrawal syndrome in newborn
779.4 Drug reactions and intoxications specific to newborn
E935.0 Heroin causing adverse effects in the...
Q: What causes false-positive and false-negative urine drug screens?
A: Opiates are typically detected in the urine up to 1 to 4 days after exposure. A dilute sample decreases test sensitivity. Rif...
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Climate Change Refugees
17 Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 619 (2014)
19 Pages Posted: 28 Feb 2014 Last revised: 21 Sep 2014
Date Written: February 26, 2014
Under the UNHCR definition of a refugee, set out in the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, people fleeing their homes because of natural disasters or other environmental problems do not qualify for refugee status and the protection that come from such status. In a recent paper, "Who Are Refugees?", I defended the essentials of the UNHCR definition on the grounds that refugee status and protection is best reserved for people who can only be helped by granting them refuge in a safe state for an indefinite period of time, and argued that this does not include most people fleeing from natural disasters. This claim is most strongly challenged by possibility of displacement from climate change. In this paper I will explore to what degree the logic of the refugee convention, as set out in my earlier paper, can and should be extended to those fleeing the results of climate change, and will argue that the logic of the refugee convention tells in favor of extending refugee protection to a portion of those who must flee their homes because of climate-change related environmental problems.
Keywords: refugees, asylum, climate change, refugee law, global justice, human rights, international law, political philosophy
JEL Classification: F22
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


Did you know that most of the molecules in your body came out of the ground through a volcano at one time or another? Amazing facts like this – and ...
Did you know that most of the molecules in your body came out of the ground through a volcano at one time or another? Amazing facts like this – and many other intriguing tidbits about our world – are featured in Ecology. For kids who are curious about our relationship to nature and the environment, this issue is a must-read. Start off with a graphic that explains the six levels of study in ecology: from the individual organism to the biome (an area of the world with a particular climate and specific types of plants and animals). A handy graphic shows the 10 different biomes found on Earth – from icy tundra to tropical rain forest – and examines the flora and fauna that populate each one.
Get kids interested in ecology with charts showing how food chains and food webs operate, and with a sidebar on “nature’s clean-up squad”: the parasites and organisms that keep the cycle of life in motion. The balance of nature and how humans are impacting it is a recurring theme, and the work of ecologists to reduce that impact is explained with cool examples. Ecology for kids also gets interactive with “amateur ecologist” experiments that make kids aware of just how vital it is to protect our living Earth.
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E and Y are the paternal great grandparents of S and D. F is the F of S and D and also the grandson of E and Y. M is the mother of S and D and the former wife of F.
Sadly, the marriage of M and D was not successful, and M and their children moved in with F’s grandparents (E and Y). She and the children stayed with E and Y from 2009 until 2013. She finally filed for divorce from M in 2013. After, she and the children moved out, E and Y would come to visit them.
Shortly after filing for divorce, M went back into court and got a restraining order against F. She later obtained full custody of the children with no visitation rights for F. At the same time, E and Y’s visits with their great-grandchildren ended.
In 2015, E and Y went into court and requested great-grandparent visitation rights under California’s Family Code Sections 3100, 3101, 3102 and 3104. Because they had a long-standing relationship with their great-grandchildren – in fact, they help raised the children for four years! – they should be entitled to maintain that relationship. E and Y told the court that they had attempted many times to contact M to see the children, but she did not respond to their requests. M argued that she would not let the children stay with their great-grandparents because F was living with them and the children were scared to death of their father (plus there was a restraining order in place). She further argued that she was not preventing E and Y from seeing the children, but they’d only contacted her once in two years to do so. She also argued that the family code sections E and Y cited only referred to grandparents – not great grandparents, and they were not entitled to help under the law. The trial court agreed with M, stating the Family Code did not recognize great-grandparent rights. E and Y appealed.
The Appellate Court agreed with the trial court:
“…We presume the Legislature meant what it said, and the plain meaning . . . governs… Thus, when a statute is clear and unambiguous, we may not insert or delete words to accomplish a purpose that does not appear on its face or from its legislative history." In other words, if the legislature, when writing the laws, wanted to include great-grandparents in allowing visitation rights, it would have done so.


The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection has issued a “drought watch” for much of the state’s Susquehanna basin including Dauphin, Lebanon, and Perry Counties—plus those counties to their north. Residents are asked to conserve water in the affected areas.
Water conservation measures are voluntary during a drought watch, and most consumers try to cut back on nonessential use. For many though, threats to water supply and water quality generate little concern. This evening, on this farm along a Dauphin County waterway undergoing restoration, we shouldn’t be too surprised to see lots of water being pumped from the creek to soak down liquid manure that was spread on the fields earlier in the week. This happens to be the only property along a five-mile segment of stream that still allows cattle and draft horses to wade, defecate, and urinate in the water. It is the only parcel for nearly seven miles that has eroding banks of legacy sediments that are maintained denuded of nearly all vegetation. Despite some beneficial practices like the use of cover crops, it’s a polluter. And now its operator appears to be engaged in something new: “stream dewatering”. With three irrigation guns in operation, this farmer was easily pumping and removing up to one half or more of the creek’s flow, which at the time, according to a United States Geological Survey gauge less than a mile upstream, was only about 3 cubic feet per second or 1,100 gallons per minute (G.P.M.). That doesn’t let much for the municipalities downstream that rely upon this waterway as a supplemental source of drinking water, does it? Such a large reduction in base flow can threaten the survival of fish and other aquatic inhabitants in the creek, particular during hot summer weather when dissolved oxygen levels can be at their lowest of the year. Water is like a lot of other necessities, no one really gives it a second thought until they don’t have it; and as long as I have mine, that’s all that really matters.


Virtual technology is certainly an immersive experience that separates an individual from the real world. It is utilised in a variety of applications. However , the best virtual activities involve equally cognition and feeling.
For instance, VR solutions can be applied to manufacturer floor organizing, production circulation, and ergonomics. It can help eliminate injuries and risks, increase productivity, and reduce training costs.
Many manufacturers are enjoying VR to boost productivity and time. They believe it will be crucial to remain competitive in manufacturing. Ford, the primary automakers to look at the technology, uses dedicated virtual reality professionnals to test new releases, design and style vehicles, and manage development.
A growing number of stores are also applying VR to improve in-store encounters. These products may improve customer satisfaction, get consumers talking, and strengthen consumer bonds with brands.
Lecturers are interested in putting into action virtual technology into their educating https://techspodcast.com/new-android-malware-playing-on-fears-of-tiktok-ban/ procedures. However , a large number of have not experienced much experience with the technology. Some lecturers are not confident with its implementation, but the majority of acknowledge that it has a significant impact on their fields.
Most students showed above-average interest in digital technologies. Four in five students had no earlier experience with the technology. Almost a third of participants had a medium or perhaps high level of confidence in its implementation. Eight percent of pupils were not very interested in the technology.
Scholars were asked to whole an 11-question questionnaire. The results were divided into three categories: experience, confidence, and regularity of research laboratory use.


What is a psychologically healthy and safe workplace?
The CSA Standard Z1003-13 (R2018) “Psychological health and safety in the workplace – Prevention, promotion, and guidance to staged implementation” defines a psychologically healthy and safe workplace as a “workplace that promotes workers’ psychological well-being and actively works to prevent harm to worker psychological health including in negligent, reckless, or intentional ways.”
Psychological health is related to mental health, which is also defined in Z1003 as “a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.” This definition references the World Health Organization, who note that in this positive sense, mental health is the foundation of well-being and effective functioning for an individual and for a community.
Thirteen organizational factors that impact organizational health, the health of individual employees and the financial bottom line, including the way work is carried out and the context in which work occurs risk are outlined in the Z1003. The 13 factors are discussed in the OSH Answers document Mental Health – Psychosocial Risk Factors in the Workplace.
For more information, or to bring this training to your organization or community please contact Lill Petrella at 519-752-2998, ext. 112, or email firstname.lastname@example.org


ART INSPIRED BY THE NATURAL SCIENCES IN BOSTON
Updated: May 26, 2020
The STEM to STEAM educational movement strives to put the "A" (Art/Design) in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) learning. As the STEM to STEAM movement grows, it is important to document STEAM-specific learning. In gathering evidence about STEAM learning, we are showing how well STEAM works and how integral all the subjects in STEAM really are.
We recently had the opportunity to document an educational project from start to finish. On the one-year anniversary of the 2013 Boston Marathon, which was a day of both tragedy and bravery for the Boston community, Advent School students created artwork as a memorial in honor of the Marathon and a celebration of the City of Boston. The Advent School, a Boston independent elementary school dedicated to innovative teaching and learning styles, developed a project for their older students to create an installation of flowers made by hand. We filmed the process - not only to document the outcome but to show that learning is an integral part of project design. You can watch the video here:
Flowers for Boston from ASKlabs Productions on Vimeo.
A visiting artist, Amy Flurry, Co-Founder of the Paper-Cut-Project, led the students in creating “Flowers for Boston.” Amy brought plants and flowers for the students to study and instructed them on how to recreate the shapes and structures of flowers with bristol paper. We filmed as the students used investigative processes and learned to transform their observations into representative artwork. It was fascinating to capture the students’ careful examination of the details of flowers, and then to watch as they put that new knowledge to use in engineering sculptural interpretations.
Documenting learning helps children, parents, teachers, and administrators to learn, teach, and understand. Not only does it encourage reflection and memory for students, but strengthens planning and curriculum development as well as engagement from parents and administrators. Making learning visible means that everyone involved in the educational process can take an active role in evaluating progress and discovery.
Thanks to Advent Art Instructor Saskia Van Vactor and David Van Vactor for making this art/science learning possible at the Advent School. The “Flowers for Boston” installation can be seen at J.P. Licks, 150 Charles Street on Beacon Hill, until Friday, April 25.


Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is an antibody that tolerates harsh intestinal environments and provides effective protection against pathogens that may penetrate the mucosal lining on the human digestive system. Infants have immature immune systems and are unable to produce adequate amounts of sIgA until childhood and therefore susceptible to infections. sIgA in maternal milk provides effective protection for breastfed infants against local pathogens, against which the mother has immunological memory. Animal studies have shown that vitamin A (VA) deficiency suppresses sIgA levels in the animal’s saliva and intestines, but it is unknown if VA also impacts sIgA levels in milk. The objective of this study was to evaluate if maternal general nutrition, VA status, and milk retinol levels correlate with breast milk sIgA levels.
We used cross-sectional data from 59 exclusively breastfeeding, rural Kenyan mothers without signs of acute infection or inflammation and their milk. Regression models were applied, using the outcome milk sIgA. The predictors included indicators of maternal nutrition and milk retinol.
Maternal Arm Fat Area (p=.022) and milk retinol (p=.032) positively predicted sIgA.
Milk VA supplies infants with the vitamin necessary to develop the immune system and fight against infections long-term. While this role of milk VA is undeniable, our findings suggest that there may be an additional, previously unrecognized pathway linking lower morbidity and mortality among infants consuming milk rich in VA. This pathway may involve sIgA as a key substance providing immediate protection for the infants against pathogens.


How Blood is Used
Whole blood, the blood you give during donation, is rarely used in its donated state. Whole blood is only used in the case of severe blood loss due to surgery, trauma or for exchange transfusion in infants.
Blood is mostly transfused in its main constituent parts: plasma, platelets and red cells. This means that one unit of blood (a single blood donation of 475ml) can potentially save up to three lives. Impressive, isn’t it?
First, we do a bit of matchmaking
Before transfusion, and after rigorous processing at the blood bank, donor and recipient blood must be matched according to their respective types. From there, constituents are used as follows:
- Red blood cells are used to replace losses as a result of accidents, trauma, childbirth and surgery, as well as for burn victims. They are also essential in the treatment of various kinds of anaemia linked to cancer and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as sickle cell anaemia. These essential cells must be used within 42 days of donation if fresh, but can also be frozen for longer periods.
- Plasma is the liquid component of blood that contains essential nutrients and proteins. It is used primarily as a source for clotting factors, the replacement of blood volume and the production of albumin, a protein used to treat severe shock, burns and blood loss. Fresh frozen plasma has a shelf life of one year and is used during cardiac surgery and childbirth.
- Cryoprecipitate is a small portion of plasma that is harvested using a freeze-thaw process. It contains factors to help blood clot and is used primarily as a source of clotting factor VIII for patients with classic haemophilia.
- Stabilised human serum is used for the treatment of burn wounds and hypovolaemia (decreased blood volume).
- Platelets help blood clot and are used to treat patients with bone marrow production problems, and in the treatment of illnesses such as leukaemia. Platelets must be harvested within eight hours of donation and are stored at room temperature in a gently agitated state so as to be functional when transfused. They must be used within five days of donation.


Potassium Chloride can be used in Food, Beverage, Pharmaceutical, Health & Personal care products, Agriculture/Animal Feed/Poultry. Potassium chloride is a mineral supplement used to treat or prevent low levels of potassium in the blood. Potassium Chloride is often used as a flavour enhancer, stabilizer, and thickener in cheese, fat spreads, processed fruit, dried vegetables, etc.
Potassium Chloride can be used as Substituting salt agent, gelling agent, flavor enhancer, condiment, PH regulator in food such as in cheese, ham and bacon curing, beverages, seasoning blends, bakery goods, margarine, and frozen dough.
Potassium Chloride can be used in beverage.
Potassium chloride is used in the treatment of hypokalemia, which is a condition caused by deficiency of potassium in the blood because of excess vomiting and/or diarrhea or reaction with certain medications.
In Health and Personal care
Potassium Chloride can be used in the formulation of bath products, cleansing products, eye makeup, skin care products, personal cleanliness products and hair care products In cosmetics and personal care products. Potassium Chloride functions as a viscosity increasing agent – aqueous.
In Agriculture/Animal Feed
Potassium Chloride can be used as nutritional supplement in Agriculture/Animal Feed/Poultry feed.
In other Industries
Potassium Chloride used as an effective water softener in mineral water softening systems as well as swimming pools. Potassium chloride is also used as a flux agent during welding and metal casting applications in industries.


A general term dating to ancient times that includes ceramics or fired clay such as earthenware, stoneware and raku. Throughout history, pottery has served both utilitarian and aesthetic purposes. It is written that "pottery, as perhaps no other medium, reflects the culture of its maker. Archaeologists often find it their most helpful tool in classifying peoples and reconstructing past events." (Lamb, Intro.) Pottery fragments as part of drinking vessels are documented to the sixth millenium BC in Arpachiya near the Upper Tigris River. In 20th-century American art, pottery has become an accepted fine-art medium. Especially noted in this time period are Anna and Albert Valentien, George Ohr, R. Guy Cowan, Maria Martinez, Popovi Da; Nampeyo (the Old Lady), William Dickey King and Charles Loloma. Sources: Kimberley Reynolds and Richard Seddon, "Illustrated Dictionary of Art Terms"; Brian S. McMillan, 'Cultural Influences from Early Summerian Egypt' from the book "Ancient Iraq" by P.R.S. Moorey; Susan Lamb, "A Guide to Pueblo Pottery"

Objects, and especially vessels ? pots, which are made from fired clay, including earthenware, stoneware and porcelain. Pots are functional ceramic objects, and may take such forms as plates, bowls, cups, jars, vases, urns, ewers (pitchers), bottles, and boxes. A pottery can also be a place where pots are made.


The Tzompantli of Chichen is dedicated to the dead, and can be found in different Mayan Archaeological sites. This one is one of the oldest Tzompantli found ever. Habitants of Chichen Itza would gather long wooden beams in which they would hang their enemies' heads. Archaeologists have found buried figures of Chaac Mool in the Tzompantli of Chichen Itza, along skull offerings and a broken ring from the Ball Game court.
The first and most prominent example is the Hueyi Tzompantli (Great Skull-rack) located in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and described by the early conquistadors. There were at least five more skull racks in Tenochtitlan but by all accounts they were much smaller.
A “T” shaped structure holds skull decorated panels. On the sides you can find skull embossments. In total, over 500 bas-relief skulls have been found on the walls.
The Tzompantli of Chichen Itza is a great rectangular platform of 60 meters (197 feet) ong by 12 meters (39 feet) wide. It consists of a very small slope at the bottom, a central band decorated with skulls running in three horizontal rows, and at the top, a slightly tapered band with another row of skulls.
The structure is a large platform whose most notable details is the collocation of the skulls in the bas-relief decoration which gives the structure its name: The Platform of the Skulls. The base is sustained by three tableaux decorated with skulls and divided by mouldings.
This is the monument that gives the clearest testimony to the practice of human sacrifice, carried out for religious-military ends, by the rulers of Chichen Itza.
The platform walls of the Tzompantli have carved beautiful reliefs of four different subjects. The primary subject is the skull rack itself; others show a scene with a human sacrifice; eagles eating all human hearts; and skeletonized warriors with arrows and shields.


Quantitative method to study epigenetic landscape of cells
A new method, developed by Banushree Kumar and Simon Elsässer at Karolinska Institutet, produces quantitative maps for modifications of so-called histone proteins that package the DNA molecules in every eukaryotic cell. The study, published in the journal Cell Reports, describes new properties of naïve pluripotent stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells are formed at the earliest stage of organismal life and give rise to all cells of a human body. It is a quest of reparative medicine to understand the biology of this so-called naïve pluripotent cell type that has the potential to generate all other cell types.
The two researchers from Karolinska Institutet’s Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics have developed a new, quantitative, variant of a technique called Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (ChIP-Seq) to map modifications of histone proteins that package the DNA molecules. It is believed that these histone modifications encode so-called epigenetic information – information that exists 'on top' of genetic information reflecting the cell's state and identity.
The method uses ‘multiplexing’ to combine many different samples into a single experiment and allows quantitative comparisons between samples. Using barcode information unique to every sample, an algorithm can restore the epigenetic landscapes of each sample from massive parallel DNA sequencing data.
Culturing mouse embryonic stem cells under different conditions, the researchers show how a naïve state is stabilized in mouse embryonic stem cells through the interplay of several histone modifications. The new quantitative methodology and biological insight will also add to our understanding of human pluripotent stem cells and their use in reparative medicine.
This study was financed by the Karolinska Institutet SFO in Molecular Biosciences, Swedish Research Council, the European Union and the Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine.
“Quantitative multiplexed ChIP reveals global alterations that shape promoter bivalency in ground state embryonic stem cells”, Banushree Kumar and Simon J Elsässer, Cell Reports, 17 September 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.046.


Bouldering gradesbouldering difficulty scale
Bouldering is a form of rock climbing that is done without the use of ropes or harnesses. The goal of bouldering is to climb short, difficult routes called "problems" on a boulder or small rock formation. To help climbers measure the difficulty of a boulder problem, a grading system is used.
The most widely used grading system for bouldering is the V-scale, which stands for the "Vermin scale." The V-scale is a numerical grading system that ranges from V0 to V17. V0 is considered to be the easiest grade, while V17 is the most difficult. The V-scale is an open-ended system, meaning that new grade can be added as climbers push the limits of what is possible.
Another grading system that is commonly used in Europe is the Fontainebleau grading system, which ranges from 1 to 9a. This system is based on technical difficulty and endurance, and also includes a "+" or "-" to indicate a harder or easier version of a particular grade.
In addition to the V-scale and Fontainebleau grading systems, there are other systems used in different parts of the world, such as the Hueco scale used in the US and the Australian grades used in Australia.
It's worth noting that grading is a subjective process and can vary depending on the opinion of the person grading the problem, the style of climbing, and the conditions on the day of the climb. A problem that feels easy on one day may feel much harder on another day. Additionally, grades are not fixed and can change over time as climbers push the limits of what is possible.
In conclusion, grades are an important tool for measuring the difficulty of a boulder problem and can help climbers choose problems that are appropriate for their skill level. However, it's important to remember that grades are subjective and can vary depending on the climber, the style of climbing, and the conditions on the day of the climb. It's always best to take grades as a general guide rather than a definitive measure of difficulty.


What appears like an aged colonial ruin that rests behind a hotel happens to be one of Alexandria’s most sought-after haunted locations: the Carlyle House Historic Park.
This park is a must-see stop on our tour of haunted Alexandra. Join US Ghost Adventures and learn about the site’s rich history and haunted tales that give it an infamous reputation in this Virginia town.
The History of the House
Built in 1752 by Scottish merchant John Carlyle, the home was on one of Alexandria’s premier lots. Resting near the Potomac River, the house has seen history that’s older than the United States. However, Carlyle had other businesses in England that helped him generate his wealth far before owning the colonial home.
He married a wealthy English socialite, Sarah Fairfax, whose father owned a significant amount of land in Virginia. Over the years, Carlyle owned a few plantations that made him among Virginia’s wealthy elite.
The Carlyle property housed British generals and military commanders during the French-Indian Conflict. Some of the meetings in the Carlyle House would eventually cause tensions, leading to the Revolutionary War.
Civil War Era
During the American Civil War, the Carlyle house once again housed soldiers. It was a make-shift field hospital for treating wounded Union Soldiers during their occupation. Like many properties in Virginia, the deaths caused by the Civil War are a primary source of various hauntings.
The Union Soldiers used the property with so little maintenance that it almost collapsed. After the Civil War and during the era of restitution, people discovered a wide range of odd items in the home. One famous discovery was of a mummified cat inside the walls, thought to bring good luck according to some British customs.


Wildfires: past, present and future – Prof Andrew Scott
Geologist Prof Andrew Scott on our complex relationship with wildfires.
In the last few weeks, wildfires have been hitting the headlines worldwide. Greece has experienced the worst wildfires in Europe this century, with 92 so far confirmed dead, while major fires have also hit Sweden, California, Canada and even the UK.
Wildfires have been a feature of our planet for millions of years, and we’ve long lived alongside them. So why do we struggle to tame them, and what can we do to lessen their impact? Professor Andrew Scott is a geologist and fire expert at Royal Holloway, University of London who's book Burning Planet: The Story of Fire Through Time (£20, OUP) on the subject.
Our Staff Writer James Lloyd chatted to him to find out more.
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Ocean fertilization (OF) is a theoretical CO2 removal technology that refers to dumping large amounts of micro- or macro-nutrients (like iron or urea) into ocean areas with low biological productivity, aiming to stimulate the growth of phytoplankton. The assumption driving ocean fertilization efforts is that new phytoplankton growth will absorb atmospheric CO2, and store carbon as it dies and sinks to the ocean floor. Over the last 30 years, there have been at least sixteen open ocean fertilization experiments.
They have failed to prove OF as an effective form of carbon storage. Some scientists warn that OF could create deoxygenated “dead zones”, and deplete nutrients that would fuel phytoplankton growth in other areas. These are some of the reasons why the United Nations, the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution adopted decisions to strictly regulate ocean fertilization activities, which constitute de facto bans against all forms of commercial deployment.
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Inside our eye, there is a lens and a cloudy lens is known as a cataract. The most common cause for a cataract is aging, but other conditions such as diabetes can cause a cataract. Symptoms of a cataract include glare at night, blurry or “foggy” vision, and hazy vision.
All aspects of cataract surgery are covered by OHIP and is provided at no cost.
However, emerging technologies have allowed us to offer you options so that we may obtain the best possible surgical results. Some of these options are not covered by OHIP. Ultimately, it is your decision whether you would like these additional options. Your surgeon will personally explain so that you can make an educated and informed decision. For more information:
Laser Capsulotomy (post-cataract surgery laser)
If you have had cataract surgery, you most likely have a plastic lens implant in your eye. Sometimes, this plastic implant can get cloudy and develop a film over its back surface, like “cellophane.” This can cause cloudy or hazy vision.
This film can be removed using a laser and often this will result in improved vision.


Vehicles Mileage on Swedish roads
These statistics presents vehicle mileage on Swedish roads in a year. This is achieved by using a model that is based on changes in vehicle mileage on the national road system from the Swedish Transport Administration's Traffic barometer, and on data regarding the vehicle mileage by Swedish-registered vehicles.
About the statistics
The data regarding vehicle mileage have been adjusted for foreign travel by Swedish vehicles and travel by foreign vehicles on Swedish roads.
The disadvantage with this method is that it does not enable a regional breakdown. The statistics regarding vehicle mileage on Swedish roads are published annually, with preliminary results in April. Data for motorcycles and foreign lorries do not become available until the fall, with the result that the final vehicle mileage data are published in late October.
The model used to calculate vehicle mileage on Swedish roads was revised in 2013-2014. The current model has been used on historical data dating back to 1990. This creates a gap in the time series. An old model was used for 1950-1989, and those data are still available along with documentation, but they are not comparable with the published time series for 1990 onwards.
Read more in:
Memorandum 2013:8 Vehicle mileage on Swedish roads: an overview of estimation methods


Practical Problem Solving and Decision Making
After this training, your participants will be able to:
- Solve problems and prevent recurrence of those problems.
- Understand the effective problem-solving methodology.
- Document and communicate progress during your problem-solving project.
- Provide a common language and approach to solving problems.
- Use a data-based approach to ensure problems are correctly identified and eliminated.
- Enhance decision making skills.
- HRD Fund Claimable
- Virtual Online Training or Face to Face Training
- Customizable to Suit Your Requirements
- Post Coaching Available (optional)
Problem solving is a major challenge for any organization. This programme has been specially designed to lead participants to appraise, examine and diagnose systematically a problem situation and to generate actions utilizing analytical tools, using decision making skills which is a major part of this process.
Who Should Attend?
The training is suitable for those who are involved in problem solving situations, such as mid-level management and supervisory level staff from all departments.
- Introduction to Problem Solving & Decision Making(PSDM)
- Step 1 : Define the Problem
- Step 2: Measure the Current Situation
- Step 3: Cause Analysis
- Step 4: Solution Development
- Step 5: Check Results
- Step 6: Standardization
- Step 7: Future Plans


First Published in
Tom Dixon launched the London Design Festival at Trafalgar Square with an installation of 500 energy-saving lights powered by a renewable energy source. Inspired by the shape of a light bulb, Dixon specifically designed Blow as an opaque white lamp for low-energy compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs).
“Low-energy bulbs suffer from an image problem, where it is commonly thought that they make an unattractive light. What better way to change this perception than to make an event that allows Londoners to witness a massive installation of 500 lamps allowing everybody to take a part of it home to illuminate their lives, while using 80 percent less energy than they would previously have used,” said Dixon.
At the end of the three-day installation, 1 000 Blow lamps were given away to Londoners on a first-come, first-served basis in collaboration with the Energy Saving Trust and Glowb low energy light bulbs. Glowb also gave away 1 000 CFLs on each day of the installation. According to the Energy Saving Trust, the 3 500 Glowb bulbs that were used as part of this installation and giveaway will save 754 tonnes of CO2 in their collective lives. This is the equivalent of filling 150 hot air balloons or 4 300 double decker.


Fictitious vs. Fictional: What’s the Difference?
If someone handed you a dollar bill and told you it was fictitious, you might be slightly confused. You can feel it between your fingers, so how could it be fictitious?
That’s because these days, the word fictitious is typically used to mean imaginary. The Loch Ness monster, for instance, is a fictitious creature (or so we think). And back in the early 17th century when the term first appeared in print, that definition was common—but it wasn’t the only one. Fictitious could also describe a counterfeit item; anything fake or imitated. The noun fiction is even older, having first shown up in writing during the late 15th century. It, too, could refer to a made-up concept or a counterfeit creation. Both words are derived from the Latin verb fingere, meaning “to form” or “to fashion.” It’s the same place we get feign.
By the late 16th century, people had started using fiction the way we usually do—to describe literature based on imaginary events and characters, rather than fact. And when fictional arrived on the scene in the mid-1800s, it was basically the result of people turning this sense of fiction into an adjective. That correlation is even stronger these days, though our meaning of fiction has expanded to encompass more modern media, like TV shows and movies. If someone mentions a “fictional character,” they’re probably talking about a character from a book, film, or some other work of fiction.
As Grammarist explains, the contemporary usage of fictitious is a bit broader than that. It can describe a movie character or another element of fiction, but it can also be used to modify anything else imaginary or fabricated—especially if there’s deceit involved. If someone concocts an alibi to place them far from the scene of a crime they committed, you’d be more likely to consider it a fictitious alibi than a fictional one.
That said, as is so often the case with the English language, the distinctions between fictional and fictitious are more guidelines than concrete rules. If you want to describe an alibi as fictional, nobody’s stopping you.


Microplastics are a global environmental and potential health issue. They can be released directly from the production or use of consumer products or the fragmentation of larger plastic objects. Geographically microplastics are present everywhere on Earth and have pervaded our food chains and our drinking water.
Though the term “microplastics” was coined in 2004, the increased media coverage of recently published studies meant that 2018-19 was a wake-up call to the general public about the issues with microplastics. A 2014 study estimated that between 15 and 51 trillion microplastic particles were floating in the world’s oceans, weighing between 93 and 236 thousand metric tons.
Visual inspection, either by eye or using manual microscopy, is still one of the most widely used methods to identify and quantify microplastics. It is however subjective, time-consuming, and very susceptible to user bias, with non-plastic material often being misclassified as microplastics. To help overcome this, chemical identification using non-destructive techniques such as Raman spectroscopy is increasingly being used to aid microplastic analysis.
Using Morphologically-Directed Raman Spectroscopy (MDRS®), individual microplastic particles can be automatically and independently characterized within a mixture, providing complimentary particle size, shape, and chemical ID information. From this component-specific information can be obtained i.e. the particle size and shape distributions for each different type of microplastic present in the sample, in a single automated measurement. This application note explores the use of MDRS on the Morphologi 4-ID to characterize and identify a mixture of six types of microplastic collected on a membrane filter.


A cold sore is caused by a virus called the HSV1, another name for the herpes simplex virus. When a cold sore appears, a small blister will initially form and then it will grow larger. It will break open in a couple of days, and a crust will form on it. While a cold sore is present, it may be sore, red and irritated, and it may itch.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
The No. 1 cause of cold sores is the herpes simplex virus type 1, but herpes simplex virus type 2 can also cause cold sores to appear on the face and mouth.
Characteristics of Cold Sores
Symptoms of HSV1 may not appear at first and cold sores may not appear until the facial area is overexposed to the sun or a fever occurs. Cold sores may appear again, many times after that, during times of stress and when the immune system is suppressed, and they often appear in clusters.
Other Names for Cold Sores
Other names for cold sores are fever blisters and herpes labialis.
Both HSV1 and HSV2 are highly contagious and can be transmitted through contact with the body fluids of an infected person.
Stages of HSV
The two stages of the herpes simplex virus are the primary stage, with symptoms that include increased temperature, headache, sore throat and a feeling of illness; and the recurrent stage, with the only symptom being cold sores.
Cold sores may heal without treatment, but they should not be subjected to contamination or picked at while they are healing. Prescription medications can be used to heal cold sores, as well as over-the-counter medications.
Based in New York, Grace Covelli has been writing since 1996. Her work has appeared on various websites, many of them health-related. Covelli completed a course in writing for children and teenagers and received a diploma for natural health consulting with highest honors. She also studied reflexology, Reiki and esthetics. One of her hobbies is sewing.


What does this measure?
The level of income needed for households of different sizes and types in a region to be able to pay for necessities including housing and food without outside assistance.
Why is this important?
The level of income needed to afford basic expenses often exceeds the minimum wage, forcing the working poor to work multiple jobs or seek public assistance to make ends meet. Understanding the true level of income required to cover housing, food, clothing, child care, transportation and medical expenses provides a more accurate benchmark for assessing the jobs available in a region or local area. The living wage also adjusts for regional variation in costs.
How is our county doing?
In Essex County in 2021, a family of four with two earners would each need to earn just about $32 an hour, or about $133,300 a year combined, in order to meet the living wage level. A family of three with one earner needs an hourly wage of $58 to earn $120,800 a year to make ends meet. Two earners with no dependents must earn $16 an hour or $68,200 combined. Essex County was slightly more expensive than the state as a whole.
How do we compare to similar counties?
Living wage figures for Essex County were similar to Middlesex, MA and Westchester, NY but above the wages needed in Lake, IL. A family of four with two earners would need an annual income about $105,600 in Lake, IL, for example.
Notes about the data
Figures are in 2021 dollars and assume a 40-hour work week. The living wage model is an alternative measure of basic needs. It is a market-based approach that draws upon geographically specific expenditure data related to a family's likely minimum food, child care, health insurance, housing, transportation, and other basic necessities (e.g. clothing, personal care items, etc.) costs. More information on the sources of data for costs is available at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.


Reducing being sedentary and increasing physical activity improve heart health and reduce mortality even in older age
This study with 660 men and women aged 67–70 was a sub study of a population-based Oulu1945 survey conducted by the University of Oulu and ODL Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine. Physical activity and sedentary time were monitored with a wrist-worn accelerometer for two weeks. The Framingham risk scores were used to estimate the cardiovascular disease risk based on participants sex, age, blood pressure, cholesterol values, diabetes, medication and smoking. The data on deaths were monitored during six years after the physical activity measurement.
High amount of light or moderate to vigorous physical activity and low time spent sedentary were associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk in older people. High amount of light physical activity and low sedentary time were associated with lower mortality rate.
“Our study shows that, also doing light physical activity and reducing being sedentary may produce substantial health benefits for older people. The current physical activity recommendations may be too demanding for many older adults. However, according to our results even reducing sedentary time and being active in daily life are important and should not be underestimated. Most of the existing studies have investigated the associations between physical activity, sedentary behaviors and diagnosed heart diseases. Our novel finding is that participating in physical activity and reducing sedentary time can prevent cardiovascular diseases even in older age.” says researcher Miia Länsitie. The study is part of her doctoral dissertation at the University of Oulu.
Research publication: Länsitie M, Kangas M, Jokelainen J, Venojärvi M, Timonen M, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Korpelainen R. Cardiovascular disease risk and all-cause mortality associated with accelerometer- measured physical activity and sedentary time ‒ a prospective population-based study in older adults. BMC Geriatrics (2022) 22:729. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03414-8


The most common type of radiation detector is a Geiger-Mueller (GM) tube, also known as a Geiger counter. This device was named after Hans Geiger, a German scientist who worked on radiation detection in the early 20th century. His graduate PhD student, Walter Mueller, perfected the gas-sealed detector in the late 1920s and received credit for his work when he gave the Geiger-Mueller tube its name. A Geiger counter is an electronic instrument used to detect and measure ionizing radiation.
It is widely used in applications such as radiation dosimetry, radiation protection, experimental physics, and the nuclear industry. The Geiger counter is capable of detecting alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, although it cannot distinguish between them. A central cable between a high-voltage gas-filled tube is used to collect ionization caused by incident radiation. This type of detector is also used to detect light from events such as nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator.
For example, if RADnet detected a significant increase in radiation above baseline, EPA would immediately investigate. Film detectors are good at determining radiation levels and are commonly used for radiation safety. These ubiquitous sources of radiation are called background radiation, and all radiation detectors have to deal with it, which they often do by shielding them. Photomultiplier tubes are used to detect Cerenkov radiation which can be observed in scintillation detectors.
Particle detectors are instruments designed for the detection and measurement of subatomic particles, such as those emitted by radioactive materials, produced by particle accelerators, or observed in cosmic rays. However, there are limitations in measuring high rates of radiation and the energy of incident radiation. More energetic radiation ionizes more of the gas than less energetic radiation; the proportional detector can detect this.A radiation detector is an instrument used to detect high-energy particles, such as those produced by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator. It detects ionizing radiation using the ionization effect produced in a Geiger-Müller tube.
The article on the Geiger-Mueller tube contains a more detailed description of the techniques used to detect photon radiation.In conclusion, a Geiger-Mueller (GM) tube or Geiger counter is an electronic instrument used to detect and measure ionizing radiation. It is widely used in applications such as radiation dosimetry, radiation protection, experimental physics, and the nuclear industry.


IA-32 is a set of instructions for Intel Corporation’s 32-bit microprocessors that range from the 80386 to the later versions of the Pentium processor. They maintained downward compatibility, that is to say, they still worked with architecture from previous generations by keeping some inefficient design elements in order to still work with older generations, of, say Windows programs.
Technipages Explains IA-32
Intel made a lot of progress in their processor development – despite this, they had to keep some flaws in their work. These flaws include the continued use of varying bit lengths for instructions, which complicates the processing of instructions a little. Another issue was the imposed maximum of eight general-purpose registers, which made for an inefficient design aspect when it came to the floating units in the processor. These units are elements specifically in charge of dealing with floating-point numbers, a relatively common element.
Eventually, after a fair number of issues arose, Intel ended up abandoning downward compatibility as soon as they introduced their first 64-bit microprocessor. That was the Itanium, and it featured its own set of instructions – IA-64. As of that generation, a significant portion of design flaws was finally eliminated, representing a pretty big leap forward in terms of processor design and construction. Of course, there were still flaws and improvements to be made, but sacrifices for backward compatibility were no longer a concern.
Common Uses of IA-32
- The primary defining characteristic of IA-32 is the presence of 32-bit general-purpose processor registers like EAX or EBX.
- IA-32 represented the last backward compatible generation of microprocessors.
- Intel still produces IA-32 processors under the Intel Quark microcontroller platform, but these are not commonly found now.
Common Misuses of IA-32
- IA-32 is a name for a generation of Intel processors.


Brief but brilliant career building fortifications
Bergamo-born architect and military engineer Antonio Ferramolino died on this day in 1550 during the siege of Mahdia in Tunisia.
He is remembered in Bergamo by a road named after him on the outskirts of the city, Via Antonio Feramolino, which is a turning off Via Grumello, the main road running through Grumello del Piano.
|Bergamo's own defensive walls were built by the|
Venetians, 11 years after Ferramolino's death
Ferramolino, who is also sometimes referred to as Sferrandino da Bergamo, began his career as a soldier, but by 1529 he was known to have been overseeing the construction of artillery for the Venetian Arsenal.
He fought against the Ottomans in Hungary in 1532 and was also present at the conquest of Tunis in 1535.
In 1536, the Emperor Charles V sent Ferramolino to review the fortifications of Messina and other parts of Sicily. During the next few years he designed fortifications for Messina, Palermo, Catania and Milazzo in Sicily.
In 1538 he went to the Republic of Ragusa, which is now Dubrovnik in Croatia, to design the Revelin Fortress, a series of defensive stone walls that proved impossible to breach. In 1540 he went to Malta, where he designed the Fort of St. Angelo and other fortifications.
Ferramolino died on the battlefield in Tunisia on 18 August 1550 after being hit by a lead ball fired from an arquebus during the siege of Mahdia.
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Carbon-based metal-free catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction: Activity, selectivity, and stability
Zero or negative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) is the need of the times, as inexorable rising and alarming levels of CO2 in the atmosphere lead to global warming and severe climate change. The electrochemical CO2 reduction (eCO2R) to value-added fuels and chemicals by using renewable electricity provides a cleaner and more sustainable route with economic benefits, in which the key is to develop clean and economical electrocatalysts. Carbon-based catalyst materials possess desirable properties such as high offset potential for H2 evolution and chemical stability at the negative applied potential. Although it is still challenging to achieve highly efficient carbon-based catalysts, considerable efforts have been devoted to overcoming the low selectivity, activity, and stability. Here, we summarize and discuss the recent progress in carbon-based metal-free catalysts including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanoribbons, graphene, carbon nitride, and diamonds with an emphasis on their activity, product selectivity, and stability. In addition, the key challenges and future potential approaches for efficient eCO2R to low carbon-based fuels are highlighted. For a good understanding of the whole history of the development of eCO2R, the CO2 reduction reactions, principles, and techniques including the role of electrolytes, electrochemical cell design and evaluation, product selectivity, and structural composition are also discussed. The metal/metal oxides decorated with carbon-based electrocatalysts are also summarized. We aim to provide insights for further development of carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction from the perspective of both fundamental understanding and technological applications in the future.
Open Access Status
This publication may be available as open access
National Natural Science Foundation of China


A nerve impulse can be initiated by an electrical stimulus. Faradic machines are electrical stimulators and the current is used to stimulate a motor nerve and so produce a contraction of the muscle it supplies.
Indications for electrotherapy: to produce a muscle contraction where the patient finds difficulty by voluntary means, e.g. after injury or prolonged immobilisation. It also can be used for the reduction of oedema (swelling), for prevention and loosening of scar tissue, to stimulate muscle activity and to preserve muscle tone.
Muscle ‘Tone’ is the muscle’s resistance to stretching. A flabby muscle is like an old piece of elastic (it has lost its tone or stretch). After faradic treatments, a muscle will regain this tone and so shorten and take up a smaller area (‘toning’ effect).
Circulation: a very important fact of faradic treatments is that the circulation of blood is increased, both generally and locally within the body. Muscle contraction and relaxation is the major factor keeping the blood moving and this action, acting as a pump, aids the return flow of blood towards the heart the constant tone exerts pressure on the walls of the veins to keep the ‘highways and byways’ of this system open.
The general health of the body is dependent on effective circulation; it is the blood which is the ‘transport system’ of the body. It takes oxygen and nutrients to every individual cell of the body, takes away carbon dioxide and waste products to be excreted from the body, and this is an essential part of the metabolism of the tissues.
It carries hormones, and white blood cells to fight infection, and plays a large part in the regulation of the temperature of the body by spreading the heat throughout this system. The increase of circulation locally can be of value in the treatment of problems that develop due to poor circulation.
These factors of circulation all contribute to making the body as a whole more healthy and so help to produce a feeling of well-being. Many people have commented that after a course of electrotherapy, they feel more energetic and have much more vitality.


The burial vault of Gemshuankh dates back to about 200 BC. At more than 9 feet long, this sarcophagus made of sycamore, stands out for its large size and green face.
Tom Hardwick is consulting curator who’s helping to build up the Houston Museum of Natural Science’s own collection of Egyptian artifacts. He says they’re having fund trying to decipher the inscriptions which he says are cryptic.
“What we do know for sure, is that he was a priest of the ram-headed god Herishef, who was in charge of a city about 100 miles south of modern Cairo. Gemshuankh had the status to be buried for eternity in this 9 foot wooden coffin.”
He says the distinctive green face symbolizes resurrection.
Dirk Van Tuerenhout is curator of anthropology. He says HMNS has partnered with museums around the world for a “permanent changing” display of items, that date back more than 5,000 years. He adds the sarcophagus and other artifacts going into the exhibit, represent a glimpse of what life was like for the ancient Egyptians.
“This is probably in the southwest one of the largest displays on ancient Egypt, presented not just from an art perspective, but also from the archaeological context of who were these people that built and did all these things.”
The 10,000 square foot Ancient Egypt Hall officially opens May 24.


Appearance and Size Facts
- Oriental roaches are dark brown to black in color
- Males have wings covering 3/4 of their body, and the female has very short wings
- However, both are unable to fly
- Size: Approximately 1 inch in length
- They will eat almost anything, but they prefer a high starch diet
- Oriental cockroaches prefer areas of high humidity and cool temperature.
Behavior and Habitat of Oriental Roaches
Oriental roaches are often found feeding on garbage, sewage, or decaying organic matter. They will eat almost anything, but they prefer a high starch diet. Oriental cockroaches tend to live near the ground in warm, damp areas. They are more slow-moving than other species and they also give off an unpleasant odor.
Oriental cockroaches prefer areas of high humidity and cool temperature. They are commonly found in basements, crawlspaces, and areas between the soil and foundation. They will often enter buildings through sewer pipes.
Signs of Infestation of Oriental Roaches
Look for them at night or during the day, but in moist, dark , and undisturbed rooms. Also look for dark brown or reddish egg cases.
Tips for Prevention of Oriental Roaches
Elimination of Oriental roaches is best performed by professional pest management companies, such as Hulett Environmental Services.


• factious •
fæk-shês • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Adjective
Meaning: Troubled by internal dissention, especially disputes among factions within a group or organization.
Notes: Today's Good Word is an adjective based on the same stem we find in faction. Factions are, of course, distinguished by differences of opinions and such differences often cause friction. The adverb is simply factiously and the noun, factiousness. Do not confuse this adjective with fractious "argumentative, stubborn, peevish"; the R makes a significant difference. This word refers mostly to individuals or things as a whole; factious refers to internal disharmony between parts or partisan factions.
In Play: Internal conflicts arising from friction among factions beg for today's Good Word: "The faculty council has become so factious that it is impossible for it to come to any agreement." It would be difficult to find an organization without some degree of factiousness: "If the United States is a melting pot of cultures, the process of melting is a factious one, indeed."
Word History: Today's word is a modest adaptation of Latin factiosus "factious, seditious", based on factio(n) "faction, party, partisanship". Both these words are based on factus, the past participle of facere "do, make". This Latin word goes back to the Proto-Indo-European root dho-/dhe "do, make" which came to English as do and words derived from it, such as deed (something done) and doom (judgment: a done deed?) The same root turns up in the name of the Russian parliament, the Duma, probably from the same sense of "judgment". In Greek we see it in thema "proposition", which appears in several English words borrowed from Greek, including theme and thesis. (There was nothing factious in T. P. Duffy's decision to suggest this Good Word; we all agree it was a good idea.)
P.S. - Register for the Daily Good Word E-Mail! - You can get our daily Good Word sent directly to you via e-mail in either HTML or Text format. Go to our Registration Page to sign up today!
Come visit our website at <http://www.alphadictionary.com> for more Good Words and other language resources!


PHP or Hypertext preprocessor is a scripting language that is used widely worldwide. It is especially used in the web development with great ease. It can be embedded into HTML with great ease. It will help to create dynamic and interactive web pages. It is a very efficiently used scripting language. It is a very simple language that can be used by the beginners without any difficulty. It will also provide many advanced features. PHP development is focused on the server side scripting language. This is a language that is used to create content that is used to interact with the databases.
Newsletter can be considered as bulletins of the news or events that happen in the world which are sent to the users daily through emails. All may be aware of the newsletter that one receives in some or the other way. It can be used within the organization through which the daily events or the activities of the business can be got through emails to the customers and the employees of the organization. The user interface must be simple and easy to understand even by the common man. This will be one of the applications that one can implement in real time world.
The features that can be included in the newsletter application are as follows:
- Up-to-date: The newsletter application will allow the users of the newsletter to be u-to date of the issues that take place within or outside the organizations.
- Discussions: The users can have the discussions based on the newsletter that are sent to them.
- Cost effective: This application can allow the user to get the information through the cost effective way.
- Interest of topic: The users can also have the option of getting the newsletter based on the particular topic of interest.
Project Name: Build a Newsletter System with PHP
Front End: PHP
Back End: MySQL🔥114 Views


If you are snorkeling in the Red Sea around the Marsa Alam region, you have a chance to meet the dugong (Dugong dugon). It is a rare and extremely special experience to meet such a large mammal. An adult dugong is usually around 3 meters long with a weight of around 400 kg – but it can grow to 4 meters and 900 kg in its 70 years lifespan.
It is very important that you disturb the dugong as little as possible. Keep a distance, and avoid being in front of the animal. And never try to touch it! – That said – the dugong is often diving down to feed on the seagrass on 5-10 meters depth, and you can easily follow the movements and enjoy the activity. It can stay down for about 6 minutes – but usually it is only down 2-3 minutes between breaths. So, be patient and it will come up to the surface to breathe and you can lucky and get a closer look …
Dugongs are present in the entire Indo-West Pacific. But it is considered vulnerable by IUCN, and in many areas it may still be present with a few animals, but is in practical terms extinct as there are too few for them to breed and sustain a population. The female usually gives birth to only one calf, and it doesn’t leave its mother for several years. Thus, the dugong is very vulnerable for deaths among the adults – especially the female animals. The dugong is present in the Red Sea, but it is very difficult to estimate how many there are.
Often you find that the animals have scars on the body, this is a way to tell the individuals apart.
The dugongs in the Red Sea are probably not threatened by getting caught in fishing nets – they are probably more in danger of being hit by a boat propellers, disturbance from snorkelers and divers – or from loss of seagrass beds.
As long as you stay calm and quiet, and keep your distance, the dugong will keep feeding and you can enjoy it for perhaps 20-30 minutes. But if it feels disturbed, you will be surprised how fast it is actually able to swim away. No way you can keep up and follow it! 🙂
Whatever you do – behave like a Responsible Traveller …


Built in the 70's, over the years parts of the Santa Ana River Interceptor (SARI) Line sewer had become exposed due to environmental influences. Partially running under the riverbed of the Santa Ana River and once covered with about 6 meters of soil, erosion resulted in the sewer being exposed to the elements in some places. A new tunnel alignment was needed to ensure the long-term integrity of the sewer. A total of 1,189 meters of the approximately 37 kilometer long pipeline therefore had to be replaced with a new sewer not far from the old SARI Line.
Conventionally six classical straight drives were initially planned for the implementation of this project. However, another technique little known in the region could save time and money: instead of six straight drives, two straight and two curved drives could also be carried out. The special feature was the planned "S" curve – previously there had only been one in the whole of North America. The "S" curve on the SARI Line would thus be only the second and simultaneously the longest in all of North America.
With a Herrenknecht AVND 2000AB and a navigation system supplied by VMT the plan was implemented. It made the digging of several shafts unnecessary and reduced the necessary transport of equipment. The first two drives with lengths of 189 and 332 meters were conventionally bored straight ahead. The third and fourth, on the other hand, were curved. With a length of 478 meters the longest section was also the most complex: the Herrenknecht machine's position in the soil of California was constantly checked and corrected. The final drive with a standard curve and a length of 189 meters then followed. In the end, the deviation from the original course paid off and the project was completed 30 days ahead of schedule.
The Santa Ana River Interceptor Line extends from the Prado Dam to the Orange County sewage treatment plant. With the renewed section the sewer is not only a record holder, but also ready for the future.


Usually when there is talk about the importance of play, it is usually focused on children who are preschool or kindergarten age. There are countless studies about how playing dress up or grocery store helps children’s social, physical, language and cognitive growth. Play is used to help assess children’s development and help them to process emotions. Play is important!
What is play? To me, it is unstructured time for people, young and old to explore, interact and discover things.
Unfortunately, just like so many other artistic endeavors, play seems to stop at a certain age. In schools, play can even be seen as a waste of time past first or second grade as students are required to do so much in the world of academia. However, teachers who find themselves at recess duty will often comment on how much they learn about students as they observe their actions on the playground.
There is a place for play at all ages. It should not be just for young children. Recess is crucial for older students as is other free time during the day. Middle and secondary students would also benefit from some time to explore new things and discover the world around them. And something I find time and again is that adults need time to be free and play too! Give an adult a chance to play around with some finger paint or drum sticks or a wide open dance floor pulsing with music and you may find a smile creep onto his or her face.
It’s unfortunate that the older we get, the more inhibited we are to be free and play. It seems that once we hit a certain age of self awareness, our ability to play dwindles at a rapid speed.
So what do we do about this? My solution is to create these times and to drag other people along for the ride. That’s one of the reasons why I started organizing Teacher Field Trips: times when teachers can get out together to do something fun and just play!
After all, we all need a little playtime. Don’t you agree? 😉
Join the conversation tonight! Renee (@enrichingkids) from Creative Sitters is having a Twitter Party. The topic? The Importance of Play When? September 30, 2010 at 9:00 EST
Yes, I agree. Learning begins with play, and play is necessary. It’s good for you. Not only helping you to get rejuvenated, but it is a right-brain activity that gets creativity started.


აშშ-ის საელჩო საქართველოში
The U.S. Embassy in Georgia
Media Literacy Program
“CSM for Youth Media Literacy”
The goal of the project is to support democratic reforms in Georgia through improving level of media literacy among youth.
Project activities include:
75 participants of the project from Tbilisi and regions of Georgia will be able to attend trainings led by top journalists and media educators in the country.
“CSM for Youth Media Literacy” will help representatives of young generation to develop needed skills in following areas:
- How to differ from each other propaganda and information
- How to engage relevantly in social networks
- How to get rid of fake news which are streaming from social networks
- How to know the tools of checking doubtable facts
- How to know the world spread practices of propaganda and cyber war
- We will meet school pupils and explain them why and how they should be critical to media content
- Each participant will have permanent online platform that they learn to use during and after training;
- We will create Facebook community from our program beneficiaries – CSM Club and tie them to the community of Caucasus School of Media where students are always active and productive. This will be a club where members can exchange ideas, even criticize media content through the CSM and their own media platforms
- The project will help the Caucasus School of Media to establish network that will serve as a good ground to follow its activities with public schools in future at the university, as well as on the spot – school and regions of participants.
Project starting and finishing dates: 01.10.2018-30.04.2018
Grant holder: Caucasus University (CU) – Georgia


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The image or idea of a thing. In film studies, representation is an overdetermined term with various meanings.
1. In a common use, representation is a synonym for film in general, inasmuch as all films constitute an image or idea of the thing they depict. In relation to this, it is necessary to note that what we actually see is a re-presentation (i.e. the screening) of a representation (the film).
2. In debates about film and realism, the specific qualities of photography have led to claims that the film image transcribes, or indexes, reality rather than represents it; in this formulation the film is the thing (see index). A counterclaim has it that all representation is governed by a framework of codes and conventions specific to a particular time and place (see poststructuralism; semiotics) and also that the thing represented is often just another representation (see intertextuality): in this formulation the once-removed nature, and perhaps even the untrustworthiness, of representation is emphasized.
3. Representation is also a key term for scholars who work on questions of identity and on the ways in which films may construct or deploy negative stereotypes of marginalized or oppressed groups (see disability; gender; race; religion; sexuality; social class). In this context, the term can also mean to advocate on behalf of an individual or a group, as with an elected politician or legal representation. Used thus, filmmakers from marginalized or oppressed groups are sometimes said to bear the burden of representation inasmuch as their work is asked to speak on behalf of, or represent, the group to which they belong or are presumed by others to belong (see cultural studies and film).
4. The use of the term to denote the process of mental representation is less common, though it is integral to some theories of perception and psychology that are occasionally addressed within film studies (see cognitivism; phenomenology and film).
Kuhn, A., & Westwell, G. (2020). Representation. In A Dictionary of Film Studies. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 3 Nov. 2022
Suggested subject headings for searching the online catalog include: