Biodiversity data comes in all shapes and sizes. Here we briefly present the major types of biodiversity data handled by SBDI.
The simplest way of sharing biodiversity data is to publish only a description of the data source. This is known as “resources metadata” in GBIF, or simply “metadata”. For instance, you can make it possible for others to discover data sources that are not yet digitized by sharing metadata describing them.
A checklist is simply a list of species or higher taxa. A checklist can be used to share taxonomic data. It can also be used to share information about the species occurring in a region, or sharing a particular trait. Examples of checklists include red lists, lists of invasive species, lists of marine species, or lists of species recorded from a country or region.
Occurrence data provide information about the location of an individual organism in time and space. The records can be based on specimens in a collection, or on human or machine observation in the wild. The majority of biodiversity datasets belong to this type.
Data collected using standard protocols for measuring and monitoring biodiversity should be shared as sample-based data. Examples include data from research projects, monitoring programs, and inventories using standardized sampling methods.
Special data types
SBDI handles several special biodiversity data types, which are not yet fully integrated into the SBDI Bioatlas and GBIF. These include molecular biodiversity data, biotelemetry sensor data and archaeological data. For more information about these data types, see our help pages on data types.
For more information on data types, see our help pages on data types or consult GBIF’s overview of dataset classes.


The audio and video components found in conference call speakers can be found in smart video conferencing cameras.
What is the difference between a webcam and a conference camera?
Webcams can only fit a single person in the lens, so they’re ideal for calling into meetings or catching up with friends. A conference camera with a wider angle lens can connect a whole table or room of people in a virtual conference.
What is a simple definition of video conference?
Video conferencing is live, visual connection between two or more remote parties over the internet that mimics a face to face meeting. Video conferencing joins people who wouldn’t normally be able to see each other.
What is video conferencing mainly used for?
Video conferences can be used to hold meetings, negotiate business deals, and interview job candidates.
Can anyone see you through webcam?
There is a chance that a cybercriminal could gain access to your computer’s camera. If someone did that with your device, you might think they wouldn’t do it, but there are ways a hacker can change the settings on your device.
How do conference cameras work?
The high-quality experience for in-office and remote workers is created by the smart microphones and speakers that are isolated from the audio. It is easy to set up with a usb connection and works with all popular video conferencing services.
What is required for video conferencing?
You need a camera, microphone, speaker, and internet connection to hold a video conference. A headset with a built-in microphone and a camera with a microphone and speakers are examples of equipment that can be combined.
What is better a camera or a webcam?
If you don’t have a lot of money, you can use a webcams if you need something basic. DSLRs are more expensive but have better image quality and more control. Webcams are easy to use, install, and use.
Do you need a webcam for video conferencing?
If you don’t have a microphone, you won’t be able to participate in the calls and meetings efficiently.
Can you use a webcam for a zoom meeting?
The cameras and microphones need to be plugged into a computer. The cameras and mics need to be plugged into a computer. Each classroom at the university will have a stationary external webcams that can be used to connect to the internet.


keep, guard, save
Someone who is reserved is quiet, self-controlled, and keeps their thoughts mostly to themselves.
When you observe something, you watch it carefully to see what is happening.
When you reserve something, you keep it for yourself so that you are able to use it when you need to.
When you preserve something, such as a forest or food, you take care of it to keep it from being used or harmed.
an occurrence of improvement by virtue of preventing loss or injury or other change
someone who works to protect the environment from destruction or pollution
resistant to change
the faculty and students of a school specializing in one of the fine arts
keep constant through physical or chemical reactions or evolutionary change
paying close attention especially to details
the act of making and recording a measurement
a building designed and equipped to observe astronomical phenomena
the activity of protecting something from loss or danger
tending or having the power to preserve
a district that is reserved for particular purpose
Differentiated vocabulary for your students is just a click away.


MI16 Protected mires
>> Background information
Regional distribution of protected mires reflects that of protected forests. Thus, most protected areas are located in northern Finland. Almost a quarter of all mires in north boreal forest vegetation zone are protected to some degree. The share of protected areas on state land equals 10% and wilderness areas (also on state land) 8%. Elsewhere in Finland protected areas are less common. In middle boreal forest vegetation zone, the share of protected mires is 7%, in south boreal zone 4% and about 5% in hemiboreal zone covering the southernmost coast of the country. The area of protected areas on private land is the greatest in southern Finland.
Less than nine percent of all mires are located in strictly protected areas, where no forestry is practiced. The share of strictly protected forests is greatest in the north boreal forest vegetation zone, being a little less than 14%. In southboreal zone the share is again smallest, less than 4%.
Impact on biodiversity
Drainage and afforestation of mires for forestry have been the most significant threats for mire species diversity (see also MI10 and MI11). In addition, peat production and other uses of mires have changed their ecosystems. All mire types host threatened species.
Spruce mires are one of the most valuable habitats for boreal forest and mire species. The relative proportion of protected spruce mires is however smaller than that of pine mires and open mire types. Moreover, the protection of spruce mires is imbalanced, since they are naturally more common in southern Finland but most protected areas are located in the North.
Boundaries of protected mires are often artificially defined and therefore do not necessarily form ecologically uniform ensembles. This makes it more difficult for mire biodiversity as well as hydrology and succession to maintain their natural state and development. In addition to this, size and connectivity of natural state mires to other such patches are of utmost importance for viable species.
Restoration of drained mires in protected areas is essential in order to reach natural state (see also MI17). There is a great need to restore especially spruce mires in certain areas.
- Updated (14.05.2013)
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In this article, we will study why is mental health important? A mental illness is a brain disease that causes problems with thinking, behaviour, energy, or feeling, making it challenging to manage everyday life responsibilities. Genetics, brain chemistry, brain anatomy, trauma, and/or having another medical condition, such as heart disease, are the complicated reasons for these diseases being researched.
Our emotional, psychological, and social well-being all contribute to our mental health. It has an impact on how we think, feel, and act. It also influences how we deal with stress, interact with others, and make healthy choices. It is essential throughout life, from infants to the elderly.
Mental health awareness can help the millions of people in the United States who are affected by these issues. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), one in every five adults has had or is currently experiencing symptoms of a mental illness. These figures demonstrate how common it is to live with a mental illness.
Even though the general opinion of mental illness has improved in recent decades, studies show that the stigma against mental illness remains strong, owing mainly to media stereotypes and a lack of knowledge and that humans attach negative stigmas to mental health conditions at a much higher rate than to other diseases and disabilities such as cancer, diabetes, or heart disease.
Stigma affects not only the number of individuals receiving care but also the resources required for effective treatment. For someone dealing with a mental illness condition, stigma and misleading information can feel like overwhelming obstacles.
It is necessary to keep in mind that a person’s mental health can change over the years, depending on a variety of aspects. When a person’s resources and emotional well-being are stretched beyond their limits, their mental illness may suffer. For example, if someone is preparing for exams, working for hours, or undergoing economic difficulties, their mental health may suffer. Overall health includes both mental and physical well-being.


The production of organic fertilizer
can degrade the organic matter in the feces through centralized aerobic composting and large-scale treatment, so as to achieve the goal of stability and avoid the secondary pollution of moldy and odorous materials to the environment.
Aerobic fermentation process of livestock manure organic fertilizer
1. The moisture content of livestock manure was 55% in general fermentation, and the use of fermentation bacteria quickly occupied the absolute advantage.
2. Add the prepared mixture into the mixer for mixing. The mixing must be even and transparent without leaving any raw blocks.
3. The mixed ingredients are piled into strips with a width of 1.5m-2m and a height of 0.8m-1m, which are tossed by a compost windrow turner every two days.
4. Composting for 2 days, 4 days for odor free, 7 days for loose, 9 days for fragrance, 10 days for fertilizer.
a. On the second day of composting, the temperature could reach 60 ℃ - 80 ℃, killing E. coli, insect eggs and other diseases and insect pests;
b. On the fourth day, the odor of sheep manure was eliminated; on the seventh day, the compost became loose and dry and covered with white hyphae;
c. On the 9th day, it gave out a kind of liquor koji flavor;
d. On the 10th day, the compost was fermented and matured.
After a little air drying, it can be crushed by a crushing fertilizer production machine
, granulated by an organic fertilizer granulator, dried and dehydrated by a dryer, and then screened by a screening machine. The finished organic fertilizer is ready for packaging and storage.


The 60% of the diseases depends on an intestinal dysbiosis, ie by a wrong balance of the intestinal flora, and from all that unbalances our delicate intestinal metabolism, as acidic-alkaline ambient and digestive metabolism.
In our organism live 400 different families of bacteria; until it is preserved the balance ,it isn’t triggered any disease, when only one kind of bacteria prevails on the others, the equilibrium is dangerously compromised.
What are the diseases related to intestinal dysbiosis?
The dysbiosis leads to many levels of diseases: immunity system deficiencies, a bad absorption of nutritive principles, early aging, mood swings, tiredness, headaches, gastritis problems, colitis, difficult digestion,till to possible colon and stomach cancers.
Our digestive system plays a key role in the keeping of a good state of health, when the balance is altered because of a dysbiosis, they are triggered pathological chain reactions!
The BioMetaTest of intestinal dysbiosis is composed of a series of panels of Bio analysis that analyze: the criticality of the single digestive organs, the toxins that should be accumulated in the intestinal tract, the criticality of the intestinal flora,the metabolism of the intestinal immunity system, the digestive enzymes, a graphic synthesis, indexes of intestinal dysbiosis and carriers of previsions on the pathological plan.
A unique test in its genres and extremely innovative, complete and rich in every detail, with suggests, analysis, information and the possibility of a personalized nutritional consultancy by an our expert on the intestinal dysbiosis.


Have you ever had an X-ray taken? X-rays are used to analyze problems with bones, teeth and organs in the human body; to detect cracks in metal in industry; and even at airports for luggage inspection. Yet, despite their versatility, the invention of the X-ray wasn't intentional. The scientific and medical community will forever be indebted to an accidental discovery made by German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895.
While experimenting with electrical currents through glass cathode-ray tubes, Röntgen discovered that a piece of barium platinocyanide glowed even though the tube was encased in thick black cardboard and was across the room [source: Britannica]. He theorized that some kind of radiation must be traveling in the space. Röntgen didn't fully understand his discovery so he dubbed it X-radiation for its unexplained nature.
To test his newfound theory, Röntgen enlisted the help of his wife for his first X-ray photos and captured images of the bones in her hand and her wedding ring in what would become known as the first röntgenogram [source: Nobel Prize]. He discovered that when emitted in complete darkness, X-rays passed through objects of varying density, rendering the flesh and muscle of his wife's hand mostly transparent. The denser bones and the ring left behind a shadow on a special photographic plate covered in barium platinocyanide. The term X-radiation or X-ray stuck although it is still sometimes referred to as the Röntgen ray in German-speaking countries [source: NASA].
Röntgen's discovery garnered much attention in the scientific community and with the public. He gave his first public lecture on X-rays in January 1896 and showed the rays' ability to photograph the bones within living flesh. A few weeks later in Canada, an X-ray was used to find a bullet in a patient's leg [source: Taming the Rays].
Honorary degrees, medals, streets named in his honor and memberships to academic societies all followed. The recognition peaked with the awarding of the first Nobel Prize for physics in 1901 [source: Nobel Prize]. Röntgen deliberately didn't patent his discovery, feeling that scientific advances belonged to the world and should not be for profit.


Two-phase thermal management based on submerged boiling heat transfer has received considerable attention in recent years because of its potential to achieve high heat fluxes along with its relatively simple hardware and system-level coupling. However, this attractive heat transfer approach has been hampered by the critical heat flux (CHF) limit on the maximum heat transfer, which is caused by the dynamics of the vapor bubbles that form on the heated surface and the subsequent transition to film boiling that produces a large increase in the surface temperature. Recent work at Georgia Tech has exploited low-power ultrasonic acoustic forcing to enhance boiling heat transfer and increase the CHF limit by controlling the formation and evolution of the vapor bubbles and inhibiting the instabilities that lead to film boiling. These effects are investigated with plain and textured (surface-embedded microchannels) boiling heat transfer base surfaces. Even without acoustic actuation, the transfer of makeup fluid to the boiling sites in the presence of surface microchannels passively decreases the surface superheat and increases in the CHF by 218% compared to plain surfaces. Acoustic actuation has a profound effect on the onset and evolution of boiling by inducing interfacial forces that affect the bubbles’ contact line with the surface and lead to bubble detachment. Heat transfer measurements with acoustic actuation demonstrate a significant increase in the CHF as the acoustic field impedes the formation of large vapor columns and inhibits the instability that results in the collapse of these columns into a vapor film. The improvements in the CHF in stagnant bulk fluid exceed 66% for the plain surface (up to 183 W/cm2), and 31% for the textured surface (up to 460 W/cm2 with a 7 °C reduction in surface superheat).


Queensland land-clearing responsible for 80% Australia's Greenhouse Gas emissions
Land-clearing policy in Queensland has had a significant impact on rates of vegetation clearing. Over recent decades changes in land-clearing regulations in Queensland have led first to a
decrease in vegetation clearing (when strong laws were enforced) and then to an increase in vegetation clearing (when laws were relaxed). Relaxation of land-clearing regulations in 2013
in Queensland led to a significant increase in the vegetation clearing rate. More than one million hectares of woody vegetation, of which 41% was remnant vegetation, were cleared in Queensland
between 2012-13 and 2015-16.
395,000 hectares of woody vegetation were cleared in 2015-2016, representing a 33% increase over the previous year. This is equivalent to roughly half of the forest cleared in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest in 2016.
The 2015-16 clearing rate in Queensland was the highest since 2003-04 (490,000 hectares/year).
Queensland has become Australia’s hotspot for land clearing, accounting for between 50-65% of the total loss of native forests in Australia over the last four decades.
In 2015 the land use sector in Queensland generated 19 million tonnes of greenhouse gas pollution, which was more pollution than the agriculture sector or around 20% of the pollution
from the entire energy sector including electricity, stationary energy and transport.
In 2015 Queensland was responsible for around 80% of Australia’s greenhouse gas pollution from land-use change.
In terms of emissions, 19 million tonnes of greenhouse pollution was generated by the land use sector in Queensland in 2015. This is equivalent to more greenhouse pollution than
Queensland’s agriculture sector or around 20% of the greenhouse pollution from the entire energy sector in Queensland including electricity, stationary energy and transport (AGEIS 2015a).


Article published at Aljazeera, 8th September 2016
Catalonia starts DNA project to identify some of the 114,000 who disappeared during Spain’s civil war and dictatorship.
Spain’s Catalonia region has launched the country’s first public DNA profiling project in a bid to identify some of the 114,000 people who disappeared during the nation’s civil war and subsequent dictatorship.
The issue is hugely sensitive in Spain, where rights abuses during the 1936-1939 conflict and the ensuing 36-year rule of dictator Francisco Franco remain uninvestigated for fear of reviving divisions.
READ MORE: Spain’s monument to Franco – a divisive reminder
Raul Romeva, who handles transparency matters in Catalonia’s regional government, described the initiative as “a decisive step towards restoring” historical memory.
“It is a democratic duty that was long pending,” he told AFP news agency on Wednesday.
“This should have started 40 years ago,” added Romeva, referring to Franco’s death in 1975 and the subsequent transition to democracy.
Under the programme, scientists will create a database for the DNA profiles of those related to people who disappeared.
For this, they will collect samples from remains found in mass graves, and try and find matches with the help of the Barcelona-based Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences.
A similar project has already been set up in Barcelona on a smaller-scale, but it is privately funded by two descendants of people who disappeared.
In the space of five years, they have collected 125 genetic samples from relatives, but have not been able to cross-check the data with any remains as they do not have access to mass graves.
READ MORE: Spain urged to confront Franco-era abuses
Relatives of those who were killed or disappeared during the time in question have long asked the government to start exhuming and recovering victims’ remains.
In 2007, under growing pressure, the then Socialist government passed a law calling for public funds to be provided to help cover the costs of exhuming remains, and the UN later urged Spain to do more.
However, little has been done since then, and Spain’s acting conservative Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy has even boasted of not having spent one euro to put the law into effect.
Read the full article here.


Avoiding Conflict with Hudson Valley Coyotes, DEC Guidelines
As Hudson Valley residents it is expected that we will have an encounter with wildlife and some point in our life.
While most of us know how to handle ourselves in those situation, others don't. We also know that wildlife can be unpredictable and can attack at any time.
Just ask the six people that were violently attacked by a rabid coyote in the lower Hudson Valley.
With the weather changing and winter changing into spring we're likely to be out and have a greater chance spotting coyotes.
The Department of Environmental Conservation has issued guidelines to avoid conflicts with coyotes this season.
There are your obvious steps, like not feeding coyotes when you see them and making your trash cans inaccessible to coyotes and other animals.
If for some reason you come in close contact with a coyote the DEC suggests you "be aggressive in your behavior - stand tall and hold arms out to look large. If a coyote lingers for too long, then make loud noises, wave your arms, and throw sticks and stones."
Of course if you see a coyote exhibiting what the DEC calls "bold behavior" make sure to "Contact your local police department and DEC regional office for assistance." Bold behavior is described as coyotes having "little or no fear of people".


Media Theory Revision Guide
All A level theorists covered alongside revision summaries and exam practise exercises.
Zombies as racial others?
While Fabrice Gobert has not openly said that The Returned was a reflection of Syrian migration into France, it can be inferred from the series’ story arcs and the many similarities with Campillo’s 2004 film that the show reflects growing social discontent of the influx of migrants and asylum seekers coming to France in the early 2010s, most of whom arrived as a result of the Syrian civil war.
The Returned, as such, could be read as an allegorical commentary concerning the refugee crisis, with Pierre representing the voice of a traditional, Christian society that purposely rejects the zombie/immigrant others, driving them out of their town at the end of season one to preserve the purity of the Annecy - a series setting that constructs a picturesque and rurally conservative ideal.
Arguably, the zombie’s treatment mirrors the growing resentment of the many migrant camps that began to form at the edges of French cities during the period, and of the growing perception by mainstream France that those immigrant camps were a lawless threat to the social stability of their country.
A simplified representation of a social group, constructed by exaggerating physical traits or behaviours. Stereotypes are problematic because they are easily internalised by audiences.
Media terminology used
The demonising of racial groups by society and their subsequent construction by the media as villainous or undesirable.
A media representation that constructs a perfected image of something or someone. Costuming. hair or make-up, for example, might be highly to styles to create an ideal character.


In this paper we present the framework, design, and methods of a new study designed to explore how lesbian and gay couples in Massachusetts, including families with children, have experienced the legalization of same-sex marriage. According to the Massachusetts Department of Public Health: Registry of Vital Records and Statistics, 5,994 same-sex couples were married in Massachusetts in the year the court ruling was enacted (May 17th to December 31st, 2004). For our research study, we gathered data from 50 couples, both married and unmarried, in committed relationships within this historic time. While much has been written about the political maelstrom surrounding the court decision, there has been little scientific investigation into its potential impact on individual and family relationship processes. As part of a group of papers prepared to present preliminary findings, this one is focused specifically on quantitative description of the sample from data gathered in the form of a short questionnaire and a qualitative analysis of interviewees' responses to questions about the effect of the legalization of marriage in Massachusetts. Newly married couples reported that the legal ceremony granted their relationship legitimacy, benefits, and protection, albeit limited to the state of Massachusetts. Unmarried couples in committed relationships remarked on changes for the LGBT community, as the marriage movement brings individuals more into the mainstream while also exposing them as vulnerable targets for homophobia. Whether or not they decided to marry, participants agreed that the legalization of same-sex marriage is an important civil right.
Project: Exploratory Study of Same-Sex Marriage


Last weekend, I led my first-ever “pilgrimage” to the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site. I think one of the reasons I’m drawn to learn about Sand Creek is because it was committed by Americans in the name of patriotism and Christian zeal. For example, the massacre itself was led by a man who spent many years as a preacher.
Join me in remembering, via the following books and videos, what happened on Nov. 29, 1864, that events like it may never happen again.
- A Misplaced Massacre: Struggling Over the Memory of Sand Creek by Ari Kelman — One of the best and most unique books I’ve read on the subject, A Misplaced Massacre interweaves historical details with the story of the formation of the national historic site in 2007.
- Geography of Grace: Doing Theology from Below by Kris Rocke and Joel Van Dyke — The approach described by these authors reflects my approach in examining events like Sand Creeks. Remembering the least, the last, the lost and the forgotten is an often overlooked, but vital practice that echoes to me the gospel of Christ.
- Colorado Experience: Sand Creek Massacre — This documentary was completed last year for the 150th anniversary of the massacre.
- The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West by Patricia Nelson Limerick — A more general look at American history and at the forces that drove the settlement of the West.
- A Century of Dishonor by Helen Hunt Jackson — Written to expose the treatment of Native American people, this book helped lead to federal legislation that had mixed results in improving the lives of Native Americans.
- Silas Soule: A Short, Eventful Life of Moral Courage by Tom Bensing — Soule, a Colorado cavalry captain refused to allow his troops to attack the camps of Cheyenne and Arapaho at Sand Creek.


What’s involved in a sleep study?
Are you at risk for sleep apnea? If so, the next step is to get a sleep study. There is really no way around it…because, you want to know! A sleep study is done while you are sleeping and measures your breathing (airflow and effort to breathe) and oxygen levels.
There are two types of sleep studies:
- spend the night in a sleep lab (polysomnogram)
- home apnea test
Think of them like megapixels in a digital camera, the overnight, in-lab polysomnogram is like a 10 megapixel camera that provides extensive, detailed data about your sleep, like sleep stages and leg movements, and it can pick up even subtle sleep apnea.
The home apnea test (sometimes referred to as HAT or HSAT), is like using a 2 megapixel camera – you can see enough to diagnose most sleep apnea, but other details aren’t captured, and sometimes mild sleep apnea is missed.
The home apnea test is usually more convenient for people and costs significantly less money. And because of this, some insurance companies require a home apnea test before paying for an in-lab sleep study.
Home apnea tests are a great way to start your journey of improving your sleep. There are two important things to remember about a home apnea test.
- It underestimates the degree of sleep apnea. Your AHI (apnea-hypopnea index) will be lower than an in-lab sleep study
- If a home apnea test is negative for sleep apnea and you have symptoms suggestive of sleep apnea (like snoring, daytime sleepiness, or non-refreshing sleep – to name just a few), then I recommend an in-lab sleep study. A home apnea test can miss sleep apnea up to 20% of the time!
And don’t forget, you can talk to just about any medical provider about ordering a sleep study. If they can’t order one for you, they can refer you to someone who can.
Why? Because better sleep changes everything. Good luck on your journey.


Food, water, and shelter are the basic necessities of life. But it’s not only important for our physical body, for the mind as well, in short, what we eat affects how we feel. Good food not only nourishes our body but also nourishes the mind.
With better meal control you can experience the feeling of calmness and a high energy level.
Eating a meal can have both positive and negative impacts on your mind. This relationship totally depends on your attitude towards the food.
What you feel while consuming food is also important. E.g., if you consume your favourite flavoured ice cream with delight, the brain will receive positive signals. The digestion will be stimulated and you’ll have a fuller metabolic breakdown of the ice cream while burning its calories more efficiently. But if you’re feeling guilty about eating the ice cream it sends negative signals to the brain and it will have a bad impact on your digestive tract which can increase insulin and cortisol levels, diminishing healthy gut bacteria, and increasing toxic by-products.
So, eating in the right environment, in the right mindset with efforts for healthy food is important.
Healthy food habits:
- Don’t eat while working or watching T.V. Always focus on meals while eating. Concentrate on colour, smell, and taste. This way it’s more beneficial than just gulping your food.
- If it’s not possible to have a meal at the proper time choose healthy snack options. Choose fruits, nuts instead of junk and packaged food.
- Drink plenty of water. Avoid carbonated drinks, caffeinated beverages. They make you more dehydrated and you will feel more lethargic. Instead go for lemonades, buttermilk, fruit juices.


The Kaksvaparidih should be fixed according to places. The divisions of the Kaksya on the stage should relate to the inside, outside or middle of the location or to a place which is far or near. It is a convention as regards the zonal division that those actors who had entered the stage before are within and those who enter afterwards are outside.
As per the dramatic convention the direction faced by the musical instruments and the green room door is east. In case if an actor has to go out after his performance he can go out by the way through which he had entered. In case later on if anyone has to enter once again he shall make the next exist by the door through which the man who entered later had entered.
An actor walks side by side with his equals and surrounded by the base ones. The handmaids should be directed to go ahead in the stage.
A distant land is indicated by walking over the same place with many circumambulations. Based on the requirements arising from the plot of the drama gods, semi divine beings can be represented moving to cities, forests, seas or mountains through the sky in Vimanas.
When they disguise as human beings they must be represented as moving on the ground in order to be like a man. The Gods and the semi divine beings can have unrestricted movement in Bharata, Haima, Harivarsa, Ilavrta, Kimpurusa or in the northern Kurus. They have free access there. However human movements can be displayed only in Bharata.
If a person has to go to a distant place on some purpose the act is closed at the time of his departure and his journey is indicated in interlude. The achievement of the object is represented after traversing. When the purpose is not served the act is closed. While pursuing the main plot of the play a moment, a Muhurta, a Yama and a day are to be represented in the course of a single act through the incidents.
The incidents during a month or a year need to be represented before closing the act. Events that take place after a year should be put in the next Act. Therefore the Kaksyas need to be represented in the Bharatavarsa that is based on human movement.
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Ten academic search engines SEARCH ENGINES/ DECEMBER 20, 2017 When searching for information on the internet, search engines have become an essential tool. These make it easier for us to find the information, more or less related, about what we want. The development of logarithms that limit the relevant information according to our preferences place the findings in a specific order, usually linked to the crossing of external references that are linked to the results or, even, ordered by the payment made. However, sometimes what we are looking for is circumscribed to specific topics that generalist searchers discriminate; as is the case with academic searches. That's when we need search engines with sufficiently reliable sources and related topics. For this reason, we present below 10 academic search engines that can help us find specific school information.
Google Scholar ( Google Scholar ) It allows us to find France WhatsApp Number List specialized information from a large number of disciplines and sources. In addition, the formats it finds can be of many types: theses, books, summaries and articles. It allows you to view the bibliographic references of the texts, the different versions of the same finding or see who cites the article. 2. Microsoft Academic Search Search engine developed by Microsoft Research that indexes millions of academic publications. In addition, we can see what key relationships exist between two or more subjects, content and authors, highlighting the critical links necessary for scientific research.
It goes without saying that there is also the possibility of advanced searches such as year or author. 3. Youtube Education Channel automatically generated by Youtube . Support resources can be found to complement our research, create assignmentswe can see the most popular videos with exclusively educational content, even, we can subscribe to different educational levels: Primary and secondary, university or continuing education, as well as by subjects (mathematics, humanities, arts , etc.) 4. ERIC Education Resources Information Center belongs to the Institute of Education Sciences. ERIC is a large database created by the US government in 1964.


4.2. Creating a Partition
Before creating a partition, boot into rescue mode (or unmount any partitions on the device and turn off any swap space on the device).
4.2.1. Making the Partition
From the partition table, determine the start and end points of the new partition and what partition type it should be. You can only have four primary partitions (with no extended partition) on a device. If you need more than four partitions, you can have three primary partitions, one extended partition, and multiple logical partitions within the extended. For an overview of disk partitions, refer to the appendix An Introduction to Disk Partitions in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Installation Guide.
For example, to create a primary partition with an ext3 file system from 1024 megabytes until 2048 megabytes on a hard drive type the following command:
mkpart primary ext3 1024 2048
If you use the
mkpartfs command instead, the file system is created after the partition is created. However,
parted does not support creating an ext3 file system. Thus, if you wish to create an ext3 file system, use
mkpart and create the file system with the
mkfs command as described later.
The changes start taking place as soon as you press Enter, so review the command before executing to it.
After creating the partition, use the
print command to confirm that it is in the partition table with the correct partition type, file system type, and size. Also remember the minor number of the new partition so that you can label any file systems on it. You should also view the output of
cat /proc/partitions to make sure the kernel recognizes the new partition.


Further on, above the trail, we come to Command Posts 6, 7 and 8, which gave the ridge its name. These positions were occupied by the Harel Brigade in May 1948 and withstood attacks from Cannon Ridge (Rekhes HaTotahim, today Ayalon Park) for many long days. Command Post 8 on the Diefenbaker Trail was captured by the Harel Brigade in May 1948, while Command Post 10, some two kilometers away, was an Israeli position against the Jordanian Legion on Cannon Ridge in the Latrun area, right up until the Six-Day War. Some of the fighters manning the command posts were Gadna (“Youth Battalions”) youngsters from the Jerusalem Brigade.
The Turkish fort
At the end of the route, near Shaar HaGai (just north of the gas station), at Khirbet Harsis, there is a Turkish fort with a water cistern close by. This was just one of seventeen guard posts constructed by the Turks along the highway from Jaffa to Jerusalem, and it marks the end of our vehicle tour.
Another important site is the Shaar HaGai Caravanserai (khan), which lies on the south side of the entrance to the valley and can be accessed only from Route no. 38 from Beit Shemesh to Shaar HaGai. This caravanserai was one of the way stations built by the Turks at the end of the 19th century to provide accommodation for pilgrims traveling from Jaffa to Jerusalem. The building, which still retains part of its tiled roof, stands close by the side of the Tel Aviv to Jerusalem Highway, opposite the gas station. In 1869, part of the road adjacent to the site was paved to allow access for carriages and carts, and when the structure itself was built in 1873, it included a ground floor with stables, a bakery, a vaulted courtyard and an orchard, and served as a roadside hostelry where travelers could rest and recover before continuing their journey.


PFAS Found to Build Up In Organs
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances have been increasingly detected in water sources and are commonly found in everyday products such as water-resistant clothing and fast-food packaging. While they are detected in blood in the majority of Americans, little has been known about their pathways within the body – where they go, how long they stay there, and the different pathways out of the body.
By replacing one fluorine atom with fluorine-18, a radioactive isotope used in nuclear medicine, a team of researchers have been able to trace the chemicals throughout the bodies of lab mice. They found that PFAS builds up in “all body organs tested,” including the brain, heart, liver, bones, muscle, and skin. This technology can also be used to track PFAS in wastewater. Both 3M and DuPont have phased out their use of long-chain PFAS, such as PFOA and PFOS, following multiple lawsuits from exposed communities who claim their health was harmed by those chemicals. However, the short-chain alternatives have also been shown to be toxic, are widely used in the marketplace, and this study specifically showed they are absorbed into organs like the long-chain versions.
[Source: Environmental Health News]


Our digital collections are sets of digitized items which have been organized either around a common topic, such as the American Revolution, or to highlight a specific collection, such as the papers of Thomas Jefferson.
With a fast and comprehensive search tool new in summer 2010, this is the digital edition of the content of the previously printed editions of the Revolutionary-era Adams Papers, a long-standing documentary edition prepared at the Massachusetts Historical Society. This digital edition includes all text of the historical documents, all editorial text, and a single index with consolidated entries for the 16 printed Adams Papers indexes. Another forthcoming digital edition will present the Winthrop Papers, a documentary edition created at the MHS.
Featuring selections from the Coolidge Collection of Thomas Jefferson Manuscripts at the Massachusetts Historical Society, this digital collection (entitled, Thomas Jefferson Papers: An Electronic Archive) includes Jefferson's manuscript copy of the Declaration of Independence, Farm Book, Garden Book, book catalogs, and architectural drawings.
This searchable digital collection (entitled, Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive) presents images of manuscripts and digital transcriptions from the Adams Family Papers including the complete correspondence between John and Abigail Adams, the diary of John Adams, and the autobiography of John Adams.
In the years between 1764 and 1776, America truly became a nation. Using letters, diaries, broadsides, pamphlets, newspapers, maps, and engravings, this website brings those tumultuous years to life for students of all ages. The site is organized around fifteen key topics and features more than 150 documents from the Society's collections. Additional resources include primary-source-based lesson plans developed by middle- and high-school educators, study questions, and contextual essays.
The Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment was the first military unit consisting of black soliders to be raised in the North during the Civil War. Browse online presentations of photographs and broadsides relating to a notable Civil War army regiment.
Full title: Our Favorite Things: Objects that Fascinate, Interest, and Inspire
Our Favorite Things connects a selection of compelling, captivating, and amusing items from our collection to the backgrounds, interests, and memories of the MHS staff. Grouped into six categories, we invite you to explore these stories.


SCR Series Inverter, Model – SSI – 401 has been designed to explain the operation of Series Inverter. An inverter is DC – AC Converter, i.e. it converts D.C. supply into AC supply. The SCR series inverter to study low capacity SCR Series Inverter input – output characteristics with a variable frequency. Inverters are used in a variety of applications i.e. in domestic installations as a source of standby electric supply, in commercial installations as a source of standby electric supply and un-interruptible power supply (UPS), in industrial installations for variable speed AC drives, induction heating etc. All cares have been taken to make this unit convenient and simple in working. SCR series inverter unit is fully self content only a Power Scope and multimeter is required to perform experiments.
The Set – Up consists of :
- D.C. Supply (25, Volt D.C.)
- Inverter transformer.
- Two SCR’s.
- One Inductor.
- One Commutation Capacitor.
- One Digital D.C. Ammeter and Voltmeter
- Firing circuit and provision for connection of resistive load.
- Resistive load – Lamp load (25 Watts)
- Operating Manual.
All components are mounted on a glass epoxy P.C.B. Basic block diagrams is printed on the front panel and all test points are brought out to the banana sockets mounte on front panel for observations.
- To study of series commutated SCR inverter and observe its waveform and effect of frequency upon output voltage.
Other Apparatus Required :
- Power Scope / General purpose dual trace C.R.O.
- Digital Multimeter
Note: There may be any change in specification due to continuous R & D without notice.
Click below to veiw catalogue


Given an array A of N integers. Your task is to make all the integers 0 by performing the following two operations.
Operation 1: You can select K integers arbitrarily from the array where 1 <= K <= N.
Operation 2: From the K selected integers, you must have to arbitrarily select A and B integers. You have to arbitrarily select A integers and increase all integers by 1 where 0 <= A <= K and you have to arbitrarily select B integers and decrease all integers by 1 where 0 <= B <= K.
You must perform the above two operations to make all the elements of the array to be 0.
In one step, you can perform the above two operations.
Now your job is to find the minimum number of steps needed to make all the elements of the array to be 0.
Input starts with an integer T (T <= 100), denoting the number of test cases.
Each case contains an integer N(1<=N<=100) and then next line N integers follow. Each integer is between -100 to 100 inclusive.
For each case, print the case number and minimum number of steps needed.
7 7 7
1 -2 1 2
Case 1: 7
Case 2: 2
This problem was authored for CodeMask Championship 2016 and is being hosted on Toph per organizer’s request.


Tipai, Ipai, Diegueño, Luiseño
San Diego County, northern Baja California
San Diego de Alcalá, San Luis Rey de Francia
Kumeyaay (Spanish pronunciation: Kamia) is a name given to two closely-related groups, the Tipai and the Ipai, whose ancestral territory encompasses much of the far southwest of California.
The Kumeyaay people stretch across the international border between the U.S. and Mexico. They were earlier identified as “Diegueño” owing to their affiliation with mission San Diego de Alcalá.
The Kumeyaay Today
Today, the Kumeyaay people live on the following reservations in Southern California: Barona, Campo, Capitan Grande, Ewiiaappaayp (Cuyapaipe), Inaja-Cosmit, Jamul, La Posta, Manzanita, Mesa Grande, San Pasqual, Santa Ysabel, Sycuan and Viejas. In Baja California, at La Huerta, Neji, San Antonio Neidus, and San José La Zozza.
For more detailed information about the Kumeyaay, read Native Americans of Southern California: The Kumeyaay
Resources for teachers
Kumeyaay Tribe Facts with Comprehension Questions (Teachers Pay Teachers). Includes both color and b/w versions, as well as a question sheet to guide students in their reading. An excellent way to prepare students for their 3rd grade California Native American project and/or their 4th grade Mission project.


What was advertised in a colonial America newspaper 250 years ago today?
“ALEXANDER KIRKWOOD, Watch and Clock Maker from London, HAS taken shop.”
A print of An Exact Prospect of CHARLESTOWN, the Metropolis of the Province of SOUTH CAROLINA, “Engrav’d for the London Magazine” in the early 1760s, depicted a bustling colonial port city. It provided a view of the waterfront, including the wharves where vessels took on cargoes of rice, indigo, and other local products after unloading commodities imported from Europe and the West Indies, slaves arriving directly from Africa or transshipped through other ports in the New World, and migrants from Europe looking for new opportunities.
Alexander Kirkwood, a “Watch and Clock Maker from London,” made the journey across the Atlantic at some point, though his advertisement in the South-Carolina and American General Gazette did not indicate how recently he had arrived in the colony. Whenever he made the voyage, he likely chose to settle in Charleston because it was indeed “the Metropolis” of South Carolina (though readers of the London Magazine may have chuckled a bit over that characterization when they viewed the print), the largest settlement in Britain’s North American colonies south of Philadelphia. The “Watch and Clock Maker from London” needed a sufficient customer base to succeed, making a prosperous settlement the size of Charleston an attractive place to set up shop.
Most likely Kirkwood was a relatively new arrival when he placed this advertisement, given that he stated that he “has taken shop” rather than “removed” from one shop to another. Like shopkeeper David Conkie in Boston, who placed his own advertisement earlier the same week, Kirkwood needed to make prospective customers aware of his business. To that end, he placed notices in both the South-Carolina and American General Gazette and the South Carolina Gazette, published by his neighbor, “Mr. Timothy’s printing-office, in Broad-street.” Residents may not have been familiar with Kirkwood’s shop just yet, but they certainly knew where to find the businesses on either side of him, Timothy’s printing office and the “general post-office.” Not only did his advertisements serve to garner attention, Kirkwood’s location certainly yielded a fair amount of visibility for his shop.


We run for different reasons such as for weight loss, building endurance and stamina, running to clear mind, to feel good, to get in shape and keep the diseases at bay etc. Well these are the primary reasons why we start running.
According to the research, that the greater the race distance, the better; this can be used, therefore, to prevent the progressive decline in bone mineral density that occurs with age.
The research, lead by Camilo Jose Cela University, determined how training to compete in endurance races can modify the mechanical properties of the calcaneus, a bone in the foot that forms the heel.
The changes in the mechanical properties of the bone were measured using the stiffness or rigidity index, a variable that is directly related to the bone density of the calcaneus. Author Beatriz Lara said that the results showed that the endurance runners had a greater stiffness index than the sedentary individuals.
There was another study by National Center for Biotechnology Information, running significantly reduced the injury risk to knee and also reduced the osteoarthritis and hip replacement risk in individuals. It further revealed that runners had half the incidence of knee osteoarthritis when compared to walkers.
Long distance running is an high-impact exercise specially on the joints, muscles groups and bones. Contrary to what many people think that this can harm the knees, it actually seems to make the knee joint stronger by thickening the cartilage (Cartilage is a tough, flexible connective tissue around the knees – It acts as a cushion for bones at joints). Continuous impact from running also stimulates bone growth and strengthens the muscles around the knee, hamstrings, quadriceps and calf muscles.
So now we have more reasons to take up running as daily routine. Happy running!


If you've opted in to our Early Access of Beta features, you will have the ability to generate formatives with AI. This can be very helpful when creating assessments on the go, or when you might find yourself in need of inspiration for new content and questions you haven't used before.
To generate a full formative, navigate either to your Home page or to your Formatives page and follow the steps below:
Navigate either to your Home page or to your Formatives page
Click on the "Add +" button at the top right corner of your screen
Choose "New AI Generated Foramtive" from the dropdown list
In the generation criteria form, begin by choosing the type of content you want to generate: Lesson or Trivia.
A Lesson will include multiple sections, each accompanied by both text passages and follow up questions, while Trivia will include only questions.
Proceed to define the grade level, and enter a prompt to the AI
Click on "Additional Settings" to define the level of difficulty, the length and the type of questions you want our AI to generate
(Note: currently the question types supported are Short Answer, Multiple Choice and Multiple Selection only)
Click "Generate Formative" at the bottom of the window, and give our AI the time it needs to generate your formative.
You can even watch as the AI builds your formative from a student view by clicking "View Formative" on the next window:
Once your formative has been generated, review and edit it to your liking. You can remove/add questions and content items, edit questions and answer keys, and even edit the text passages generated.
Edit the introduction field to remove the "Formative Generation Completed" notification:


Deborah Hurn | Patterns of Evidence
Summary: Was Sodom in the Jordan Valley, and was this site destroyed by a cosmic airburst? In Part 2 of this 2-part series we consider evidence from inside and outside the Bible to close in on the true location of Sodom’s spectacular destruction.
Then the Lord rained on Sodom and Gomorrah sulfur and fire from the Lord out of heaven. – Genesis 19:24 (NRSV)
Biblical Clues to Sodom’s Location
Some years before their fiery overthrow, the five cities of the Plain were conquered by an alliance of four northern kings led by Chedorlaomer of Elam who were in turn pursued and defeated near Damascus by Abram and his own private army. The record is rich in geographical data, as is the account of Israel’s crossing the southern Jordan Valley on their way into Canaan some four hundred years later. Both stories help to fill out the ‘dossier’ on Sodom’s location and must be taken fully into account along with the details of the destruction.
Four Northern Kings
David Barrett of the Bible Mapper blog recently posted about “The Battle at the Valley of Siddim.” His map came just in time for me to correct a section of my dissertation on the geographical regions of the Israelite journeys for which I had to consider the Genesis 14 campaign amongst other biblical data.


Black History Month Day 12.
There are so many poets who are relatively unknown to the world. I have been actively reading and researching poetry for many years, yet I never encountered this poet. I am glad I found her now. This New Yorker article sheds light on her work.
La Vie C’est La Vie
By Jessie Redmon Fauset (1882-1961)
On summer afternoons I sit
Quiescent by you in the park,
And idly watch the sunbeams gild
And tint the ash-trees’ bark.
Or else I watch the squirrels frisk
And chaffer in the grassy lane;
And all the while I mark your voice
Breaking with love and pain.
I know a woman who would give
Her chance of heaven to take my place;
To see the love-light in your eyes,
The love-glow on your face!
And there’s a man whose lightest word
Can set my chilly blood afire;
Fulfillment of his least behest
Defines my life’s desire.
But he will none of me, nor I
Of you. Nor you of her. ‘Tis said
The world is full of jests like these –
I wish that I were dead.
This poem is in the public domain.


3D printed Tiny robots
Tiny robots activated by magnetic fields may be used in future biomedical procedures.
According to Professor Eric Diller (MIE), researchers at the U of T,” they create magnetized microrobots. The size of the head of a pin that can travel through fluid-filled vessels and organs within the human body. Previously, we would prepare one shape and manually design it, spend weeks planning it, before we could fabricate it. And that’s just one shape. Then when we build it, we would inevitably discover specific quirks — for example, we might have to tweak it to be a little bigger or thinner to make it work. If we were taking samples in the urinary tract or within fluid cavities of the brain — we envision that an optimized technique would be instrumental in scaling down surgical robotic tools”.
According to Tianqi Xu, he is MIE MASc candidate, “These robots are quite difficult and labor-intensive to fabricate because the process requires precision. Also because of the need for manual assembly, it’s more difficult to make these robots smaller, which is a major goal of our research”.
No assembly required: U of T Engineering researchers automate microrobotic designs
This entry was posted in 3D Print Biotechnology and 4D printed Biotechnology Neuroscience., 3D Printed and 4D Printed food., 3D Printing challenges, Housing construction., 3D Printing for the environment., 3D Printing hobby products and design., 3D Printing, 4D Printing industry news., 3D Printing, 4D Printing Market share., Managing health with 3D printing., SV3DPrinter.com Policy. and tagged 3D printed Tiny robots, Canada, Eric Diller, Robotics, Tianqi Xu, Toronto, U of T.
2 thoughts on “3D printed Tiny robots”
June 2, 2019 at 9:23 am
June 19, 2019 at 8:33 pm


The game of Pentomino is a tiling puzzle game played on a grid. A Pentomino piece is a shape of five non-diagonally connected tiles. There are 12 unique pieces (ignoring rotation/reflection). The goal of the game is to fill the board with the available pieces without overlapping.
I'm interested in which strategies I can use to find good pathes to a solution faster. So far I primarily researched non-rectangular boards, possibly with 'holes' inside, that have exactly one solution. Later, I want to also try boards with multiple solutions.
I've identified a few ideas that were quite helpful:
- Do not search where to place a piece, but search the grid for connected spaces. In other words: instead of asking "where can I put this piece?", ask "what piece could be put here?".
- This search should start in cells with few options (i.e. narrow alleys). This often leads to long, forced sequences, which is good.
- If unclear, assume that two cells are separated (not part of the same piece). Then try to refute this assumption by showing that the board cannot be solved anymore. This means they must be connected. Rinse and repeat.
- If a subspace is created (that is not connected to other open areas), check if its number of cells is a multiple of 5. If not, it is impossible to solve.
- Point symmetric subspaces of 10 cells cannot be solved.
- (Some others that are more complex)
These came to my mind while just playing the game for many hours (I was a test subject in a study about Pentomino). Are there any resources, links, books, etc where I can learn about more advanced strategies?


You want to know what’s fun? Secret codes.
Breaking them. Learning them. Making them.
Why do you think the Rosetta Stone is so cool? It broke a code.
Why save up box tops or bottle lids for that cool decoder ring? Breaking a secret code!
So while I hunt down my old Cub Scout and Girl Scout Handbooks, let’s start with Morse Code.
1. Teach Morse code. For fun. Or until we need to use it to coordinate a defense against aliens because they are hijacking our satellites.
2. Make secret messages of Morse code on paper. “Send” them to the kids. Let them “send” them to you. I remember a short story as a code where the Grandma made people ring her door bell in a code. It was SOS in Morse code. Do fun ones first. Wait on the “do your chores” message for later.
3. Make secret messages in Morse code with Legos. Or blocks.
4. Make secret messages in Morse code with noodles. Break up spaghetti or use long and short noodles. Glue noodles on paper. Or string them on a string.
5. Make secret messages with beads. Make cool jewelry with a special messages or words.
More to come! Stay safe! Stay sane!
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Pitbulls are widely known for their powerful bite and are responsible for the majority of fatalities caused by dog attacks. These dogs have the ability to jump over fences that are up to 8 feet tall, making them difficult to contain. Although Labradors have a bite force of 236 PSI, which is similar to that of a pitbull, they were bred to have a gentle mouth so they wouldn't damage the birds they caught. This means that while pitbulls may not necessarily bite more often than other breeds, their bites can cause more serious injuries.
On the other hand, smaller breeds involved in an attack are less likely to be fatal.The exact number of pitbull attacks each year is difficult to determine due to the lack of reliable data. However, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there were 4.5 million dog bites in the United States in 2018.Of these, approximately 800,000 required medical attention and about half of those were caused by pitbulls. This means that pitbulls were responsible for around 400,000 dog bites in 2018.It's important to note that not all pitbull attacks are fatal. In fact, most are not.
However, due to their powerful bite and muscular build, pitbulls can cause serious injuries and even death in some cases. In 2018, there were 35 reported fatalities due to dog attacks in the United States and pitbulls were responsible for 66% of those deaths.It's also important to remember that not all pitbulls are dangerous or aggressive. In fact, many are loving and loyal companions who make great family pets. However, it's important to be aware of the potential risks associated with owning a pitbull and take steps to ensure their safety and the safety of those around them.


In this chapter Zinn discusses the Vietnam War. Specifically, the history behind Vietnam and the positions that the US decided to take. I never learned about the French involvement in Vietnam. The French occupied Vietnam for a considerably amount of time leading up to the Vietnam War. The Vietnamese people however, were not fans on the French occupation. The Vietnamese felt, “They enforced inhuman laws…built more prisons than schools…mercilessly slain our patriots…they have drowned uprising in rivers of blood. They have fettered pubic opinion…robbed us of our rices fields, our mines, our forests….invented numerous unjustifiable taxes and reduced our people … to a state of extreme poverty.” (470) The Vietnamese rallied behind Ho Chi Minh, a communist revolutionary leader. This scared the American people. This was in the late 40’s early 50’s a time when the red scare was eminent in the US. The United States feared a domino effect would take over Southeast Asia and leave US interests in Asia compromised. The domino effect being one country falling to communist rule and many others following. The US was so scared of this that we provided substantial military aid to the French to help them maintain control in Vietnam. Americans knew that , “If the French…decided to withdraw the U.S. would have to condor most seriously wether to take over in this area.” (472) So when in 1954 the French withdrew from Vietnam due to profuse pubic support of Ho Chi Minh the United States had to decide wether or not to get involved in Vietnam. Due to intense fear of Communism 10 years later in 1964, “President Johnson used a turkey set of events in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of North Vietnam, to launch a full scale war” (475). This chapter surprised me. I never learned about any sort of French connection with Vietnam. Is that because the US didn’t get involved until 10 years after French withdrawal? Would the United States have gotten so involved in Vietnam if the French had maintain their occupation there? Was the red scare a valid fear for the Americans to have at the time?
Blog Post for 10/28/20
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VIDEO: UH Hilo Drone Team monitored recent lava flow, provided data to Civil Defense
During the eruption, members of the UH Hilo drone team provided data to civil defense to aid in a range of ways, such as helping residents to recoup losses.
Shortly after the lava began flowing in lower Puna in May, Hawaiʻi County Civil Defense contacted University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo Geography and Environmental Science Associate Professor Ryan Perroy. Civil Defense enlisted the help of his group, which uses drones to do high-resolution mapping of different land forms.
At that time, Civil Defense was worried about pinpointing the exact locations of the advancing lava. “We can get that sort of overview, overhead shot, and relay that information very quickly to the incident commanders and fire responders,” Perroy says.
UH Hilo technician Rose Hart and aeronautical sciences lecturer Roberto Rodriguez are part of Perroyʻs remote sensing geomorphology team, operating the drones and crunching data.
- Learn more about the UH Hilo’s Spatial Data Analysis and Visualization Labs.
“The student participation I think has been—I imagine—invaluable for them,” says Perroy. “They are really seeing how this technology can be used to help.”
During the eruption, members of the UH Hilo team were doing whatever they could to provide data to Civil Defense, to aid in a range of ways, such as helping residents to recoup losses. The same data is also expected to help the team with its scientific endeavors.
“The longer-term scientific value of the data that we’re collecting [is] that we can better understand these types of eruptions and maybe do a better job of predicting in the future,” Perroy says.


Clarifying the Brain Networks that Support Word Learning and Processing
Jeffrey Malins (Georgia State University) and Nikki Arrington (TReNDS)
Language & Development Seminar Series
Monday, 21 February 2022, 3pm to 4pm
Hosted by Emma James
This event will be held online.
Across development, children continually encounter new words and incorporate these words into their vocabulary. This ability to learn new words in turn influences how children process spoken language, which subsequently lays a critical foundation for reading development. A key area in which these relationships are observed is the extent to which children are sensitive to phonological similarity, or overlap in sound information between words (e.g., rhyming words such as cake and lake).
In the first part of the talk, I will review two studies which have revealed that children with reading and language challenges experience difficulties learning, remembering, and processing phonologically similar spoken words. Following this, I will discuss a new study our group is conducting that uses repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to test a causal model of word learning and processing in the brain. By performing these studies, our aim is to contribute to the development of brain-informed approaches for promoting optimal language and reading acquisition in individuals with learning challenges.
Find out more about the speakers:
Talk links will be sent to the EP Seminars list a week before the talk. Contact Emma James (email@example.com) if you are not on the list and would like to join the seminar.


Reducing impacts and building resilience
Over 15 per cent of natural disaster damages and losses are caused by drought. Droughts account for 85.8% of livestock losses and drought is the most lethal natural hazard to livestock (FAO, 2015). The distribution of drought-related losses show high relative losses in Sub-Saharan Africa but Central and South America, southern Europe, the Middle East and southern Australia are also at high risk (Natural Disaster Hotspots: A Global Risk Analysis, 2005).
With the anticipated pressures on water resources and with more intense and severe droughts predicted, a paradigm shift is needed. Poorly coordinated “crisis management” in the face of drought will no longer suffice (Managing drought risk in a changing climate: The role of national drought policy, weather and climate extremes, 2014). A well-planned approach that focuses on reducing the impacts of drought is needed now.
The adoption of national drought policies that are focused on risk reduction and which are complemented by drought mitigation plans at various levels of government will have significant ripple effects across key sectors.
The adoption of these policies supports the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal target 6 – “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all” – by promoting integrated water resources management. The vulnerability to future drought episodes can be significantly reduced and the coping capacity of communities, even entire nations, can be improved.
A proactive approach for enhancing drought resilience is composed of three important pillars:


What is Printed Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA)?
PCB Assembly is the process of mounting or placement of components on to a single PCB board. With the rapid development of the electronic industry, the manufacturers are designing different PCB assemblies based on the end application. The PCBA process for different applications can be realized by soldering components in a different manner. Depending on the number of layers the board has the components could be soldered using through-hole technology (THT), surface mount (SMT) or a combination of both THT and SMT called mixed assembly. The way of placing discrete components on the PCB board decides whether it’s THA/ SMT or Mixed.
In the PCB Assembly process customers must also specify the soldering process they want to use i.e do they want the components placed and soldered on the board using wave soldering, hand soldering or using a pick and place machine.
The first stage of the PCBA process is the placement and soldering of components on the board. Once this is done then the PCB Assembly companies have a number of process which they use to make sure that the component placements were correct. They have a number of test processes for this. These include AOI, X-Ray inspection etc.
PCB Assembly companies from all over the world are listed on PCB Directory. We have created the largest online directory of companies that provide PCB Assembly services. Use the filters on the left to narrow down on companies based on their capabilities and location.
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When cumulonimbus clouds aggregate, developing into a single entity with precipitation covering a horizontal scale of hundreds of kilometers, they are called mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). They account for much of Earth’s precipitation, generate severe weather events and flooding, produce prodigious cirriform anvil clouds, and affect the evolution of the larger-scale circulation. Understanding the inner workings of MCSs has resulted from developments in observational technology and modeling. Time–space conversion of ordinary surface and upper-air observations provided early insight into MCSs, but deeper understanding has followed field campaigns using increasingly sophisticated radars, better aircraft instrumentation, and an ever-widening range of satellite instruments, especially satellite-borne radars. High-resolution modeling and theoretical insights have shown that aggregated cumulonimbus clouds induce a mesoscale circulation consisting of air overturning on a scale larger than the scale of individual convective up- and downdrafts. These layers can be kilometers deep and decoupled from the boundary layer in elevated MCSs. Cooling in the lower troposphere and heating aloft characterize the stratiform regions of MCSs. As a result, long-lived MCSs with large stratiform regions have a top-heavy heating profile that generates potential vorticity in midlevels, thus influencing the larger-scale circulation within which the MCSs occur. Global satellite data show MCSs varying in structure, depending on the prevailing large-scale circulation and topography. These patterns are likely to change with global warming. In addition, environmental pollution affects MCS structure and dynamics subtly. Feedbacks of MCSs therefore need to be included or parameterized in climate models.
© 2018 American Meteorological Society. For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy (www.ametsoc.org/PUBSReuseLicenses).
Publisher’s Note: This chapter was revised on 10 October 2018 to update the attribution for Fig. 17-21, which was incorrect when originally published.


Ancient Homes, Ancient Wisdom
On August 29, 2018, 39 students from Mr. Ross and Mrs. Chapman’s 5th grade class at Flagstaff Junior Academy visited Wupatki National Monument near Flagstaff, Arizona.
Students put on their social scientist hats to look for evidence of how the residents of this monument would have met their fundamental human needs like shelter, food, water, defense, community, art and beauty, religious and cultural beliefs, and social acceptance. They studied the defensible design of the structures, examined metates, and visited the community room where social and possibly religious gatherings may have been held.
Part of the state education standards for science and technology is to understand the contributions that ancient people have made to the collective human knowledge and advancement of these disciplines. What better way to do that then by seeing it in real life!
Students were able to consider the incredible engineering that allowed the Puebloan people to vent smoke out of the side of first and second floor dwellings and design a community room with acoustics so good a whisper can be heard clear on the other side of the space! Science, engineering, architecture, and advanced mathematics were not exclusive to Greco-Roman civilizations in the ancient world. The Americas too, were a wealth of wisdom about human health, astronomy, botany, zoology and endless other disciplines! To make a great day even better, students took a quick hike up to Citadel ruin after lunch and got to hear about archeological restoration efforts from a park archeologist! Real time, real learning.
Finally, on the way back, we stopped at the Bonito Lava Flow at Sunset Crater National Monument to discuss the geology of cinder cone volcanoes and how the eruption of this particular volcano may have led to the settlement of the Wupatki Area with newly fertile land and likely a higher annual rainfall for a time following the eruption.
Context. Connection. Community. This is what place-based learning is all about.


The size of the earth’s gravitional pull or gravity acceleration g depends on the mass distribution in the earth.
The size of the earth’s gravitational pull or gravity acceleration g depends on the mass distribution in the earth. The more masses are below one up to the centre of the earth or the higher the density of this mass, the higher the gravitational pull. The local acceleration due to gravity can be measured with a gravimeter. From this, conclusions can also be drawn about the nature of the subsurface, e.g. cavities or ore deposits.
Gravitational acceleration depends on latitude and height above sea level. At sea level, at the equator g=9.780 m/s2, at the 45th parallel g=9.807 m/s2 and at the pole g=9.832 m/s2. With every additional height meter g decreases by about 3*10 -6 m/s2, as long as h is small against the earth radius.
At the equator the distance from the centre of the earth is greater and thus the gravity acceleration is lower than at the poles.
In addition, the centrifugal force counteracts the gravitational acceleration due to the earth’s rotation, so that this is lower at the equator. The effect is about 3 Gal.
The local absolute values of the acceleration due to gravity can be obtained from the Land Surveying Offices.


A battery cable gets hot when the conductor inside the cable is carrying more amperage than the conductor can radiate away as heat. BTW, "current" and "amperage" are words that mean exactly the same thing. I don't know why we have two words for the same thing, both mean the QUANTITY of electricity that is being moved through the cable - just like voltage means the INTENSITY of the electricity. Because large cables are physicaly bigger, larger cables can radiate more heat and so they can carry more amperage without overheating.
For the L275, we can assume it worked fine and didn't overheat the cable before, so something new is causing the battery cable to carry more amperage than it should. It could either be that the cable itself is corroded inside the insulation so that there is actually less copper cable in there than there once was. In that case, the whole current or amperage to the starter is actually flowing through a smaller wire. I've seen that. Gets hot fast.
The best way I know of to check for cable corrosion is to split the cable insulation longwise for a few inches back from the battery and see if there is a lot of corrosion among the wire strands. If not, you can just tape the insulation back into place and no harm done. BUT, if there is a lot of white and green powder in there, then that powder used to be copper wire and the battery cable needs replacing.
BTW, cable corrosion happens with the old "wet cell" type lead/acid batteries with the water caps. It doesn't happen at all with newer AGM type lead/acid batteries.
If the cable looks good, then the only thing left is that the starter itself is drawing more current or amperage. In that case, the starter is probably getting hot too, and it won't last long. The cure for that is either rebuild the starter or replace it.
Best of luck,


Everyone’s talking about the stamp of environmental approval the FDA gave genetically modified salmon. It’s actually been approved for human consumption for a while—in fact, besides consumer distaste, there aren’t many US barriers to genetically modified meat.
Criticisms include the fact that only 95% of the salmon are actually sterile—meaning one of the controls protecting the wild is fairly weak. Because the fish are genetically modified to grow bigger, faster, if they got mixed into the wild they could cause havoc with the food chain, competing with wild salmon and other fish for food.
In theory, the fish will be farmed separately, but if they become standard fare, the quantity in existence will make the odds of environmental contamination high.
More importantly, there’s hasn’t been extensive testing on what effect genetically modified foods might have on humans, and GMO labeling hasn’t happened yet (if it ever manages to pass in California, it will go nationwide). One study has found the new salmon has increased allergy causing potential. Whether that’s true, and whether GM foods have a negative effect on human health, has not been clearly researched.
Given general consumer opposition to GM foods, GMO labeling would dramatically change the landscape of your grocery store, where most pre-made products contain some form of corn, which is usually GM. Even if the genetic aspect of it isn’t harmful, most genetically modified crops contain a great deal more pesticides.
If you knew genetically modified salmon was mixed in with regular farmed salmon at the grocery store, would you change your shopping habits?


Carnivores Pachydermata Ongulates Reptiles Primates, rodents and others Birds Birds of prey Terrestrial birds Waders and water birds
Leopards are solitary animals that only spend time with others when they are mating or raising young. They are also nocturnal and spend their nights hunting. Leopards are ambush predators. They crouch low to sneak up to their prey and pounce before it has a chance to react. A leopard will kill its prey with one swift bite to the neck, breaking it.
Leopards can run up to 58 km/h but are also famous for their agility and strenght to climb trees while dragging a kill that is sometimes heavier than their own body weight. They can leap over 6 metres. This is where its curled tail comes in handy as it helps the leopard maintain the balance and aids in steering the jump.
Female leopards protect their young cubs by hiding them in lairs. lairs can be found in a variety of places, including outcrops of granite boulders, old aardvark holes made in the side of termite mounds, or in dense thickets at the bottom of deep galleys. These hiding places serve as a refuge for when the mother is away, as lions and hyenas pose a great threat to the cubs. The mother changes the lair every few days to eliminate the chances of discovery by other predators.


Psychology Psychology Short Questions
Due Today on March 21, 2020Please answer before 10:00 pm.Short answersPlease keep it simple.A) In the following scenarios, try to imagine the brain of a person with the described head injury. What do you think is going wrong in each case? What are some alternatives?A man comes in after falling from a ladder. He is having trouble with his vision and balance and seems to have difficulty keeping his emotions in check. What structures of his brain might be affected and why? Where do you think his injury was? Consider different possibilities and try to discuss various alternatives.A woman has had a stroke and is having trouble with language. She understands what people say to her but can no longer read, even though her vision is perfect. She also has real difficulty speaking – she speaks in kind of a telegraphic style, so that when she thinks it’s hot and we should turn on the air conditioner she says, “hot… turn…”, trying to speak normally but leaving out most of the sentence, clearly frustrated. What structures do you think were affected by her stroke? Again, try to consider the whole system and various possibilities.B)Choose an important activity (for example, giving a presentation in class, helping someone in distress, going on a first date — you can choose any activity at all) and discuss how specific structures of the a) limbic system, b) brainstem, and c) cerebellum may be involved.


Basic Income, it is argued, provides an effective and efficient means of conquering poverty. What, exactly, is the problem that we are trying to solve?
Mention poverty to someone and they are likely to immediately think of the Third World. Bringing the focus back to poverty in developed countries is fraught with preconceptions. People have predispositions to think about issues in certain ways. They share these predispositions with all other members of society regardless of specific opinions on social questions. Various models are utilized rather than others based upon how we frame the issue. And so we feel that we have an intuitive grasp of the subject.
Courts will accept eyewitness testimony that someone was drunk. The witness is not an expert. No Breathalyzer test was done; no blood sample taken. It is considered common knowledge. The same can be argued for poverty. Broad definitions of poverty exist, such as: “the condition of a human being who is deprived of the resources, means, choices and power necessary to acquire and maintain economic self-sufficiency or to facilitate integration and participation in society.” “In 1958, John Kenneth Galbraith argued, ‘People are poverty-stricken when their income, even if adequate for survival, falls markedly behind that of their community.’”
The problem is translating this qualitative information into numbers so that policies can be implemented and progress tracked.
Read more at What Is Poverty, Exactly? | Basic Income News


Usually, the millimeter wave frequency band refers to 30GHz to 300GHz, and the corresponding wavelength is 1mm to 10mm. Millimeter wave communication refers to the communication carried out by using millimeter wave as the carrier of transmitting the information. At present, the vast majority of applied research focuses on several "atmospheric window" frequencies and three "attenuation peak" frequencies.
The millimeter wave belongs to the very high-frequency band. It propagates in space as a direct wave. The beam is very narrow and has good directivity. On the one hand, because the millimeter wave 5G is seriously affected by atmospheric absorption and rainfall fading, and the single-hop communication distance is short. On the other hand, due to the high-frequency band and few interference sources, the propagation is stable and reliable. Therefore, 5G millimeter wave technology is a typical communication technology with high-quality, constant-parameter wireless transmission channels.
The "atmospheric window" refers to the 35GHz, 45GHz, 94GHz, 140GHz, and 220GHz frequency bands. The millimeter wave propagation near these special frequency bands suffers less attenuation. Generally speaking, the "atmospheric window" frequency band is more suitable for point-to-point communications and has been adopted by low-altitude air-to-surface missiles and ground-based radars. The attenuation near the 60GHz, 120GHz, and 180GHz frequency bands has a maximum value of about 15dB/km or more, which is called the "attenuation peak". Usually, these "attenuation peak" frequency bands are preferentially selected by hidden networks and systems with multi-channel diversity to meet the requirements of network safety. The principle of millimeter wave is often used in RF communications equipment.
Atmospheric lasers and infrared have poor penetration of dust and smoke, while millimeter wave advantages are obvious in this regard.
A large number of field test results show that millimeter waves have strong penetrating power to dust and smoke, and can pass through dust and smoke almost without attenuation. Even under the conditions of higher intensity scattering produced by explosions and metal chaffs, even fading is short-term and will soon recover. With the diffusion and landing of ions, it will not cause serious interruption of millimeter wave communication.
May,08,23Why Choose the Solid State Switch?


A movement called “100YR CLEANUP” has led a mission which is about reducing waste from Nile River, and that is why a group of volunteers have built a pyramid with garbage to highlight the importance of protecting the environment and saving marine life to combat climate change.
Built in Cairo, the immense structure took five days to build, weighs a whooping of 20 tons and made using the equivalent of 1 million plastic water bottles collected from the river.
Read more: Genetics “dark matter” could be used to treat cancer
Egypt is preparing to host this year the COP27 event in November in Sharm El-Sheik, and this inauguration marked the beginning of this movement in partnership with VeryNile, a non-governmental organization dedicated to protect the world’s largest river, the Nile.
Mike Smith, the founder of the organization “100YR CLEANUP”, has said they can’t fix the plastic problem alone, but they can give everyone the ability to take action, that is why he decided to camp out on the top of the pyramid for three days to call for support from people and businesses to join the movement.
Read more: The US faces the lowest diesel supply
Other movements such as Zero Co and The Hidden Sea, have the aim to collect $1 million for the “100YR CLEANUP” organization for the next 12 months that will remove 15 million bottles of water and improve the mission year by year for the next 100 years.


A Kettlebell or in Russian “Girya” (ball or bell with a handle) was used over 350 years ago in Russia, as a certified handled counterweight for dry goods on market scales. Kettlebell lifting is the national sport of Russia with national championships held each year.
In the Russian Military, recruits are required as part of their training to use kettlebells. Kettlebells come in a range of styles/shapes and weights. They are primarily used for swinging, throwing, juggling, pressing, and holding type exercises.
What’s the difference between Kettlebells?
There are basically two different styles of Kettlebells. In the picture below, you see that the black Kettlebell has a thicker handle and a smaller body whereas the yellow Kettlebell on the right has a smaller handle and a much bigger body.
The yellow Kettlebell is what they call a “Competition” Kettlebell named for its use in Kettlebell Competitions. The thickness of the handle and diameter of the bell are exactly the same in each weight. It allows for a smooth technique adaptation from one weight to the next.
The “Competition” Kettlebell is much easier to swing than its counterpart which makes it a favorite with trainers and lifters alike. At BAC we feature “Competition” Kettlebells as a number of our staff were trained by World Champion and Master of Sports Coach Valery Federenko.
If you are interested in learning more about how you can add Kettlebell training to your workout please speak to one of our BAC trainers.


Microsoft Excel is a powerful spreadsheet software that allows you to organize, analyze and manipulate data using various tools and functions. Here are some ways to write content in MS Excel:
Entering text: You can simply click on a cell and start typing to enter text in MS Excel. You can also use the formula bar to enter text.
Formatting text: Excel allows you to format text in various ways. You can change the font, font size, font color, background color, and apply other formatting options to make your text stand out.
Inserting shapes and images: You can insert shapes and images in Excel to enhance your content. You can use the Insert tab to insert various shapes, pictures, and other objects.
Adding hyperlinks: You can add hyperlinks to your content in Excel. Hyperlinks allow you to link to other cells, sheets, or websites. You can add hyperlinks by selecting the text or object and then clicking on the Hyperlink option.
Using formulas: Excel is known for its powerful formulas that can perform various calculations on your data. You can use formulas to perform basic arithmetic operations, statistical calculations, and more.
Creating charts and graphs: Excel allows you to create charts and graphs to visualize your data. You can use the Insert tab to insert various types of charts and graphs such as bar charts, line charts, pie charts, and more.
Using templates: Excel provides a range of templates to help you get started with your content. You can use these templates to create invoices, budgets, calendars, and other types of documents.
In summary, MS Excel provides many ways to write content, from entering text and formatting it to adding images, hyperlinks, formulas, and charts. With its powerful features and tools, Excel is a versatile tool that can help you organize, analyze, and present your data effectively.
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National Register of Historic Places in Sacramento County
The Masonic Order had been the domain of males until the year 1850 when Dr. Rob Morris, a Master Mason living in Jackson, Mississippi, set about to devise a ritual for the adoption of females into Masonry. From this originated the Order of the Eastern Star.
The Sacramento Order of the Eastern Star was established in 1879. From 1923 to 1928 five OES chapters in Sacramento planned and raised funds for the Temple which was dedicated on October 16, 1928.
Eastern Star Hall is a polychrome brick and terra cotta building, Romanesque Revival in style with Moorish or Byzantine elements. It is located on the edge of downtown Sacramento in a mixed residential and commercial neighborhood. Sutter's Fort State Historic Park is across the street.
Adapted from the NRHP nomination submitted in 1992.
Some Masonic Halls in California
Sacramanto (Eastern Star Hall)
San Francisco (1849)
San Francisco (1911)
Shasta State Historic Park
Other Masonic Halls in The American West


In Hawaiian culture, Mauna a Wākea—the tallest mountain on Hawai‘i Island, more commonly referred to today as Maunakea—is revered as a sacred place. In mo‘olelo (stories), the mauna (mountain) is considered to be the child of Wākea, the sky father, and Papawalinu‘u, the earth mother. Upon the mountain summit, Wākea charged the creation god Kāne with custodianship over the mauna. Kāne gave birth to four fully-formed water goddess: Poli‘ahu, the goddess of the snow, Waiau the guardian of the lake, Kahoupōkāne, the guardian of both the summit of Mauna a Wākea and the summit of its sister, Maunaloa, and Lilinoe, the goddess of the mists.
MANAOLA honors the four sacred goddesses of the mountain through the Mauna print, which features four different mauna shapes. At the top is the shape representing Poli‘ahu. Waiau’s is placed at the bottom. Lilinoe’s is on the left and Kahoupōkāne’s on the right side of the pattern which, symbolically, is closest to Maunaloa and the older Mount Hualālai.


A Photographic History
Preface by Stuart Hall
About the Book
Black people have inhabited the British Isles for centuries. Eminent professor Paul Gilroy, renowned for his work exploring the social and cultural dimensions of British blackness and black Britishness, has assembled a living visual history of their social life in the modern British Isles.
Watershed moments include the rise and commercial circulation of black culture and music, the world wars, the Manchester Pan African Congress, the historic settlement of the Windrush generation and the riots of the 1980s. Luminaries drawn from politics, art and sport appear alongside many pioneers – the first Jamaican immigrant to Brixton, London’s first ‘Caribbean Carnival’, the first black publican and the first female plumber. Just as important are the everyday experiences and anonymous faces. The ordinary lives of people of African, Caribbean, British and other cultures, captured here, vividly document the country’s difficult and unfinished process of becoming postcolonial.
About the Author
Paul Gilroy is the Anthony Giddens Professor of Social Theory at the London School of Economics. He has written widely on race, culture, nationalism, music and literature. His books include Black Britain (Saqi Books), There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack, Small Acts and Between Camps.
‘Gilroy’s commentary is tart and learned; this is the rare book that would sit as easily on coffee tables as on university syllabuses.’ Telegraph
'Black Britain is a testament to the strength black people in this country have shown in the face of seemingly insurmountable odds.’ Metro


IUU Fishing and Human Rights Abuses
Overfishing and IUU fishing have resulted in diminishing fish stocks and led to a decrease in the return on investment for fishing companies and vessel captains. Depleted resources in nearshore waters force vessels to go further out to sea and for longer periods of time to fill their catch quota, increasing fuel and maintenance costs. These circumstances, combined with a high global demand for seafood, increase incentives for overfishing, labor abuses, and other illegal activities. In order to maintain profits, fishing companies may seek to reduce the operating costs within their control such as reducing crew sizes, relying on inexpensive migrant labor, increasing work hours, and ignoring important health and safety measures. These activities often occur with impunity, as there is a reputation of “lawlessness” on the high seas that is ripe for exploitation.
Undocumented or unmonitored steps in supply chains pose particular areas of high risk due to their lack of transparency. Another challenge facing governments and the seafood industry today is the difficulty of quantifying the true extent of illegal activity and human or labor rights violations because these practices are intentionally hidden. Unauthorized transshipment and the lack of adequate fisheries monitoring, control, and surveillance systems, as well as the lack of transparency of vessel owners and histories have further facilitated an environment where human rights and environmental violations may occur with impunity.
For more information on the links between IUU fishing and human rights abuses, see The Links between IUU fishing, human rights, and traceability (FishWise) and Lawless Ocean: The link Between Human Rights Abuses and Overfishing (Ian Urbina).


1 in 5 invertebrate species threatened with extinction
That is the shocking headline from a report by the IUCN, IUCN Species Survival Commission and the Zoological Society of London, due to be presented at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Jeju, tomorrow (7th September). ‘Spineless: Status and Trends of the World’s Invertebrates‘ suggests that nearly 20% of invertebrates – which comprise nearly 80 percent of the world’s species – are threatened with extinction.
Scientists reviewed 12,000 invertebrates from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to assess the levels of threat facing invertebrates. The results reveal that invertebrates are threatened to the same extent as vertebrates and plants across the globe.
Freshwater invertebrates appear to be the most threatened group of species, at risk due to pollution, for example from agricultural run-off, domestic sewage and industrial waste. Damming, and the consequent effect of this on water quality, also poses a challenge. Across all invertebrate species those which are less mobile and are localised in distribution are threatened to a greater extent than those more mobile. This reflects the levels of threat facing vertebrates: for example, fresh water molluscs are threatened to a similar extent to amphibians (a third of species threatened), whilst those invertebrate and vertebrate species that can shift their range to a greater extent (butterflies, dragonflies, birds) are threatened to a lesser degree (a tenth of species threatened).
The IUCN Species Survival Commission has called for an expansion in the number of invertebrate species assessed, in order to raise the conservation profile of these organisms. For example, only 1% of marine invertebrates (species described) are included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, making an assessment of the threats facing these species (approximately 35% of species threatened) less robust than for other groups.
More from: BBC News – ‘ ‘Spineless’ animals under threat of extinction’, Ella Davies, 31 August 2012
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Volume of a Cone
Volume calculator for a cone
Description, how many faces, edges and vertices are there in a cone
The cone can be generated by rotating a triangle on its own axis generating a three-dimensional shape, the cone. This solid shape has two faces, a circle as the base and a curved face, has one vertex at the other end of the base (the tip of the cone) and one edge.
When the cone has its vertex right in the middle of the base, then it is called a regular cone, in the case that the vertex is aligned to another side that is not the center, it is called an oblique cone.
Examples of a cone
We can find many objects that look like a cone, examples of cone shaped objects are: birthday hat, ice-cream cone or traffic cone. Can you think of any other examples? leave a comment in the comment section at the bottom of the page.
Formula for the volume of a cone
The same formula to calculate volume is used for both the regular cone and the oblique cone. You need π (Pi = ~ 3.14) over 3, then multiply by the radius to the power of two and finally multiply by the height.
If you don't know the height or the radius, you can use the slant height to obtain some of the other data, this using the Pythagorean theorem. You can also use the online calculator to get the volume of a cone automatically .
radius = √ slant height² - height²
slant height = √ height² + radius²
Volume of other shapes
Volume of different geometric shapes: