Shift to LGB Identity in Early Adulthood Tied to Depressive Symptoms
People whose sexual identities changed toward same-sex attraction in early adulthood reported more symptoms of depression in a nationwide survey than those whose sexual orientations did not change or changed in the opposite direction, according to a study by a University of Illinois at Chicago sociologist.
"Sexual Orientation Identity Change and Depressive Symptoms: A Longitudinal Analysis," published in the current issue of the Journal of Health and Social Behavior, found that gay, lesbian, and bisexual people who initially identified as heterosexual or who had not reported same-sex romantic attraction or relationships were more likely to experience depressive symptoms than others.
Individuals who reported stable sexual identities throughout the survey period – whether lesbian, gay, bisexual, or heterosexual – had no change in depressive symptoms over time. Similarly, individuals who reported identities that were less same-sex-oriented did not experience increases in depression.
The findings suggest that a sexual identity change toward same-sex attraction may continue to be a stressful life event despite American society's increasing acceptance of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people, says study author Bethany Everett.
"This study highlights the need for social support during periods of sexual identity transition toward same-sex attraction, not only for adolescents, but also for young adults," says Everett, who is an assistant professor of sociology at UIC. "Supporting people during this time period may be critical for improving their mental health."
Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, also known as Add Health, Everett's study included more than 11,200 respondents who were interviewed in both the third (2001-2002) and fourth (2008-2009) waves of the survey about topics including their depressive symptoms. Respondents' ages ranged from 18 to 26 in wave three, and 25 to 33 in wave four.
Everett says future research should continue to investigate the factors that contribute to the link between sexual identity change and symptoms of depression.
"It may be that changes to bisexual, gay, or lesbian identities expose young adults to new sources of LGBT-related discrimination," she adds. "Additionally, there is a certain amount of stigma attached to sexual fluidity itself that may impact mental health during this developmental period."
--Source: University of Illinois at Chicago


Before the Blue Wall. Photo: Homer Sykes, text: Katy Evans-Bush. (4/4)Posted: July 13, 2012 Filed under: Vanishings, Wildlife | Tags: Homer Sykes, Katy Evans-Bush, LeaValley, Olympic legacy, Olympic site, Walthamstow Marshes Comments Off on Before the Blue Wall. Photo: Homer Sykes, text: Katy Evans-Bush. (4/4)
Anglers on the river Lea. © Homer Sykes 2006.
These two men were fishing in this spot in 2006. For all we know, they’d sat there every available Saturday since they were ten. But we know they’re not sitting there now. It’s in the past – that is, it’s in the Olympic ‘Park’.
The website for the adjacent Walthamstow Marshes says: ‘The reserve is one of the few remaining pieces of London’s once widespread river valley grasslands, and a space to treasure for many reasons!’
The Wikipedia page for the Lower Lea Valley, which means roughly the same place, says ‘the Olympic Games… will provide a legacy of facilities for this currently run-down area. There are plans to redevelop all the derelict and underutilised [sic] parts of the valley, which will take until 2020 or beyond’.
… for The London Column.
A selection of pictures from Before the Blue Wall, Homer Sykes’s project documenting the Lea Valley prior to the Olympic redevelopment, may be seen at the Green Lens Gallery (4a Atterbury Road, London N4 1SF) until the 25th of July. Homer’s website is here.


Common Name: American Alligator
Scientific Name: Alligator mississippiensis
Family: Alligatoridae = Alligator family
Locations: United States and Mexico
US Locations: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas
Size: 10 – 15 feet (3 – 4.5 meters)
The American Alligator is an iconic species of the southeastern United States. They live a long time, up to 50 years in the wild. Female alligators don’t grow as long as males, only reaching 10 feet long max. The alligators have an interesting way of surviving freezing temperatures. They stick the tip of their snout of the water so they can breed while keeping the rest of their body underwater. Then, they go into a state of brumation to preserve their energy. Also, the gators create massive tunnels to help them escape dangerous weather conditions.
Courtship begins in April with mating typically happening in May. The male bellows out for the females and to ward off other suitors. These bellows make the water on the back of the alligator “dance”. Mating takes place only in fresh water. The female lays her eggs in a nest she builds in late June or early July. The eggs take between 63 – 84 days to hatch. The babies break open their eggs and call out for the mom. Then, the mom digs out her babies and protects them from predators for a few years. Even with the mom’s protection, around 80% of the offspring dies from predation.
American Alligator Conservation
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List classifies the American Alligator as Least Concern for Extinction. This wasn’t always the case. The alligator was once on the Endangered Species List. People hunted the gators to the brink of extinction. Legal protections were in acted that saved the species. Now, alligators are numerous throughout their range. Thanks to proper wildlife management, people can hunt the gators once again.


He was called Estevanico “Little Stephen” by history, but perhaps his given name was Mustafa. He born free in the Moroccan city of Azemmouri between 1490 and 1500. His faith was probably Muslim, which meant he probably knew how to read and write. As a young man, he was taken captive by slavers and sold to a Spanish nobleman, which meant he had to learn the language of Spanish and maybe even Portuguese.
He was taken on a expedition to conquer the new world in 1527, but things went terribly wrong. Of the 600 men who set out on the journey only 4 made it, and he was one of them.
Estevanico and his fellow travelers had to journey across North America from Tampa Bay coast along the Gulf to South Texas. They were captured by Natives and enslaved for almost six years. He worked as the interpreter, because he knew how to learn languages and communicate with people who were different than him.
At one point they escaped from the natives and made a two-year journey to Mexico posing as spiritual healers for Native Americans. He was known to wear feathers like the natives and carry a gord as a rattle. Once they made it to the Spanish colony in Mexico, life went back to usual, where Estevanico was once again a slave at the will of the others.
The explorers were still looking for gold but were too afraid to go themselves, so his owner lent Estevanico to a friar and sent him back out to explore North America in search for gold.
Legend has it that Estevanico died in his encounter with the Zuni natives in modern day New Mexico, but no body was ever found. By 1539 he was assumed dead because none of the Europeans ever saw him again.


Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition with memory or cognitive (thinking) changes that are more severe than normal aging, but less severe than dementia. Individuals with mild cognitive impairment have a clear change in cognitive abilities, but typically are able to remain independent in their daily activities.
The brain, like any other part of the body, ages and changes. Gradual decline in memory or focus may be normal. Consistently increasing decline may point to mild cognitive impairment. The patient’s family and friends may be the first to notice.
Mild cognitive impairment symptoms include:
The board-certified and fellowship-trained specialists at Norton Neuroscience Institute Memory Center are at the leading edge of advances in caring for those with mild cognitive impairment.
More patients in Louisville and Southern Indiana trust Norton Neuroscience Institute with their neurological care than any other provider in the area. Patients find a comprehensive range of board-certified specialists who provide a diversity of viewpoints to develop a customized care plan for each patient.
In some cases cognition is impaired by an underlying condition such as sleep apnea, reaction to a medication, depression or other issues. Addressing these issues can lead to a restoration of cognitive abilities. Some who score just barely below normal on a cognition test can bounce back on a better day.
But in many cases, mild cognitive impairment is an indication the patient may develop dementia.
There are no drugs or treatments specifically to cure mild cognitive impairment. However, there are some lifestyle changes people can make to potentially reduce its effects, including:
Mild cognitive impairment can progress differently in different individuals. In some cases symptoms may improve. In others the condition may remain relatively unchanged, and in still others symptoms may progress to a dementia.
Mild cognitive impairment often develops into a dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease, but not always.
Norton Neuroscience Institute Resource Center offers resources to help families and individuals coping with mild cognitive impairment.
It’s part of Norton Neuroscience Institute’s goal to care for the whole person, not just the condition.
More patients from Louisville and Southern Indiana seek their neurology and neurosurgery care from Norton Neuroscience Institute’s nationally recognized specialists than any other providers in the area.
Your Norton Neuroscience Institute medical provider has the expertise, experience, diagnostic tools and sophisticated treatments to provide care tailored to your needs.
Select an appointment date and time from available spots listed below.


330 m above sea level, just out of Kasteli (1.5 km) to the east, lies the village of Archangelos (GR: Αρχάγγελος) with 433 residents.
It was founded in 961 by the military forces of Nikiphoros Phocas and was originally named ‘Varvaro’, and was still known by that name in 1583, where the Chandax Register puts it down as a village of the Pediada district with 37 inhabitants.
Its name was changed only recently, in 1961, to Archangelos, and the main village church in the square is dedicated to the Archangel Michael. There is another smaller and older church, that of the Panaghia, with Byzantine wall paintings. Remains of ancient mills can still be seen.
In a location known as Trochalos, archaeological finds have brought to light a series of Minoan tools dating back to the first and second Late Minoan periods.
As in every Cretan village, raki and ‘mezedes’ are always available at the kapheneions.
The feast of Michail Archangelos on November 8th is celebrated with much feasting in the village.


Mindfulness is an evidence-based treatment that focuses on helping clients live fully and clearly in the present moment without ruminating on the past or worrying about the future. Often used in combination with other therapies, it’s grounded in the idea that the thought process dictates emotions and vice versa. For example, clients may negatively repeat negative views and self-esteem harming statements as well as rehashing unpleasant experiences. Mindfulness is beneficial in the healing process for clients dealing with invasive negative thought processes.
How Does Mindfulness Work?
Through mindfulness, clients can learn to focus on the moment as well as their reactions and emotions surrounding that moment. This helps clients learn how to cope with situations that typically cause emotional reactions. Mindfulness techniques can be effective for helping clients suffering from anxiety, depression, and borderline personality disorder (BPD).
Mindfulness can be practiced in a group setting or individually, anytime and anywhere. The practices learned during mindfulness group sessions or during one-on-one sessions can be used to help clients when they need to connect with the present moment.
Mindfulness techniques taught include:
What Is the Evidence Behind Mindfulness?
Proven in numerous studies, used alone or in conjunction with other therapies including dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT), mindfulness helps clients with mental health disorders as well as co-occurring disorders progress in their treatment.
Mindfulness is used to treat depression, anxiety, impulsivity, phobias, substance abuse and addiction, and eating disorders as it helps control negative thoughts and images from spinning out of control, thus preventing complex emotions that could lead to dangerous behavior.
Mindfulness has been shown to greatly reduce the amount of stress in those who have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A recent study also provides evidence that mindfulness meditation improves the symptoms of emotional disorders as well as physical disorders, relieving suffering in those who suffer from chronic migraine headaches.
Mindfulness is also proven to be safe, beneficial, and without any adverse side effects, making it a valuable part of recovery plans.
Mindfulness at Clearview Treatment Programs
Mindfulness is a vital component of treatment at Clearview. During treatment, clients participate in mindfulness groups and outings that help them focus on staying present in the moment instead of worrying about what happened in the past or what will happen in the future. In conjunction with the many therapies we offer, clients can better connect with their emotions and focus on their recoveries.


"Gardens and gardening" is the study of "Landscape gardens" (British gardens) have a great variety of flowers and plants, mixed together and growing side by side. The different coloured spots convey an impression of snugness and peaceful comfort.
Why study "Gardens and gardening"? A garden tool is any one of many tools made for gardens and gardening and overlaps with the ... Modern tool design includes ergonomics considerations, which means that they are being ... What links here · Related changes · Upload file · Special pages · Permanent link · Page information · Wikidata item · Cite this page ...
A few notable experts of "Gardens and gardening" include Arthur Henfrey, J. O. Westwood.
Some subfields in "Gardens and gardening" include including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times. ... ‘Earthworm Dilemma’ Has Climate Scientists Racing to Keep Up. ... Inspired by its 19th-century history.
Scholars who research "Plant culture" look at a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. Praveen...
Gardens and gardeningwith Sagefy?
Gardens and gardening, adapted for you. Free.
Gardens and gardening. Anyone can view, share, create, and edit content. Because anyone can contribute, you can learn anything you want.
Adapted for you. Sagefy optimizes learning about
Gardens and gardening based on what you already know. Get the most out of your time and effort spent.


The Threatened Species Recovery Hub’s six-year research program was completed in 2021. For more information see our about page.
Biodiversity offsetting aims to achieve at least no net loss of biodiversity by fully compensating for residual development-induced biodiversity losses after the mitigation hierarchy (avoid, minimize, remediate) has been applied. Actions used to generate offsets can include securing site protection, or maintaining or enhancing the condition of targeted biodiversity at an offset site. Protection and maintenance actions aim to prevent future biodiversity loss, so such offsets are referred to as averted loss offsets. However, the benefits of such approaches can be highly uncertain and opaque, because assumptions about the change in likelihood of loss as a result of the offset action are often implicit. As a result, the gain generated by averting losses can be intentionally or inadvertently overestimated, leading to offset outcomes that are insufficient for achieving no net loss of biodiversity. We present a method and decision tree to guide consistent and credible estimation of the likelihood of biodiversity loss for a proposed offset site with and without protection, for use when calculating the amount of benefit associated with the protection component of averted loss offsets. In circumstances such as when a jurisdictional offset policy applies to most impacts, plausible estimates of averted loss can be very low. Averting further loss of biodiversity is desirable, and averted loss offsets can be a valid approach for generating tangible gains. However, overestimation of averted loss benefits poses a major risk to biodiversity.


It is an excellent source of protein, lower in saturated fat than other red and processed meats.
From burgers to barbecue, beef is a staple ingredient in many dishes. A 4-ounce piece of 90% lean ground beef has 23 grammes of protein.
In addition to being a rich source of potassium, vitamins B6 and B12, and vitamins A and D, salmon is a good provider of these nutrients.
Tuna in a can is an excellent source of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids, and it is the most convenient form of lean protein that is shelf-stable.
Shrimp, sometimes known as prawns, are a tasty complement to many recipes and are rich in omega-3 fatty acids and protein.
One big egg is a complete protein and includes 6 grammes of protein.
Even though the USDA does not strictly classify milk and other dairy products as protein-rich foods, they are notable sources.
The addition may provide protein and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium to your meals.
Plain Greek yogurt is one of the most versatile dairy products; it may be substituted for sour cream in dips or mayonnaise in chicken salad.
Pulses, which include lentils, beans, chickpeas, and peas, are a nutrient-dense food category. Pulses are the dry, edible seeds of beans, lentils, chickpeas, and peas.


During this week, we have been remembering the origin of clinical trials due to the International Clinical Trials’ day celebrated on May 20th. Clinical trials are essential in the drug approval process because all the information generated will give healthcare professionals more data for them to accurately prescribe treatment according to patients’ needs. Even though clinical trials have been conducted since a long time ago, in some places, people still think they are being submitted to an experiment, but thankfully, this way of thinking is changing. This is good news for society in general because there are many reasons why clinical trials are helpful. Here are some of them:
- Access to new treatments. Clinical trials often offer patients access to treatments that may give benefit when there are no treatments available for a disease or for when patients cannot afford them. We have seen throughout the years we have been in operation how people are thankful for being provided with opportunities like participating in clinical trials.
- More experience in new treatment options for healthcare professionals. We have seen quite an interest in doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals, a growing interest for having more knowledge in mechanisms of action of new molecules and how they work to treat a specific disease. This knowledge lets them be more prepared so that when the treatments get their marketing approval, they already know what to face in terms of secondary effects, dosing, administration, etc.
- Support. A patient who participates in a clinical trial usually feels all the support from the staff, from the principal investigator to the study nurse. The patient feels protection and feels he is being listened to. All the details the patient tells us about his or her life and health, are paid attention to. Patients value this companionship and is something that in these days is very much needed.
We are glad to be part of a great team in Althian where we get to see all of these benefits from conducting clinical trials. We become even more joyous when treatments get their approval and we see them on market, so they can be available by everyone who needs them. We continue to work towards a better future in healthcare and towards having more treatment options for patients.


Real-time path planning can efficiently relieve traffic congestion in urban scenarios. However, how to design an efficient path-planning algorithm to achieve a globally optimal vehicle-traffic control still remains a challenging problem, particularly when we take drivers’ individual preferences into consideration. In this paper, we first establish a hybrid intelligent transportation system (ITS), i.e., a hybrid-VANET-enhanced ITS, which utilizes both vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and cellular systems of the public transportation system to enable real-time communications among vehicles, roadside units (RSUs), and a vehicle-traffic server in an efficient way.
Then, we propose a real-time path-planning algorithm, which not only improves the overall spatial utilization of a road network but reduces average vehicle travel cost for avoiding vehicles from getting stuck in congestion as well. A stochastic Lyapunov optimization technique is exploited to address the globally optimal path-planning problem. Finally, the transmission delay of the hybrid-VANET-enhanced ITS is evaluated in VISSIM to show the timeliness of the proposed communication framework. Moreover, system-level simulations conducted in Java demonstrate that the proposed path-planning algorithm outperforms the traditional distributed path planning in terms of balancing the spatial utilization and drivers’ travel cost.


Stateside: An app for that ancient manuscript
The following is a summary of a previously recorded interview. To hear the complete segment, click the audio above.
There is now an app for reading an ancient text.
The Papyrus App “Picture it: EP” allows one to browse the pages of the oldest existing manuscript of the letters of St. Paul.
Professor Arthur Verhoogt, Associate Professor of Papyrology and Greek at the University of Michigan helped design the app.
“The text is the most ancient manuscript of the letters of Saint Paul that exist. It dates to about [the year] 200,” said Verhoogt.
The texts are kept in a secure vault.
According to Verhoogt, however, there was a growing demand to see the texts and this spurred the creation of an app that includes the book and its translations.
“The translation was made especially for the app….It’s a very literal translation,” said Verhoogt.
“There are more than 100 spots in this Papyrus where there is a different reading than what made it into the standard version of the New Testament. That’s what we also explain in the annotations.”
The app created a unique accessibility to the texts.
“I think it is very rewarding for non-scholars to be able to see this and touch it. In museums, you’re not allowed to touch the objects. But this is really how the text looks….”


INSTITUTO ESPAÑOL DE OCEANOGRAFÍA (IEO) has developed a proof-of-concept Harmful Algae Bloom (HAB) monitoring system to prevent toxin-related closures of aquaculture farms. Aquaculture farms along the Spanish and Galician Atlantic coast are subject to water pollution by toxins. IEO has developed the publication of bulletins based on in-situ HAB observations, hydrodynamical models downscaled from the Copernicus Marine Service, and in-situ and satellite data from the Copernicus Marine Service, supplemented with IEO in-situ data. Dynamical downscaling is a method for obtaining high-resolution local models from lower resolution Copernicus Marine models as forcing conditions. During toxic algae blooms, the high-resolution local model forecast is a useful tool for predicting the risk of aquaculture farm harvesting closures.
The Copernicus Marine Service Iberian-Biscay-Irish Sea model provides accurate ocean currents forecasts along the Spanish Atlantic coast for downscaling into higher resolution local models.
Harmful algal blooms, or HABs, occur when colonies of algae, i.e. simple plants that live in the sea and freshwater, grow out of control while producing toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals, and birds. The human illnesses caused by HABs, though rare, can be debilitating or even fatal. HABs have been reported in many locations around the world, and their occurrence may be on the rise. HABs are a global concern because they affect not only the health of people and marine ecosystems, but also the 'health' of local and regional economies.
The Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO) was created by Royal Decree in 1914. It is a public research organization dedicated to research in marine sciences, especially in relation to scientific knowledge of the oceans, the sustainability of Fishery resources and the marine environment. IEO depends on the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the State Secretariat of Research.
Benefits for users
- Better planning of the aquaculture farm sitting and management.
- Better understanding of the environmental conditions.
- Free and sustained information about many ocean parameters.


The way you communicate will vary depending on your audience and the activity. Using a broad range of approaches and having diverse ways of connecting with people, will ensure your communications are accessible and will not exclude people with different needs. Be careful about the language you use; many public members are not familiar with either academic jargon or medical terminology and can find it intimidating and frustrating. Good communication and accessibility will avoid tokenism.
"Accessibility is about ensuring that everyone has the same opportunity to take part in an activity fully, in the way that suits them best.”
(Social Care Institute for Excellence (2012) Making events accessible, London: SCIE.)
Things to consider:
- Disability (seen and unseen). These may include physical impairments, sensory loss, mental health issues, learning disability etc. Consider what formats you need to offer information in or other adjustments that might need to be made. Get to know your public members’ individual needs.
- Use plain language, avoiding jargon and acronyms.
- Accessibility of meetings – Timings of workshops and meetings: consider factors such as childcare and working hours. Some people might find weekends or evenings more convenient. If holding meetings in person, consider physical access to the venue. If meetings are virtual, do members need technical support?
- Develop a communication plan for your public involvement, to include:
- Role descriptions, terms of reference etc. so public members know what is expected of them and what they can expect (see template in appendix).
- Confidentiality and data protection.
- Timely, relevant and appealing communications to keep your members engaged, informed and feeling valued.
- Opportunities to offer, gather, act on and share feedback.
- Opportunities to share learning to wider research and public communities.
Links to Resources:
Understanding Plain English summaries in more detail: Plain English summaries (nihr.ac.uk)
List of social care terms, useful for public members: TLAP Care and Support Jargon Buster
Ideas on accessibility at events: Social Care Institute for Excellence (2012) Making events accessible, London: SCIE.


Helping feed the world with rice innovations: CGIAR research adoption and socioeconomic impact on farmers
Rice production has increased significantly with the efforts of international research centers and national governments in the past five decades. Nonetheless, productivity improvement still needs to accelerate in the coming years to feed the growing population that depends on rice for calories and nutrients. This challenge is compounded by the increasing scarcity of natural resources such as water and farmland. This article reviews 17 ex-post impact assessment studies published from 2016 to 2021 on rice varieties, agronomic practices, institutional arrangements, information and communication technologies, and post-harvest technologies used by rice farmers. From the review of these selected studies, we found that stress-tolerant varieties in Asia and Africa significantly increased rice yield and income. Additionally, institutional innovations, training, and natural resource management practices, such as direct-seeded rice, rodent control, and iron-toxicity removal, have had a considerable positive effect on smallholder rice farmers’ economic well-being (income and rice yield). Additional positive impacts are expected from the important uptake of stress-tolerant varieties documented in several Asian, Latin American, and African countries.
Mishra, Ashok; Pede, Valerien; Arouna, Aminou; Labarta, Ricardo; Andrade, Robert; Veettil, Prakash; Bhandari, Humnath; Laborte, Alice; Balie, Jean; Bouman, Bas.


What is well-being?
According to Cambridge Dictionary, well-being is defined as “the state of feeling healthy and happy”.
Why is well-being important?
For the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, well-being is a
“a positive outcome that is meaningful for people and for many sectors of society, because it tells us that people perceive that their lives are going well. Good living conditions (e.g., housing, employment) are fundamental to well-being. Tracking these conditions is important for public policy.”
What affects well-being?
Some of the factors that affect health and happiness as featured in The Better Health Channel (Dept. of Health, Australia) are:
• Enjoying a fulfilling career
• Getting enough sleep
• Having enough money
• Living in a democratic society
• Good nutritional diet
How can we achieve good wellbeing?
For the TUC (Trade Union Congress) the “biggest lifestyle gains can be made through reducing stress, long hours and introducing policies that promote “work-life balance” and unions should try to get employers to tackle these as a first priority.”
There are practical ways that the School may help to assist the well-being of their employees and students.
For staff, there is the Employee Assisted Programme and access to counselling via Only Connect.
For students, the School has a dedicated Student Support Services that offer services such as Counselling and Emergency Hardship Fund.
The library has a list of electronic books on the subject of wellbeing available on open access, go here and look for the open access symbol. You do not need to sign in for open access items.


Browser and its components
A Web Browser (commonly referred to as a Browser) is a software application for accessing the information on the World Wide Web. When a user requests a web page from a particular website, the web browser retrieves the necessary content from a web server and then displays the page on the user’s device.
Common Browsers include Google Chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Apple Safari.
Components of Browser:
- User Interface: It includes the address bar, back/forward button, bookmarking menu, etc. Every part of the browser display except the window where you see the requested page.
- Browser Engine: It works as a bridge between the User interface and the rendering engine. According to the inputs from various user interfaces, it queries and manipulates the rendering engine.
- Rendering Engine: It interprets the HTML, XML documents, and images that are formatted using CSS and generates the layout that is displayed in the User Interface.
- Networking: Network calls such as HTTP requests, using different implementations for different platforms behind a platform-independent interface.
- UI backend: It used for drawing basic widgets like combo boxes and windows. This backend exposes a generic interface that is not platform-specific. Underneath it uses operating system user interface methods.
- Data storage. This is a persistence layer. The browser may need to save all sorts of data locally, such as cookies. Browsers also support storage mechanisms such as localStorage, IndexedDB, WebSQL, and FileSystem.


One of the most hair-raising croc behaviour is their ability to sprint on land. To propel themselves to speeds of up to 35 kilometres per hour, they raise their bodies off the ground and pursue their notoriously chilling ‘high-walk’.
An old myth rumours that the most reliable way to assess crocodile age is by counting the pebbles in their stomach. This is because, according to the legend, crocs religiously consumed a single stone each year on their birthdays.
Since crocs are cold-blooded and spend most of their days squandering little energy, they can theoretically survive for years before starvation. However, most will feed every couple of weeks and consume up to half of their body weight each feeding.
The Nile Crocodile, the largest crocodilian on the African continent, is an apex predator not to be underestimated. They are incredibly adaptable and, thus, can thrive in numerous environments, from the North Nile valley of Egpyt to the South in the sub-Saharan rivers of Angola. They are infamous for their life-crushing, forceful bite, aggressive surprise attacks, and predatory attendance in the annual wildebeest migration. What's more, Nile crocs deliberately prey on humans and are christened as one of the most dangerous and vicious reptiles to roam the planet.
Download all the clips online and the rest of footage in this collection - with embedded source time-codes and file-names - in a single HD MasterFile for use in edits, timelines & presentations.
Once we receive your details & verify your information we'll send you a download link to the HD MasterFile which you can use in your edits & timelines.
When you have finalised your selection please get in touch with the relevant file-names & time-codes in order to finalise the licence agreement and to arrange for delivery of the master RAW files.
Licencing fees will vary according to the nature of your project and audience as well as media rights (all media, world-wide, in perpetuity, and/or exclusively).
We'll keep you updated as & when new footage becomes available.


In 2009, I posted that paleontologists found the fossilized remains of the world's largest snake, a 42-foot-long relative of the boa constrictor. Paleontologists from the University of Toronto dubbed the species Titanoboa cerrejonensis for the Cerrejón region of northern Colombia where they found the remains. The snake snacked on crocodiles. As part of a new Smithsonian documentary "Titanoboa: Monster Snake," sculptor Kevin Hockley built a life-size replica of the beast. Smithsonian has a preview of the documentary along with a feature article about the discovery of the snake. From Smithsonian:
The (Cerrejón) river basin held turtles with shells twice the size of manhole covers and crocodile kin—at least three different species—more than a dozen feet long. And there were seven-foot-long lungfish, two to three times the size of their modern Amazon cousins.
The lord of this jungle was a truly spectacular creature—a snake more than 40 feet long and weighing more than a ton. This giant serpent looked something like a modern-day boa constrictor, but behaved more like today's water-dwelling anaconda. It was a swamp denizen and a fearsome predator, able to eat any animal that caught its eye. The thickest part of its body would be nearly as high as a man's waist. Scientists call it Titanoboa cerrejonensis.
It was the largest snake ever, and if its astounding size alone wasn't enough to dazzle the most sunburned fossil hunter, the fact of its existence may have implications for understanding the history of life on earth and possibly even for anticipating the future.
"How Titanoboa, the 40-Foot-Long Snake, Was Found"


Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
- Related Topics:
- immunosuppressant mTOR
rapamycin, also called sirolimus, drug characterized primarily by its ability to suppress the immune system, which led to its use in the prevention of transplant rejection. Rapamycin is produced by the soil bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The drug’s name comes from Rapa Nui, the indigenous name of Easter Island, where the compound was originally discovered in soil samples in the 1970s.
Rapamycin exerts its immunosuppressive effects by inhibiting the activation and proliferation of T cells. It acts specifically on FK-binding protein 12 (FKBP12), a substance commonly referred to as an immunophilin because it binds to immunosuppressive drugs. In turn, the rapamycin-FKBP12 complex binds to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a kinase (an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to other molecules) that plays a fundamental role in regulating the progression of the cell cycle. The rapamycin complex inhibits mTOR and, by doing so, disrupts cell division and hence the proliferation of T cells.
Rapamycin is used in combination with other immunosuppressive agents, namely calcineurin inhibitors and glucocorticoids, to prevent transplant rejection. Because aberrant mTOR activity is implicated in cancer, rapamycin is being investigated for use in the treatment of certain malignancies. In addition, studies have indicated that rapamycin-coated stents, which are devices used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease involving the narrowing of a blood vessel, have been associated with reduced rates of restenosis (recurrence of vessel narrowing). Research conducted in 2009 in mice revealed a potential role for rapamycin as an anti-aging drug. The drug’s inhibition of mTOR is suspected to induce metabolic and stress responses that favour longevity, though exactly how this occurs is not clear.
Immune suppression by rapamycin has been associated with potentially serious side effects, including increased risk of infection and lymphoma. Other side effects include fever, diarrhea, joint pain, headache, and vomiting.


HealthDay News — The incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes is increasing among children and young people aged 0 to 19 years, according to a study published in the April issue of The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology.
Lynne E. Wagenknecht, Dr PH, from Wake Forest University School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and colleagues identified children and young people aged 0 to 19 years with a physician diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes at 5 US centers between 2002 and 2018 to describe the incidence during a 17-year period.
The researchers identified 18,169 individuals aged 0 to 19 years with type 1 diabetes in 85 million person-years and 5293 individuals aged 10 to 19 years with type 2 diabetes in 44 million person-years. The annual incidence of types 1 and 2 diabetes was 22.2 and 17.9 per 100,000, respectively, in 2017 to 2018. A linear effect and a moving-average effect were captured in the model for trend, with a significant increasing linear effect observed for types 1 and 2 diabetes (2.02 and 5.31%, respectively). Greater increases in the incidence of both types of diabetes were seen for children and youth from racial and ethnic-minority groups such as non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics. The peak age at diagnosis was 10 and 16 years for type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively. Diagnoses of type 1 diabetes peaked in January, while type 2 diabetes diagnoses peaked in August.
“These findings will help guide focused prevention efforts,” Wagenknecht said in a statement. “Now that we have a better understanding of risk factors, our next phase of research will be studying the underlying pathophysiology of youth-onset diabetes.”
Abstract/Full Text (subscription or payment may be required)


Archaeological Research Project
The San Giuliano Archaeological Research Project (SGARP) is an interdisciplinary research program and field school that targets the archaeological past of San Giuliano, a site located approximately 70 km northwest of Rome within Marturanum Park in Lazio. SGARP’s goal is to reconstruct the long-term changes in human occupation of the San Giuliano plateau and the surrounding hills. Hundreds of rock-cut Etruscan tombs ring the plateau, while the plateau was likely the site of the associated Etruscan town. We seek to investigate the Etruscan occupation and understand the transitions that followed, including incorporation into the Roman Empire, transformations in the medieval settlement pattern, and the final abandonment of the site sometime before AD 1300.
We have focused our attention on the Etruscan and medieval periods as eras of particularly significant societal change. These two periods saw the most intensified use of the San Giuliano plateau. We are seeking to understand both the rise and fall of the Etruscan urban center and the medieval incastellamento (castle-building) process that reshaped the Italian landscape in the 10th and 11th centuries.
Northern Lazio with Etruscan and Roman primary centers marked with squares and Roman roads indicated with dashed lines. San Giuliano, shown towards the top by Lake Vico, was a secondary Etruscan urban center. San Giuliano was virtually abandoned after Roman conquest, and then reoccupied and refortified in the Middle Ages. We are investigating these transitions.
The medieval church of San Giuliano, which gives name to the San Giuliano plateau and our project.
The San Giuliano Archaeological Research Project works in the Marturanum Park in Commune Barbarano Romano, Lazio, Italy
SGARP is organized as a Baylor University-led consortium of universities in collaboration with our Italian partners at Virgil Academy, and the town of Barbarano Romano.
Contact us at:


2.5: Activity 4- Rocks to Parent Material
- Page ID
Development of rocks into parent material that becomes soil
As mentioned above, inorganic parent materials are typically derived from a variety of geological species. These parent materials are typically identified by their mode of transportation (i.e. colluvium transported by gravity, or loess transported by wind), however, it is important to recognize how specific rock types physically weather in order to be able to identify parent materials properly in the field.
Observe the trays of parent materials and soil for the granite and sandstone rocks on display. The first tray contains the fresh rocks before being weathered, the second tray contains the parent material of the soil formed from this rock, and the third tray contains the soil formed from the parent material derived from this rock type.
1) List the main minerals in each type of rock.
2) What main physical changes (particle size and color) have occurred in the stages from rock to weathered rock to soil?
3) Which fraction—rock, weathered rock, or soil (circle one)—is most susceptible to further physical and chemical weathering? Why?
4) You will drop some hydrochloric acid (HCl) (a few drops) on each fraction (rock, weathered rock, and soil). Indicate which materials fizz by filling in the table below with a “Y” for yes and an “N” for no.
|Rock Type||Rock (R)||
Weathered rock parent material (Cr)
5) What is the reason (which reaction is responsible) for the fizzing?
REMINDERS/Assignments for next week’s lab:
a) Study for pre-lab Quiz on material from Lab #3: Soil Taxonomy.
b) Complete pre-class activity: classified location exercise (Lab 3) c) Next week we will prep bulk density samples for an upcoming lab on Soil Physical Properties.
c) Next week we will prep bulk density samples for an upcoming lab on Soil Physical Properties.


The lottery is a popular form of gambling in which numbers are drawn for a prize. The prize money may be cash or goods and services. Some states have laws against the sale of tickets, while others regulate the game and determine how much can be won. In the United States, most state lotteries are legal. However, some are illegal and must be avoided.
The first recorded lotteries were held in the 15th century in the Low Countries to raise money for town fortifications and to help the poor. A record dated 9 May 1445 at L’Ecluse, Belgium, refers to a lottery to raise funds for the construction of walls and town fortifications.
Lotteries are a popular source of income in many states and the District of Columbia. Several factors contribute to lottery participation: income, age, and education level. Men tend to play more than women; blacks and Hispanics play more than whites; and younger people and those with less education play less. Lottery play also falls with increasing income, and the odds of winning decrease as ticket sales increase.
To improve your chances of winning, select the right games and consider using a lottery app to keep track of your favorite numbers. Also, focus on smaller games with lower participant numbers, as the smaller the number field, the more combinations there are to choose from and the higher your odds of winning. In addition, try to avoid selecting consecutive numbers as they are rarely picked. It is also important to understand how taxes work when you win the lottery, so be sure to talk with a qualified accountant about your options for paying your winnings.


New sustainable packaging will extend guacamole’s shelf life by 15% thanks to labels and additives extracted from the avocado itself. The GUACAPACK Project aims to use renewable sources to develop an innovative biodegradable packaging system that includes barrier labels and antioxidant additives from avocado waste.
Welcome to have your say on the Sustainable Products Initiative, one of the deliverables of the Circular Economy Action Plan!
The feedback period runs until 9 June 2021 (midnight CET). The Commission would like to hear your views. Through public consultations you can express your views on aspects of EU laws and policies before the Commission finalises its proposals.
It is possible to make products safer and more sustainable by assessing their performance at the design stage of product development, according to the EEA. This approach would reduce risks from chemical pollution and support Europe’s transition to a circular and low-carbon economy.
Unveiling a Recycling-Sourced Mineral-Biocellulose Fibre Composite for Use in Combustion-Generated NOx Mitigation Forming Plant Nutrient: Meeting Sustainability Development Goals in the Circular Economy
NOx (nitrogen oxides) are emitted during combustion in air at high temperatures and/or pressure; if they exceed recommended levels, this has a negative impact on the population. The authors found that when moist, limestone (CaCO3) readily sorbs NO2 to form calcium nitrate, which provides the basis for developing a surface flow filter. The substrate was made from “over-recycled” cellulose fibres such as newsprint, magazines and packaging fibres which are too weak for further recycling. The substrate was coated with fine-ground calcium carbonate and micro-nano-fibrillated cellulose, which was used as a binder and essential humectant to prevent a stagnant air layer forming. Pre-oxidation countered the action of denitrification bacteria colonising the cellulose substrate.


Equine Swimming Pool
Horses do not need to be taught to swim but they do need assistance in learning a good technique.
They quickly learn to relax and enjoy the water. Once familiar with swimming, they are able to build on the amount of time they spend in the water.
During a swimming session, two lunge reins are used and a person walks either. side of the pool to guide the horse.
Benefits of Swimming
- Reduced downtime after injury
- Maintains fitness & condition during recovery
- Lower chance of injuries reoccurring
- Improves overall fitness
- Increases flexibility
- Improves Respiration
- Improves Circulation
- Improves muscle tone
All muscles, tendons and ligaments are evenly worked
- Non weight bearing
- Improves balance by teaching the horse to swim in a straight line
- No concussion caused by impact on hard ground
- Excellent treatment for laminitis, excessive weight and foot injuries
- Exercise for horses who would otherwise be confined to box rest
- Excess energy can be burnt off safely
- Keeps horses in top form long term – both mentally and physically
- Mental stimulation & ‘freshening up’ by varying the exercise routine
- Reduced veterinary bills
- Competitive Edge


Every child matters. Today is Orange Shirt Day, the day of remembrance for Indigenous victims of the residential schools (which ran from the 1870s to 1996). Many children in them died of tuberculosis, hunger, abuse, and neglect. Sexual and physical abuse was rife.
From the Orange Shirt Day website:
“Former student Phyllis (Jack) Webstad told her story of her first day at residential school when her shiny new orange shirt, bought by her grandmother, was taken from her as a six-year old girl.
The annual Orange Shirt Day on September 30th opens the door to global conversation on all aspects of Residential Schools. It is an opportunity to create meaningful discussion about the effects of Residential Schools and the legacy they have left behind. A discussion all Canadians can tune into and create bridges with each other for reconciliation. A day for survivors to be reaffirmed that they matter, and so do those that have been affected. Every Child Matters, even if they are an adult, from now on.”Orange Shirt Society
Donations can be made by cheque and mailed to Orange Shirt Society, PO Box 4240, Williams Lake, BC V2G2V3, or they accept etransfer through their website donations page.
My shirt is from the Woodland Cultural Centre who are raising money to save the evidence of the residential school in Brantford, Ontario, where many children from the Six Nations (Hodinohshoni) and Anishinaabe suffered. If you live locally, please visit and support this important museum.


By failing to account for local variability, behavioral changes and the regressive effects of the proposal, the cure proposed by the EPA may well produce more vapor and smoke and little, if any, improvement in human welfare.
If a tree burns in the forest and no one’s there to breathe the smoke, does this reduce human health? Common sense would say "no." Yet, according to the Environmental Protection Agency’s new rule on residential wood heaters, the answer is: Yes!
Under the authority of the Clean Air Act, the EPA has recently proposed updating emission requirements for a broader list of wood-burning appliances. With more than 2.5 million homes currently using wood as their primary source of heat, the EPA estimates that the benefits of this rule outweighs the costs by a factor greater than 100. Almost all of the estimated benefits come from fewer premature deaths associated with the reduction in smoke particles, or particulates. But many of the assumptions used by the EPA leaves the agency precariously far out on a limb.
Unlike many other EPA proposals which use air quality models, the agency simply estimates benefits by using a national-average benefit-per-ton measurement. Even its analysis acknowledges that the estimates “may not reflect local variability in population density, meteorology, exposure, baseline health incidence rates, or other local factors for any specific location.”


Discrimination Against LGBT Employees Continues to Be a Serious Problem
According to a recent survey by UCLA’s Williams Institute, the four percent of the U.S. workforce that identifies as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgendered (LGBT) continues to confront pervasive discrimination in the workplace, despite the fact that sexual orientation and gender self-perception have absolutely no effect on job performance.Statistics that Prove the Point
The UCLA research uncovered the following disturbing facts concerning workplace discrimination against LGBT employees:
- Twenty-one percent of LGBT employees have experienced discrimination in hiring practices, promotions and pay increases.
- One out of every 25 complaints about workplace discrimination is made by a member of the LGBT community.
- Many LGBT employees remain closeted at work, fearing they will damage relationships with coworkers or spoil their opportunities for advancement if they reveal their true identities.
- Even LGBT employees who are high achievers report leaving their workplaces because they feel unwelcome. Almost ten percent of LGBT employees have left a job because the atmosphere was exclusionary.
- As many as one-third of LGBT employees lie about their personal lives at work to avoid discrimination.
- The problem is exponentially worse for transgendered people, 97 percent of whom report experiencing mistreatment on the job.
Every worker deserves a level playing field. Discrimination against LGBT employees is not only unfair but illegal. If you find yourself experiencing workplace discrimination, do not stand alone. Instead, engage the services of a highly competent employment attorney to fight for your rights.


Japanese steelmaker Nippon Steel is looking to produce low-carbon raw materials, including “reduced iron” made using hydrogen, for green steel, reported Reuters.
The aim is to cope up with the surging demand for green steel.
Reduced iron is produced by removing oxygen from the iron ore. This makes metallic iron without melting it.
Currently, natural gas is used to produce reduced iron. However, global steelmakers are considering the use of hydrogen for reduced iron manufacturing to make the steelmaking process CO2-free.
Nippon Steel President Eiji Hashimoto was quoted by Reuters as saying in a news conference: “We will be involved in raw materials as our own business, instead of simply procuring raw materials (such as iron ore and coking coal).
“To advance decarbonisation, we will need reduced iron. Our company will make it as our new business.”
The Japanese firm would also consider investing in projects to produce hydrogen-reduced iron with potential partners, Hashimoto added.
Hashimoto noted that Nippon Steel would mull joining an iron ore project, which has its own hydrogen plant capable of producing hydrogen from green electricity.
He further noted that coking coal would ensure continuity of steelmaking alongside efforts to decarbonise the process.
“High-quality coking coal is necessary to proceed smoothly with decarbonisation. We want to ensure stable procurement of coking coal by increasing our interests (in mines),” Hashimoto added.
Nippon Steel holds stakes in multiple iron ore mines and coking mines.
Earlier this year, ArcelorMittal Nippon Steel India, a joint venture between ArcelorMittal and Nippon Steel, commenced the Rs600bn ($7.2bn) expansion of Hazira flat steel plant in the Indian state of Gujarat.
This will boost the plant’s crude steel capacity from nine million tonnes per annum (Mtpa) to 15Mtpa.


The Fallacy of the Hidden Major Premise
This fallacy is the presentation of a minor premise and conclusion without stating the inconvenient major premise involved. It’s a type of enthymeme, though highly problematic. Here is a popular example.
Minor premise: In the New Jerusalem there will be many tribes, tongues, and nations.
Conclusion: The earthly city should therefore have many tribes, tongues, and nations (i.e., multiculturalism or “principled pluralism”).
It seems all nice and good. But what is the necessary major premise?
Major premise: The earthly city ought to be like the New Jerusalem.
(Putting this syllogism in proper form would make the language clunky.)
When the major premise is fully revealed we see that the principle involved is bringing heaven down to earth. The problem is that there are tons of true minor premises that would make a sound syllogism (given the major premise), such as that the New Jerusalem will not have marriage and childbirth.
So if you accept the major premise, you get this valid and sound syllogism:
(1) The earthly city ought to be like the New Jerusalem.
(2) The New Jerusalem does not have marriage or childbirth.
(3) The earthly city ought not to have marriage or childbirth.
(2) could also be about the absence of families and households or about gender/sex irrelevance and many others.
Since the conclusion is absurd, the minor premise is true, and the syllogism is valid, the problem lies with the major premise. It must be rejected. Ultimately, the fallacy is the concealment of a problematic major premise by asserting only true minor premises.
This fallacy is, to my mind, the central problem with neo-calvinist political theology.


What is happiness? For centuries, philosophers, poets, and scientists have grappled with this question, trying to understand the elusive nature of human contentment. While happiness is often seen as an abstract concept, recent research in psychology and neuroscience has shed new light on what makes us truly happy.
Studies have shown that happiness is not just a fleeting emotion, but a state of being that can be cultivated through intentional actions and habits. Positive relationships, meaningful work, and a sense of purpose are all key components of a happy life.
But happiness is not just a personal experience – it also has wide-ranging implications for society as a whole. Happy people are more productive, healthier, and more resilient, and they contribute to stronger and more cohesive communities.
In this article, we will explore the science of happiness, from the latest research on the brain and behavior to practical strategies for cultivating joy and contentment in our own lives.
In today’s fast-paced world, many people are looking for ways to increase their happiness and well-being. While there is no magic formula for happiness, science has shown us that certain practices and behaviors can help improve our overall sense of well-being.
One of the most effective ways to increase happiness is through gratitude. Research has found that people who practice gratitude regularly are happier and more satisfied with their lives. Gratitude can be expressed in many ways, such as writing in a gratitude journal, expressing thanks to loved ones, or simply taking a moment to appreciate the good things in life.
Another way to increase happiness is through acts of kindness. Studies have shown that helping others can not only improve our own sense of well-being but can also have a positive impact on the well-being of those around us. Small acts of kindness, such as holding the door for someone or offering a smile, can go a long way in promoting happiness and well-being.
Finally, mindfulness practices have been shown to be effective in increasing happiness and reducing stress. Mindfulness involves paying attention to the present moment and accepting it without judgment. By practicing mindfulness, we can reduce the negative impact of stress and increase our overall sense of well-being.
In conclusion, while there is no one-size-fits-all approach to happiness, science has shown us that certain practices and behaviors can help increase our overall sense of well-being. By practicing gratitude, engaging in acts of kindness, and incorporating mindfulness into our daily lives, we can increase our happiness and live more fulfilling lives.


Commercial, Industrial - November 26, 2018
Climate change could cost U.S. economy billions annually
Without substantial and sustained global mitigation and regional adaptation efforts, climate change is expected to cause growing losses to American infrastructure and property and impede the rate of economic growth over this century.
This warning is part of the National Climate Assessment, released on Nov. 23. “Annual losses in some economic sectors are projected to reach hundreds of billions of dollars by the end of the century — more than the current gross domestic product (GDP) of many U.S. states,” the report says, according to the Associated Press. Costs will be particularly high on the nation’s coasts because of rising seas and severe storm surges, which will lower property values. In some areas, such as parts of Alaska and Louisiana, coastal flooding will likely force people to relocate.
“We are seeing the things we said would be happening, happen now in real life,” said another co-author Katharine Hayhoe of Texas Tech University. “As a climate scientist, it is almost surreal.”
Citing numerous studies, the report says more than 90 percent of the current warming is caused by humans. Without greenhouse gases, natural forces — such as changes in energy from the sun — would be slightly cooling Earth.
The report, mandated by law, summarizes the impacts of climate change on the U.S., now and in the future. A team of more than 300 experts guided by a 60-member Federal Advisory Committee produced the report, which was extensively reviewed by the public and experts, including federal agencies and a panel of the National Academy of Sciences.
Despite this pedigree, the report was released the day after Thanksgiving, Releasing the report on Black Friday “is a transparent attempt by the Trump Administration to bury this report and continue the campaign of not only denying but suppressing the best of climate science,” said study co-author Andrew Light, an international policy expert at the World Resources Institute, in the AP report.


If you don’t deal with enough public health crises in your day job or if you’ve wondered what it might be like to figure out what’s ailing a developing country after a massive earthquake, the University of Roehampton, London Online has posted an online simulation of decision-making that goes into identifying and containing a disease outbreak under those circumstances.
“Save Manresa” is “an interactive role-playing activity that provides an exciting window into the world of public health,” according to a news release from the university. It’s also aimed at enticing professionals to consider a career in public health — ideally after taking Roehampton’s new “100% online” Master of Public Health (MPH) programme.
The simulation/game is set in Manresa, a fictitious developing country of 6.4 million highly literate and largely white (or white-ish) people, located near the equator, with a tropical climate. The country has just suffered a 9.1 earthquake. A tent city of 30,000 is on the banks of the Samsone River — where there is no electricity, plumbing, running potable water, sewage removal or refrigeration. Chickens and goats roam freely. Fourteen people have died in the last 24 hours from the bug you have to identify — and the Manresans are suspicious of relief workers because there is a rumour that the outbreak was caused by the “foreign germs” they brought into the country.
The simulation provides news reports (see above), background information about the country, sample patient files, links to information from the World Health Organization about the three leading contenders for the cause of the outbreak (influenza, Salmonella and cholera). Once you’ve successfully diagnosed the cause of the outbreak, you’re asked to choose equipment and personnel to help contain it.
The whole thing is actually a little cheesy and unlikely to appeal to anyone who has even an inkling of what’s involved in an outbreak investigation, at home or abroad.
That said, I successfully identified and contained the outbreak — and I have the downloadable certificate to prove it.~TM


The provision of healthy food in a school tuck shop : does it influence primary-school students’ perceptions, attitudes and behaviours towards healthy eating?
CITATION: Bekker, F., Marais, M. & Koen, N. 2017. The provision of healthy food in a school tuck shop: does it influence primary-school students’ perceptions, attitudes and behaviours towards healthy eating?. Public Health Nutrition, 20(7):1257-1266, doi:10.1017/S1368980016003487.
The original publication is available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/public-health-nutrition
Objective: To investigate students’ tuck shop buying behaviour, choices of lunchbox items and healthy eating perceptions and attitudes at a school with a nutritionally regulated tuck shop and a school with a conventional tuck shop. Design: Mixed-methods research comprising a cross-sectional survey and focus groups. Setting: Bloemfontein, South Africa. Subjects: Randomly selected grade 2 to 7 students from a school with a nutritionally regulated tuck shop (school A; n 116) and a school with a conventional tuck shop (school B; n 141) completed a self-administered questionnaire about perceptions, attitudes, buying behaviours and lunchbox content. Six students per grade (n 72) in each school took part in focus group discussions to further explore concepts pertaining to healthy eating. Results: In school A, older students had a negative attitude towards their ‘healthy’ tuck shop, while younger students were more positive. School B students were positive towards their conventional tuck shop. In both schools students wanted their tuck shop to allow them to choose from healthy and unhealthy items. School A students mostly bought slushies, iced lollies and baked samoosas, while school B students mostly bought sweets and crisps. The lunchboxes of school A students contained significantly (P<0·05) more healthy items but also significantly more unhealthy items. Conclusions: A single intervention such as having a nutritionally regulated tuck shop at a primary school cannot advance the healthy school food environment in its totality. A multi-pronged approach is recommended and awareness must be created among all role players, including parents who are responsible for preparing lunchboxes.


Voditeljica Ureda izvršnog predsjednika / Head of Office of the Executive President
Hrvatski Crveni križ / Croatian Red Cross
The Croatian Red Cross (CRC) assists health and care institutions as the auxiliary to the government with the network of 131 local Red Cross branches. The CRC can’t be directly involved in the work of health and care institution, but can assure first aid teams with trained staff and volunteers, as well as enhance the assistance and the functioning of health and care personnel and institutions.
The CRC Plan of action for the HCiD (i.e. Public Health in Emergency (PHE) is briefly prepared as it follows:
1. Establishment of Crisis management and collaboration - Ministry of Health with relevant health institutions and NGO
2. Situation analysis and need assessment at national and local level
3. Victims (wounded or sick persons) data collection and presentation of results. 78 local Red Cross branches provide access to necessary medical and orthopaedic aids for beneficiaries who are suffering from a long or short term disability. For anyone who needs medical equipment to live safely at home, the Red Cross provides aids such as: wheelchairs, walkers, bath seats and benches, toilet seats, crutches and canes, bed handles and other aids.
4. Preventive actions(shelters, food and hygiene parcels, water and sanitation, distribution of masks and gloves)
5. Health education (production of health leaflets, actual topic presentations or training)
6. Assistance in determination of priority measures for communicable and non-communicable diseases
7. Concrete actions and interventions (vaccination, personal hygiene, transport to medical centers, blood donation, helping the elderly)
8. Psychosocial support for victims or sick persons
9. Partner collaboration at national, county and municipality level (monitoring and surveillance)
We didn’t have such situations or actions in the country since the end of Homeland War in 1995, except big floods and temporary migrant crisis.
- No, should be developed for future time.
- Please, see the above Plan of action.
- Resolution 3 : Sexual and gender-based violence: joint action on prevention and response
- Resolution 5 : The safety and security of humanitarian volunteers


Relationship Between Durophagy And Feeding Biomechanics In Gray Triggerfish, Balistes Capriscus: Intraspecific Variation In Ecological Morphology
The relationship between oral jaw biomechanics and consumption of hard prey was compared between Gulf of Mexico (Gulf) and Atlantic Ocean (Atlantic) populations of gray triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) to examine intraspecific ecomorphological variation between these fish. Gut content analysis revealed that Atlantic fish fed more on hard-shelled invertebrates, such as crabs and sea urchins, than Gulf conspecifics. Difference in the relative magnitude of durophagy between Gulf and Atlantic triggerfish was associated with intraspecific differences in key biomechanical properties of the prey-capture and processing mechanism. The more durophagous Atlantic B. capriscus had more massive jaw bones and muscles than Gulf fish. The mechanical advantage of the lower jaw appeared to be less reflective of the dietary differences between fish from both locations. We hypothesize that B. capriscus has the ability to alter the development of its feeding mechanism to match the requirements for capturing and processing locally available prey-resources at post-recruitment habitats in the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of Florida.
Durie, Christopher J. and Turingan, Ralph G., "Relationship Between Durophagy And Feeding Biomechanics In Gray Triggerfish, Balistes Capriscus: Intraspecific Variation In Ecological Morphology" (2001). Ocean Engineering and Marine Sciences Faculty Publications. 86.


UN Sustainable Development Summit 2015September 21, 2015
- While substantial environmental impacts from food occur in the production phase (agriculture, food processing), households influence these impacts through their dietary choices and habits. This consequently affects the environment through food-related energy consumption and waste generation.
- 3 billion tonnes of food is wasted every year while almost 1 billion people go undernourished and another 1 billion hungry.
- Overconsumption of food is detrimental to our health and the environment.
- 5 billion people globally are overweight or obese.
- Land degradation, declining soil fertility, unsustainable water use, overfishing and marine environment degradation are all lessening the ability of the natural resource base to supply food.
- The food sector accounts for around 30 per cent of the world’s total energy consumption and accounts for around 22 per cent of total Greenhouse Gas emissions.
- Less than 3 per cent of the world’s water is fresh (drinkable), of which 2.5 per cent is frozen in the Antarctica, Arctic and glaciers. Humanity must therefore rely on 0.5 per cent for all of man’s ecosystem’s and fresh water needs.
- Man is polluting water faster than nature can recycle and purify water in rivers and lakes.
- More than 1 billion people still do not have access to fresh water.
- Excessive use of water contributes to the global water stress.
- Water is free from nature but the infrastructure needed to deliver it is expensive.


In a legal context, “Discovery” is when all the parties involved in a legal dispute are required to share...
In a legal context, “Discovery” is when all the parties involved in a legal dispute are required to share and exchange relevant legal information and accepted facts of a case. This is also the time in which each party typically obtains and reveals all of the evidence they plan to use in court to bolster their legal arguments.
Either party can request documents and gather additional information. It is even possible for a party to request admission of some (or all) culpability for a particular aspect of a case.
Discovery is an important and mandatory process, and it’s commonly used to help legal professionals determine their next steps. That’s because, after discovery, the parties are better able to assess the probability of their success. It also means that many cases are often settled after discovery via the Summary Judgement process—skipping a potentially lengthy (and costly) court battle.
Your subscription to our Lexis Legal Advantage Online Community is confirmed!


The Steel and Metal Producers' Fund has awarded a grant to Ahmed Abdelrahim
EU has set an ambitious plan to limit the temperature increase to less than 2°C; In order to fulfill this goal, the carbon emissions level should be reduced by 80-95% of the 1990 level by 2050. One of the most energy-intensive industries worldwide is iron and steel industry. One approach to tackle the issue is to focus on elimination of fossil-based reducing agents and utilizing hydrogen in the production or iron. Moreover, massive quantities of carbon and iron bearing wastes are generated at different stages of steel making processes.
In Ahmed’s research, both influence of hydrogen and iron ore charging position on reduction are investigated using a blast furnace simulator. The aim is to get a better understanding of reduction mechanism, kinetics and microstructural changes in different iron ores during the reduction process. The research also focuses on developing a more sustainable recycling approach by producing agglomerates utilizing environmentally friendly binders rather than Portland cement as cement industry is associated with high carbon footprint. Reduction experiments take place in a blast furnace simulator employing different reducing atmospheres and temperature profiles, simulating operational conditions in an industrial blast furnace. Side stream materials from blast furnace and electric arc furnace are characterized and agglomerated using briquetting machine. Different organic and organic binders are used in the briquetting process. Briquettes mechanical and chemical properties are tested using novel techniques to assess their suitability to be recycled back into different iron and steelmaking processes.


So your instructor has told you to find peer-reviewed articles for a paper? Don't panic! This guide will explain what peer-reviewed sources are, and offer some tips on how to find them.
Luckily for you, many databases offer an option to limit your search to peer-reviewed articles. This guide explains how to do this in several popular databases.
But if you're not sure whether an article you want to use is peer-reviewed - for example, if you find a citation for an article that you'd like to use in a book's bibliography - an easy way to find out is to use Ulrich's Periodical Directory. The call number is 070.5 UL7 in our reference books. Peer-reviewed journals will be listed there as Refereed. If you're still not sure, please ask a reference librarian for help!
Knowing what peer review is will make it easier to evaluate these sources. Basically, peer review is a way of making sure that an article adds to a scholarly conversation - that it contains new and useful information and arguments, and stands up to questions from other scholars within the discipline. Using peer-reviewed sources for your work makes it easier to be sure that the information you're using is reliable.
A peer-reviewed article will typically be read by other experts within the discipline to make sure it meets these standards. Generally, a scholarly journal (like American Historical Review) will be peer-reviewed. A magazine (like People or Time) will not be peer-reviewed.


The Importance of Emotional Intelligence for EngineersPosted on: March 25, 2023, by : Tuesday
The importance of emotional intelligence for engineers
One way that emotional intelligence can benefit engineers is by improving their problem-solving skills. Engineers are often tasked with finding creative solutions to complex problems. By understanding and managing their own emotions, engineers can approach problems with a clear and focused mind, allowing them to think critically and come up with innovative solutions. Additionally, engineers who are empathetic and able to understand the emotions of others can work more collaboratively with others, leading to more effective problem-solving and better outcomes for their clients.
Another way that emotional intelligence can benefit engineers is by improving their leadership skills. Engineers who display emotional intelligence are more likely to be effective leaders because they can communicate their vision and ideas more clearly and inspire teams to work toward common goals. They are also more likely to be able to manage conflict effectively, which is crucial in any team-based work environment. By developing their emotional intelligence, engineers can become more effective leaders and advance more quickly in their careers.
Emotional intelligence is a crucial skill for engineers to develop and display in their work. By understanding and managing their own emotions, as well as influencing the emotions of others, engineers can improve their problem-solving skills, work more effectively in teams, and become better leaders. As the field of engineering becomes more complex and competitive, emotional intelligence will become an increasingly important factor in determining the success of engineers.


International Mindedness at SPHS
Stony Point High School is a diverse learning community where students learn with students and teachers from a variety of cultural and linguistic backgrounds. In our annual Home Language Survey, students and families report speaking over 30 languages in addition to English.
Through various programs,classes, and campus-wide events, we strive to develop learners who have
knowledge, understanding and appreciation of different cultures
an ability to collaborate with peers from different backgrounds
deepening knowledge and an understanding of global issues
an ability to see themselves as responsible, global citizens
All IB Diploma Programme students study French, German, or Spanish in addition to English. Students who are fluent in another language may study school supported, self taught Language A as part of their IB Diploma Programme graduation plan. To date, we have had students study Russian, Japanese, Portuguese, and Mandarin Literature. Students at SPHS can also take American Sign Language as an elective.
What the IB taught me about international-mindedness
Diploma Programme (DP) graduate Maja Johansson Hedstroem of Katedralskolan discusses how the DP and her experiences travelling taught her to seek understanding of others. She reminds us of the importance of recognizing both differences and similarities when solving global problems.
International Mindedness - Teachers Are Talking About It, But What Exactly Is It?
Carolyn Savage, an experienced educator, global citizen and mindfulness advocate identifies seven signs of an "internationally minded citizen" in this quick read on how parents can help develop a global mindset in their children from Huff Post.


Standardizing Environmental DNA methodologies for Coho Salmon
January 2020 - December 2023
- California Department of Transportation
This research is designed to provide guidance for the application of environmental DNA (eDNA) approaches for monitoring the presence, distribution, and abundance of Coho Salmon. While eDNA has the potential to revolutionize our ability to detect fish and to conduct monitoring in larger areas with higher efficiency and lower cost, it is not generally applied in standardized survey protocols developed by federal and state regulatory agencies. The initial steps involve conducting a series of laboratory and field experiments to study the ecological dynamics of eDNA, such as production, decay, and transit rates. Using the information from these initial experiments, a predictive statistical model will be developed and applied for estimating local- and broad-scale species distribution and abundance in river networks using eDNA. We are partnering with the California Department of Transportation and Humboldt State University for this project. Federal and state resource management and conservation groups will benefit from the development of eDNA approaches that allow efficient and high accuracy predictions of species geographic distribution at local- and broader scales that are not achievable using currently applied field approaches. Development of eDNA distribution and monitoring methodologies will enable efficient, no-take approaches to establish environmental baseline conditions at culvert and bridge project sites, evaluate mitigation for project impacts, and demonstrate the efficacy of mitigation projects in aquatic habitats and at fish passage remediation project locations.


Planetary Boundary Layer Incubation – Program Goals
The overarching goals of the DSI program are to promote (1) innovation in the research, development, and demonstration of new measurement technologies in preparation for future integrated observing system architectures, and (2) science activities that support maturation of measurement concepts, retrieval algorithms, models, data assimilation, and/or integrated observing system approaches.
The unique opportunity to blend technology development innovation closely guided by the needs of PBL science goals will be a multi-phased approach over the remainder of the decadal period. The ultimate goal of Incubation is to position PBL observation for low-risk and high-readiness priority in the next Earth Science Decadal Survey.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) solicited Decadal Survey Incubation (DSI) proposals to accelerate readiness of high priority observables in Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) Targeted Observables (TO) as outlined in the 2017 Decadal Survey, which are not yet feasible for cost-effective flight implementation. PBL science goals call for exploring next generation measurement approaches that could be ready for spaceborne implementation perhaps in the next decade. This program element supported the development of Earth observing instrument sensor systems, advanced information systems, and enabling science studies to further advance PBL. The ultimate intent of DSI is to enable the next generation of possible measurement approaches, system architectures, and mission concepts to address PBL and STV needs.
Prior to issuing the DSI program element, SMD’s Earth Science Division funded competed a PBL study team to identify key science questions and applications topics, observational gaps in the current programs, practical yet effective emerging measurement approaches, technology and information system development opportunities, and possible system architectures to address the goals of each TO. The work of each team was documented in Study Team Reports (STR) available at: https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/decadal-pbl


It looks like you're using an Ad Blocker.
Please white-list or disable AboveTopSecret.com in your ad-blocking tool.
Some features of ATS will be disabled while you continue to use an ad-blocker.
Scheduled to launch in the mid-2020s, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) will function as Hubble’s wide-eyed cousin. While just as sensitive as Hubble's cameras, WFIRST's 300-megapixel Wide Field Instrument will image a sky area 100 times larger. This means a single WFIRST image will hold the equivalent detail of 100 pictures from Hubble. The mission’s wide field of view will allow it to generate a never-before-seen big picture of the universe, which will help astronomers explore some of the greatest mysteries of the cosmos, like why the expansion of the universe seems to be accelerating. Some scientists attribute the speed-up to dark energy, an unexplained pressure that makes up 68 percent of the total content of the cosmos. The Wide Field Instrument will also allow WFIRST to measure the matter in hundreds of millions of distant galaxies through a phenomenon dictated by Einstein’s relativity theory. Massive objects like galaxies curve space-time in a way that bends light passing near them, creating a distorted, magnified view of far-off galaxies behind them. WFIRST will paint a broad picture of how matter is structured throughout the universe, allowing scientists to put the governing physics of its assembly to the ultimate test.


Menopause Q & A
What is menopause?
By definition, natural menopause occurs when a woman stops having menstrual cycles for 12 months, and the ovaries have stopped producing estrogen because her egg supply is depleted. Menopause marks the end of the reproductive years for a woman and happens, on average, when a woman is 51 years old.
What are the symptoms of menopause?
While the main symptom of menopause is the cessation of menstrual periods, women may experience various symptoms during the years leading up to menopause. This period of time, called perimenopause, can begin in a woman’s 30’s or 40’s and continue until menopause. Changes in menstrual bleeding, sleep problems, and vaginal tract or urinary tract changes are common during this time. Sex may become painful due to vaginal dryness or a woman may begin to lose interest in sexual intercourse. The most common symptom associated with perimenopause and menopause is hot flashes. A sudden flash of heat rushing to the upper body or face, lasting a few seconds to a few minutes is a hot flash. Some women experience a few per month while others can have multiple hot flashes per day. Bone loss is also a potential consequence of menopause due to decreased estrogen levels.
What are the treatment options for hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause?
Hormone therapy is the best way to relieve hot flashes, mitigate bone loss, and treat other symptoms of menopause. In women who have never had a hysterectomy, a hormone called progestin is prescribed along with a hormone called estrogen. This combination is called “combined hormone therapy”. Taking these two hormones in combination reduce the risk of uterinecancer that can occur when estrogen is taken alone. In women who do not have a uterus, estrogen can be given without progestin. Hormones are typically given in pill, patch, gel, or spray form.


SWIMMING KIDS gives a universal and the most complete training of the entire musculoskeletal system, gives a load for the development of all muscle groups. This is very important for a child’s growing body. The weight of the body in the water is much less, in connection with which the compression load on the spine and joints is completely removed. The spine and all limbs are stretched during swimming, which accelerates growth and strengthens muscles at the same time.
BOX KIDS – both boys and girls can do boxing, self-defense skills will not hurt anyone. Boxing classes teach children discipline, cultivate team spirit, the ability to strive for victory, but also calmly accept defeat as part of life. As a result of boxing, according to experienced coaches, children become more confident, resilient, less sick and communicate better not only with peers but also with adults.
ACROBATICS KIDS – exercises for strength, agility, jumping, balancing. A set of special physical exercises related to maintaining balance and rotating the body with support and without support. Jumps, wheels, gullies, bridges, birches and handstands, to develop flexibility, agility and coordination of movements.
PILATES KIDS – there is no competition in Pilates, but a strong balanced body and the ability to use it will improve results in any sport and avoid injuries, and the ability to concentrate and control their actions, instill self-confidence in the child and save the nervous system. growth, and the skill of building will not allow the development of imbalances due to one-sided sports or playing musical instruments.


This set of open educational resources (OER) was designed by Dr. Amelia Acker as part of the FCoP project. There are three kinds of resources that are intended to serve as discussion handouts to be used by educators training information professionals. The overall learning objectives are to introduce early graduate students to preservation contexts where software emulation would occur, and how it is accomplished. The resources draw upon emulation projects observed by Amelia, reported by FCOP cohort participants, and cases used in the IDCC workshop from February 2020.
The resources include the following, and are available both online and as handouts:
An introduction to emulation in libraries, archives, and museums; a glossary; two case studies; and educator instructions to accompany the case studies.
How to use the resources:
Each case study covers different learning objectives and has discussion questions that encourage groups to consider questions, challenges, and strategies in similar institutional contexts. These case study handouts can be used as stand alone resources or as an iterative unit. The glossary contains key words that explain concepts and technologies mentioned in detail throughout the handouts.
Each of these resources are open for reuse under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license.
Introduction to Emulation in LAMs
Case Studies & Activities
Case Study Template
FCoP Teaching Case Study Template
Name of Case Study Catchy, fun, piques the reader’s interest Open question: does it include the software/hardware emulated? Unit + Institution’s name Team or unit that lead the emulation program and the institution where the team is located. Unit members …Continue FCoP Teaching Case Study Template


Complete 2 page APA formatted essay: Senior Capston Project.
Specific Factors that may influence learning in the selected group for health education programs – Health Education Programs are most required at work sites. There are certain specific factors which influence learning in this group. People at work sites are able minded working individuals, They are more responsible than any other member in the other groups. They are wage earners so their responsibility is that much more than school goers and people in any specific community. People at the work site can convey the effects of the health education program to the members of their family, be it school children or even members of the community. This will begin a chain reaction – children who are taught by them will go to school and teach or at least influence other children and this will in turn benefit the entire community. Most importantly, if the health program can be successfully implemented health at work place will improve incredibly. This will result in optimum productivity in the entire industry. Of course there are some developmental considerations that need to be considered when planning the program. Age and body weight are two major considerations. Health education program need to be planned according to the age of the group it is to be implemented on. Depending on the age of an individual health requirements and principles of health management would need to be altered. Health programs would also have to be implemented keeping in mind the average body weight of the group.


Oct 29, 2023, 2:00 am
|Constituent Country:||Faroe Islands|
Forward 1 hour
Mar 26, 2023 - Daylight Saving Time Started
When local standard time was about to reach
Sunday, March 26, 2023, 1:00:00 am clocks were turned forward 1 hour to
Sunday, March 26, 2023, 2:00:00 am local daylight time instead.
Sunrise and sunset were about 1 hour later on Mar 26, 2023 than the day before. There was more light in the evening.
Also called Spring Forward, Summer Time, and Daylight Savings Time.
Back 1 hour
Oct 29, 2023 - Daylight Saving Time Ends
When local daylight time is about to reach
Sunday, October 29, 2023, 2:00:00 am clocks are turned backward 1 hour to
Sunday, October 29, 2023, 1:00:00 am local standard time instead.
Sunrise and sunset will be about 1 hour earlier on Oct 29, 2023 than the day before. There will be more light in the morning.
Also called Fall Back and Winter Time.
Daylight Saving Time History in Faroe Islands
- Faroe Islands first observed Daylight Saving Time in 1981.
- Faroe Islands has observed DST for 43 years between 1981 and 2023.
- See Worldwide DST Statistics


The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is a standardized test that is an admissions requirement for most graduate schools in the United States. Created and administered by Educational Testing Service (ETS) in 1949, the exam aims to measure verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, analytical writing, and critical thinking skills that have been acquired over a long period of time and that are not related to any specific field of study. The GRE General Test is offered as a computer-based exam administered at Prometric testing centers.
Graduate students who need admission into US and Canadian universities are normally required to take the GRE. Secondly, those in pursuit of scholarships will have to ace the GRE.
TEST CONTENT: The GRE has 3 main parts (sections).
The Analytical Writing
SCORES : The GRE is scored on a scale of 130 to 170 for both the Verbal and Quantitative sections. The Analytical Writing section is guaged on a 6 point scale. The Scores are reported immediately after submission.
However, the score for the Analytical component is released after a couple of days normally within a few weeks.
EXAM DIETS : A test date can booked almost any date but subject to availability. It is advised that candidates register in advance.


It’s estimated that up to a third of people suffering from a serious medical condition also experience some symptoms of depression, but experts are unsure about the reasons for the connection. Some say that it’s psychologically driven, as the burden of staying healthy and the stigma associated with many diseases can lead to feelings of intense sadness and depression. Others say that the actual health condition, such as stroke or Parkinson’s disease, can trigger changes in the brain that make us more inclined to sink into depression. Whatever the reason, depression tied to illness can be a very serious, emotional battle. But you don’t have to suffer in silence. Check out these tips for tackling depression and chronic illness together:
- Talk to others facing the same battles. There are websites for many serious illnesses and online support groups where you can talk about depression and treatment, among other topics. Ask your doctor or mental health professional for advice on accessing support outlets in your area.
- Know that treating depression can help improve your overall physical health by motivating you to adhere to your treatment regimen for any particular disease and increasing your chance of recovery.
- Caring for someone who is ill? Depression has been shown to be 10 times more prevalent among caregivers than the general population. For depression resources and support for caregivers, visit caregiver.org or call 800.445.8106.


Statement of Intent.
Topic: For this essay, you will write a focused argument on your assigned topic. By "focused" I mean NO STATEMENTS OF INTENT ("In this essay I will"¦" or "This essay discusses"¦")! You must assert a point/idea/stance in the thesis statement, which will come at the end of your introduction.
Topic: listening to music and health
- You must have ONLY four or five body paragraphs (for a total of six or seven paragraphs). Focus your thesis in a way that allows you to exhaust your point in that much space.
- You must reference each of THREE of your sources as a quote and as a paraphrase in the essay. Note that you are arguing a point and NOT simply summarizing the sources (you already did that in the Annotated Bib), so you cannot simply dedicate one paragraph to each source.
- Your topic sentences must reflect aspects of your argument.
- You must use proper APA signal phrases and in-text citation, and you must include a References page at the end of the essay that includes the three sources you've used in the essay.


Pharmacovigilance (PV) is defined as the science of collecting, monitoring, researching, assessing and evaluating information from healthcare providers and patients on the adverse effects of medications, biological products, blood products, herbals, vaccines, medical devices, traditional and complementary medicines.
The purpose of PV is to identify new information about hazards associated with products and preventing harm to patients. No degree of care and caution at the pre-clinical and clinical testing stages can guarantee absolute safety, when a drug is marketed and prescribed to large populations. Continuous monitoring of drug effects, side effects, contraindications are essential to maximize benefits and minimize risks. Since clinical trials involve several thousands of patients at most, less common side effects and ADRs are often unknown at the time a drug enters the market. Post marketing PV uses tools such as data mining and investigation of case reports to identify the relationships between drugs and ADRs.
While pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies must monitor and proactively estimate and manage drug risk throughout a product’s lifecycle, the drug regulatory agencies have the responsibility of having a well-established PV system to monitor ADRs during the drug development phase and later during the lifetime of a marketed drug.
With the challenge of maximizing drug safety and maintaining public confidence becoming increasingly complex in this century, the PV function has become an important public health issue as every stakeholder is faced with a number of challenges. As India remains the largest producer of pharmaceuticals, it is also emerging as an important clinical trial hub in the world; hence the PV role is getting more prominence and continues to grow, evolve and improve.
To be successful in the PV role, one thus needs to be strong in their fundamentals and be updated on the latest developments in the area of drug research. Besides these one has to be good at liaising, communicating and collaborating with multiple stakeholders.