PIRLS 2021 International Results in Reading
Home Environment Support
Home Early Literacy Activities Before Primary School
The Home Early Literacy Activities Before Primary School scale is based on parents’ reports of how often they engaged their child in nine early literacy activities before primary school (see “About the Scale”). Based on the scale response categories and IRT scores, students in the “often” category had parents that frequently engaged them in such activities as reading books, telling stories, talking with them, playing word games, or writing. In comparison, students whose parents reported doing these activities never or only sometimes were placed in the “never or almost never” category. All of the other students “sometimes” were engaged in early literacy activities.
Exhibit 5.2 presents the percentages of students in each participating country whose parents reported they engaged their children in these activities “often,” “sometimes,” or “never or almost never” together with the students’ average reading achievement for each of the three categories. Countries are ordered by the percentage of students whose parents engaged them in these activities “often.”
Internationally on average, 42 percent of students had parents that engaged them in these early literacy activities “often” and another 55 percent were engaged in the activities “sometimes.” Only a very small percentage of students (3% on average) were “never or almost never” engaged in these activities. Engaging more frequently in literacy activities with young children appears to have a considerable impact on their reading achievement at the fourth grade. Average reading achievement was highest (518) for students whose parents “often” engaged them in these activities and noticeably lower (495) for students whose parents only “sometimes” engaged them in these activities. The average achievement was much lower (418) for the small percentage of students whose parents “never or almost never” engaged them in early literacy activities.


Module 6: Presidential Candidate Mini Speech
Mini Speeches are designed to give students the opportunity to practice their speaking skills without having an “audience”. Please see the instructions below:
Step 1: Choose an individual who you think should be the next president of the United States. This individual SHOULD NOT include a person who could/would run for the position or be in politics. A viable individual could be a family member, celebrity…even a cartoon or fictional character!
Step 2: Create a short speech to outline your choice and provide THREE reasons why the audience should consider voting for that person. Consider yourself the “hype person” for this individual. Utilize description with your answers. Don’t forget structure (intro, body, conclusion).
Step 3. Create a short video (no more than 2 minutes) with you presenting your tribute. A visual aid is NOT required.
Step 4. Post this video. Please view the technical speech requirements below about posting videos.
Technical Speech Requirements:
- NO spectators have to be present for this speech
- There should be NO “starting and stopping” during this time. You should not try to find the “best take” but allow your speech to be a “live” presentation. Grades will not be given for a speech that possesses segmented material OR splicing.
- When taping, please ensure that your video is close enough for the graders and reviewers to see you; however, far enough for any visual aids to be seen and your body gestures. Video should at least show from the torso up. Speakers should be standing.
- After you complete your speech, post the video to YouTube.


The American West Presentation Topics
“From Mountain Men to Railroads: The Opening of the American West”
This is the intriguing story of how the fur trade, government surveys, the overland trade, and the great wagon trails forged pathways across the West often later followed by the railroads. Once the golden spike celebrating the completion of the transcontinental railroad was driven, the barriers to the settlement of the American West were breached and the Native American way of life was undermined. This is a vast story with many colorful personalities who changed the character and destiny of the United States to our own time.
“Wagon Trails West: Myth and Reality”
From the 1840s to the late 1870s, hundreds of thousands of Americans and newly arrived immigrants participated in one of the largest mass migrations in our history. Hollywood movies and television created dramatic sagas about the struggles and privations that these pioneers endured in the wagon trains traveling through the “Great America Desert”. Based on the diaries and letters of pioneer man and women, this program explores the myths and realities of their travel on the Oregon, California, and Santa Fe Trails. For about 30 years, scores of these wagon trains set out from Missouri facing rugged topography, harsh weather and many types of danger on the journey west. Only the building of the transcontinental railroad brought this odyssey to an end. Yet, their migration helped rapidly settle the American West and close our nation’s last frontier.
“The Story of the California Missions”
Across the American Southwest many early mission churches still exist. These historic sites preserve the remnants of what once was an extensive effort to solidify Spain’s colonial empire. Spain’s mission system began in the 1500s, and its last mission was built in Sonoma in 1823. Today, the 21 California mission churches remain the most extensive survivors of that era. As first conceived, the California missions were to bring the benefits of Christianity to local Native Americans. However, the mission system became a vital part of Spain’s broader colonizing plan to claim and populate its extensive New World territories. Ed Gordon has visited all the California missions and many others in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. With his additional extensive research, he explains the typical economic, educational, and social activities of daily life at the missions and then explores the historical circumstances behind their closing and revival.


|Did you mean to convert||UK gallon||to||gram [water]|
How many UK gallon in 1 gram? The answer is 0.00021996924829909. We assume you are converting between gallon [UK] and gram [water]. You can view more details on each measurement unit: UK gallon or gram The SI derived unit for volume is the cubic meter. 1 cubic meter is equal to 219.96924829909 UK gallon, or 1000000 gram. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Use this page to learn how to convert between gallons [UK] and grams. Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!
1 UK gallon to gram = 4546.09 gram
2 UK gallon to gram = 9092.18 gram
3 UK gallon to gram = 13638.27 gram
4 UK gallon to gram = 18184.36 gram
5 UK gallon to gram = 22730.45 gram
6 UK gallon to gram = 27276.54 gram
7 UK gallon to gram = 31822.63 gram
8 UK gallon to gram = 36368.72 gram
9 UK gallon to gram = 40914.81 gram
10 UK gallon to gram = 45460.9 gram
You can do the reverse unit conversion from gram to UK gallon, or enter any two units below:
ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more!


Search Research Library:
What High‑Stakes Testing Means for the Emotional Well‑Being of Students and Teachers
Standardized high-stakes testing has become an established part of the grand narrative of America’s public school system; America’s students are tested at a rate that far surpasses that of students in other industrialized nations. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act has prescribed an increase in high-stakes testing of students that has created the most stress-filled learning environment in this country’s history.
This case study of the piloting of the TestEdge National Demonstration Study (TENDS) focuses deep inquiry on the process of implementing an alternative curriculum and pedagogy that seeks to address the impact of high-stakes testing on students and teachers. The TestEdge curriculum emphasizes emotional restructuring and the enhancement of resilience in students and teachers as a foundation for lowering test anxiety, increasing student test scores on standardized high-stakes tests, and improving student emotional stability and behaviors in the context of classroom dynamics and interactions. The pilot study was conducted in the summer of 2004 in a high school in Southern California; participants in the study included academically and behaviorally "at risk" students enrolled in a mandatory remedial summer school program and their teachers.
Through classroom and campus observations, student drawings, teacher reports, and comprehensive community and school profiles, the study triangulates results of both quantitative and qualitative measures used in the pilot study, while providing supplementary contextual information about the study participants. The study is also intended as a vehicle for allowing the voices of students and teachers involved in the project to be heard.
Classroom behaviors, patterns of communication (both nonverbal and verbal), and changes in social interactions revealed the tremendous pressure that students and teachers felt to prepare for and perform well on standardized tests and surveys. Student and teacher anxiety and depression were common themes in classroom observations, student drawings and teacher reports. Deep reflections and critiques are offered from both clinical and pedagogical perspectives, contributing to a clearer understanding of the impact of high-stakes testing on the emotional, physical, social and academic well-being of students and teachers in America’s schools.


Antiochus I Soter was a Greek king who ruled the Seleucid Empire from 281 BC to 261 BC. He was the son of Seleucus I Nicator (reign: 305-281 BC), the founder and king of the eponymous Seleucid Empire. Ai-Khanoum was a city founded by Alexander the Great in present-day Afghanistan, and it served as an important center of Hellenistic culture.
The coin of Antiochus I Soter from the Ai-Khanum mint typically features a portrait of the king on the obverse, with a diadem and a flowing beard. The reverse typically features an image of Apollo seated on an omphalos, holding a bow and an arrow. An omphalos was a revered stone believed to signify the epicenter of the world at Apollo’s Delphi sanctuary in Greece. It must be noted that the reverse design on the coin persisted for many generations under the Seleucids.
In some cases, the reverse bears a horned horse head. It is likely that the horns were decorative add-ons to the bridle intended to enhance the animal’s intimidating appearance. While it is possible that they were part of Alexander’s renowned warhorse Bucephalus’ gear, it is more probable that they were designed to honor the horse (whose name is unknown) that transported Seleucus to Babylon in 312 BC.
The inscription on the coin is usually in Greek, and it identifies Antiochus as the king (basileos) of the Seleucid Empire. The coin also often includes the mint mark, which can help identify where and when the coin was minted.
These coins are highly sought after by collectors and historians for their historical significance and artistic beauty.


Back to: West Bengal Board Class 11th and 12th
Table of Contents
In the poem, the poet describes a journey that ends in a secret meeting between lovers. The poet describes the journey and the meeting in detail. The poem concludes with the delighted meeting of the lovers by a farm near the sea beach.
About the Poet
Robert Browning (1812-1889) was an English poet and playwright born in the nineteenth century. Browning’s major works include The Last Ride Together, My Last Duchess, Fra Lippo Lippi. The Pied Piper of Hamelin is a famous children’s verse written by him.
The theme of this poem is the meeting of two lovers at night. It describes the journey that one of them undertakes to meet the other.
The grey sea and the long black land; And the yellow half-moon large and low; And the startled little waves that leap In fiery ringlets from their sleep, As I gain the cove with pushing prow, And quench its speed i' the slushy sand.
The poet talks about the scenery around him. He tells us about the grey sea and the long black land, and the yellow half-moon which hangs large and low in the sky. Startled little waves leap in fiery ringlets from their sleep as the poet approaches the cove in a boat that is pushing forward. The waves spread around like rings when the poet’s boat disturbs the previously still water. The boat quenches its speed or comes to a stop in the slushy sand by the shore.
Then a mile of warm sea-scented beach; Three fields to cross till a farm appears; A tap at the pane, the quick sharp scratch And blue spurt of a lighted match, And a voice less loud, thro' its joys and fears, Than the two hearts beating each to each!
The poet then travels along a mile of warm sea-scented beach, and crosses three fields till a farm appears. He taps at the pane, and there is the quick sharp scratch of a matchstick being lit, followed by the blue flame of a lighted match. Then a voice filled with joy and fear is heard, it either belongs to the poet or his beloved. However, this voice is less loud than the sound of the two lovers’ hearts beating together.


Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy access options
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic neuromuscular disorder characterised by progressive muscle weakness and wasting. It is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene on the X-chromosome which result in an absence of the dystrophin protein, a protein that helps keep muscle cells intact. It is the most prevalent neuromuscular disorder, affecting up to 1 out of 3,600 male births worldwide. Symptoms usually appear during in early childhood, between the ages 3 and 5. The disease primarily affects boys, but can also affect girls as well, although this is quite rare. The standard therapy that can delay DMD progression is based on corticosteroids. The two mainly used in DMD are deflazacort and prednisone/prednisolone.
- Calcort (deflazacort)Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy€13.60
- Exondys 51 (eteplirsen)Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy€18,348.00
- Vyondys 53 (golodirsen)Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy€2,867.85
- Viltepso (viltolarsen)Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy€2,176.20
- Amondys 45 (casimersen)Duchenne Muscular DystrophyPrice available on request
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Here are this week’s interesting historical photos. For part 102, click here.
1. An East German soldier passing a flower through the Berlin Wall before it was torn down, 1989.
2. Princeton students after a freshman vs. sophomores snowball fight in 1893.
3. Nazi Rally being held at the “Cathedral of Light” in Nuremberg.
Designed by Albert Speer, the “cathedral” actually consisted of 152 anti-aircraft searchlights, at intervals of 12 meters, aimed skyward to create a series of vertical bars surrounding the audience, 1930’s.
4. A mother and her son watch a nuclear bomb testing in Nevada, 1953.
5. Indian on a Indian Motorcylce,1910s.
6. WWI, Protection of monuments during the war.
Sandbags protecting the portals of Notre-Dame de Paris in 1918.
7. Jewish prisoners of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany.
Jewish prisoners of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany, on a transport to Theresienstadt north of Prague, moments after they were liberated by the US forces on April 1945.
8. City Hall during construction in 1927, Los Angeles.
9. A man standing in the lumberyard of Seattle Cedar Lumber Manufacturing, 1939.
Photo by Alfred Eisenstaedt.
What’s up with the joker on the very left in picture 7? Can’t imagine any reason for that smile and gesture while in a concentration camp.
Did you not read the caption, the photo was taken just after they were liberated from the con camp.
#7. Bergen-Belsen was not liberated by the U.S.; it was liberated by the British. That was also the camp where Anne Frank died.
You too can’t read? It was train that got liberated.


What We Do
Bottomland hardwood forest protection and restoration is the primary management activity on the Refuge. Over 80% of bottomland hardwood forests have been destroyed nationally and the rest are fragmented and relatively small. In addition human manipulation of water sources has changed the natural flooding that is necessary to sustain healthy floodplain forests. The annual floods are important for supplying nutrients to flood-plain forests, recharging forested wetlands and supporting growth of plants adapted to this habitat. Bottomland forest restoration includes tree or nut (seed) planting, restoration of forested wetlands, and modification of types of trees, shrubs and the vegetation in the understory.
Management and Conservation
Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge has a long term partnership with the Conservation Fund to restore bottomland hardwood forests. Beginning in 2008, the Marais des Cygnes restoration project was successfully completed in two phases. The first phase, which consisted of several parcels totaling 776 acres, was planted in 2008. The second phase of the restoration began in 2017, and planting was completed in 2018, totaling 669 additional acres, for a project total of 1,445 acres. This effort was designed to decrease the effects of climate change climate change
Climate change includes both global warming driven by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. Though there have been previous periods of climatic change, since the mid-20th century humans have had an unprecedented impact on Earth's climate system and caused change on a global scale.
Learn more about climate change by using trees to store carbon, restore bottomland hardwood forests and wetland ecosystems, and create long-term community benefits in the form of hunting, fishing, wildlife photography, wildlife observation, environmental education, and interpretation.
Laws and Regulations
Certain regulations are necessary for the protection of wildlife and wildlife habitat, and for the safety of visitors. Observance of these rules will protect the species and habitats that visitors come to see. The Refuge Manager reserves the right to close all or part of the Refuge to hunting and/or public access at any time. The Refuge is also subject to Federal, State, and local laws and regulations.


The images that the event of Akeidat Yitzchak generally conjure are Avraham’s compliance, Yitzchak’s selflessness, and their unity in order to fulfill the ultimate sacrifice for God. However, the day that is more focused on the Akeida than any other is called Yom Teruah and its climax is the sounding of the shofar; Avraham’s sacrifice of the ram steals the show. This oddity is exaggerated when looking at how the Torah records the sudden change in what is being offered. “Vayeilech Avraham vayikach et ha’ayil vaya’aleihu li’olah tachat binno- Abraham went and took the ram and offered it up as a burnt offering in place of his son.״ (Genesis 22:13) The word the Torah uses for “in place of” is “tachat.” Nachama Lebowitz explains based on the Benno Jacob’s reading of Ayin tachat ayin – an eye for an eye, that from many of the places where the word tachat is used in Tanach, it is clear that it implies replacement or compensation for something lost. The argument by “ayin tachat ayin” is that even in Pshat it cannot be about revenge, but rather it has to be describing a way to replace the eye; thus, Chazzal say that the Torah is commanding monetary compensation to replace at least one function of the eye, which is helping to make a living. If this is true, then how could the Torah use the word “tachat” to describe replacing the sacrifice of Yitzchak with the sacrifice of a ram? How could sacrificing an animal begin to compare to the act of sacrificing a child such that it could be referred to with the terminology of a valid compensation?


One of the main impacts of diagnostic tools based on imaging and artificial intelligence is the hit rate of the result. In other words, the possibility that the diagnosis is wrong.
According to research in the journal 'JAMA Dermatology', melanoma detection applications incorrectly diagnose more than 30% of cases, giving benign cases of skin cancer as benign when they really are not. When talking about diagnostic confidence, it is necessary to distinguish between two concepts:
- False Positive: A false positive does not in itself represent any danger, apart from adding unnecessary stress, initial periods of shock, anger or a feeling of having wasted time and opportunities, aggravating the patient's psychic state. However, the danger is that the patient may take hasty action, such as expensive and invasive tests or treatments that may be harmful in the medium/long term.
- False Negative: This case has a greater influence than the previous case, as a week's delay can decrease the survival rate by 30%, with possible fatal consequences. On the other hand, a false negative can lead to a much higher cost of treatment at the time of late detection than earlier detection. Therefore, care should be taken in case of doubt and more people/apps should be used to corroborate the opinion.
One of the main solutions proposed is that, through our app, patients, apart from receiving an assessment from Artificial Intelligence, will be able to contact their doctor directly, without any kind of intermediary. In this way, the doctor receives the photo that has been analysed and can give a second opinion or request a face-to-face consultation if they have any doubts. The aim of this is to achieve a higher success rate in the event of doubt, as the opinion of several people/apps on the same possible melanoma will be available.
The second solution proposed to solve the problem of misdiagnosis is to research and use advanced algorithm development techniques. The idea is to use a large database to develop code that correctly classifies the images, in combination with techniques that avoid over-fitting the results to the database used.


I’m studying IELTS writing, and I just came across a confusing sentence from this band score 8 essay:
Nobody can argue that the acquisition of knowledge is more fun and easier with computers.
As I understand it, this sentence is saying that no one can argue for the opinion, that computers make learning more fun and easier.
But the rest of the paragraph is actually supporting the opinion. So it’s supposed to mean the opposite: nobody can argue against the opinion.
Then I found another usage of the word ‘argue’:
He argued that America should stop Lend-Lease convoying because it needed to fortify its own Army with the supplies.
In this case, the author certainly means that “he” is in favour of something.
Is the first usage wrong? Or am I missing something?
You are right that there is something wrong with the sentence if the writer means:
The acquisition of knowledge is more fun and easier with computers.
Nobody can dispute or deny this.
The sentence is an example of what the linguists at Language Log call misnegation. Here are some misnegations that they analyse:
There’s no limit to what he won’t do.
CIA unable to underestimate the effect of drone war.
Your clients are relying on you to help them avoid staying out of
Here is a list of all the Language Log misnegation analyses.
Source : Link , Question Author : xiaofeng.li , Answer Author : Shoe


The assessment of preference with children: The effects of pre-exposure
Lynch, D. M. (2009). The assessment of preference with children: The effects of pre-exposure (Thesis, Master of Applied Psychology (MAppPsy)). The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/10289/3598
Permanent Research Commons link: https://hdl.handle.net/10289/3598
This research examined the effects of relative degree of exposure (a possible establishing operation) to potential reinforcers that were non-edible (i.e., toys) on the preferences of four children who have a developmental disability. The children, ranged from eight to twelve years of age and the experiment was conducted in each of their homes after school. Parents helped select six toys that were small and easily handled for each child and that they thought the child enjoyed. The children had access the toys only in the experimental sessions. Multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO) preference assessments were conducted with each child to identify a preference ranking for each toy. The four bottom ranking toys were used in alternating control and test sessions. In the control sessions, participants were given 5 min of free access to each of the four toys prior to a MSWO preference assessment in each session. In the first eight test sessions, called deprivation sessions, the participants were given 5 min of free access to all but their lowest preferred toy before the MSWO assessment. The four highest ranked of the six toys were used for the second series of control and test sessions. Control sessions continued as before using these highest ranked toys. In the eight test sessions, called habituation sessions, participants were given 5 min of free access to only the most preferred toy. There were no consistent effects on preferences for the toys in the deprivation sessions, whereas the most preferred toy was selected less often in the in the habituation sessions. These results suggest that prior exposure to toys reduces the value of the toys.
The University of Waikato
All items in Research Commons are provided for private study and research purposes and are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated.
- Masters Degree Theses


Lessons and activities relating to the Color Theory Unit. Includes hands on and interactive digital assignments for Google Classroom.
This unit was set up for a hybrid schedule with students attending in person every other day, while completing assignments in Google Classroom at home. All linked documents are available for free download on my Teachers Pay Teachers page.
Artist/Theme: Color Wheel/Color Theory
Materials: exemplars, pencils, erasers, colored pencils, sharpener, paper, Google Classroom/Google Products, device
Teacher Prep: Color Theory PowerPoint, create Google Forms
Day 1: At Home: Have students fill out the Color Wheel Pre-Assessment Google Form
Day 2: In Person: Introduce or review Color Theory with the Color Wheel Slide Presentation With the remaining amount of time, students will complete the Drag and Drop Color Wheel and begin the Color Wheel Vocabulary Google Form.
Day 3: At Home: Students will complete the Color Wheel Vocabulary Google Form and Color and Moods Google Form.
Day 4: In Person: Go through the Colors as Emotions in Artwork Presentation. Go through directions for the Color as Emotions in Art: Logos assignment. I created this assignment as a Google Form and had students take a photo of their artwork to submit.
Day 5: At Home: Students will complete their logos assignment and use today at home to complete any missing assignments for this unit.
Bonus or Sub Assignment: Creative Color Wheels: Have students create their own color wheels with a unique design


Class 6 Important Questions for Maths – Data Handling
NCERT Exemplar Class 6 Maths is very important resource for students preparing for VI Board Examination. Here we have provided NCERT Exemplar Problems Solutions along with NCERT Exemplar Problems Class 6.
Question from very important topics are covered by NCERT Exemplar Class 6. You also get idea about the type of questions and method to answer in your Class 6th examination.
Here you can get Class 6 Important Questions Maths based on NCERT Text book for Class VI. Maths Class 6 Important Questions are very helpful to score high marks in board exams. Here we have covered Important Questions on Data Handling for Class 6 Maths subject.
Maths Important Questions Class 6 are given below.
Multiple Choice Questions
True False Type Questions
Fill in the Blanks Type Questions
Other Important Type Questions
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Answers to Multiple Choice Questions
|1. (d)||2. (d)||3. (d)||4. (d)||5. (c)|
Class 6 Important Questions for Maths all topics
Maths Important Questions Class 6 are given below chapter wise.
- Number System
- Fractions and Decimals
- Data Handling
- Ratio and Proportion
- Symmetry and Practical Geometry
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The 300M Citizens’ Challenge is to reach millions of underserved children to spread the joy of learning by engaging in strategic and grassroots partnerships by leveraging technology to augment reach and sustainability.
Let us work together to make a difference
Join The 300M Alliance and move the needle of education with us
It was a new revelation for us. I felt this portal has 'भानुमति का पिटारा.' (Bhanumati ka Pitara), showing them stories, reading with voice modulation, and using props were amazing.
Students enjoy listening to the story and knowing about 'space.' By asking simple space-related questions and showing some space pictures, students actively participate in activities and deeper discussions on the subject. Students can read the story themselves because the sentences are very simple.
Meri Yatra Foundation
Children liked this story immensely and comprehended that they should be kind to animals.
We have learned more than one way to complete the story from your workshops. Children got a new perspective and thinking, which they can confidently talk about in front of everyone.
It was an incredible experience. The students have learned to make sentences from the words given. They have drawn pictures based on the story. They have gained knowledge during the course. Every level gave them a lesson on how to face real-life issues.
Parwarish Cares Foundation
I like the links shared and the floating zero drawing. That was innovative and very age-appropriate
By teaching these courses in intuitive and innovative ways like storytelling, drawing, and a project on planting a tree, children can learn about Mother Earth in a fun way. As a result, they will become tomorrow's 'Earth Warriors' fully aware of what's good for our planet and what's not. (Pollution, Global Warming, Importance of trees).- Babita Joshi, Vidajal Foundation


The Schizophrenia Diet
While medications and therapy are the primary treatments for schizophrenia, research has shown that diet can play a critical role in managing symptoms and improving overall health outcomes.
The Importance of Diet for People with Schizophrenia
Dietary patterns that emphasize whole foods and nutrient-dense options have been shown to improve mental health outcomes in people with schizophrenia. This is because these diets are rich in vitamins, minerals, and other essential nutrients that support brain function and help reduce inflammation in the body.
Conversely, diets high in sugar, processed foods, and saturated fat have been linked to poorer mental health outcomes and can exacerbate symptoms of schizophrenia. In the following paragraphs, we will discuss several diet options that can help people with schizophrenia have a better and more positive outlook.
The Mediterranean diet is a way of eating that centers around unprocessed foods including vegetables and fruits, whole grains, olive oil, nuts, and seeds. This diet is also rich in lean protein sources like fish and poultry and includes limited amounts of red meat. Research has shown that the Mediterranean diet can help improve mood and cognitive function in people with schizophrenia.
The DASH diet is a dietary pattern that emphasizes whole foods and is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein sources, and low-fat dairy.
This diet has been shown to reduce blood pressure, which can be a concern for people with schizophrenia who may be taking medications that increase blood pressure. The DASH diet has also been linked to improved mental health outcomes.
A plant-based diet emphasizes foods derived from plants such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts. This diet is often low in saturated fat and high in fiber and other essential nutrients. Research has shown that plant-based diets may reduce inflammation in the body and improve overall health outcomes in people with schizophrenia.
A gluten-free diet is a dietary pattern that eliminates gluten-containing foods such as wheat, barley, and rye. Some people with schizophrenia may benefit from a gluten-free diet, as research has suggested that gluten may exacerbate symptoms of schizophrenia in some individuals. However, it is important to note that not all individuals with schizophrenia will benefit from a gluten-free diet.


Science of the Total Environment, vol.865, 2023 (SCI-Expanded)
© 2022 Elsevier B.V.California's Central Valley, one of the most agriculturally productive regions, is also one of the most stressed aquifers in the world due to anthropogenic groundwater over-extraction primarily for irrigation. Groundwater depletion is further exacerbated by climate-driven droughts. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite gravimetry has demonstrated the feasibility of quantifying global groundwater storage changes at uniform monthly sampling, though at a coarse resolution and is thus impractical for effective water resources management. Here, we employ the Random Forest machine learning algorithm to establish empirical relationships between GRACE-derived groundwater storage and in situ groundwater level variations over the Central Valley during 2002–2016 and achieved spatial downscaling of GRACE-observed groundwater storage changes from a few hundred km to 5 km. Validations of our modeled groundwater level with in situ groundwater level indicate excellent Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficients ranging from 0.94 to 0.97. In addition, the secular components of modeled groundwater show good agreements with those of vertical displacements observed by GPS, and CryoSat-2 radar altimetry measurements and is perfectly consistent with findings from previous studies. Our estimated groundwater loss is about 30 km3 from 2002 to 2016, which also agrees well with previous studies in Central Valley. We find the maximum groundwater storage loss rates of −5.7 ± 1.2 km3 yr−1 and -9.8 ± 1.7 km3 yr−1 occurred during the extended drought periods of January 2007–December 2009, and October 2011–September 2015, respectively while Central Valley also experienced groundwater recharges during prolonged flood episodes. The 5-km resolution Central Valley-wide groundwater storage trends reveal that groundwater depletion occurs mostly in southern San Joaquin Valley collocated with severe land subsidence due to aquifer compaction from excessive groundwater over withdrawal.


The level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere rises constantly, heating up our planet. Observing the levels of greenhouse gas emissions is essential to predict climate change and mitigate its consequences.
The Integrated Carbon Observation System, ICOS provides standardised and open data from more than 170 measurement stations across 16 European countries. The stations observe greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere as well as carbon fluxes between the atmosphere, the land surface and the oceans. Thus, ICOS is rooted in three domains: Atmosphere, Ecosystem and Ocean.
The ICOS community consists of more than 500 scientists in both its current Member and Observer countries and beyond. More than 80 renowned universities or institutes are a part of the ICOS community. The ICOS community has strong connections to colleagues and operators outside ICOS. ICOS-based knowledge supports policy- and decision-making to combat climate change and its impacts.
We produce standardised, high-precision and long-term observations on greenhouse gases, used by scientists and decision makers in predicting and mitigating climate change
We aim to provide high-quality data and elaborated data products for science on the carbon cycle and for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions and sinks across Europe.
What means ICOS RI? What are GHGs? The list contains the most common abbreviations used in the ICOS.


Fukuisaurus (Fukui lizard)
Kobayashi & Azuma - 2003
Estimated 4.5-6 meters long
F. tetoriensis (type)
Japan, Honshu Island, Fukui Prefecture, Kitadani Formation
Late Cretaceous, 80 million years ago
Fukuiraptor was a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous period, about 80 million years ago. It was named after the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum in Japan where the first fossils were discovered. Fukuiraptor was a medium-sized theropod that measured around 4-5 meters in length and weighed about 200-300 kilograms. Its most distinctive feature was its slender snout, which suggests that it had a specialized diet.
Fukuiraptor is classified as a member of the family Megaraptoridae, which includes other large, predatory theropods such as Megaraptor and Australovenator. Like other megaraptorids, Fukuiraptor had long arms with large, curved claws that may have been used for hunting or for defense.
Fossils of Fukuiraptor have been found in the Kitadani Formation in Japan, along with other dinosaurs such as the hadrosaurid Kamuysaurus and the ankylosaurid Fukuisaurus. The discovery of Fukuiraptor has provided valuable insights into the diversity of theropod dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous of Asia.


Chiropractic is a natural and conservative form of health care, offering alternative treatment for many conditions other than medication and surgery.
It is important to understand why our spine plays such a significant role in our health. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system which is completely encased and protected by the skull and spinal column.
The spinal cord and spinal nerves are the main pathway every function of the body.
“The nervous system controls and coordinates all organs and structures of the human body.”(Gray’s Anatomy, 29th Ed., page 4)
The spinal column includes 24 vertebra, each separated by a disc. Spinal nerves exit from between each vertebra and extend to all parts of the body. When spinal vertebrae are misaligned,those misalignments cause pressure or irritation on the nerves, causing pain, numbness,weakness, muscle spasms and interfering with proper nerve signals to parts of the body. Thesevertebral misalignments are called subluxations.
Chiropractic is a natural approach to health care.It is based on the very simple premise – that good health depends on a normal functioning nervous system. Chiropractic uses a “hands on” approach to treating and preventing disorders of the musculoskeletal system as well as the effects of those disorders on the nervous system. Chiropractic’s hands-on approach is treatment without the use of drugs or surgery.
Chiropractors are specialized in locating and correcting spinal subluxations. Treatment consists of manual manipulation of the spine to restore proper alignment. Such manipulations are called adjustments. Spinal adjustments can correct structural imbalances, thus restoring proper nerve function and relieving the symptoms of pain, numbness and muscle weakness. Not only can chiropractic treatment help to relieve pain,but it can also help to maintain better health by allowing the body to function at it’s optimum ability without nerve interference – therefore, the reason that chiropractic care should be a part of your health maintenance and preventative program.


The Municipality of Loro Ciuffenna is particularly sensitive to issues of environmental protection and sustainability, as demonstrated not only by its membership of Organic Cities Network Europe, but also in the Pesticide-Free Towns Network, which has led to the adoption of a general ban on the use of glyphosate-based herbicides throughout the municipality.
In 2009 the European Union Member States approved Directive 2009/128/EC of 21 October 2009 relating to the sustainable use of pesticides. However, a number of towns, regions and countries had already decided a long time ago to go pesticide free.
The pioneers were the Netherlands, Beligium, Croatia and Portugal, but also Utaly was one of the pioneers. In Italy the ban of glyphosates in public areas was implemented in 2016 and applies gidelines for reducing the use of pesticides sustainably. Some areas of Italy are completely pesticide free, among them being Loro Ciuffenna and parts of Florence.
What does the network do?
The pan-European network advocates the need to go pesticide free in towns and cities. It puts forward innovative ways to prevent the use of pesticides, to find alternatives to herbicides in the management of public green spaces and to raise awareness in the general ouplation at large.
To find out more, visit the network website.
Image attribution: Cuncon. Pixabay


Synthetic Viewing facilitates maintenance in inaccessible environments, by enriching with Augmented Reality, camera images or even calibrated to operate in a virtual reality environment.
What is Synthetic Viewing
The system analyzes Synthetic Viewing camera images to identify and follow relevant objects in the scene. Their location and orientation on the basis of this spatial information is imported from a CAD model and is updated real-time.
The calibrated models form the basis for adding Augmented Features, which are projected as an overlay on the camera images, or completely artificial and virtual reality scenes with high contrast and resolution.
This Synthetic Viewing the system makes it possible for example occluded (hidden) to make visible features or to create a better approach to perform the task.
- Maintenance in environments with limited visibility
- Identifying and locating objects based on camera images
- Adding additional information in the field of view (a mechanic gets in image tags that describe parts of a system)
- Visualizing occluded objects
- What is Synthetic Viewing used?
- Capital Goods
- Oil & Gas
- Clear and intuitive understanding of the environment, which actions can be performed faster and safer
- The database object data is a source of information for system administration and optimization of operations
- Easy to use
- Additional information visually available
- Any distance can be bridged
- Accessibility and reliability is increased


Not Your Aunt
Using the term "aunt" or "auntie" in conjunction with Black women is a tradition steeped in racist stereotypes (assuming the Black woman in question isn't actually your aunt!). Many Black women of Brown's day were referred to as either "Aunt" or "Mammy" (like Mary Ellen Pleasant) by white people, a nickname that diminished their individuality and dignity, and imposed on them an image of loyal women happy to serve, as opposed to the captive slaves they were. As a result, most older biographies of these women carry over these tags, but be sure to use their actual names (even though in the case of slaves, these were usually names given to them by their owners and not their real names at all -- but that's a whole other issue altogether!).
Bibliography: Monson, Marianne. Frontier Grit: The Unlikely True Stories of Daring Pioneer Women. Salt Lake City: Shadow Mountain, 2016. Print.
Please note that while Awesome Women Library tries to include links only to media from reputable sources, we cannot attest to the quality or content of any media listed on this website. Our mission is to introduce you to these Awesome Women and give you a wide array of resources for learning more. We haven't read everything listed and are not a recommendation site, nor is this meant to be an exhaustive catalog of every book related to this woman -- there's just too much out there! Happy reading!!


What Is a Soft Tissue Injury?
STI is an umbrella term for any type of injury to connective tissue.
Common types of injury are:
- stress injuries
These injuries usually affect your muscles, tendons, and fascia. Fascia are the connective tissues that surround, connect, or support your muscles, organs, bones, blood vessels, and nerves.
What Causes a Soft Tissue Injury?
STIs occur when your muscles are abnormally tense. This can happen a number of ways, including during physical activity or a high stress time in your life. Your muscles work by tensing up and contracting, then relaxing. They get shorter when they contract. This causes movement in the part of the skeletal system they’re attached to and if strained too far, can result in injury.
Pain, muscle weakness, a restricted range of motion, and a misalignment of the skeletal system can result if the muscle doesn’t relax completely. Other soft tissue injuries can happen acutely. For example, when you twist your ankle or pull a tendon in your groin.
How is a Soft Tissue Injury Treated?
At Manhattan Wellness Group, Dr. Rashad Trabulsi and his team are experts in treating soft tissue injuries in patients of all ages.
One technique used is mobilization therapy. This method relaxes tense muscles, breaks up scar tissue, and reduces fluid build up in the tissue. Soft-tissue mobilization is a manual therapy that can also lead to added benefits of reducing scar tissue, and stretching or lengthening your fascia. It does this via a number of techniques, including applying gentle pressure and stretching the affected tissue.
Other times health professionals use ergonomically designed tools. This is called instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization. STI treatment begins with a physical examination to assess your overall condition. This can identify hot spots and determine the range of motion in your affected joints. From there, you’ll be advised on a course of action. This may include a number of therapy sessions.


For kids, summer vacation is about being carefree. But for parents, the months off may be cause for concern.
Studies have shown that most students lose the equivalent of two months of math skills over the summer. Lower income students also lose two months of reading skills over the break.
When kids are not engaged in educational or learning activities, they begin to lose skills and knowledge. This isn’t just anecdotal – it’s supported by more than 100 years of research!
To combat this problem, 7 Generation Games is launching “Camp Don’t Get Dumber Over Summer.” We’re looking to turn two months of losing into two months of learning.
The free site launches June 22 and will feature educational videos, learning activities, games and more with an emphasis on math and history as well as reading and writing. The goal is to provide students with fun ways to prevent the backward slide that summer brings.
Camp Don’t Get Dumber Over Summer will offer sites aimed at both kids (grades 3-6) and teens (grades 7-12). New content will be added weekly.
Summer learning loss impacts all students, with lower income students being hit the hardest. Because we want to eliminate income barriers, any student who participates in our online camp program will be eligible to demonstrate what they’ve learned and earn a free copy of one of 7 Generation Games’ games once a month. Games can still also be purchased through our site.
“It’s a well-documented fact that students go backward in math skills over the summer, and the less advantaged a student is, the more ground he or she loses. What better use could a statistician make of time than trying to reverse that decline by making more awesome than watching daytime TV?” 7 Generation Games CEO Dr. AnnMaria De Mars said. “You only get one life and I decided I wanted to spend mine making math more accessible to everyone.”
Camp opens on Monday, June 22, at 3 p.m. ET/noon Pacific. See you there!


Planning a new school today offers a remarkable opportunity. More so now than any other time, we have greater understanding about education and the impact of facilities on learning. We can create relationships between academic collaboration and facility organization. We can leverage individual student strengths and interests to design responsive environments. Plus, we know more about the benefits of community engagement in education and its contributions to student success. Creating a facility that captures the specific vision of education in your school or district can be transformational for your community.
A Unique Approach
A traditional design process begins with square-footages and construction details, but we approach school design from the inside-out. In short, we believe that the key to spectacular school facilities begins with the learner. We must collaboratively determine what your school should BE (educational visioning) before we can define what it should HAVE (space planning).
We help you define a vision for your school that takes advantage of your community’s hopes and challenges. What is ultimately envisioned will come directly from the aspirations of your citizens, parents, community leaders, students, teachers, and school board members with whom you interact every day.
Vision as Roadmap
The process of educational visioning is critical to the success of a school design project. A strong educational vision can be translated into the criteria used to help design school facilities which are intended to support that vision. Criteria developed from the vision are translated into facility strategies and spatial parameters such as school size and capacity, configurations, space types, technology, flexibility, extended use guidelines, spatial relationships and hierarchies, and the like. Without a strong educational vision, these criteria may not align with your goals, or worse, facilities are independently addressed without any alignment at all, which can lead to inefficient, inequitable, and short-term solutions. But with criteria developed directly from the educational vision, you have built-in assurance that decisions related to facilities are made with the best interest of the student in mind.


Your write up should contain three well-developed paragraphs (450–500 words) using APA formatting, integrating two evidence-based resources to include clinical practice guidelines as well as the course textbook.Read the scenario and answer the following questions:Ophthalmic DisordersV.S., age 12 Hispanic male, presents with a feeling that there is sand in his eye. He had a cold a week ago and woke up this morning with his left eye crusted with yellowish drainage. On physical examination, he has injected conjunctiva on the left side, no adenopathy, and no vision changes. His vision is 20/20. Fluorescein staining reveals no abrasion. He is allergic to sulfa.Diagnosis: ConjunctivitisList specific goals of treatment for V.S.What drug therapy would you prescribe? Why?What are the parameters for monitoring the success of the therapy?Discuss the education you would give to the parents regarding drug therapy.List one or two adverse reactions for the selected agent that would cause you to change therapy.What would be the choice for second-line therapy?What over-the-counter or alternative medications would be appropriate for V.S.?What dietary and lifestyle changes should be recommended for V.S.?Describe one or two drug–drug or drug–food interactions for the selected agent.Textbook:Woo, Terri Moser and Robinson, Marylou V. (2020). Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice Nurse Prescribers. (5th ed.) Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.


Imaging tests are procedures used to view the human body to diagnose and monitor medical conditions. Each type of technology provides different information about the body area related to possible disease, injury, or the effectiveness of medical treatment. The various imaging tests are:
Imaging tests are essential to confirming, assessing, and documenting the course of many diseases and assessing the responses to medical treatment. They are crucial in different medical settings and at all levels of health care. Most imaging tests are painless, relatively safe, and non-invasive. There are some risks of using radiation in imaging tests.
Center for Devices and Radiological Health. (n.d.). Medical imaging. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/radiation-emitting-products/radiation-emitting-products-and-procedures/medical-imaging.
Medical imaging. Physiopedia. (n.d.). https://www.physio-pedia.com/Medical_Imaging?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=related_articles&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal.
Please note that all medical articles featured on our website have been reviewed by qualified healthcare doctors. The articles are for general information only and are not medical opinions nor should the contents be used to replace the need for a personal consultation with a qualified medical professional on the reader's medical condition.


Superman: The WWII Years
A Hero At War.
This week as the world turns its attention towards San Diego Comic-Con the annual celebration of all things comics, we will turn our attention to the character that made comics such an important part of American culture and that character is Superman. Created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, Superman made his debut in Action Comics #1 in June 1938 and since then he has been an icon for truth, justice and the American way. In the 1940s Superman’s popularity took him from the pages of ten cent comic books into a successful radio show and then into a cartoon by Max Fleischer, the legendary animator who brought us Popeye and Betty Boop.
“In 1941, the studio once again found success animating a much beloved comic strip character: Superman. Considered by many to be some of the best animated films ever made, the Fleischer cartoons gave Superman the power of flight (until then he could only leap tall buildings) and coined the famous phrase “Faster than a speeding bullet! More powerful than a locomotive! Able to soar higher than any plane!” The first film in this series, entitled simply “Superman,” was nominated for an Academy Award and is featured as one of the 50 Greatest Cartoons of all Time”
During World War II Paramount Studios began aiming the focus of their characters on propaganda to support the war effort, they began by having Popeye join the US Navy and soon after the Man of Steel began to take on the Axis Powers. Released on September 18th, 1942 the Superman cartoon titled “Japoteurs” features Japanese spies hijacking a bomber plane and it’s up to Superman to save America from enemy attack. Although this short film made over 70 years it is still absolutely beautiful and is the definition of timeless.


This innovative text explores the unprecedented changes in the realms of politics, demography, economics, culture, knowledge, and kinship that women have brought about in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Global in reach, the book provides a comparative analysis of developments worldwide to show both progress as well as new tensions and forms of inequality that have emerged out of women’s entry into politics, wage employment, education, and the production of culture. Beginning with suffrage and moving to participation in international movements—such as anti-war, labor, and environmental rights activism—Maria Bucur explores how women have transformed the operation of states and international institutions. She focuses on the radical demographic shifts since 1900 through the prism of changing practices in women’s sexuality, from birth control practices to education. Examining the continuing economic gender gap around the world, Bucur highlights ways women have been both beneficiaries of new economic opportunities and participants in developing new forms of inequality. Considering the remarkable achievements of women in the areas of knowledge making and cultural production, the author shifts her gaze toward the future and what these changes mean in terms of gender norms and evolving kinship relations. She thus presents a new perspective on contemporary world history, centered on how women have become both the subjects and objects of seismic shifts in the political, social, and economic structures of societies across the globe.
The Century of Women: How Women Have Transformed the World since 1900
- Maria Bucur
- Publication Date
April 4, 2018


Where Do Carpenter Ants Eat?
During the summer months, carpenter ants look for food during the day. They feed on animal matter, plant matter, and insect matter. They also feast on plant nectar.
Carpenter ants are also known for causing structural damage to buildings and homes. They enter homes through foundation cracks. They also build galleries in walls and doors. They are attracted to wet and decaying wood, such as wood in an attic, inside a closet, or in the wall void.
Carpenter ants also feed on insect nectar, syrup, honeydew, and jelly. They also eat dead insects, plant juices, and grease.
Carpenter ants build their nests inside the house, and are found in wood piles and rotting tree stumps. Their colonies usually contain a queen, a small number of workers, and young ants.
Carpenter ants are predators, and compete with other sap-sucking insects such as mealybugs. Their natural food includes aphids, tree bugs, and other insects. They excrete frass, which is a combination of sawdust and insect parts.
Carpenter ants build their nests in wood that has a high moisture content. The moist wood creates the right environment for them to burrow and build their nests. They also look for areas where condensation collects.
Carpenter ants are not harmful to humans, but they can cause structural damage to homes. Carpenter ants are known to invade buildings, and they can leave a dry rustling sound in the walls. They are also known to damage wooden structures, like tree trunks, fence posts, and doors.


In the late 1880s, refinements in the steam engine, as well as new technologies such as naptha, gasoline, and electric motors resulted in the creation of a new type of watercraft: the small power boat. Pleasure fantail launches of the late 19th century inspired Oregon Naval Architect Pat Spurlock to design DORA, the electric launch at Seattle’s Center for Wooden Boats (CWB). She’s powered by an electric motor and control system produced by Elco, the descendant of the Electric Launch Company of Bayonne, New Jersey, which was founded in 1893 to produce electric launches powered by early dry-cell batteries. As small gas engines became more reliable, interest in electric boats faded, the company changed its name to Elco and switched to producing gas-powered launches and cruisers until the late 1940s. In the 1970s Elco was resurrected to produce electric launches and drive systems.
DORA was built by the students in the Maritime Carpentry Program at Seattle Central Community College. Wood and other materials were donated by Bob and Erica Pickett (once owners of Flounder Bay Boat Lumber in Anacortes, WA), Bob Duggan, and his nephew Mike Foley. The boat is named after Dora Duggan, Bob’s mother.
A recent installation of AGM (absorbent glass mat) deep-cycle batteries and a new 48-volt system, DORA now has more power and tops out at 6 knots instead of 4, charges twice as fast, and can operate up to 40% longer.
Operating between mid-June and mid-September, DORA takes up to six passengers for charters with a USCG-licensed captain at the helm. More information is available at the Center for Wooden Boats.
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CSAIL’s Daniela Rus and her team created an algorithm that crunched data from three million New York City taxi rides, calculating routes and schedules for two-person, four-person, and ten-person vehicles. The results showed that 3,000 four-person cabs could help handle 98 percent of the City’s demand (with a waiting time of 2.3 minutes), while 3,000 two-person cabs could handle 94 percent and just 2,000 ten-person vehicles could handle 95 percent.
“To our knowledge, this is the first time that scientists have been able to experimentally quantify the trade-off between fleet size, capacity, waiting time, travel delay, and operational costs for a range of vehicles, from taxis to vans and shuttles,” Rus said in a press release. “What’s more, the system is particularly suited to autonomous cars, since it can continuously reroute vehicles based on real-time requests.”
Many of today’s ridesharing systems, like those used by Uber and Lyft, are relatively inflexible when it comes to planning and assigning routes. In contrast, Rus’ system can rematch rides to different vehicles when appropriate and could prepare for high demand by sending idle cars to busy areas. The researchers said this lets the service run 20 percent faster than standard services.
“Ridesharing services have enormous potential for positive societal impact with respect to congestion, pollution and energy consumption,” Rus said. “I think it’s important that we as researchers do everything we can to explore ways to make these transportation systems as efficient and reliable as possible.”
Rus and her team published an article titled “Ride-Vehicle Assignment and Analysis of the Benefits of High Capacity Vehicle Pooling” in this week’s Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.


Engaging History Power Points
Mr. Harms has designed a number of Power Point and Keynote presentations with key Social Studies Concepts and Critical Thinking Questions to help students understand history. Designed by a teacher for teachers, this PowerPoint focuses on "The Indo-Europeans".
This presentation is designed to give students an overview of how Indo-Europeans migrated to Anatolia and India. Students will be shown maps, animations and descriptions of some of the major events of of these migrations and settlements.
The presentation is totally customizable, allowing you to add your own pictures, graphics and animations to take what we've done even farther.
What is your time worth? Our basic pricing system for History Presentations is 10 cents per slide. Some title slides may only take 30 seconds to create, but complex slides with animations and coordinated builds for complicated topics may take 30 minutes or more. It's not unusual for a presentation to take between 3 and 7 hours of work. What could you do with 6 or 7 free hours?
Topics include: Indo-Europeans, Migration, Nomads, Hittites, Anatolia, Empire, Chariots, Iron, India, Mesopotamia, Aryans, Vedas, Rig Veda, Caste System, Aryan Kingdoms, Magadha, Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita.
Included in The Presentation Package:
1. Keynote Presentation
2. Power Point Presentation
3. Text edit file outline of the presentation and presenter's notes.
The package is a digital download (Zip File) of these three items.
Click The Link Below To Get Your Copy
McDougal Littel's World History: Patterns of Interaction
Mudule 3 People and Ideas On The Move
Lesson 1 "The Indo-Europeans"
Chapter 3 People and Ideas on the Move
Section 1 The Indo-Europeans
These materials were prepared by Harms LLC and have neither been developed, reviewed, nor endorsed by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, publisher of the original WORLD HISTORY: Patterns of Interaction work on which this material is based.


Every week we look at Wikipedia articles that student editors have created or improved. This week, we’re looking at articles about women and art.
We know that Wikipedia has a persistent content gap when it comes to representing women. Last year, 600 participants added 101 female artist pages to Wikipedia in response to calls for the Art and Feminism Edit-A-Thon organized by Siân Evans (Art Libraries Society of North America‘s Women and Art Special Interest Group), Jacqueline Mabey (The office of failed projects), Michael Mandiberg, Laurel Ptak, Richard Knipel and Dorothy Howard (Metropolitan New York Library Council) of Wikimedia NYC. The event is happening again this weekend (March 7-8), for International Women’s day.
This month is also Wiki Women’s history month! So, this month, we’ll be sharing student work from a few courses with similar goals.
From Muhlenberg College’s Women and Art course, taught by Dr. Margo Hobbs:
Learn more about Mexican artist Frida Kahlo, American abstract expressionist Helen Frankenthaler, or the surrealist-anarchist painter Remedios Varo.
Learn about Minnie Evans, an African-American folk artist who, at age 43, began drawing her dreams on paper bags. She eventually had an exhibition at the Whitney Museum.
Read about the Dutch still life painter memorialized by no less than 11 poets, or the girl from a Renoir painting who had quite a career of her own.
Discover the fascinating life of an African-American sculptor who left the U.S. for Rome just after the Civil War — and ended up sculpting a president. Or the French feminist filmmaker whose work pre-dates and helped inspire the nouvelle vague.


Meaning of Baju Melayu
History and Heritage • Documentary, Educational, History
Baju Melayu is a traditional clothing worn by Malay men mostly in Malaysia, Brunei Indonesia and Singapore. It is worn during official ceremony, Islamic festivals and weddings. Using archive photos, historical journals and with the help of animation this film dig into the meaning and origin of Baju Melayu.
Up Next in History and Heritage
Faces of Change | An Afghan Village
A collage of daily life in Aq Kupruk builds from the single voice that calls the townspeople to prayer, the brisk exchange of the bazaar, communal labour in the fields, and the uninhibited sports and entertainment of rural Afghans. The theme of the film focuses on rural society.
Passage to Kashmir (Rah e Muztar)
The film explores the rural border areas of Poonch, Surankote, Loran and Mandi, stretching through the beautiful and magnificent mountain ranges of Pir Panjal.
The aim is to break the common stereotype about the areas infamous for violence and cross-border conflict between India and Pakistan. ...
Faces of Change | Afghan Nomads - The...
At dawn a nomad caravan descends on Aq Kupruk from the foothills of the Hindu Kush. In their camp, and in commerce with the townspeople, the Maldar reveal the mixture of faith and distrust that has kept nomads and sedentary people separate and interdependent over the centuries.


The theme for International Youth Day 2018 is Safe Spaces for Youth.
Youth need safe spaces where they can come together, engage in activities related to their diverse needs and interests, participate in decision making processes and freely express themselves. While there are many types of spaces, safe spaces ensure the dignity and safety of youth. Safe spaces such as civic spaces enable youth to engage in governance issues; public spaces afford youth the opportunity to participate in sports and other leisure activities in the community; digital spaces help youth interact virtually across borders with everyone; and well planned physical spaces can help accommodate the needs of diverse youth especially those vulnerable to marginalization or violence.
Ensuring that safe spaces are inclusive, youth from diverse backgrounds especially those from outside the local community, need to be assured of respect and self-worth. In humanitarian or conflict prone settings for example, youth may lack the space to fully express themselves without feeling uncomfortable or unwelcome. Similarly, without the existence of safe space, youth from different race/ethnicity, gender, religious affiliation or cultural background may feel intimidated to freely contribute to the community. When youth have safe spaces to engage, they can effectively contribute to development, including peace and social cohesion.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, specifically Goal 11, emphasizes the need for the provision of space towards inclusive and sustainable urbanization. Furthermore, the New Urban Agenda (NUA) reiterates the need for public spaces for youth to enable them to interact with family and have constructive inter-generational dialogue. Additionally, the World Programme of Action for Youth (WPAY) which is the UN framework for youth development, prioritizes the provision of “leisure activities” as essential to the psychological, cognitive and physical development of young people. As more and more youth grow in a technologically connected world, they aspire to engage deeper in political, civic and social matters, and the availability and accessibility of safe spaces becomes even more crucial to make this a reality.


“Two Pfizer doses ‘are 99.96% effective’: Double jab weeks apart prevents almost ALL cases of Covid-19, research in Israel suggests”.
The Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine has been shown to be over 90% effective, but not necessarily as effective as recently claimed in the Daily Mail.
The Mail reported that the full two-dose vaccination programme was 99.96% effective. This was based on reports that among 715,425 people vaccinated in Israel, 317 (0.04%) later contracted the virus.
The data was also reported by the Metro and the Sun, which suggested something similar by claiming the vaccine stopped or prevented 99.96% of cases.
This is not how to calculate how effective a vaccine is. This is normally done through what is called an efficacy rate.
An efficacy rate is calculated by comparing the number of people who get infected after vaccination to the number who get infected in an unvaccinated control group.
So if you saw 90% fewer infections in the vaccinated group compared to the control group, you would say the vaccine has 90% efficacy.
What the Mail suggests is a measure of effectiveness is wrong, because it just looks at infections in the vaccinated group, not how that compares to a group who haven’t been vaccinated.
For example, the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine trial data showed that 30 people—or 0.5% of its vaccinated group—were later infected, compared to 101, or 1.7%, of the non-vaccinated group. This means the efficacy rate was 70.4% because infections were that much lower in the vaccinated group.
But if you looked simply at the rate of infection in each group separately, the vaccine would appear 99.5% effective (given only 0.5% of the vaccinated group later caught the virus), and not getting vaccinated would also be 98.3% effective, given only 1.7% of that group were later infected.
This clearly demonstrates that you can’t just look at the infection rate among vaccinated people alone to calculate the efficacy rate.
Read more: https://northdenvernews.com
News…. browse around here


Universal Design has been defined as “the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.” This definition was developed by the architect Ron Mace, FAIA, an architect and the founder of the Center for Universal Design at N.C. State University. In recent years, architects and designers in the US and abroad have come to recognize significant and growing overlaps between Universal Design principles and emerging values of social and environmental sustainability.
This webinar was the first in a three part series sponsored by the Universal Design member-created community on AIA KnowledgeNet. It was recorded on April 11, 2012.
The ADA Design guidelines have been mandatory for commercial facilities and public buildings since 1991. But those guidelines are only the minimum requirements for persons with disabilities. The 7 Principles of Universal Design are more inclusive and could easily be incorporated as well. This course will delve into the differences between the ADA and Universal Design and how a commercial facility can incorporate both into their spaces.
Download the Seven Principles of Universal Design poster from the Center for Universal Design at NCSU. Download the 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design.


The ancient ice caverns at Eisriesenwelt have a huge number of halls and labyrinths combining a total length of more than 40km and an ice surface of more than 30,000m2.
The Eisriesenwelt Ice Caves in Austria were discovered in 1879 by a natural scientist, Anton Posselt, from Salzburg, but after writing a detailed report about his discovery in a mountaineering magazine the caves fell back into obscurity.
In the early twentieth century a pioneering cave explorer from the Salzburg region, Alexander von Mörk, remembered the report and set about finding the Eisriesenwelt ice caves once again.
By the 1920’s the caves were receiving an ever increasing number of tourists to the site and proper facilities were built both inside and outside of the caves to accommodate tourists.
Today, the Eisriesenwelt ice caves are one of the most fascinating and most visited attractions in Austria and some of the ice formations inside the caves are breathtaking.
Our accommodation near Eisriesenwelt ice caves is only a 60 minute drive and provides easy access to this popular Austrian visitor attraction.
Ask at reception for more details on the Eisriesenwelt ice caves.
Please note that the Ice Caves can be visited during the summer season only.
Picture Credit: Matthias Kabel


An immature turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) stretches before take-off, soon following dozens of its conspecifics to roost together for the night. Black vultures and turkey vultures overlap in distribution and can often be seen together. Generally, it is thought that turkey vultures avoid high black vulture densities, possibly because the latter are more audacious in their interactions. In Missouri, black vultures have been extending their range northward, migrating further during warmer winters. Black vultures differ from turkey vultures in that they are also willing to take live prey. As groups, they are known to harass more vulnerable animals, especially young calves, which poses an issue for livestock owners. In Kenya, similar issues exist with the hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus), and white-backed vultures (Gyps africanus), among numerous other vulture species. Due to poisoning of carcasses, many Old World vultures have become critically endangered in the last decade with populations declines greater than 80–90%. Once common residents, vultures are much more rarely seen in many regions.
But, back to the North American vultures. For the longest time, when I looked to the sky to see vultures with black heads, I had assumed they were black vultures, but that is not the case. Turkey vultures can be differentiated from black vultures (Coragyps atratus) in several ways. Most notably, turkey vultures develop a bright red head when they mature. In juveniles, they lack this coloration entirely. In flight, the ventral side of the wings are mostly black with white tips in black vultures, while in turkey vultures the white color slopes inward to touch the abdomen. When perched, the shape of the head is a dead giveaway. Black vultures have longer and more slender beaks and a bumpy head, contrasting with turkey vultures which have wider skulls and enlarged nasal cavities.
Both vultures photographed in situ


World Thalassemia Day is celebrated on May 8 every year to commemorate Thalassemia victims and to encourage those who struggle to live with the disease. Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder that doesn’t let the body to create enough haemoglobin. The disease weakens and destroys the blood cells. There are two types of thalassemia, alpha and beta, along with Thalassemia minor, intermedia and major as its subcategories.
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The theme of World Thalassemia Day
The theme for this year’s World Thalassemia day is ‘Be Aware.Share.Care: Working with the global community as one to improve thalassemia knowledge.’
Significance of World Thalassemia Day
The day signifies an open call to action by spreading awareness about the disease around the world. The disease is a genetic blood disorder that gets transferred from parents to their children. And individuals suffering from this disease have fewer red blood cells and haemoglobin in the body.
History of the World Thalassemia Day:
In the year 1994, Thalassemia International Federation (TIF) announced May 8 as International Thalassemia Day. And it was on this day the president and the founder of TIF, Panos Englezos, created this day in the loving memory of his son George and the other thalassemia patients who fought this disease.


2 The parts of a computer
A computer is a machine that manipulates data following a list of instructions that have been programmed into it. Input devices are used to input data into a computer. Many of the earliest computers read their input from paper tape adapted from existing ticker tape technology. Figure 2 shows such a computer, Colossus 10.
The large frame on the right of the picture with wheels attached is the input device. It guides paper tape with the stream of characters from an intercepted message punched into it. The tape was read into Colossus at 30 mph. Another existing technology, the electric typewriter, was used as an output device to print out the results from Colossus.
In the years since Colossus and ENIAC, many other technologies have been adapted or created to use as input and output devices. The keyboard of a personal computer, the scanner of a bar-code reading system and the switches or buttons of a microwave oven are some examples of input devices. There are many different types of output device. The actuator that switches on a pump of a computer-controlled central-heating system is one example; the sound system that generates the beep of an electronic heart monitor is another.
Sometimes the two types of device can be the same physical device. The electric typewriter was adapted first as an output device and later an input device. Today the touchscreen is widely used for both input and output.


From the dawn of electronics, people have been trying to merge electronics with our bodies in order to improve conditions that currently have no cure and to go beyond our limits. The US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is now ready to back that up with big bucks.
DARPA has announced it plans to spend $65 million to create a brain-computer interface, the core goal of the Neural Engineering System Design program. The program will last for four years and will fund six different research teams. These scientists will work on LEDs that can be used to restore vision, a system to understand speech, and a holographic microscope to detect neural activity.
While these are all part of an exciting plan, it is important to remember just how ambitious it is. Even if the technology developed is as successful as one might hope, it would take years to perform clinical tests to guarantee that the tech is safe and reliable. DARPA wants the team to create commercially viable applications, but there are many obstacles to overcome.
The general idea is to create different versions of the same basic technology, an interface that can translate the electrochemical signals into electronic impulses and vice versa. Only in such a manner would it be possible to control potential sensory devices.
The researchers will try to create a brain implant that is at most a cubic centimeter (about two nickels stuck back to back) in volume. The volume requirements are sensible but not groundbreaking. Previous studies have shown implants that are minimally invasive.
The chip will have to be able to connect and communicate with up to a million neurons, and while that sounds impressive, we need to remember that the average human has about 86 billion of them.
Still, a technology that can interface with our neural electrochemistry can have a huge impact, even if it only interacts with a (relatively) tiny fraction of neurons. The implant can help bridge nerve connections, which means it might help people that have lost limb function or have a spinal injury.
Obviously, this is early work, but it is promising that research groups are committed to a tech that might make life easier for millions of people.


Hi Everyone!! This article will share Grandma Questions & Answers.
This poem is written by Nicholas Horsburgh. In my previous posts, I have shared the questions & answers of Up and Down, A Difficult Customer and Tabby’s Tablecloth so, you can check these posts as well.
Grandma Questions & Answers
- Backwards – in the direction behind you
- Forwards – in the direction that is in front of you
- Giggle – to laugh in a silly way
- Noise – a loud sound that is not nice to hear
- Rocking chair – A chair built on two pieces of curved wood so that it moves forwards and backwards when you are sitting in it.
Question 1: Who asks the following questions to Grandma?
(a) ‘Are you tired’?
(b) ‘What can we do?’
(c) ‘Can you dance?’
(d) ‘Can you fly?’
(e) ‘Can you jump over the moon?’
(f) ‘Can you ride a cycle?’
Question 2: Where is Grandma and what is she doing?
Answer: Grandma is in the room and is rocking on her chair.
Question 3: What noise is the rocking chair making?
Answer: The rocking chair is making a noise – ‘creak, squeak, creak, squeak’.
Question 4: Why do the children giggle?
Answer: The children giggled because the Grandma’s eyes were shut.
Question 5: What do the children ask Grandma?
Answer: The children asked Grandma many questions like whether she could dance, fly, jump over the moon and ride a bicycle?
Question 6: What does Grandma tell them?
Answer: Grandma tells them that they can do anything. They can write, read, play, sing and dance as well.
Question 7: Why do the children run away?
Answer: The children ran away because the Grandma told them to go outside and play with the bird.
So, these were the Questions & Answers.


What does the edge of the universe look like? In 1917, two years after general relativity burst upon the scene, Einstein published a paper that converted cosmology into a science. He asked himself about the universe’s edge and found that everything depends upon the edge―if there is an edge. And depends upon its absence if there isn’t. First he took a look at Newton’s universe. Newton said the universe holds all the matter in a large but finite zone. This hangs in an infinite and empty space. Einstein showed that if there is no matter at infinity there is no matter anywhere. In other words, he showed that Newton’s universe is wrong. This confronted him with the question of the edge. He showed that if there is an edge this too leads to a contradiction. But how can there be no edge?
Six or seven hundred years ago people thought the world is flat. If you sailed too far you would fall off. Bold sailors went to see this for themselves. No edge. It was soon seen that if one kept on going on Earth’s 2-D surface one came back to where one left. This helped Einstein think about the boundary of space. To make sense the universe must have a finite size. He saw it as a 3-D analogue of the Earth’s 2-D surface. His universe is finite; it’s closed in on itself. He needed no spatial boundary conditions to plug into his equations; there is no boundary in space. Einstein gave little thought to whether there’s a boundary―an edge of sorts―in time. But GR’s equations say there must be one―in the beginning. Much later, Hartle and Hawking came up with a way to tweak the math to get rid of the GR edge in time. They did it by assuming time was then the same as space, whatever that was. It’s a trick that explains nothing.
So: No boundary in space and one (or maybe two) in time. How does no boundary begin?


Be Protectors of Nature and the Earth
Almost every religion, in some form or another, ponders the origins of the universe. Perhaps they all believe that creation is a divine act that should be treated as such. While the COP26 in Glasgow is not the be-all and end-all, what role can Islam and other faiths play in climate change mitigation?
Because of uneven human activity on Earth, the planet is suffering global warming. “Corruption (plunder) has appeared in both land and sea because of what people’s own hands have brought,” God Almighty declares in the Noble Qur’an, “so that they may taste something of what they have done in the hopes of turning back.” (30:41)
To respond to the above issue, we could state that identifying humans’ duty as trustees and stewards of the Earth is underpinning the current global warming, climate change, and environmental disaster. Humanity has failed to fulfill its responsibility to protect the Earth and its surroundings. Instead, overconsumption, overexploitation, and resource usage plague humanity.
Nothing else about global warming and climate change is caused by humans. We have now surpassed nature as a dominant force. Let us be protectors of nature and the Earth instead of dominating and plundering it. “The world is pleasant and verdant, and surely God has appointed you stewards in it, and He sees how you acquit yourselves,” the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon Him) remarked.
Given the rapid increase in global warming, which is creating climate change, and the fact that the cause is human, it is necessary to reconsider humanity’s position on the planet, which is stewardship. Humanity must right the wrongs that have been done to the Earth. The Earth has been plundered by humanity.
We may not have been present at the last COP26, but we have a say in the ongoing discussion about global warming and climate change. Climate change has had an impact on Malawi due to global warming. May the world’s carbon emissions be drastically reduced, and poor countries be helped to adapt to climate change.


Hora Medura (Hoh-rah meh-doo-RAH) “Hora of the Campfire”, “Campfire Hora” is a song composed in 1934 or 35, when Palestine was a British ‘protectorate’. Most European Jewish settlers were fleeing persecution in Russia, but also Eastern Europe in general, and, increasingly, newly-Nazified Germany. For more on how Palestine became Israel, see https://folkdancefootnotes.org/dance/dance-information/israel-early-israeli-dance/ Originally, the generic Jewish Hora was danced to this song. For more about the Jewish Hora, see: https://folkdancefootnotes.org/dance/a-real-folk-dance-what-is-it/about/hora-jewish-israeli-dance/
Lyrics: Nathan Alterman (1910-1970).
Banu b'li kol vachol We came with nothing
Anu ani'yei etmol We, the poor of yesterday.
Lanu hagoral masar To us, fate gave
Et milyonei hamachar The millions of tomorrow.
Tzei na lama'agal Come out to the circle,
Ten na shir mizmor ladal Let’s have a song for the poor.
Heina ne'esfu lirkod Here have gathered to dance,
Bnei ha'oni vehashot The sons of poverty and the whip.
Hora ali, ali Hora arise, arise!
Esh hadliki beleili Light a fire in my night.
Tehora, rabat ora Pure and full of light,
Hora medura! Campfire hora!


IFJ Byte Back Campaign Resources
From the Media
- Pakistan govt urged to provide secure environment to womenA resolution passed on International Women’s day underlined the fact that information-technology-related violations, abuses, discrimination and violence against women, including women human rights defenders, such as online harassment, cyber-stalking, violation of privacy, censorship and the hacking of e-mail accounts, mobile phones and other electronic devices, with a view to discrediting them and/or inciting other violations and abuses against them, are a growing concern.
- The Indian woman’s guide to 4 types of online trollsThe perfect targets for online trolls are successful and opinionated women, who wear what they want and stand up for what they believe in.
- What Studying the Impact of Surveillance on Women Can Teach Us About Power A new research project that examines the impact of surveillance on women offers wider answers about the relationship between data, power and autonomy.
More from the media here.
See the IFJ Byte Back Campaign happening across the Asia-Pacific here
- Gendering Surveillance A new report hopes to make more concrete the multifaceted ways in which widespread surveillance shapes and harms our lives. Gendering surveillance deepens and sharpens the debate, allowing us to move it forward in new and profoundly empowering ways.
- The Report of the Best Practices Forum on Online Abuse and Gender-Based Violence Against Women and Girls The report by Internet Governance Forum 2015 found that online abuse and gender-based violence have to be studied keeping in mind offline/physical environments, and potential repercussions in offline/physical environments. The Report suggests that relief and redress to victims of online abuse must be prioritised over criminalisation.
- Challenging Patriarchy through the lens of Privacy This special briefing by the Privacy International for International Women's Day, 2017 explores concerns related to online privacy, surveillance, women's rights and gender.
More resources here.


There is no such thing as good writing. There is only good rewriting. This review lesson builds on that approach with some good old fashioned drills that help English students learn and relearn complex sentences.
21 writing tools
#4 Teaching Writing: Words and Categories
Teaching Writing – Thinking in Categories
This ESL activity helps students learn English writing by imaging and creating abstract categories as a tool for organizing information. Known as the Picture Word Inductive Model, this technique is used to help young learners with language development. I have adapted the process to make it suitable as an inquiry based writing exercise for ESL university students.
#5 Teaching Writing – Hedges
Teaching Writing – Hedges
This ESL lesson teaches English hedging techniques. Hedging is an important writing skill because it shows ESL students how to express sophisticated ideas and avoid broad claims that, sometimes, can appear clunky. Learning English hedging techniques and vocabulary improves the student’s ability to express reasonable arguments, sound more persuasive and communicate with greater precision.
#6 Teach English Writing – Inquiry Approach to Thinking and Writing
Teach English Writing – Inquiry Approach to Thinking and Writing
This English lesson helps ESL students learn specific critical thinking and logical writing skills. The lesson objective asks students to begin with a question, look for relevant evidence, make inferences and draw conclusions.
It’s an inquiry approach to learning and writing because students start with a question and then present evidence and conclusions. This approach is unlike the traditional five paragraph essay format which requires students to begin with a thesis (i.e. the conclusion) before the supporting evidence has been presented.
This lesson produces two benefits for ESL students: 1) it helps them communicate more logically, and 2) it develops thinking and writing skills that are far more meaningful in terms of the way problems are presented and solved in everyday life, both academically and professionally.


A couple of years ago I did some work on the image of Abraham Lincoln in England. It’s an interesting subject because at certain moments Lincoln has really mattered — not just in the United States but in England too. People cared about him. In the 1860s miners in Northeast England bought cheap portraits of him from the popular newspaper Reynolds. In 1918 a play by John Drinkwatercalled Abraham Lincoln opened at the Lyric Hammersmith that was so popular it ran in one production or another almost uninterrupted for the next thirty years. In 1941 when the documentary film-maker Humphrey Jennings wanted some words to sum up the democratic cause for which Britain was fighting, he turned to Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address in his Words for Battle. Understanding why this was so tells us something about British (or more specifically perhaps English) attitudes to democracy as well as to the United States.
This research has appeared as a chapter in Richard J. Carwardine and Jay Sexton’s book, The Global Lincoln, as part of a roundtable in the Journal of American History and as an article in the journal Twentieth Century British History.
Below is a video of me presenting a paper on this subject at the Global Lincoln conference in Oxford in 2009.
Adam IP Smith: Abraham Lincoln and the English Imagination from The Gilder Lehrman Institute on Vimeo.


Discovered in just 2005, the Yeti Crab, or the Kiwa hirsuta is a crustacean which was first sighted in the South Pacific Ocean. The species was determined to be an entirely new genus and family (Kiwaidae). The animal has strongly eyes that lack pigment, is perhaps blind, science isn’t yet certain.
It has hair-like similarities on its arms and pinchers and those are believed to be bacteria filters of some type. They are well noted for the blonde silky hair that covers them to some degree.
The ‘hairy’ pincers contain filamentous bacteria, which science thinks helps the animal to detox the poisons that are in the water where it lives. The Yeti Crab is about six inches long.
Habitat and Location:
South Pacific Ocean is the only place where this animal has been found to date, in deeper waters. It was discovered using a submarine.
What it Eats:
Since the Yeti Crab is so new to us, no one is entirely sure what it eats. It may eat bacteria and other things but is also believed to be a general carnivore Its diet also would most likely be partly smaller shrimp and algae.
No Information is yet known for the Yeti Crab.


26 January 2017
All The Light We Cannot See
Posted by Dan Satterfield
One image in 16 different wavelengths of light from NOAA’s new weather satellite GOES-16 (GOES-R at launch).
The upper left is the blue visible light wavelength. Next is Red. Next is near IR, not visible to our eyes, but very sensitive to vegetation. This near-IR channel is very valuable because you can do some software tricks and use it as a green channel to get a colour image.
The other are IR bands that are sensitive to temperatures and water vapour at different levels of the atmosphere.
These channels can be combined to make an image that shows water clouds, ice clouds and even airmasses! (4th pic from EUMETSAT).
All the light we cannot see and the small part of the electromagnetic spectrum we can see tells us so much about our planet and our universe. It’s actually told us EVERYTHING we know about our Universe from how old it is to what it’s made of. With perhaps the pesky exception of one thing. You can find out about that by reading this great book. On the other hand, the light told us it was there. That and Isaac Newton.


Goods and Services Tax (GST) is an indirect tax (or consumption tax) imposed in India on the supply of goods and services. It is a comprehensive multistage, destination based tax. Comprehensive because it has subsumed almost all the indirect taxes except few. Multi-Staged as it is imposed at every step in the production process, but is meant to be refunded to all parties in the various stages of production other than the final consumer. And destination based tax, as it is collected from point of consumption and not point of origin like previous taxes.
Goods and services are divided into five different tax slabs for collection of tax - 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%. However, petroleum products, alcoholic drinks, and electricity are not taxed under GST and instead are taxed separately by the individual state governments, as per the previous tax regime. There is a special rate of 0.25% on rough precious and semi-precious stones and 3% on gold. In addition a cess of 22% or other rates on top of 28% GST applies on few items like aerated drinks, luxury cars and tobacco products. Pre-GST, the statutory tax rate for most goods was about 26.5%, Post-GST, most goods are expected to be in the 18% tax range.


An Overview of the Benefits of Agile Project Management
Project Management Introduction
Agile project management is a proven methodology that has been used to produce shorter product development cycles. This approach enables project teams to respond quickly to changes in client demands. The key to Agile project management is understanding the end goal, its value to the organization, and how it will be achieved.
This allows for quick changes and additions to the project scope. Agile methodologies are ideal for companies that have a large number of stakeholders. Read on to learn more. This article provides an overview of the key benefits of Agile project management.
The key to success in agile projects is to have clear business goals and carefully defined teams. While most coaches recommend a limited number of teams, they recommend well-defined business goals and well-chosen tools. The key to success is finding a balance between diverse teams, self-organization principles, standards, tools, and integrations.
Once you’ve achieved this balance, you’re ready to use Agile to deliver products and services to customers faster.
People-centric: An important aspect of Agile management is the emphasis on people. Team members should be highly collaborative and have extensive knowledge of the product or service being developed. Agile methods emphasize authenticity in human interactions, collaboration, and delivering a working solution.
Agile processes help people feel ownership of their work. Agile teams will rise to the expectations of management, rather than following rigid rules. In short Agile practices empower employees to own their work. It also allows companies to trust their teams.