Saltpetre Cave Nature Preserve is a small but beautiful area located in Hocking State Forest, Hocking County Ohio. The preserve gets its name from the fact that the mineral saltpetre was mined from the caves a long time ago. Potassium nitrate is one of several nitrogen-containing compounds referred to as saltpeter. The major uses of potassium nitrate are in fertilizers, food additives, rocket propellants and fireworks; it is one of the constituents of gunpowder and why it was mined from the caves originally.
Within the preserve there are 4 caves and 7 distinct recesses. The view above is from the second level interior of cave 2 which has 3 tiers in all. I used an external flash to light the dark interior of the cave to reveal details in the cave walls and ceiling. I don’t normally carry flash equipment with me when I’m hiking, but since I knew I would be photographing inside the caves, I brought my flash on this hike. Without using the flash, the cave’s interior would have been completely dark compared to the bright exterior. If you look closely at the top left of the image, you can see some saltpetre in the ceiling of the cave. The waterfall you see at the right side of the image is seasonal and only occurs if the has been enough rainfall. I was fortunate to visit the preserve after an inch or so of rain had fallen in the area so the waterfall was definitely a bonus and adds a lot to the image! Moving outside the cave and down the hill I captured the image below by positioning the camera low to the ground with a wide angle lens and close to the lichen and moss covered tree roots to create a more dramatic image with the waterfall in the background.
To visit the nature preserve you must obtain a permit issued by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. The permit should be requested at least 14 days prior to the day you want to visit. Information about obtaining the permit can be found here.
If you have any questions about this website or my photography, I’d love to hear from you. Please click here to email me or leave a comment.


Camouflage and its contradictions: from disappearing to appearing, from war to peace.
A trend born in war and used in the late 1960s by women who wore camouflage uniforms in manifesto for peace, a trend born from the need to hide from the enemy and evolved to satisfy the desire not to go unnoticed, is more, to appear beautiful in the eyes of others.
Let’s learn more about the history of camouflage!
history and curiosities
In the early 1900s, soldiers wore very bright, solid-colored uniforms, both to create greater distinction between armies during battle and because it was believed that the more conspicuous the color, the more enemies insisted on attack.
With trench warfare, the trend changed and people began to try to make themselves as inconspicuous as possible, to camouflage themselves with the surrounding environment, camouflaging themselves in nature, with colors therefore linked to the landscapes in which battles were fought: black , green, khaki, brown in its different shades.
A curiosity is that the French Army, which was the first to combine the study of camouflage with the armed forces, establishing a true Corps within the French General Headquarters, was however the only one that did not adopt any type of camouflage clothing during the entire Second World War. camouflage.
Unlike the French army, the use of camouflage garments has spread exponentially both in art (suffice it to mention the most famous exponent Andy Warhol and his Camouflage Self-Portrait series, with which the artist experimented with camouflage with colors that are anything but camouflage) and in the huge and eclectic world of fashion, becoming one of the essentials of casual collections and going from the catwalk to all aspects of everyday life.
The news of camouflage
Camouflage covers not only clothes, sweaters and pants, but also underwear and accessories such as shoes, hats, bags, mobile phones and even cars, with a tendency far from wanting to hide.
It is possible to find this type of prints combined with the use of bright colors, even fluorescent, ranging from yellow to shocking pink, through orange, green, white, blue and any combination that comes to mind. fashion gurus.
Thus, we hope that camouflage will continue to evolve and adapt to the trends and demands of fashion, although it will always continue to maintain its true essence.


While discussing the laws of carrying out on Shabbat, Rav Yehuda quotes Rav as identifying the sin of the mekoshesh eitzim – the wood gatherer in the desert – as carrying the wood. The Gemara continues by quoting a baraita:
The wood gatherer mentioned in the Torah was Zelophehad, and it says: “And the children of Israel were in the desert and they found a man gathering wood on the day of Shabbat” (Bamidbar 15:32), and below, in the appeal of the daughters of Zelophehad, it is stated: “Our father died in the desert and he was not among the company of them that gathered themselves together against the Lord in the company of Korah, but he died in his own sin, and he had no sons” (Bamidbar 27:3). Just as below the man in the desert is Zelophehad, so too, here, in the case of the wood gatherer, the unnamed man in the desert is Zelophehad; this is the statement of Rabbi Akiva.
Rabbi Yehuda ben Beteira said to him: Akiva, in either case you will be judged in the future for this teaching. If the truth is in accordance with your statement that the wood gatherer was Zelophehad, the Torah concealed his identity, and you reveal it. And if it the truth is not in accordance with your statement, you are unjustly slandering that righteous man.
On today’s daf the Gemara asks:
However, didn’t Rabbi Akiva derive this by means of a verbal analogy? The Gemara answers: he did not learn a verbal analogy. Rabbi Yehuda ben Beteira had no tradition of this verbal analogy from his teachers, and therefore he disagreed with Rabbi Akiva’s conclusion.
Rabbeinu Ḥananel explained this passage differently: Rabbi Akiva did not actually learn this verbal analogy from his teachers. He arrived at it on his own. Since the tradition was not transmitted by previous generations, Rabbi Yehuda ben Beteira did not accept it. This explanation resolves several difficulties raised by other commentaries.


Bacteria that have evolved defenses against antibiotics are something of a disaster waiting to happen. Whenever a new drug-resistant strain, or a gene that confers resistance, crops up in a new place---as when the NDM-1 gene, which confers resistant to up to 14 drugs, showed up in drinking water in New Delhi
---it's another nail in coffin of a world in which we can heal nearly everything. Scientists are looking into how to get around that resistance, though, and there are some hopeful headlines now and then, including a recent study
from researchers at North Carolina State University in which they identified a molecule that can boost the efficacy of two antibiotics against bacteria 16-fold. The molecule, which the researchers found by testing about 50 candidates to see if they could reduce the number of NDM-1-carrying K. pneumoniae
by a significant amount, doesn't have any antimicrobial properties of its own. It's an adjuvant
, which means it has to be applied in tandem with another drug to have any effect---in this case, the antibiotics carbapenem and cephalosporin. The researchers checked a couple of different ways that it could be working, and found that it was making bacterial membranes easier for the drug to get through, but not enough to account for all of its surprising strength: it lowered by 16 times the amount of antibiotic required to knock the bacteria on their behinds. That's handy, because taking massive amounts of antibiotics---enough to overwhelm the defenses of resistant bacteria---can be hazardous to your health, and if adding in this adjuvant tips the scales so that safe amounts can knock out infections, that's pretty neat. As an antibiotic sidekick, it's definitely still on the mysterious side. But the team writes that they are looking further into its mechanism, so stay tuned.
Image courtesy of Muriel Gottrop / Wikimedia Commons


In "Pinpointing racial discrimination by government officials," Justin Wolfers' October 6 article for The New York Times "Upshot," Wolfers highlights soon-to-be published research that finds local government officials in the U.S. are less responsive to African-Americans than they are to Whites.
The research, conducted by Corrado Giulietti (University of Southhampton), Mirco Tonin (Free University of Bozen-Bolzano), and Michael Vlassopoulos (University of Southhampton), analyzes responses to 20,000 emails the three sent to local government employees in nearly every county in the United States. The emails included simple questions, like queries about business hours. The only difference was the name attached to each email: half were from a DeShawn Jackson or Tyrone Washington (names most commonly associated with Blacks), while the other half were sent from a Jake Mueller or Greg Walsh (names typically associated with Whites).
Giulietti, Tonin, and Vlassopoulos tracked email responses and analyzed the level of politeness in each response by tracking positive words like "good" and "thank." They found that emails from those with Black-sounding names received fewer responses overall and fewer polite responses than emails from those with White-sounding names.
"The new findings provide further indication of the many ways in which discrimination shapes the lives of African-Americans," writes Wolfers. "What's more, when it's harder to get your neighborhood librarian to respond to a single email about opening hours, it's not much of a leap to imagine other interactions -- dealing with a computer help desk, the front office at a school or just the dry cleaner -- that go less smoothly."
Authors of the paper say the behavior of people within local government could be due to unconscious bias, explaining awareness as a potential solution.
--By Olivia Lewis (MPP '18).


A narrative essay is a type of writing assignment in which you write about your personal experience. Quite often such an essay is characterized by a clear chronology and interesting information. Writers usually use a variety of techniques and methods to influence the reader's feelings as well as their emotions. Therefore, there are certain criteria that determine the success of a narrative essay. If you want to write narrative essays correctly, so pay attention to the following aspects:
- Clearly state the main idea of your essay
- Use as many details as possible, which play a key role in the perception of your essay
- Arrange all events in chronological order
Usually a narrative essay is not long. This is a short and clear statement of your own feelings, thoughts and experiences. It consists of three parts: introduction, body and conclusion.
In the introduction, you need to provide as interesting information as possible and briefly talk about the topic of your essay. Try to avoid long presentation of information. Do your best to interest the reader.
The body of the essay is its central part, which usually consists of three to five paragraphs. You need to give at least one simple example in each paragraph. In general, they should be related to the main topic of your essay. Use a variety of descriptive words as well as techniques to better influence the reader. In addition, you can also use anecdotes.
The conclusion is the last element of the narrative essay. In the conclusion, you summarize all the important points that have already been mentioned in your story.


As described in a recent post, dental conditions are often hidden and painful. The following posts are going to help describe conditions that pets can get as well as treatment. Many people I talk with are surprised how we can help pets with dental conditions and save teeth whenever possible.
The center of the tooth is the blood and nerves, called the pulp.
As stated above, once the pulp is compromised, a tooth must be extracted or have root canal therapy. Root canal therapy is known as endodontics. The pulp is removed and the bony walls of the tooth are cleaned with special tiny files. The area is flushed and disinfected, then dried. The root canal is then filled with gutta percha (reminds me of rubber) to wall off this tooth from the rest of the body. The opening is then sealed with tooth colored composite sort of like your dentist seals human cavities. While that all sounds simple enough, there are many techniques and expensive human supplies that are needed to complete the procedure well.
The bleeding broken tooth as shown above is usually not the case. In fact, the tooth didn’t even look like it affected the pulp:
Sadly, a magnified anesthetic exam showed otherwise.
It is important to not ignore broken teeth as infection will cause problems locally and systemically.
Each root of a tooth must be accessed and cleaned making some teeth like the three rooted tooth below more of a challenge than others to treat. Holes need to be made into the tooth to reach each root. Although necessary, these holes weaken the tooth such that all teeth receiving endodontic therapy are best served with application of a full metal (titanium alloy)crown. Once the root canal therapy has been completed, the pet is left with a non-painful, non-vital tooth that still functions. The good news is that endodontic therapy is around 93% successful!
Contact us to learn more about root canal therapy for your pet!


15 August, 18:36
What was the Chinese and Soviet agreement called
15 August, 18:42
The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance
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Dry eye syndrome is an extremely common condition experienced by millions across the globe. Also referred to as ocular surface disease, dry eye is often chronic and can have a significantly debilitating effect on your daily life. The symptoms of dry eye disease affect patients in different ways; however, some of the most common include:
With that in mind, what exactly causes dry eye syndrome? The answer is dependent on your individual circumstances. There are two major forms of dry eye disease: evaporative dry eye and aqueous-deficient dry eye. Most patients experience the evaporative type, which is caused by a condition known as MGD (meibomian gland dysfunction). MGD is characterized by the blockage of glands inside your eyelid that produce the oily layer of tears. This often results in the tear film drying out more quickly than it normally would. Eyelid/lash infections and not blinking at a normal rate can contribute to MDG. Aqueous-deficient dry eye syndrome is less common; however, it is still experienced by many individuals. This form of the condition is characterized by a lack of water produced in the tears.
A number of other factors have been attributed to dry eye syndrome, including spending lots of time in low-humidity or otherwise dry environments; certain medications; anatomical irregularities with the eyes; and some forms of health conditions and diseases. You can learn more about causes and symptoms on our comprehensive dry eye syndrome page, which also describes advanced treatment options available from our experienced eye doctors at Gulfcoast Eye Care.
We offer a number of procedures that can significantly reduce the symptoms associated with dry eye disease, including the state-of-the-art LipiFlow® treatment. Our ophthalmologist, Dr. Michael Manning, has undergone the LipiFlow® procedure himself and has experienced the successful results of this treatment firsthand.
For more information on effective treatment options for dry eye syndrome, or to schedule a consultation and eye evaluation, please contact us today. You can also take a quick dry eye self-evaluation test and submit it to our practice online.


Non-enveloped, head-tail structure. The icosahedral head is about 66 nm in diameter. The non-contractile tail is about 220-230 nm in length and 13 nm in width with about 55 cross-striations. There is an extremely long tail fiber measuring approximately 200-220 nm in length.
Linear dsDNA genome of 59 kb, containing about 75 genes. The genome has cohesive ends.
- Adsorption: The phage attaches to target cell adhesion receptors through its tail fibers. Bacteriophage chi attaches to the filament of a bacterial flagellum, but the entry receptor site is located at the base of the bacterial flagellum.
- Ejection of the viral DNA into host cell cytoplasm by long flexible tail ejection system.
- Transcription and translation of early genes.
- Replication of genomic DNA.
- Transcription and translation of late genes
- Assembly of an empty procapsid and packaging of the genome.
- Viral tail fiber assembly and viral tail assembly.
- Mature virions are released from the cell by lysis.


In the context of HANNAH: Challenging and Debunking Antisemitic Myths project, a Digital Repository Of Antisemitic Narratives has been developed.
This digital Repository is a compilation of selected examples of antisemitic narratives collected for educational purposes in the frames of the HANNAH project. Project partners from Germany, Greece, Poland, and Serbia identified the following categories: Old anti-Jewish stereotypes and myths, Far-Right extremism, Islamist extremism, Antisemitism and Israel, Holocaust denial and distortion, Antisemitism in traditional and online media, Contemporary conspiracy theories, Visual representation of Antisemitism, and Antisemitism specific for a particular country, and proposed examples of some of the antisemitic narratives typical for those categories.
It is important to emphasize that this Repository does not represent a collection of “all antisemitic narratives.” Still, the proposed examples show that antisemitism exists today in various European societies despite different historical and social circumstances. Some antisemitic narratives are similar, and some are more specific and local.
Find the Digital Repository Of Antisemitic Narratives on the official website of the HANNAH project https://hannah-project.eu/digital-repository/ available in EN, GR, DE, SR, and PL.


School to work transition is an important aspect of lifelong learning that has increased in significance as the knowledge-based economy takes off in developed countries. Rapid structural economic changes, the importance of innovation, and a shorter lifecycle of products require education systems to adjust to the needs of economies and individuals. Educational reforms in many countries aim to improve school students’ readiness for their important move to post-school life. Countries organize different pathways for students following secondary school level that are designed to meet both students’ demands and the needs of economies. This article explores Hong Kong students’ aspirations and realities. Although the majority of students plan to complete the final year of high school and 91.5% planned to undertake the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) to be eligible for higher education, in reality a significant number of school leavers do not perform well and should undertake training for employment. In addition, many students who are eligible for tertiary education cannot be admitted to government sponsored universities due to the limited number of places. This article begins with a consideration of students’ aspirations, and then outlines the realities of transition and current issues. It concludes with some suggested policy measures that could improve equity during this school to work transition period. Copyright © 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
|Journal||Educational Research for Policy and Practice|
|Early online date||Dec 2016|
|Publication status||Published - Feb 2017|
CitationPavlova, M. (2017). Aspirations of and realities for Hong Kong students: Is the “formal” transition system effective?. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 16(1), 77-93.
- Community support for transitions
- Equity during transitions
- School leavers’ pathways in Hong Kong
- Students’ aspirations
- Transitions supported by the government


1001 Nights: Building Children’s Resilience to Violence was a 12-month project in Tunisia run by Search for Common Ground (SFCG). The aim of the project was to build children’s resilience to violence through engaging educational materials and activities conducted in school.
The project was run in 20 different schools in 10 of Tunisia’s 24 governates, reaching nearly 900 children and 40 teachers. Working with the animation company, Big Dad Boo Productions, SFCG developed a multi-media curriculum to encourage students to have discussions around concepts of democracy, human rights, non-violence and empathy.
The project also goes beyond the classroom to engage children outside school. In six different communities, Peace Clubs facilitate skills development around nonviolent communication and provide mentorship opportunities for youth. Since the Peace Clubs are situated within the community, they help to build connections between youth and local political processes.
The success of the project is evident in the extent of parent, school, and community engagement. Schools that were not part of the initial project have independently fundraised to bring the programme to their students. This project highlights the importance of embedding youth work within existing community structures while simultaneously engaging the wider community and system in which children live and develop (Search for Common Ground 2019).


Information on Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
What is hand foot and mouth disease?
This is a disease caused by a group of viruses which usually affects young children. It causes blisters on hands and feet and mouth ulcers inside the cheeks and on the tongue. They may also have a sore throat and high temperature. These symptoms last for 7-10days.
Is it dangerous?
No. All make a full recovery.
Is it the same as foot and mouth disease in cows?
No. A completely different virus causes foot and mouth disease in cows.
How is it spread?
The virus is spread by coughs and sneezes, and is also found in the faeces of infected children. Some children with the virus so not have symptoms but can still pass it to others.
Is there any treatment?
There is no specific treatment for hand foot and mouth disease – it is usually a mild and self-limiting illness. If a child feels unwell paracetamol may help. Antibiotics and creams or ointments for blisters are not effective. Children recover quickly without them.
What is the incubation period?
Symptoms start 3-5 days after exposure to the virus.
How long are children infectious?
Children who are ill are infectious. Also they may carry the virus in their faeces for many weeks after they have recovered and so can continue to pass on the infection.
How long should children stay away from school?
Children who are unwell should be kept off school until they are feeling better. Keeping children off school for longer that this is unlikely to stop the virus spreading. There may be other children in the school who are well but are spreading the virus.
How can the virus be prevented?
Since the virus is found in faeces, scrupulous attention must always be paid to hand washing after using the toilet.
Can you catch it more than once?
Yes, but children who are ill during an outbreak at school or nursery are unlikely to get it again during the same outbreak.
Thank you for giving this your attention. Your GP will be able to answer any further questions that you may have about hand, foot and mouth disease.


Software design is a basic plan of all elements in the software, how they relate to each other in such a way that they meet the user requirements. In software development process, software design phase is an important phase as it gives a plan of what to do and how to do it during the implementation phase. As the technology is evolving and people's needs in the technological field are increasing, the development of software is becoming more complex. To make the development process somewhat easy, it is always better to have a plan which is followed throughout the process. In this way, many problems can be solved in the design phase, for which a number of tools and techniques are present. One is known as Design Patterns. In software engineering, a design pattern is a general solution to commonly occurring problems in software design. A design pattern isn't a finished design that can be transformed directly into code.
|Title of host publication||Handbook of Research on Engineering Innovations and Technology Management in Organizations|
|Publisher||IGI Global Publishing|
|Number of pages||23|
|Publication status||Published - 17-04-2020|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Computer Science(all)


Why it matters: Ford and HP have teamed up to create a more sustainable production line for the F-250. The companies have found that 3D printer waste, including plastic and powder, can be recycled to make injection molded vehicle parts for the F-250 that are lighter, cheaper, more chemical-resistant, and most importantly, more sustainable.
It’s a great example of two companies from distinctly different industries working together to become more sustainable. Ford and HP use waste plastic and powder from 3D printers to create injection molded fuel line clips for the Super Duty F-250. Dental company SmileDirectClub, which has a small army of 3D printers that make dental aligners, also contributes to the environmentally friendly production line.
The printer’s waste is apparently being passed on to a few other companies – Lavergne and ARaymond – who turn the recycled material into tank clips.
It is impressive that the recycled tank clips made from 3D printer waste are 7% lighter, 10% cheaper and more resistant to chemicals and moisture than their non-recycled predecessors, according to Ford.
Debbie Mielewski, a Ford Technical Associate, said, “A lot of companies are finding great uses for 3D printing technologies, but together with HP we are the first to find a high quality use for waste powder that would likely have been landfilled and turn it into functional and durable auto parts. “The Ford research team has identified 10 other existing vehicles that could benefit from this use of materials and are migrating them to future models.


A study has revealed that two types of the controversial neonicotinoids – insecticide ingredients often referred to as “neonics” – have significant negative effects on male honeybees.
Researchers from the University of Bern in Switzerland found that thiamethoxam and clothianidin reduced the number of living sperm in male honeybees by 39 percent compared with bees that had not been exposed to the insecticides.
Along with this discovery, the scientists also concluded that the chemicals decrease the lifespan of the drones. Those exposed to the neonicotinoids live an average of 15-22 days, a lifespan 32 percent shorter than unexposed drones.
“Most neonicotinoid studies that employ honeybees have focused on workers, which are typically the non-productive females of the colony,” said Lars Straub, a doctoral student at the university and the lead author of the study. “Male honeybees have really been neglected by honeybee health scientists; while not surprising, these results may turn a few heads.”
The findings were published in the biological research journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, which is based in London but is worldwide in membership and publication; for example, its editorial board includes both American and Canadian biologists.
The two neonicotinoids responsible for this unintentional birth control were banned by the European Union in 2013, but they are still commonly used in the United States for agricultural purposes.
Bee decline has been a steady concern for the past decade. Despite raised awareness and intermittent, if modest, improvement from time to time, beekeepers have experienced continued losses.
According to a national survey, beekeepers lost 44 percent of their honeybee colonies from April 2015 to April 2016. This is the second year in a row that colony losses have exceeded 40 percent.
Although many focus blame for the bee losses solely on neonicotinoids, Straub points out that they are just one factor.
“There are heaps of different factors that can actually affect colony health,” Straub told The New York Times. “Pesticides alone are probably just one of the small pieces of the bigger puzzle.”
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is currently investigating thiamethoxam and clothianidin, along with dinotefuran, and is scheduled to release its risk assessment in December.


Posted on 4th November 2013
alflux was applied to white cabbage during the growing season at a rate of between 1 and 2 litres per ha, receiving no more than 6 litres/ha during the growth of the crop.
The cabbage was over wintered in cold storage. When the cabbage came out for processing and packing in March/ April the Calflux treated crop suffered less wastage of outer leaves and when packed benefited from longer shelf life.
The crop was also sent away for Tissue analysis and comparisons made between those treated and those untreated (control)
Calflux does not contain these trace elements and the result found here may reflect the fact that the crop is growing healthily and is better able to scavenge from the soil these elements.
White cabbage tissue analysis Control, note iron levels are 362 mg/kg Most elements show here have increased when treated with Calflux, the iron has increased by over 700%
Evidence showed that Calflux treated white cabbage when processed after over wintering had an extended shelf life than those untreated white cabbage.
There was also some evidence that appearance of treated cabbage was better than those untreated, the treated cabbbage was a little greener.
Also untreated cabbage once processed showed slight oxidation (browning) on part of the leaf edge where the treated cabbage did not.


HealthDay News — It’s still not too late to get a flu shot, the FDA said Wednesday. Children and seniors tend to be most susceptible to influenza, but sometimes the virus will affect more young and middle-aged adults. That appears to be the case this influenza season, the agency said in a press release.
An unusually high number of severe respiratory illness in young and middle-aged Americans was reported to the CDC in November and December, the FDA said. Many of those cases were caused by the H1N1 strain that affected more children and young adults than older adults during the 2009 pandemic.
Protection against the 2009 H1N1 virus, which has circulated each year since the pandemic, is included in the 2013-2014 influenza vaccine. Influenza activity often peaks in January or February and can last well into May, and a influenza shot protects patients as long as the viruses are circulating.
“Influenza seasons and severity are often unpredictable. Annual influenza vaccination is the best way to prevent influenza among people 6 months of age and older,” Marion Gruber, director of the FDA’s Office of Vaccine Research and Review, said.
Federal health officials have previously reported that this year’s vaccine is a good match for the circulating viruses.


Category: Research Summary
Published Date: 2021-10-17
Covid-19 that originated in Wuhan, China in December 2019 has made an unprecedented impact all over the world. However, based on previous research and studies, it has been seen that the impact is disproportionately higher on the poor in developing countries. The impact of covid-19 on the poor can be seen in the three dimensions. First, infection-related vulnerabilities such as health impacts due to a congested and unhygienic environment; insufficient treatment in an inadequate medical system; Second, lockdown-driven vulnerabilities such as job loss; return migration; suspension of remittances; and third, school closure related vulnerabilities i.e., learning loss; school discontinuation risk; child marriage for girls.
In response to the coronavirus pandemic, the Bangladesh government announced the closures of schools in mid-March 2020. 78 weeks later, experiencing one of the longest coronavirus shutdowns in the world, all schools and colleges are reopening in phases that began on September 12, 2021. Various studies have been conducted to understand the scope and scale of the long-term impact of the long school closure on the country’s millions of children in terms of learning loss, deterioration of mental health, increasing child labor, and child marriage. Poverty, family stress and tension, and violence against children and women have increased. Social and economic inequalities and educational disparities have widened from the pre-pandemic level.


Our View: Guiding our youth critical in digital age
Published 7:39 am Monday, May 8, 2017
Social media has created an entirely new set of challenges for today’s youth; adversity that most of us never had to face growing up.
Whether we want to admit it or not, technology creates new obstacles and pitfalls for parents, too.
This was evidenced on both accounts last week when a conflict between a very small group of students at George Rogers Clark High School escalated into a near community panic, in large part, because of social media posts.
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School officials confirmed some of the inappropriate posts didn’t come from students, but instead from members of the community. Law enforcement agencies are investigating some of the threats that could span into the realm of being criminal.
Other posts where parents truly meant well included things that simply weren’t true and exacerbated the situation.
We understand that parents are concerned about the safety of their children and want to be sure they are in an environment conducive to learning, but there is a right and wrong way of making sure this happens.
Posting vague information and hearsay on social media isn’t the answer.
Although this situation seems to have somewhat diffused, we hope all parents take the time to talk to their children. When concerns arise reach out to their teachers, building administrators or school board officials.
We can all do more to educate our youth about proper social media etiquette, racial equality, tolerance and the consequences of actions.
These types of issues are nothing new, but social media adds fuel to the fire. Clark County is a mirror of our society and the reality is we have much work to do to learn to coexist as human beings.
The entire community must find ways to be part of the solution rather the problem, helping our youth overcome some of the unique challenges of coming of age in our digital world.


IndiGenous Peoples Day & The Meaning of Ceremony
We HONOR & SHOW REVERENCE Our Ancestors!
Usually "The Great New Moon Festival (held around October) marked the beginning of the Cherokee New Year. The New Fire Ceremony (held for 4 days about ten days after the Great New Moon Festival) was a renewal of friendships. The last festival was held during the winter.
There are Seven primary ceremonies celebrated by the Cherokee, but smaller subsequent ceremonies and or extension of primary ceremonies are also practiced. They are as follows: New Moon Festival (First Festival), Green Corn Ceremony (Second Festival), Ripe Corn Ceremony (Third Festival), Great New Moon Ceremony (Fourth Festival), Friends Made Ceremony (Fifth Festival also known as Propitiation Festival), Bounding Bush Ceremony (Sixth Festival) and the Uku or Ookah Dance(Only performed every 7 years).
Dances Traditional Cherokee have both social and ceremonial dances. Some surviving dances may now be held for different purposes than they had historically. As with many cultures, the Cherokee have also been influenced by neighboring cultures. Cherokee Dances included the Booger Dance, Stomp Dance, War Dance, a victory dance called the Eagle Tail Dance, Ant Dance, Bear Dance, Beaver Hunting Dance, Friendship Dance, Forest Buffalo Dance and Uka Dance." Ravenredtailhawk Jaguarxi Tips


My grandchildren had put this puzzle together many times on their own but wanted me to help them this time. The picture on the box was very helpful and let me know there were four unicorns, but I could only find puzzle pieces for three horns instead of four. I found the missing horn under some furniture in the living room, but I still wondered if any other puzzle pieces had been misplaced. I used multiplication, addition, and subtraction to figure out how many puzzle pieces still needed to be placed on this partially completed puzzle. Can you also figure out the number of puzzle pieces that still need to be placed?
I counted the number of puzzle pieces in the box and determined that two pieces were missing. Knowing that two puzzle pieces are missing, can you tell me how many more puzzle pieces are in the box waiting to be placed on the puzzle?
Each puzzle piece is approximately equal to one square unit. If you can determine the area of the entire puzzle and the area of the missing pieces, then you can determine the area of the incomplete puzzle pictured above. Go ahead, give it a try!
Factors of 1491:
- 1491 is a composite number.
- Prime factorization: 1491 = 3 × 7 × 71.
- 1491 has no exponents greater than 1 in its prime factorization, so √1491 cannot be simplified.
- The exponents in the prime factorization are 1, 1, and 1. Adding one to each exponent and multiplying we get (1 + 1)(1 + 1)(1 + 1) = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8. Therefore 1491 has exactly 8 factors.
- The factors of 1491 are outlined with their factor pair partners in the graphic below.
Another Fact about the number 1491:
1491 is the 21st nonagonal number because
21(7·21 – 5)/2 = 1491.


When can a person or country stake claim to land on another planet? At what legal point can a country declare we own this land in the name of whom so ever?
3The short answer is when you can defend your claim. Generally that would need the presence of an army or availability of an army. By treaty Antarctica facilities are abandoned as soon as the nation no longer occupies the facility.– WayneDec 8, 2018 at 20:59
@Wayne good answer– MuzeDec 8, 2018 at 21:01
Currently it is not supposed to be done in space. There's a UN Resolution titled Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space which was adopted unanimously in 1962 which includes this statement:
Outer space and celestial bodies are not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.
Consider also the Antarctic Treaty System, which states that no new territorial claims in the Antarctic may be established while the treaty is in force. There remain some disputes in the Arctic however, for example a somewhat whimsical one over Hans Island.
2Technically this does not bar persons. The resolution dates back to an era when access to space was limited to just a few states.– MSaltersDec 10, 2018 at 13:30
1I'd say the intent was there to cover non-governmental space exploration as well, that's embedded in principal #5 which makes states responsible for supervising even if privately funded.. Dec 10, 2018 at 16:36


Cold storage is the one widely practiced method for bulk handling of the perishables between production and marketing processing.
It is one of the methods of reserving perishable commodities in fresh and whole some state for a longer period by controlling temperature and humidity with in the storage system. Maintaining adequately low temperature is critical, as otherwise it will cause chilling injury to the produce. Also, relative humidity of the storeroom should be kept as high as 80-90% for most of the perishables, below (or) above which his detrimental effect on the keeping quality of the produce.
* Most fruits and vegetables have a very limited life after harvest if held at normal harvesting temperatures.
*Postharvest cooling rapidly removes field heat, allowing longer storage periods.
Proper postharvest cooling can:-
• Reduce respiratory activity and degradation by enzymes.
• Reduce internal water loss and wilting.
• Slow or inhibit the growth of decay-producing microorganisms.
• Reduce the production of the natural ripening agent, ethylene. In addition to helping maintain quality, postharvest cooling also provides marketing flexibility by allowing the grower to sell produce at the most appropriate time.
Having cooling and storage facilities makes it unnecessary to market the produce immediately after harvest. This can be an advantage to growers who supply restaurants and grocery stores or to small growers who want to assemble truckload lots for shipment.
Postharvest cooling is essential to delivering produce of the highest possible quality to the consumer Cold storage can be combined with storage in an environment with added of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, etc. according to the nature of product to be preserved. The cold storage of dried/dehydrated vegetables in order to maintain vitamin C, storage temperature can be varied with storage time and can be at 0°-10°C for a storage time of more than one year, with a relative humidity of 80-95 %. The cold storage of perishables has advanced noticeably in recent years, leading to better maintenance of organoleptic qualities, reduced spoilage, and longer shelf lives. These advances have resulted from joint action by physiologists to determine the requirements of fruit and vegetables, and by refrigerating specialists to design and run refrigerating machines accordingly.


Although the film Nosferatu is based off Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, many differences are present that significantly change several aspects of the way viewers perceive the film when compared to the novel. Nosferatu expands on the theme of invasion and predator versus prey in order to create fear from the typical viewer's perspective. During the time when both Dracula and Nosferatu were created, Europeans, namely the British, were terrified of the prospect of having their home country invaded by a foreign, mysterious country. Murnau intentionally changes the names and locations of the characters to bring the story closer to what the target audience was used to, while keeping the foreign aspects very similar to the novel. Murnau, being a German filmmaker, created this film to target a German audience, thus it follows that Murnau changes the names of the characters to sound German, and completely moves the setting of "home" to a the small German town of Bremen. For example, Harker is changed to Hutter, and Mina is changed to Ellen. Murnau changes many of the aspects of the hometown of the protagonist, from the large city of London to Bremen, a small city with narrow streets. In Dracula, the main characters rarely interact with Londoners, while in Nosferatu several citizens of Bremen are shown, such as the town crier. Murnau also stirs empathy within the viewer for not only the plight of protagonists, but also the deaths of several inhabitants of the town, fortifying the relationship between the audience and what they see as home (Bremen). The fact that Bremen is rather small when compared to London adds the aspect of vulnerability to home, while also introducing the theme of predation, with Bremen being a small, helpless prey. .
Murnau enlarges foreign traits of Orlock and Transylvania in order to increase the terror the viewer feels towards the foreignness of Orlock in order to differentiate between what is from home and what is invading.


2-Chloro-9,9-diphenylfluorene is an organochlorine compound used in the manufacture of dyes, paints, and inks. It is a white powder with a melting point of 121°C and a boiling point of 345°C.
2-Chloro-9,9-diphenylfluorene is a highly reactive chemical and is used to produce a variety of products, including azo dyes, solvents, and surfactants. It is also used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other organic chemicals.
2-Chloro-9,9-diphenylfluorene is used in the production of azo dyes, which are used in the dyeing of fabrics, leather, and paper. These dyes are also used in the manufacture of printing inks and paints. 2-Chloro-9,9-diphenylfluorene is also used as a solvent in the manufacture of paints and coatings.
2-Chloro-9,9-diphenylfluorene is also used in the synthesis of other organic compounds. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of compounds such as phenylenediamines, quinolines, and phenylthiophenes. These compounds are used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and dyes.
2-Chloro-9,9-diphenylfluorene is also used in the synthesis of surfactants, which are used in the manufacture of detergents and other cleaning products. It is also used as a catalyst in the synthesis of polymers and plastics.
2-Chloro-9,9-diphenylfluorene is a toxic chemical and should be handled with care. It should not be inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin. Protective clothing, such as gloves and eyewear, should be worn when handling this chemical. It should be stored in a cool, dry place and away from direct sunlight.


I recently read an article on edutopia.org, the George Lucas Educational Foundation site, about Brain-Based Learning. What follows are some of their thoughts and tips with my two cents added in.
Growth Mindset** is loosely defined as believing people can grow and change their brainpower by the actions they take. It believes learning needs to be a goal making it vital to encourage students to stretch their brain, their thinking muscle, by using higher level thinking skills and applying their learning in meaning-filled ways. Students need to value challenges, view their mistakes as an integral part of learning, and seek feedback to help them improve their understanding.
Part of growth mindset is active learning, like hands-on math and science, discussion groups and projects where they are challenged to think about what they learn rather than regurgitate information. Right now, growth mindset is a ‘hot button’ on the internet; if you want a nearly unending discussion or books on the subject simply type in: growth mindset and watch the screen light up. To me the logic in their discussions make sense. Let me know what YOU think.
** “In a growth mindset, people believe that their most basic abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work—brains and talent are just the starting point. This view creates a love of learning and a resilience that is essential for great accomplishment,” writes Carol Dweck, author of Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. Students who embrace growth mindsets—the belief that they can learn more or become smarter if they work hard and persevere—may learn more, learn it more quickly, and view challenges and failures as opportunities to improve their learning and skills.


Carrie Chapman Catt born January 9, 1859 was known as an activist, reformer, teacher, reporter, but most importantly as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1890. She had an important role in the final passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. She campaigned around the country so that states would reform giving passage to the 1920 victory which gave women the right to vote nationwide.
Catt’s motivation to fight for women rights sparked when she was in high school and introduced to Charles Darwin’s “Origin of the Species.” She saw evolutionary sciences as offering the idea of a constantly evolving and improving world, moving toward a free and peaceful society, therefore sparking her interest in wanted women rights to evolve.
Questions I would ask Catt today:
1) How does it make you feel that we have come so far with women rights, but we now see these young women today, specially teens feeding in the hyper sexualized view of women today?
2) How do you feel that many people still have the perception that female power equals bitchiness and man eater versus a powerful man equals confidence and competence?
One Response to “The struggle for the vote was an effort to bring men to feel less superior and women to feel less inferior”


Brain Gain: Identifying candidate dementia-related biomarkers and early intervention strategies for adults aged 50+ with a history of mild traumatic brain injury
Aperçu du projet
Dr. Matthew Galati Brain Changer Award One hundred and forty-four thousand Canadians suffer a diagnosed concussion each year. A concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury, often caused by a bump to the head or body that causes one’s brain to move within the skull. This movement causes micro-tears in the brain that are undetectable by even some of the best brain imaging machines. In addition to the immediate symptoms of injury (headache, dizziness, memory loss), there is growing concern that these injuries will lead to longer-lasting deficits in the ageing brain, including dementia. There is no cure for dementia; however, identifying risk factors (something that increases a person’s risk for disease) and early indicators of disease are crucial research areas. Recent research indicates that individuals who have sustained at least one diagnosed concussion are nearly two times more likely to be diagnosed with dementia than someone without a concussion history. Therefore, concussions are a risk factor for dementia. Some early identifiers of dementia include decreased cognitive functions (memory, attention, processing speed) and increased levels of brain-related proteins in the blood and saliva. This research aims to identify dementia-related candidate cognitive and fluid (blood and saliva) biomarkers in individuals with concussion histories. The benefits of cognitive and exercise-based interventions for adults at a heightened risk of dementia due to previous concussions have yet to be explored. Therefore, this research also examines some potential preventative strategies for this same group. We will assess cognitive performance and fluid dementiarelated biomarkers before and after a randomly assigned 12-week intervention program to identify these interventions’ utility in this population. Altogether, this project aims to identify early detection and intervention measures for adults at risk of dementia due to concussion history.
Taylor Snowden , University of Victoria


The Unification of Nature and Human: From Cognition to Practice
Song Wutong and
International Journal of Social Science Studies, 2023, vol. 11, issue 1, 72-74
Traditional Chinese civilization has had a long history of understanding the relationship between nature and human. The Chinese Ming dynasty physician Zhang Jingyue brought the cognition of "the unity of nature and human" into play by reconstructing Chinese medical theory and clinical practice thus achieving an important transition from cognition to practice. Based on the three main aspects of (i) holistic cognition and clinical application, (ii) yin-yang cognition and clinical application, and (iii) five elements-related cognition and clinical application, we further explore Zhang Jingyue's thoughts and applications from the cognition of "the unity of nature and human" to the practice of "the unity of knowledge and action" to provide reference and inspiration for the development of present-day medicine and even the progress of human civilization.
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Academically and Intellectually Gifted
The Pitt County School System believes that all students are unique in their abilities to learn and is committed to their continuous academic progress. Because academically and intellectually gifted students require a higher level of intellectual stimulation than that provided by the regular school program, an educational system must be provided which affords these students the opportunity to develop to their potential.
Pitt County Schools endorses the North Carolina definition of giftedness and develops programs and services that address these needs.
North Carolina Definition of Giftedness
Academically or intellectually gifted students perform or show the potential to perform at substantially high levels of accomplishment when compared with others of their age, experience or environment. Academically or intellectually gifted students exhibit high performance capability in intellectual areas, specific academic fields or in both intellectual areas and specific academic fields. Academically or intellectually gifted students require differentiated education services beyond those ordinarily provided by the regular educational program. Outstanding abilities are present in students from all cultural groups, across all economic strata and in all of human endeavor.
Local AIG Plan Information:
- AIG Plan 2022-25
- MCI (Criteria Indicatorteria Indicator) for identification
- Quick ID and Service Options Guide
- Connecting HS Course Registration with College Admissions
- Understanding the CogAT score
- AIG Parent Handbook (22-25)
Local AIG Data:
North Carolina AIG Standards:
- Revised AIG Standards June 2021


Bad weather? Try out today this simple and fun educational indoor activity. It’s great to practice not only gross motor and fine motor skills but also early math skills.
Moreover, it has two more benefits. First, the activity is limited and can be completed in 3-4 minutes, so a 2-year-old should be able to concentrate on this particular activity and repeat it. Science suggests, that a normal attention span is 3 to 5 minutes per year of a child’s age. Second, despite its simplicity, the activity allows your toddler to realise mistakes on their own and discover a solution on their own.
You need only 2 simple things, that you probably have already at home:
- Numbers or Alphabet Puzzles Mat.
- A basket.
How does this educational indoor activity work?
First, build together with your toddler a hopscotch with the puzzles mat tiles.
Then, let them pop-out the puzzle pieces (in our case the numbers) and place them in the basket. When they are done, ask them to jump like a rabbit and search for the numbers in the basket.
Of course the goal is pretty simple – they need to place the right number into the right puzzle tile.
The activity allows your little one to assess whether they have done it correctly or not. They can see it easily by themselves. Therefore, no need to tell them that they made a mistake if they did. Avoid it anyway, so your little one doesn’t feel negatively judged by you.
Finally, they can hop again and count to 10.
And that’s it. It can be repeated as long as they like.
Here is an example how it goes in our case.
Benefits of the Match the Numbers Activity
- Practice Gross Motor Skills
- Practice Fine Motor Skills
- Practice Counting
- Timely limited activity for short attention spans
- Control of error on their own.
Looking for more fun indoor toddler activities? Check out these ones here!


This is correct provided it is detected at an early stage, is carried out by an appropriate professional treatment and proper maintenance by the patient.
Gum disease is a chronic infectious disease of the supporting apparatus of teeth. It is a failure of the "foundation" of the teeth. This ends up destroying the bone around the roots with your periodontal ligament, resulting in final stages mobility and tooth loss. It is caused by a bacteria that are in the bacterial plaque and tartar.
To develop, individual susceptibility to allergies and the presence of plaque and / or calculus (tartar) is needed. Its evolution is usually chronic and often asymptomatic. There are only a few characteristic signs: bleeding gums, bad odor (halitosis) and taste. When it is relatively advanced, there are also mobility of parts and in some cases abscess formation under the gums.
The most common is chronic adult periodontal disease, being the main cause of tooth loss in this time of life ahead of caries and trauma. If it comes in early times (childhood or adolescence), evolution is generally more aggressive, losing teeth at an early age.
The professional in the explorations of mouth or reviews handles a periodontal probe to detect "Bags" (fornix under the gums) since in many cases, the classic signs do not manifest, especially in smokers. In these, the action of nicotine and tars decreased vascularity gum, masking the gingival bleeding.
* A publication of Dr. Jose Arias Pardiñas, dentist doctor expert in dental implants, gum disease and prosthetics.


Mapping the ecological resilience of Atlantic postglacial heathlands.
Anthropogenic heathlands are semi-natural ecosystems with a unique cultural and biodiversity value, considered worthy of preservation across most of the world. Their rate of loss, however, is alarming. Currently, we know little about the heathlands' actual span of resilience affordances and their association with abiotic and anthropogenic factors, including how much additional intervention they need to persist. Consequently, we are missing out on vital knowledge for conservation, management and the historical persistence of heathlands. This paper develops a method to assess the ecological resilience affordances of Atlantic postglacial heaths in the absence of human management. We use 12 existing cases of heathland succession to establish a four-step resilience grade for each site, which we regress onto a series of explaining factors and use it in predicting heath resilience across postglacial Atlantic Northern Europe. We find that temperature, humidity, elevation and sandiness have a positive correlation with high heathland resilience. Our predictive mapping shows an uneven distribution of ecological heath resilience across Atlantic Northern Europe within an area of 1,000 × 1,200 km of 5 × 5 km resolution. Historic heathland distributions far exceed areas that afford high heath resilience, suggesting that heath distribution and persistence depend on both abiotic and anthropogenic factors. Policy implications: The map predicting the ecological resilience of Atlantic postglacial heaths can be used by managers working towards heath preservation and restoration to prioritize conservation efforts and to plan management practices across Atlantic Northern Europe. Together with the predictive model, it provides an important initial screening tool to assess heathland resilience in the absence of management as well as the impact of atmospheric nitrogen. The results are equally relevant for scholars who are interested in humans' role in increasing and decreasing ecosystem resilience. Our predictive method can be applied in other regions across the world by adding regionally specific variables.


Particulate Levels Underneath Landscape Fire Smoke Plumes in the Sydney Region of Australia
Smoke pollution from landscape fires is a major health problem, but it is difficult to predict the impact of any particular fire. For example, smoke plumes can be mapped using remote sensing, but we do not know how the smoke is distributed in the air-column. Prescribed burning involves the deliberate introduction of smoke to human communities but the amount, composition, and distribution of the pollution may be different to wildfires. We examined whether mapped plumes produced high levels of particulate pollution (PM2.5) at permanent air quality monitors and factors that influenced those levels. We mapped 1237 plumes, all those observed in 17 years of MODIS imagery over New South Wales, Australia, but this was only ~20% of known fires. Prescribed burn plumes tended to occur over more populated areas than wildfires. Only 18% of wildfire plumes and 4% of prescribed burn plumes passed over a monitor (n = 115). A minority of plumes caused a detectable increase in PM2.5: prescribed burn plumes caused an air quality exceedance for 33% of observations in the daytime and 11% at night, wildfire plumes caused exceedances for 48% and 22% of observations in the day and night-time, respectively. Thus, most plumes remained aloft (did not reach the surface). Statistical modelling revealed that wind speed, temperature, and mixing height influenced whether a plume caused an exceedance, and there was a difference between prescribed and wild fires. In particular, in wind speeds below 1 kmhr−1, exceedance was almost certain in prescribed burns. This information will be useful for planning prescribed burning, preparing warnings, and improving our ability to predict smoke impacts.
Open Access Status
This publication may be available as open access
NSW Department of Planning,Industry and Environment


Aqua Ammonia Solution 4%
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ammonium hydroxide, although it doesn’t exist as an isolatable chemical compound, is a name sometimes given to an aqueous solution of ammonia. Aqueous solutions of ammonia are sometimes referred to as ammonia water or aqua ammonia.
In aqueous solution, ammonia deprotonates some small fraction of the water to give ammonium and hydroxide ions according to the following equilibrium:
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
With a base ionization constant (Kb) of 1.8×10-5, in a 1M ammonia solution about 0.42% of the ammonia will gain protons to become ammonium ions (equivalent to a pH of 11.63).
Aqueous ammonium hydroxide can also dissolve various metal oxides and hydroxides, such as copper(II) hydroxide to form ammine complexes. In such cases, the active agent is the ammonia, not the hydroxide salt. Solutions of ammonium hydroxide can also dissolve reactive metals such as aluminum and zinc, with the liberation of hydrogen gas. When ammonium hydroxide is mixed with dilute hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a metal ion, such as Cu2+, the peroxide will undergo rapid decomposition.
Aqua Ammonia solution is commonly used for cleaning as an additive to glass cleaners.


The Township of Chester is a beautiful community with a rich history in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. Our municipality was one of the first municipal districts established by William Penn during his first visit in 1682, when he divided the territory into counties. The first official recognition was at the court held on October 17, 1683. At this court a jury of seventeen people was enlisted to create a convenient highway leading from Providence to Chester. During this time the Township of Chester included the city of Chester, and Upland Borough. During the court held on July 1, 1684, Richard Crosby and Edward Carter were appointed collectors of the county levies and at that same court Richard Few was appointed Constable.
The Pusey House is the only remaining house that is known to have been visited by William Penn. During the time of its erection in 1683, this territory today in Upland Borough was still part of the Township of Chester. Caleb Pusey and his family came to Pennsylvania in 1682 along with William Penn on the ship “Welcome”. Pusey was commissioned t serve as a manager and agent for Chester Mills, the first proprietary saw and grist mill to be established by Penn in the colony. During the Revolutionary War the Township of Chester suffered greatly from the depredations of the British army.
William H. Green saw the opportunity for the Township of Chester to be presented as an industrial and manufacturing business point. in 1864 he purchased land on Delaware Avenue and Reaney Street and built Vulcan Works, converting steel, iron and brass into valves. In 1888 he made several valves for the Philadelphia Water Department each weighing 6 tons. At the time they were the largest valves made in the world. Today, the Township of Chester hosts three thriving industrial parks: the I-95, Bridgewater, and Chester Creek industrial parks.
The Township of Chester has always been diverse, proud, safe and a community of unity. The first vote by an African-American man in Pennsylvania was cast in the Township of Chester by William Henry Cooper on April 14, 1870. The Township of Chester was the center on which many of Delaware County’s townships were based, derived, modeled after and populated from.


The “tar” command stands for tape archive that generally used by system/database administrator to write archives directly to tape devices or can use it to create archives files on disk. The ‘tar’ program is easy to use and transportable having limits on file name size, won’t backup special files, does not follow symbolic links, and doesn’t support multiple volumes. The main advantage is that ‘tar’ is supported every where or can be moved easily from one disk to another disk or machine to machine. It is also useful for copying directories.
The ‘tar’ program takes one of three function command line arguments:
c – to create a tar file
t – table of contents (see the name of all files)
x – extract (restore) the contents of the tar file.
In addition to above function command line argument these argument are useful:
f – Specifies filename
z – Use zip/unzip to compress the tar file or to read from a compressed tar file.
v – Verbose output, show the file being stored into or restored from tar file.
To tar all .arc and .ctf files into a tar file named data.tgz use:
tar cvzf data.tgz *.arc *.ctf
This will creates (c) a compressed tar file name data.tgz (f) and shows the file being stored into the tar file (v). The .tgz suffix is a convention for gzipped tar file.
To extract files from tar file
tar –xvf filename.tar
To tar up all files and directories under current directories or under PROD1 directory and writes files to filename.tar.
tar cvzf data.tgz shahid123
tar -cvf /tmp/filename.tar .
tar -cvf /tmp/filename.tar PROD1
It is often more useful to tar a directory (which tar all files and subdirectories recursively unless you specify other option)
To see a tar file table of contents
tar tzf data.tgz
To display only the content in tar binary file
tar –tvf filename.tar
When file size is too large (more than 8GB), use –E option.
tar -cvfE /data/oradata/tars/PROD1/large_file_blob.tar


Some find their hearts beating fasters and others find their hearts broken as they face Valentine’s Day each February. The holiday and corresponding American Heart Month are a consistent reminder of the impact of cardiovascular disease on South Dakotans. As the long-standing leading cause of death in South Dakota, many cardiac events happen in the community.
The South Dakota Cardiovascular Collaborative (SD CC) has a designated workgroup focused on improving response to acute cardiovascular incidents. Increasing the number of designated Cardiac Ready Communities is among the list of priorities.
“The purpose of the Cardiac Ready Community program is to increase the survival of individuals experiencing cardiac events in communities,” Diane Eide, BSN, RN, program manager for the South Dakota Foundation for Medical and lead for the Cardiac Ready Community program. “Rural communities often lack access to emergency care. Providing training and equipment allows the community to provide the basic early emergency care that can save lives.”
Cardiac Ready Communities, with the support of the South Dakota Department of Health and the American Heart Association- SD, strive to help communities improve the chances that anyone suffering a sudden cardiac arrest will have the best possible chance for survival. Interested communities can submit a letter of intent and receive support to work through the steps to achieve the designation by establishing the “chain of survival”.
- Early access to emergency care
- Early CPR
- Early defibrillation
- Early advance medical care
- Post-cardiac arrest care
Eide provides support and assistance for communities seeking designation. “We are working to revise the criteria to make it easier for smaller South Dakota communities. The programs help them evaluate their readiness for a cardiac event, including planning, development, CPR and AED training and AED location identification. It is important for the communities in SD to be prepared to use the “chain of survival” to manage a cardiac event.”
Posted in Chronic Disease, SDFMC


The Benefits of Mindfulness in the Workplace
Mindfulness is a state of mind in which an individual is fully present and aware of their thoughts, feelings, and surroundings. In recent years, mindfulness has gained popularity as a way to reduce stress and improve overall well-being. However, it is also a valuable tool in the workplace, offering a range of benefits for both employees and organizations.
1. Reduces Stress
One of the most significant benefits of mindfulness is its ability to reduce stress. Workplace stress is a common problem that can lead to burnout, decreased productivity, and even physical health problems. Mindfulness practices such as deep breathing, meditation, and yoga can help employees manage stress and improve their overall well-being.
2. Improves Focus and Concentration
Mindfulness practices can also help employees improve their focus and concentration. When an individual is fully present and aware, they are less likely to become distracted by external factors. This increased focus can lead to better performance and productivity in the workplace.
3. Enhances Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand and manage one’s emotions, as well as the emotions of others. Mindfulness practices can help individuals develop emotional intelligence by increasing their self-awareness and empathy. This can lead to improved communication and collaboration in the workplace.
4. Increases Creativity
Mindfulness can also help to increase creativity in the workplace. By encouraging individuals to be present and aware of their thoughts and feelings, mindfulness practices can stimulate new ideas and perspectives. This can lead to innovative solutions to workplace problems and challenges.
5. Boosts Resilience
Finally, mindfulness can help to build resilience in the workplace. Resilience is the ability to bounce back from adversity, and it is a valuable trait for employees to have. Mindfulness practices can help individuals develop the mental and emotional strength necessary to handle difficult situations and challenges.
In conclusion, mindfulness is a valuable tool for individuals and organizations in the workplace. By reducing stress, improving focus and concentration, enhancing emotional intelligence, increasing creativity, and boosting resilience, mindfulness practices can lead to a healthier, happier and more productive workforce. Employers can promote mindfulness in the workplace by providing resources and support for mindfulness practices, such as meditation classes or mindfulness training.


The Icelandic Sagas are family stories about life in Iceland from the late 800s through about 1100. This covers the Icelandic settlement period and the period shortly thereafter. Those stories were passed down verbally from generation to generation. After the Christianization of Iceland and the adoption of the Roman Alphabet, the sagas were written down on vellum. Experts believe that most of these stories are based on historical events.
The sagas are remarkable because of the high volume of literature that was produced and how much of it remains. Because of Iceland's remoteness, its language has not evolved as elsewhere in Scandinavia. It is for that reason that school children in I
celand are still able to read much of the original text today.
Here is a list of sagas and information about each one.
Here is a site which contains the actual sagas, many translated into English.
A fun feature of the Member Database is a powerful relationship calculator. When you join, you will be able to find your relationship to many of the people referenced in the sagas!
Here is a fun site which brings it all together.
In many places in Iceland you will hear about the huldufólk, meaning hidden people. These beings are like elves and said to be similar to human beings except *most* people cannot see them. Icelanders are very rational, but they have been known to move roads to avoid disturbing "elf mounds".
Some of this is probably for tourist consumption, but there likely is an underlying belief in the supernatural. In a 2016 study by the Icelandic research group Market and Media Research, the majority of Icelanders believed in clairvoyance and mediums. According to the poll, 53.7% of respondents said that some people had the ability to contact and communicate with spirits.


Mary Edmonia Lewis was the first female sculptor of African American and Native American heritage to gain professional and global recognition. Born to a freed Afro-Haitian father and a Chippewa (Ojibwe) Native American mother (but orphaned at a young age), Lewis attended Oberlin College in 1860. During her academic career, Lewis struggled with both racial and gender discrimination from her peers. In 1862, two classmates accused Lewis of poisoning them, an event that led to Lewis receiving a public trial and severe beating by white attackers. Afterward, the college then accused Lewis of stealing art supplies and denied her registration for her final term, subsequently ejecting Lewis from Oberlin in 1863. Encouraged by her brother, Lewis then moved to Boston, where the abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison introduced her to sculptor Edward Brackett. Under Brackett’s tutelage, Lewis began studying the art of sculpting. In 1866, she moved to Rome, Italy, and was able to pursue a successful career as an artist.
Lewis’s artworks showcased the professional blending of her African American and Native American heritage with Neoclassical styles. Though her figures had to take on European features (as to attract a white audience), Lewis successfully incorporated these traits with her own identity as a female person of color.


When a four-alarm fire started burning at a Santa Clara, California construction site down the street from Impossible Aerospace Corporation, the startup sent one of its US-1 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or drone equipped with thermal and optical sensors to help ground crews battle the blaze.
According to Impossible Aerospace, the US-1 delivered high-definition thermal video to ground crews, allowing them to easily identify hot spots to share with first responders. The aircraft was operated by Impossible Aerospace pilots as part of the company's Rapid Response program offered to neighboring agencies.
A testament to the endurance of modern small electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, the US-1 hovered on site for one hour and six minutes before the fire was extinguished, outlasting three news helicopters that also arrived on scene.
Read the entire story in the Automated & Connected Knowledge Hub.
Lockheed Martin announces latest hypersonic progress at Le Bourget
BAE Systems will supply flight control and target identification systems for Boeing’s carrier-based MQ-25
Artificial intelligence could reduce CV-22 Osprey maintenance
Bookmark http://www.sae.org/news to keep pace with the latest aerospace technology news and information.
Subscribe to SAE MOBILUS for access to more than 200,000 resources, including aerospace standards, technical papers, eBooks, magazines, and video.
William Kucinski is content editor at SAE International, Aerospace Products Group in Warrendale, Pa. Previously, he worked as a writer at the NASA Safety Center in Cleveland, Ohio and was responsible for writing the agency’s System Failure Case Studies. His interests include literally anything that has to do with space, past and present military aircraft, and propulsion technology.
Contact him regarding any article or collaboration ideas by e-mail at email@example.com.


Entanglement in fishing gear is a global problem that poses a threat to marine animals and fishers wherever the two overlap.
Here in Scotland a diverse array of marine animals including whales, dolphins and porpoise (collectively known as cetaceans) inhabit our inshore waters, which are also valuable fishing grounds for trawl and creel fishermen. The Scottish inshore fishing industry makes a significant contribution to the national economy and forms the backbone of many small coastal communities. Unfortunately however with thousands of miles of associated rope in the water at any given time, whales and other marine animals (e.g. basking sharks and turtles) can become entangled in this, and these interactions can have conservation, welfare and economic consequences.
Entanglements can impair an animal’s ability to breath, feed, swim and reproduce. These incidents can also be distressing and potentially dangerous for those discovering them, and the financial cost to fishermen through damaged or lost gear can be significant.
Launched on 1st June 2018, the Scottish Entanglement Alliance (SEA) is a partnership between six organisations dedicated to promoting and protecting Scotland’s wildlife, heritage and sustainable marine industries. SEA will work closely with the Scottish inshore fishing industry to provide a co-ordinated, comprehensive monitoring and engagement programme to better understand the scale and impact of marine animal entanglements in our waters, and work towards developing strategies to reduce this threat.
This website will be updated regularly as the project progresses.


The current education question and answer enquired students to assert what they consider is the most important important challenge for a student to do if they wanted to gain success. The one that response stood out from the rest was practice. Successful people absolutely not born successful; they become successful from hard work and commitment. This is how you can fulfill your goals. following are one of the answer and question example that you could utilise to practice and supercharge your information and also give you insights that can guide you to maintain your study in school.
Which is correct? Ella _____ con la maestra.
The correct conjugation of the verb in Conditional Form is:
- Ella hablaría con la maestra.
Conditional Form in Spanish.
The conjugation of the verb “hablar” in conditional form, taking into account the personal pronouns is:
- Yo: hablaría
- Tú: hablarías
- Usted: hablaría
- Él: hablaría
- Ella: hablaría
- Ello: hablaría
- Nosotros / Nosotras: hablaríamos
- Ustedes: hablarían
- Ellos / Ellas: hablarían
Since the personal pronoun used in the sentence is “ella,” the proper conjugation based on the guide above is “hablaría.”
From the answer and question examples above, hopefully, they might help the student handle the question they had been looking for and take notice of all sorts of things stated in the answer above. You would probably then have a discussion with your classmate and continue the school learning by studying the problem alongside one another.


A new video has shown the moon’s shadow creeping across Earth during a unique solar eclipse on Wednesday, April 19th.
Japan’s Himawari satellite observed a rare hybrid solar eclipse from geostationary orbit at an altitude of about 36,000 km, about 10 times higher than the International Space Station.
Climate scientist Simon Proud of the British National Earth Observatory processed the data and shared it on Twitter: “You can see the moon’s shadow converging from left to right,” he wrote.
A little bit longer view of today’s eclipse.
Complete quality version here (150Mb): https://t.co/dlX13gG6fh https://t.co/r0Et9g2Lkdrice.twitter.com/jMGOap5apX
— Simon Proud (@simon_sat) April 20, 2023
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon obscures part of the Sun’s disk from Earth’s perspective.
A hybrid solar eclipse includes a combination of all three types of eclipses along the way: partial, total and annular eclipses, known as a “ring of fire”. However, observers from Earth can only see one type of eclipse.
The solar eclipse that took place on Wednesday and Thursday was visible in a narrow band in the southern hemisphere, mostly in remote places on the sea.
The total solar eclipse was observed from the Exmouth Peninsula in Western Australia, Timor-Leste and West Papua.
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ABSTRACT: Researchers in paleontological and paleoecological sciences often need complete disaggregation of rock materials for certain lines of investigation. However, complete disaggregation of more lithified sedimentary rock is known to be problematic. A complete shale disaggregation method implementing quaternary ammonium surfactants,widely used in paleontological sciences for poorly lithified shale and mudstone, was successfully used on well lithified Devonian shale in the Appalachian Basin ofWestern New York. Over 50 Devonian gray and black shale samples were collected from multiple localities in western New York (Cashaqua, Rhinestreet, Skaneateles, Windom, and Ludlowville), coarsely crushed, and fully immersed in a quaternary ammonium surfactant until complete disaggregation was achieved (5"“14 days); aliquots were run through a series of nested sieves. The sieved sediments contained hundreds of well-preserved microfossils released from the shale: ostracods, dacryoconarids, and previously unreported palymorphs, charophytes, agglutinated foraminifera, miospores, and other microspherules. These microfossils were easily found within disaggregated and sieved samples but were unrecognizable on the shale surface and destroyed in prior investigations of whole rock thin sections. In addition to more traditional approaches, inclusion of this complete rock disaggregation method may assist in a more complete analysis of material, increase our understandings of ancient basin systems and have important implications on our understanding of the paleoecology during the Late Devonian marine biotic crises.


1. A Michael Porter suggested that companies use three strategies to distinguish themselves from their competition. These strategies are: differentiation (finding a way to be different), cost-leadership (offering lowest prices), and focus (identifying a unique customer base).
2. C In his famous book The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argues that productivity can be increased by division of labor and specialization.
3. D The term span of management refers to the number of staff who report to one manager.
4. E A contingency approach is built around the idea that the context in which an organization operates affects the effectiveness of the organization’s form. The four contingencies that research shows affect organizational structure are size, strategy, technology, and environment.
5. B The ideal HR productivity level is generally set at one HR staff member for every 100 employees.
6. B The Equal Pay Act of 1963 sought to eliminate wage disparities based on gender and guarantees equal pay for men and women doing equal work.
7. D Organizations are usually divided into centers responsible for meeting budget requirements. An expense center requires a department to stay within expense constraints, a revenue center requires a department to generate a preset amount of revenue, a profit center looks at revenue minus expense, and an investment center is a profit center with an additional budget for “big ticket” items.
8. B Toyota developed the kanban system to deal with the issue of defective parts. Under the kanban system, a limited number of parts are kept on hand at any one time so that if there are problems with parts, they are found before too many complete products are assembled.
9. E The equity theory posits that employees assess their situations relative to that of their co-workers. It further asserts that if an employee finds an inequity, such as a coworker receiving a raise, the employee will be motivated to resolve that inequity in some way, e.g., by talking to his/her supervisor or finding a different job.
10. D Groups typically go through the following stages in this order: form, storm (conflict among group members), norm (resolution of conflict), perform (task accomplishment), adjourn.


File(s) under permanent embargo
Are there pollination syndromes in the Australian epacrids (Ericaceae: Styphelioideae)? A novel statistical method to identify key floral traits per syndrome
Background and Aims: Convergent floral traits hypothesized as attracting particular pollinators are known as pollination syndromes. Floral diversity suggests that the Australian epacrid flora may be adapted to pollinator type. Currently there are empirical data on the pollination systems for 87 species (approx. 15 % of Australian epacrids). This provides an opportunity to test for pollination syndromes and their important morphological traits in an iconic element of the Australian flora.
Methods: Data on epacrid-pollinator relationships were obtained from published literature and field observation. A multivariate approach was used to test whether epacrid floral attributes related to pollinator profiles. Statistical classification was then used to rank floral attributes according to their predictive value. Data sets excluding mixed pollination systems were used to test the predictive power of statistical classification to identify pollination models.
Key Results: Floral attributes are correlated with bird, fly and bee pollination. Using floral attributes identified as correlating with pollinator type, bird pollination is classified with 86 % accuracy, red flowers being the most important predictor. Fly and bee pollination are classified with 78 and 69 % accuracy, but have a lack of individually important floral predictors. Excluding mixed pollination systems improved the accuracy of the prediction of both bee and fly pollination systems.
Conclusions: Although most epacrids have generalized pollination systems, a correlation between bird pollination and red, long-tubed epacrids is found. Statistical classification highlights the relative importance of each floral attribute in relation to pollinator type and proves useful in classifying epacrids to bird, fly and bee pollination systems.
Publication titleAnnals of Botany
Department/SchoolSchool of Geography, Planning and Spatial Sciences
PublisherOxford University Press
Place of publicationGreat Clarendon St, Oxford, England, Ox2 6Dp
Rights statementCopyright 2013 the authors


Nano AlN Effect on W-Cu Composite Material Hardness
The capacity of resisting a hard object pressed into its surface is called as hardness in physics. And tungsten copper composite material hardness is the basic indicator to evaluate the materials if soft or hard. According to different principle, tungsten copper hardness can be divided into scratch hardness, indentation hardness and rebound hardness. Scratch hardness: Mainly used to compare the hardness of minerals, the method is selected from the soft end of a hard rod end, it will be measured along the rod across the material, soft and hard material being tested is determined according to the position of scratches (the hard draws a long scratch and the soft draws a short scratch); Indentation hardness: Mainly used for metal materials, the method is to use a certain predetermined load of indenter into the test material, soft and hard surface of the material to local plastic deformation of the material being tested to compare the size (according to different indenter, load and duration, it also can be specifically divided into Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness, Vickers hardness and micro hardness and so on); Rebound hardness: Mainly used for metal materials, the method is to make a special free-fall from a certain height hammer impact test material, and specimen storage during impact (and then release) the strain energy of the number (by hammers bouncing height measurement) to determine material hardness.
W-Cu composite material usually uses Brinell hardness (HB) or Rockwell hardness (HR). In accordance with the addition of AlN and hardness measurements plotting the change curve, we can clearly found that the hardness of W-Cu composite material is improved with the increasing amount of nano AlN particles, which also indicates the addition of AlN particles reduced the interfacial bonding, but it played the role of fine grain strengthening and dispersion strengthening, especially for matrix copper. However, when the content exceeds 1%, the increasing trend of hardness is slowed down, because the density of tungsten-copper composite decreases, which leads to the increase of porosity in matrix.
Any feedback or inquiry of Tungsten Copper Alloy Products please feel free to contact us:
Tel.: +86 592 512 9696 ; +86 592 512 9595
Fax.: +86 592 512 9797


CPR, First Aid, BLS, ACLS, PALS certifications.
Our CPR/AED courses include Adult, Child and Infant techniques. Additionally, our CPR certification course includes training on the use of an Automated External Defibrillator (AED). The CPR/AED certification is valid for 2 years.
Adult – Anyone who has gone through or is going through puberty
Automated External Defibrillator (AED) – A device that analyzes the heart rhythm and determines if an electrical shock is required to restore a normal heart rhythm
Child – Someone who is older than one year of age
Cycle – Each cycle or set consists of 30 chest compressions and 2 rescue breaths
Compressions – Act of pushing on the chest
CPR – Cardiopulmonary resuscitation comprised of chest compressions and breaths given to people considered to be in cardiac arrest
Defibrillation – An electrical impulse that eliminates abnormal, rapid heartbeats
Good Samaritan Law – Provides legal protection to people who willingly provide emergency care to injured persons, without accepting anything in return. The law protects people who act the same way a ‘reasonable and prudent person’ would if that person were in the same situation.
Infant – Someone who is younger than one year of age


A micro sitcom that helps kids learn about maths and numeracy.
The brains of young kids at primary school are super busy soaking up a wide range of topics. Mathematical concepts can come easy to some people, but for others not so much.
We believe the best way for kids to learn is when they don’t realise they’re learning at all. So how do you trick their little brain sponges into having fun while they get smarter?
For this project we set out to create a vignette of an abstract soap opera.
A self contained world, where these funny creatures can interact and learn things in the process.
Using light heartedness, humour and a casual learning approach, we produced a suite of animated videos to help students learn and recap maths and numeracy concepts. We designed and animated in 3d with bespoke abstract characters, and used 2d motion graphic sequences to get across more technical aspects.
These types of projects are exciting to win, fun to develop, and require a lot of hard work to finish. World building and character development for a very specific purpose, helps to narrow down ideas, decisions and ensure the concept keeps moving forward.
We are really proud of the result and feel the series of videos are a fantastic addition to the existing learning material. We got to tell playful and helpful stories, try out some new rendering techniques, and score it all with laid back electronic music.


The amount of a car loan is typically determined by the value of the car being purchased.
Car insurance companies may investigate claims to determine the cause of an accident or the extent of damage to a car.
Car insurance policies may have exclusions or limitations on coverage, so it's important to read the policy carefully.
Car insurance policies may exclude coverage for certain types of vehicles, such as motorcycles or boats.
Car insurance deductibles are the amount that the insured individual must pay before insurance coverage kicks in.
Car insurance companies may offer different types of payment plans, such as annual, quarterly, or monthly payments.
Car insurance companies may also offer discounts to individuals who drive fewer miles per year.
Car insurance policies may offer additional coverage for things like roadside assistance or towing.
Car loans can be secured or unsecured.
Gap insurance covers the difference between the value of a car and the amount owed on a car loan.
Car loans typically have monthly payments that must be made on time to avoid default.
Car loans can have fixed or variable interest rates.
The length of a car loan can vary from a few months to several years.
Car insurance companies may investigate claims to verify the accuracy of the reported damages.
Car insurance policies may also include coverage for damage to property other than vehicles, such as buildings or fences.
Car insurance companies may offer discounts to members of certain organizations or professions.
Car insurance policies may also offer discounts for things like anti-theft devices or safety features on the car.
Car loans can be used to purchase both new and used cars.
Car loans may require a down payment or collateral to secure the loan.
Car insurance policies may require individuals to report accidents or incidents promptly.


Creation Science Museum of CanadaVirtual Museum
Display #2: The Fossil Ammonite
This beautiful fossil ammonite even has some of the tentacles preserved in fossil form – very rare!
The ammonites are an amazing creature. They are survived today by the modern day Nautilus. Not only do they
show us the creator – they show us many facets of His character.
Our Creator is an amazing artist, AND an amazing engineer! If we were to cut open the shell, we would see that it is composed of a series of chambers with a tube called a siphuncle running through the center. I have built numerous robotic submarines over the years. When you build a submarine, you try your hardest to make the submarine weigh exactly the same amount as the water it’s in. This way, it doesn’t float, nor does it sink, and you spend all of your energy efficiently, trying to get around underwater instead of trying to stay down or stay up.
Modern day submarines do this with buoyancy tanks – special tanks the submariners can fill with water or fill with air, until the weight of the submarine is perfectly balanced to the water! The tanks must be round and solid, in order to withstand the pressures and not change size under the varying pressures.
Well, our creator being the incredible engineer that He is, designed our ammonites with buoyancy tanks! You’ll notice first of all that the chambers all have spherical walls. This is important, as these are literally pressure chambers and spheres are the strongest shape to hold pressure!
They are also solid – made of the same material the shell is.
Just like you are able to absorb and release gases from your blood to the air in your lungs, the ammonites were able to absorb and release gases, through their blood in the siphuncle, into the chambers! They can also transfer water from their blood to the chambers! A brilliant example of incredible engineering, paying attention to even the most minute detail.
With this same meticulous attention to detail that our Creator used in His creation, he came and visited earth, fulfilling over 450 specific prophecies.


This glossary explains some of the techniques, mediums, art movements, and other terms you’ll encounter on our website, along with links to examples in the collection.
Showing 5 of 314 art terms
Paints composed of pigments ground to an extremely fine texture in an aqueous solution of gum Arabic or gum tragacanth. The absence of white fillers, such
A work created as a website and intended to be presented and accessed via the internet.
In photography and filmmaking, a shot that reveals much of the context or setting, or a large group of people.
A printmaking technique that involves printing an image from a carved plank of wood. The image is cut into the wood using tools such as chisels, gouges,
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Among the most famous of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal programs, formed to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression, the WPA ran from


Connecticut State Quarter
- Year of Issue: 1999
- Authorizing Legislation: Public Law 105-124
The Connecticut State Quarter is the fifth coin in the 50 State Quarters Program. The U.S. Mint released it on October 12, 1999 as the fifth and final quarter of the year.
The quarter design shows the Charter Oak, the tree that hid the charter from Britain’s King Charles II in 1662. This charter established Connecticut’s boundaries and self-rule. In 1687, Captain Joseph Wadsworth saved the charter from the hands of the British, hiding it safely in this tree.
Even after Connecticut became a state in 1788, it continued to use the charter as its constitution. A new state constitution was adopted in 1965.
Nickname: The Constitution State
Statehood: January 9, 1788
The obverse (heads) design features the familiar image of George Washington by John Flanagan, used on the quarter since 1932.
The reverse (tails) design shows the Charter Oak tree, the hiding spot of Connecticut's 1662 charter from King Charles II and later state constitution.
- UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
- IN GOD WE TRUST
- QUARTER DOLLAR
- THE CHARTER OAK
- E PLURIBUS UNUM
Mint and Mint Mark
- Designer: John Flanagan and William Cousins
- T. James Ferrell