Sleep hygiene refers to the practices and habits that help promote healthy sleep patterns. Optimum sleep hygiene is essential in achieving better quality sleep, which is necessary for good health. Poor sleep hygiene can lead to sleep disorders, such as insomnia, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, or narcolepsy, which can negatively affect physical and mental health.
The following are tips for optimum sleep hygiene:
Establish a consistent sleep pattern
Going to bed and waking up at the same time every day helps regulate the body’s internal clock, making it easier to fall asleep and stay asleep throughout the night.
Create a relaxing sleep environment
A comfortable and dark room, with the right temperature and ventilation, can promote better sleep. Using soothing sounds or white noise machines can also help block out disruptive noises that can interrupt sleep.
Avoid stimulants before bedtime
Caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol are stimulants that can interfere with sleep. Avoiding them at least six hours before bedtime can help improve sleep quality.
Avoid engaging in stimulating activities before bedtime
Activities that activate the brain, such as watching TV, playing video games, or working on a computer, can prevent the brain from transitioning into a restful state. Such activities are best avoided at least an hour before bedtime.
Regular exercise can promote sound sleep, but it’s important to exercise early in the day. Heavy exercise just before bedtime can interfere with sleep.
Create a relaxation routine before bedtime
Engaging in relaxing activities such as reading, taking a warm bath, or practicing relaxation techniques such as deep breathing or meditation before bedtime, can help calm the mind and prepare the body for sleep.
Avoid daytime naps
Taking naps during the day can interfere with the body’s natural sleep rhythm, making it harder to fall asleep or stay asleep at night.
Optimum sleep hygiene is essential in achieving better health. Getting adequate sleep helps promote physical and mental well-being. By following these tips, anyone can achieve optimum sleep hygiene, which is a step towards better health.


Clonfert house shrine.
Clonfert as a saintly cult centre once possessed a high-status Romanesque house-shrine that may have held the relics of Cummian Fada and Moineann. All that survives today of that once very ornate and prestigious object is a single decorated fragment. A second stone from this structure was lost, probably stolen in the 1980s, when many other small portable objects disappeared from sites in the Midlands and along the River Shannon. Fortunately, there is a single photograph of the two pieces assembled together. What survives consists of a single decorative Romanesque-style ridge stone. Its general shape and ornate scheme of ornamentation suggests that the Clonfert shrine was a significant and high-status shrine. As noted above, the chronicle entry (AFM 1162) recounts that the bones of Moineann and Cummian Fada were taken from the soil by the clergy of Brénainn and placed in a shrine. The shrine discussed here is very likely to be the one erected in 1162. It is one of a number of elaborate stone shrines erected in twelfth-century Ireland. Two other large stone shrines in Romanesque style survive − one at Clones, Co. Monaghan and the other at Banagher, Co. Derry, and they have been discussed by Peter Harbison (1991, 155).
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Author Talk on Education PBS Books, in partnership with the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH), presents their author Jarvis Givens, and scholars Cornel West and Brandon Terry discussing the history of Black education in the US sparked by Givens’ new book Fugitive Pedagogy: Carter G. Woodson and the Art of Black Teaching.
About the Book
Givens’ new book Fugitive Pedagogy journeys through the subversive history of black education, and it uses the life of famed educator Carter G. Woodson (1875-1950) to elevate the political and intellectual contributions made by teachers to the long black freedom struggle.
About the Conversation
Professors Jarvis Givens and Cornel West will discuss the life of Carter G. Woodson (1875-1950) as a student, teacher, and education leader. But, as Givens shows in his new book, Fugitive Pedagogy: Carter G. Woodson and the Art of Black Teaching (Harvard University Press, 2021), Woodson was the product of longstanding subversive traditions among black schoolteachers, the educators who taught him and those whom he worked alongside. Givens and West will discuss why black teachers were so central to the long black freedom movement, and what lessons we might glean from their legacy as we search for meaningful education today. This conversation will be moderated by Professor Brandon Terry.


Kilims are flat woven rugs constructed with two sets of threads by crossing them at 90-degree angles. In these weaves the perpendicular threads are called the warp and the horizontal threads the weft. This technique was first used for making cloth, but at the same time it set the foundation for weaving kilims. All of these productions are referred to as "flat weaves" Wooden or metal combs were used to push the weft down, so these weaves are called "combed weaves".
The etymological root the word "kilim" is not known exactly but it has be seen in the Turkish language since the 13th century. The word "kilim" is misused in other languages to refer to all flat weaves other than rugs. However, the word "kilim" is only a name for a weaving technique. Among kilims there are different makes, including "cicim", "zili" and "sumak". For centuries, these different designs were traditionally passed down from mother to daughter. Turkey is the only country in the world that has preserved all the different techniques.
These weaves are made by tribe members or by villagers for daily needs. They are named after tribes, families, villages and towns that they are made in, or even after the motifs used on them. The Yoruks and Turkomans have also placed their tribal signatures among the patterns, making these weaves cultural objects as well. According to the latest research, these motifs reflect all the rich cultural heritage of Anatolia, and for that reason each motif is a symbol or interoperation of the values that were created by people from different cultures.
The common aspect of kilims is the technical manner in which they are produced, which influences the shapes of the patterns. For this reason, the motifs were strongly stylized and were changed into geometrical forms. Kilims are made in different colors, designs, and compositions and it is possible to find them in various sizes. In different parts of Turkey, kilims are woven with several different combinations of materials, such as all wool, wool and cotton, or all silk.


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Vegetarianism is a term used for describing people who opt for vegetarian food as this is a perfect way of staying happy and healthy. The vegetarian diet is known to be a complete diet that has all the required vitamins, proteins, and fiber so that it will keep the body free from all kinds of health problems.
Therefore, if you are looking for fashion life and want to protect the environment then you should become a vegetarian. This food is easy to cook, quick to digest and it is also very healthy so that you will not face any health problems in the long run.
Vegetarianism is also considered an ecologically sustainable option because there is no need of consuming meat which in turn leads to the killings of the animals. Additionally, it is a lifestyle choice that is followed by many people for varying reasons so that you can easily get rid of all the diseases.
When you are living a fashion life, you should always consider opting for vegetarian food as it is an effective way of preventing and delaying heart problems. This food is also responsible for improving insulin response so that your body will not face complications related to high blood sugar levels. Additionally, red meat and other nonvegetarian are also known to increase the risk of obesity and other serious health problems. But when you turn to be a vegetarian, you can rest assured that you will enjoy a large number of health benefits.
When you follow a vegetarian diet, you will get healthy and beautiful skin as you will get all the vitamins and minerals from all kinds of vegetables. You will also get antioxidants and high content in the vegetables so that your body’s metabolism will be accelerated.


Neighbor Rosicky by Willa Cather is a story about a Czech immigrant named Anton Rosicky and his family who live in a rural farmland area in Nebraska. Rosicky is a kind old man who is truly dedicated to his family. He lives in a house with his wife Mary and their two boys. However, it is his oldest son Rudolph that Rosicky is most concerned about as he has just been married and is off to a rocky start to life on his own.
Rosicky is a simple man who is easy to please. He has lived through some very rough times in his life, such ...view middle of the document...
Rudolph and Polly had only been married a short time and things were not going very well. Rosicky was very concerned about this as he was not sure if a city girl like Polly was suited for life in the country with his son. For Rosicky, the city was a symbol of evil; while the country was a haven where you could always be safe in the knowledge you were a slave to no one, that you always had something to call your own in your land. Rosicky got sick one day after clearing some brush form his fields and was on the verge of collapsing when Polly came to his aid. She brought him to her house and took care of him. It was then that Rosicky realized what a loving person Polly really was and that Rudolph and she would be fine together. A few days later Rosicky died, at peace with the knowledge that Rudolph, Polly and the rest of his family were on the right track.
If you were to ask most people if Anton Rosicky were a rich man, the consensus answer would be no, but if you were to ask Anton Rosicky the same question, he would likely respond with an overwhelming yes. For Rosicky, his wealth was the love of his family, the land that he had to call his own and make his home. Though he did not have a lot, he made the best of what he had.


There are 3 different types of saturated fatty acids. Long chain, short chain, and medium chain fatty acids. Why should you care?...because our bodies respond to and metabolize each fatty acid differently depending on its size. THIS IS A CONTROVERSIAL SUBJECT. Most of us automatically think to stay away from anything that says "fat," however...some do not have a negative effect on cholesterol and help to protect against heart disease as well as lower the risk of both atherosclerosis and heart disease. Which type you say?...Medium chain fatty acids!
Here is the break down: Short Chain Fatty Acids- helps colon health and feeds healthy bacteria (butter/tropical fats) Medium Chain Fatty Acids- energy!..and anti-viral, bacterial and fungal (coconut oil and breast milk)
Long Chain Fatty Acids- Build Cell membranes and Fluidity (fish, cocoa, seeds, nuts, vegetable oils) So as you can see, fats are good and beneficial for us IN MODERATION!!! They also balance our blood sugar so we aren't over eating and they are required in absorption of important vitamins like A,D,E,and K. Here are some ideas (try to buy organically and Raw as possible) - 1. Nuts/Seeds 2. Fish 3. Coconut/Coconut Oil 4. Cocoa 5. Raw Butter 6. Avocado 7. Olive Oil Things to stay away from: 1. Highly refined and processed 2. Soy, Safflower, Sunflower, Cottonseed oils (vegetable oils) 3. any Transfats! SOURCES: www.hailmerry.com, coconut research center


Affective behavioral tests are designed to measure the internal emotional state of an animal.
While we cannot directly ask a mouse if they are feeling sad or anxious, cleverly designed behavioral tests capitalize on innate and predictable behaviors of rodents in order to indirectly observe their affective states.
Though many affective tests appear straightforward and easy to run, these tests rely on subtle, indirect behavioral observations, and therefore require a very clear understanding of their purpose, as well as any confounding variables that may impact the interpretation of the data. If you aren’t sure why you are choosing a specific test, or which one might be most appropriate for testing your hypothesis, ASK US!
- Aggression and Social Defeat
- Elevated Plus Maze
- Fear Conditioning (cued & contextual)
- Forced Swim Test
- Light-Dark Box
- Marble Burying
- Novelty Suppressed Feeding
- Open Field
- Passive Avoidance (Step-down)
- Social Interaction & Recognition
- Social Transmission of Food Preference
- Sucrose Preference Test
- Tail Suspension
- Ultrasonic Vocalization
- Conditioned place preference/aversion
- Pre-pulse inhibition
- Startle Response
- Taste Aversion


This national Roadmap is a guide for building digital literacy and skills for Canada to be used by education, industry, government, individuals and interested stakeholders. The model is intended to be flexible and fluid and areas may cross-over while also offering a continuum.
To navigate the tool, it is suggested to start with the “Discover” Stage and work your way through the document to the “Lead” Stage. The “Discover” Stage is the starting point for building the foundation for digital literacy and skills. This tool is intended to be inclusiveness as digital is everywhere. This is why, under Learning Pathways, you will note 3 pathways – Education, Occupation and Personal.
- Educational Pathway: Individuals will acquire digital skills through formal education/training
- Occupational Pathway: This path introduces digital competencies through experiential learning
- Personal Pathway: Digital literacy is developed for use in everyday life (i.e. Internet of things or connected cars and homes)
The education path introduces digital to learners through education; whereas the occupation path introduces digital to workers and the citizen path introduces digital to individuals and society.
The Roadmap was built to be continually evergreened as digital literacy and skills evolve. We invite you to share feedback, insights, additional explanations, and skills definitions to inform the pathways and the Roadmap.
The Roadmap includes a compilation and elements of various digital literacy models, including the extensive work done by MediaSmarts, ESDC, ISTE, ISED, and other digital literacy experts, and has been built by ICTC’s Canadian Leadership Taskforce on Education & Skills.


All of us tend to eat the food which has fallen on the floor. We have already taken that food and swallowed it.
We are invoking the 5-second rule, but is it OK to eat foods that have been dropped on the ground?
According to Don Schaffner, extension specialist and professor at Rutgers University says, “I like to tell people about the science and let them make the decision. When a portion of food is dropped on the ground, it may contain germs that can make you sick.”
Where Did The Five-Second Rule Originate?
No one knows where the five-second rule originated, but it is attributed to 13th-century Mongolian ruler Genghis Khan, who has had a rule that the food that fell on the ground would remain there as long as it was deemed suitable.
According to the book “Did You Just Eat That?” written by Dawson and Brian Sheldon. People of that era were unaware of micro-organisms and how they cause the disease, so eating food on the floor may not have been a big deal.
Is The Five-Second Rule True?
Paul Dawson, professor at Clemson University, said, “It is pretty much a myth.” “It depends on what is on the ground and where the food lands.”
He explained food will detect bacteria right away, “so you are just gambling if you eat it and you are not sure what is on that surface.”
Foodborne illness, caused by salmonella and other bacteria, can cause nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea and even be fatal.


To a migrant raptor like the golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos, energy conservation is as important as it is to us. If eagles are too tired after arrival, then egg-laying or food gathering is going to be limited, if not cancelled. To minimise energy use during travel it is necessary to use winds, thermals and behavioural strategies for least exertion.
There is a spring migration though the Appalachian Mountains that can test these strategies in the animal. Ten eagles were fitted with GPS-GSM units weighing 95g (against the 3370g to 5120g of the birds). Data was collected at 30 to 60 second intervals, except when there was no movement, in which case the GPS switched to a 15 minute-interval collection mode.
The birds took just over 5 days to cover the 333km area of the experiment providing on average 51 data points per hour. Thermal soaring and response to winds were successfully recorded on a very fine scale.
By the end of a year's experimentation, it was established that the birds had a stereotype of reacting to high wind speed by changing from thermal to orographic (based on mountain relief) flight. They used available lift at all times but the high resolution data available only from GPS telemetry indicated several undiscovered facts.
Soaring birds via Shutterstock
Their flight patterns, for example remained constant throughout the year, unlike some observations that infer otherwise. They also surprised Michael J. Lanzone et al by increasing speed on descents and ascending more slowly than expected. The group of raptor scientists, mainly based in West Virginia, and Pennsylvania in the US and Quebec in Canada publish their research paper today in the Royal Society journal Biology Letters.
As increased wind speed causes golden eagles to decrease their vertical air space, it could be argued that industrial scale wind farms on ridges are a great danger to migrating raptors as they descend. However the standardisation of their behaviour does make it easier to predict when and where they are flying.
Eagle safe avenues or operational mitigation at wind farms are perhaps "flights of fancy," But it seems likely that something of this order could be feasible and implemented without any great cost to industry or to the eagles. It's a test of society whether we can manage such implementation and integrate with our local ecologies. The alternative would be standing alone on a barren earth.


Receiving HIV Medical Care
Over the course of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, effective medications have been developed that prevent or greatly delay the onset of AIDS for HIV-positive people. These combinations of medications are called antiretroviral therapy (ART). Though these medications are not able to eliminate the virus or cure an HIV-positive person, they work by controlling the virus so that there are very low levels of virus in the body. An HIV-positive individual can live a long, healthy life if they can access and adhere to an ART drug regimen.
Since the HIV virus attacks immune system cells called CD4 cells, the number of CD4 cells a person has is an important clinical indicator that can show how well treatment is working. Current clinical recommendation is that all people living with HIV, regardless of the count of their CD4 cells, should start ART as soon as they are diagnosed.
For more information about models for receiving HIV medical care and effective drug treatment in rural communities, see Models to Improve Retention, Adherence, and Self-Management in Module 2.
Resources to Learn More
Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: Recommendations for
a Public Health Approach
Offers guidelines on the diagnosis of HIV infection, the use of antiretroviral (ART) drugs in the treatment and prevention of HIV, and the continuum of care for people living with HIV.
Organization(s): World Health Organizations
Describes HIV treatment and why it is important, antiretroviral therapy (ART), the common side effects of ART, and HIV drug resistance.
Organization(s): HIV.gov, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services


That depends on who you include in the statistics. The answer you are looking for is probably $32,000. According to the US Census Bureau in 2005, there are several median income figures ranging from $28,000 to $39,000. The median income for all 145 million Americans in the labor force with earnings was $29,000. The median income for all those in the labor force, with earnings who were 25 years of age or older was $32,000. The median income for those who were older than 25 years of age and worked full-time was $39,000.
2000 dollars a year
The average American uses an average of about 1,500 lbs per year.
This depends on the type of job you have.
The average American citizen makes around 35,000 dollars a year. The average American household makes around 53,000 dollars a year.
The average American consumes about 11 to 12 pounds of chocolate a year.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the average American produces about 1,600 pounds of garbage a year.
The average American spends $36500 a year.
$9000 a year on average
I make 200k-500k a year, and I'm mexican. Others aren't so fortunate. I would say the same as an average american. about 40k.
The average is $ 3,000 dollars a year
lawyers make about 124,750 a yearLawyers make an average of this much a year.


These books from Envolée are geared to first grade French Immersion level. Each book has worksheets with vocabulary and simple stories (8 sentences or so) for the kids to read. The first time the story is presented, the English translation is written underneath each sentence. The second time the story is presented, there is no translation and the children pull from the word bank on the page to fill in the missing words in the story. Other pages in the book contain copywork for letter and syllable practice. The letter pages aren’t terribly useful if you’re already practicing letter formation elsewhere, but they can help solidify letter sounds in French.
We have been using these books in our homeschool for quite a while, and have been very happy with them. My 8 year old daughter finished the books a year or so ago and my 7 year old son is just starting them now. For my daughter, I found they really helped with the transition from isolated words to putting sentences together. I’m hoping to have the same result with my son. So far, he seems to tolerate the worksheets ok (which is saying a lot, considering how much this child really does not like worksheets).
Each reproducible book contains over 130 pages for $31.99 (pdf version). Pdf’s are available here: https://www.envolee.com/fr/produit/514/des-mots-pour-lire-1 and here: https://www.envolee.com/fr/produit/509/des-mots-pour-lire-2 . If you prefer a paper copy, you can get one at the same link or from Librairie du Centre.If you're not reading this post in your e-mail, sign up for updates right here and get your free guide to Getting Started Teaching French at Home:
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Endemic species have highly integrated phenotypes, environmental distributions and phenotype-environment relationships
Abstract Aim Why are some species geographically restricted? Ecological explanations suggest that endemic species may have restricted distributions because limited phenotypic variability results in narrow niches. However, studying variability of traits independently may not fully explain the interactions within and between complex phenotypes and environments. Here, we hypothesize that endemic species are restricted to a narrow range of habitats due to strong phenotypic integration (i.e. strong correlations among traits), strong environmental integration (i.e. strong correlations among the environments occupied) and strong correlations among trait–environment combinations. Location The Kerguelen Islands, sub-Antarctic. Methods We measured flowering phenology, multiple morphological characters, and species distribution along three abiotic environmental gradients (elevation, soil moisture and soil salinity) in 14 plant species whose distributions range from strictly endemic to cosmopolitan. Results We found that for individual species, trait means and variances were independent of endemism, but that endemics occupied higher and less variable microhabitats. However, phenotypic integration, environmental integration along the three gradients, and the strength of trait–environment correlations all increased with the level of species endemism. Main conclusions Higher levels of integration within and between phenotypes and environments are associated with more restricted geographical ranges in the species studied. In endemic species phenotypic integration may explain range contraction during the taxon cycle and reduce the ability to adapt to novel microhabitats formed as a result of environmental change.
Authors: Hermant, Marie, Prinzing, Andreas, Vernon, Philippe, Convey, Peter ORCID record for Peter Convey, Hennion, Françoise


The Brigstow approach to research prioritises these three elements:
Interdisciplinary research (Or trans-disciplinary, multi-disciplinary or omni-disciplinary research) brings together people with different knowledge, expertise, skills and ideas. We are particularly interested in bringing university researchers from different schools or faculties together for the first time to undertake seedcorn projects (for example literary scholars and mathematicians in Maths Poems, or vets and social scientists in Poo Patrol).
Co-produced research values that knowledge takes many forms and lies within different areas and people. With co-produced research, the framing of the research question is driven equally by the needs of the external partner and the university partners. It recognises that multiple expertise is necessary to undertake research, and that this is especially the case with the ‘Living Well’ remit that characterises Brigstow. Here lived knowledge is as important as academic knowledge (for example social and literary historians and a community arts charity in Telling Stories about Learning Difficulties, or public health researchers, sociologists, medical educationalists, community groups and individuals in How do you Move?).
Critical making moves beyond talking together, to making together as a process in the research project. It invites people to think creatively and value the process of making over and above what is made. We believe in the value of using an object or space to elevate beyond language and to communicate ideas within and beyond the project group.


modern united states history 1
Section I: Choose one of the following two questions for your first essay.
1.How have the New Deal, the Great Society, and the Reagan Revolution fundamentally transformed the role of the federal government?How and why have Americans’ expectations of and relationship to the federal government (be specific in terms of persons and groups) evolved between Hoover’s and Reagan’s presidencies?How have parties “realigned” in response to these political moments?Be specific in your responses and back them with concrete historical examples.
2.The post-Civil War period saw the rise of a large number of social movements that posed important challenges to American culture, society, institutions, and government. Write an essay that describes and compares the major objectives, strategies, and challenges of FOUR of the following movements and assess the extent to which these movements built on each other, challenged each other, and transformed American society.List of possible movements: Reconstruction, the Populists, the Progressive Movement, Labor Movements, Civil Rights Movements, Black Power Movement, Anti-War Movement, Women’s Movements, or New Right.
Section II: Choose one of the following two questions to answer in your second essay.
1.How did the Cold War shape American society, culture, and politics, from the late 1940s to the beginning of the twenty-first century?Discuss the domestic ramifications of this global struggle for the ways that different Americans thought about their nation, how they pursued their political and economic agendas, the level of success they achieved in pursuing those agendas.Consider political movements of the left and right, debate over war, over labor, the rights of different groups within society, over culture and society broadly, and over America and what it means.Be sure to use specific historical examples that reflect both foreign and domestic consequences.
2.Compare and contrast how the United States’ experience in the three following wars shaped American life at home, the domestic politics and foreign policy of the US, and conceptions of America’s ideological role in the world: World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam War.You must address both foreign and domestic consequences when you discuss these three conflicts. Please see attached word document for essays instructions.


PIN mineral salts and water-borne epoxy were used to fire safety treat wood, reducing flammability and fire gas toxicity. Fire safety is critical to enable use of wood as a renewable carbon-sink material for green building. PIN mineral salts, with good environment profiles, sodium silicate and aluminium sulphate, with water-borne epoxy, were impregnated into poplar wood by 2-step pressure/vacuum immersion. This resulted in double oxide layers within the wood. The water-borne epoxy (with triethanolamine curing agent) was used to reduce mineral losses from the wood. Total loading in the wood was 40% w/w. Peak heat release rate was reduced by around 40%, peak smoke release by around 35% and peak carbon monoxide release by nearly 75%. Toxic smoke gas emissions such as ketones were also significantly reduced. The authors conclude that this is an environmentally friendly fire safety treatment of wood, enabling low smoke and toxic gas emissions in fire.
“Synergistic effects of Al/Si double oxide on flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant wooden materials”, Z. Sun et al., J. Building Engineering 59 (2022) 105037 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105037


A parent and toddler are playing together in a small room. Colorful blocks and plush toys lie scattered on the table between them. Mom smiles and coos; baby gurgles, claps and shakes her hands. But then mom turns her face away; she stops smiling and stops talking. She sits, expressionless and motionless, for two minutes.
“During this period, the baby is completely confused,” says Lauren Klein, a doctoral student in computer science at USC Viterbi School of Engineering. “The baby tries to do everything she can to get a response from her mom — through noises and gestures — and eventually gets frustrated. Finally, the pair start playing again, during a stage called the reunion.”
Klein is describing the “Still Face Experiment,” developed by American developmental psychologist Edward Tronick in 1975, which demonstrates how babies who are just learning about their relational world try to achieve connection.
More than 45 years later, this powerful test still provides insight into how a parent’s reactions can affect a baby’s emotional development. It’s one of the reasons that toxic stress — the body’s response to lasting and serious stress — can cause disruptions in the developing brain and body that can affect a child’s physical and mental health for a lifetime.
Read the full story in the Trojan Family Magazine >>
Published on September 21st, 2022
Last updated on September 27th, 2022


We all know that many spiders spin webs in order to catch prey. This particular method of catching prey can be time consuming since a web-weaving spider has to wait until a bug stumbles into its sticky web. But not all spiders catch their meals in this manner. For example, Gnaphosids, or ground spiders as they are also known, catch prey by shooting silk at oblivious bugs. This hunting method allows ground spiders to actively hunt for prey instead of waiting for prey to become stuck on webs.
A recent study conducted by Jonas Wolff, from Macquarie University in Australia, has shed some light on how ground spiders are able to shoot silk while hunting. In comparison with other spiders, ground spiders have fewer silk secreting glands, but they also have much larger glands. These glands are also known as “spigots”. The spigots belonging to ground spiders are large enough to expel copious amounts of silk at one time. These larger spigots also enable ground spiders to shoot their silk with a force great enough to reach long distances.
The researchers heading up the study placed ground spiders into plastic containers with other bugs in order to gain a better understanding of the ground spiders hunting strategies. The researchers learned, that in most cases, ground spiders will resort to shooting silk in order to capture prey. However, in many cases, ground spiders will simply attack their prey directly, and without the assistance of their silk.
The experiment showed that ground spiders will almost always attempt to physically subdue their prey at first, but after a struggle, ground spiders usually resort to their dense silk to ensure domination over their enemies. This is especially true during times when ground spiders are attempting to overpower enemies that are larger than the ground spiders themselves. Ground spiders remain an understudied group of spiders, and researchers are only now beginning to learn about the peculiarities inherent in their nature.
Had you ever witnessed a spider attempt to overpower and kill another arthropod that was physically larger than the attacking spider?


To provide learners with an understanding of computer games development as an underpinning technological concept in the fields of computer gaming and systems development.
The aim of this project is to design, develop and evaluate a 2D game using Unity Software 22.214.171.124 for PC. You need to design a game “Bounce a Ball” and fully develop the game. This game is entertainment game and helps to improve concentration skills.
Your game should meet the following requirements:
Following are the things that you need to consider when designing and developing:
1.1 Critically compare different types of computer games and platforms
1.2 Evaluate the characteristics of user interaction
1.3 Evaluate the impact of computer-based gaming
2.1 Design a computer game for a given requirement
2.2 Identify the components and data and file structures required to develop a computer game
2.3 Evaluate alternative designs and solutions to meet a given requirement
3.1 Implement a computer game to a given design using a suitable programming environment
3.2 Implement components to meet design requirements
3.3 Implement a game user interface to meet design requirements
4.1 Critically review and test a computer game
4.2 Analyse actual test results against expected results to identify discrepancies
4.3 Critically evaluate independent feedback on a developed computer game and make recommendations for improvements
4.4 Create documentation for the installation, set-up and support for a developed computer game.


The principal symptom of psoriasis is an itchy, scaly rash that can appear in many places throughout the body. Although the rash usually appears on the skin, it can also involve areas around the nails and joints. Rashes typically last for a few days up to a few weeks before they subside.
Each episode or “flare up” of psoriasis can differ in intensity and duration. Rashes appear in different locations from one flare up to another. In the most severe cases, a patient may also experience inflamed tendons and joint stiffness in the region around the visible rash.
While symptoms usually appear “out of nowhere,” there are common issues that can lead to a flare up. Some of these include unrelated infections, stress, and cold temperatures. As a patient becomes more aware of his or her specific psoriasis triggers, it may be easier to prevent flare ups.
There is no cure for psoriasis. Treatment focuses on the relief of symptoms and removing excess skin build-up. Medicated topical ointments are capable of slowing down the rate at which skin cells reproduce. Some people find light therapy effective in reducing the severity of their symptoms.
Psoriasis patients of all backgrounds and age groups have something to offer psoriasis clinical trials. To identify the underlying causes of psoriasis, it may be necessary to run clinical studies with thousands more people. Each new psoriasis study is another step toward effective treatment and, ultimately, a cure for psoriasis.


Cement manufacturing takes mineral raw materials (including alternative raw materials from waste and by-product sources) and uses heat from fossil and waste derived fuels, to produce cement clinker. Unlike other combustion processes, the ash from fossil and waste derived fuels forms part of the mineral content of the cement clinker and is not a waste residue from the process. Thus, cement manufacturing simultaneously recycles the mineral content of wastes and recovers energy, in a process known as ‘co-processing’. Co-processing is recognized as global best practice for cement manufacture.
Co-processing is, by its very nature, a resource efficient manufacturing process. The UK cement sector maximises its resource efficiency by ensuring that the small quantity of residues find productive outlets – for example, most UK kilns recycle dust within their manufacturing processes, but where this isn’t possible, the dust finds beneficial reuse – commonly in agriculture.
MPA members follow a Waste Code of Practice for introducing new wastes as raw materials and fuels. The code sets out the specifications that must be met for waste to be considered, the assessment process for introducing new waste materials and provides a list of unsuitable materials
MPA Cement is part of the Mineral Products Association, the trade association for the aggregates, asphalt, cement, concrete, dimension stone, lime, mortar and silica sand industries.
MPA Cement, Gillingham House, 38-44 Gillingham Street, London SW1V 1HU
T: 0207 963 8000


MaurrOld Norse Dictionary - maurr
Meaning of Old Norse word "maurr" in English.
As defined by the Cleasby & Vigfusson Old Norse to English dictionary:
maurr Old Norse word can mean:
- m. [Dan. myre; Swed. myra; Gr. μύρμηξ; Serb. mraw]:—an ant; mý ok maura, Eluc. 62; einn lítll maðkr er maurr heitir, Sks. 50: in plur., metaph. money-bags, in a contemptuous sense.
- COMPDS: maurahaugr, maurapúki.
Possible runic inscription in Younger Futhark:ᛘᛅᚢᚱᚱ
Younger Futhark runes were used from 8th to 12th centuries in Scandinavia and their overseas settlements
- metaphorical, metaphorically.
➞ See all works cited in the dictionary
Works & Authors cited:
- Elucidarium. (F. II.)
- Konungs Skugg-sjá. (H. II.)
Also available in related dictionaries:
This headword also appears in dictionaries of other languages descending from Old Norse.


A new survey of flying insects in Britain found their numbers have dropped nearly 60 percent since 2004, a “terrifying” decline given the vital role that insects play in pollinating crops, consuming organic waste, and killing pests, advocates say.
For the study, the Kent Wildlife Trust and Buglife, two U.K.-based conservation groups, compared the number of dead insects on license plates in 2004 and 2021. Data was collected by members of the British public, who recorded where they drove and how many squashed bugs they found on their cars using a smartphone app. The insects declined most in England and Wales, with drops of 65 percent and 55 percent, respectively. In Scotland, where there is more wild land and fewer cities and farms, bugs declined by just 28 percent.
It’s possible that 2004 was an especially good year for insects and 2021 an especially bad one, which is why, advocates say, it’s important to collect data annually to better gauge long-term trends. However, the findings are consistent with other research showing an alarming decline in insects. A 2019 study found that the global mass of insects is shrinking by 2.5 percent a year and that insects are going extinct eight times faster than reptiles, birds, or mammals.
“These declines are happening at an alarming rate, and without concerted action to address them we face a stark future,” Paul Hadaway, director of conservation at Kent Wildlife Trust, said in a statement. “We need action for all our wildlife now by creating more and bigger areas of habitats, providing corridors through the landscape for wildlife and allowing nature space to recover.”
ALSO ON YALE E360
How Non-Native Plants Are Contributing to a Global Insect Decline


You know that cavities–the chief reason why people need reconstructive dentistry–are caused by bacteria that feed on sugars in the mouth and produce acids that attack your teeth. But research shows that some bacteria might be able to feed on sugar and actually protect your teeth from cavities.
Bizarro Cavity Prevention
So how do we do this? The secret is that there are many different types of bacteria that can be found in your mouth, one of which is Streptococcus salivarius, which doesn’t form plaque on your teeth. Instead, it secretes an enzyme compound designated FruA, which inhibits plaque formation by other bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, which is the worst culprit in cavity formation and gum disease. By suppressing the formation of plaque, S. salivarius could make brushing, flossing, and tooth-colored fillings redundant.
So where does sugar come in? Like S. mutans, S. salivarius feeds on sugar, so its production of FruA is enhanced in the presence of sucrose.
Why does S. salivarius produce its cavity-fighting enzyme? Your mouth is a competitive environment where many species are fighting over scarce resources. Over the millennia, S. salivarius developed FruA as a natural weapon against its enemy, S. mutans and other plaque-forming bacteria.
A potential solution to the problem of tooth decay and gum disease, then, is simply properly cultivating good bacteria in your mouth that can outcompete and destroy the bad bacteria without a need for oral hygiene as we now know it.
Understand the Bacteria in Your Mouth
At Rice Dentistry, we take an advanced approach to treating gum disease that can include DNA testing of bacteria in your mouth to determine whether dangerous or helpful bacteria dominate in your mouth, and which kinds.
To learn more about advanced dental treatment, please call (949) 551-5902 for an appointment with an Irvine dentist at Rice Dentistry.


Perspectives on Literacy
In this seminar, we study the history, politics, uses, and meanings of literacy in America. What is literacy? How is it used in the world? How and why have definitions of literacy changed over time? What's at stake in defining literacy? How do people acquire and practice literacies? How are literacies distributed across different populations? How have technological changes affected processes of reading and writing? We explore these questions by investigating our own literacy practices, observing literacy events, and reading and writing scholarly research on literacy to broaden our perspectives.
In addition to talking and listening in class, students post and comment at the course forum. These posts and comments are the equivalent of journal entries or response papers. The forum assignment serves multiple purposes: it allows a venue for written as well as oral participation; it contributes to the agenda for our in-class time; and it encourages students to practice treating writing as part of a scholarly conversation by making that conversation literal, not just metaphorical.
There are two short papers (4-6 pages). The first is a literacy interview: students interview (and are interviewed by) a classmate and write up an analysis of the information from the interview. The second is a literacy site observation: students choose a site where writing and/or reading occurs, observe it regularly, analyze it using concepts we read about in class, and develop an argument about literacy at that site.
Students also complete a research project (10-20 pages) that engages with an existing scholarly conversation or debate about some issue related to literacy. The process for this paper includes a proposal and an annotated bibliography, a draft to be discussed by a small group of peers, a presentation of research to the campus community at the end-of-semester English symposium, and a final revised version of the paper submitted during finals week.
- Deborah Brandt, Literacy in American Lives
- Ellen Cushman et al, Literacy: A Critical Sourcebook
Additional readings are accessed via JSTOR or e-reserve.


Science blogs make science fun and exciting for kids. Kids are full of curiosity and love to experiment and learn by doing practical and fun things. Sometimes, parents have a hard time trying to occupy their kids with meaningful learning activities or doing something useful and interesting during family leisure time. Science blogs also have the capacity to provide both teachers and parents with great science experiment ideas, making science fun to learn. You can teach your kids to make homemade rockets or even create a geyser out of soda drink.
Perfect for introducing young children to science in a fun, exciting way, I Saw the Science blog is written especially for the budding little scientists and contains a wealth of amazing experiments. ‘I Saw the Science Blog’ offers curated content produced by a team of dedicated writers at Science Centre Singapore (SCS) and their host experts who previously facilitated talks and workshops with SCS.
I Saw the Science blog features interviews, listicles, infographics, and reviews on a broad range of topics, such as uncovering the science behind the viral Dalgona Coffee, understanding the importance of social distancing and learning the recipe to creating the best Boba tea. We’re sure the young scientists will be captivated by its down-to-earth, accessible approach.
Resources are free for all. Check them out HERE!
Perfect for introducing young children to science in a fun, exciting way, 'I Saw the Science Blog' is written specially for the budding little scientists and contains a wealth of amazing experiments.
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The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates a world meat production of 346 million tons for 2021. This number represents an increase of 2.2% compared to 2020.
Beef production should add up to 72.4 million tons, 1.2% higher than in 2020. For poultry, the expectation is to produce 135.2 million tons, an increase of 1.3%. The pork global production is expected to reach 114.4 million tons in 2021, which represents an increase of 4.2%. Sheep meat production should reach 16.5 million tons, up 1.3% according to the FAO.
Even with the recovery of production in China, the country will still face a pork deficit in the domestic market and this should motivate expansion of production of all animal proteins in exporting countries, especially Brazil and the European Union. Europe and the United States should also expand production due to the resumption of food service sales.
Low cattle availability for slaughter, cost of grain, drought and restrictions related to Covid-19 might continue to impact exporting countries such as Australia, Argentina and regions in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean.
Also according to the FAO, the global meat trade this year can add up to 41.9 million tons, an increase of 0.4% compared to that registered in 2020.
“The global meat trade is forecast to be driven by China, with its total meat purchases exceeding 11 million tonnes, induced by the continued large meat supply deficit and strategic stock replenishing demand , despite rising domestic production”, FAO said.


Here we look at modeling tools. Primarily the ones that we use in edit mode to shape our models and construct good topology. There are a lot of modeling tools available in Blender and if you want a video explanation of most of them start with the 30 modeling tools. Then you can dive deeper into each article to learn more specifics about a tool or group of tools.
Here you can learn more about the universal controls in Blender. Things like snapping, proportional editing, centering objects pivot points. These are all things that are common for most 3D modeling tools in Blender
While we are at it we cover some related topics like measuring and the mysterious applying of scale and why we do it.
Once we have a good understanding of some modeling tools and how to control them, we need to dive deeper into effective selections. If you can make quick selections you will have a much easier time making your ideas actualized.
Here we discuss the basics of shading. Shading is closely related to normals. More information about normals can be found in the shading section. We also look at geometry and different kinds of faces to learn how to deal with them effectively.
We most often work with mesh objects, but curve objects have received a lot of love from Blender development recently. In some cases using curves is simply way better than the traditional mesh objects.
Metaballs, while not as universally useful as curves, most artists still mostly overlook them. Given the right challenge, metaballs might actually be your solution.


Post-test counselling for HIV-positive pregnant women
In talking to a woman after a positive HIV test result, you should be very sensitive to her feelings, which may include shock, anger or denial. When she is able to take in your health education messages, make sure that she understands:
- The importance of delivering her baby in a higher health facility where ARP drugs are available and safe delivery methods are practised, to prevent MTCT of HIV.
- She can reduce the risk of becoming ill by:
- Taking ART as prescribed and medicines to prevent opportunistic infections from developing
- Practising safe sex by using a condom with her partner to protect him from HIV infection, and to ensure she doesn't get any other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) from him if he has unsafe sex with anyone else
- Eating enough nutritious food, as recommended for all pregnant women regardless of HIV status (see Study Session 14)
- Having good personal hygiene, as recommended for everyone to prevent infections with bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi, infestations with parasites and insects, and skin disorders.
- How to prevent MTCT of HIV to her baby (as you learned in this study session) including safe ways of feeding the baby (as you will learn in the Module on Integrated Management of Newborn and Childhood Illness).
- That the woman's partner or husband and children should be tested for HIV.
- The importance of preventing HIV transmission to others and ways to do this.
- The importance of referrals for follow-up and ongoing HIV healthcare for herself, her partner, her HIV-exposed baby and other family members.
Opportunistic infections are infections caused by bacteria or viruses in people whose immune systems are weakened, for instance by HIV. A healthy person would normally be able to fight off infections by these bacteria or viruses.
Last modified: Sunday, 13 July 2014, 8:50 PM


CHICAGO - To nobody's surprise, today the scientists behind the symbolic 'doomsday clock' - a representation of how close humanity is to annihilation - moved up 30 seconds to a mere two and a half minutes until "midnight" (extinction).
"We are troubled by many factors," said Dr. Laura Swift, one of the scientists behind the decision. "Both Russia and the United States control 90% of the nuclear weapons in the world and are engaged in several contested areas on the globe, including Syria. In addition, climate change continues to threaten humanity, and little has been done to slow or even stop what are soon to become irreversible global forces that could wipe out billions of human beings in the process. Third, well you guys elected a reality T.V. host who doesn't believe in science and loves nukes to be president." Pausing, and shaking her head, Dr. Swift continued, adding, "Boneheads."
Cracking a whip at a defiant press corps while holding a wooden chair to avoid any sudden attacks, White House spokesman Sean Spicer said, "Scientists? Who cares."
The clock, which was established in 1947 by University of Chicago scientists, some of whom had participated in the Manhattan Project, was adjusted to 3 minutes before midnight in 2015, but began at 7 minutes (11:53) back in 1947.
Wall Street ignored the scientist's move, instead preferring to bask in the very real prospect of huuuuge tax breaks in the 2017 fiscal year. Taking a light trading day, the Street knocked off for the day just after a four martini lunch at that new place in The Beekman Hotel, Colicchio's joint Fowler & Wells.


National Mental Health Policy 2008
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Strategy or framework
The vision of the National Mental Health Policy 2008 is for a mental health
- enables recovery
- prevents and detects mental illness early
- ensures that all Australians with a mental illness can access effective and appropriate treatment and community support to enable them to participate fully in the community.
The National Mental Health Policy 2008 provides a strategic vision for further whole-of-government mental health reform in Australia.
The aims of the National Mental Health Policy 2008 are to:
- promote the mental health and wellbeing of the Australian community and, where possible, prevent the development of mental health problems and mental illness
- reduce the impact of mental health problems and mental illness, including the effects of stigma on individuals, families and the community
- promote recovery from mental health problems and mental illness
- assure the rights of people with mental health problems and mental illness, and enable them to participate meaningfully in society.


Intimacy in relationships
Intimacy in a relationship is a feeling of being close and emotionally connected. It means being able to share a whole range of thoughts, feelings, and experiences that we have as human beings. It involves being open and talking through your thoughts and emotions, letting your guard down, and showing someone else how you feel and what your hopes and dreams are. Intimacy is built it up over time, and it requires patience and effort from both partners to create and maintain. Discovering intimacy with someone you love can be one of the most rewarding aspects of a relationship. Apart from emotional and sexual intimacy, you can also be intimate intellectually, recreationally, financially, spiritually, creatively (for example, renovating your home) and at times of crisis (working as a team during tough times). Intimacy is achieved when we become close to someone else and are reassured that we are loved and accepted for who we are. Children usually develop intimacy with parents and peers. As adults, we seek intimacy in close relationships with other adults, friends, family and with a partner.
For many couples, ‘making love’ involves a sense of intimacy and emotional closeness. An intimate sexual relationship involves trust and being vulnerable with each other. Closeness during sex is also linked to other forms of intimacy. It is important to share a whole range of emotions with a partner; otherwise, some people begin to feel lonely and isolated regardless of how good their sexual experiences may be. Explore ways to share love and affection without sex. Often, the more a couple is intimate with each other in ways other than sex, the more fulfilling their sex life becomes.


What happens when you invite pupils to design their school?
“It should have no walls”, “I want it to feel like a garden”, “Or a spaceship”.
These were just some of the inventive ideas collated by the Spanish architect Andrés Jaque collected from pupils at the Reggio school on the outskirts of Madrid.
Not only did he speak to 300 students but he also consulted their teachers about what would make an ideal environment for them.
The result is architecturally stunning.
Windows to let in light, portholes to make the building feel like – as requested – a spaceship, internal gardens, and a living wall for insects are just some of the features included in the final design.
And while the concept might appear frivolous or fun, there are some very important lessons behind it.
Jaque and his colleagues believe strongly that education cannot be a one-way streak. It shouldn’t just be about filling kids up with knowledge. Neither do they think that environments can be thought of as separate to their practical use. Everyone should have the chance to learn or work in spaces that inspire and welcome. And when it comes to the most important formative years of our lives, that idea is especially important.
At 8 million euros the total cost for this project is both modest but also, appreciably, beyond the reach of many institutions. That doesn’t mean that the principles can’t be universal.
Fundamental to compassion is the idea of equity. That no one is more important or “better” than any other. That pain and suffering can be felt by anyone at anyone time and everyone is deserving of care and support. That equity principle flows through the Reggio school.
Not only was the design process collaborative but so too was the physical manifestation that it produced. The school has been created to encourage interaction and communication. Pupils are not siloed into different parts of the school and some of the learning can be done out in the open, not just in smaller, contained classrooms.
Whenever we embark on a project with others we have to consider: how can we best engage everyone? What unique perspectives can someone bring? And how can we create environments (whether physical or emotional) that are warm and welcoming? It’s these kind of approaches that get the best out of everyone – whether we work from home, an office, or a spaceship.


Voice Disorder Treatments
Many individuals don’t think about voice disorders until they are dealing with one! Having an affected voice can impair your ability to communicate and your sense of identity. Keep reading to learn about the most common disorders that affect the voice and how you can get your voice back to normal!
Laryngitis is the main cause of voice loss. Caused by a virus, laryngitis results in swelling of the vocal chords and a voice that’s severely hoarse or lost completely. Laryngitis can be acute, or chronic with persistent voice hoarseness. There is no antibiotic for laryngitis, so proper rest and hydration is the recommended treatment plan.
Voice Misuse and Abuse
Your voice is a muscle, and like any other muscle in the body, it can be strained by abuse or overuse. Singers often experience this type of voice loss because their profession requires constant use of their vocal chord muscles. You might experience temporary voice loss from yelling over loud music or other voice straining activity. Prolonged use and improper breathing technique can leave you with a hoarse or lost voice. Strenuous vocal activity can also lead to a bruised vocal chord or vocal chord lesion, affecting your voice.
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease (LPRD)
Even those who do not experience common signs of reflux with GERD might develop voice hoarseness due to stomach acid moving up into the esophagus. This stomach acid can irritate the vocal chords, usually being worse in the morning. LPRD can also lead to a feeling of a lump in the throat and difficulty swallowing.
Voice Care and Therapy
Being careful not to overuse or strain your voice and learning proper voice use techniques can help to prevent some voice disorders. Voice disorders often resolve after the cause is identified and treated, but if your voice disorder is persistent or if you’re unsure of the cause, you should see an ear, nose, and throat specialist for an examination. In some cases, laryngeal cancer is to blame, so proper diagnosis and treatment are very important.
If you are in the Denver area and need assistance identifying the cause and treatment of your voice disorder, contact Associates of Otolaryngology for your appointment with an ENT expert.


The skunks spray for various reasons. The skunk carries out its defense mechanism to protect its young from predators like wolves, coyotes, badgers and any other natural predator. Humans are sometimes considered predators and discouraged from coming closer to it. If the skunk is shocked or surprised, it might spray as a reaction response. The skunk might get startled when it is staying beneath the house and when anyone stomps on the floor with high-heeled shoes or walks on the floor loudly. The skunk sprays because it hears the sound and considers the noise as a threat to its survival.
There are two anal glands situated on either side of the anus of the skunk. These glands secrete a chemical substance that consists of sulfur. The odor of this chemical is generally unbearable. The spray from the skunk is aimed at any animal that is observed as a threat to it. The spray of the skunk is found to stop the animal from doing its activity of frightening the skunk. Stopping the grizzly bear was found to be done by the skunk very often.
The usual process of a skunk in frightening the predator is first to give a proper warning before it sprays. It will stomp its front feet to give a warning that it is irritated. After that, the skunk will place its body by turning around towards the side where the threat is located. If the predator or any threat still moves towards the skunk even after getting a warning signal from the skunk, an oil stream is sprayed by the skunk on the predator or threat. The skunks have the ability to spray the oil to a distance of ten feet. The skunks were reported in some cases to have sprayed a threat even at a distance of 20 feet very accurately. The chemical quantity that has to be used in each of the sprays can be controlled by the skunk. Therefore, a skunk sprays to avoid predators.
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Andow, David.; Union of Concerned Scientists.
Harvested on April 29, 2011.
Extent: vi, 125 p. : ill., digital, PDF file.
Addresses the challenge of protecting the U.S. food supply from contamination by crops genetically engineered to produce drugs and industrial substances ("pharma" crops). Six experts commissioned by UCS to analyze this problem concluded that corn and soybean cannot be used as pharma crops while preventing contamination of the food supply--unless substantial changes are made to the commodity production and management practices applied to pharma crops.
Transgenic plants--Field experiments--Safety measures.
Soybean industry--United States.
Genetically modified foods--United States--Safety measures.
Food supply--Government policy--United States--Safety measures.
Corn industry--United States.
OCLC No.: 317482956
This work may be protected by copyright. If you are a copyright owner who objects to the preservation of your work in this fashion, or if you believe that your copyright has been violated by the project's efforts, please contact the Legal Information Archive.


Course Title : Computer Architecture
Discipline /Program : BSCS (6th)
Total Marks : 30
Time allowed : 2:00 Hours
Question 01: (5 Marks)
Consider a system with 2-level caches. Access time of level-1 and level-2 and main memory are 2ns, 12ns and 500ns. Hit
ignoring search time and without ignoring search time?
Question 02: (5 Marks)
List and elaborate the main causes of misses? Briefly explain what are the basic cache performance measure parameters?
Question 03: (5 Marks)
What is mapping? Explain the differences among direct mapping and associative mapping with the help of suitable
Question 04: (5 Marks)
What is internal memory organization? How we organize main memory of size 4GB with cache size of 64MB. How much
address lines are required to represent the size of main memory and data lines to access the data?
Question 05: (5 Marks)
Draw and explain the instruction cycle state diagram that includes interrupt cycle processing.
Question 06: (5 Marks)
Differentiate between the following:
a) Sequential access and random access
b) Temporal and spatial locality
c) Access time and memory cycle time
d) Dedicate and multiplexed bus design
e) Centralized and distributed bus arbitration


ASSESING DROUGHT RISK IN TIMISOARA DURING THE LAST DECADE PUBLISHEDAnişoara Aurelia Ienciu, Silvica Oncia, Carmen Aurelia Peptan, Pal Fazakas None
Drought can be operationally defined as a water deficit state in relation to plant, population, and economy needs, resulting in discomfort and unbalance of social and economic activities and in negative impacts on some important environmental factors. The phenomenon is widely spread at present on Earth and in Europe, and it is due to greenhouse gas effect caused by pollution and by massive deforestation on Earth and in Romania. Atmospheric drought is seen through the significant increase of average daily temperatures during the summer as well as of average maximum temperatures in summer and winter months – an increase of the frequency of tropical days (daily maximum above 300C) and lack of precipitations. The paper presents the result of analysis of the following parameters in monitoring drought: sum of monthly and annual precipitations, average monthly and annual evapotranspiration in the studied years, monthly and annual hydric deficits and their graphic representation, average monthly temperatures and their evolution, as well as air relative moisture values; we also calculated and analysed aridity and climate indicators in Timisoara during the studied decade, From the point of view of the precipitations regime, an important indicator in identifying drought, the sum of monthly precipitations in the summer and even spring months (i.e. the annual sum of these precipitations) can help us draw a conclusion on the trend to drought and desertification during the studied decade. Moisture deficit was determined as the difference between the amount of precipitations and the values of monthly potential evapotranspiration and of plant water consumption, respectively, determined through the indirect Thornthwaite method, using average monthly and multi-annual in Timisoara. Identifying drought during the studied decade in Timisoara asks for drought management measures that could also be preventive measures, action measures during the phenomenon, and phenomenon control measures.
atmospheric drought; soil drought; average monthly temperatures; average monthly temperatures; sum of monthly precipitations; potential evapotranspiration; aridity coefficient; climate coefficient


Constantinople: the world’s largest city in 600 AD
At its most affluent point, Constantinople was home to 600,000 people. When Emperor Diocletian ruled the Roman Empire, he decided that the area was much too big for one person to oversee, so he divided the area into two parts with two leaders in each portion. Constantine, the leader of one of these areas, rose to power in the west after the death of his father. He then challenged his co-leader, defeating him in battle to become the sole leader of the west in 312 A.D. In a final, decisive strike, he challenged the leaders in the east and overtook them, uniting the Roman Empire under his banner.
Once he had control of the entire region, he looked to create a new capital. Finally he settled on Byzantium in 330 A.D., calling it “New Rome”—when Byzantium was originally constructed, it was built to model the original Rome. It would be years before the city’s name would change to Constantinople to reflect its founder. Today, it is known as Istanbul and is home to over 14 million people.
The city was divided into 14 districts, and each district had wide avenues for travel. The avenues were lined with statues of well-known Romans, including Julius Caesar, Diocletian, Alexander the Great, and Augustus. There were even statues of Constantine himself, dressed in garments that were commonly associated with the god Apollo. Two of the major roads intersected near the large Roman baths, and this famous intersection was marked with the tetrapylon, the well-known four-way arch.
The city itself was altered with Christian ideals in mind. Constantine eliminated the practice of using the amphitheater for gladiator contests and used it for chariot races instead. There were no temples to gods, but Constantine built statues and monuments to commemorate Grecian victories. The serpent column at Delphi, for example, was erected to celebrate the victory over the Persians at the Plataea in 179 B.C.
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Thanksgiving 2018 – For this we can be thankful
Thanksgiving is a favorite holiday among families. Every year we set aside a whole day to entertain our loved ones with a lavish family feast of traditional foods such as turkey, stuffing, cranberry sauce and pumpkin pie. It is also an opportunity to count our blessings and teach our kids about gratitude while expressing thanks. When children are very young, it’s easy to remind them to say simple words such as “Thank you”. But as kids grow older, the challenge grows even deeper to develop a thankful heart. Having a thankful heart helps children recognize the blessings we have each and every day.
So how can we help develop a thankful heart in our children?
The easiest and most effective way to teach our children gratitude is to model it ourselves and let them hear about the things we are thankful for. “I am so grateful for this beautiful day so that we can go to the park and spend time together as a family.”
On Thanksgiving Day, go around the table at dinner and have each family member name something they are thankful for. When children acknowledge the blessings they have in their lives, they will begin to take note and appreciate them.
Families who do service projects together also tend to appreciate what they have more. When children see that some are less fortunate, they will develop a desire to help others and make a difference. Not only do they become more aware of others in their own lives, but they are more likely to give of their own time and gifts for a lifetime.
Simply Say Thank You
When your child receives gifts this holiday season, encourage them to write a thank you note instead of sending an emotionless “thank you” text. This is a great way to provide kids the opportunity to express their creative gratitude in an impersonal digital culture. And, the recipient will also be blessed knowing that they took the time to write it.
Just remember, we don’t have to eat turkey every day to be thankful for the blessings that surround us all year. And we don’t have to wait for Thanksgiving each year to help teach our children how to be thankful!
“When we give cheerfully and accept gratefully, everyone is blessed.”
― Maya Angelou


GERMANYS FIRST CLOUD-BASED WEB SERVICE FOR LAND MONITORING USING COPERNICUS SENTINEL-2 DATA
Keywords: Copernicus, Sentinel-2, change detection, monitoring, spatio-temporal features, web application, fully automatic
Abstract. The research and development project named Landscape Change Detection Service (German abbreviation: LaVerDi) was initiated by the German Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (BKG). Within the scope of the project a monitoring service for landscape changes was developed and implemented using free Copernicus satellite data for an automated derivation of potential land cover change. This change indication is meant to be used to update or continue BKG in-house products, such as the Digital Land Cover Model Germany (LBM-DE), in a comprehensive and uniform quality. The results can be further used for numerous applications or as change information for administration and planning, and for the compilation of spatial statistics. It satisfies the users' need for a national service for open data on land cover changes and thus represents the first automatic and verified national satellite product for land cover changes in Germany. As input data the service uses pre-processed Sentinel-2 data from the European Copernicus satellite program, as well as an image segmentation approach to extract change objects. Using an improved cloud mask algorithm, Sentinel-2 tiles with up to maximum cloud coverage of 60% can be used for analysis. The service (data processing, change detection, visualisation) runs on the German “Copernicus Data and Utilization Platform” (CODE-DE). As of December 2020, the INSPIRE-compliant LaVerDi web service is operational. The thematic accuracy of the generated change layers is above the given requirements (minimum of 80%), considering the 95% confidence interval for all relevant land cover classes in certain test areas. The transferability of the methodology has been successfully shown by a prototypic nationwide demonstrator in early 2020 and is therefore expected to reliably detect both long-term and seasonal changes.


July 01, 2021
Manatee deaths prompt federal probe
Federal wildlife officials are investigating hundreds of Florida manatee deaths during a two-month period earlier this year.
In March, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission informed a Florida Senate committee that 403 manatees had died across Florida between Jan. 1 and Feb. 26. Approximately 85 manatee deaths were reported during the same period in 2020.
The majority of this year’s deaths occurred in the 156-mile-long Indian River Lagoon on Florida’s Atlantic coast. It is believed that manatees may be starving owing to a decline in seagrass, their primary food source, killed off by algal blooms.
“The timing of the deaths is associated with manatees aggregating at warm-water sites, and we believe there’s an interaction between large numbers of manatees at these warm-water sites and food availability,” explained Gil McRae, director of the FWC Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, to the Florida Senate Environment and Natural Resources Committee in March.
McRae’s testimony led Stephanie Murphy, a Florida representative in the U.S. House of Representatives, to request that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service declare the deaths to be an unusual mortality event as defined under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, which the agency promptly did. The UME designation authorizes the federal government, working in coordination with Florida and nonprofit organizations, to investigate the cause of the die-off and to take immediate steps to prevent more manatees from dying.
Since 1991, 71 unusual mortality events involving marine mammals have been declared.
“Florida’s diverse animal life is deeply important to people in our state, and few creatures are more beloved than the manatee,” Murphy said in a statement. “I’m pleased that, in response to my request, the federal government has determined the spike in manatee deaths requires a swift and decisive response.”
The West Indian manatee is one of Florida’s environmental keystone species, Murphy added. The manatee population in Florida was only 1,300 when aerial surveys began in 1991 and grew to 6,300 as of 2016, 25 years later, because of conservation efforts.


The application of copyright law aims at protecting creative works, such as: books, music, theatre works, films, photographs, figurative arts, translations, computer programs, etc.
Copyright can be applied as soon as the work is created, without registration.
It grants the author the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the work.
Copyright may be assigned or a licence for its use may be granted.
In Italy the duration of copyright is of 70 years from the author’s death. Different duration is provided dipending on the type of the creative work.
The possibility to apply copyright to the protection of software is particularly interesting.
REGISTRATION OF WEBSITES
Copyright can also be applied to Internet websites, as they can be made up of a particular innovative structure, which contains texts, images, sounds or other elements which are obviously protected by Copyright.
Berne Convention for the protection of literary and artistic works (Paris, July 24, 1971).
Universal Copyright Convention (Paris, July 24, 1971).
GATT-TRIPS Agreements (Agreements on the aspects of the rights of Intellectual Property concerning trade) April 15, 1994.
OFFICES / ORGANIZATIONS
SIAE (Italian Society of Authors and Publishers) for unpublished works.
Office of Literary Property for published works.
Special Public Register for Computer Programs – OLAF Section


Rabat, Morocco—Organic composting. Ecotourism. Red algae production. Solar equipment installation. These are just a few of the ideas the youth in Morocco had to improve economic development in their community.
With more than half of Morocco’s young working-age population (aged 15 – 29 years) out of school and out of work, youth unemployment is a serious concern for the country’s continued political stability. The Near East Foundation (NEF) is working to empower the youth through an entrepreneurship project that provides training and creates support networks to grow profitable and sustainable businesses.
To ensure success in this initiative, NEF conducted an economic assessment with youth and local economic actors to jointly identify unique opportunities for economic development in Morocco. The assessment identified what support would be needed to promote successful youth microenterprise development while overcoming barriers, particularly for non-skilled youth with little to no formal education.
While Moroccan youth note substantial challenges to business development, they also demonstrate an ambition to find innovative solutions. By way of technical counseling, identifying market opportunities, and providing financial resources, NEF is working to create a space where these challenges can be discussed and solutions can be found so that young Moroccans can begin implementing their ideas.
Findings, suggestions, and recommendations from the assessment were presented in two regional workshops in Morocco and continue to be used to guide NEF’s work with youth entrepreneurs in the region.
Click here to view the assessment on our resources page.
Click here to read more about our work in Morocco.


Climate change is set to destroy 26.2% of Kenya’s optimal tea-growing areas by 2050, where half of UK tea imports come from.
That is according to a new report from the charity Christian Aid, which states that rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, droughts and insect infestations are to blame.
Christian Aid has stated that in 2017 the UK imported 125,810 tonnes of tea, with 62,222 tonnes coming from Kenya; making it the world’s largest exporter of black tea.
Representatives of PG Tips, Tetley Tea and Twinings have all stressed concerns on how climate change is affecting their growers.
“We are aware that climate change is accelerating fast and poses a risk to smallholder tea farmers.
“As extreme weather and natural disasters continue to affect the sowing and growing of healthy crops, the people who supply the ingredients for our products will become ever more vulnerable,” said a Twinings spokesperson.
Richard Koskei, a tea farmer from Kericho in Kenya, commented: “For generations we have carefully cultivated our tea farms and we are proud that the tea that we grow here is the best in the world. But climate change poses a real threat to us. We cannot predict seasons anymore, temperatures are rising, rainfall is more erratic, more often accompanied by unusual hailstones and longer droughts which was not the case in the past.”
“Tea is an example of how we are all connected. We grow it here in Kenya and it is enjoyed by people around the world. But if we are to carry on growing it, we need those other, richer countries, to cut their emissions and to think about how we are affected as tea farmers.”


Dvar Torah - Vayishev
"It’s always darkest before it’s pitch black"- John McCain
"Close every door to me, hide all the world from me, darken my windows and cut out the light"- Joseph and the Magical Technicolor Dream Coat
The natural human tendency is to believe in the conservation of momentum. If things are going well, we think they’ll continue. However, if they go badly, we believe they’ll get worse and worse and it’s hard to hope for a change in fortune. Our minds perceive patterns, even when there isn’t one, and we think those patterns tend to repeat.
This week’s parsha teaches us a different lesson. Yossef and his brothers suffer many misfortunes. It starts with their bickering. Then they sell Yossef into slavery and pretend he died. Afterwards Yehuda’s family implodes, the remaining brothers separate, and Yossef goes from slavery to imprisonment. Ultimately he is abandoned even by those he had helped and who had promised to remember him. It is easy to despair in such circumstances. It’s easy to think nothing will ever change. However, we know that change is just around the corner. Yossef will be taken from the depths of misery and despair and comes to the heights of power, responsible for all the government of Egypt and feeding the known world. Yehuda’s family will be redeemed, and Yaakov and all his sons will reunite. Things can change. Sometimes it really is only darkest before the dawn.
The story of Channukah carries a similar message. The central motif of the festival is the candles shining out at night, spreading a message of hope and of divine favour. G-d remembers us. G-d still loves us, and He will eventually deliver us. The menorah shine bright for eight days because our relationship with Him is alive and well, and He continues to nurture us.
We tend to think that bad news will just continue and grow, but sometimes it doesn’t. The message of our parsha and of this time of year is to keep hoping and keep Davening. Above all we must always continue to believe that world, however broken, can and will be fixed.


Speeding Hurts Us All – Traffic Calming Measures
May 03, 2023
Traffic calming measures are an essential tool for improving road safety, as they can have a significant impact on reducing crashes and fatalities on our roads. By slowing down traffic and creating safer spaces for pedestrians and cyclists, traffic calming measures not only improve road safety, they also make our communities more livable—especially for children.
Speed is a major factor in road crashes—a speed increase of just 1km per hour can lead to a 4-5% increase in fatal crashes. Traffic calming measures such as speed bumps, chicanes, and roundabouts reduce average vehicle speed by compelling drivers to slow down. These measures—many of which are engineered into the road design—make it easier for drivers to control their vehicles, stop in time if necessary, and avoid collisions. Furthermore, roads designed for calmer traffic flow can also allow for designated spaces for pedestrians and cyclists, making it more pleasant and safer for them to navigate the roads.
Check out the video animation above to learn more about how specific traffic calming solutions can be applied in different settings, such as in urban, suburban, and rural areas.
You can learn more about speed management strategies in our Speed Management Hub FAQs. Below is a small sample of FAQs related to traffic calming:
- How can road engineering help in speed management?
- What engineering measures are recommended to manage traffic speeds on roads in city areas?
- What engineering measures are recommended to manage traffic speeds on roads in city outskirt areas?
- What engineering measures are recommended to manage traffic speeds on roads in town and village areas?
- What engineering measures are recommended to manage traffic speeds on roads in non-built-up areas?
- What is a self-explaining road?
- What are some practical road safety engineering solutions to improve pedestrian and cyclist safety through speed management?
- What is the impact of inappropriately wide lanes or roads on speeds?


A M7.5 earthquake struck on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi today and it appears to have generated a significant tsunami that struck, at the very least, the city of Palu. The city is only about 78 kilometers from the epicenter of the earthquake. This uncorroborated video on Twitter shows the wave arriving:
Here is another video from Instagram. The Associated Press is reporting that the PVMBG in Indonesia has confirmed a tsunami struck and was caught on video, while Indonesia’s emergency management agency (BMKG) issued a warning about a tsunami from this earthquake.
UPDATE 9/29: The news out of Palu is grim. The tsunami was ~3 meters (10 feet) and the combined impact of the waves and the earthquake has killed at least 380 people. It does appear that Indonesian scientists think it was indeed a submarine landslide (see below) that caused the tsunami while other landslides on the island have cut off transportation routes. Apparently there was to be a beach festival that evening in Palu, so more people than usual may have been on the beaches. Images from the area show significant damage caused by the earthquake as well:
This tsunami is somewhat unexpected as the earthquake does not appear to be similar to the massive 2004 Boxing Day earthquake, where the motion on the fault was caused by the collision of two plates. Instead, this appears to be strike-slip motion (side by side) similar to the San Andreas fault. [SPECULATION ALERT] However, with its coastal location, there may well have been undersea landslides that might have caused the tsunami [END].
Callan Bentley has suggest that Palu’s location may be part of the reason for such a significant tsunami. The city is at the end of the long bay and we saw during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake in Japan that bays and inlets can amplify the size of tsunami waves. Again, this is speculation, but it could be the case here as well.
I’ll try to update this as more information comes to light. Palu has a population of ~336,000, so there could be significant casualties related to this tsunami.


The Benefits of Using Activados Matematica 2 Puerto de Palos PDF 19 for Math Learning and Teaching
Activados Matematica 2 Puerto de Palos PDF 19: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis
Activados Matematica 2 Puerto de Palos PDF 19 is a new proposal that facilitates the learning of mathematics through 706 activities that favor the understanding of different topics. It is a book designed for students and teachers of secondary education, published by Grupo Macmillan and Puerto de Palos Editorial.
activados matematica 2 puerto de palos pdf 19
Download File: https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fblltly.com%2F2tOUPY&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw085iJ19h9xkkuwQPITFHzL
In this article, we will review and analyze the main features, contents and benefits of this book, as well as provide some tips on how to use it effectively in the classroom.
Main features of Activados Matematica 2 Puerto de Palos PDF 19
Activados Matematica 2 Puerto de Palos PDF 19 has the following features that make it a valuable resource for math learning and teaching:
It covers the topics of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, statistics and probability, following the official curriculum of secondary education.
It organizes each chapter into sections and sub-sections that present the concepts, definitions, procedures and examples in a clear and simple way.
It includes a variety of activities that range from basic to complex, from individual to group work, from theoretical to practical, from numerical to graphical.
It provides feedback, hints and solutions for each activity, as well as self-evaluation questions at the end of each chapter.
It integrates technology and web resources to enhance the visualization and exploration of mathematical concepts and problems.


If you’re dealing with a sports injury, post-surgery complications, chronic pain, or post-stroke issues, physical rehabilitation may be just what you need to get back to a healthy lifestyle.
Physical rehabilitation is a process that aims to restore function, reduce pain, and prevent further injuries through targeted exercises and therapies.
What are the Benefits of Physical Rehabilitation?
Pain Relief: Physical rehabilitation can alleviate pain, reduce inflammation, and strengthen muscles through exercises and therapies;
Faster Recovery: Physical rehabilitation can speed up the recovery process, which is especially important for athletes;
Improved Range of Motion: Physical rehabilitation can improve range of motion by addressing tight muscles and joints, which in turn can help enhance flexibility and lower the risk of future injuries;
Injury Prevention: By strengthening muscles and improving overall function, physical rehabilitation can help prevent future injuries, particularly for those who are prone to them;
Personalized Treatment: Physical rehabilitation is a tailored approach to injury recovery. A qualified, experienced specialist will develop a treatment plan that meets your specific needs and goals, ensuring positive outcomes.
If you’re considering physical rehabilitation, it’s essential to choose a qualified specialist who can guide you towards improved health. With the right approaches, physical rehabilitation can help you regain a healthy rhythm of life.


A study in Circulation, supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, finds adults with healthful sleep patterns had fewer incidents of heart failure throughout a 10-year period. The researchers surveyed 400,000 adults, ages 37-73, enrolled in the UK Biobank, a database of half a million volunteers sharing medical information with scientists about potential factors that influence health and disease. Researchers selected study participants if they documented their sleep schedules and didn’t have heart failure. The researchers analyzed correlations between self-reported sleep patterns at the study onset and cases of heart failure a decade later.
Healthful sleep patterns were defined by sleep chronotype, or classifying oneself as a “morning” person; sleep quantity, or getting 7-8 hours of sleep each night; not snoring; and rarely experiencing insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness. Each sleep category received a maximum score of one point. The highest sleep-health score was five; the lowest was zero. The modeling showed higher sleep-health scores overlapped with fewer incidents of heart failure, while controlling for diabetes, high blood pressure, medication use, and genetic influences. The study also found an 8% reduced risk of heart failure for being a “morning person,” a 12% reduced risk for getting 7-8 hours of sleep each night, a 17% reduced risk for not experiencing insomnia, and a 34% reduced risk for not experiencing excessive daytime drowsiness.
The strength of the study, the researchers note, is the ability to evaluate how sleep patterns and sleep metrics correlate with heart failure. However, they cite limitations of observational studies. In this case, memory recall may skew self-reporting. The study captures correlations instead of controlling for interventions, like sleep. Participants weren’t surveyed for sleep patterns at the end of the study. However, the researchers say this study is one of the first to highlight the role healthful sleep patterns may have in preventing heart failure.


The word 'Cemetary' comes from the Greek word "kimisis" ie to sleep...Join me on a walk in a cemetary in Athens, where I share the Stoic teaching of "Memento Mori" Memento Mori is Latin for “Remember death.”
The phrase is believed to originate from an ancient Roman tradition in which a servant would be tasked with standing behind a victorious general as he paraded though town. As the general basked in the glory of the cheering crowds, the servant would whisper in the general’s ear:
“Respice post te! Hominem te esse memento! Memento mori!” ie “Look behind you! Remember that you are but a man! Remember that you will die!”
Such reminders and exercises take part of Memento Mori—the ancient practice of reflection on mortality that goes back to Socrates, who said that the proper practice of philosophy is “about nothing else but dying and being dead.”
“Let us prepare our minds as if we’d come to the very end of life. Let us postpone nothing. Let us balance life’s books each day. … The one who puts the finishing touches on their life each day is never short of time.”
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A spaceship crash is, for once, cause for celebration. The Dart (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) mission Tuesday marked humanity’s first attempt to move an asteroid in space.
scientists in POT and Johns Hopkins University cheered and hugged Tuesday after the vending-machine-sized Dart successfully collided with Dimorphos, a football-field-sized asteroid that posed no risk to Earth.
Online viewers and astrophiles also had a field day. A Twitter user created an account with the username “DART the asteroid slayer”, and tweeted: “I’m about to ruin this asteroid’s entire career.” And then: “THIS IS FOR THE DINOSAURS.”
There were many other jokes about the revenge of the dinosaurs:
Others mocked the spaceship’s self-destruction:
“No, this is not the plot of a movie,” NASA Administrator Bill Nelson said in Twitter on Monday, acknowledging the mission’s fictional background as a sci-fi movie trope. Instead of blowing up Dimorphos, the agency’s goal was for the collision to deflect it, a technique known as kinetic impact.
The researchers now want to confirm that the impact has altered the asteroid’s orbit. NASA expects Dimorphos’s orbit around a larger asteroid, Didymos, which is 780 meters in diameter, to have shortened by about 1%, or about 10 minutes.
The successful planetary defense demonstration was visible from Earth, including from the South African Astronomical Observatory and ATLAS (the Terrestrial-impact Asteroid Last Warning System) in Hawaii.
Dart launched last November and has spent the last 10 months flying in space.
Peter Kalmusa NASA climate scientist, he pointed “It’s great that NASA is testing the ability to deflect an asteroid or comet if necessary,” but unlike the movie Don’t Look Up, “the real, clear and present danger to humanity is, of course, the decomposition of the Earth by burning fossil fuels”.
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Profile updated on 25 January 2023
Pacific chub mackerel, chub mackerel, macarela
Pacific chub mackerel has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution (Froese and Pauly 2019). In the Northeast Pacific, the distribution spreads from Southeastern Alaska to Mexico, including the Gulf of California (Crone et al. 2019). Originally, biological samplings of physical characteristics determined that five populations were occurring: California and British Columbia, northern Baja California, central Baja California, the Cape San Lucas region, and the Gulf of California (Roedel 1952, at (Hernández et al. 2000)). Another study found only two stocks, from southern California to Vizcaíno Bay and the other for the entire Gulf of California, overlapping at Magdalena Bay (Gluyas-Millán and Quiñonez-Velázquez 1996). Three spawning aggregations exist: one in the Gulf of California and two in Baja California, one of which extends to Southern California and is exploited by the US and Mexico (Crone et al. 2019). A northwards migration to feeding waters off the coast of Oregon and Washington states and a southwards return to spawning areas off the coast of Southern and Baja California connect fisheries in both countries (Crone et al. 2019).
Therefore, Mexico and the US share a population (spawning aggregation) of mackerel, but information from the Mexican side is scarce, whereas the US performs assessments on it every two years (Hill and Zwolinski 2021).


Why? by Lila Prap
Why? is an interactive nonfiction picture book about animals that is fun. It also works as a read-a-loud (tested on the Darling Nephew, age 2, and Darling Niece, age 5 1/2); because of the scientific information, it would also be fun to use with older kids.
Each page has a picture of an animal, a question about that animal, silly answers and a real answer.
The layout of each page includes a picture of the animal, bordered by the question and silly answers; the questions and answers are in different fonts, which adds to the silliness. The real answer has a star.
An example: "Why do crocodiles cry?" "They're spoiled." "They cry when they're sleepy." "They're afraid of water." "Because nobody wants to play with them." And then, the real answer: "Crocodiles are not sad, and they don't really cry, but they do like to lie in the sun. Their eyes can dry out when they are not in the water, and the tears help to keep their eyes wet and comfortable."
When reading this with test kids DN & DN, it was fun to be as silly as possible with the answers. I'd read the answers as if I were asking them if it was right or not: "Is it because they cry when they're sleep?" and the DNs would answer "No". And then I'd ask them for their silly answers. And then we'd read the real answer.
The endpages add another element, which it took me a while to discover (meaning, I've had this book months and realized it today). They contain a mix of animals and question marks. At first, it looks like they are repeating the animals found within the book... but when you look closer, some of the animals are silly hybrids. For example, hidden between a whale and a zebra is a "snakamel", a snake with a camel's head.
I love books like this that make science fun; I also like that it almost demands conversation between the reader and the listener, so that the listener is involved; they're not passive.
Originally published in Slovenia in 2003.
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