Potential fire behaviour indicates how a fire would evolve under certain conditions determined by weather, terrain and fuel type in case there is a sustained ignition. Potential fire behaviour provides more comprehensive information on how dangerous a fire can become than a fire weather index as it also includes the type of vegetation and the terrain characteristics at each site.
What is Potential Fire Behaviour used for?
Potential Fire Behaviour can be used for a variety of purposes such as:
- Planning of staffing and alert levels
- Identify areas with dangerous potential fire behaviour and plan fuel reduction measures
- Planning of prescribed burns for fuel management
- Assessment of general risk exposure e.g. for insurance premiums.
- Analysis of Potential Fire Behavior is part of integrated threat analysis used to prioritize management ressources.
How is potential fire behaviour implemented at firemaps.net?
At firemaps.net, we usually calculate potential fire behaviour daily for a 3 pm situation, which is when fire activity in many locations is highest. Potential fire behaviour is calculated based on weather forecast data, fuel information and terrain for four days in advance. We use a fire behaviour model that is adapted to local conditions. The original model has initially been developed in Canada but is now widely used worldwide. By default, potential fire intensity is displayed on the map, color coded to indicate low to high potential fire intensity.
For integrated threat analysis, longer time series of climate data are used to identify high risk areas. This approach can also integrate projections of climate change.
We also field-test our fire intensity models to check their validity on the ground. Below you see an image of a field test in a savanna landscape using radiometers to measure the heat release and characterize the fire from 6 m high poles.


The Food and Safety team are automatically informed of cases of food- borne illness which have been diagnosed by a GP or a hospital. You do not need to notify us.
Officers will normally then contact and/or arrange to visit the sufferer to ask them some questions about their illness, what they have eaten and so on. The aims of this are to try and find out the source of the infection and also to prevent the spread of the infection to others.
For more information on food poisoning the NHS website can provide up to date help and advise.
Information on common types of food-borne illness:
- E.coli O157 leaflet 1
- E.coli O157 leaflet 2
- Shigella (Shigellosis)
- Viral gastroenteritis
Public Health England (PHE)
The PHE's role is to protect and improve the nation's health and well being.
Food Standards Agency (FSA)
The Food Standards Agency's consumer advice and information site, packed with reliable and practical advice about healthy eating, understanding food labels and how what we eat can affect our health.
Please contact us if you wish to report illnesses connected with food.
Make a Food Safety Complaint


Lilly Ledbetter Act
Also known as: Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act
Signed into law by Barack Obama
January 29, 2009
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark piece of civil rights legislation that outlawed major forms of discrimination based on, among other things, gender. In most cases, claims under Title VII have a 180 day statute of limitations. This means that individual claiming discrimination under Title VII have only 180 days to file a claim. This had a very detrimental effect on employees who wanted to bring claims for unequal pay. Essentially, the Supreme Court interpreted this statute of limitations to mean that an employee – typically a female – could not bring a claim for unequal pay if the initial decision about the unequal pay (usually at the time of hire) occurred more than 180 days earlier.
The Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act amended Title VII so that the statute of limitations begins at the date of the most recent paycheck and not at the time the employee was initially hired.
Enforcement & Remedies
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is the first step in enforcing Title VII. An employee who believes that he or she has been discriminated against in violation of Title VII must first pursue his or her claims with the EEOC. After pursuing a Title VII claim with the EEOC, the employee may file a civil lawsuit against the employer. Remedies available to an employee who is discriminated against in violation of the Title VII include back pay, compensatory damages, and punitive damages. Title VII sets caps on the amount of compensatory and punitive damages which vary by the size of the employer.


From the discovery of electricity and Morse code, to fibre optics and future technology, our award-winning museum combines the wonder of science with amazing histories and tales of human endeavour from around the globe, right here where the story of communications began.
From its construction in 1904, Eastern House was at the heart of the Porthcurno telegraph station site. After World War Two the building was refurbished, extended, and opened as a training school. In 1970, exactly 100 years after the arrival of the first cable, the telegraph station closed, but the training school remained open until 1993.
Today Eastern House forms a major part of the PK Porthcurno experience. Its spacious gallery houses a series of interactive exhibits and displays which illustrate the story of our communications revolution, while in our demonstration zone staff discuss and demonstrate some of the museum’s original working equipment.
Secret World War Two Bunker
Go underground and explore the top-secret bunker that hid the Porthcurno Telegraph Station in World War Two, where Allied communications were protected by armed guards and bomb-proof doors.
Find out how the war transformed the valley and the lives of the people who lived and worked here. Come and see the unexploded bomb that fell on a Porthcurno farm and hear stories of the Cable and Wireless staff who worked at Porthcurno and at cable stations around the world. Find out about the daring work needed to keep cableships operating and discover the important role telegrams played in the war.
Our Grade II listed underground telegraphy station includes an automated relay system and wireless room, and a door to the bunker’s secret escape tunnel – 120 steps hewn through solid granite, built in case the telegraph station was invaded by enemy forces.
The Cable Hut
Please note: The Cable Hut’s doors are closed for the winter season
The Cable Hut stands just above the sandy beach at Porthcurno. Built-in 1929, this modest little building is where undersea telegraph cables came ashore from all corners of the world.
The Cable Hut is the only one of its kind complete with original features and fittings and contains the largest collection of historic telegraph cables and termination boxes in the world.
Enjoy one of our expert talks when museum staff explain and demonstrate some of the museum’s original working equipment.


Afrikaans and Sindhi as Minority Language
In Afrikaans and Sindhi speaking countries you will get the countries which have Afrikaans and Sindhi as minority language. The language which is spoken by minority of population in the country is called as minority language.
- Afrikaans as minority language: Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
- Sindhi as minority language: Not spoken in any of the countries.
If you want to compare Afrikaans and Sindhi dialects, then you can go to Afrikaans vs Sindhi Dialects. Some of the official languages are also considered as minority languages.
Afrikaans and Sindhi Regulators
Afrikaans and Sindhi speaking countries provide you Afrikaans and Sindhi regulators which are the official organizations that regulate them. Die Taalkommissie, National Languages Committee regulates Afrikaans language.Sindhi is regulated by National Council For Promotion Of Sindhi Language, Sindhi Language Authority. Also get to learn, Afrikaans and Sindhi Language History.
Afrikaans and Sindhi Continents
Thinking about Afrikaans and Sindhi continents in which Afrikaans and Sindhi speaking countries are present. Check out more information on Afrikaans and Sindhi. Most of the Afrikaans speaking countries lie in Africa. While Sindhi speaking countries lie in Asia. Continentwise, most of the languages belong to Asian Languages and African Languages. It's always fun to know about interesting facts of any language, so lets discuss about unknown facts of Afrikaans and Sindhi languages:
Afrikaans Interesting Facts:
- Afrikaans Language is a mixture of English, Dutch, German, French and some South African language like Xhosa.
- Afrikaans Language lacks case and gender distinctions.
Sindhi Interesting Facts:
- The first writings of Sindhi language were found in 8th century CE.
- In Sindhi language, every woord ends in a vowel.
The Afrikaans language was derived from Dutch Language and is similar to Dutch Language whereas Afrikaans language is similar to Gujarati and derived from Prakrit Language.


This week in AP Music Theory:
1. MHSAMTh.1 Sight Singing Next Test: Friday, November 20th.
Prepared: #41 thru #43
Unprepared: Mostly Conjunct motion, Diatonic Triad Leaps and Major Keys
NEXT TEST: Thursday, November 19th. Part-writing in Root Position and 1st Inversion.
Chapters 5 and 6.
2. Homework: MHSAMTh.4 and MHSAMTh.8b Compositional and arranging based worksheets out of the Kostka and Payne Workbook. Adding Tenor and Alto parts to a 40-voice texture in the style of the common practice period.
3. New Skill Concepts below:
In Root Position: Double the root (the bass)
In First Inversion: Double anything BUT the leading tone
In Second Inversion: Double the fifth (the bass)
For final triad: You may Triple the root and have one third (omit the 5th)
In Root Position: You may double the root and omit the 5th.
In any other inversion: All chord tones must be present.
1. No Parallel P5, P8, or P1
2. Avoid Direct 5ths, 8ves, and Unisons
3. Observe all spacing rules: No more than an octave between adjacent upper voices
4. Avoid Voice Crossing and Voice Overlap
Leave a Reply.


As the deaths mount from the deadly earthquakes in India one question rising is how the nations could have possibly built safe infratsructure for a such a quickly growing population.
The answer is they could not.
That growth, which happened because elites exploit population growth for cheap labor, constant consumers, and a growing tax base, set the stage for the deaths. They and the United Nations took a hands off approach in the face of pronatalism and patriarchy literally killing women because they made money from it.
The count will grow.
It was the job of the United Nations to stop unsustainable growth and the ways it drives the climate crisis and inequity because that culture of growth blocks families from having and raising kids in compliance with the Children’s Rights Convention, and large families in the past violate the right of future parents from having children in safe ecological conditions.
The Secretary General did not do his job, but supported elites, and people like his son benefitted – with a privileged life while other children suffer and die.
Because no nation has properly adhered to its obligations in this regard through just and sustainable family policies, a fact evidenced by the climate crisis, we cannot assume we operate from a place of legitimacy. Instead of preparing children for meaningful roles in their democracies, the world has historically treated children as inputs of economic growth, or as bodies to expand undemocratic political structures like those in Syria, Turkey and Russia.
In other words, to properly assess costs and benefits we have to first become groups of people capable of doing so in a way that is actually inclusive and reflective of the group constituents. This is simply the ideal of the “we,” in “We the People.” The ideal political we, meaning fundamental power relations defined by the goals of the Children’s Convention, is the primary baseline. We cannot think of, or describe, an ecological outcome that is not first contingent upon family planning outcomes, on at least five levels.
It’s time his son pay what he owes to ensure all children a Fair Start in life. Urge him to do so.


In many rural areas of Africa, livestock farming, particularly cow rearing, offers a promising income-generating opportunity for farmers. The cows provide a steady supply of milk, which can be sold to a local dairy for profit.
- Subsistence farmers in rural Uganda struggle to grow enough crops to feed their children or have surplus to sell at a local market for profit.
- Poverty means daily hunger; child malnutrition; lack of access to clean water, shelter, and healthcare; little or no opportunity to go to school or learn a trade; constant fear for the future; and increased risk of exploitation and abuse.
MPA’s Cow Program trains farmers to help each other in agricultural best practices. Once their “investment” is complete, the family receives a pregnant cow. When the calf is born, the cow produces 18-24 liters of milk each day, enough to feed the family and sell the extra. This extra income is invested in education for the children, increasing savings, and improving the farm. The family pays off the living loan by passing on the first on year old female calf to the next qualified farmer.
Cows funded and passed on
Report savings of $50+
Report daily income of $2-5 from milk sales
See improved school attendance for their kids
Since 2009, MPA has funded over 1,900 original cows as living loans
Our Cow Program Heroes
Kintu, a resident of Buwunga sub-county in Masaka district, has been a beneficiary of the Cow …
Pauline Namuli attributes her happy life to the MPA Cow Project. Pauline Namuli and seven other …
In 2018, Lukongwa joined the Cow Program. He participated in various training and activities which …
Jospeh & Florence Mbaziira
“I have a passion and so much love for my cow and I promised to take good care of it because the …


Tue, December 11, 2018
1:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Join By Dr. Shelly Wiggam of Kansas State University in this webinar to learn about her research that examines native pollinator responses to rangeland management practices in the Central Great Plains, including patch-burn grazing – a management practice that strives to effectively mimic pyric herbivory. The findings of this research indicate that patch-burn grazing has significant potential to restore one of North America’s most endangered groups of wildlife – grassland pollinators – with one of its most dominant land-use enterprises – cattle grazing.
Fire created and maintains grassland ecosystems around the world, with the pattern and processes in these systems maintained by fire driven grazing – an ecological process called pyric herbivory. Pyric herbivory creates a patchwork of habitat types across space and time at local, regional, and continental scales, with each patch in a different state of post fire and grazing recovery. This diverse and shifting mosaic of habitat is what native wildlife in grassland ecosystems evolved with, and most wildlife species in these systems depend on more than one type of habitat to complete their life cycles.
Rangelands are the last stronghold for native wildlife in North America, with grassland prairies, savannas, steppes, and open woodlands making up the majority of these rangelands. However, conventional rangeland management practices in the United States strive for uniform animal distribution and forage utilization, which in turn selects for uniformity in habitat structure and plant species composition across vast landscapes. This uniformity in habitat across both space and time is in direct contrast to the patterns and processes of patchy habitat that wildlife evolved with in these rangeland systems.


[ Half-plate ambrotype, 1863 ] The grave of Thomas Henry Johns, who was born in 1836 in England. Around 1860, Thomas, his two brothers and their wives came over to the US and soon started working as miners at the Minesota (correct spelling) copper mine in Rockland, Michigan.
In August of 1863, Thomas died after falling down a mine shaft… (you can make out the word “accidental(ly)” on his grave marker); his wife Ellen was about 5-6 months pregnant at the time, and went back to their hometown of Breage, England almost immediately after Thomas’s burial, where she gave birth to Thomas, Jr., and died 56 years later having never remarried.
In 1863, Rockland wasn’t even an official town yet, it was just a few settlements of about 80 houses set up by the Minesota Mining Company for the miners and their families.. you can see some of the homes in the background. In 1864 the three settlements were consolidated into Rockland.
I’ve had this ambrotype for years but have never been able to find the exact location of Thomas’s grave.. just that it’s somewhere in the hills around the mine. It looks like it was made of wood, so there’s a good chance that all trace of it is gone now; pics I have seen of the area where the mine was shows mostly overgrown woods where the mine was (https://www.mindat.org/loc-16394.html).
I found this early pic online labeled Minesota mine.. the big white building looks like it might be the same seen in my ambrotype.
Thanatos Archive membership info at: http://www.thanatos.net/membership


Traditional passenger trains have almost become sort of a novelty in today’s society. With the invention of airplanes and the modern passenger vehicle, trains have taken a back seat in transporting people from place to place. But trains are still one of the nation’s most important avenues of transporting goods between cities and states. With such frequent use the safety of the U.S. rail lines and the trains that use them continues to be of the utmost importance.
44 people were injured when two trains collided head-on along the Arkansas & Missouri Railroad. The passengers were on a sightseeing excursion when their train stalled on the track for an as yet unknown reason. The railway accident occurred when a second train, which was sent to help the stalled train, failed to stop in time to avoid the first train.
Although the train’s brakes were applied prior to the collision the train was traveling faster than the 20 mile per hour safe limit. Of the 44 injured passengers one remains in critical condition while most have been released. Officials have started their investigation into the crash and are expected to spend 4-6 days figuring out why the crash occurred.
Determining negligence can be a long and arduous process, especially in cases where facts can be interpreted in different ways by similarly situated individuals. In the current case the second train was travelling at 28 miles per hour at the time the breaks were applied. While that is over the 20 mile per hour “safe speed,” it is well below the 35 mile per hour max speed of the track, and the facts don’t reveal how far away the breaks were applied and if this was a safe distance. In situations such as this courts will not only apply the “reasonable person,” standard, but will also look for adherence to industry standards, procedures and policy.
Source: 5News, “NTSB: Train Was Traveling At 25 Miles Per Hour At Time Of Impact,” Curt Lanning, Oct. 17, 2014


Many dietitians across the globe focus specifically on advising folks on how to eat in ways that are healthy for them. However, dietitians in the UK are joining a burgeoning movement of food leaders in recognizing the impact of what we eat on the world around us. Specifically, the environmental impacts via carbon emissions through food processes across the industry.
Global agriculture is responsible for approximately 24 percent of the world’s carbon emissions. Scientists estimate that if the world adopted a plant based diet, it could lead to a near 70 percent reduction in emissions. In order to reduce the damage moving forward, the British Dietetic Association (BDA) has released a new policy encouraging meat reduction and the incorporation of more plant based alternatives.
The new policy reads:
“The BDA believes the profession should be leading discussions on how our food behaviours can affect both health and the environment…
“Health and sustainability can go hand in hand and there are a great many win-wins that can be achieved, and dietitians are in a strong position to combine healthy eating messages and sustainable diet advice, and support consumers to take action.”
This policy is a big step forward, particularly in a culture where food is given out everywhere but food information is scarce.
The BDA will be introducing this new policy to its team next year. With this, more people will have access to the intersectional knowledge about the impacts of our food choice. And with this knowledge, more people may be inclined to choose food with compassion and not convenience.


The end of November is quickly approaching. We know that the students are starting to get restless. Give your student a new challenge by starting a project that ties into Thanksgiving.
Grocery Store Challenge
Thanksgiving can be a costly meal for most families. Help your elementary school students understand the cost of groceries and the importance of nutrition with this engaging project. The students are given the challenge of planning a days worth of food for a family of five. Use this activity to help the students reflect and give thanks for their Thanksgiving meal. This project covers 4th and 5th grade math Common Core standards. It is packed full of resources and includes an introduction video.
New World Survival Handbook
The “First Thanksgiving” in 1621 celebrated the pilgrims first harvest. Help students better understand the celebration by having them explore the challenges and difficulties faced by the early American colonists when settling in the “New World.” In teams, students will create a survival guide, which could have been of use to American colonists at the time. The project covers English Language Arts Common Core standards in 8th grade and meets Social Science standards around the American Colonists. This project results in a wonderful book that students can share with friends and peers. This project is also available on Edmodo.
Thanksgiving is often a day of indulgent calorie intake. One day every so often is fine. However, with adolescent obesity on the rise (according to the CDC), it is important for students to know what they are consuming. In Calorie Cruncher, students will use real world authentic calorie data from common foods, popular fast food restaurants and also will use calorie burning measurements in a variety of activities. Students will look at meals and exercise in a completely different way as they help a cast of characters make dietary choices, plan meals and choose physical activities to remain fit. This project meets Common Core math standards at the 6th and 7th grade level.


Forest officials want volunteers to help crack down on gold panning in San Gabriel Mountains
If you've ever visited the San Gabriel River in the mountains north of Azusa, you've probably seen folks standing ankle deep in the water panning for gold.
You're not supposed to do it, but there hasn't been much enforcement.
Now the U.S. Forest Service wants to crack down on gold prospectors. Since 2014, this area has been part a national monument and that means increased environmental protections.
The new plan for the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument says “mineral collection for non-commercial personal uses is not suitable.”
That prohibition covers activity within the monument's 340,000 or so acres.
Mining is allowed if you hold a claim. But forest officials say those existing mining claims exist in less than 2,000 acres of the monument. For the most part, according to the management plan, those mining operations don't disturb the ground.
So what about recreational miners?
It was already illegal before the national monument designation. But enthusiasts worried from the start that authorities would start enforcing the rule. The new plan notes that the people did speak about the "value in recreational gold panning" during public comments.
The next sentence: "An additional plan standard and a revised suitability of lands table updated the Monument Plan to emphasize that prospecting, including recreational gold panning and mineral collecting are prohibited activities."
The new plan calls for coordination between local, state and federal agencies to enforce the rules. One way they believe they can do that is to "develop partnerships with local volunteer groups to document illegal mining activities."
They also want to educate visitors about the ecological damage of illegal mining. The forest service says it wants to protect habitat for threatened species like the yellow-legged frog and fish called the Santa Ana sucker.
The area has a rich Gold Rush history, and there are still remnants of those days. From the management plan:It remains to be seen how lawless gold prospecting remains in the monument. The designation did not include additional resources for enforcement and the plan appears to rely on existing relationships and volunteers.
If you want to share your thoughts on the final version of this plan, the public has the next 45 days to comment.
Here are the details:


In 2009, following a three year investigation, Greenpeace published a report that revealed the cattle sector’s role as the key driver of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. The campaign tracked leather, beef, and other cattle products produced by ranches involved in illegal deforestation as they made their way to processing plants, manufacturers, and ultimately consumers.
The report highlighted the need to end deforestation in the Amazon for cattle and the importance of having people, industry, and governments work together to implement a global solution that protects tropical forests to mitigate the effects of climate change.
“Greenpeace published a report that revealed the cattle sector’s role as the key driver of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon”
At the time of publication there was widespread press coverage of the report – including a front page article in the Guardian, and big editorials in the FT and the Telegraph. The story was covered globally, with major reports in newspapers from Germany to Indonesia and Pakistan, and everywhere in between.
Through this campaign, Greenpeace leveraged change by targeting brands that use Brazilian beef or leather in their products; the major successes came when Greenpeace targeted global footwear brands who then in turn raised awareness of the issue within the supply chain through their involvement with the Leather Working Group (LWG).


The General Assembly is Maryland's legislative body and enacts Maryland laws. The General Assembly consists of the Senate and the House of Delegates. Maryland has 47 districts, represented by 47 Senators and 141 Delegates, each serving a 4 year term of office.
- The laws enacted by the General Assembly are statutes. Learn more about finding statutes.
- A bill is a proposed law under considered by the legislature. If a bill originates in the House of Delegates, the bill number will start with an "HB." If the bill originated in the Senate, the number will start with "SB."
- Sponsors are the representatives (senators and/or delegates) who signed the bill and promoted it during the General Assembly session when the bill was considered. Sponsors are listed at the top of each bill.
The Maryland General Assembly's website has various resources that will help you understand the legislative process as well as learn about current legislation.
Legislative history is the record of what happened during the making of a law. It includes the:
- different drafts of the law before the final version;
- Floor debates;
- History (who proposed amendments and what happened);
- Testimony from any hearings.
To find legislative history, you must first understand the legislative process. The next step is to figure out where to look for materials. A good place to start is with the original bill. If the bill is from 1996 to the present, then a good place to look is the General Assembly's website. Depending on the bill, the website may have a variety of related documents, including amendments to bills as well as legislative history materials, such as Fiscal and Policy Notes.
- Maryland - The Maryland Thurgood Marshall State Law Library's website has detailed research guides on Maryland legislative history.
- Federal - The Law Library of Congress's website has detailed information on how to find federal legislative history.


Coins are so versatile and easy to handle that they have long been the most widely used form of money in the world. However, they are also documents that reveal information about themselves, and are therefore essential to knowing our own history. Inspecting a coin tells us how much it is worth, the authority that issued it, the moment it was made, and the mint where it was struck.
The real de a ocho or “piece of eight” is an excellent example. The obverse of a "piece of eight” of Charles III bears the likeness of the king who ordered it minted. This image is encircled by an inscription that gives his name (Carolus) and the year it was struck (1780). On the reverse we find its value, eight reales, indicated by the number 8 and the letter R, and the mint where it was made, Mexico City, represented by a capital M with an O on top.
Present-day coins provide similar information. For instance, if we analyse a one-euro coin, we learn that it was issued by King Juan Carlos I, whose effigy appears in the middle of the obverse side. In the centre of the coin is the mark of the Madrid mint, a capital M with a crown above. Below we find the date of issue, the year 2001. Further to the right, the reverse is almost entirely occupied by the coin’s value, in this case a number 1 on the left side, and the word EURO on the right, engraved on a map of Europe.


Every child and young person has opportunity to access Occupational Therapy (OT) as part of their curriculum.
Endeavour Academy has a full time Occupational Therapist, a part time Senior Occupational Therapist and a part time Occupational Therapy Assistant who work together in order to provide programmes of support for Endeavour pupils. Those programmes enable our pupils to learn strategies to be at the calm/alert state in which they can be at their best to learn. Children and Young People with autism have a range of difficulties that impact on their participation in activities at home, at school and in the community. These difficulties can include sensory processing and motor skills.
Occupational Therapy can support children and young people with autism to participate in activities more independently. This may be done by adapting the task or the environment or by using specific activities to improve the difficulties experienced. OTs also work with school staff and parents so that they can join in with the same programme and help their children to achieve independence.
The OTs also regularly link and work alongside the NHS, Social Care and Housing OT colleges to gain the best outcomes for our students.
Examples of Occupational Therapy at Endeavour include:
- Modulating arousal levels
- Managing anxiety
- Managing sensory seeking/avoiding behaviours
- Planning and organisation
- Increasing attention span
- Increasing time spent sitting for activities
- Taking part in a wider range of school activities
- Eating and drinking (increasing tolerance of new foods; using cutlery and cups)
- Self-care skills (washing, brushing teeth, brushing hair, dressing, using toilet)
- Accessing the community through school outings and visits.D
- Developing handwriting
Guide for parents and carers from Falkirk Council - Making Sense of Sensory Behaviours.
Example of a Sensory Ladder - used by the Occupational Therapist at Endeavour Academy
This video explains Sensory Processing Disorders from a child's point of view


Bring on the full-fat yogurt and coffee with cream!
In an effort to study how diet affects long-term weight gain, researchers have spent the past 16 years analyzing the diets of 120,000 men and women in three separate long-term studies. The researchers' efforts were recently published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, where they revealed a number of noteworthy discoveries: Diets rich in red and processed meats were heavily linked with weight gain. Eating more yogurt, seafood, nuts and skinless chicken, on the other hand, is most closely associated with maintaining a healthy body weight.
But for cheese addicts, the most exciting finding may be what the group discovered about dairy: Full fat cheese and whole and low-fat milk didn't appear to tip the scale in either direction. In other words, contrary to popular belief, milk fat doesn't lead to long-term weight gain.
What's more, the finding suggests that eating cheesein its full fat form could be better for your waistline than low-fat versions. Researchers at Tufts University found that when people stuck to low-fat dairy products, they actually ingested more carbohydrates -- a habit that, long term, could lead to weight gain. "This suggests that people compensate, over years, for the lower calories in low-fat dairy by increasing their carb intake," said Jessica Smith, Ph.D., one of the study's leads.
While this news does give dairy enthusiasts a reason to celebrate, it should not be taken as permission to subsist on an all-cheese diet. Cheese tends to be high in saturated fat and cholesterol, both of which can increase a person's risk for heart disease and stroke. Many kinds of cheese are high in sodium, too. Salt-laden diets are associated with kidney trouble, hypertension and digestive diseases.
Moral of the story? Eat your cheese in moderation -- but don't worry too much about your waistline.


Culture shock can be quite traumatic for anyone! Those who have traveled abroad know that each and every culture, although interesting, brings an element of shock to any foreigner. So imagine the effect Halloween could have on a child who has never experienced such a holiday.
Following are some tips on how to help your child enjoy Halloween celebrations:
- Reinforce that this is a time of make-believe, imagination, and play. For some, learning what is real and what is pretend is a little bit hard – especially when there is a language barrier. Be intentional about letting your child know that the stories shared in school, the make-up and costumes, and especially the gory-looking and sounding things are all pretend things and intended for laughing and for fun.
- Consider storybook characters rather than ghosts and witches. Helping your child dress up as Cinderella or the Steadfast Tin Soldier rather than a scary monster might be advantageous to them and you. It will also help to reinforce the fact that the entire day is filled with multiple make-believe activities.
- Decorate for FALL rather than for Halloween. Avoid spider webs and skeletons and instead carve pumpkins with different patterns, gather autumn leaves, and decorate with beautifully colored candles. Let Halloween just be one day of the month, with the rest of your focus being on the colorful changing season.
- Invite your child to talk about everything. He’ll hear scary stories at school and see a bowl full of grapes described as eyeballs. That is bound to happen. Be extra vigilant to encourage discussion at this time of year so you can dispel scary myths and still encourage imagination.
Enjoy your Halloween with your sweet new addition to your family! Make the celebration enjoyable by ridding your home of scary and filling it with sweet!


The priestly blessing of Aaron to the children of Israel, as recorded in Numbers 6:24–26 says:
The Lord bless thee, and keep thee: The Lord make his face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee: The Lord lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace. (emphasis added)
This scripture is very similar to 3 Nephi 19:25 which says:
Jesus blessed them as they did pray unto him; and his countenance did smile upon them, and the light of his countenance did shine upon them. (emphasis added)
The key difference between the two is the word “shine” in the Bible, and “smile” in the Book of Mormon. Evidence Central explains:
The New American Bible has a footnote to Numbers 6:25 which indicates that the expression “let his face shine” is “a Hebrew idiom for ‘smile.’” Additionally, biblical scholar M. I. Gruber has explained that the phrase in verse 26, “lift up his countenance,” should be rendered idiomatically as “smile.” With this in mind, the statement that Jesus’ countenance “did smile” upon the people in 3 Nephi 19:25 is a very appropriate expression of the Hebrew idiom found in Numbers 6:25–26.
The English word smile doesn’t show up in the King James Version of the Bible. And yet here it is in 3 Nephi 19, being used in a way that appropriately expresses the underlying Hebrew idiom from Numbers 6:24–25, a passage which is clearly being alluded to, based on both wording and context. Not only is this allusion textually appropriate, but its presence strongly suggests that whoever authored it was familiar with the underlying Hebrew idiom in Numbers 6.– Evidence Central – Book of Mormon Evidence: Christ’s Priestly Blessing
Where would Joseph have learned this? Why did he not ensure someone noticed these small details as evidence that the book was true?


Scattered across prairielands, hidden in forests or left to rot in the middle of cities, America is full of ghost towns and abandoned buildings. Some might find these sites creepy, but from mining towns to abandoned farmsteads to forgotten roadside stops, these places stand frozen in time, a reminder of America's past.
(MORE: Modern Ruins of Abandoned Detroit)
During the Gold Rush, mining towns sprung up quickly wherever gold and silver were discovered, like Nevada’s town of Rhyolite and St. Elmo in Colorado. But these towns fell apart just as quickly as they were built when the mines were depleted. In the early 20th century, railroads lured settlers to homesteads in states like North Dakota with promises that the rain would follow the plow, according to National Geographic. But, when this failed to be true, these new towns and farms were quickly abandoned and forgotten, left to decay in the fields.
Hospitals, bridges, and even automobiles have similarly been left to decay once they outlived their purpose. In Iowa, a bridge that carried traffic over the river for 50 years was abandoned when the county re-channeled the river and rerouted the road. Meanwhile, a South Carolina forest has become a train graveyard, full of more than 70 rusting trains, and even a broken bus from New York City.
(MORE: 12 Abandoned Ghost Towns Around the World)
Today, many of these abandoned buildings are crumbling in ruins. It doesn’t take long for nature to overtake structures that have been left exposed to the elements. In his bestselling book, The World Without Us, Alan Weisman wrote that structures crumble when weather does un-repaired damage and other life forms, such as insects, birds or mice, create new habitats in the rubble. To combat this natural decay, some ghost towns and historical abandoned buildings have been restored, preserved or turned into museums, like one of the flour mills in Minneapolis.
Here, we tour 50 abandoned towns, factories, bridges and lighthouses that can be found in each of the 50 states of America.
(For More Travel, Follow Us On Facebook)


Many individuals live with osteoporosis, but some people don’t realize they have it until the problem has become more severe. Let’s learn more about what osteoporosis is, the common signs of this condition, how a person is diagnosed, and treatment options.
What Is Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a condition that causes bones to become weak and brittle. If you have severe osteoporosis, your bones can become so brittle that specific stressors like bending over or coughing can cause a fracture.
Bones are living tissue that is constantly broken down and replaced. For people with osteoporosis, their new bone cannot keep up with the loss of the old bone.
Signs of Osteoporosis
The early stages of osteoporosis generally do not present any symptoms. But once the bones have become weak, there are some signs and symptoms you might notice, including:
- Back pain that is typically caused by a fracture or collapsed vertebra
- Loss of height over time
- Bones that break more easily than the average person
- A stooped posture
Diagnosis and Treatment
If you believe you have osteoporosis, it’s important to consult a specialized physician or your primary care provider. A physician can provide you with a proper diagnosis and an effective treatment plan.
Treatment options depend on a person’s estimated risk of breaking a bone over the next 10 years. For individuals with a low risk of breaking a bone, the best recommendation may be to modify risk factors for bone loss and falls. For those with a higher risk, some treatment options may include bone-building medications.
If you or your loved one is living with the symptoms of osteoporosis, take steps to get treatment. Schedule a visit with your primary care provider today.


A reaper is a farm implement or person that reaps (cuts and often also gathers) crops at harvest when they are ripe. Usually the crop involved is a cereal grass. The first documented reaping machines were Gallic reapers that were used in Roman times in what would become modern-day France. The Gallic reaper involved a comb which collected the heads, with an operator knocking the grain into a box for later threshing.
Most modern mechanical reapers cut grass; most also gather it, either by windrowing or picking it up. Modern machines that not only cut and gather the grass but also thresh its seeds (the grain), winnow the grain, and deliver it to a truck or wagon, called combine harvesters or simply combines, which are the engineering descendants of earlier reapers.
Hay is harvested somewhat differently from grain; in modern haymaking, the machine that cuts the grass is called a hay mower or, if integrated with a conditioner, a mower-conditioner. As a manual task, cutting of both grain and hay may be called reaping, involving scythes, sickles, and cradles, followed by differing downstream steps. Traditionally all such cutting could be called reaping, although a distinction between reaping of grain grasses and mowing of hay grasses has long existed; it was only after a decade of attempts at combined grain reaper/hay mower machines (1830s to 1840s) that designers of mechanical implements began resigning them to separate classes.
Mechanical reapers substantially changed agriculture from their appearance in the 1830s until the 1860s through 1880s, when they evolved into related machines, often called by different names (self-raking reaper, harvester, reaper-binder, grain binder, binder), that collected and bound the sheaves of grain with wire or twine.


Table is an immutable 2-dimensional Map, containing row keys and column keys, where a combination of a row and column key can contain one value.
When to use
The Table structure is useful in cases where there are two properties that in combination have some value. For example, a school with students needs to store a grade for each class the student takes. The school is only interested in the last grade. In this case, a Table with the student as row key, the class as column key, and the grade as value would allow easy access to all the grades.
Table<R, C, V> is built on:
RMap<R, RMap<C, V>>. So it is a Map of Maps. The
.rowMap property gives direct access to this Map, and can sometimes provide more convenient ways to access the contained data.
@rimbu/core package exports the following abstract Table TypeScript types:
|a type-variant |
|a generic |
@rimbu/core package exports the following concrete Table types:


Researchers and geologists have found an enormous cave, complete with a rushing river fed by two melting glaciers, in British Columbia’s Wells Gray Provincial Park, but they’re not sharing exactly where.
“As far as North America goes, this is a honking-big cave,” John Pollack, governor of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society, told the New York Times (paywall). Until consulting with indigenous people of the area, the researchers are calling the cave “Sarlacc’s Pit,” an homage to a creature in Star Wars that lived in the Great Pit of Carkoon and digested its prey over a thousand years .
The real-life cave was found by researchers who, while conducting a caribou census, noticed something that looked like a black hole in the countryside from their helicopter, according to the Times. They sent photos to geologist Catherine Hickson, who quietly built a team of five researchers, including Pollack. That team took a helicopter to the site, and found that the water emerges from the cave more than a mile below the opening.
But due to expected Instagram tourists and amateur climbers, the Canadian researchers don’t want to share the giant pit’s exact location, according to the Times.
When asked by Canadian Geographic about protecting the cave itself, Pollack said that wasn’t a concern.
“The thing is that this cave is truly in the middle of nowhere,” he replied. “We don’t even think it’s feasible for someone to walk in and do anything. You might be able to reach it, but you couldn’t bring in enough equipment to do anything about it.”


Orthoses (orthotic devices) are classified into classes of four body areas according to the international classification system (ICS). There are the orthotics of the lower extremities (English: Classes of lower limb orthoses), orthotics of the upper extremities (English: Classes of upper limb orthoses), Orthoses for the trunk (English: Classes of spinal orthoses) and orthotics for the head (English : Classes of head orthoses).
In the area of the respective classes, Orthoses (orthotic devices) are grouped according to their function. There are paralysis orthoses, relief orthoses and soft braces.
Under the International Standard terminology, orthoses are classified by an acronym describing the anatomical joints which they contain. For example, a knee-ankle-foot orthosis (English abbreviation: KAFO for Knee-ankle-foot orthoses) spans the knee joint, the ankle and the foot. A spinal orthosis (English abbreviation: TLSO for Thorako-lumbo-sacral orthoses) affects the thoracic spine, the lumbar spine and the sacrum. Use of the International Standard is promoted to reduce the widespread variation in description of orthoses, which is often a barrier to interpretation of research studies.
The transition from an orthosis to a prosthesis can be fluid. An example of this is compensating for a leg length discrepancy, which is equivalent to replacing a missing part of a limb. Another example is the replacement of the forefoot after a forefoot amputation. This treatment is often made from a combination of a prosthesis to replace the forefoot and an orthosis to replace the lost muscular function (orthoprosthesis).
More from Wikipedia


Surprisingly, most hospital deaths are not from heart disease or cancer but from sepsis, a severe and potentially life-threatening condition that results from an untreated or improperly treated infection. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reports that approximately 1.7 million U.S. adults develop sepsis each year with about 270,000 dying as a result. Further, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) reports U.S. hospitals have experienced a 40% increase over a seven-year time span in the rate of Medicare beneficiaries admitted with sepsis.
While sepsis can affect anyone, certain individuals are at a greater risk , such as:
- Those with compromised immune systems, which could be due to illnesses such as HIV/AIDS or cancer or taking immuno-suppressing medications, such as steroids or anti-rejection drugs taken after an organ transplant
- Young babies
- The elderly
- Those who have been recently hospitalized or have undergone major surgery
- Those with diabetes
Infections, of any kind or source, require swift diagnosis and treatment to prevent the progression to sepsis, which can be fatal or have lifelong effects such as limb amputation or organ failure.
The most common symptoms of sepsis include:
- Rapid Breathing
- Elevated Heart Rate
- Confusion and Disorientation
This list is by no means all inclusive. If you believe you have an undiagnosed infection or have an infection that is worsening or not improving, seek medical assistance promptly.
If you or a loved one has suffered from sepsis, it is important to understand your options. Contact us.


I’m a bit of a nerd when it comes to science and science fiction. My favorite TV show is Star Trek: The Next Generation. Often times science fiction can give us a glimpse into the future. What is fiction today might be the scientific innovations of tomorrow. Take for example the Star Trek replicator. A replicator can create any inanimate object, as long as the desired molecular structure is on file. Just tell the computer what you want and the replicator will make a copy for you.
The Star Trek replicator was all I could think of when I recently read a story about the Makerbot Thing-o-matic. A Thing-o-matic is basically a printer, but rather than printing with ink, the Thing-o-matic prints with melted plastic. The plastic is printed in layers, which allows the user to make 3D objects. A person can design just about anything using 3D software, feed the design into the printer and print out a copy. Once a design is created, it can be shared via the internet and someone on the other side of the planet can print out the object. This could eventually eliminate stores and shipping. You just order a file online and print out your thingy. It would be like having your own little factory.
Makerbot Industries has sold 2,600 of these printers and has an active online community that shares their designs via Thingiverse. I have a feeling that this could be the beginning of something BIG.


With solution centers covering all over the worlds, global teams of Romanian localization and project management experts, advanced technology, and an external network
including thousands of freelancers, SaigonTranslation has the resources to provide unparalleled global market expertise with comprehensive and practical local experience – Romanian translation – interpretation services.
See following information for our supported Romanian language services:
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Romanian Language Facts:
Telecommunications Romanian (Română) is an Eastern Romance language, spoken by about 28 million people, most of them in Romania, Moldova (where it is the official language) and neighbouring countries.
The Romanian territory was inhabited in ancient times by the Dacians, who spoke an Indo-European language, the Dacian language about which there is very little knowledge. There is a theory that it was fairly close to Latin, however there are no proof available to support this claim.
After the Roman conquest, Dacia was transformed in a Roman province and Vulgar Latin was used for administration and commerce. It is noteworthy that only a small portion of Dacia/Romania was conquered, most of the teritory being inhabited by the Free Dacians, populations that were never under the Roman rule. The popular theory about continiouus settlement od Dacia from Roman times seems to be fairly controversial. Further reading: Origin of Romanians.
Although we may never know much about the Dacian language, there are some words that are found only in Romanian (in all dialects), some of them have a cognate in Albanian language and these are generally thought to be inherited from Dacian, most of them being related to the pastoral life. (see: List of Dacian words) The grammar is roughly similar to that of Latin, keeping declensions and the neuter gender, unlike any other Romance language.


Over 250 suppliers have committed to using renewable energy for all Apple production by 2030, bringing the tech giant closer to an ultimately carbon-neutral supply chain.
In 2021, Apple made a public commitment to being 100 percent carbon neutral across its entire business — including the supply chain and product life cycle — by 2030. With that in mind, the company unveiled a 10-year roadmap showing a series of innovative actions to lower emissions.
Apple provided an update on its effort via a press release earlier today.
According to the Cupertino-based tech giant, over 250 global manufacturing partners are now on a path to decarbonize Apple production by 2030. Furthermore, Apple notes that the suppliers currently support over 13 gigawatts of renewable electricity — a whopping 30 percent increase within a year
“With partners around the world, we’re adding even more renewable energy to power our global supply chain and investing in next-generation green technologies,” says Apple CEO Tim Cook. “The scale of this challenge is immense — but so is our determination to meet it.”
Achieving a 100 Percent Carbon-Neutral Supply Chain
As part of its carbon-neutrality plan, Apple asked its suppliers to decarbonize Apple’s production and source 100 percent renewable energy. To meet this goal, the tech giant works closely with its manufacturing partners for clean energy and carbon reduction solutions.
These include live training through Apple’s Clean Energy Academy and free learning resources. And it’s working.
According to Apple, over 40 manufacturing partners joined its Supplier Clean Energy Program in the last year. Furthermore, the operational renewable energy across Apple’s global supply chain has expanded five times over to reach 13.7 gigawatts.
As a result, the tech giant managed to avoid roughly 17.4 million metric tons of carbon emissions in 2022. Apple says that’s equivalent to removing nearly 3.8 million cars from the road.
“Our new supplier commitments demonstrate the rapid pace of progress we’re making toward our 2030 carbon neutrality goal,” said Lisa Jackson, Apple’s vice president of Environment, Policy, and Social Initiatives. “We are taking urgent action on a global scale to unlock a greener, more innovative, and more resilient future.”
Read Apple’s press release for more details on the company’s clean energy goal.


BPA is present in most food and drinks cans.
This comprehensive Reuters article on BPA covers a lot of ground, and is an excellent read if you want to become more fully informed on the dangers BPA presents to your health.
One point that jumped out at me was the assertion that exposure to BPA from the lining of canned foods and beverages poses a far greater threat than the levels of BPA found in plastic bottles.
As the article points out, it’s not so hard to replace your existing water bottles or baby bottles with BPA-free alternatives. But it is much harder to rid your kitchen of all canned foods and canned drinks.
Here is an excerpt from the article.
"What Sprague didn't realize is that BPA, or bisphenol A, is ubiquitous. Simply put, just about anything you eat that comes out of a can -- from Campbell's Chicken Soup and SpaghettiOs to Diet Coke and BumbleBee Tuna -- contains the same exact chemical.
The exposure to BPA from canned food "is far more extensive" than from plastic bottles, said Shanna Swan, a professor and researcher at the University of Rochester in New York. "It's particularly concerning when it's lining infant formula cans.""
Read the full article here...
(Photo credit: Reuters.com)
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There are more organisms living on and inside your body than there are people on the earth. And not just a few more. Your body is teeming with a population that makes Earth’s seem sparse.
Your body hosts trillions of organisms. These microscopic organisms outnumber your human cells 10 to 1. You are vastly outnumbered. Let that sink in.
The good thing is that they are so tiny they only make up 1 to 3 percent of a person’s body mass, otherwise the human form would look like a walking colony of bacteria. It’s the stuff nightmares are made of, truly.
And it’s not just when you’re sick — your personal population includes unimaginable numbers of beneficial bacteria and microbes on any given day. In fact, your bacteria weighs in at somewhere between 2 to 9 pounds of your body weight!
Most people also carry pathogens, the types of bacteria that cause illness. However, in healthy people, the pathogens don’t cause illness and simply exist in the body with all the other microorganisms.
What Bacteria Does In Your Body
The human microbiome, as your collection of bacteria is collectively called, helps keep you alive. In fact, you could not live without them. Scientists studying bacteria of the human body discovered that the DNA of these microbes help the human body function more than human DNA.
These microbes also work to break down foods we consume and provide the body with vitamins and anti-inflammatories that the human body cannot produce on its own.
If you have children, things are a bit stickier all the way around. Like mobile living Petri dishes, kids have a knack for collecting and growing bacteria and sharing it with others. You may get sick and need antibiotics to get better.
Antibiotics will do their job of killing bacteria, however, this comes with the drawback that beneficial bacteria will also be killed off. They will eventually repopulate in a healthy person.
To keep your good bacteria thriving and keep the bad bacteria numbers low, doctors recommend frequent hand washing and overall good hygiene. You can also keep your colony healthy by using probiotic products.


William Adams (1594-1661) of Ipswich, Massachusetts, and Some of his Descendants: A History of the Ancestral Adams Lineage of Madeline (Adams) Whitehead and Descendants of John Quincy Adams of Mound City, Kansas, with Details of Related Families, Including: Dickinson, Knowlton, Leach, Locke, Burnap, Wilson, Mapes, Cochran, Whitehead, and Eaton - Revised and Expanded Second Edition - Kenneth L. Bosworth. William Adams came to Massachusetts in 1628 and settled at Ipswich sometime before 1642. This extensive new edition examines ten generations of his descendants and contains chapters on the histories of each of the related Dickinson, Knowlton, Leach, Locke, Burnap, Eliot, Wilson, Mapes, Cochran, Whitehead, and Eaton families. After the first five generations, the work focuses on the direct ancestry of Madeline Adams (born 1913), and then expands to identify most of the descendants of John Quincy Adams who was born in Boston in 1830 and was an early pioneer in Linn County, Kansas. Andrew Eliot was a juror at the witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692. The new chapter on the Eliot lineage will be of particular interest to those descendants of Quincy Adams, who married Dolly Eliot in 1800, as all will also be descendants of Andrew Eliot. The work includes a full name index and copies of many original documents: birth, death, and marriage certificates, transcripts of wills, Revolutionary and Civil War records, sketches, maps, and photographs.
(1996 revised), 2007, 8½x11, index, 218 pp.
101-B0528 ISBN: 0788405284


Designer Practice: Creating a custom clock
Step 1) Materials you’ll need
- Clock movement kit
- a custom sized piece of material for the clock body
I have been buying these supplies in bulk so my students can all have access. Teachers can purchase sets for their classrooms and share in the bulk prices. See the item on the right.
Step Two: Spend time brainstorming
This is the most important step – do not skip it! Innovative Arts students use the random idea generator (instructions here) to generate possible ideas. The full course on creativity can be found here.
Ideas to customize this project – make yours unique
Step Three: Start Assembly
Useful links for teachers:
This site holds the resources for Innovative Arts class, a class that replaced our technology class in our middle school. Students learn to create as engineers, designers, and more. At the same time, we are learning about our brains/mindsets (‘Puzzle‘), engage technology (‘Shift‘) and the creative process (‘Create‘).
New resources are being added constantly, so I send out a weekly roundup email with all of the new resources. Sign up to stay in the loop.


A mortgage is a long-term loan that a borrower obtains from a bank, thrift, independent mortgage broker, online lender, or even the property seller. The house and the land it sits on serve as collateral for the loan. The borrower signs documents at closing that give the lender a lien against the property. A lien gives the lender the power to take the home through foreclosure if the borrower doesn't make payments as agreed. Because mortgages are such large loans, consumers repay them over long periods, usually 15 to 30 years. Monthly payments gradually whittle away the principal balance, slowly at first then rapidly toward the end of the loan.
When escrow is used, a monthly mortgage payment is called a PITI payment. That's because each one covers a portion of the following four costs.
Most lenders require taxes and insurance to be paid out of escrow. Such a policy protects the lender from tax liens and uninsured losses that the borrower can't repay. Infrequently, the lender will allow a borrower to pay property taxes and insurance in lump sums when they come due. Depending on the kind of mortgage a borrower has, the monthly payment might include a separate levy for mortgage insurance.
The breakdown of each payment changes over time because mortgages are based on a repayment formula called amortization. That's a fancy term meaning the lender not only spreads the interest you owe on the mortgage over hundreds of payments but front-loads the interest too. Early in the mortgage, most of your payment goes to interest. Late in the mortgage, most goes to principal.


“I think you need to get your priorities straight.”
Your friend didn't go to his son's birthday party because he was working. You think that going to the party was more important than going to work. Angrily, you say this to your friend.
I think you need to get your priorities straight.
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I think you need to (do something)
This is a way of making a strong suggestion to someone. This way of phrasing the suggestion is strong and direct, so it's usually used with family members or close aquaintances.
get (one's) priorities straight
This phrase describes changing your priorities to place high value on the correct things.
Your "priorities" are the things that you think are important. You can think of your priorities as a list, with the items at the top of the list being most important, the next items being less important, and the items at the bottom of the list being unimportant.
Many people put their family at the top of this list, followed by friends, work, then things like their hobbies. If you act in a way that shows that your priorities match this ideal, people will say that you "have your priorities in order". If you show that you value something else, like money or fame, higher than your family and friends, people will say that you "need to get your priorities straight".


Text provides a primary means for displaying information in the user
interface. The WText class provides a simple way to add plain
or markup text to the user interface.
The WText widget displays text using an HTML <span>
or <div> element (depending on whether it is inline
or not). It can display either XHTML formatted text or plain text.
The text contents is contained in a WString. This string
class provides at the same time support for localization and
It is a unicode string (internally store as UTF-8) with an
API to interact with plain C++ strings.
It supports localization, when created using WString::tr(). The actual value
corresponding to a key is retrieved from a WLocalizedStrings instance, taking into account the current
locale. The default implementation of this interface class
uses XML files, which are convenient for specifying XHTML
In its most simple form, the WText widget displays plain text
(escaping special characters as needed).
Of course, a WText widget may also display XHTML formatted text.
XHTML text that is not read from a localized strings interface (which is
considered inherently safe), is protected against unwanted side effects
from Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks. The text of an XHTML-formatted
WText is filtered using an XML parser and all malicious tags are
removed (unless this feature is explicitly by-passed by using the
XHTMLUnsafeText text format).
If you want to display a text label associated with a form field then a
WLabel is more suitable as it can be linked to the input
field, relaying focus to it when clicked.
If you want to display an HTML fragment which contains widgets or other
bound contents, then a WTemplate
widget is probably what you are looking for.
The functionality of WText is very basic. As this widget derives
- like many widgets - from WInteractWidget it may respond
to mouse events and also keyboard events if it can be given keyboard
focus. A few mouse events are demonstrated below.
You may add a tooltip or deferred tooltip to WText


Phreaking is the slang term that denotes the study and experimentation regarding the telecommunication system including its related devices and processes.
And, this has become strongly connected to computer hacking since most of the telephone networks today have already leaned towards the computer technology.
Various tools are used in order to launch phreaking and one of these is the red box.
That works by producing sounds that are imitations of the ones when coins are inserted into pay phones.
Hence, the system will be deceived and it will permit calls that are free of charge.
Red box devices are simply any kinds of tool that have the capacity to play back previously recorded sounds.
And, the gadgets that are generally used to represent a red box are the following: personal MP3 players, Radio Shack tone dialers, as well as greeting cards that records sounds.
In the United States, tones are synthesized by playing recorded 1700 Hz and 2200 Hz tones at the same time.
The system used in this country for the management of tones is known as the Automated Coin Toll Service, which is abbreviated simply as ACTS.
But then, ACTS is no longer used as much as it was before and this is due to the acoustic filters that are incorporated into the pay phones.
According to the recent reports, red box devices do not function any longer in the countries of the western part of the world.
Telecommunication companies became wiser that their pay phones already have filters placed on the handset so as to get rid of the sound.
Aside from filters, digital systems are also utilized so as to provide greater protection and prevent the pay phones from being deceived with no difficulty.
But then, it has been witnessed that the basic concept used by the red box tools actually works effectively in other countries of the world.


In 1609, Englishman Henry Hudson sailed for the third time to the Western Hemisphere looking for a shortcut to Asia under the employ of the Dutch East India Company. He sailed into what is now New York Harbor, on his famous boat, de Halve Maen. In search of profitable ventures in the New World, and to restrain the influences of rival nations, associations of Dutch merchants and traders followed Hudson to America. The formal colonization began about 1623. The area was called New Netherland and remained under Dutch rule for forty years. Even though the Dutch relinquished their rule to the English in 1664 and again in 1675, a half century of their heritage lived on among its settlers. Their customs and traditions contributed to the new American culture and continues to be observed today.
The objective of the Society is:
“First. To collect and preserve information respecting the early history and settlement of New Netherland by the Dutch, and to discover, collect and preserve all still existing documents, etc., relating to their genealogy and history.
Second. To perpetuate the memory and foster and promote the principles and virtues of the Dutch ancestors of its members.
Third. To gather by degrees a library for the use of the Society, composed of all obtainable books, monographs, pamphlets, manuscripts, etc. relating to the Dutch in America.
Fourth. To cause to be prepared and read before the Society papers, essays, etc. on questions in the history or genealogy of the Dutch in America.
Fifth. To cause to be prepared and published when the requisite materials have been discovered and procured, collections for a memorial history of the Dutch in America, wherein shall be particularly set forth the past belonging to that element in the growth and development of American character, institutions and progress.
Sixth. To contribute to the support of religious, literary, educational, moral, philanthropic and artistic endeavors consistent with the objects of the Society.”
Article II, The Holland Society of New York Constitution, adopted April 10, 1885, as amended April 24th, 2021
The Constitution and By-laws of The Holland Society of New York can be found at this link.


Sindh inherits the fertile Indus Valley, which is well known for its glorious past. The excavations at Moen-Jo-Daro speaks about the prosperity of Sindh to produce agricultural commodities. Sindh was the breadbasket and a net exporter of food supplies to the entire sub-continent during the nineteenth century. Located in the extreme south of Pakistan as one of the five provinces. Sindh presents a variety of soil and climatic conditions compatible for growing various cereal, fruits, and vegetable crops and maintenance of a large livestock population.
With the construction of the Sukkur Barrage in Sindh Province (1932), the need for education and training in agricultural professions was realized and translated in the form of the establishment of King George-V Institute of Agriculture at Sakrand, District Shaheed Benazir Abad (Nawab shah) in 1939. Initial 02-year Diploma course was offered, later converted to a three-year B.Sc. Degree. The institute was shifted to its present site in 1954 and was named Sindh Agriculture College Tandojam with specializations in various fields of Agriculture and Animal Sciences.
The college was able to promote agricultural education steadily in the province paving the way for raising the status of the college to the full-fledged university named Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam established under the Sindh Assembly Act on 1st March 1977, with the main objective of providing the qualified manpower in Agriculture, Engineering and Animal and Veterinary Sciences, well equipped with academic as well as problem-oriented research and capable enough to extend latest agricultural technology to the doorstep of farmers eventually leading to increased agricultural production.


What is "good" information?
One aim of this Web site is to provide high-quality ("good") information on biomedical aspects of autism. "Good" information has its origins in the scholarly pursuit of new information. Before this new information becomes incorporated into the body of factual knowledge it must meet the test of validation by either replication of data by other researchers or consensus amongst scholars in a particular discipline. The scholarly mind-set is to have an innate skepticism about information proffered as "fact" until a process of data replication or consensual validation has occurred. A disciplined scholarly mind uses tools of critical analysis and logic in evaluating data. The practitioners of scholarship are able to suspend final judgement and set aside a personal bias to objectively examine information. They are impatient of philistines who can't "be bothered with the facts" or who jump to a speculative conclusion without bothering to fill in the intermediate steps that justify the conclusion. Scientists and clinicians with a scholarly mind-set usually work in a particular field of study and have acquired an expertise on the subject. Many have written original papers and have attained wide recognition within their field. The aggregate of such experts constitute a sort of panel of peer-review of new knowledge on the subject.
What does all this mean for autism? It is easy to dream up theories about causes and treatments. However, claims as to causes or efficacy of a given treatment must meet the tests of peer-review, consensual validation, and replication of research data. A good rule is to always consider the source and be especially wary of a possible vested interest (including economic) in a particular theory or treatment. Is the source a respected professional who actually works with persons with autism and their families (for example, a psychiatrist, psychologist, educator, pediatrician, or a neurologist) or a basic scientist (for example, a cognitive neuroscientist, geneticist, etc.) with a track record of research and publications on autism in peer-reviewed journals? Is the professional on the staff of a comprehensive program, perhaps based at a university or teaching hospital, that provides a full range of services to persons with a developmental disability? If a new treatment is proposed, then it should meet the standards of "good research" and "good science."
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Lack of safety standards needs attention
I recently came across a news release from the national media on cheer injuries. In addition to the usual horror stories, it included the following points of interest:
- Over the pasta 26 years, 73 cases of catastrophic cheerleading injuries in the U.S. have been traced by the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research at UNC. These included fractured skulls or broken necks that led to permanent disabilities and two deaths.
- According to estimates by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, almost 30,000 cheerleaders are treated in emergency rooms nationawide each year.
- Emergency room visits from cheerleaders have tripled since the mid-80’s when cheerleading turned competitive and incorporated high risk gymnastics stunts. Cheerleading popularity and participation also increased during this time.
- High risk stunts such as basket tosses, pyramids, and certain tumbling runs top the list for injuries, which are frequently executed on gymnasium floors, grass, and dirt with nothing separating the cheerleader from the hard surfaces.
- High school cheer is not considered an official sport in most states. Therefore, cheer doesn’t necessitate the same limits on practice time, safety equipment, or training for coaches that are essential for other high school sports.
- The American Association of Cheerleading Coaches and Administrators (AACCA) requires cheer coaches to be certified in 13 states. Certification often only requires an online test for coaches, which offers no training in spotting techniques or gymnastics. And only about a dozen states regulate cheer by the rules that are set by the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS).
- NFHS offers an online cheer coach certification course comparable to the AACCA course. Yet, each state will determine if the coach is required to take the certification course.
- In 2010, AACCA introduced its first set of rules, which bans double twisting dismounts and basket tosses. However, that rule only applies to the youngest cheerleaders who are on either the elementary, middle or junior high teams.
- Susan Loomis, the NFHS rulebook editor for spirit teams comments that there is no acting ‘cheer police’ at the high school level. She herself does not know what the repercussions would be if someone did not follow or broke a rule.


It seems that whenever I look into Revolutionary War history in the Hudson Valley I come across a reference the HMS Vulture. In this picture my friend, Ken stands next to a plaque in Sparta Cemetery, which reads:
“This stone was pierced by a cannon shot fired from the British sloop-of-war Vulture commanded by Lieut. Sutherland, September 1780.”
This brings us back to the Ladew family plot mentioned in an earlier post. The Ossining Historic Cemeteries Conservancy states:
A key point of interest is the Ladew family plot. It is the only plot that is enclosed by a brick wall, the west façade of which incorporates all five headstones in the wall. Two of the most famous tombstones are those of Abraham and Anna Ladew’s children—five-year-old Sarah and seven-year-old Abraham. Sarah’s stone is noted as the oldest legible in the cemetery, but Abraham’s is even more famous for another reason: a hole in the surface. Legend has it that in 1780 the headstone was pierced by cannon fire from the British war ship Vulture, patrolling the Hudson River during the Revolutionary War. A plaque has been installed in its place.
I’m at a loss as to why HMS Vulture would fire on Sparta cemetery.
Taken with a Sony RX-100 M3.


FAQ | Mar 04,2023
A transformer is a device that is used to transform the voltage and current of an electrical power system, but it does not transform energy. Specifically, a transformer changes the voltage and current levels of an alternating current (AC) electrical signal while keeping the frequency of the signal constant.
The basic operation of a transformer involves two coils of wire wrapped around a common magnetic core. The primary coil is connected to an AC power source, while the secondary coil is connected to the load. When AC power flows through the primary coil, it generates a magnetic field that induces an electrical current in the secondary coil. The voltage and current levels in the secondary coil are determined by the ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil to the number of turns in the secondary coil, known as the turns ratio.
Thus, a transformer can step up or step down the voltage and current levels of an AC signal depending on the turns ratio of the coils. For example, a transformer with a turns ratio of 1:2 will double the voltage and halve the current in the secondary coil compared to the primary coil.
In summary, a transformer transforms the voltage and current levels of an AC electrical signal while conserving energy, but it does not transform energy itself.
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6 common effects of social isolation
The imposed social isolation and focus on the negative news surrounding the COVID-19 virus spread may work as triggers for the fight or flight response. If you have a history of unresolved childhood trauma, you may feel even more vulnerable and experience the following effects of social isolation:
Fear: a nagging sense of collective fear may put your body in a state of hypervigilance, which, in turn, makes you more susceptible to feeling stuck in an excessive worrying and anxiety loop.
Abandonment feelings: not being allowed social contact could also work as a trigger for feelings of existential loneliness, rejection and abandonment. Even if these feelings do not make sense rationally, they do emotionally for those who have suffered abuse and/or neglect and, therefore, deal with the effects of their childhood trauma.
Anger: anger tends to follow abandonment feelings because it serves as to regulate them or give us back a sense of “self-esteem” and personal power. Being forced to isolate and cope with the negative emotions that arise from it without much emotional support can make you feel disappointed, resentful or even very angry for no apparent reason.
Lack of motivation: when the air is filled with negativity and there is little movement and fun in our lives, it becomes harder to find the energy to complete the simplest of tasks.
Lack of concentration: having your body on high alert for most of the time makes you limbic system or “emotional brain” hyperactive. As a result, our brain areas interconnected with the role of attention – as the pre-frontal cortex – do not get a chance to operate properly.
If you identify with the above to some degree, increasing self-awareness and keeping a very strict personal care routine could safeguard your emotional health during this challenging period. Practices that enable you to achieve that include nurturing the inner child via meditation and visualisations, daily exercise or physical activity, contacting friends and/or family and eating a healthy/low carb diet based on plants and whole foods. Reducing considerably or even avoiding the news while keeping an objective and positive outlook for the near future, as well as avoiding contact with pessimistic and fear driven people who refuse to see beyond an extremely biased and negative outlook may go a long way to making you feel more centred and calm. In addition, watching comedies, reading inspiring literature or watching uplifting talks and videos tend to put a smile on our faces and do wonders to improve our mood.


Electronic equipment which is manufactured with the intention to be used by families or individuals in normal life situations are known as consumer electronics. Included in this category are products which are used for entertainment, communications and office work. In the entertainment category are devices such as televisions, cameras, and stereo equipment. Communication electronics would include telephones, GPS navigation devices and computers. Offices rely on computers, FAX machines, printers, scanners and many more devices.
Consumers of electronic equipment have enjoyed a constant reduction in the price of the devices they buy. This phenomenon has been nurtured by the increased efficiency of the manufacturing process, with automation and lower labor costs due to the moving of the manufacturing process off shore to lower-wage countries. Also semiconductor design is constantly improving, which also helps to lower prices.
One worrisome issue which becomes more urgent as the purchase of consumer electronics equipment continues to rise is the effect this trend will have on the environment. As more devices are purchased and newer and better devices are developed, the increased problem of e-waste becomes ever more pressing. In 2003 the United States produced an enormous 2.8 million tons of e-waste. A small amount of this is recovered by recycling, which means the vast majority of electronic devices which are discarded are clogging up landfills. This is a problem whose solution is still being developed.


Location of the country on the international transport routes
Slovak Republic (abbreviation Slovakia), EU country in Schengen customs system and Eurozone, with 5,5 million inhabitants and over 49 thousands quadrat kilometers area. Slovakia is a landlocked country in the geographical middle of Europe. Slovakia is connected with the Black sea through Danube river and with other ports of Europe through rails and roads. The geographical location on the East periphery of the European union makes Slovakia one of the contact countries of the Schengen area with the intact and ascension transshipments points.
Inland waterways ports
The Slovak republic has 3 inland waterway ports – in Bratislava, Komárno and Štúrovo.
- The port of Bratislava is strategically the most important public port in Slovakia with more than 80% share of the total output of public ports and a relatively high potential for further development. Currently, the Bratislava port is used for a transhipment of goods between rail, road and water transport, directly or with an intermediate storage. It is located close to major transport centres – Vienna and Budapest. Due to it has an ideal waterway connection with the aforementioned cities. The most frequently transported commodities are bulk goods, general goods, liquid goods, heavy and oversize goods.
- The public port in Štúrovo is the smallest of all Slovak public ports. The port operations performance in the Štúrovo port is minimal. The Štúrovo port focuses on the passenger transport. The trend derives from the rich history of Štúrovo and the town of Ostrihom (the settlement of the Archbishopric) on the opposite bank henceforth supporting the development of tourism.
- The port of Komárno most frequently transshipped commodities are i.e. iron ore, artificial fertilizers, agricultural products and liquid cargo.
Dry ports – in Slovakia there are also nine container terminals in operation. Four of them are classified as a “dry port”: in Bratislava, Dunajská Streda, Žilina, Košice-Haniska. 90% of combined transport is transported through those terminals which means approx. 4,5 million tones.


Throughout the phlebotomy training course for beginners, you will look at the theory behind phlebotomy and be allowed to develop your practical skill using the most up to date techniques and equipment.
The course covers all of the competencies set out in CHS132 (National Occupational Standard for Phlebotomy). Once completed, you will have all of the skills and knowledge necessary to work as a phlebotomist.
This course is suitable for both medics and non-medics.
- A minimum of 21 years of age
- Good command of English
- Able to learn independently
You are required to complete an online study and eight practical hours onsite.
All courses are kept intimate with six learners in a class.
Areas covered within the course:
- A background to phlebotomy
- Health and safety in phlebotomy
- Infection control
- Informed consent
- Anatomy and physiology of the arm
- Site selection – good and bad veins
- Complications that can arise when taking blood
- Needlestick Injuries; what they are and what to do
- How and where to correctly apply a tourniquet
- What is expected of a phlebotomist
- The importance of correct patient identification and informed consent
Practice Kit included with virtual course


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In a series of wildfire incidents that have come to light lately, the Amazon Rainforests are the latest victim. The fire that started in the state of Rondonia near Bolivia covered the city of Sao Paulo in complete darkness in the middle of the day on August 19, 2019. The Rondonia Natural Reserve has been burning for more than two weeks now. These forest fires are majorly taking place in the northern part of Brazil and have pushed the government to declare emergency in the state of Amazonas. NASA has revealed satellite images of the smoke that has engulfed most parts of Amazonas, Rondonia, Para and Mato Grosso
Though such incidents of wildfire are rare in the Amazon region, they generally do increase during the dry months of July and August as it is considered to be an ideal method for clearing land for crops. So far the blaze has burnt nearly 1000 hectares of land. The humidity in the Amazon forests has kept the number of forest fire incidents as low as possible but deforestation and drought could make this a common phenomenon. The massive destruction has raised a number of health concerns.
According to reports by Reuter, INPE (National Institute for Space Research), which is the country’s space agency said that the satellite images have detected nearly 9,507 fires in the region since last week and more than 72,000 wildfires have been detected since January. Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro has been slammed recently as the Amazon forests witnessed major damage after he took to office but he has brushed all criticism stating ‘this is the season of burn’, suggest some reports.
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Idiom: Rocket science
Context #1 – Two friends are discussing the effects of illegal drugs
Lars: You know, I don’t agree with what the professor said in class today.
Katrina: Hmmmm? About what?
Lars: He said that drugs are the biggest problem in our society today.
Katrina: Well, they are really bad, especially for younger people.
Lars: What about crime? I think that is the biggest problem today.
Katrina: Drugs equal crime. It’s not rocket science! The connection is really clear.
Lars: Oh, I never thought of it that way.
Context #2 – Julia is planning a party for her 6-year-old sister
Julia: Oh, I’m so nervous!
Tito: Why? What’s up?
Julia: I have to plan a birthday party for my little sister. She is turning 6 years old. What should I do?
Tito: Come on! It’s not rocket science! It’s a party for a 6 year old girl. How difficult can that be?
Julia: Well, I want her to have fun!
Tito: Buy a cake, balloons, and presents. Then invite a bunch of her friends over and play some games.
Julia: Well, maybe they want to do something more than that. Maybe I should bring someone in to do their make up and nails. Wouldn’t that be fun?
Tito: They are 6 year-old girls. I think games, presents, and cake should be enough.
Meaning: Something that is not very complicated or difficult to understand
“People use this idiom when they want to describe something that is simple and easy, not complicated. It is usually used in the negative. Instead of saying “it’s not rocket science,” you can also say “it doesn’t take a rocket scientist!”
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Critical Insights: Little Women
This work surveys the critical conversation regarding Alcott's achievement from all standard critical perspectives: social, gender-based, post-modern, psychological, and cultural.
Edited by Gregory Eiselein, professor of English and University Distinguished Teaching Scholar at Kansas State University, and Anne K. Phillips, associate professor of English at Kansas State University.
This novel’s ability to induce such attachments to its characters and their circumstances may be at the heart of what has made Alcott’s book such an important piece of American literary history and such a surprising cultural icon.
The editors have focused on what students would be most interested in and what they would need to know about Little Women and the context in which it was produced.
Critical Insights examines Little Women from a variety of points of view. Indeed, a special focus of this volume involves the many different kinds of critical perspectives that can be—and have been—employed when examining Alcott’s masterwork. In particular, the present volume emphasizes how the novel was received by many of its earlier readers and the variety of ways in which it can be interpreted by readers today.
Critical Contexts Essays have been prepared by some of the world’s most distinguished experts on Alcott and her writings. The essays aim to provide a background to the title, author, or theme that is an historical, cultural, and biographical foundation for the reader.
The Critical Readings section addresses a range of issues relevant to a twenty-first century reader’s consideration of Little Women. These essays utilize common critical approaches to further analyze the author's work.
Each essay is 2,500-5,000 words in length and all essays conclude with a list of "Works Cited," along with endnotes.
Additional Resources include:
- Chronology of Louisa May Alcott's Life
- Works by Louisa May Alcott
- About the Editors


The Black Castle (Čierny Hrad, Feketevár) was most probably built on the site of old fortifications from the early Bronze Age, settled then by Slav tribes in the 9th and 10th centuries. The medieval fortress was probably built at the end of the 13th or early 14th century. The castle was built in the mountains, far from the main routes, probably due to the gold in nearby Zlatne. The strategic location of the castle also made eye contact with the castles of Gýmeš and Hrušov. The end of the stronghold’s functioning took place in the second half of the fourteenth century, although it could still be used temporarily in the sixteenth century, because in 1516 King Louis II granted to Peter and Nicholas Forgách the permission for the extraction of precious metals near the Black Castle.
The castle consisted of a perimeter of walls about oval shape, about 90 by 60 meters, while the highest core of the castle had 39 x 17 meters. On its southern side there was a residential main tower, advanced in front of the face of the walls. Perhaps it also served as a gate tower. On the north side there was a residential house, also erected in front of the perimeter of the defensive walls which two bent curtains were quite thin, their thickness was only about 90 cm. In the middle of the courtyard was a water tank. The outer zone of defense was a moat and a eart rampart next to it, on which an outer, stone defensive wall was built.
The castle has not survived to modern times. Only humble relics of stone walls have survived. Admission to castle area is free.
Bóna M., Plaček M., Encyklopedie slovenských hradů, Praha 2007.
Wasielewski A., Zamki i zamczyska Słowacji, Białystok 2008.


Home / Advanced, General, & Cosmetic Dentistry / Dentures
Tooth loss may result from periodontal disease, tooth decay, or traumatic injury. It is very important to replace missing teeth. The ill effects of not doing so can be a shift in remaining teeth, an inability to bite and chew properly, as well as a sagging facial appearance, which makes one appear older than they are.
A denture is the replacement of all teeth on either the upper arch, lower arch, or both. A denture can replace lost bone and gum tissue contours, thereby supporting areas of the face or jawbone that may have a caved-in appearance. Dental implants are occasionally used as support for dentures when indicated.
Whether you are missing all or some of your teeth, there is a denture option that can work for you. If all of the teeth are either missing or have been badly damaged and require extraction, a full denture is typically the best option. Individuals who only have some missing or damaged teeth along the arch(es) to be treated can benefit from a partial denture or overdenture.
Unlike dentures of the past, customized dentures from Dr. Martin Gorman use high-quality materials, enabling them to have improved functionality. Additionally, they are designed to look and feel natural while fitting comfortably in the mouth, and can provide patients with a more youthful appearance and a revitalized smile.
To find out if dentures are right for you, please contact us today to schedule a consultation with Dr. Gorman.


As temperatures in Britain soared to an alarming excessive of 104 levels Fahrenheit (40 levels Celsius) this week, some residents resorted to easy, timeworn measures to attempt to quiet down. They waved handheld followers, wetted towels and reached for the ice.
However for others, it was time for a change. Amid the record-breaking warmth, they stood able to embrace what many in Europe have lengthy dismissed as an pointless luxurious and a planet-destroying menace: air con.
The energy-intensive cooling system used broadly throughout america has grown more and more engaging to Britons and different Europeans now coping with brutal summer time temperatures brought about partly by human-induced local weather change. In current days, excessive warmth has scorched a lot of Western Europe, kindling wildfires in France, Greece and Italy and inflicting the deaths of greater than 1,000 individuals in Portugal alone.
Gross sales of transportable air-conditioning models rose 2,420 p.c in per week, British retailer Sainsbury’s mentioned Monday. And a surge in demand for centralized AC models in London has some set up corporations booked by means of the autumn.
However why weren’t European households already geared up with air con? And can Europe fall sufferer to a “U.S.-style habit to AC,” as local weather management researcher Stan Cox has warned?


The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) is the governmental organization responsible for maintaining public roadways and transportation infrastructure under the jurisdiction of the U.S. state of Kansas.
The availability of complete pavement structural capacity data had always been a challenge for KDOT. Thankfully, ARRB Systems could offer the iPAVe, the only fully integrated road surface and sub-surface condition assessment system. KDOT was an early adopter of the iPAVe concept, quickly realizing the potential uses for the data.
KDOT used the iPAVe to collect continuous pavement deflection and pavement surface characteristics (cracking, rutting, roughness, texture, etc.) on over 1,100 miles of Interstate, State, and County highways. The data was used for analysis of structural capacity and remaining life of the State’s pavement network.
Interestingly, KDOT has been able to locate potential sinkholes that would have been incredibly hard to identify through other means. Additionally, KDOT has also used iPAVe data, via the advanced filtering functionality in the online viewing software (Hawkeye Insight) to determine boundary limits for emergency pavement repair sites.
Ultimately, iPAVe data has allowed KDOT to make better decisions for project selection, so that the appropriate roads will be selected for pavement preservation applications, while structurally damaged roads will be scheduled for rehabilitation.


To run a Bash script in Python, you can use the
subprocess module which allows you to spawn new processes, connect to their input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes. Here’s an example:
import subprocess script_path = '/path/to/script.sh' result = subprocess.run(script_path, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE) output = result.stdout.decode('utf-8') print(output)
In this example,
script_path refers to the full path of the Bash script file. The
subprocess.run() function runs the script file as a new process with the
shell parameter set to
True to indicate that the command is a shell command. The
stdout parameter is set to
subprocess.PIPE to capture the output of the process, which is returned as a bytes object. Finally, the
decode() method is used to convert the output to a string.
Note that the
subprocess module can also be used to run other types of commands or executables. The subprocess.run() function returns a CompletedProcess object, which contains information about the completed process, including its return code, stdout, and stderr.
Also, use caution when running shell scripts within Python as it can pose security risks if not implemented properly.