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Which of these features does Cilium provide?
**Select all answers that apply.**
- a. Network policy enforcement
- b. Visibility into traffic at L3/L4 and L7
- c. Networking between Kubernetes pods
- d. Kubernetes secrets management | Answer: a, b, c |
What is the name of the Cilium component that provides visibility into network traffic?
- a. Hubble
- b. Hobble
- c. Grafana | Answer: a |
Which of these are characteristics of eBPF?
- a. It allows dynamic changes to the kernel
- b. It can be used to drop network packets that are forbidden by the network policy
- c. It enables high-performance networking with security and observability built-in | Answer: d |
What are the different tools for installing Cilium components into a Kubernetes cluster?
**Select all that apply.**
- a. Helm
- b. The Cilium CLI
- c. Curl | Answer: a, b |
A Cilium agent runs on every node in a Kubernetes cluster.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: a |
How many instances of the Hubble Relay run on each cluster?
- a. One per node
- b. One per pod
- c. One per cluster | Answer: c |
What is the Cilium CLI command for checking that connectivity and policy enforcement is working correctly?
- a. kubectl connectivity test
- b. cilium connectivity test
- c. cilium policy test | Answer: b |
Which network policy resource type does Cilium support?
- a. Standard Kubernetes NetworkPolicy
- b. CiliumNetworkPolicy
- c. CiliumClusterNetworkPolicy
- d. All of the above | Answer: d |
It’s possible to export Layer 3 network policy using the networkpolicy.io’s visual policy editor as CiliumNetworkPolicy YAML files.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: a |
Which of the following is a true statement?
**Select all that apply.**
- a. The CiliumNetworkPolicy resource supports service name-based egress policy for internal cluster communications
- b. The standard Kubernetes NetworkPolicy resource supports L7 HTTP protocol rules limiting access to specific HTTP paths
- c. The CiliumNetworkPolicy resource supports both TCP and ICMP egress policy | Answer: a |
Hubble flows include packet dumps.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: b |
You can filter by packet verdict in the Hubble UI service map.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: a |
Which of the following statements are **TRUE**?
**Select all that apply.**
- a. The Hubble Relay service provides cluster-wide network observability
- b. It's not possible to filter flows by namespace using the Hubble CLI tool
- c. Hubble flows include information about traffic direction
- d. Hubble is optional and needs to be enabled when installing Cilium | Answer: a, c, d |
After Istio is installed on a Kubernetes cluster, any workloads deployed to service mesh are automatically accompanied with sidecars.
**True/False**
a. True
b. False | Answer: b. |
How is outbound traffic from a service routed to the sidecar?
- a. Programmers must revise their code to specifically target the proxy at localhost:15000.
- b. iptables rules within a Pod are applied to transparently effect this change.
- c. Operators must use the istioctl rewire-pod command to transparently effect this change. | Answer: b. |
What identity framework does Istio base its application of workload identity?
- a. Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)
- b. Open ID Connect (OIDC)
- c. Secure Production Identity Framework for Everyone (SPIFFE)
- d. JSON Web Tokens (JWT) | Answer: c. |
The Istio framework offers the choice between manually configuring Envoy sidecars and letting the Istio control plane manage Envoy.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: b. |
The _demo_ configuration profile installs only the Istio control plane and the ingress gateway.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: b. |
Helm installation consists of the following Helm charts:
- a. base, istiod, gateway
- b. istiod, ingress-gateway, egress-gateway
- c. istiod, gateways
- d. base, control-plane, gateway | Answer: a. |
In which section of the IstioOperator resource can we configure Kubernetes resource limits and requests:
- a. global
- b. meshConfig
- c. components
- d. We cannot configure limits and requests. | Answer: c. |
Observability is a concept that is broader than traditional monitoring.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: a. |
What are the three main components of modern observability?
- a. Graphs, charts, and metrics
- b. Logs, metrics, and traces
- c. Logs, Garbage collection, and Threads | Answer: b. |
With Istio, developers must expose their metrics to Prometheus directly from inside their applications.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: b. |
Envoy sidecars can initiate and propagate B3 trace headers without any assistance from the running applications.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: b. |
Istio, Prometheus, Grafana, Jaeger, and Kiali are all open source projects.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: a. |
The ingress and egress gateways in Istio are single instances of an Envoy proxy.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: a. |
In which resource can we configure outlier detection and load balancer settings?
- a. VirtualService
- b. DestinationRule
- c. Gateway
- d. ServiceEntry | Answer: b. |
The traffic can be matched on multiple properties and to match the values, we can only use regular expressions.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: b. |
When Envoy retries a failed request, the endpoint that caused the retry is no longer in the load balancing pool.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: a. |
Authorization is all about the principal.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: b. |
Which one of the following resources can we use to configure mTLS for inbound traffic?
- a. PeerAuthentication
- b. DestinationRule
- c. VirtualService
- d. AuthorizationPolicy | Answer: a. |
What do Kubernetes pods use as their identity during runtime?
- a. Kubernetes secrets
- b. Service accounts
- c. JWT tokens
- d. Bearer tokens | Answer: b. |
The clusters section in the Envoy configuration defines how the traffic is sent to the upstream service.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: a. |
Where in the Envoy configuration is the router filter defined?
- a. Within the HTTP connection manager filter
- b. Within the routes
- c. Within the listener filter
- d. Within the clusters | Answer: a. |
We can apply the Envoy configuration patch only at the namespace level.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: b. |
When using the **oci://** scheme in the WasmPlugin resource, the Istio agent downloads compiled Wasm plugins from an OCI-compliant registry.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: a. |
By default, Istio watches all workloads in all namespaces and updates sidecar proxy configuration whenever new workloads are added, removed, or updated.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: a. |
Which Istio resource can be used to provide the details about the namespace, labels, and service account to the VM workload?
- a. WorkloadEntry
- b. VirtualService
- c. ServiceEntry
- d. ServiceEntry | Answer: a. |
The primary cluster in the multi-cluster deployment scenario runs the control plane.
**True/False**
- a. True
- b. False | Answer: a. |
What is the east-west gateway used for?
- a. Service communication within a single Kubernetes cluster
- b. Communication between Istio control plane and services within one cluster
- c. Communication between workloads in the cluster and VMs
- d. Communication between workloads in the cluster and VMs, VM sidecars, and Istio’s control plane | Answer: d. |
The process of deploying an Envoy proxy alongside each workload is called:
- a. proxy bundling
- b. sidecar injection
- c. sidecar bundling
- d. proxy injection | Answer: d. |