| Question, Answer | |
| "Which of these features does Cilium provide? | |
| **Select all answers that apply.** | |
| - a. Network policy enforcement | |
| - b. Visibility into traffic at L3/L4 and L7 | |
| - c. Networking between Kubernetes pods | |
| - d. Kubernetes secrets management","Answer: a, b, c" | |
| "What is the name of the Cilium component that provides visibility into network traffic? | |
| - a. Hubble | |
| - b. Hobble | |
| - c. Grafana","Answer: a" | |
| "Which of these are characteristics of eBPF? | |
| - a. It allows dynamic changes to the kernel | |
| - b. It can be used to drop network packets that are forbidden by the network policy | |
| - c. It enables high-performance networking with security and observability built-in","Answer: d" | |
| "What are the different tools for installing Cilium components into a Kubernetes cluster? | |
| **Select all that apply.** | |
| - a. Helm | |
| - b. The Cilium CLI | |
| - c. Curl","Answer: a, b" | |
| "A Cilium agent runs on every node in a Kubernetes cluster. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: a" | |
| "How many instances of the Hubble Relay run on each cluster? | |
| - a. One per node | |
| - b. One per pod | |
| - c. One per cluster","Answer: c" | |
| "What is the Cilium CLI command for checking that connectivity and policy enforcement is working correctly? | |
| - a. kubectl connectivity test | |
| - b. cilium connectivity test | |
| - c. cilium policy test","Answer: b" | |
| "Which network policy resource type does Cilium support? | |
| - a. Standard Kubernetes NetworkPolicy | |
| - b. CiliumNetworkPolicy | |
| - c. CiliumClusterNetworkPolicy | |
| - d. All of the above","Answer: d" | |
| "It’s possible to export Layer 3 network policy using the networkpolicy.io’s visual policy editor as CiliumNetworkPolicy YAML files. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: a" | |
| "Which of the following is a true statement? | |
| **Select all that apply.** | |
| - a. The CiliumNetworkPolicy resource supports service name-based egress policy for internal cluster communications | |
| - b. The standard Kubernetes NetworkPolicy resource supports L7 HTTP protocol rules limiting access to specific HTTP paths | |
| - c. The CiliumNetworkPolicy resource supports both TCP and ICMP egress policy","Answer: a" | |
| "Hubble flows include packet dumps. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: b" | |
| "You can filter by packet verdict in the Hubble UI service map. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: a" | |
| "Which of the following statements are **TRUE**? | |
| **Select all that apply.** | |
| - a. The Hubble Relay service provides cluster-wide network observability | |
| - b. It's not possible to filter flows by namespace using the Hubble CLI tool | |
| - c. Hubble flows include information about traffic direction | |
| - d. Hubble is optional and needs to be enabled when installing Cilium","Answer: a, c, d" | |
| "After Istio is installed on a Kubernetes cluster, any workloads deployed to service mesh are automatically accompanied with sidecars. | |
| **True/False** | |
| a. True | |
| b. False","Answer: b." | |
| "How is outbound traffic from a service routed to the sidecar? | |
| - a. Programmers must revise their code to specifically target the proxy at localhost:15000. | |
| - b. iptables rules within a Pod are applied to transparently effect this change. | |
| - c. Operators must use the istioctl rewire-pod command to transparently effect this change.","Answer: b." | |
| "What identity framework does Istio base its application of workload identity? | |
| - a. Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) | |
| - b. Open ID Connect (OIDC) | |
| - c. Secure Production Identity Framework for Everyone (SPIFFE) | |
| - d. JSON Web Tokens (JWT)","Answer: c." | |
| "The Istio framework offers the choice between manually configuring Envoy sidecars and letting the Istio control plane manage Envoy. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: b." | |
| "The _demo_ configuration profile installs only the Istio control plane and the ingress gateway. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: b." | |
| "Helm installation consists of the following Helm charts: | |
| - a. base, istiod, gateway | |
| - b. istiod, ingress-gateway, egress-gateway | |
| - c. istiod, gateways | |
| - d. base, control-plane, gateway","Answer: a." | |
| "In which section of the IstioOperator resource can we configure Kubernetes resource limits and requests: | |
| - a. global | |
| - b. meshConfig | |
| - c. components | |
| - d. We cannot configure limits and requests.","Answer: c." | |
| "Observability is a concept that is broader than traditional monitoring. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: a." | |
| "What are the three main components of modern observability? | |
| - a. Graphs, charts, and metrics | |
| - b. Logs, metrics, and traces | |
| - c. Logs, Garbage collection, and Threads","Answer: b." | |
| "With Istio, developers must expose their metrics to Prometheus directly from inside their applications. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: b." | |
| "Envoy sidecars can initiate and propagate B3 trace headers without any assistance from the running applications. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: b." | |
| "Istio, Prometheus, Grafana, Jaeger, and Kiali are all open source projects. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: a." | |
| "The ingress and egress gateways in Istio are single instances of an Envoy proxy. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: a." | |
| "In which resource can we configure outlier detection and load balancer settings? | |
| - a. VirtualService | |
| - b. DestinationRule | |
| - c. Gateway | |
| - d. ServiceEntry","Answer: b." | |
| "The traffic can be matched on multiple properties and to match the values, we can only use regular expressions. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: b." | |
| "When Envoy retries a failed request, the endpoint that caused the retry is no longer in the load balancing pool. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: a." | |
| "Authorization is all about the principal. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: b." | |
| "Which one of the following resources can we use to configure mTLS for inbound traffic? | |
| - a. PeerAuthentication | |
| - b. DestinationRule | |
| - c. VirtualService | |
| - d. AuthorizationPolicy","Answer: a." | |
| "What do Kubernetes pods use as their identity during runtime? | |
| - a. Kubernetes secrets | |
| - b. Service accounts | |
| - c. JWT tokens | |
| - d. Bearer tokens","Answer: b." | |
| "The clusters section in the Envoy configuration defines how the traffic is sent to the upstream service. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: a." | |
| "Where in the Envoy configuration is the router filter defined? | |
| - a. Within the HTTP connection manager filter | |
| - b. Within the routes | |
| - c. Within the listener filter | |
| - d. Within the clusters","Answer: a." | |
| "We can apply the Envoy configuration patch only at the namespace level. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: b." | |
| "When using the **oci://** scheme in the WasmPlugin resource, the Istio agent downloads compiled Wasm plugins from an OCI-compliant registry. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: a." | |
| "By default, Istio watches all workloads in all namespaces and updates sidecar proxy configuration whenever new workloads are added, removed, or updated. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: a." | |
| "Which Istio resource can be used to provide the details about the namespace, labels, and service account to the VM workload? | |
| - a. WorkloadEntry | |
| - b. VirtualService | |
| - c. ServiceEntry | |
| - d. ServiceEntry","Answer: a." | |
| "The primary cluster in the multi-cluster deployment scenario runs the control plane. | |
| **True/False** | |
| - a. True | |
| - b. False","Answer: a." | |
| "What is the east-west gateway used for? | |
| - a. Service communication within a single Kubernetes cluster | |
| - b. Communication between Istio control plane and services within one cluster | |
| - c. Communication between workloads in the cluster and VMs | |
| - d. Communication between workloads in the cluster and VMs, VM sidecars, and Istio’s control plane","Answer: d." | |
| "The process of deploying an Envoy proxy alongside each workload is called: | |
| - a. proxy bundling | |
| - b. sidecar injection | |
| - c. sidecar bundling | |
| - d. proxy injection","Answer: d." | |