text: ds.dynamical systems - Homomorphisms from R to $Diffeo^+(R)$, or "fractional iterations" - MathOverflow
  Homomorphisms from R to $Diffeo^+(R)$, or "fractional iterations"
  Let $G$ be the group of orientation-preserving homeomorphisms (or, if you prefer, diffeomorphisms) of the real line. Does there exist a natural way to associate, to each function $f \in G$, a homomorphism $\phi_f \colon \mathbb{R} \to G$ such that $\phi_f(1) = f$?
  Motivation: Many of us, in high school or before, have wondered whether for a given function $f$, it is possible to find a function $f^{1/2}$ such that $f^{1/2} \circ f^{1/2} = f$. I have never seen a satisfactory answer. This is intended as a more "grown-up" version: Is there some natural definition of $f^r$ ($= \phi_f(r)$), for $r \in \mathbb{R}$, such that $f^1 = f$ and $f^r \circ f^{-s} = f^{r-s}$?
  ds.dynamical-systems gr.group-theory share|cite|improve this question asked Jul 8 '10 at 14:28
  I am not sure if I got you correctly, but is $\phi_f(t, x) = (1-t) \cdot x + t \cdot f(x)$ what you are seeking?
  Bo, in general, $2 f(x) - x$ is not equal to $f \circ f$.
  Jul 8 '10 at 15:53
  This has some relation with this question, but it is obviously different.
  In general, a homeomorphism of $\mathbb{R}$ which preserves the orientation may have or not fixed points. If it has no fixed points, then it is conjugated to a translation and thus, one can easily construct such $\phi_f$. The other case is not much more difficult, since one can consider the set of fixed points of $f$ (that is, such that $f(x)=x$) which is closed and then do the trick in the complement of that set and leave fixed the set of fixed points for every $t$ (when defining $\phi_f(t)$). Notice that in either case, there is in general no unique way to do this. It is also interesting that the diffeomorphism case is quite different, in particular, one can easyly construct a diffeomorphism $f:\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}$ such that there is no diffeomorphism $g$ such that $g\circ g =f$. This can be seen in the paper provided by Helge (in fact it has to do with distortion and the fact that if you take one contracting point, there are restrictions to construct, for example a square root, see Section 1 of this paper). ADDED RELATED REFERENCE: In this paper, Palis gives a not so difficult proof that $C^1$-generic diffeomorphisms (which belong to a $G_\delta$-dense subset of $Diff^1(M)$) of a compact manifold, the diffeomorphisms are not the time one map of a flow.
  share|cite|improve this answer edited Jul 8 '10 at 22:15
  answered Jul 8 '10 at 14:52
  "There is in general no unique way to do this." Is it thus unlikely that we could put such things together into a nice map $\mathbb{R} \times G \to G$?
  It depends on what is nice: Assuming no fixed points, one considers the interval $[0,f(0))$. Choosing an arbitrary map $h:[0,f(0)) \to [0,1)$ one can conjugate $f$ to $x\mapsto x+1$. This is done as follows, consider $x\in \mathbb{R}$ and define $H(x)= h(f^{-n}(x)) + n$ where $n$ is the unique integer such that $f^{-n}(x)\in [0,f(0))$. Now, the map is given by: $f_t= H^{-1}\circ T_t \circ H$ (or something similar) with $T_t(x) = x + t$. – rpotrie
  Jul 8 '10 at 15:44
  I commented earlier, without finishing reading google's reply:
  http://www.math.northwestern.edu/~wilkinso/papers/announce04152008.pdf
  shows the answer is no if you replace $\mathbb{R}$ by a compact manifold. Key is googling for "Is every diffeomorphism a time one map?". I'm not sure what the answer for $\mathbb{R}$ is, and if it has been looked at.
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