text: Generally, rhinoplasty cost comprises the surgeon's fee, anesthesia fee, operating room fee and implant or grafting fee (if applicable). According to the most recent statistics from the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the average surgeon's fee for a rhinoplasty is $5,223. The extent of the nose surgery also affects the price. For example, a primary rhinoplasty is not as costly as the far more involved revision rhinoplasty. In general, primary rhinoplasty costs can range from $3,000 to $8,000, and revision rhinoplasty can cost $10,000 to $15,000.
  Other factors play a role in rhinoplasty cost, including where you have your surgery. It is a fact that nose jobs cost more in urban areas such as New York City and Los Angeles where surgeons are in greater demand.
  If your rhinoplasty is performed in conjunction with other facial rejuvenation procedures such as chin augmentation, your total cost will be higher. That said, add-on procedures can also make your surgery more affordable. It is less expensive to have the procedures done at the same time because you only pay one anesthesia fee and one facility fee. However, multiple procedures do increase the risks of your surgery, so this also needs to be factored in when devising your surgical plan.
  If you are having a rhinoplasty to correct a functional defect such as difficulty breathing due to a deviated septum, insurance may cover some — or even all — of the costs of your nose surgery. Make sure to call your insurance company before your rhinoplasty, as some may require preauthorization.
  Rhinoplasty for purely cosmetic reasons is not usually covered by insurance. If the cost is prohibitive, ask your surgeon about patient financing or payment plans. Assistance may be available.
  There are some other hidden costs that may not be included in your rhinoplasty estimate. These may include (but are not limited to):
  Consultation fee. Some surgeons charge for consultation visits, while others do not. You may be allowed to apply the cost of this visit to your surgery if you choose to schedule a rhinoplasty.
  One final note: In today's rough-and-tumble economy, many specialists with little or no training in the field of plastic surgery are turning to cosmetic procedures to increase revenues. They are also offering these procedures at reduced costs. Don't be fooled. Many of these practitioners have only taken a weekend course on how to perform your surgery. You get what you pay for.
  Facial plastic surgeons and board-certified plastic surgeons are the specialists to go to for nose surgery. Facial plastic surgeons do their residency training in otolaryngology, or head and neck surgery, followed by fellowships in facial plastic surgery. Facial plastic surgeons should be certified by the American Board of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Plastic surgeons do their residency training in general surgery followed by a fellowship in plastic surgery. They should be certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery.
  Such board certification assures you that your surgeon has had extensive training and is up to date on new rhinoplasty types and technology.
  Portugal is a country in the extreme southwest of Europe, on the Iberian peninsula, bordering the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south, and Spain to the north and east. It also includes three groups of islands in the Atlantic: the Azores (A�ores), the Madeira and the Savage Isles, a small, remote and unhabited group administrated by Madeira.
  (1) The actual concept declaration of independence did not exist at the time. Nether the recognization, Portugal was recognized as a kingdom with its own king.
  Portugal emerged from the Reconquista as an independent kingdom in 1143. The border with Spain has remained almost unchanged since the 13th century. Portugal has always turned towards the sea. Since early times fishing and overseas commerce have been main economic activities. Henry the Navigator's interest in exploration together with some technological developments in navigation made possible Portugal's expansion and led to great advances in geographic knowledge.
  Following its heyday as a world power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the loss of its Brazilian colony in 1822. A 1910 revolution deposed the Portuguese monarchy starting a period of chaotic republicanism (First Republic); in 1926 a nationalist military coup d'etat began a period of more than five decades of repressive fascist governments.
  In 1974, a effectively bloodless left-wing military coup (the Carnation Revolution) installed a government that instituted broad democratic reforms. The following year Portugal granted independence to its colonies in Africa: Mozambique, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde and S�o Tom� and Pr�ncipe) and lost its colony of East Timor in Asia to an Indonesian invasion. Portugal itself entered the European Union in 1986, whilst another Asian dependency, Macau, reverted to Chinese sovereignty in December 1999.
  In the years following the 1974 coup Portugal has progressively done away with undemocratic institutions and established itself as a constitutional democracy. The four main organs of Portuguese politics are the presidency, the prime minister and Council of Ministers (the cabinet), the Assembly of the Republic (the parliament), and the Judicial branch.
  The president, elected to a 5-year term by direct, universal suffrage is also commander in chief of the armed forces. Presidential powers include appointing the prime minister and Council of Ministers, in which the president must be guided by the assembly election results. The Council of State, a presidential advisory body, is composed of six senior civilian officers, any former presidents elected since 1976, five members chosen by the Assembly, and five selected by the president.
  The government is headed by the prime minister, who names the Council of Ministers. A new government is required to define the broad outline of its policy in a program and present it to the assembly for a mandatory period of debate. Failure of the assembly to reject the program by a majority of deputies confirms the government in office.
  The Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Rep�blica) is a unicameral body composed of up to 230 deputies. Elected by universal suffrage according to a system of proportional representation, deputies serve terms of office of 4 years, unless the president dissolves the assembly and calls for new elections.
  The national Supreme Court is the court of last appeal. Military, administrative, and fiscal courts are designated as separate court categories. A nine-member Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of legislation.
  Beyond these there are two autonomous regions (regi�es aut�nomas): the Azores (A�ores) and Madeira. Each district is further subdivided into the Municipalities of Portugal. The country has also two metropolitan areas that gatters some municipalities.
  Continental Portugal is split in two by its main river, the Tagus (Tejo). To the north the landscape is mountainous, though Portugal's highest point is Mount Pico in the Azores at 2,351 m. The south down to the Algarve features mostly rolling plains and the climate here is somewhat warmer and drier than the cooler and rainier north. Other major rivers include the Douro, the Minho and the Guadiana, similar to the Tagus in that all originate in Spain.
  Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European Union in 1986. Over the past decade, successive governments have privatised many state-controlled firms and liberalised key areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country qualified for the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and began circulating its new currency, the euro, on January 1, 2002 along with 11 other EU member economies.
  Economic growth has been above the EU average for much of the past decade, but GDP per capita stands at just 75% of that of the leading EU economies. The government has failed to rein in a widening deficit and to advance structural reforms needed to boost Portugal's economic competitiveness. In particular, a poor educational system has been an obstacle to greater productivity and growth. Portugal has been increasingly overshadowed by lower-cost producers in Central Europe and Asia as a target for foreign direct investment.
  Portugal is a fairly homogenous country linguistically, ethnically and religiously; Portuguese is spoken throughout the country, with only the town of Miranda de Douro's Leonese dialect recognised as a locally co-official language as Mirandese, Asturian in Spain is another Leonese dialect but not officially recognized by Spain. Minorities, such as those of African immigrants from the former colonies, number less than 100,000. The majority of the Portuguese population are members of the Roman Catholic Church.