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  computer network notes for class 12
  by kamalsinghchouhan275 · July 22, 2020
  1 what is computer network:-
  2 Types of networks: Local area and wide area
  3 LAN WAN
  5 cloud computing:-
  6 Private cloud public cloud
  7 iot :-
  8 benefits of iot
  9 network types
  10 wired network wireless network
  11 client server concept
  12 client:-
  13 server:-
  14 networks devices 🙁 NiC, switch , hub, router, access point)
  14.1 1. NIC :
  14.2 2. Mac address ( media access address ):-
  14.3 Satellite
  15 access point:-
  16 Switch:-
  18 router:-
  19 Advantages of Satellite
  20 1. Bus Topology
  20.1 Advantages of Bus Topology
  20.2 Disadvantages of Bus Topology
  20.3 2. Ring Topology
  20.4 Advantages of Ring Topology
  20.5 Disadvantages of Ring Topology
  20.6 3. Star Topology
  20.7 Advantages of Star Topology
  20.8 Disadvantages of Star Topology
  21 Repeater:-
  22 network stack:-
  23 use of amplitude and frequency modulation
  24 amplitude modulation frequency modulation
  25 Network Protocols
  25.1 1. HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
  25.2 2. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
  25.3 3. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
  25.4 4. PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
  25.5 Remote Access Software
  25.5.1 In remote access software firstly we have to know about the term "remote access".
  25.5.2 To establish a remote connection, both the local machine and remote computer/server must have remote access software.
  27 IP Address
  27.1 The traditional IP Addresses (IPv4) uses a 32-bit numeric format and it defines both network and host address.
  27.2 A static IP address will never change and it is a permanent Internet address. A dynamic IP address is a temporary address that is assigned to any computing device to access the Internet.
  27.3 Types of Routing
  28 There are 3 types of routing:
  28.1 Advantages :–
  28.2 Disadvantage :–
  29 DNS:-
  30 URL:-
  30.1 In practice, there are some exceptions, the most common being a URL pointing to a resource that no longer exists or that has moved.
  31 TCP:- (computer network notes)
  31.1 Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. TCP provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets (bytes) between applications running on hosts communicating via an IP network.
  32 Network Congestion
  33 In this section, we will discuss five (5) common causes of network congestion including:
  34 computer network important questions
  34.1 how yo learn python for beginners ?
  Best computer network notes
  what is computer network:-
  A computer network is a group of computers which communicate with another computer and share their resources , date and applications.
  Types of networks: Local area and wide area
  1. LAN stands for local area 1.WAN stands for wide area
  2. networks within office or 2.networks across country or
  building. continent.
  3. less congestion. 3.more congestion.
  4. the speed of LAN is high . 4.the speed is slower than LAN.
  The internet is a " network of networks' .internet is means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and servers.
  Cloud computing is delivery of computing services like storage, database , networking, software, analytics, and intelligence over the internet.
  1. data hosted on a dedicated server. 1.usages shared server.
  2. management done by business. 2.maintained by service provider.
  3. secured and high performance. 3.less secured and average performance
  4. cost is very high. 4. free or less charges
  5. ex:-eucalyptus, Ubuntu enterprise 5. eg:- google drive, Microsoft azure.
  cloud- UEC amazon Vpc, VMware.
  iot :-
  the internet of things ,
  or iot, is system of interrelated computing devices,
  mechanical and digital machines, object , animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers(Uids)
  and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human to – human or human – to – computer interaction .
  1. moniterthier overall business process.
  4.enhance employee productivity.
  1.speed of operation 1.lower,compare to wired
  is high. network.
  2.less costly as cables 2.more as wireless devices
  are not expensive. are expensive.
  3.wired network installation 3.installation is easy and it
  require more time. require less time.
  4.copper wires, optical fibre 4. EM waves or radio waves
  cables are used. or infrared medium are used
  5.LAN(Ethernet),MAN can WLAN, WPAN(Bluetooth),infrared,
  be developed. cellular(GSM,CDMA,LTE)
  the client server model describes how a server provides resources and services to one or more clients. Example of servers, mail server, and file server.
  A client a program that runs on the local machine requesting service from server ,
  ex:- chrome , Mozilla
  A server is a program that runs on the remote machine providing services to the clients when the request arrives at the server , then it responds to the request .
  ex:- WWW. google . com
  networks devices 🙁 NiC, switch , hub, router, access point)
  1. NIC :
  (network interface card):
  Nic is also referred to as an Ethernet card or network adapter .
  A NIc is a computer expansion card for for connecting to a networks using an Ethernet cable and an RJ-450 connector
  RJ45:- registered jack 45
  2. Mac address ( media access address ):-
  Mac address are unique 48 bit hardware number of computer,
  which is embedded into NIC card during the the time of manufacturing.
  Mac address is also known as physical address of a network device.
  In this type of communication,
  data are transmitted through satellite.
  Under this arrangement, there is an earth station and a satellite placed in the stationary orbit,
  which is about 22300 miles above the earth's surface. In satellite communication,
  the earth station transmits data towards the satellite and the satellite accepts these signals, amplifies them and then retransmits them towards the earth.
  These signals are captured by the receiver.
  a wireless access point is a network devices that transmits and receives data over a wireless local area network(WLAN).the wireless A.P services as enter connection access point services as enter connection point between the WLAN and fixed wired network.
  case statements are a powerful tool for control in programming. … The switch
  variable/expression is evaluated once.
  then the code under default case is executed.
  They are generally used to connect computers in a LAN.A hub has many ports in it.
  A computer which intends to be connected to the network is plugged in to one of these ports.
  When a data frame arrives at a port,
  it is broadcast to every other port, without considering whether it is destined for a particular destination or not.
  a router is device designed to receive,
  analyse and forward incoming packets to another network.
  A router is connected to at least two networks.
  In satellite communication,
  large area could be covered.
  The network topology refers to :-
  the arrangement or pattern of computers
  (i.e. nodes or workstations), which are interconnected in a network.
  Bus topology is also referred as linear topology. Under this arrangement, all nodes in the network are connected by a single length of transmission medium, which is normally a co-axial cable. Both ends of the cable are terminated by terminators. Data transmission from any workstation can travel in both directions.
  In ring or circular topology, the nodes are connected in a circular way.
  In such arrangement, each node is connected to exactly with its two neighbouring nodes.
  * in other words, when the last node in a bus network is connected with first node and the entire network becomes circular network is known as a network using ring topology.
  In star topology, there is a direct and dedicated connection of every . node of the network with the central node or server. In star topology, the server is directly connected with each and every node in the network via a hub.
  The repeater is a hardware device used in a network to amplify the weak signals, when they are transported over long distances. When the signal is transmitted over a line, then due to resistance and other causes it accumulates noise. Due to this noise, the quality of signal degrades.
  network stack:-
  a set of network protocol layer that work together. The OSI model that defines seven protocol layers is often called a stack, as is the set of TCP/IP protocols that defines communication aver network.
  use of amplitude and frequency modulation
  The amplitude modulation and frequency modulation are used to transmit data using the method of modifying a carrier signal.
  1.frequency and phase remain 1.amplitude and phase remain
  2.has poor sound quality. 2.better sound quality.
  3.can't transmit longer 3.higher bandwidth.
  4.more susceptible to 4.less susceptible to noise.
  Protocol refers to the set of rules and regulations applicable for a network. The protocol defines standardized format for the data packet to be transmitted through the network, techniques for detecting the errors whenever they arise and methods to correct these errors and so on.
  HTTP is an application level protocol and it is widely used for viewing information of a web page over Internet. It is a generic, stateless and object oriented protocol.
  FTP is designed to transfer files from one system to another. Using FTP, different people locating in different geographical locations can cooperate and work on a common project. FTP is designed to promote sharing of files and to encourage the indirect use of remote computers. Using FTP, any type of file can be transferred from one computer to another.
  3. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
  TCP/IP is a set of two protocols, i.e. TCP and IP. The Internet Protocol (IP) tells how packets of information are sent out over networks. IP has a packet addressing method that lets any computer on the Internet forward a packet to another computer that is a step closer to the packet's recipient. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ensures the reliability of data transmission across Internet connected networks. TCP checks packets for errors and submits requests for re-transmission if errors are found.
  The PPP is used with dial-up Internet connections including ISDN. It is a layered protocol, which is used for transmitting the data over usual telephone lines. It can provide connection authentication, transmission, encryption and compression.
  In remote access software firstly we have to know about the term "remote access".
  Remote access refers to the ability to access a computer or a network from a remote distance. Remote access can be established via a line that runs between a computer and Local Area Network. This type of line provide faster speeds but has the drawback of being more expensive. Another suitable method for performing remote access by establishing a Virtual Private Network, which is usually uses the Internet to connect remote site and users together.
  To establish a remote connection, both the local machine and remote computer/server must have remote access software.
  Remote access software dial indirectly to the network server.
  Through Internet, computers become able to exchange information with each other and find diverse perspective on issue from a global audience.
  An IP address is an identifier for a computer or device on a TCP/IP network. It is a way to measure a user's unique identity.
  The traditional IP Addresses (IPv4) uses a 32-bit numeric format and it defines both network and host address.
  But now-a-days a new version of the IP protocol (IPv6) has been invented to offer virtually limitless number of unique addresses. An IP address can be static or dynamic.
  A static IP address will never change and it is a permanent Internet address. A dynamic IP address is a temporary address that is assigned to any computing device to access the Internet.
  An example of IPv4 address is 216.3.128.12. Each number can be from zero to 255.
  Disadvantage :–
  TCP:- (computer network notes)
  Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. TCP provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets (bytes) between applications running on hosts communicating via an IP network.
  computer network important questions
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