text: Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur - WikiVisually
  The bridge was severely damaged in the 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake. Seven of its arches had to be rebuilt. In addition to its historical significance, the bridge is still in use.[5]
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  4. Sharki – The šargija is a plucked, fretted long necked chordophone used in the folk music of various Balkan countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Albania, Kosovo and Serbia. The šargija originated in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the rule of Ottoman Empire and its original four strings have been increased to six or even seven. The šargija usually accompanies the violin, and has a jangling sound, the sharki is a similar instrument as the two-string qiftelia, but with more strings and looking more like a primitive saz. Spelling is sometimes, sarkia or sharki or sharkia, usually there are three courses of metal strings. The frets are often inlaid metal frets, in a non-western pattern, body could be made from separate staves, or carved from one piece of wood. The šargija is used by the Bosnians in Bosnian root music, the tamburica/tambura is mostly associated with Croats and some Serbs. Atlas of Plucked Instruments JazzStudied Website — San Diego State University
  7. Gomti – The Gomti, Gumti or Gomati River is a tributary of the Ganga River. According to Hindu mythology the river is the daughter of Sage Vashist, according to the major religious work, Srimad Bhagavatam, the Gomati is one of the many transcendental rivers in India. It is the river where sacred Gomti Chakras are found, the Gomti a monsoon and ground water fed river originates from Gomat Taal which formally known as Fulhaar jheel, near Madho Tanda, Pilibhit, India. It extends 960 kilometres through Uttar Pradesh and meets the Ganges River near Saidpur, after 20 kilometres from its origin, a very small river, the Gaihaaee, meets it. The river is a stream until it reaches Mohammadi Kheri, a tehsil of Lakhimpur Kheri district. From here the river is well defined, later other tributaries join this river. These are Kathina at Mailani and Sarayan at a village in Sitapur district, another major tributary is the Sai River, which joins near Jaunpur. At the sangam of Gomti and Ganges, the famous Markandey Mahadeo temple is situated, after 240 kilometres, the Gomti enters Lucknow, through which it meanders for about 12 kilometres. At the entrance point water is lifted from the river for the water supply. In the Lucknow area,25 city drains pour untreated sewage into the Gomti, at the downstream end the Gomti barrage impounds the river converting it into a lake. The cities of Lucknow, Lakhimpur Kheri, Sultanpur and Jaunpur are located on the banks of the Gomti and are the most prominent of the 15 towns in its catchment area, the river cuts the Sultanpur District & Jaunpur city into two equal halves and becomes wider in Jaunpur. Gomti river is under assault at various points of its journey as it meanders through the 940-kilometre stretch of rich alluvial plains of Uttar Pradesh, the major sources of pollution in the Gomti are, Industrial waste and effluent from sugar factories and distilleries. Domestic waste water and sewage from habitations, the river and its tributries like Kukrail Drainage collects large amounts of human and industrial pollutants as it flows through the highly populous areas of Uttar Pradesh. High pollution levels in the river have negative effects on the ecosystem of the Gomti, on 25 July 2008, foundation stone for a sewage treatment plant was laid, which would have a capacity of 345 million litres of effluents per day. The sewerage treatment plant, touted as Asias largest failed in its objectives, as per reports in 2014 and beyond the STP near Bharwara merely spewed sewerage and citys solid waste directly into the river. The concept behind the STP was to all the 23 major natural drains falling into the river. Local experts opposed the plan at various levels, but agencies went through it, the river is under assault especially in and around Lucknow since decades, major issues can be classified under 3 heads. Embankments - After a major flood in 1970s, to protect the high embankments were built around the river passing through the city
  10. Boxing the compass – The points of the compass, specifically on the compass rose, mark divisions of a compass, such divisions may be referred to as winds or directions. A compass point allows reference to a heading in a general or colloquial fashion. A compass is primarily divided into the four cardinal points—north, south, east and these are often further subdivided by the addition of the four intercardinal directions—northeast between north and east, southeast, southwest, and northwest —to indicate the eight principal winds. In meteorological usage, further intermediate points between cardinal and ordinal points, such as north-northeast between north and northeast, are added to give the sixteen points of a wind compass, for most applications, the fractional points have been superseded by degrees measured clockwise from North. In ancient China 24 points of the compass were used, measuring fifteen degrees between points. The names of the compass directions follow the 32-point wind compass rose follow these rules, The cardinal directions are north, east, south, west, the ordinal directions are northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest, formed by bisecting the angle of the cardinal winds. The name is merely a combination of the cardinals it bisects, the eight principal winds are the cardinals and ordinals considered together, that is N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW. Each principal wind is 45° from its neighbour, the principal winds form the basic eight-wind compass rose. The eight half-winds are the points obtained by bisecting the angles between the principal winds, the half-winds are north-northeast, east-northeast, east-southeast, south-southeast, south-southwest, west-southwest, west-northwest and north-northwest. Notice that the name is constructed simply by combining the names of the winds to either side, with the cardinal wind coming first. The eight principal winds and the eight half-winds together yield a 16-wind compass rose, all of the above named points plus the sixteen quarter winds listed in the next paragraph define the 32 points of the wind compass rose. The sixteen quarter winds are the points obtained by bisecting the angles between the points on a 16-wind compass rose. The name of a quarter-wind is X by Y, where X is a principal wind, so northeast by east means one quarter from NE towards E, southwest by south means one quarter from SW towards S. The eight principal winds, eight half-winds and sixteen quarter winds together yield a 32-wind compass rose, in the mariners exercise of boxing the compass, all thirty-two points of the compass are named in clockwise order. The title of the Alfred Hitchcock 1959 movie, North by Northwest, is not a direction point on the 32-wind compass. The traditional compass rose of eight winds was invented by seafarers in the Mediterranean Sea during the Middle Ages. This Italianate patois was used to designate the names of the winds on the compass rose found in mariner compasses. Tramutana, Gregale, Grecho, Sirocco, Xaloc, Lebeg, Libezo, Leveche, Mezzodi, Migjorn, Magistro, Mestre, etc
  11. Kerakat – Kerakat or Kirakat is a town of the Jaunpur District in northern India with a population of approximately 13,500. It is situated near the Gomati River, which helps the land around the town stay very fertile, Kerakat or Kirakat Belongs to Varanasi Division and Jaunpur District Administration. It is located 30 km east of the city of Jaunpur, and 279 km from Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh. Kerakat or Kirakat Postal Index Number is 222142 and the head office is situated in City. Kerakat is Also a Block, Tehsil, Police Station, Nagar Panchayat. Kirakat or Kerakat Tehsil Have Many Villages & Towns According to Census There Are 421 Villages Under Kerakat Subdistrict, Kirakat or Kerakat was known As Kitgiri during the time of Lord Gautam Buddha. It was one of the places used by Budhhist monks during the period of Gautam Buddha. Kerakat means the fort on the cliff and it may also refer to Kerar Bir, the main deity of Jaunpur. Kerakat has two college for higher education Sainik Girja Shankar Mahavidyalaya and Rajkiya Girls Degree college Kerakat, Many passenger trains, including expresses, stop at the station. Neighbourhood stations are Dobhi and Gangauli, the closest major station are Jaunpur Junction Railway Station, Varanasi Junction and Aunrihar Junction. Driving distance from Kerakat to District headquarters Jaunpur is 30 km, Kerakat is also well connected by road to Varanasi, Azamgarh, Ghazipur and other cities of Uttar Pradesh. The closest major airport to Kerakat is Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport at Varanasi,35 km by road, another nearby airport is Azamgarh Airport. The biggest celebrations in Kerakat are Durga Pooja & Bharat Milap, pupils also organise big celebrations on other occasions including Eid al-Fitr, Holi, Ramzan, Diwali and Raksha Bandhan. Ravi Kishan Shukla, an actor in Bhojpuri cinema and Bollywood, is from Kerakat, kali Mata Mandir, Nalapar, built by Rai Daya Krishna Gomteshwar Mahadev, Sihauli. 1 Machhlishahr 2 Kerakat The Hero Of Kerakat Vivek Soni lives in Mehanditala Post Office Ke Pass As of 2001 India census, males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Kerakat has an literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%, male literacy is 75%. In Kerakat, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age
  12. William Hodges – William Hodges RA was an English painter. Hodges was born on 28 October 1744 in London and he studied under William Shipley, and afterwards in the studio of Richard Wilson, where he met Thomas Jones. During his early career, he made a living by painting theatrical scenery, between 1772 and 1775 Hodges accompanied James Cook to the Pacific as the expeditions artist. Many of his sketches and wash paintings were adapted as engravings in the published edition of Cooks journals from the voyage. These paintings depicted a stronger light and shadow than had been usual in European landscape tradition, contemporary art critics complained that his use of light and colour contrasts gave his paintings a rough and unfinished appearance. Hodges also produced many valuable portrait sketches of Pacific islanders and scenes from the voyage involving members of the expedition, in 1778, under the patronage of Warren Hastings, Hodges travelled to India, one of the first British professional landscape painters to visit that country. He remained there for six years, staying in Lucknow with Claude Martin in 1783 and his painting of Futtypoor Sicri is in Sir John Soanes Museum. Later Hodges travelled across Europe, including a visit to St. Petersburg in Russia in 1790, in 1793 Hodges published an illustrated book about his travels in India. In late 1794 Hodges opened an exhibition of his own works in London that included two paintings called The Effects of Peace and The Effects of War. The Duke took offence at the nature of Hodges paintings and ordered the exhibition closed. Hodges retired to Devon and became involved with a bank, which failed during the crisis of March,1797. On 6 March of that year, he died from what was recorded as gout in the stomach. Hodges Knoll in Antarctica is named after William Hodges, European Vision and the South Pacific. Smith, William Hodges and English Plein-Air Painting, in Art History,6,2 I. C, stuebe, The Life and Works of William Hodges Beaglehole, J. C. The Life of Captain James Cook
  13. Mughal Emperor – The Mughal emperors were a branch of the Timurid dynasty. From the early 16th century to the early 18th they built and ruled the Mughal Empire on the Indian subcontinent, mainly corresponding to the countries of Bangladesh, India. Their power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last of the emperors was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the British Raj. The dynasty was of Asian Turco-Mongol origin from a now part of modern-day Uzbekistan. Timur is generally known in the West as Tamerlane the Great and its population at the time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres. Ousted from his domains in Central Asia by Uzbek Khan. He established himself in Kabul and then pushed steadily southward into India from Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass, baburs forces occupied much of northern India after his victory at Panipat in 1526. The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India, the instability of the empire became evident under his son, Humayun, who was driven out of India and into Persia by rebels. Humayuns exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the Safavid and Mughal Courts, and led to increasing West Asian cultural influence in the Mughal court, the restoration of Mughal rule began after Humayun's triumphant return from Persia in 1555, but he died from a fatal accident shortly afterwards. Humayuns son, Akbar, succeeded to the throne under a regent, Bairam Khan, through warfare and diplomacy, Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions, and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the Godavari river. He created a new class of nobility loyal to him from the aristocracy of Indias social groups, implemented a modern government. At the same time Akbar intensified trade with European trading companies and he left his successors an internally stable state, which was in the midst of its golden age, but before long signs of political weakness would emerge. Akbars son, Jahangir, ruled the empire at its peak, but he was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court cliques. During the reign of Jahangirs son, Shah Jahan, the culture, the maintenance of the court, at this time, began to cost more than the revenue. Shah Jahans eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, however, a younger son, Aurangzeb, allied with the Islamic orthodoxy against his brother, who championed a syncretistic Hindu-Muslim religion and culture, and ascended to the throne. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed, although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb declared him incompetent to rule and had him imprisoned. During Aurangzebs reign, the empire gained political strength once more, Aurangzeb expanded the empire to include almost the whole of South Asia, but at his death in 1707, many parts of the empire were in open revolt. Aurangzebs son, Shah Alam, repealed the religious policies of his father, however, after his death in 1712, the Mughal dynasty sank into chaos and violent feuds
  14. Akbar – Abul-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad, popularly known as Akbar I and later Akbar the Great, was a Mughal Emperor from 1556 until his death. He was the ruler of the Mughal Dynasty in India. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, a strong personality and a successful general, Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include nearly all of the Indian Subcontinent north of the Godavari river. His power and influence, however, extended over the country because of Mughal military, political, cultural. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture. Akbar himself was a patron of art and culture, holy men of many faiths, poets, architects and artisans adorned his court from all over the world for study and discussion. Akbars courts at Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri became centres of the arts, letters, perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements, and a distinct Indo-Persian culture emerged characterised by Mughal style arts, painting, and architecture. A simple, monotheistic cult, tolerant in outlook, it centred on Akbar as a prophet, for which he drew the ire of the ulema, many of his courtiers followed Din-i-Ilahi as their religion as well, as many believed that Akbar was a prophet. One famous courtier who followed this religion was Birbal. Akbars reign significantly influenced the course of Indian history, during his rule, the Mughal empire tripled in size and wealth. He created a military system and instituted effective political and social reforms. By abolishing the tax on non-Muslims and appointing them to high civil and military posts, he was the first Mughal ruler to win the trust. He had Sanskrit literature translated, participated in festivals, realising that a stable empire depended on the co-operation. Thus, the foundations for an empire under Mughal rule was laid during his reign. Akbar was succeeded as emperor by his son, Jahangir, defeated in battles at Chausa and Kannauj in 1539–40 by the forces of Sher Shah Suri Mughal emperor Humayun fled westward to Sindh. There he met and married the then 14-year-old Hamida Banu Begum, daughter of Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami, a teacher of Humauyuns younger brother Hindal Mirza. Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar was born the year on 15 October 1542 at the Rajput Fortress of Umerkot in Sindh
  17. Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh – The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, a north Indian state, is the head of the Government of Uttar Pradesh. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is the de jure head. Following elections to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, the governor invites the party with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief ministers term is for five years and is subject to no term limits, on 26 January 1950 Govind Ballabh Pant, Premier of United Provinces, became the first Chief Minister of the newly renamed Uttar Pradesh. Including him,11 out of UPs 21 chief ministers belonged to the Indian National Congress, among these is V. P. Singh, a future Prime Minister of India, as was Charan Singh of the Rashtriya Lok Dal. UP has also had two women chief ministers—Sucheta Kriplani and Mayawati, on ten occasions, most recently in 2002, the state has come under Presidents rule, leaving the office of chief minister vacant. Yogi Adityanath of the Bharatiya Janata Party has served as the incumbent chief minister since 19 March 2017, the United Provinces, headquartered in Allahabad was a province of British India that comprised present day Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. It was established in 1902 to be the headquarters of the English settlements on North India, under the Government of India Act,1935, a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly and a legislative council. States of India since 1947 on WorldStatesmen. org Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh
  18. Inundation – A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry. The European Union Floods Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered by water, in the sense of flowing water, the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow exceeds the capacity of the river channel. Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are in the flood plains of rivers. Some floods develop slowly, while others such as floods, can develop in just a few minutes. Additionally, floods can be local, impacting a neighborhood or community, or very large, the word flood comes from the Old English flod, a word common to Germanic languages. Deluge myths are stories of a great flood sent by a deity or deities to destroy civilization as an act of divine retribution. Floods can happen on flat or low-lying areas when water is supplied by rainfall or snowmelt more rapidly than it can infiltrate or run off. The excess accumulates in place, sometimes to hazardous depths, surface soil can become saturated, which effectively stops infiltration, where the water table is shallow, such as a floodplain, or from intense rain from one or a series of storms. Infiltration also is slow to negligible through frozen ground, rock, concrete, paving, areal flooding begins in flat areas like floodplains and in local depressions not connected to a stream channel, because the velocity of overland flow depends on the surface slope. Endorheic basins may experience flooding during periods when precipitation exceeds evaporation. Floods occur in all types of river and stream channels, from the smallest ephemeral streams in humid zones to normally-dry channels in arid climates to the worlds largest rivers. When overland flow occurs on tilled fields, it can result in a flood where sediments are picked up by run off. Localized flooding may be caused or exacerbated by drainage obstructions such as landslides, ice, debris, slow-rising floods most commonly occur in large rivers with large catchment areas. The increase in flow may be the result of sustained rainfall, rapid snow melt, monsoons, the cause may be localized convective precipitation or sudden release from an upstream impoundment created behind a dam, landslide, or glacier. In one instance, a flood killed eight people enjoying the water on a Sunday afternoon at a popular waterfall in a narrow canyon. Without any observed rainfall, the rate increased from about 50 to 1,500 cubic feet per second in just one minute. Two larger floods occurred at the site within a week
  19. Atala Masjid, Jaunpur – Atala Masjid or Atala Mosque is a 15th-century mosque in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is one of the chief tourist attractions in Jaunpur and it is located 2.2 km north-northeast of Jaunpur,7.3 km northwest of Zafarābād,16.8 km north-northeast of Mariāhū,26.3 km west-northwest of Kirākat. The Jaunpur Atala Masjid was built by Sultan Ibrahim, Sharqi Sultan of Jaunpur on foundations laid during the reign of Tughluq Sultan Firuz Shah III, construction started in 1377 and was completed in 1408. A Madarsa named Madarsa Din Dunia is housed in central courtyard of the mosque, the Mosque is on the List of Monuments/Sites of Archaeological Survey of India of Directorate of Archaeology, and on list List of Monuments of Archaeological Survey of India. William Hodges in his book Select Views in India mentions this mosque, shahi Bridge, Jaunpur Jama Masjid, Jaunpur Michell, George. Architecture of the Islamic World, Its History and Social Meaning, set 4, The Sultanate of Jaunpur about 1360-1480. Santa Barbara, California, Visual Education, Inc, ATALA MASJID/JAUNPUR Legacy of the Sharqi Kingdom of Jaunpur Columbia edu article
  20. Jama Masjid, Jaunpur – Jama Masjid or Jama Mosque or Jami Masjid or Bari Masjid is a 15th-century mosque in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is one of the chief tourist attractions in Jaunpur, the mosque is 2.2 km north-northeast of Jaunpur,7.3 km northwest of Zafarābād,16.8 km north-northeast of Mariāhū,26.3 km west-northwest of Kirākat. Special prayers are held every Friday, regular prayers for five times are offered everyday, William Hodges in his book Select Views in India mentions this mosque. Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur Atala Masjid, Jaunpur ATALA MASJID/JAUNPUR Legacy of the Sharqi Kingdom of Jaunpur atala@www. columbia. edu Nath, set 4, The Sultanate of Jaunpur, about 1360-1480. Santa Barbara, California, Visual Education, Inc
  24. Bath, Somerset – Bath is a city in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England, known for its Roman-built baths. In 2011, the population was 88,859, Bath is in the valley of the River Avon,97 miles west of London and 11 miles south-east of Bristol. The city became a World Heritage Site in 1987, the city became a spa with the Latin name Aquæ Sulis c. AD60 when the Romans built baths and a temple in the valley of the River Avon, Bath Abbey was founded in the 7th century and became a religious centre, the building was rebuilt in the 12th and 16th centuries. In the 17th century, claims were made for the properties of water from the springs. Many of the streets and squares were laid out by John Wood, the Elder, and in the 18th century the city became fashionable, Jane Austen lived in Bath in the early 19th century. Further building was undertaken in the 19th century and following the Bath Blitz in World War II, the city has software, publishing and service-oriented industries. Theatres, museums, and other cultural and sporting venues have helped make it a centre for tourism with more than one million staying visitors and 3.8 million day visitors to the city each year. There are several museums including the Museum of Bath Architecture, Victoria Art Gallery, Museum of East Asian Art, the city has two universities, the University of Bath and Bath Spa University, with Bath College providing further education. Sporting clubs include Bath Rugby and Bath City F. C. while TeamBath is the name for all of the University of Bath sports teams. Bath became part of the county of Avon in 1974, and, the hills in the locality such as Bathampton Down saw human activity from the Mesolithic period. Several Bronze Age round barrows were opened by John Skinner in the 18th century, solsbury Hill overlooking the current city was an Iron Age hill fort, and the adjacent Bathampton Camp may also have been one. A long barrow site believed to be from the Beaker people was flattened to make way for RAF Charmy Down, messages to her scratched onto metal, known as curse tablets, have been recovered from the sacred spring by archaeologists. The tablets were written in Latin, and cursed people whom the writers felt had wronged them, for example, if a citizen had his clothes stolen at the baths, he might write a curse, naming the suspects, on a tablet to be read by the goddess. A temple was constructed in AD 60–70, and a complex was built up over the next 300 years. Engineers drove oak piles into the mud to provide a stable foundation, in the 2nd century, the spring was enclosed within a wooden barrel-vaulted structure that housed the caldarium, tepidarium, and frigidarium. The town was given defensive walls, probably in the 3rd century. After the failure of Roman authority in the first decade of the 5th century, in March 2012 a hoard of 30,000 silver Roman coins, one of the largest discovered in Britain, was unearthed in an archaeological dig
  26. Hydrography – The origins of hydrography lay in the making of charts to aid navigation, by individual mariners as they navigated into new waters. These were usually the property, even closely held secrets. National organizations, particularly navies, realized that the collection, systematization and distribution of this gave it great organizational. Thus were born dedicated national hydrographic organizations for the collection, organization, publication and distribution of hydrography incorporated into charts, prior to the establishment of the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, Royal Navy captains were responsible for the provision of their own charts. In practice this meant that ships often sailed with inadequate information for safe navigation, and that when new areas were surveyed, the Admiralty appointed Alexander Dalrymple as Hydrographer in 1795, with a remit to gather and distribute charts to HM Ships. Within a year existing charts from the two centuries had been collated, and the first catalogue published. The first chart produced under the direction of the Admiralty, was a chart of Quiberon Bay in Brittany, under Captain Thomas Hurd the department received its first professional guidelines and the first catalogues were published and made available to the public and to other nations as well. In 1829, Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, as Hydrographer, developed the eponymous Scale, and introduced the first official tide tables in 1833, the word hydrography comes from the Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, water and γράφω, to write. The science of oceanography is, in part, an outgrowth of classical hydrography, in many respects the data are interchangeable, but marine hydrographic data will be particularly directed toward marine navigation and safety of that navigation. Marine resource exploration and exploitation is a significant application of hydrography, hydrographical measurements include the tidal, current and wave information of physical oceanography. Bottom measurements also include collection of the nature of the bottom as it pertains to effective anchoring, unlike oceanography, hydrography will include shore features, natural and manmade, that aid in navigation. Hydrography, mostly for reasons of safety, adopted a number of conventions that have affected its portrayal of the data on nautical charts, the former are the mariners tools to avoid accident. The latter are best representations of the seabed, as in a topographic map, for scientific. Trends in hydrographic practice since c, 2003–2005 have led to a narrowing of this difference, with many more hydrographic offices maintaining best observed databases, and then making navigationally safe products as required. This has been coupled with a preference for multi-use surveys, so that the data collected for nautical charting purposes can also be used for bathymetric portrayal. For instance, if there is an area that can not be reached because it is surrounded by shallow water. The color filled areas that show different ranges of water are not the equivalent of contours on a topographic map since they are often drawn seaward of the actual shallowest depth portrayed. A bathymetric chart does show marine topology accurately, details covering the above limitations can be found in Part 1 of Bowditchs American Practical Navigator
  28. Yamuna – It is the longest river in India which does not directly flow to the sea. Most importantly it creates the highly fertile alluvial, Yamuna-Ganges Doab region between itself and the Ganges in the Indo-Gangetic plain, nearly 57 million people depend on the Yamuna waters. With an annual flow of about 10,000 cubic billion metres and usage of 4,400 cbm, just like the Ganges, the Yamuna too is highly venerated in Hinduism and worshipped as goddess Yamuna, throughout its course. One official describes the river as a drain with biochemical oxygen demand values ranging from 14 to 28 mg/l. Yamunotri temple, a dedicated to the goddess, Yamuna is one of the holiest shrines in Hinduism. Also standing close to the temple, on its 13-kilometre trek route, that follows the bank of the river, lies the Markendeya Tirtha. Large terraces formed over a period of time can be seen in the lower course of the river. Kalanag is the highest point of the entire Yamuna basin, other tributaries in the region are the Giri, Rishi Ganga, Kunta, Hanuman Ganga and Bata tributaries, which drain the Upper Catchment Area of the vast Yamuna basin. Thereafter the river descends on to the plains of Doon Valley, the Yamuna also creates natural state borders between the Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand states, and further down between the state of Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. The plain itself supports one-third of Indias population through its farming, here pilgrims travel by boats to platforms erected mid stream to offer prayers. During the Kumbh Mela, held every 12 years, the ghats around the Sangam are venue of large congregation of people, the cities of Baghpat, Delhi, Noida, Mathura, Agra, Firozabad, Etawah, Kalpi, Hamirpur, Allahabad lie on its banks. At Etawah, it meets it another important tributary, Chambal, followed by a host of tributaries further down, including, Sindh, the Betwa, and Ken. Tons River, Yamunas largest tributary, rises in the 20,720 ft high Bandarpoonch mountain and it meets Yamuna below Kalsi near Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Sasur Khaderi River, known as Sasur Khaderi is a tributary in Fatehpur district, the name Yamuna seems to be derived from the Sanskrit word yama, meaning twin, and it may have been applied to the river because it runs parallel to the Ganges. The Yamuna is mentioned at many places in the Rig Veda, 1700–1100 BC, and also in the later Atharvaveda, and the Brahmanas including Aitareya Brahmana and Shatapatha Brahmana. In Rig Veda, the story of the Yamuna describes her love for her twin, Yama, who in turn asks her to find a suitable match for herself. It is also said that lord shiva was the reason for the colour of the Yamuna river. After the death of Sati Devi, lord shiva couldnt tolerate the sadness around him, and At last when he went to Yamuna river, it became so black as it absorbed all his sorrow
  29. Saryu – The Sarayu is a river that flows through the Indian states of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. This river is of ancient significance, finding mentions in the Vedas, the Sarayu forms at the confluence of the Karnali and Mahakali in Bahraich District. The Mahakali or Sharda forms the Indian-Nepalese border, Ayodhya is situated on the banks of river Sarayu. Some mapmakers consider the Sarayu to be just a section of the lower Ghaghara River, on Ram Navami, the festival that celebrates the birthday of Bhagwan Rama, thousands of people take a dip in the Sarayu River at Ayodhya. The name is the derivative of the Sanskrit root सर् sar to flow, as a masculine stem, saráyu- means air, wind. The Sarayu forms at the confluence of the Karnali and Mahakali in Bahraich District at 27°40′27″N 81°16′39″E and it flows into the Ganges at 25°44′36″N 84°40′01″E. The river is mentioned three times in the Rigveda, the banks of the Sarayu are the location of the slaying of two Aryas at the hands of Indra in RV4.30.18. It is listed together with western tributaries to the Indus, Rasā, Anitabha, Kubha, Krumu, in this verse, Purisini appears as its epithet. At this stage of the earlier Rigveda, it apparently was a river west of the Indus system that corresponds to Iranian Harayu and it is invoked together with Sindhu and Sarasvati in the late hymn RV10.64. Later on, according to Ramayana 1.5.6, the Sarayu flowed beside the ancient city of Ayodhya and it was a tributary of the Gogra. His brothers Bharata and Shatrughna also joined him, as did many devoted followers, the Sarayu is also the river upon whose banks King Rama was born. According to a sub-story within the Ramayana, the banks of the River Sarayu is also the place where King Dashratha accidentally killed Shravan Kumar and it is also called the only river flowing beneath the earth. In ancient times Aciravati was one of the tributaries of the Sarayu, while the Sarayu river plays an important role in RigVeda and Atharva Veda along with Ramayana. Ayodhya, capital of King Rama is mentioned on the banks of Sarayu river, Sarayu river is mentioned in great details in Ramayana. Ayodhya still exists on the banks of river Sarayu in Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and it is a tributary of the Ganges which meets two other rivers at the confluence in Uttar Pradesh. Sarayu is also the name of the river flows by the fictional town of Malgudi created by the Indian writer R. K. Narayan. Sarayu is the given to the personification of the Holy Spirit in The Shack created by American Novelist William P. Young. Saranyu Ramayana Hindu mythology The Ramayana, by Ramesh Menon The Geography of the Rigveda
  30. Betwa River – The Betwa or Betravati is a river in Northern India, and a tributary of the Yamuna. Also known as the Vetravati, the Betwa rises in the Vindhya Range just north of Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh and flows north-east through Madhya Pradesh, nearly half of its course, which is not navigable, runs over the Malwa Plateau. The confluence of the Betwa and the Yamuna Rivers is Hamirpur town in Uttar Pradesh, the Indian navy named one of its frigates INS Betwa in honour of the river Betwa. This river is mentioned in the epic Mahabharata along with the Charmanwati river, Vetravati was also known as Shuktimati. In accordance with an agreement between the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in 1973, Betwa River Board was constituted under the Betwa River Board Act,1976. The Betwa River is being linked with the Ken River as a part of the linking project in Madhya Pradesh. Another noteworthy project on the Betwa River is the construction of the Matatila Dam, the region is important for migratory waterbirds. An ambitious pro-ject to link Ken and Betwarivers has become a stage foraunique man-animal con-flict, proponents of the pro-ject, led by the Union WaterMinistry, say that the pro-posed Daudhan dam and the2. Rajghat Dam Matatila Dam Parichha Dam Dhurwara Dam Yamuna Ganga INS Betwa frigate Betwa River Ken-Betwa river link project to cost Rs 4,500 cr Business Line Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Betwa
  31. Chambal River – The Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River in central India, and thus forms part of the greater Gangetic drainage system. It is a river and finds mention in ancient scriptures. The perennial Chambal originates at janapav, south of Mhow town, near manpurIndore, the Chambal and its tributaries drain the Malwa region of northwestern Madhya Pradesh, while its tributary, the Banas, which rises in the Aravalli Range, drains southeastern Rajasthan. It ends a confluence of five rivers, including the Chambal, Kwari, Yamuna, Sind, Pahuj, at Pachnada near Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh state, at the border of Bhind and Etawah districts. The river flows first in a direction through Madhya Pradesh for about 346 kilometres. The Chambal flows for another 217 kilometres between M. P. and Rajasthan and a further 145 kilometres between M. P. and Uttar Pradesh. It enters U. P. and flows for about 32 kilometres before joining the Yamuna River in Jalaun District at an elevation of 122 metres, from its source down to its junction with the Yamuna, the Chambal has a fall of about 732 metres. Of this, around 305 metres is within the first 16 kilometres reach from its source and it falls for another 195 metres in the next 338 kilometres, where it enters the gorge past the Chaurasigarh Fort. During the next 97 kilometres of its run from the Chaurasigarh Fort to Kota city, for the rest of its 523 kilometres run, the river passes through the flat terrain of the Malwa Plateau and later the Gangetic Plain with an average gradient of 0.21 m/km. The Chambal is a catchment with a total drained area up to its confluence with the Yamuna of 143,219 square kilometres. The drainage area resembles a rectangle up to the junction of the Parvathi, the Chambal Basin lies between latitudes 22°27 N and 27°20 N and longitudes 73°20 E and 79°15 E. On its south, east and west, the basin is bounded by the Vindhyan mountain ranges, below the confluence of the Parvathi and Banas, the catchment becomes narrower and elongated. In this reach, it is bounded by the Aravalli mountain ranges on the North, the Vindhyan scarps, in the northwest, flank the left bank of the Chambal, and subsequently, is mainly drained by it. The River Chambal and its tributaries Kali Sindh and Parbati have formed an alluvial basin. It is a typical anterior-drainage pattern river, being older than the rivers Yamuna and Ganges. Hillocks and plateaus represent the major landforms of the Chambal valley, the Chambal basin is characterised by an undulating floodplain, gullies and ravines. The Hadauti plateau in Rajasthan occurs in the catchment of the Chambal River to the southeast of the Mewar Plains. It occurs with the Malwa plateau in the east, physiographically, it can be divided into Vindhyan scarp land and Deccan Lava plateau
  32. Ken River – The Ken River is one of the major rivers of the Bundelkhand region of central India, and flows through two states, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. It is a tributary of the Yamuna, out of its total length of 427 kilometres it flows for 292 kilometres in Madhya Pradesh,84 kilometres in Uttar Pradesh, and 51 kilometres forms the boundary between the two states. Crossing the Bijawar-Panna hills, the Ken River cuts a 60 km long, several streams join the Ken in this gorge making waterfalls. The Ken valley separates the Rewa Plateau from the Satna Plateau, the Raneh Falls on the Ken river and Ken Ghariyal Sanctuary are tourist attractions. The rocks formed here present a view of different hues made of Granite, Dolomite. Gangau Dam has been constructed at the confluence of the Ken, the Ken River passes through Panna National Park. The banks of the Ken River have quite a few castles which were used by the Rajputs of this region to fight against the Mughals, nowadays some of these castles are occupied by dacoits and are a cause for worry for the local police. These castles are in such a state of ruin that the walls are difficult to see from below the hill they are built on, some of these castles make for a good trek. It is famous for its rare Sajhar or Dendritic Agate stone, banda city is located on banks of river Ken
  33. Son River – Son River of central India is the second largest of the Ganges southern tributaries after Yamuna River. The Son parallels the Kaimur hills, flowing east-northeast through Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, geologically, the lower valley of the Son is an extension of the Narmada Valley, and the Kaimur Range an extension of the Vindhya Range. Dehri on sone and Sonbhadra are the cities situated on Son River. The Son river at 784 kilometres long, is one of the longest Indian rivers and its chief tributaries are the Rihand and the North Koel. The Son has a gradient with quick run-off and ephemeral regimes, becoming a roaring river with the rain-waters in the catchment area. The Son, being wide and shallow, leaves disconnected pools of water in the parts of the year. The channel of the Son is very wide but the floodplain is narrow, in the past, the Son has been notorious for changing course, as it is traceable from several old beds near its east bank. In modern times this tendency has been checked with the anicut at Dehri, in Bihar, this river forms the border line between the Bhojpuri- and Magahi-speaking regions. Sir John Houlton, the British administrator, described the Son as follows, After passing the steep escarpments of the Kaimur range, for much of this distance it is over two miles wide, and at one point, opposite Tilothu three miles wide. In the dry weather there is a vast expanse of sand, with a stream not more than a hundred yards wide, and the hot west winds pile up the sand on the east bank, making natural embankments. After heavy rain in the hills even this wide bed cannot carry the waters of the Son and disastrous floods in Shahabad, Gaya, the first dam on the Son was built in 1873–74 at Dehri. The Indrapuri Barrage was constructed,8 kilometres upstream, and commissioned in 1968, the Bansagar Dam in Madhya Pradesh was commissioned in 2008. The 1440-metre rail and road lattice-girder concrete and steel Abdul Bari Bridge near Arrah was completed in 1862 and it remained the longest bridge in India, until the Nehru Setu bridge at Dehri was opened in 1900. The Government of Bihar sanctioned in 2008 a bridge across the Son River connecting Arwal, a four-lane road bridge, carrying NH30, parallel to the existing rail and road Koilwar Bridge, has been planned
  34. Ghaghara River – Karnali, also called Ghaghara is a perennial trans-boundary river originating on the Tibetan Plateau near Lake Mansarovar. It cuts through the Himalayas in Nepal and joins the Sharda River at Brahmaghat in India, together they form the Ghaghra River, a major left bank tributary of the Ganges. With a length of 507 kilometres it is the longest river in Nepal, the total length of Ghaghara River up to its confluence with the Ganges at Doriganj in Bihar is 1,080 kilometres. It is the largest tributary of the Ganges by volume and the second longest tributary of the Ganges by length after Yamuna, lower Ghaghara is also known as Sarayu river and finds mention in Ramayana. Ayodhya is situated on its right bank and it rises in the southern slopes of the Himalayas in Tibet, in the glaciers of Mapchachungo, at an elevation of about 3,962 metres above sea level. The river flows south through one of the most remote and least explored areas of Nepal as the Karnali River, the 202-kilometre Seti River drains the western part of the catchment and joins the Karnali River in Doti District north of Dundras hill. Another tributary, the 264-kilometre long Bheri, rises in the part of Dhaulagiri Himalaya and drains the eastern part of the catchment. Other tributaries originating in Nepal are the West Rapti, the Kali and it flows southeast through Uttar Pradesh and Bihar states to join the Ganges downstream of the town of Chhapra, after a course of 1,080 kilometres. Sarayu river is stated to be synonymous with the modern Ghaghara river or as a tributary of it, Karnali River exposes the oldest part of the Sivalik Hills of Nepal. The remnant magnetization of siltstones and sandstones in this group suggests an age of between 16 million and 5.2 million years. The Karnali River Basin lies between the ranges of Dhaulagiri in Nepal and Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand. Dhaulagiri II, elevation 7,751 metres, is the highest point of the entire basin, in the north, it lies in the rain shadow of the Himalayas. The basin formed by the river has a catchment area of 127,950 square kilometres. The population of the Basin districts in Nepal increased from 1.9 million in 1971 to 4.7 million people in 2001, the average population density of the Basin area increased from 53 persons/km2 in 1981 to 87 persons/km2 in 2001. There is a growth in the economically active population in the basin districts. The average literacy rate has increased from a mere 7. 5% in 1971 to 45% in 2001, the social status of the permanent households increased from 24% in 1991 to 31% in 2001. The basin has a road length of 2,640 kilometres. Chhoti Gandak is a meandering river originating near Dhesopool, Maharajganj district of Uttar Pradesh
  Gomti River – The Gomti, Gumti or Gomati River is a tributary of the Ganga River. According to Hindu mythology the river is the daughter of Sage Vashist, according to the major religious work, Srimad Bhagavatam, the Gomati is one of the many transcendental rivers in India. It is the river where sacred Gomti Chakras are found, the Gomti a monsoon and ground water
  1. Gomti River at Lucknow
  2. The banks of river Gomati in Jaunpur
  3. Gomati in Sitapur District.
  Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh – Jaunpur Hindi, जौनपुर is a city and a municipal board in Jaunpur district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Jaunpur is located to the northwest of the district of Varanasi in the part of the North Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Demographically, Jaunpur resembles the rest of the Purvanchal area in which it is located, in 1388, Feroz Shah Tughlaq
  1. Shahi bridge, Jaunpur
  2. Silver coin of 32 rattis issued by Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpur.
  3. It depicts the elephant Citranand attacking another, called Udiya, during the Mughal campaign against the rebel forces of Khan Zaman and Bahadur Khan in 1567.
  4. Jaunpur Atala Masjid.
  Sharki – The šargija is a plucked, fretted long necked chordophone used in the folk music of various Balkan countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Albania, Kosovo and Serbia. The šargija originated in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the rule of Ottoman Empire and its original four strings have been increased to six or even seven. The šargija us
  1. Šargija
  Gomti – The Gomti, Gumti or Gomati River is a tributary of the Ganga River. According to Hindu mythology the river is the daughter of Sage Vashist, according to the major religious work, Srimad Bhagavatam, the Gomati is one of the many transcendental rivers in India. It is the river where sacred Gomti Chakras are found, the Gomti a monsoon and ground water
  Kerakat – Kerakat or Kirakat is a town of the Jaunpur District in northern India with a population of approximately 13,500. It is situated near the Gomati River, which helps the land around the town stay very fertile, Kerakat or Kirakat Belongs to Varanasi Division and Jaunpur District Administration. It is located 30 km east of the city of Jaunpur, and 279
  1. Railway tracks in Murlipur Dagra, Kerakat
  William Hodges – William Hodges RA was an English painter. Hodges was born on 28 October 1744 in London and he studied under William Shipley, and afterwards in the studio of Richard Wilson, where he met Thomas Jones. During his early career, he made a living by painting theatrical scenery, between 1772 and 1775 Hodges accompanied James Cook to the Pacific as the ex
  1. Hodges' painting of HMS Resolution and HMS Adventure in Matavai Bay, Tahiti
  2. A View of Cape Stephens in Cook's Straits New Zealand with Waterspout, 1776
  Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh – The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, a north Indian state, is the head of the Government of Uttar Pradesh. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is the de jure head. Following elections to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, the governor invites the party with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief
  2. UP's fifth chief minister, Charan Singh of the Bharatiya Kranti Dal, went on to become India's fifth prime minister.
  3. Although V. P. Singh 's chief-ministerial reign was as a Congressman, as Prime Minister of India he headed the National Front government as a member of the Janata Dal.
  4. UP's 19th chief minister, Rajnath Singh, is the current Union Home Minister.
  Inundation – A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry. The European Union Floods Directive defines a flood as a covering by water of land not normally covered by water, in the sense of flowing water, the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow exceeds the capacity of the r
  Atala Masjid, Jaunpur – Atala Masjid or Atala Mosque is a 15th-century mosque in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is one of the chief tourist attractions in Jaunpur and it is located 2.2 km north-northeast of Jaunpur,7.3 km northwest of Zafarābād,16.8 km north-northeast of Mariāhū,26.3 km west-northwest of Kirākat. The Jaunpur Atala Masjid was built by Sultan Ibrahim, Sh
  1. Main pishtaq leading into the iwan of Atala Masjid
  Jama Masjid, Jaunpur – Jama Masjid or Jama Mosque or Jami Masjid or Bari Masjid is a 15th-century mosque in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is one of the chief tourist attractions in Jaunpur, the mosque is 2.2 km north-northeast of Jaunpur,7.3 km northwest of Zafarābād,16.8 km north-northeast of Mariāhū,26.3 km west-northwest of Kirākat. Special prayers are held every
  1. Jaunpur Jama Masjid
  2. Plan of Western Half of Jami Masjid Jaunpur India
  Saryu – The Sarayu is a river that flows through the Indian states of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. This river is of ancient significance, finding mentions in the Vedas, the Sarayu forms at the confluence of the Karnali and Mahakali in Bahraich District. The Mahakali or Sharda forms the Indian-Nepalese border, Ayodhya is situated on the banks of river Sar
  1. Sarayu
  2. Ram Paidi ghat at Ayodhya.
  3. Rama along with Sita and Lakshmana crossing river Sarayu.
  Chambal River – The Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River in central India, and thus forms part of the greater Gangetic drainage system. It is a river and finds mention in ancient scriptures. The perennial Chambal originates at janapav, south of Mhow town, near manpurIndore, the Chambal and its tributaries drain the Malwa region of northwestern Madhya P
  1. Chambal river near Dholpur, Rajasthan
  2. Chambal River near Kota, Rajasthan
  3. Keoladeo National Park is supplied with water from Chambal river irrigation project
  4. Lesser Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna javanica) in Keoladeo National Park. Chambal embankment is a major birding area
  Ken River – The Ken River is one of the major rivers of the Bundelkhand region of central India, and flows through two states, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. It is a tributary of the Yamuna, out of its total length of 427 kilometres it flows for 292 kilometres in Madhya Pradesh,84 kilometres in Uttar Pradesh, and 51 kilometres forms the boundary between the
  1. Ken river
  2. Ken River Gorge
  Ghaghara River – Karnali, also called Ghaghara is a perennial trans-boundary river originating on the Tibetan Plateau near Lake Mansarovar. It cuts through the Himalayas in Nepal and joins the Sharda River at Brahmaghat in India, together they form the Ghaghra River, a major left bank tributary of the Ganges. With a length of 507 kilometres it is the longest river
  1. Karnali river at Nepal
  2. Source of Karnali River
  3. Ghaghara River in Faizabad
  4. Lake Mansarovar in Tibet near the source of the Karnali River
  1. ramganga taken in between the chaukhutia maasi road, 2 km away from Bhatkot towards maasi
  2. picture of raamganga taken at maasi towards bhikyasen direction
  1. Rāptī Nadī राप्ती नदी
  1. The lake in 1882
  1. Raja Ka Tal
  1. Newly constructed Ganges Barrage, part of the NH-91 by-pass
  1. Sideview of Rihand Dam in sonbhadra district.
  1. Sharda River near Lower Sharda Barrage
  1. The Ganges Canal highlighted in red stretching between its headworks off the Ganges river in Hardwar and its confluence with the Jumna river below Cawnpore (now Kanpur).
  2. Photograph of an old bridge on the Ganges Canal (constructed before 1854 during East India Company rule in India). The photograph was taken from a moving car.
  3. Photograph (1860) of the head works of the Ganges Canal in Haridwar, by Samuel Bourne.
  4. Photograph (2008) of the head works of the Ganges Canal in Haridwar, taken from the opposite side.
  1. Agra Canal headworks, at Okhla barrage, in Delhi, 1871.
  1. Ghaggar river flowing through Panchkula in Haryana in India. Ghaggar-Hakra River has been identified as the historic Sarasvati river by many researchers.